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Refugee Plants Increased Generalits Predator In Tea Plantation At Wonosari,

Malang- Indonesia

Article  in  American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture · January 2012

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 51
American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 6(1): 51-54, 2012
ISSN 1995-0748

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Refugee Plants Increased Generalits Predator In Tea Plantation At Wonosari, Malang-
Indonesia
1
Siti Rasminah Ch. Sy. 2Fatchur Rohman
1
Pest and Plant Disease Departement of Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University
2
Biology Departement of Mathematics and Science Faculty, State University of Malang

Siti Rasminah Ch. Sy. Fatchur Rohman: Refugee Plants Increased Generalits Predator In Tea
Plantation At Wonosari, Malang-Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Aim of this study was to examine some plants alongside tea plantation that increase the diversity and
abundance of generalist predator in tea plantation at Wonosari, Malang, Indonesia. The samples of Arthropods
were collected by 15 cm diameter sweeping net for five times oscilation. The Specimens were identified and
counted the diversity index (Shannon-Wienner = H') and relative abundance of generalist predator. The
variation of diversity index of Arthropodes in every plot were examined by ANOVA then continued with
"Duncan Multiple Range Test" at significant level 95%.The result showed that Synedrella nodiflora, Centella
asiatica, Setaria sp., Borreria repens, Arachis pentoii and combination of the plants raised the diversity of
Arthropodes on the canopy of the plants, especially generalist predators. There are Curinus, Oxyopes, and
Hymenopus with relative abundance ranging from 9.1% to 14.6%.

Key word: natural enemies, conservation, refugee, diversity, abundance

Introduction

One solution to solve the problem of population explosion of tea leaves pests is the empowerment of the
biotic factors on the agro-ecosystem on tea plantation by habitat management, such as habitat manipulation.
Habitat management can be done by a) increasing the role of wild plants around the tea plant as refugee and 2)
predators conservation of Empoasca sp., which is pest of tea leaves by providing habitat of the plant refugee.
Habitat management is to increase the population of natural enemies (Helenius, 1998). Landis et al. (2000) put
forward the main objectives of habitat management is to create infrastructure in the landscape ecology of
sustainable agriculture through the provision of alternative feed resources such as natural enemies, alternative
prey or host, shelter (sanctuary) from the bad conditions, and microclimate. Management of habitat (habitat
management) is one strategy for biological control.
Wild plants have potential to be refugee for predators of insect pests. Refugee is a type of plant vegetation
around crops that can provide shelter, sources of additional food, rest areas, and the place of reproduction
(Nentwig, 1998; Wratten et al., 1998; Sosromarsono and Untung, 2000). Refugee of plants in agriculture
generally refers to species of the companion plants cultivated which serve as habitat for biota three-trophic
levels (Murphy et al., 1998; Wratten et al., 1998). Habitat is where an organism lives or may also indicate the
place occupied by the entire community because the opportunity to colonize, and is not defeated by the group
of competitors (Odum, 1993; Begon et al. 1986). Smith & Papacek (1991) in Landis et al. (2000) reported that
Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) as refugee for the myths Amblyseius victoriensis (Womersly). Also,
Bowie et al. (1999) in Landis et al. (2000) reported that Brassica napus L as refugee for a predator of the aphid
Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Kawai (1997) in Landis et al. (2000) suggested that the plant refugee from natural
enemies in the garden tea (Thea sinestris L.) was able to suppress pests. Mochizuki (2000) in Takafuji & Amano
(2001) revealed that a predator Amblyseius womersleyi (Phytoseiid committee) was able to suppress plant pests
of tea Spider myths. Nurindah et al. (2002) reported a study of efforts to increase the population of natural
enemies of major pests of cotton through habitat manipulation on cotton plants.
Rohman (2008) reported that some generalist predator, i.e. Curinus (Coccinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae)
and Hymenopus (Mantidae) was found on tea plantation at Wonosari, Malang. Furthermore we explored wild
plants as refugee for generalist predators of tea leaves pests (Empoasca sp.) on the tea. Here we showed that
Synedrella nodiflora, Centella asiatica, Setaria sp., Borreria repens, Arachis pentoii and combination raised
predator generalist of Empoasca sp., which are Curinus, Oxyopes, and Hymenopus.

Corresponding Author: Siti Rasminah Ch. Sy. Pest and Plant Disease Departement of Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya
University
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Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 6(1): 51-54, 2012

Methods:

This research was conducted on Tea Plantation at Wonosari, Malang, Indonesia, from October 2007 until
February 2008. We made 21 plots test (5 m x 2 m) located in tea plantation, divided into 7 groups and each
group have three replications. Each group plots were planted with S. nodiflora, C. asiatica, setaria sp., B.
repens, A. pentoii, combination of the plants and control (no plant) respectively. After the plant growth and
fertile, then we observed diversity and abundance of the arthropods in the canopy. The samples of Arthropodes
were collected by 15 cm diameter sweeping net for five times oscilation.
Identification and classification of the specimens was done based on determinant key in pest of crops in
Indonesia (Kalshoven, 1981) and an Introduction to the study of insect (Borror, 1998). The diversity index was
calculated using "Shannon-Wiever" Diversity index (Krebs, 1978; Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988). The relative
abundance of a species was determined by the formula: K = ni / N x 100%, where K is the relative abundance of
species i, ni is number of individuals of species i, and N is total number of individuals found (Ludwig and
Reynolds, 1988). Level of diversity refers to value of H' proposed by Rahayu, et al. (2006), if the value of H' <1
is low, H' = 1-3 is moderate and H' > 3 is high. The variance of diversity index for each test plot was analyzed
by analysis of variance (ANOVA) one-way classification and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test at the
level of 95%.

Results:

The mean of diversity index (H') of arthropods in canopy of the plants is medium, ranging from 1.70 to 2.25
(Figure 1). Moreover, based on analysis of variance showed that the presence of the plants increased the
diversity of arthropods in test plots compare with control (without plant). So that S. nodiflora, C. asiatica,
setaria sp., B. repens, A. pentoii and combination of the plants could increased diversity of canopt arthropods
that potential for generalist predator of tea pest.

Fig. 1: The mean diversity index of canopy arthropods in some plots the test plants.

Table 1: The mean diversity index of plant arthropods in the test plots were planted on the tea plantation at Wonosar, Malang, Indonesia
Plots Average diversity index (Transformations) Notation*)
Without plant 0,7070 a
Synedrella nodiflora 1,4833 b
Centela asiatica 1,5417 bc
Setaria sp. 1,5847 bc
Combination 1,5897 bc
Borreria repens 1,6017 bc
Arachis pentoii 1,6570 c
Note: *) different letters showed significantly difference

The higest diversity index of arthropods was found in Arachis pentoii and lowest in control. However, the
diversity index of arthropods in Borreria repens, Setaria sp., Centella asiatica, Synedrella nodiflora and
combination of the plant was same (table 1).
We found three major order of the Arthropods live in canopy of the plants, there are Curinus
(Coccinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae), and Hymenopus (Mantidae) (Figure 2.). All three predators were found
live in Borreria repens and Arachis pentoii, it most efectively atracting the arhtropods compare with other palts.
This showed that the two of plants have potentialy to develop into refugee.
 53
Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 6(1): 51-54, 2012

Fig. 2: Relative abundance (%,) predator of tea leaves pest (Empoasca sp.): Curinus (Coccinellidae), Oxyopes
(Oxyopidae), and Hymenopus (Mantidae) in several plots of plants.

Discussion:

Based on the study showed that existence of Arachis pentoii, Borreria repens, Setaria sp., Centella asiatica,
Synedrella nodiflora and combination of the plants increased the diversity of arthropods, although with a
different level. This illustrates that the existence of the plants in the area of tea plantation need to be managed
for habitat of generalist predators. Furhtermore the predator will control pest population in tea plantation that
beneficial for sustain green agrosystem. This is accordance with Altieri and Nichols (2004) said tha the
abundance of insect herbivore species in the poly-culture farming environment less than in the monoculture
environment. Morover, Liang and Huang (1994); Hickman and Wratten (1997) said that multiple cropping
pattern can suppress the development of insect pest populations in crops.
The higest diversity of arthropods found in Arachis pentoii compare with other plants. Arachis pentoii
might released volatile compounds that effective stimulus for many arthropods. This is correspond with Altieri
and Nichols (2004) explains that the behavior of insects find the plant is often based on olfactory mechanisms
evaporated compound (odor) by plants. In other hand, Borreria repens and Arachis pentoii are best candidate
for refugee plants in te plantation at Wonosari, due to the plants most visited by all three generalist predators of
planthopper tea leaves together. While, in Setaria sp., Centella asiatica, Synedrella nodiflora, and combination
of the plants was only visited by one or two types of predators simultaneously. The existence of the plant is
expected to become a micro-habitate refugee for natural enemies (generalist predator) for planthoper tea leaves.
So that the preservation of the plants in the tea plantation areas is need to be maintained. This is consistent with
MacKinnon et al. (1990) said that the modern concept of conservation is the maintenance and utilization of
earth resources wisely (Suripto, 1998).
Indonesia is geographically located in areas that have a wet tropical climate and natural conditions are
relatively stable, rich with the lives of the diverse flora and fauna, including arthropods (especially insects).
thereof Arachis pentoii and Borreria repens could be developed as potential refugee plants in the tea plantation
at Wonosari. Refugee vegetation management can be developed through Farmscaping to enhance and manage
biodiversity to increase attendance and benefits of organisms in agricultural areas (Av Singh, 2004).

Conclusion:

The results showed that the Synedrella nodiflora, Centella asiatica, setaria sp., Arachis repens, Borreria
pentoii and combination of the palnts can improve Arthropod diversity in the plant canopy. Three taxa of
arthropods as generalist predator of planthopper tea leaves were found in canopy of the plants, there are Curinus
(Coocinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae) and Hymenopus (Mantidae). All three predators are collectively found in
the Arachis repens and Borreria pentoii, furthermore the two of plants have potentialy to develop into refugee.

Acknowledgment

I would like to express my gratitude to Widodo, Ph.D from Biology Department, Brawijaya University for
valuable advice to finish this manuscript.

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