Geometry Non-Relativistic Dynamics - 08may2014 PDF

.
The geometry of non-

relativistic dynamics
Marco Cariglia
ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
Dipartimento di Fisica
Padova, 8 May 2014
Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 0 / 34

Summary
1 Non-relativistc AdS/CFT correspondence

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes
2 Dynamical Symmetries
Example: the free non-relativistic particle
Example 2: Kepler’s problem
3 The Brinkmann metric

The geometry
Application 1: G(t) Newtonian Gravity
Another lift
Application 2: the Toda system
4 Conclusions

Summary

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Non-relativistc AdS/CFT
AdS/CFT: physics of a strongly coupled, scale invariant theory described for large N
by the classical dynamics around a background metric.

Scaling:

Scaling:
t → λz t , xi → λxi , i = 1, . . . , d, λ > 0.

Scaling:
t → λz t , xi → λxi , i = 1, . . . , d, λ > 0.
Metric in d + 3 dimensions

Scaling:
t → λz t , xi → λxi , i = 1, . . . , d, λ > 0.
L2 dt2

2 i i 2
ds = 2 dx dx − 2dtdv − + dr .
r r2(z−1)

Scaling:
t → λz t , xi → λxi , i = 1, . . . , d, λ > 0.
L2 dt2

2 i i 2
r r2(z−1)
r = 0 conformal boundary.

Scaling:
t → λz t , xi → λxi , i = 1, . . . , d, λ > 0.
L2 dt2

2 i i 2
r r2(z−1)
r = 0 conformal boundary.
z = 1 → a relativistic theory. z > 1 → flattening light cones, non-relativistic theory.

Non-relativistc AdS/CFT 2
Symmetries:

Symmetries:
Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

Symmetries:
[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,
Bargmann group, central extension of the Galilei group, appropriate for quantum
theory. M = −i∂v → conserved particle number.
Dilations D:
[D, Ki ] = i(1 − z)Ki , [D, N] = i(2 − z)M .
For z = 2 extra generator of expansions. Schrödinger and extended Schrödinger

group.

Symmetries:
[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

Symmetries:
[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

Symmetries:
[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,
Dilatations D:

Symmetries:
[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,
Dilatations D:
[D, Ki ] = i(1 − z)Ki , [D, N] = i(2 − z)M .

Symmetries:
[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,
Dilatations D:
[D, Ki ] = i(1 − z)Ki , [D, N] = i(2 − z)M .
For z = 2 extra generator of expansions. Schrödinger and extended Schrödinger

group.

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Siklos spatimes
1 1
gµν dxµ dxµ = dxi dxi − 2dtdv − F(x, t, r)dt2 + dr2 = 2 gµν dxµ dxµ .

r2 r

Siklos spatimes
1 1

r2 r
AdSd+3 for F = 0

Siklos spatimes
1 1

r2 r
AdSd+3 for F = 0
Kerr-Schild form gµν = gAdS 2 [
µν − r F ξµ ξν , where ξµ = (∂v )µ .

Siklos spatimes
1 1

r2 r
AdSd+3 for F = 0
Exact solution: gravitational wave in AdS with lightlike source
Gµν + Λgµν = ρ(r, ∂F)ξµ ξν .

Siklos spatimes
1 1

r2 r
AdSd+3 for F = 0
Exact solution: gravitational wave in AdS with lightlike source
Gµν + Λgµν = ρ(r, ∂F)ξµ ξν .
gµν , conformally related, is a Brinkmann metric.

Some Important Questions
Why d + 3 dimensions instead of d + 2?


Why ∂v is null?


Why ∂v is null?
Where does the conformal group come from?


Why ∂v is null?
Answers:


Why ∂v is null?
Answers:
∂v direction needed in order to geometerise the central extension


Why ∂v is null?
Answers:
Directly related to non-relativistic (t, x) differentiation


Why ∂v is null?
Answers:
Conformal transformations of the Brinkmann metric

Summary

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Free Particle 1
Trajectories are straight lines

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
’Natural’ symmetries: Galilei group

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2
Time translations H= 2

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2
Translations ~r → ~r + α
~ ~ · ~p
T=α

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2
Translations ~r → ~r + α~ T=α ~ · ~p

Rotations ~r → ~r + ~r × ~δ R = ~p · ~r × ~δ

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2

Galilean boosts ~r → ~r + tβ~ B = tβ~ · ~p − β~ · ~r

The 10-dimensional Galilei group acts on phase space
∂ ∂ ∂
[XT , XB ] = 0 , XT = αi , XB = tβ i + βi i , .
∂xi ∂xi ∂p
However moment maps realise the 11-dimensional Bargmann group due to central
extension
~ · β~ .
{T, B} = α

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2


Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2


∂ ∂ ∂
∂xi ∂xi ∂p

Free Particle 1

~r(t) = ~r0 + ~p0 t .
p2


∂ ∂ ∂
∂xi ∂xi ∂p
extension
~ · β~ .
{T, B} = α

Free Particle 2
Two other ways to map solutions into solutions:

Free Particle 2
1) Dilatations
1
D = t H − ~r · ~p ,
2

Free Particle 2
1) Dilatations
1
D = t H − ~r · ~p ,
2
= {~r, D} = t ~p − 12~r ,

δ~r
δ~p = {~p, D} = 2 ~p

Free Particle 2
1) Dilatations
1
D = t H − ~r · ~p ,
2
= {~r, D} = t ~p − 12~r ,

δ~r

⇒ ~
r → 1 − ~
r 0 + 1 + ~p0 t
δ~p = {~p, D} = 2 ~p 2 2

Free Particle 2
1) Dilatations
1
D = t H − ~r · ~p ,
2
= {~r, D} = t ~p − 12~r ,

δ~r

⇒ ~
r → 1 − ~
r 0 + 1 + ~p0 t
δ~p = {~p, D} = 2 ~p 2 2
Notice that
p2 1 √ 2
H= → (1 + H) = 1 + p ,
2 2

Free Particle 2
1) Dilatations
1
D = t H − ~r · ~p ,
2
= {~r, D} = t ~p − 12~r ,

δ~r

⇒ ~
r → 1 − ~
r 0 + 1 + ~p0 t
δ~p = {~p, D} = 2 ~p 2 2
Notice that
p2 1 √ 2
H= → (1 + H) = 1 + p ,
2 2
time is also rescaled
t → (1 − )t .

Free Particle 3
2) Expansions
1
K = t2 H − t~r · ~p + ~r 2 ,
2

Free Particle 3
2) Expansions
1
K = t2 H − t~r · ~p + ~r 2 ,
2

δ~r = {~r, K} = t (t ~p − ~r) ,
δ~p = {~r, K} = (t ~p − ~r)

Free Particle 3
2) Expansions
1
K = t2 H − t~r · ~p + ~r 2 ,
2

δ~r = {~r, K} = t (t ~p − ~r) ,
⇒ ~r → ~r0 + (~p0 − ~r0 ) t
δ~p = {~r, K} = (t ~p − ~r)

Free Particle 3
2) Expansions
1
K = t2 H − t~r · ~p + ~r 2 ,
2

δ~r = {~r, K} = t (t ~p − ~r) ,
⇒ ~r → ~r0 + (~p0 − ~r0 ) t
δ~p = {~r, K} = (t ~p − ~r)
Notice that
δH = (2tH − ~p · ~r) ,

Free Particle 3
2) Expansions
1
K = t2 H − t~r · ~p + ~r 2 ,
2

δ~r = {~r, K} = t (t ~p − ~r) ,
⇒ ~r → ~r0 + (~p0 − ~r0 ) t
δ~p = {~r, K} = (t ~p − ~r)
Notice that
δH = (2tH − ~p · ~r) ,
t → (1 − t)t .

Free Particle 3
2) Expansions
1
K = t2 H − t~r · ~p + ~r 2 ,
2

δ~r = {~r, K} = t (t ~p − ~r) ,
⇒ ~r → ~r0 + (~p0 − ~r0 ) t
δ~p = {~r, K} = (t ~p − ~r)
Notice that
δH = (2tH − ~p · ~r) ,
t → (1 − t)t .
Dilatations and expansions are not energy-preserving

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Kepler
Central inverse square force
p2 k
H(~r,~p) = − .
2m r

Kepler
p2 k
H(~r,~p) = − .
2m r
Trajectories that do not pass through the origin are conics with eccentricity
r
2EL2
e= 1+ ,
mk2
E energy, L angular momentum.

Kepler
p2 k
H(~r,~p) = − .
2m r
r
2EL2
e= 1+ ,
mk2
Degeneracy: different values of e for the same E.

Kepler
p2 k
H(~r,~p) = − .
2m r
r
2EL2
e= 1+ ,
mk2
Degeneracy: different values of e for the same E. Generated by Runge-Lenz!

Kepler
p2 k
H(~r,~p) = − .
2m r
r
2EL2
e= 1+ ,
mk2
Degeneracy: different values of e for the same E. Generated by Runge-Lenz! Ellipses
1.0
0.5
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0

parabolae
1.0
0.5
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0

parabolae
1.0
0.5
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0
hyperbolae
2
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1
-2

Summary

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Brinkmann metric 1
Also called Eisenhart-Duval lift: proper geometrical setting for non-relativistic

dynamics.

Brinkmann metric 1

dynamics.
ds2 = gµν dxµ dxν = hij dx i dx j + 2du dv − Φdu + Ni dxi .


Brinkmann metric 1

dynamics.

Lorentzian if hij is Riemannian

Brinkmann metric 1

dynamics.


First discussed by Brinkmann studying conformal mappings of Einstein spaces
[Brinkmann 1925]

Brinkmann metric 1

dynamics.


[Brinkmann 1925]
Naturally incorporates a non-relativistic equivalence principle

Brinkmann metric 1

dynamics.


[Brinkmann 1925]
Naturally incorporates a non-relativistic equivalence principle

Null geodesics describe the motion of d-dimensional particles with metric
hij (xi , u), scalar potential Φ(xi , u) and vector potential Ni (xi , u) [Eisenhart 1928; Duval,
Horváthy, Palla 1994]

Brinkmann metric 2
Geodesic Hamiltonian:
1 µν 1
H= g pµ pν = pu pv + hij (pi − Ni pv ) (pj − Nj pv ) + Φ p2v .
2 2

Brinkmann metric 2
1 µν 1
2 2
On setting pv = q and H = 0

Brinkmann metric 2
1 µν 1
2 2
1 ij
−qpu = H = h (pi − qNi ) (pj − qNj ) + q2 Φ
2

Brinkmann metric 2
1 µν 1
2 2
1 ij
2
⇒ t = −u/q

Brinkmann metric 2
1 µν 1
2 2
1 ij
2
⇒ t = −u/q

Brinkmann metric 2
1 µν 1
2 2
1 ij
2
⇒ t = −u/q
Conformal transformations of the Brinkmann metric

Reminder
Remember that for a free particle

Reminder
Remember that for a free particle
∂ ∂ ∂
∂xi ∂xi ∂p
extension
~ · β~ .
{T, B} = α

Brinkmann metric 2
In d + 2-dimensions the Bargmann group acts directly in phase space

Brinkmann metric 2
~ · β~
α
[X̂T , X̂B ] = − X̂V ,
q
∂
X̂T = αi i
∂x
β~ · ~r ∂ u ∂ β~ · ~p ∂ pv ∂
X̂B = − − βi i + + βi i
q ∂v q ∂x q ∂pu q ∂p

Brinkmann metric 2
~ · β~
α
[X̂T , X̂B ] = − X̂V ,
q
∂
X̂T = αi i
∂x
β~ · ~r ∂ u ∂ β~ · ~p ∂ pv ∂
X̂B = − − βi i + + βi i
same (modulo sign) as
~ ·β
α ~
{ĈT , ĈB } = pv ,
q
u pv ~
ĈT ~ · ~p ,
= α ĈB = − β~ · ~p − β · ~r .
q q

Brinkmann metric 2
~ · β~
α
[X̂T , X̂B ] = − X̂V ,
q
∂
X̂T = αi i
∂x
β~ · ~r ∂ u ∂ β~ · ~p ∂ pv ∂
X̂B = − − βi i + + βi i
~ ·β
α ~
{ĈT , ĈB } = pv ,
q
u pv ~
ĈT ~ · ~p ,
= α ĈB = − β~ · ~p − β · ~r .
q q

Brinkmann metric 2
~ · β~
α
[X̂T , X̂B ] = − X̂V ,
q
∂
X̂T = αi i
∂x
β~ · ~r ∂ u ∂ β~ · ~p ∂ pv ∂
X̂B = − − βi i + + βi i
~ ·β
α ~
{ĈT , ĈB } = pv ,
q
u pv ~
ĈT ~ · ~p ,
= α ĈB = − β~ · ~p − β · ~r .
q q
Conserved quantities in d dimensions from conformal Killing vectors and tensors in

d+2
Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

G(t) Theory
Dirac,Vinti-Lynden-Bell theory: Newtonian theory of gravity with time changing

gravitation constant

G(t) Theory

M M
V(~x, t) = −G0 ⇒ V(~x∗ , t∗ ) = −G(t∗ )
|~x| |~x∗ |
by the conformal transformation

G(t) Theory

M M
V(~x, t) = −G0 ⇒ V(~x∗ , t∗ ) = −G(t∗ )
|~x| |~x∗ |
by the conformal transformation
a2 ~x2
~x∗ = Ω(t)~x , t∗ = − + c, v∗ = v + +d,
t+b 2(t + b)
t∗ − c
G(t∗ )|Ω(t∗ )| = G0 with Ω(t∗ ) = − ,
a

G(t) Theory 2
Time dependent Runge-Lenz vector

G(t) Theory 2
~A(t∗ ,~x∗ ) = Ω(t∗ )(~x∗ × ~x∗0 ) × ~x∗0 + 1 (~x∗ × ~x∗0 ) × ~x∗ − Ω(t∗ )V~x ,
a

G(t) Theory 2
a
The conventional Runge-Lenz vector geometrically shows the direction
focus-perihelion.

G(t) Theory 2
a
The conventional Runge-Lenz vector geometrically shows the direction
focus-perihelion. Time dependent case:

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Another Lift
Recall the geodesic Hamiltonian

Another Lift

1 µν 1
2 2

Another Lift

1 µν 1
2 2
If no u dependency → set pu = 0, reduced Hamiltonian
1 ij
Hn+1 = h (p̂i − pv Ni ) (p̂j − pv Nj ) + Φ p2v ,
2

Another Lift

1 µν 1
2 2
If no u dependency → set pu = 0, reduced Hamiltonian
1 ij
Hn+1 = h (p̂i − pv Ni ) (p̂j − pv Nj ) + Φ p2v ,
2
comes from the metric
1 2
ds2n+1 = hij dxi dx j + dv + Ni dxi .
2Φ

Outline

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Toda 1
Toda chain of n 1D particles, integrable model with solitons. Nearest neighbour

exponential potential

Toda 1

n n−1 n n−1
X p2 X X p2 X
H(p, q) = i
+ Vi = i
+ g2i e2(qi −qi+1 ) .
i=i
2 i=i
2
i=1 i=1

Toda 1

n n−1 n n−1
X p2 X X p2 X
H(p, q) = i
+ Vi = i
+ g2i e2(qi −qi+1 ) .
i=i
2 i=i
2
i=1 i=1
Integrable for all values of gi .

Toda 1

n n−1 n n−1
X p2 X X p2 X
H(p, q) = i
+ Vi = i
+ g2i e2(qi −qi+1 ) .
i=i
2 i=i
2
i=1 i=1

Dynamics from geodesic motion on symmetric space X − = SO(n)\SL(n, R), real
symmetric positive definite matrices [Olshanetsky & Perelomov 1980]

Toda 1

n n−1 n n−1
X p2 X X p2 X
H(p, q) = i
+ Vi = i
+ g2i e2(qi −qi+1 ) .
i=i
2 i=i
2
i=1 i=1

Dynamics from geodesic motion on symmetric space X − = SO(n)\SL(n, R), real
symmetric positive definite matrices [Olshanetsky & Perelomov 1980]
X − 3 x = Z h2 Z T , h2 = diag[e2q1 , . . . , e2qn ] ,
n−1
!
X
Z = exp ωab Mab ,
a=1
Mab basis for Lie algebra of upper triangular matrices.

Toda 2
Build the explicit SL(n, R) invariant metric

Toda 2

n n−1
2
X 1 X dωa,a+1
g= dq2i +
2 Vi
i=1 a=1

Toda 2

n n−1
2
X 1 X dωa,a+1
g= dq2i +
2 Vi
i=1 a=1
Generalized Eisenhart lift!

Toda 2

n n−1
2
X 1 X dωa,a+1
g= dq2i +
2 Vi
i=1 a=1
Generalized Eisenhart lift!
SL(n, R) Killing vectors leave energy invariant but mix qs and gs

Summary

Introduction
Siklos Spacetimes

The geometry
Another lift
4 Conclusions

Conclusions
There is a natural conformal action on non-relativistic dynamics

Conclusions

Brinkmann metric proper geometrical setting

Conclusions

Generalised metric also plays a role

Conclusions

Generalised metric also plays a role
Have we understood all implications?

Geometry Non-Relativistic Dynamics - 08may2014 PDF

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The geometry of non-

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 0 / 34

1 Non-relativistc AdS/CFT correspondence

3 The Brinkmann metric

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 1 / 34

1 Non-relativistc AdS/CFT correspondence

3 The Brinkmann metric

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 2 / 34

1 Non-relativistc AdS/CFT correspondence

3 The Brinkmann metric

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 3 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

z = 1 → a relativistic theory. z > 1 → flattening light cones, non-relativistic theory.

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 4 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 5 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 5 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

theory. M = −i∂v → conserved particle number.

For z = 2 extra generator of expansions. Schrödinger and extended Schrödinger

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 5 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 6 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

theory. M = −i∂v → conserved particle number.

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 6 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

theory. M = −i∂v → conserved particle number.

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 6 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

theory. M = −i∂v → conserved particle number.

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 6 / 34

Mij rotations, Pi translations, H time-translations, Ki boosts: Galilei group

[Pi , Kj ] = 0 → [Pi , Kj ] = −iδij M ,

theory. M = −i∂v → conserved particle number.

For z = 2 extra generator of expansions. Schrödinger and extended Schrödinger

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 6 / 34

1 Non-relativistc AdS/CFT correspondence

3 The Brinkmann metric

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 7 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 8 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 8 / 34

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 8 / 34

Gµν + Λgµν = ρ(r, ∂F)ξµ ξν .

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 8 / 34

Gµν + Λgµν = ρ(r, ∂F)ξµ ξν .

gµν , conformally related, is a Brinkmann metric.

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 8 / 34

Why d + 3 dimensions instead of d + 2?

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 9 / 34

Why d + 3 dimensions instead of d + 2?

Marco Cariglia (UFOP) Dynamical Symmetries Padova 08 May 2014 9 / 34