TUTORIAL – CHAPTER 2: ROOTS OF EQUATION

QUESTION 1
Analytical
0.8 − 0.3𝑥𝑖
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑥𝑖
0 = 0.8 − 0.3𝑥𝑖
0.3𝑥𝑖 = 0.8
0.8
𝑥𝑖 = = 2.667
0.3

Graphical – plot using either Excel or Matlab

x f(x)
0.5 1.3
1 0.5
1.5 0.233333
2 0.1
2.5 0.02
3 -0.03333
3.5 -0.07143
4 -0.1
4.5 -0.12222
5 -0.14

Bisection
i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xu) f(xr) ea et
1 1.000 3.000 2.000 0.500 -0.033 0.100
2 2.000 3.000 2.500 0.100 -0.033 0.020 20.00% 6.26%
3 2.500 3.000 2.750 0.020 -0.033 -0.009 9.09% 3.11%

False Position
i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xu) f(xr) ea et
1 1.000 3.000 2.875 0.500 -0.033 -0.022
2 1.000 2.875 2.797 0.500 -0.022 -0.014 2.79% 4.87%
3 1.000 2.797 2.748 0.500 -0.014 -0.009 1.78% 3.04%

Fixed-point iteration
0.8 − 0.3𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑖+1 = + 𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑖

0.8
𝑔′ 𝑥𝑖 = − +1
𝑥𝑖 2
 i xi ea et x g'(x)
0 3.000 2 0.800
1 2.967 1.12% 11.24% 3 0.911
2 2.936 1.03% 10.10%
3 2.909 0.95% 9.07% Converge between [2,3]

Newton-Raphson
0.8 − 0.3𝑥𝑖 0.8
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑖 = −
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2

i xi ea et
0 3.000
1 2.625 14.29% 1.57%
2 2.630 0.18% 1.40%
3 2.634 0.16% 1.24%

Secant
i xi f(xl) ea et
-1 2.000 0.100
0 3.000 -0.033
1 2.750 -0.009 9.09% 3.11%
2 2.656 0.001 3.53% 0.40%
3 2.667 0.000 0.40% 0.00%

QUESTION 2
(a)
(b)

This problem can be solved by determining the root of the derivative of the elastic curve

dy
dx
0
w0
120 EIL

 5 x 4  6 L2 x 2  L4 
Therefore, after substituting the parameter values, we must determine the root of

f ( x)  5x 4  2,160,000x 2  1.296  1011  0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 270.

2E+11
1E+11
0
-1E+11 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-2E+11

Bisection can be used to determine the root. Here are the first few iterations:

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)f(xr) a

1 0 500 250 -1.3E+11 -1.4E+10 1.83E+21

2 250 500 375 -1.4E+10 7.53E+10 -1.1E+21 33.33%

3 250 375 312.5 -1.4E+10 3.37E+10 -4.8E+20 20.00%

4 250 312.5 281.25 -1.4E+10 9.97E+09 -1.4E+20 11.11%

5 250 281.25 265.625 -1.4E+10 -2.1E+09 2.95E+19 5.88%

After 20 iterations, the root is determined as x = 268.328. This value can be substituted into
equation to compute the maximum deflection as

2.5
y ((268 .328 ) 5  720 ,000 (268 .328 ) 3  1.296  1011 (268 .328 ))  0.51519
120 (50,000 )30,000 (600 )
QUESTION 3

The equation to be solved is

 
f (h)  Rh 2   h 3  V
3

Here is a summary of the results obtained with three iterations of false position:

i xl xu f(xl) f(xu) xr f(xr) f(xl)f(xr) a

1 0 3.00000 -30 26.54867 1.59155 -10.3485 310.45424
2 1.59155 3.00000 -10.348 26.54867 1.98658 -1.01531 10.50688 19.885%
3 1.98658 3.00000 -1.0153 26.54867 2.02390 -0.07591 0.07708 1.844%

The result can be verified by substituting it into the volume equation to give

3(3)  2.0239
V   (2.0239 ) 2  29.92409
3