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    IL-Polusi SuaraAll PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bagas Novika

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10
    Chapter Supplement 15-4: A Closer Look Noise is rapidly becoming one of the most widespread envi ronmental pollutants. Few of us can escape it: even when we are enjoying a backcountry camping trip, the silence is broken by the roar of jets, chain saws, and off-road vehicles. Especially noisy are the cities and factories where many of us live and ‘work. (Figure S15-1). To understand noise pollution and its effects, let us first take a look at sound. Figure $15-1 A new freeway or an airport can drastically change the stress and comfort levels in neighborhoods. Some people do not have the resources to move, Noise Pollution ‘What Is Sound? Sound {s transmitted through the air as a series of waves. For a simple example, take the bass speaker clement of a loud speaker. When the music is lous vibrate, and a hand placed in front of ic If we could slow down the speaker cone to observe what was happening, we'd see that as it moves outward, it compresses the air molecules in front of it. AS the speaker cone returns inward, the air it just compressed expands in both directions, ‘much as a coiled spring would expand when released. This expansion compresses neighboring air molecules slightly far ther away. These have the same effect that the ourward- pushing, speaker cone had (Figure $15.2). Thus, saves of exps ‘compression are set up, transmitting the sound. Air molecules do not travel with the sound but only oscillate back and forth in the direction the sound is traveling. Sound is a train of high: pressure regions following one another through the air at about 340 meters per second (760 miles per hour) Sound can be described in terms of its loudness and its pitch ‘or frequency. Loudness is measured in decibels (dB), The dec ibel scale (Table $15-1) encompasses a wide ‘The lowest sound the human ear can detect is set at 0 dB; this is the threshold of hearing, In the decibel scale a tenfold he speaker can be seen feel the air move Figure $15-2 Sound waves are created by air molecules moving back and forth (arrows), causing regions of highe: pressure (H) and of lower pressure (L). If we could see Sound waves they would look like the drawing in (a), but they can be described mathematically by the curve in (b 369 370 Chapter 15: Air Pollution: Protecting a Global Commons 11900.000,000 900,000.00 100,090,000 00,000 00 10.000.000,00,000,000 17900700. 000 00.000 v0] 150—] + Jet plane at takeott v0_| 150 + Stximum recorded rock music 120-] + Thunderclap + Textile loom + Auto hoen, 1 meter away 110—] + Riveter + Jet ving over at 300 meters + Newspaper press 99—|+ Motorcyle, 8 meters away + Food blender + Diese ruck, 89 km, a 15 meters away Garbage disposal, 70] + Vacuum cleaner + Ondinary conversation 60} Ale conditioning unit 6 meters + Light traffic noise, 30 meters + Average living room + Bedroom + Library we + Soft whisper 20—|+ Broadcasting studio 10] + rusting teat Oo ]+ Mreshold of hearing Paint ncomforably oud vers tous ! Moderately loud Very quiet Barely audible Traumatic Injurious ange tereversible damage anger zone, lpronressive hos of henna Damage begins alter long expose ! Vigorous Threas Widespread complaints ‘Oxcnional ‘complaints No action Source Turk etl (1978) Eneronmenual Science Piladelphis: Saunders p52 Increase in sound intensity is represented by a 10-4B increase Con the scale. That is, 10

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