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Coupled Map Lattice Model For Convection Yanagita1993 PDF
Coupled Map Lattice Model For Convection Yanagita1993 PDF
North-Holland
and
Kunihiko Kaneko
Department of Pure andApplied Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan
Received 25 August 1992; revised manuscript received 9 February 1993; accepted forpublication 15 February 1993
Communicated by A.R. Bishop
A coupled map lattice model for convection is proposed, which consists of Eulerian and Lagrangian procedures. Simulations of
the model reproduce wide-ranged phenomena in Bénard convection experiments: For a small aspect ratio, formation of convec-
tive rolls, their oscillation, and many routes to chaos are found, with the increase of Rayleigh number. For a large aspect ratio,
spatiotemporal intermittency is observed. For a high Rayleigh number, transition from soft to hard turbulence is confirmed, as is
characterized by the temperature distribution change from Gaussian to exponential. The roll formation in a three-dimensional
convection is also simulated, which reproduces experiments well.
Rayleigh—Bénard convection (RBC) has always produce all the above phenomena just by the change
been a typical experiment for chaos, spatiotemporal of aspect ratio, Prandtl number, and Rayleigh num-
chaos, pattern formation, and turbulence. For a small ber. The agreement with experiments is mostly qual-
aspect ratio, the transition to chaos of the oscillation itative, although some quantitative agreements are
of convective rolls was studied with the increase of presented in the STI and in the transition from soft
Rayleigh number [1]. For a large aspect ratio, spa- to hard turbulence.
tiotemporal intennittency (STI) is observed at the The CML model is one of the most powerful
transition to turbulence [21. The process of for- methods to study the dynamics in spatially extended
mation of rolls in a system with a large container gives systems [5]. CML modeling is based on the sepa-
a prototype for the pattern formation and the slow ration and successive operation of procedures which
motion of defects between rolls [3]. For larger are represented as maps acting on field variables on
Rayleigh number, a transition from soft to hard tur- a lattice. The CML model has been successfully ap-
bulence was clarified by Libchaber’s group [4]. plied as simulators for various physical phenomena
So far, only some of these experimental results [61. Here we decompose the fluid motion into
(e.g., low-dimensional chaos) are partially repro- Eulerian and Lagrangian procedures, to include the
duced by extensive simulation with the use of the advective motion [7].
Navier—Stokes equation. We do not have a single First we choose a two-dimensional lattice (x, y)
simple model which reproduces all the above phe- with y as perpendicular direction, and assign the ye-
nomena as yet. In the present Letter we report a sim- locity field Vt(X, y) and internal energy Et(x, y) as
pie coupled map lattice (CML) model which can re- a field variable at time t. The dynamics of the field
consists of Lagrangian and Eulerian parts. The latter
Present address: Department ofApplied Physics, Tokyo Insti- part is further decomposed into the buoyancy force,
tute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan. heat diffusion and viscosity, which are carried out by
0375-9601/93/$ 06.00 © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved. 415
Volume 175, number 6 PHYSICS LETTERS A 26 April 1993
the conventional CML modeling method [6]. Here locity and temperature. We set a quasi-particle on
we assume that E’(x, y) is scaled so that its average each lattice site (x, y). The particle has a velocity
is roughly 0; in other words, Et(x, y) takes opposite v(x, y) and moves to (x+ 6x, y+ ~y) by the La-
signs at the top plate and the bottom plate. In the grangian scheme, where ~x—v~(x, y), öy=v~(x,y).
constructing procedures, we assume that Et(x, y) is All field variables (velocity and internal energy) are
associated with the temperature. carried by this particle. Since there is no lattice point
For the Eulerian part we notice the following pre- at the position (x+ ~x, y+ öy) generally, we allocate
scriptions: (I) a site with higher temperature re- the field variable on its four nearest neighbor sites.
ceives a force in the upward direction; (II) heat dif- The weight of this allocation is given by the lever rule;
fusion leads to the diffusion for Et(x, y); (III) the (1 —&v) (1— dy), ~ix(1 dy), (1— 6x)~y,and 6x~y
—
velocity field vt(x, y) is also under diffusive dynam- for the sites ([x+ ox], [y+ Oy]), ([x+ Ox] + 1,
ics, due to the viscosity; (IV) in an incompressible [y+ OyJ), ([x+ Ox], [y+ Oy] + 1) and ([x+ Ox]
fluid, the pressure term requires div v to be 0. We do + 1, [y+ OyJ + 1) respectively, with [z] as the max-
not take this condition here, since the inclusion of imal integer smaller than z.
pressure requires more complicated modeling. In- The total dynamics of our model is given by suc-
stead, we borrow a term from compressible fluid dy- cessive applications of the above procedures;
namics, which brings about this pressure effect, and {t”(x, y), Et(x, y)}~{i~a*(xy), Et(x, y)}_~
constrains the div v term from growing to large val- {v’(x, y), E’(x, y)} — (Lagrangian)—~{v1~1 (x, y),
ues. This term is given by the discrete version of Et±~ (x, y) }~‘.This completes one step of dynamics.
grad (div v). An “expanded” region with larger div v For the boundary, we choose the following con-
imposes a force to neighboring lattice points through ditions. (I) Top and bottom plates: assuming the al-
this term. Combining these dynanlics, the Eulerian location of E to temperature, we choose the bound-
part is written as the successive operations of the fol- ary condition E(x, 0) = OT= —E(x, Np). For the
lowing mappings (hereafter we use the notation for velocity field we have used either a fixed boundary
the discrete Laplacian operator: AA (x, y) = or free boundary. For the Lagrangian scheme, we use
~[A(x—i,y)+A(x+l,y)+A(x,y—l)+A(x,y+ 1) a fixed or reflection boundary. (TI) Side wall at x=0
—4A(x, y)] for any field variable A): and x=N~:we use either fixed, reflective, and pe-
(i) buoyancy procedure, riodic boundary conditions. Hereafter we mostly
choose the fixed boundary for top and bottom plates
v~(x,y)=v~(x,y) and the periodic boundary condition for the x-
+ ~c[2E’(x, y) —Et(x+ 1, y)—Et(x— 1, y)], direction. Changing to a fixed boundary at the wall
alters our velocity pattern (fora small size), but most
v~(x,y) = v~(x,v) (1) of the transition sequence of the patterns remain
(ii) heat diffusion, invariant.
Basic parameters in our model (and in experi-
E’(x,y)=Et(x,y)+icAEt(x,y) , (2) ments) are Rayleigh number (proportional to OT),
(iii) viscosity and pressure effect, Prandtl number (ratio of viscosity to heat diffusion,
v/ic), and aspect ratio (N~/N~). Here we study in
v~(x,y)=v~(x,y) + v~v~(x,
y) detail the dependence of the convection pattern on
+~[v~(x+l,y)+v~(x—l,y)]—v~(x,y)
* the Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio. For sim-
ulations we take the diffusion coefficient i~ as
+ ~ [v~(x+ 1, y+ 1) +v~(x—1, y— 1) ~ v<t~~v [8], although our results are reproduced,
—v~(x—1, y+ 1)— v~(x+ ~, ~— 1)1 } (3) as far as ~j is the same order of v, where divv is kept
small numerically.
and the equation with x~—’y. For small Rayleigh number, we have a steady con-
Successive operation of the above three parallel
procedures completes the Eulerian scheme. The The order ofoperations ofprocedures is not important. Models
Lagrangian scheme expresses the advection of ye- with different orders give essentially the same phenomenology.
416
Volume 175, number 6 PHYSICS LETTERS A 26 April 1993
I~~
17.5
is
10
7.55
2.5
~)4h
_/ \\
I~L
~
4
+1
with
Forexperimental
larger 01’, hotresults
enough,Ehot
energy than
plumes
and cold
theircannot
[2].plumes start to appear.
Plumes in our model are defined as isolated sets of
a few connected lattice points with larger or smaller
neighbors.
reach If
theOT
opposite
is not large
plate
~ 10 15 20 25 30 x (and vice versa for cold plumes). A hot layer is con-
Fig. 1. Snapshot of convective roll pattern for our CML model. nected near the bottom plate. The boundary layer
The velocity field of our CML model is shown for time step still remains. With the increase of OT (>6.0), the
t=300. N~=30,N~=l7,v=0.2, ?c=0.4, and ~T=O.l. layer splits into disconnected regimes, and plumes
417
Volume 175, number 6 PHYSICS LETTERSA 26 April 1993
can reach the opposite plate (see fig. 4 for the con-
tour plot ofE(x, y)). A similar change of convective • (a)
pattern is found by Libchaber’s group, where each 12
state is termed as soft (for the former) and hard tur- 10
bulence. According to their experiment, the temper- (b)
gi
ature
is Gaussian
distribution
in soft(in
turbulence,
the middleandof the
exponential
container)
in ~ (C)
hard turbulence [4]. We have measured the distri- 6 I
bution of E(x, ~N~) by sampling over l0~time steps, ~ I I
and over the horizontal position x (note the periodic
I,’~
I 4/
boundary condition for the side wall). The distri- ‘
2 I
bution is plotted in fig. 5, which shows the transition •~Pd ~ ‘ b~
from Gaussian to exponential. . I I
~ 10 15 20 25 30
Cold
__________ Fig. 5. The distribution of E(x, lN~)sampled over time and x.
N~=N~=30,
and v=K,=0.2.
(a)
flatness
Convection
OT=l.0
1 10 15 20 25 !
Three examples are overlayed with~-~*
(b) increasing Rayleigh number.
fr. /
(b) 20 _____________________
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Volume 175, number 6 PHYSICS LETTERS A 26 April 1993
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