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The Design of LTE System:: An Energy Efficient Approach

Article · January 2016

DOI: 10.4018/IJITN.2016010105

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 International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking
Volume 8 • Issue 1 • January-March 2016

The Design of LTE System:

An Energy Efficient Approach
Saurabh Dixit, Department of Electronics and Communication, BBD University, Lucknow, India
Himanshu Katiyar, Department of Electronics and Communication, BBDNIIT, Lucknow, India

ABSTRACT

There has been a paradigm shift in the field of mobile communication, with an overwhelming
increase in data usage. As more and more users are migrating to Smart-phones, the amount of data
being transmitted has increased manifold times. However, such huge amount of data and signal
propagation is bound to be detrimental to the ecological balance. Long Term Evolution (LTE), due to
its flexibility, and backward compatibility has emerged as the network of choice for 4G and beyond.
In this article, the significance of core technologies for LTE network is highlighted, along with the
inherent advantage of reducing the energy consumption of cellular network. An Energy Efficient
design of LTE is proposed which blends the technologies proposed by 3GPP such as adaptive OFDMA
with that of MU-MIMO.

Keywords
Adaptive OFDMA, Carrier Aggregation, Energy Efficient, IMT-Advanced, Lean Carrier, LTE, MU-MIMO

INTRODUCTION

With the ubiquitous proliferation of mobile communication, half the earth’s human population is
actively using this technology. The evolution of mobile communication has witnessed a revolutionary
trend over the last two decades. With the advent of more resilient technologies, the mobile industry
has migrated from first generation (1G) to fourth generation (4G) Standards. These telecommunication
standards are but defined rallying points (Kremecher, 1996). Advances in the field of digital
communication have been fueled by the need for higher data rates, supported by progress in solid
state electronics (Viterbi, 1991). 3GPPs Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been declared as the fastest
growing system in the history of mobile technology (Ericsson Mobility Report, 2012). By the year
2017, half the world’s population is expected to be covered by LTE network.
The birth of telecommunications is credited to Marconi in the year 1895, when he demonstrated
the first radio transmission (Goldsmith, 2005). However, the growth of cellular communication matured
gradually with the AT&T Bell Labs developing the cellular concept in the 1960s (Mac Donald, 1979).
The first generation(1G) standard, known as Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) was
developed in the year 1983, followed by 2G standards in 1990s(Rappaport, 2005). There was a
fundamental shift in 1G to 2G cellular standards, since 2G marked the advent of digital wireless
generation, whereas 1G was analog in nature. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM),
based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), became the most popular 2G standard globally.
Another 2G standard, IS-95, used Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as the air interface. CDMA
provided capacity advantage and more resistance to interference as compared to TDMA (Lee, 1991).
Thereby, CDMA was adopted as the air interface for 3G standards as a more flexible radio technology

DOI: 10.4018/IJITN.2016010105

Copyright © 2016, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.

45
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking
Volume 8 • Issue 1 • January-March 2016

was required to meet the requirement of International Mobile Telecommunications 2000(IMT 2000)
standards (Carsello et al., 1997). The 3G standards offered significant enhancement in data speeds,
defining a paradigm shift from voice to data communication. However, as the demand for higher
data rates started pouring in, it was realized that CDMA is not suitable for high data rates (Zhang
and Xu, 2007). Thus Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which is a multi-carrier
technology, gained consideration as the multiple access scheme for 4G standards (Roberts et al., 2006)
Since its invention by Chang (1966), OFDM has undergone many transformative changes. In
their seminal work, Weinstein and Ebert (1971) enabled an easy implementation scheme of OFDM
by means of digital signal processing. Peled and Ruiz (1980) advocated the use of cyclic prefix to
further circumvent the effect of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). Weinstein (2009) succinctly describes
OFDM as Frequency division multiplexing in which sub-channels overlap without interfering.
Another enabling technology for 4G wireless standards is Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO).
Telatar (1995) demonstrates that the use of MIMO will boost network capacity. Mietzner et al. (2009)
provide a comprehensive survey of multiple antenna techniques and it is demonstrated that there
is a trade-off between Multiplexing and Diversity Gain. Multiplexing Gain (Figure 1) is the result
of Spatial Multiplexing where different transmit antennas are transmitting independent streams of
information. Diversity Gain (Figure 2) is the result of independent fading of different links between
transmit and receive antennas (Alamouti, 1998). He introduced the principle of Orthogonal Space Time
Block Coding (OSTBC). Another form of MIMO implementation is Beamforming, which employs
directional antennas to concentrate the transmit signal energy in the desired direction. The principle
of Beamforming is illustrated in Figure 3, which employs smart antennas to offer the advantage of
higher bit rate along with reduced error rate.
Thus, the two key technologies OFDM, and MIMO combine together to form the air interface
for 4G standards (Bolcskei, 2006).

THE ENERGY PERSPECTIVE

With a astronomical increase in the number of mobile subscribers, the energy consumption has
increased manifold times along with emission of greenhouse gases such as Carbon dioxide (CO2).
Thus, Mobile operators face the challenge of optimizing Energy Efficiency and at the same time,
keeping a check on operational cost (Strinati et al.). Although the energy consumption at the user
terminal has been customized due to limited resources, the energy consumption at the network side
needs to be minimized. Figure 4 portrays a typical Cellular Network Power Consumption scenario,
where it is evident that the Base stations consume a significant portion of power.
The most significant initiative was taken by Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, who launched the Green
Touch Initiative (2010). It is a global consortium comprising of service providers and leading research
organizations around the world; focused on making communications networks 1000 times more energy
efficient. It envisioned to bring down the energy consumption thousand fold times by the year 2015,

Figure 1. Basic Principle of Spatial Multiplexing (Demultiplexed information stream)

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