Residential Residential Insulation Insulation: AG AG U U

RESIDENTIAL
INSULATION
A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING
THIS INFORMATION PACKAGE EXPLAINS HEAT LOSS AND THE NEED FOR INSULATION
AND PROVIDES DETAILS ON TYPES, R-VALUES AND INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES FOR
RESIDENTIAL INSULATION
ITS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SPECIALISTS
Internet : http://www.its-canada.com Telephone : (403) 892-3594 Fax : (403) 892-2574 E-mail : info@its-canada.com
A Guide to Understanding - Insulation was researched and prepared by Information

Technology Specialists. Our purpose is to provide the reader with the most current
information available in an unbiased, usable format. This publication is a printed
example of the content offered through the Residential Energy Efficiency Database
service and is an exact duplicate of the Insulation section available on-line in
REED.
It is the sincere hope of the authors that the information provided helps to both
increase the general level of understanding and assists individuals during the
construction and renovation of their homes.
This information package should not, however, be considered a complete guide to

insulation, and individuals should consult their local building authority for local rules
and practices before beginning construction or major renovations.
Printed Copies of Insulation are available for $11.00 (includes shipping and handling)
Send a cheque or money order to : ITS Inc., Site 4, Box 16, RR1, Carvel, Alberta, Canada, T0E 0H0
Phone orders (major credit cards only) : (403) 892-3594
Copyright © 1996 Information Technology Specialists Inc.

REED INSULATION
INTRODUCTION
One of the keys to having an energy efficient home is to remember that the house acts as
a system and requires a balanced approach to insulating. High ceiling insulation levels
combined with an uninsulated basement and poorly insulated walls just doesn’t work well.
Well insulated walls, ceilings and basements will reduce both heat loss in the winter and
heat gain during the summer.
Insulation products are manufactured and sold by their R or RSI values, which is a measure
of the insulations resistance to heat flow. The higher the resistance (R or RSI value) the
slower the rate of heat gain or heat loss through the insulating material.
With today’s continually rising energy costs, a well insulated and sealed energy efficient
home provides an excellent long term return on investment through lower energy costs. The
long term reduced use of fossil fuels also helps to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions
and slow climate change.
This information package provides the reader with a guide to understanding the basic
sciences involved in heat loss and how insulation works. Insulation materials and types are
thoroughly explained as well as, R-values (RSI) and recommended cold climate insulation
levels. Complete installation details are provided for two energy efficient frame wall
systems.

REED INSULATION
Insulation Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Insulation Materials Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Recommended Insulation Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
INSULATION VALUES OF VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS
Insulation Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Structural Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Air Spaces and Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Roofing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Sheathing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cladding Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Interior Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Flooring Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
INSULATING ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSES
Frame Wall with Exterior Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Floor Joist Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Roof Construction Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exterior Corner Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Window Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Frame Wall with Interior Horizontal Strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Floor Joist Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Roof Construction Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exterior Corner Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Window Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Cantilever Floor Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Window Wrap Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
REED INSULATION
INTRODUCTION TO INSULATION AND HEAT FLOW
Heat naturally flows from warm areas to cooler areas, regardless of direction. In winter, heat
flows from the inside of the house to the outside. This flow of heat can never be stopped
entirely, but the rate at which it flows can be reduced by using materials which have a high
resistance to heat flow.
Heat is transferred in three distinct ways, any or all of which may be occurring at any given
time:
Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of heat

through a solid object. When one part of an object is
heated, the molecules within it begin to move faster
and more vigorously, these molecules then hit other
molecules within the object causing the heat to be
transferred through the entire object.
Convection - Convection is the transfer of heat by the

movement of a fluid (water, air, etc.). In an
uninsulated wall cavity, air removes heat from the
warm interior wall, then circulates to the colder
exterior wall where it loses the heat.
Radiation - Any object will radiate heat to cooler

objects around it by giving off 'heat waves'. This is a
direct transfer of heat from one object to another,
without heating the air in between. This is the same
process in which the Earth receives heat from the Sun
or a wood stove supplies heat to its surroundings.
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REED INSULATION
Obviously an important step in the construction of an energy efficient house is to control this
heat loss, which can account for up to 70% of the total energy loss of a home. As was
previously stated, heat will flow in any direction where a temperature difference occurs.
Therefore all areas which separate the interior of a house from the exterior or heated spaces
from unheated spaces need to have a high resistance to heat flow, in other words, they
should be insulated.
How Does Insulation Work?
Insulation is any material which slows the rate of heat flow from a warm area to a cooler
one. The more the rate is slowed, the better the insulative qualities of the material. Its ability
to resist heat flow is measured as an R or RSI (metric) value, the higher the R-value, the
more the material will resist the flow of heat. In order to be effective, insulation materials
must be able to reduce the transfer of heat by conduction, convection and radiation, this is
determined by both its physical properties and installation.
Conduction - Since conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects, most
insulations usually contain tiny 'pockets' of still air. The air pockets reduce the conductive
heat loss by minimizing the amount of 'solid' material within a wall or ceiling cavity.
Convection - In large air spaces, such as a wall cavity, large amounts of heat can be lost
through convection (and radiation). As long as the insulation is carefully installed to
completely fill the cavity, there should be no air spaces in which convective heat loss can
occur.
Radiation - Most insulations have a cellular structure which block the flow of heat by
radiation. If the cavity is completely filled with insulation, radiant heat loss from the inside
finish to the outside sheathing is virtually eliminated.
Choosing An Insulation
The R-value is not the only consideration when choosing insulation, other factors which
deserve consideration are the materials fire, mold, insect, vermin and moisture resistant
properties, as well as its cost and ease of application. There are many different types of
insulation materials, each with properties which make it suitable for certain applications
while being unsuitable for others. The insulation summary on the next page lists the
advantages and disadvantages of the insulation types most commonly used.
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REED INSULATION
INSULATION MATERIALS SUMMARY
Batt Insulation
GLASS FIBRE
Glass Fibre Batts are manufactured from glass which is spun into long fibres, then woven
and coated with a binding agent. Batts are light weight, fit standard joist and stud spaces
and if installed carefully will not slump or settle. They do not, however, readily fit into
irregular spaces and can leave 'insulation voids' around obstructions (nails, electrical wires,
trusses, etc.). During installation glass fibre can cause eye, skin and respiratory irritation
and manufacturer's safety recommendations should be followed. Average R-value is 3.2 per
inch (RSI 0.022/mm).
Advantages
* Manufactured for standard joist and stud spacings
* Relatively easy to install
* Fire and mold resistant
* Small amounts of moisture have little effect on R-value
Disadvantages
* Can cause eye, skin and respiratory irritation during installation
* Does not readily fit into irregular spaces
* Can leave 'insulation voids' around obstructions if care is not taken during installation
* Air movement around the insulation can significantly degrade R-value
* Should not be covered with heavier insulation or other materials which may compress it
MINERAL WOOL (SLAG and ROCK WOOL)
Mineral Wool is manufactured from melted industrial slag, which is fiberized and treated with
oil and binders to suppress dust and maintain shape. It is similar to glass fibre in texture and
appearance. Rock Wool is manufactured in a similar manner except that natural rock is
used instead of slag. These materials have a high fire resistance but can cause eye, skin
and respiratory irritation during installation.
The average R-value for both slag and rock wool is 3.3 per inch (RSI 0.023).
Advantages
* Manufactured for standard joist and stud spacings
* Relatively easy to install
* Good material for insulating around chimneys, since it doesn't support combustion
* Small amounts of moisture have little effect on R-value
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REED INSULATION
Disadvantages
* Does not readily fit into irregular spaces
* Can leave 'insulation voids' around obstructions if care is not taken during installation
Loose Fill Insulation
CELLULOSE FIBRE
Cellulose fibre insulation is made from finely shredded newsprint which is chemically treated
to resist fire and fungal growth. Due to the small size of the particles, cellulose can 'flow'
around obstructions (nails, electrical wires, trusses, etc.) to give a uniform fill.
Blown Cellulose has an average R-value of 3.6 per inch (RSI 0.025/mm) which is dependant
on the chemical mix, paper type and it's blown density. If the insulation is not blown to
manufacturer's recommended density it can settle over time, and the intended R-value will
not be obtained.
Blown cellulose can be installed in vertical wall cavities using a variety of specially
designed, reinforced interior sheeting products.
Poured Cellulose has an average R-value of 3.4 per inch (RSI 0.024/mm) and must be
applied to the manufacturer's recommendations to achieve desired density and R-value.
Advantages
* Fills irregular horizontal spaces
* Blown-In Cellulose can be installed with rented equipment or hand poured
* Chemical additives provide fire, corrosion, vermin and fungal growth resistance
* Small amounts of moisture have little effect on the materials R-value
Disadvantages
* Will settle over time, manufacturer's recommendations should be followed to achieve
desired R-value
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REED INSULATION
GLASS FIBRE
Blown Glass Fibre is a similar material to glass fibre batts, except that the material is
'chopped up'. It has an R-value of 2.9 per inch (RSI 0.02/mm), which is reduced if not blown
to the proper density. The particles in glass fibre tend to be larger than those in cellulose,
therefore it doesn't always flow as freely around obstructions and can leave insulation voids.
As with the batts, during installation glass fibre can cause eye, skin and respiratory irritation
and manufacturer's safety recommendations should be followed.
Poured Glass Fibre has basically the same properties as the blown product except its
R-value is usually slightly higher, R-3 per inch (RSI 0.021/mm).
Advantages
* Fire and mold resistant
Disadvantages
* Can settle over time if not blown properly, (manufacturer's recommendations should be
followed)
Mineral Wool is manufactured from melted industrial slag, which is fiberized and treated with
oil and binders to suppress dust and maintain shape. It is similar to glass fibre in texture and
appearance. Rock Wool is manufactured in a similar manner except that natural rock is
used instead of slag.
The properties listed below refer to both types of insulation.
The blown material has an R-value of 2.7 per inch (RSI 0.019), and as with all blown
materials this will vary depending upon the installed density. These types of materials have
a high fire resistance but can cause eye, skin and respiratory irritation during installation.
The poured material has the same characteristics as the blown material, but with a slightly
higher R-value, R-3.0 per inch (RSI 0.021). Manufacturer's recommendations should be
followed for installation techniques.
Advantages
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REED INSULATION
Disadvantages
* Can settle over time if not blown properly, (manufacturer's recommendations should be
followed)
VERMICULITE
Vermiculite is a mineral closely related to mica, which when heated expands to form a light
weight material with insulating properties. There are two types of vermiculite: untreated and
treated. The treated material is coated with asphalt to make it water-repellent for use in high
moisture areas. Untreated vermiculite absorbs water, and once wet dries very slowly.
Untreated vermiculite has an R-value of 2.3 per inch (RSI 0.016/mm) compared to R-2.5 per
inch (RSI 0.017/mm) for the treated material. Vermiculite is usually hand-installed, and is
suitable for both horizontal and vertical applications. It is non-combustible, odourless and
non-irritating, although due to its high density it is not usually the material of choice where
a high R-value is desired.
Advantages
* Pours easily into irregular spaces
* Non-combustible
* Non-abrasive, odourless and non-irritating
Disadvantages
* Dries very slowly after absorbing moisture
* Not usually used where a high R-value is desired
WOOD SHAVINGS
Wood shavings, although rarely used today, were once a very popular insulation product
due to their wide availability and low cost. Shavings were often treated with lime or other
chemicals, to increase resistance to water absorption, fire and fungal growth. This insulation
product is still a common sight in older homes across North America.
Wood shavings have an average R-value of 2.44 per inch (RSI 0.0169/mm). They tend to
absorb moisture and dry very slowly. Over time the material may settle and is hard to
effectively treat against fire, vermin and fungal growth.
Advantages
* Readily available and inexpensive
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REED INSULATION
WOOD SHAVINGS
Disadvantages
* Low R-value
* Dries very slowly after absorbing moisture
* Hard to effectively treat against fire, vermin and fungal growth
* Can settle over time
Rigid Insulation
GLASS FIBRE - ABOVE GRADE
The above-grade rigid glass fibre is designed to be used as an exterior sheathing and is
faced on one side with an air/moisture barrier, to prevent water and wind intrusion from
lowering its R-value.
The above grade glass fibre has an R-value of 4.4 per inch (RSI 0.031/mm).
Advantages
* Relatively non-combustible
* Allows a higher R-value to be achieved on exterior walls
Disadvantages
* No known disadvantages
GLASS FIBRE - BELOW GRADE
The below-grade rigid glass fibre is unfaced and has a higher density than the above grade
version. It is designed to act as a drainage layer between the foundation wall and the
surrounding soil.
The below-grade glass fibre board has an R-value of 4.2 per inch (RSI 0.029/mm).
Advantages
* Relatively non-combustible
* Can provide drainage next to the foundation
Disadvantages
* Can not sit in water, should be connected to a good drainage system
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REED INSULATION
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
Expanded polystyrene is produced by expanding polystyrene beads which are then bonded
together to form rigid boards. 'Bead Board' as it is often called is manufactured in two
densities. The high density board is more moisture resistant and can be used on the exterior
of a foundation providing the surrounding soil is dry and sandy. Polystyrene will
'break-down' if left exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods. It must also be protected from
solvents and only compatible sealants should be used. If the insulation is to be used in the
interior of a house, it needs to be covered with a fire-resistant material, such as drywall.
Low density expanded polystyrene has an R-value of 3.7 per inch (RSI 0.026/mm) while the
high density has an R-value of 4.0 per inch (RSI 0.028/mm).
Advantages
* Can be installed either on the interior or exterior where space is limited (cathedral ceiling,
flat roof, exterior walls, etc.)
* Lightweight
* Less expensive than extruded polystyrene or most other rigid insulations
* Doesn't cause skin irritation
Disadvantages
* Must be protected from sunlight, solvents and non-compatible sealants
* When used on the interior a fire-resistant covering is required
* Low-density board can only be used above grade
EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE
Extruded polystyrene is a closed cell foam plastic board, which is manufactured in two
densities. Both the low and high density board are suitable for below grade applications,
however the high density board should be used where the material will be exposed to
relatively high pressures, such as below a concrete slab or in built-up roofing. Polystyrene
will 'break-down' if left exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods and must also be protected
from solvents. If the insulation is to be used in the interior of a house, it needs to be covered
with a fire-resistant material, such as drywall.
The low density extruded polystyrene has an R-value of 4.7 per inch (RSI 0.033/mm) while
the high density has an R-value of 5.0 per inch (RSI 0.035/mm).
Advantages
* Can be installed either on the interior or exterior where space is limited (cathedral ceiling,
flat roof, exterior walls, etc.)
* Lightweight
* High-density board can handle relatively high pressures, under concrete slabs, etc.
* Doesn't cause skin irritation
* When joints are properly sealed, extruded polystyrene can act as an air barrier
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REED INSULATION
EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE
Disadvantages
* Must be protected from sunlight and solvents
* More expensive than expanded polystyrene
POLYURETHANE and POLYISOCYANURATE
Polyurethane and polyisocyanurate insulations are manufactured by chemical reactions

between poly-alcohols and isocyanurates. They are a closed cell board, the cells contain
refrigerant gases (fluorocarbons) instead of air. The boards are usually double-faced with
foil, or sometimes come bonded with an interior or exterior finishing material. The boards
must be protected from prolonged exposure to water and sunlight, and if used on the interior
must be covered with a fire-resistant material, such as drywall. Due to the relatively high
cost of these insulations, use is generally limited to areas which require a high R-value but
where space is very limited.
The faced boards have a typical R-value of 5.8 per inch (RSI 0.040) to 7.2 per inch (RSI
0.050).
Advantages
* Can be installed on the interior or exterior where space is very limited but a high R-value
is needed
* When joints are properly sealed it can act as both an air and vapour barrier
* Very high R-value per inch
Disadvantages
* Must be protected from prolonged exposure to sunlight and water
* More expensive than most other types of insulation
PHENOLIC FOAM
Phenolic foam is manufactured from phenol formaldehyde resin, and is available as either
an open or closed cell product. The boards usually come with a foil facing on one or both
sides and are much less combustible than other rigid insulations. It should be protected from
prolonged exposure to sunlight and water. The boards are suitable for wall sheathing, and
for use on the interior, both above and below grade. Use is generally limited to areas which
require a high R-value but where space is very limited.
Open cell insulations have a typical R-value of 4.2 per inch (RSI 0.029) while closed cell
insulations have a typical R-value of 8.3 per inch (RSI 0.058).
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REED INSULATION
PHENOLIC FOAM
Advantages
* Can be installed where space is very limited but a high R-value is required
* Very high R-value per inch
* Less combustible than other types of rigid insulation
Disadvantages
* Must be protected from prolonged exposure to sunlight and water
* Currently the most expensive rigid insulation product
* When used on the interior a fire-resistant covering is usually required
Spray Foam Insulations
POLYURETHANE FOAM
Polyurethane is a closed cell foam which is usually pale yellow in colour, and can be used
for a variety of spray applications. The material is mixed on site with special equipment for
large applications. For small applications, single component foam is available in spray cans,
for sealing around windows, doors, etc. The foam will act as an air barrier, but not a vapour
barrier and should be protected from prolonged exposure to sunlight. When the foam is used
in the interior of a house it must be covered with a fire-resistant material, such as drywall.
Polyurethane foam has an R-value of 6.0 per inch (RSI 0.042/mm) which takes into account
the loss of refrigerant gases over time.
Advantages
* Acts as an air barrier
* Ideal for use with irregular shaped surfaces and narrow openings, eg: shim spaces
around doors and windows
Disadvantages
* When used on the interior a fire-resistant covering is usually required
* Large applications require specially trained contractors
* Must be protected from prolonged exposure to sunlight
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REED INSULATION
ISOCYANURATE PLASTIC FOAM
Isocyanurate foam is a two component material, and is made from a combination of

isocyanurate, resins and catalysts which create an open-celled semi-flexible plastic foam
insulation. It is best suited for use in exterior stud wall cavities, perimeter joist spaces and
in small areas such as the shim spaces around doors and windows. Special applicators are
used on site to mix the chemicals in the proper proportions, and trained contractors should
be used to ensure correct installation. The material can be used as an air barrier, but when
installed on the interior of the house it should be covered with a fire-resistant material, such
as drywall.
Isocyanurate plastic foam has an R-value of 4.3 per inch (RSI 0.030/mm).
Advantages
* Good for irregular shapes and spaces
* Acts as an air barrier
Disadvantages
* Requires specially trained contractors
* There are some limitations on the thickness of the material which can be applied
Sprayed-In-Place Insulations
Sprayed-in-place insulations are loose fill products which are blown in to wall cavities.
During the blow-in stage the insulation is mixed with an adhesive, usually water-based,
which binds the insulation together to form a seamless batt. This type of insulation, when
properly installed resists settling and shifting and allows the cavity to be completely filled,
leaving no air gaps, thereby greatly reducing air leakage. The three most common types of
insulation installed in this way are cellulose, glass fibre blowing wool and mineral or
rockwool.
CELLULOSE
Spray cellulose is the same material as loose fill insulation, except that it is applied using
special applicators which mix the material with an adhesive, allowing it to adhere to the
surface it is applied to.
Spray cellulose has an R-value of 3.5 per inch (RSI 0.024/mm).
Advantages
* Non-settling
* Resistant to air flow
* Can offer complete filling of wall cavities
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REED INSULATION
CELLULOSE
Disadvantages
* Requires trained contractors for installation
GLASS FIBRE
Blown Glass Fibre is the same material as glass fibre batts, except that the material is
'chopped up'. It has an R-value of 2.9 per inch (RSI 0.02/mm), when blown to the proper
density.
Advantages
* Non-settling
Disadvantages
Sprayed-In-Place mineral wool is the same material used in loose fill insulation, except that
it is 'chopped up' and mixed with an adhesive.
Both slag and rock wool have an R-value of 3 per inch (RSI 0.021).
Advantages
* Non-settling
Disadvantages
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REED INSULATION
RECOMMENDED INSULATION LEVELS
When deciding on insulation levels, the house should be viewed as a whole and a balanced
approach should be used. It makes very little sense to add a high level of insulation in the
attic when the exterior walls have low insulation values, or the basement is uninsulated.
Since heat loss occurs through all areas of a house, each part of the building envelope
which separates the heated interior from the outside needs to be insulated. In new
construction this is a fairly simple process. In an existing home it is more difficult, but
usually not impossible. For example, small holes can be drilled into exterior or interior walls,
and new insulation blown in, or rigid insulation can be applied to the exterior of the house
under a new exterior finish.
The list below gives recommended levels of insulation for the main areas of the home.
Values are shown in both imperial 'R' and metric ('RSI') units.
Minimum Recommended Insulation Levels For Cold Climate Housing
Basement Floors R-10 (RSI-1.8)
Basement Walls R-12 (RSI-2.1)
Above Grade Walls R-20 (RSI-3.5)
Ceiling R-40 (RSI-7.0)
Floors over unheated spaces R-20 (RSI-3.5)
Exposed Cantilevers R-28 (RSI-4.9)
Recommended Insulation Levels For Low Energy Homes
Basement Floors R-10 (RSI-1.8)
Basement Walls R-20 (RSI-3.5)
Above Grade Walls R-40 (RSI-7.0)
Ceiling R-60 (RSI-10.6)
Floors over unheated spaces R-40 (RSI-7.0)
Exposed Cantilevers R-40 (RSI-7.0)
Note: R-1 = 0.1761 RSI
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INSULATING VALUES
INSULATION MATERIALS
Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm)

Batt Insulation
Mineral fibre, batt 3.3 (0.023)
Glass fibre, batt 3.2 (0.022)
Loose Fill Insulations
Cellulose fibre, blown (settled thickness) 3.6 (0.025)
Mineral fibre, loose fill 3.0 (0.021)
Glass fibre, loose fill (poured) 2.9 (0.020)
Glass fibre, loose fill (blown) 3.0 (0.021)
Expanded mica (vermiculite) 2.3 (0.016)
Spray Foam Insulations
Polyurethane (foamed in place) 6.0 (0.042)
Isocyanurate, sprayed 5.0 (0.034)
Sprayed-In-Place Insulations
Cellulose fibre, sprayed (settled thickness) 3.5 (0.024)
Glass fibre, sprayed 2.9 (0.020)
Mineral fibre, sprayed 3.0 (0.021)
Rigid Insulations
Polyurethane boardstock 6.06 (0.0420)
Extruded polystyrene boardstock 5.0 (0.0347)
Semi-rigid glass fibre sheathing 4.4 (0.0305)
Expanded polystyrene boardstock 3.71 (0.0257) - 4.3 (0.0298)
Glass fibre roof board 3.99 (0.0277)
Fibreboard 2.80 (0.0194)
Mineral aggregate board 2.62 (0.0182)
Other Materials
Cork 3.71 (0.0257)
Wood fibre 3.33 (0.0231)
Wood shavings 2.44 (0.0169)
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INSULATING VALUES
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm) R-value (RSI) for

Thickness Listed
Cedar logs and lumber 1.33 (0.0092)
Softwood lumber (except cedar) 1.25 (0.0087)
Concrete
0.06 (0.0069) - 1.0 (0.00045)
(30-150 lb per cubic foot)
Concrete block (3 oval core)
sand and gravel aggregate 0.71 (0.12) - 1.28 (0.22)
4-12 inches (100-300 mm)
cinder aggregate 0.71 (0.12) - 1.28 (0.22)
4-12 inches (100-300 mm)
lightweight aggregate 1.50 (0.26) - 2.27 (0.40)
4-12 inches (100-300 mm)
Common brick
Clay or shale 0.4 (0.07)
4 inches (100 mm)
Common brick
Concrete mix 0.3 (0.05)
4 inches (100 mm)
Stone (lime or sand) 0.087 (0.00060)
Steel 0.003 (0.000022)
Aluminum 0.0007 (0.0000049)
Glass (no air films)
0.06 (0.01)
1/8 - 1/4 inch (3-6 mm)
15
REED INSULATION
INSULATING VALUES
AIR
Building Material R-value (RSI) for

Thickness Listed
Enclosed Air Space (non-reflective)
Horizontal space - heat flow up 0.85 (0.150)
Horizontal space - heat flow down 1.02 (0.180)
Vertical space - heat flow horizontal 0.97 (0.171)
Air spaces less than 1/2 inch (12 mm) minimum dimension 0
Enclosed Air Space (reflective)
Horizontal space - faced one side heat flow up 1.84 (0.324)
Horizontal space - faced two sides heat flow up 1.89 (0.322)
Horizontal space - faced one side heat flow down 5.56 (0.980)
Horizontal space - faced two sides heat flow down 5.87 (1.034)
Vertical space - faced one side heat flow horizontal 2.64 (0.465)
Vertical space - faced two sides heat flow horizontal 2.73 (0.480)
Air spaces less than 1/2 inch (12 mm) minimum dimension 0
Air surface films
Outside air film (moving air) 0.17 (0.03)
Inside air film (still air) Horizontal, heat flow down 0.92 (0.162)
Inside air film (still air) Vertical, heat flow horizontal 0.68 (0.12)
Inside air film (still air) Horizontal, heat flow up 0.61 (0.105)
Inside air film (still air) Sloping 45 degrees, heat flow up 0.61 (0.105)
Other
Attic air film 0.5 (0.08)
16
REED INSULATION
INSULATING VALUES
ROOFING MATERIALS
Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm) R-value (RSI) for

Average Thickness
Asphalt roll roofing 0.15 (0.026)
Asphalt shingles 0.44 (0.078)
Wood shingles (cedar shakes) 0.94 (0.165)
Built-up membrane (hot mopped) 0.33 (0.058)
Crushed Stone (not dried) 0.09 (0.0006)
SHEATHING MATERIALS
Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm)

Softwood plywood 1.25 (0.0087)
Mat-formed particleboard 1.25 (0.0087)
Insulating fibreboard sheathing 2.38 (0.0165)
Gypsum sheathing 0.89 (0.0062)
Sheathing paper 0.062 (0.0004)
Asphalt-coated kraft paper vapour barrier negligible
Polyethylene vapour barrier negligible
17
REED INSULATION
INSULATING VALUES
CLADDING MATERIALS
R-value/inch
Building Material R-value (RSI) for
(RSI/mm)
Thickness Listed
Fibreboard siding
0.578 (0.10)
Medium-density hardboard
Fibreboard siding 3/8 inch (9.5 mm)
0.5 (0.08)
High-density hardboard
Softwood siding (lapped)
0.79 (0.139)
Drop, 1x8 inch (18x184 mm)
0.81 (0.143)
Bevel, 1/2x8 inch (12x184 mm)
1.05 (0.185)
Bevel, 1x10 inch (19x235 mm)
0.58 (0.103)
Plywood, 1/8 inch (9 mm)
Wood shingles 1.0 (0.17)
Brick (clay or shale)
0.42 (0.074)
4 inches (100 mm)
Brick (concrete and sand [lime])
0.3 (0.053)
4 inches (100 mm)
Stucco 1 inch (25 mm) 0.20 (0.0014) 0.20 (0.0356)
Metal siding
0.7 (0.123)
Horizontal clapboard profile
Metal siding
Horizontal clapboard profile 1.40 (0.246)
with backing
Metal siding
0.70 (0.123)
Vertical V-groove profile
Metal siding
negligible
Vertical board and batten profile
18
REED INSULATION
INSULATING VALUES
INTERIOR FINISH
Building Material R-value/inch R-value (RSI) for

(RSI/mm) Thickness Listed
Gypsum board, gypsum lath
0.89 (0.0062) 0.445 (0.0787)
1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
Gypsum plaster 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
0.20 (0.0014) 0.1 (0.01778)
Sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
0.63 (0.0044) 0.315 (0.05588)
Lightweight aggregate
Plywood 5/16 inch (7.5 mm) 1.25 (0.0087) 0.391 (0.0653)
Hardboard (standard)
0.72 (0.0050) 0.18 (0.03)
1/4 inch (6 mm)
Insulating fibreboard
2.38 (0.0165) 2.38 (0.4191)
1 inch (25 mm)
Drywall, gypsum board
0.88 (0.0061) 0.44 (0.0775)
1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
19
REED INSULATION
INSULATING VALUES
FLOORING
R-value/inch R-value (RSI) for

Building Material
(RSI/mm) Thickness Listed
Maple or Oak (hardwood)
0.91 (0.0063) 0.7 (0.12)
3/4 inch (19 mm)
Pine or Fir (softwood)
1.28 (0.0089) 1.0 (0.17)
3/4 inch (19 mm)
Plywood 5/8 inch (16 mm) 1.25 (0.0087) 0.781 (0.1392)
Mat-formed particleboard
1.2 (0.0087) 0.781 (0.1392)
5/8 inch (16 mm)
Wood fibre tiles
2.38 (0.0165) 1.19 (0.209)
1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
Linoleum or tile (resilient)
0.08 (0.014)
1/8 inch (3 mm)
Terrazzo 1 inch (25 mm) 0.08 (0.00055) 0.08 (0.014)
Carpet with fibrous underlay 2.08 (0.366)
Carpet with rubber underlay 1.28 (0.226)
20
REED INSULATION
Two common framing methods and key structural points are detailed for insulating energy
efficient wall systems for new housing. Exterior finishes as well as foundation and roof
framing is varied to show different finishing and applications. Exterior weather barrier details
are not shown but its installation is very important. Some details are also provided for
insulating cantilevered floors.
Frame Wall with Exterior Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Floor Joist Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Roof Construction Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exterior Corner Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Window Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Frame Wall with Interior Horizontal Strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Floor Joist Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Roof Construction Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exterior Corner Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Window Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Cantilever Floor Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Window Wrap Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
21
REED INSULATION
FRAME WALL WITH EXTERIOR INSULATION
Single Stud with Exterior Insulated Sheathing
(Exterior finish not shown)
Weather Barrier Wall framing with

Rigid Insulation batt insulation
0.15mm (6 mil) poly
air/vapour barrier
Joist recessed for extra (Interior finish not shown)

piece of insulation
A simple 2 x 6 inch (38 x 140mm) single stud wall, 24 inch (600mm) on centre, uses rigid
or semi-rigid insulating sheathing, applied to the outside to achieve an energy efficient wall
system. This construction method can achieve R28 (RSI 4.9) or higher using standard
framing practices. Exterior board insulations reduce the thermal bridging heat loss through
framing components while reducing convection heat loss from outside air penetration.
22
REED INSULATION
Floor Joist Detail
Main floor framing with insulation
Board Insulation
Acoustical sealant
6 mil air/vapour barrier
Foam gasket
Concrete foundation
The floor joist and headers are set in to allow for extra board insulation. This is required to
maintain two-thirds of the insulation outside the air/vapour barrier. The 2 x 4 inch (38 x
89mm) bottom plate allows the board insulation to extend above and seal the header.
A foam gasket will provide the seal between the mud sill and the concrete, while providing
protection for the polyethylene air/vapour barrier.
23
REED INSULATION
Roof Construction Detail
Batt insulation
Insulation stop
Vent
Horizontal strapping
Acoustical sealant
Stucco
Board insulation
Main floor framing with
sealant
Air movement from the soffit into the highly insulated attic space is maintained using
insulation stops. Horizontal strapping at the top (centre and bottom) of the wall provides a
means of securing the exterior sheathing and can provide the firm backing required for a
stucco type finish.
The ceiling air/vapour barrier is caulked and stapled to the wall air/vapour barrier against the
solid backing. If possible join them so that the ceiling air/vapour barrier is outside the wall
air/vapour barrier.
24
REED INSULATION
Exterior Corner Detail
Board insulation
Batt insulation
Acoustical sealant
This method provides solid backing for the drywall at exterior corners.
Air/vapour barrier joints should be sealed with acoustical sealant and stapled into solid
backing (studs). Allow a little slack but do not bunch up or join the air/vapour barriers in the
corners as this creates difficulties when drywalling.
Blocking is also required in the exterior corners to permit siding or other exterior finishes to
be properly attached.
25
REED INSULATION
Window Details
Box lintel with insulation
Air/vapour barrier stapled and

sealed to outside of window frame
HEAD
Window and
frame
6 mil air/vapour barrier Acoustical sealant
Trim
JAMB
Board insulation
SILL
A 12 to 18 inches (300 to 450mm) strip of 6 mil polyethylene is caulked and stapled around
the window frame prior to installation. The corners need to be overlapped so they can be
folded back after installation. The strip of polyethylene is then caulked and stapled to the
wall air/vapour barrier.
Horizontal strapping around the outside edge of the window frame provides secure fastening
for the plywood sheathing and exterior finish. Remember to insulate the box lintel above the
window before installing the window unit.
26
REED INSULATION
FRAME WALL WITH INTERIOR HORIZONTAL STRAPPING
Interior Horizontal Strapping
Vertical strapping
Weather barrier
Board insulation
Drywall clips
Load bearing framewall

with batt insulation
6 mil poly air/vapour barrier Interior horizontal strapping
with batt insulation
Acoustical sealant
Standard 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 inch (38 x 89mm or 38 x 140mm) framing is used for the main walls.
The wall is then insulated and a continuous air/vapour barrier is applied. Interior 2 x 2 or 2
x 3 inch (38 x 38 or 38 x 64mm) strapping is then applied horizontally on 24 inch (600mm)
centres. The strapping separates and helps to protect the air/vapour barrier from being
damaged due to plumbing, electrical or drywall installation. Electrical and other services are
installed on the inside of the air/vapour barrier.
As shown single stud walls can also be built with insulated sheathing on the exterior. Make
sure two-thirds of the insulation value is on the outside of the air/vapour barrier.
27
REED INSULATION
Floor Joist Detail
Main floor framing

with insulation 6 mil air/vapour barrier
Interior strapping with

batt insulation
Board insulation
Acoustical sealant
Pressure treated wood

foundation
Wrap the air vapour barrier from inside the foundation and drape around the outside. After
the floor joists and sheathing are installed the polyethylene can be wrapped around the floor
joists as shown. Once the exterior walls are completed the polyethylene is then caulked and
stapled to the basement and first floor polyethylene air/vapour barriers. This detail shows
the air/vapour barrier secured and protected between the top plates of a preserved wood
foundation.
The inset header and floor joists allows a reasonable level of insulation using a board type
insulation on the outside. This allows for one-third of the value of the insulation to be placed
on the inside of the header.
28
REED INSULATION
Roof Construction Detail

Batt insulation
Vent
High heel truss
Acoustical sealant
Main floor framing with

insulation
High heel trusses are used to obtain a high level of insulation in the attic directly over the
exterior walls while still allowing for adequate ventilation flows.
Wall and ceiling air/vapour barriers are caulked and stapled into the top plates of the wall
and then secured by the interior strapping.
29
REED INSULATION
Exterior Corner Detail
Acoustical sealant
Batt insulation
Studs are used in the interior corners of inside walls to provide solid backing for drywall or
wallboard.
The air/vapour barrier joints should be caulked and stapled to solid backing (studs). The
polyethylene should not be joined or bunched into corners as it causes difficulties with
drywalling.
30
REED INSULATION
Window Detail
Air/vapour barrier stapled and sealed

to outside of window frame
HEAD
Window and
frame
6 mil air/vapour
barrier
JAMB
Acoustical sealant
SILL
A 12 to 18 inches (300 to 450mm) strip of 6 mil polyethylene is caulked and stapled around
the window frame prior to installation. The corners need to be overlapped so they can be
folded back after installation. The strip of polyethylene is then caulked and stapled to the
wall air/vapour barrier between the horizontal strapping and the drywall or wallboard.
31
REED INSULATION
Cantilever Floor Detail
Exterior wall Joist
Sealed Blocking
subfloor
Blocking
Joist
Exterior sheathing Acoustical sealant
All seams in the cantilever subfloor must be sealed to act as an air barrier. Insulation must
fill the entire cavity to the inside face of the wall. Rigid polystyrene or wood blocking
installed between the floor joists should be sealed with caulking to the joists and subfloor
surfaces. Additional rigid insulation may be added to the underside prior to installing the
exterior sheathing and weather barrier.
32
REED INSULATION
WINDOW POLY WRAP
Corner Pleat
Polyethylene air/vapour
Acoustical sealant barrier
In this sealing technique the air/vapour barrier is attached to the window frame prior to its
installation. A skirt of poly is caulked and stapled to the window frame, 6 inches of excess
material is left extending towards the inside. As shown in the diagram above, the corners
of the poly are pleated. Once the window is installed the poly skirt can be opened out flat
against the wall and sealed to the wall air/vapour barrier without having to cut the poly at the
corners.
33
ITS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SPECIALISTS
Internet : http://www.its-canada.com Telephone : (403) 892-3594 Fax : (403) 892-2574 E-mail : info@its-canada.com
Insulation is a section of the Residential Energy Efficiency Database and is available in

REED as a continually updated, online information package. REED is a technical and
educational source of information on designing, building, renovating and operating healthy,
energy efficient residential housing.
Be our Guest and Enjoy a Tour of
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DISCLAIMER
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may be incurred or suffered as a result of using this information package.
Information Technology Specialists Inc., Site 4, Box 16, RR#1, Carvel, Alberta, T0E 0H0, Canada

Residential Residential Insulation Insulation: AG AG U U

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RESIDENTIAL

A Guide to Understanding - Insulation was researched and prepared by Information

This information package should not, however, be considered a complete guide to

Copyright © 1996 Information Technology Specialists Inc.

Copyright © 1996 Information Technology Specialists Inc.

INSULATION VALUES OF VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS

INSULATING ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSES

Frame Wall with Exterior Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Frame Wall with Interior Horizontal Strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Cantilever Floor Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

INTRODUCTION TO INSULATION AND HEAT FLOW

Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of heat

Convection - Convection is the transfer of heat by the

Radiation - Any object will radiate heat to cooler

How Does Insulation Work?

INSULATION MATERIALS SUMMARY

MINERAL WOOL (SLAG and ROCK WOOL)

MINERAL WOOL (SLAG and ROCK WOOL)

Loose Fill Insulation

MINERAL WOOL (SLAG and ROCK WOOL)

The properties listed below refer to both types of insulation.

MINERAL WOOL (SLAG and ROCK WOOL)

GLASS FIBRE - ABOVE GRADE

GLASS FIBRE - BELOW GRADE

POLYURETHANE and POLYISOCYANURATE

Polyurethane and polyisocyanurate insulations are manufactured by chemical reactions

Spray Foam Insulations

ISOCYANURATE PLASTIC FOAM

Isocyanurate foam is a two component material, and is made from a combination of

Spray cellulose has an R-value of 3.5 per inch (RSI 0.024/mm).

MINERAL WOOL (SLAG and ROCK WOOL)

RECOMMENDED INSULATION LEVELS

Minimum Recommended Insulation Levels For Cold Climate Housing

Basement Floors R-10 (RSI-1.8)

Basement Walls R-12 (RSI-2.1)

Above Grade Walls R-20 (RSI-3.5)

Ceiling R-40 (RSI-7.0)

Floors over unheated spaces R-20 (RSI-3.5)

Exposed Cantilevers R-28 (RSI-4.9)

Recommended Insulation Levels For Low Energy Homes

Basement Floors R-10 (RSI-1.8)

Basement Walls R-20 (RSI-3.5)

Above Grade Walls R-40 (RSI-7.0)

Ceiling R-60 (RSI-10.6)

Floors over unheated spaces R-40 (RSI-7.0)

Exposed Cantilevers R-40 (RSI-7.0)

Note: R-1 = 0.1761 RSI

Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm)

Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm) R-value (RSI) for

Building Material R-value (RSI) for

Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm) R-value (RSI) for

Building Material R-value/inch (RSI/mm)

Building Material R-value/inch R-value (RSI) for

R-value/inch R-value (RSI) for

INSULATING ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSES

Frame Wall with Exterior Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Frame Wall with Interior Horizontal Strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Cantilever Floor Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

FRAME WALL WITH EXTERIOR INSULATION

Single Stud with Exterior Insulated Sheathing

(Exterior finish not shown)

Weather Barrier Wall framing with

Joist recessed for extra (Interior finish not shown)