Submitted To: BRIG DR.

NAWAR KHAN

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Questions to answer
Q # 1: What is quality control?
Answer: Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors
involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of quality management
focused on fulfilling quality requirements".
This approach places emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001):
 Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes,
performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records.
 Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications.
 Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational culture,
motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.

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Q # 2: How to control the quality control of a product or service?
Answer: If a product does not conform to a quality standard or specification required, then
control is actuated for correction and corrective measures to bring the parameters of products
within the desired limits. Quality control includes the following major four functions:-
 Sensing the parameters of interest to measure.
 Comparing output data with standard reference.
 Actuating the control actions after sensing deviations.
 Corrections to bring it within permissible limits of upper and lower level tolerance limits.
Effective control mechanism is mandatory for quality inspection and testing. There are three
types of controls in different disciplines of concern:-

 Manual Control
 Semi-Automatic Control
 Fully Automatic Control

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Q # 3: What are the statistical control used for it?
Answer: It is a method of quality control which employs statistical methods to monitor and
control a process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more
specification-conforming products with less waste (rework or scrap).
The statistical control is used to cater three main phases of activity:
1. Understanding the process and the specification limits.
2. Eliminating assignable (special) sources of variation, so that the process is stable.
3. Monitoring the ongoing production process, assisted by the use of control charts, to
detect significant changes of mean or variation.

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Q # 4: Can you name a few quality control charts?
Answer: A quality control chart is a statistical tool that depicts whether sampled products or
processes are meeting their intended specifications and, if not, the degree by which they vary
from those specifications. Quality Control charts are used for purpose of process control
variations. The different types of quality charts are:-
1. X -chart
The X -chart is a quality control chart used when data of only batch is available

2. X -chart
The X - chart is a quality control chart used when data of a number of batches is
available and used.
3. R – Chart
The R- chart is used for single batch data.

4. R - Chart
The R -chart is used for multiple batches

5. S-Chart
The S Chart is used when the data per batch is more than ten.
6. U-chart
The u-chart is a quality control chart used to monitor the total count of defects per unit in
different samples of size n; meaning number of non conformities per product.
7. C-chart
The c-chart is a quality control chart used to monitor the total count of defects in fixed
samples of size n. meaning total number of non conformities.

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Q # 5: What techniques are used for variance control?
Answer: Variance is a measurable change from a known standard and what is actually
accomplished. Variance is basically a lack of consistency.
1. Types of Variation
There are two basic types which can occur in a process:
 Common cause
 Special cause.
a) Common Cause
Common cause variation happens in standard operating conditions. Fluctuations might
occur due to:
 temperature
 humidity
 metal quality
 Machine wear and tear.
b) Special Cause
Special cause variation occurs in non standard operating conditions. Disparities could
occur if:
 a substandard metal was delivered.
 one of the machines broke down.
 a worker forgot the process and made a lot of unusual mistakes.

2. Techniques for Variance Control

a) Run Charts
Run Charts are used to look for common cause variation.
1. Mark your median measurement.
2. Chart the measurements from your process over time.
3. Identify runs. These are consecutive data points that don’t cross the median
marked earlier. They show common cause variation. Example is shown in
graph below

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A normal Process data with common variations on a Normal Distribution Curve (NDC)
with standard deviation – both accurate and précised

b) Control Charts
Meanwhile, control charts are used to look for special cause variation.
1. Mark your average measurement.
2. Mark your control limits.
3. Identify data points that fall outside the limits marked earlier. In other words,
above the upper control limit or below the lower control limit. These show special
cause variation. Example is shown in graph below

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 Application of Design Limits (acceptabi
(acceptability
lity of products/services) on a Normal
Distribution Curve (NDC) LCL and UCL at 3 sigma

4. Benefits
enefits of Less Variation
Benefits go to all stakeholders including;
• Producers:: higher productivity, low production cost, less rejection, scrap &
rework.
• Customers: get products with similar / standard quality characteristics.
characteristics

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