a eee eee eee ee eee 1 The Range of Astronautics More than a thousand stlites have besn lunch since 1957, and many thse all ene the Earth. They compre commniations, a¥gation, ‘ed Barth survey stele, sielits for scented technieal porposen tary ste, et. All Were pu ato a mae of less elit! art by Inge rocket. To modern man, aetronastics isn seeped pst of gua sot) A munged Bight to the Moon i ot reprded se anything pecan tymore, and ao enmanoed ght to Jupiter badly alls the mann the $ret. On the other hand, one notes the gest interes inthe ndings ad ‘ehiroments of anvonautic, completa in agreement with the historical Sevelopent of our soe and the inquative nature of mankind 141 Some historical remarks Astronauts belongs to the youngest endeavor of men. Like the desis to Imater the art of fying, the neod to ist and survey the planets seem ‘eeply rooted in oar mins. For long there ved existe tales shout bomate ying to the Mocs, ua o stars. The lage market fr eaence fon nove ‘states the ctu] human interest i space tel Tn ancient tines, astronomical event, especially the sole and Tantr cops, puzled and fphtened people ts they were not wndersnod. One tied expiin the nar espe foristace, by mgning that an eviback wo ‘lowed the Moon Fortunately, therewasaivayea inter thlile iewol, ‘pened stomach, end the Moos came ou ot hr sal Thin ft maybe the orga ofthe well-known tale of Lite Red Ridinghood Tote ancient, gecaltual wri, calendar was of utmost importance, and astronomy, which bed 10 provide this lnstument of ne keeping stared to develop in Mesopotamia ass assume by atchelogs. The fst, ‘limite clendare usally were bused onthe phate ofthe Moon. Soon, the Ssonomr coal predict the expen td they gol Some aight ilo he "oton of Moos, Sen and tr, ‘When people started sing the seas, thes only mess of navigation at Sieh wete the stars end this agua promoted the Interest in astronomy. ‘Avand te mile ofthe vrentesnth century the fist sieace-ton novels ‘out avels othe Mooe appeared bat cetainy Jules Verne Dela Tere {i Line (rom ‘he Ent the Moo} tom 1865 belongs to the mot inspag oes ‘The focket, asa mall wespon, was well developed a this tme. We are{old of Asian amie, armed with rocket-wespons when Baropesn til the bow. However, the theory of rocket fight ma il cking. It wa tl Reston teacher Teokovely, who in 1903 publabed in the Moscow Tech cal Review an article wth these Study of Space by Jet-Propeled Dei In whch he devived the equation, eating the velocity of rocket tof fenust vlocty 2nd mus Talo, and which pretty fs known a¢ Tel Kovsty's equation. His work, however, dd aot boeome general k and ia 1923, Oba in hi PRD. tess, independently arved a sal rea Especially in Germany, in Rusia where Twsliorky continued stuiles, aod in he United Sates, tere mere at tat time people tying ‘rome spac Might. Thse people ke Obert, Hohmann, Godderd a ‘thers, foresaw that space evel right soon Become rely, snd th ‘evoted much time, energy and money, mhat most eter people regu 's 1 Toolsh and dangerous hobby. Mach work of thos ys har Boome ‘Sansa foondtion of moder atonguic “The German rearmament afer 1933 gave 8 strong impetus to the d ‘lopment ofthe rocket weapon, andthe final ostome was the notaio ‘V2 After Worl War I the le ale development of rockets cntnae ‘special in the United States and Rusa, which culminated i the suc] {a luneh ofthe fat ‘abil moon, the Spin, on Ociober 4 1957 bf Rusia. The United States secompished thie fat reco insnch of fstlite on Jnsary 31,1958 with Explorer I. On May 25,1961, Presa} Keane told the American congress hat “hs nation shold com el ‘ching the goa, efor the decade teu of landing a man om the Mea ‘aed retrnng how sey to arth This was the ola sat of the fo ‘Apolo projec, which fetch » cl in Neil Armstrong snd Ed ‘Alicia seting fot onthe Moon on Jy 20,1969. “Means, mary applications for cil abd itary use of space me found, tnd many stetites had been laupcbed. Both Russie andthe United Sates ad ortited ainale and men, nd spacecraft were eo vt to explo tour solar syetom, and to sary and map the plaets Nowadays, seni nd ehnlal earch eariad oot i space Inbortorls and he dy wet the manufcturng of spec product in space wl be a vormal procedure ay ote fa of Th the foresesble utr, reste rocket veils, ike the Space Stat wil provide an efcient means af tanned apace fight both for cui aa ey prpores “The mule has become very sophisticated weapon, Large warheads ca be targeted with extemelybigh preciso at intercontinental itnor. ‘ne compares this withthe V-2, which cri @warbead of bout 10008 ft range of about 300km, this development is oth tightening an ‘ramatie: The highly oreasod realty and acoracy of he rocket vb fe mainly doe to the improvements in rocket engin teshoology snd Ilnltvzntion of the elerone guidance and sonra sytens, ‘Te Range of Astonaos 3 Now that more and more counties have their own space program, 20d| companies operate thar own tlocommunicatons satellites, one May Sy aur pice eehnalogy has grown matire 112 The rockot motor he basic principle of the rosket i saple: mater, the propellant, is alerted euting i 2 teacn fore, he trust AB he rocket contin: he popean iti itis independent of fienvironment ad, bene, cn "it chemical energy, cottned within the propellants i tad to prodece rats of high forperntre and pressure, ope speaks of «chemical rocket he high pretsue and temperature ofthe propuhive gs are cased by 8 der retcior one speaks of 1 mcleatroske engine. Elsie rocket rotor may seal heat propulsive ess, but the lectie energy can tho be wed to cesta strong electtomagnetic eld to acselratesecnealy hued partion Te energy muy rem fr fsa nce rom 3 ea powet ‘eure or from the S00, "The chemical rocket motors can be subdivided ino Hau soi and rid motors. The lid motor wee gid propellant easly fel ond exer stored n separate ta. The sold motor wes 240 propelant wih combine oe and onder The Yeaction and gaan tae place a ‘he propellant’ surface The hybrid motor combine A solid and & hguld rope te sod eeval the fel Atte preseat ne, gud and sod fookew ie the most sued types. Both cin deliver high trust Coig & ‘ently abort period. The mls rcke is sil nit experimental ge ‘Aplctions ae especialy sen for Gee spice isons Tere ae various ‘pps of elec engines, ota have tm Somon that they deliver Tow ‘Hr and hae long operation tines. Therefore, the ele ockel motor fspecly sted for low-throt onjectoie in oterpunctary space, for ‘tonkcepag of setts et. Some slece moto have fown trend. “Table 1 tts the various typeof rockst motors mentioned, and tl sharaceratic In thi bok, we wil devote our tention tothe sold and gud rocket motors. Of coun, much ofthe general theory ofthe chemi! stk motor can be appli othe nada motor, some pes of lee eagnes and the cold gn et. 12 Rocket trajectories and performance ‘intovsky's equation shows that the velocity increment of a sagle-stage tockatwbich an important performance parameter, depends on the ‘ut eos aa the mass fo, te the roof fake mse aod Tot mas. Both have to bea high es pose. At the preset time, for rt-baed lunch veces, only chomial rockets can be used, and of ba.ace Propulsion & Spach Dur ‘The fang of Atvonaton 5 ‘Tale 1.1 The vertous types of rocket motor forces means that this approximation does not hold if one considers the orbit to eeerod of ears ot ae major prt ae eset to he noavcental force field ofthe Earth, the atmosphere, the attraction by SER REN tyetmaten eT Sot te nr atlaon pes, Wa othe perting 2 eee Noe Senden nthe tee tte ots he arto Sespie| Snene te wicle GEE ERIS] tu cor te ok rutnn shone oe wed hn SSENZams Ett guutevemmranion about he pee prg fos For inne - sane acu ea formate on tn atmoper eny = gh soto) peppers teal | hn and dtm he he of the Earth One ea a ier SET sac tue permis to Oban corinne otal change, : a eajcona of icrplaosary sparen cn be approxinted 97 nee agen ie, Iiiocet and plnctooentie Kepleren obs. eerie “The position and velocity of interplanetary spacecraft during their fight =a ar ndaun, ant Soni midouve manovores conte seid beet wee ee Sianeey Aitmey ket lng tne for oe sus ech fo get Qiao weet Lames wate! fa Jovan jury nyu, a fr Jory Yo Sth fm a Seid ete of te cult pce so wom enor, a Timi oeahiows of ne component ay week fe whl min ped x nae ong.draon fp, eles propo hong uronic escort rele the tn of po tact i enh ne sooo ae city of te rch ec nes ae tt steep epi for whch the preset Inmh eid teow the ving tec, Hs th ‘Pinca Bl c's pant serene eco od tee {reo he eq econ for ie ecco wi are pe ie epee Sopdegrectamsrail Exim ‘se "hose the ui rockets yield the highest exhaust velociy. For are reasons such as storage, banding characteristics and cos sold mote ‘ove to be very maf! too. The sold motor hat many applica ‘Specially for mises, bost moto and small sounding vockets. ‘To obtain a high elective mass rat, high-performance rocket vehi se the melistage concept After burout of ste, docarde, ‘ffoctvelyiacessiag the mass rao of the remalniag veil. For bal rise, the stages are usualy ignited dsc atter the burnout of revons ove. Shat-down ofthe fal age ake places he moment. “ho roslting alist ajetory ye am impact point sb near Wo the a {5 posible. The bllstictraestors of rokes are, aa fst approxinat Keplerian obit ihe vali ia wed to launch a satelite, the powered fight wal followed by «bait ight to the epopce. Near apogee, there i snot fring of «rocket motor to place tho satelite in Is regused ari. Interplanetary spacecraft x tally St placed into packing orbit abot Earth rom with ts ijete ilo ia equited interpansiarytsjocor| 14 Satolite orbits and interplanetary trajectories Just ke the balisc rocket tjectoris the obits of satelite about Earth ean be approxinsted by Keplerian orbits The existence of tur