Chapter 2: Non-Linear Equations

Question 1:
Given f ( x ) = 3 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 3 x + 1 as in graph below, find the most
positive root of the f ( x ) and the least positive root of the f ( x )
by Secant method, Newton Raphson method and Bisection
method.

Solution:

The most positive root of the f(x) The least positive root of the f(x) Newton Raphson method Newton Raphson method:
Secant method: Secant method: f ( x ) = 3x3 − 3x 2 − 3x + 1 f ( x ) = 3x3 − 3x 2 − 3x + 1
Iteration x f(x) Iteration x f(x)
f ' ( x ) = 9x2 − 6x − 3 f ' ( x ) = 9x2 − 6x − 3
0 1.0000 -2.0000 0 0.0000 1.0000
iteration x f(x) f'(x) iteration x f(x) f'(x)
1 1.5000 -0.1250 1 1.0000 -2.0000
0 1.3000 -1.3790 4.4100 0 0.8000 -1.7840 -2.0400
2 2
1 1
3 3
2 2
4 4
3 3
5 1.5149 0.0000 5 0.2776 0.0000
4 1.5149 0.0000 8.5642 4 0.2776 0.0000 -3.9721

Bisection method, iterate until xi +1 − xi ≤ 0.005 Bisection method, iterate until xi +1 − xi ≤ 0.005
f ( x ) = 3 x3 − 3x 2 − 3 x + 1; f (1.4 ) = −0.848 − ve f (1.6 ) = 0.808 + ve f ( x ) = 3 x3 − 3x 2 − 3 x + 1; f ( 0 ) = 1 + ve f ( 0.3) = −0.089 − ve
iteration a c b f(c) error iteration a c b f(c) error
0 1.4 1.5 1.6 -0.125 0.1 0 0 0.15 0.3 0.4926 0.15
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 1.5125 1.5156 1.5188 0.0065 0.0031 5 0.2719 0.2766 0.2813 0.0043 0.0047
Question 2:
Given the non-linear equation of f ( x) = cos( x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 3. Show that there is Solution:
a root in the interval by using Intermediate Value Theorem. Bisection method, with starting interval [ 0.8,1] , y ( x ) = x 2 − sin ( x )
iteration a c b f(a) error
Solution:
0 0.8 0.9 1 0.0267 0.1
f (0) = ______, f (3) = ___________. Since f (0) f (3)_____0 , so there is a
1
root in the interval [ 0,3] 2
3
4 0.875 0.8813 0.8875 0.0051 0.0062
Question 3:
Given the graph of y1 = x 2 and y2 = sin x on the same plane as follow:

Newton-Raphson Method, with x0 = 0.8

y ( x ) = x 2 − sin ( x ) ; y ' ( x ) = 2 x − cos ( x )
iteration x y(x) y'(x) convergence
0 0.8 -0.0774 0.9033
1
2

Secant method, with starting interval [ 0.8,1] , y ( x ) = x 2 − sin ( x )

iteration x y(x) convergence
0 0.8 -0.0774
1 1 0.1585
2
Estimate the point of intersection for y1 , y2 using Secant method, Newton 3
Raphson method and Bisection method. Iterate until xi +1 − xi ≤ 0.01 .

Hint: To find point of intersection, you need to have y1 = y2