Rizal Technokgiel University College of Engineering, Architecture ard techralogy COM 873 Data Gmmunicatians Ahity #2 Fandlomentals of Digital aval Doky mmunications submitted by sas, Morty F G suleHed 40 érgr. key keriz A. Lime Cet 573 - Instructor October 44, 2020I. WHAT (S DIG/TAL COMMUNICATIONS ? Digttal communication is te transper of ingocmapian | mosseges a9irg Aigitel signals wer a wired a ewreless mectuir . The dgrtal signals consists of Is ard 0 which inclicate high ond low volues respectuely. In the communication process, @ medium isa channel of system of communication ~ the means by wahich the inpormahonCmessage) 1 tronsmiHed bef-cen the sender and the receiver. The plural form is media and eho kmwn as a ctamel. wine! mecha also reperred fo guided! or brand media where sgnals are directed! ancl confined ina rorrom pothway by using cobles. while useless medium, Unguided orebeurted media has ne physical medium i= required!) por the transmission of electremagnetic signals E WHAT 18 A‘BIT’? DESCRIBE HO INFORMATION (5 REPRESENTED jot DIGITAL SIGNALS: The bit” 1s @ basic unit oF ingetma tion in digital comms: mre bit represents @ lagKol okte with one of tos possible values These values are mast commanly represented! a3 either “I oe” Digital —, Sara! Pe 1@- WHAT IS MODULATION? DEFINE TIE DIFFERENT TYPES oF MODULATION. module Han is the process af varying one or more Perameters of ¢ carrer sgra/ in axerclarce with the vstenteneous values of the message signal. Yes of macu/ation Amplitacle meaty !ahan, 2 continous - Hav goes on cantinusushy without ony intervals ancl jf 1s the baseband message signal whch santains the inpormation. The amplitude og the carrier vigaals yeries in cccarclance with the insbantaneods omplitude of the mocksle hing shral. which means, the amplitude ofthe cerrier signal containing ne inferrmation varies as Per the onplitucle of the signe! containing ‘information, af each jnetont Frequency reclilation, (sa system in ushich the amplitudl® of the mestulated carrier 1s kept constant, chile its pregency and rate of shenge ore varied by the modulating signal AMF Bx palls onder continues ae mocks lation Palse rdtalation, peciodic sequence of rectangular pulses, fs used 29 & comer wave. a clig'tal maculation, the redulahon Yechnique used i pUlse cate mactulahion Pom) were onalag sgnel 13 converted jn ty cligitel porm of 18 ond os.W ENUMERATE Axio. DESCRIBE BRIEFLY EACH DIFFEREMT TYPES OF DIGITAL MODI/LATION TECHNIQUES ~Anplitude ship! kering The omplitude shyt keying of the resultant output depends open the input data whether jf should be 2 zero level ora Veriatian of positive ond negative, clepercing upen the carrier frequency. ASK, 13.0 type which represents the binary dota Ferm of veriatians in the omplinde of 9 signal: Ww Ash neanuearen cunPan wave Aay modulated signal has o high fregelency carrier. The binary sine! when ASK 1s modulsted, gives a rere Value far LO! imput ond gives the carrier output por high input ~ Frequency shit Keying yhe prewercy of the output signal will be ether high or bow, depending upon the input cota applic: Fok is the ogital wodulation fechnigte in which the preguency op the carrier sigea! varies cxcerding #2 the dlscrete cligital changes . Fsk is @ scheme of prequency mediation. Ree 3= frequercy whigt keying Followsing 43 the oiaghem for Fk modulated wavefore™ along mith 4s output _! LIL Pt Baieey slasiatce time a he time Fak MODULATED ounput W/RVE The output of an fat wokilated mote x high wm preguercy for @ Binary HGH input ard is be in greguency for a binary low put. The binary Js and os are colle! mark and qpoce fy- - Phase shigt keying Js the digi tol wextala han techrigue in which tre phase of the comier signal 9 chonged by varying the sine anal cosine icperts ale Perbiculor time. 78" Technigue Be wile ly used por wireless fons, bio-metric, aontoct less operations, along with RAID ont Blue hath communica hens Pek 13 of tuo types, depending on the phases the signal gets shigted:“Binary Phase shit Keying CBPSK) This (8 alse called as L-phose RK or phase Reversal keying. th this technique, fre she mene carver takes fas phase Peversals such as Sant /®. BPSK Is Kasiea/ly “a O88 2° C oxible sulebard Suppressed corrier’) melulotian scheme, far mesage being the ligifal infereaton + Guoshature Phase ship} Kering Capek) This 1s the Phase shyt Keying fechmigue, in which the sine wave corrier fakes Bur phase reversals xh os % 90; 18° are 270. BRK 13. ¢ variation of BPSK, and I7 1s also @ 8B -SC Comuael S10 Band SUPPRESSED COReIER) modkslatian scheme which send Avo bits of digfel infrmation of o Ame, called 23 bgits” nsteod of tre conversion op Algital bits info 9 series Of olisrta/ stream if caerts them inte Bit parins . This decreases the obfe bit rate fo hal, eshich allows sroce fer otter avers - Differential Pinse shift! keying COP) In PPK the phase op ne rectloted sia! 1 shifted! relate fo the prevous ogra! element. ve reference signal fs consicleced here: The agra! prase Albus hs high or fw state op the previous element. This PSK fehnigue doesn ceed! a reperence oxillater+ ip the dota hil ps Low ie. 0, Yhen-the Phase ogra! 1s rot revert het is continued qo Htusas. /f the data is igh Ae. f fren the prose of tre siyoal 19 reversed, 08 mith nttel, invert on 7 high ofote represents m7 Low 1s wm re mrentslating Sora,Y. Enumerate ond describe brieply the odyperent line coding mettods. Types of line cooling There ore ¢ types op the costing 1 Unipolar 2. lar 3 Bi -Rbr “aipalar Signaling es knew as on-off keying or simply cox. The preserce of Pulse represents a 1 and ve abeerce of pulse represents a O- Trere are tue varistions in chipolar signaling * 1 ador Return #3 ere NRE & Rekurn to Zero RE MRE 2 hgh hate i represented by ¢ positive pulse called as work, Lubich fas sore hion TZ cqval fo the symbol bit stration - A low in data put fas pe pulse. Ackantages 1 it 1s simple 2.4 lesser bandmictth is repaired Disodven tages 4 ale eer erection dote LReserce of fox fh conponants ma cause sgra! cep, 3) ne clock is present + Leas of eymchronization is likely te occur(ierg otrings of !s,)~dnipolar Return ta Zero C R2) © Nigh In late, through represented by a Mark pulse, rks dirotion % is less than the symbol tnt chration. sip gh the Bit clirathisn remaths high bul A mmediotely returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse hiring the remaining half of the bY ckiration. Adsondag es 6 res omple 2. Cecupies tuice the bandwidth as unipolar we2 3: 7he agra! spectral Jine present af the eymbo! rate con be used ge cloak Dsodventages rte errer comection 2. ceupies trice the barely us unplar NR2. 2. The agra! ohm? 1s caused af tre place? where agra! Us ren ~Bero of 0 He. ~ Rlor Sigraling Phere ore tuo methods of Riler signaling. They ore: 1 Rilar Nez 2 Ree wz - Rk wee 2 high dota 1s represented bya jpooritive pulse, while low in clale 1s represent by a negative pulse.~ Reber Re Advan tages has omple 2+ lo low fy components are prevent Disadvantages 1 nko error correction 2+ alo chek ys present 3 The signal oltanP js caused of the places wshere the sigrer! js ron ~ Zero of Of. > Rh RP fo this type op polar Signaling, o high in data, Hmugh represen - ted by a Mork False, its cluration fe js less phan fhe eymbe! bit dhration. telf of He bf cliratin remains high bul it immedistely returns to zero ord! shows He obsence of pulse hiring the remaining halfof the bit curation. Hawever, for 9 kes input, a negative pulse represents the dota, ore! the Zere level remains same por the offer half of the Bi chration: Advonfages oltis omple a+ nb bus fregusney companents ore present Dis advantages 1 ple error conection 2. ale chok present 3+ Omupies Awce bondesictth> Bipolar Signaling This 1s an €ncectirg technique which hos three voltage levels namely t, - and ©, Such a wignal js called os clus - binary signa! For a 1, the voltage level gets transition from # fe - or from - fot, paving alternate ts to be of equal pohrity, Ae will have a Zero veltage level. Even in this method we have Ano types + Bipolar NRZ 2: Bipolor Ri The pulse clration and symbel bit clretion are equal in wre type, while the pulse curation is half of the symbol bit cliro tian iin RE type. Advantage 1 jf is simple , we low fq components are present a oceples for banclvialts han unpolar and Palace uke 2. uentable fer transmission aver AC coupled lines, n° signal olreeping » «A single error detection capabity is presen? Disoclvontage 170 chek 1s present 2 long sings ofdata comes 059 ef synchronization ~ Reer special density The function whieh describe pow he power of a shal get Sitriputecl of vorieus ff, iin the Frequency clomain #3 collet os Reser spactrol density CPS0) Poet