CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the

communications industry. It has captured the interest of engineers and

scientist all over the world. (Essays, 2013) Its relevance became a part of

the prevailing demand for reliable communications systems and has made

a great impact to the world in many important ways. Wireless

communications became advantageous especially in connecting people,

business managements, research and development, technology for

environmental protection and agriculture. In the telecommunication

industry, wireless communications helped in evolving into one of the

world’s largest industries during the last decades. The main reasons for

this development are the vast deployment of Internet and new telephone

services. Furthermore, the uses of microwaves in wireless

communications as for transmitting signals in mobile phones and distant

geostationary satellites (Singh, 2016) produced satisfactory outcomes.

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 Wireless technology has been evolving especially in design

methods so as to increase reliability and efficiency while diminishing cost.

From wireless telecommunication that uses Morses’s telegraph (1837) to

Hertz’s first experiment with radio (1887) (Blake, 2000), up to the

discovery of electromagnetic spectrum, there is a giant leap in equipment

to improve communication in long distances. The introduction on the use

microwave frequencies for communication also became a factor to

motivate engineers and scientists to design and to create microwave

communication systems. Moving forward, multiple reliable ways for

wireless communication were built and implemented.

While microwaves are used commonly in microwave ovens for

household applications, it can also be used for line-of-sight wireless

communication technology (LOS) that uses high frequency beams of radio

waves to provide high speed wireless connections that can send and

receive voice, video, and data information. (CableFree, 2013) Line of sight

serves as a clear path – free of any obstructions between points of

microwave signal transmission and reception. (Kirk, 2017) A microwave

communications circuit can transmit any type of information as efficiently

as telephone wires. Microwave communication is nearly 100 percent

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reliable (Science Clarified, 2007). The reason is that microwave

communication circuits have been engineered to minimize fading, and

computer-controlled networks often reroute signals through a different

path before a fade becomes noticeable.

As have mentioned, microwave communication also applies to

agriculture. Humanity’s ability to produce enough food in order to sustain

the needs of people mostly depends upon the technologies and methods

by the agricultural industries. The use of new studies and research,

precision farming technologies, high speed data processing for crop

monitoring have enabled men to be capable of transforming the

agricultural industry. (Farrell, Jacob, & Brodie, 2016). IoT or Internet of

Things has the capability to transform the agricultural technologies

through Smart farming as well as TechnoFarming which uses series of

ways to elevate the farming methods and crop growth. This made growers

and farmers reduce waste and enhance productivity. It is a hi-tech system

that bears the application of the Internet and modern ICT (Information and

Communication Technologies) into agriculture. (Ravindra, 2018)

Although microwave communication has a vast number of

applications, most of the time, its purpose depends upon how relevant it is

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to the specific site chosen. In a location which most part of its income

depends upon its agriculture and local businesses, the microwave

communication can be utilized and applied so as to elevate production

and help in providing reliable communication among the community

Statement of the Problem

The agricultural industry in Lumban, Laguna seeks ways to

modernize its farming and local businesses also look into promoting and

improving its businesses, embroidery in particular and also improving its

services. All of these can be achieved by providing internet services.

However, the town needs an internet access and communication

towers in attaining these goals. In order to make it work, a microwave

communication tower at Lumban and Los Baños, Laguna, is needed.

Thus, the aim of this project is to design a microwave antenna to

provide internet services to the municipality of Lumban.

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Research Questions

The proponents sought to answer the central question: Is it feasible to

provide a 99.999% reliable microwave link given the design parameters

and site considerations, environmental factors and terrain conditions?

Sub-questions:

1. What are the considerations in designing the microwave antenna

and how these factors will affect the reliability of the design?

2. Are the terrain conditions of the path for LOS ideal for the

microwave link?

3. How the specifications of equipment will affect the efficiency and

reliability of the microwave link?

4. What are the parameters in considering equipment?

5. Are the obstructions can be solved? What are the ways and

methods to do such?

6. Is there really a need for the municipality of Lumban for wireless

internet through the use of microwave link?

7. What are the viewpoints of residents of Lumban in implementing

microwave communication within the area?

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Objectives of the Study

A. General Objective

The main purpose of this study is to provide a 99.999% reliable

microwave communication link between Los Baños, Laguna and Lumban,

Laguna. The LOS communication system will provide wireless internet

services that will serve the town of Lumban particularly its agricultural

industry and local business for modernizing farming techniques, increase

productivity and businesses profits.

B. Specific Objectives

 To design a reliable and efficient microwave link system with minimum

losses and acceptable system margin.

 To provide a feasible microwave link that can withstand harsh

environmental conditions.

 To provide relevant data that will provide the need of microwave

communication link in the Municipality of Lumban.

 To gather vast amount of data and interpret such with the aim to

support the process of designing the link.

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 To identify the general standards in designing the microwave point-to-

point communications system.

 To establish a systematic procedure in microwave communication link

design.

 To cater information of different equipment used in designing a

microwave communication link including their specifications and costing.

 To be knowledgeable of the general principles and considerations in

designing microwave communications system.

Significance of the Study

The design of the microwave link will serve a benefit for different

individual in the society regardless of degree and profession.

To future engineers, it will serve as guide in planning and designing a

microwave link and will provide reliable data for references.

To students, the research-based study will also help the Electronics

Engineering students who are interested in the concepts of designing

Microwave Communications Systems and will improve logical and

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analytical thinking in solving design parameters while considering wide

range of factors.

To professors and instructors, the research will serve as a reference for

calculations and design procedures to be used in the academe.

To stakeholders, the research will provide data as a basis of how there is

a need for microwave link communication in a certain area and how these

data can be used to project future growth.

To the industry, the research will help in recognizing the benefits and

advantages of microwave communications over other transmission

medium.

To the researchers, the research will provide accessible information for

references and data acquisition.

Furthermore, this design is suitable for the province of Laguna, where

Los Baños and Lumban are located. This design will serve as a basis for

ISP in establishing a backhaul for providing wireless technology in Lumban.

This internet technology will help municipality of Lumban particularly the

farmers in farming technology. It can also be used in planning on how to

uplift and improve farming techniques by aligning it to latest technology,

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providing them a reliable and efficient point-to-point communications. It will

also help local businesses modernize their services to the tourists and the

community. The microwave link will also serve the Municipality of Lumban

as a whole for faster and reliable communication.

Scope and Delimitations

In order to identify the parameters that proponents have to consider in

designing the microwave link, the following are the scopes and

delimitations. These aim to trim down and to provide boundary of the

research.

a. Scope

The following are the scope of the design:

 The proposed design is a point to point microwave link between Los

Baños, Laguna and Lumban, Laguna.

 The proposal tackles the design of the microwave link only.

 Physical map used are from NAMRIA and not the most updated edition.

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 The system design is set to operate in the frequency band 7.725Ghz –

8.275Ghz.

 The application of design is for backhaul for WiMax internet intended for

use of ISPs.

 The frequency used was based on the frequencies assigned by the

National Telecommunications Commission (NTC).

 The computations of coordinates, great circle distance, antenna height,

panning, losses, point of reflection, reliability, unavailability and link

budget are included in the design.

 The terrain elevation, coordinates plotting and obstruction along the path

was based by using ―Path Profile Analysis‖ and confirmed using Google

Earth.

 The equipment and their specifications are included.

 The site layouts for both sites are presented.

 The grounding and lightning considerations were also presented.

 The different considerations such as site, frequency, equipment, tower

and lighting are presented.

 The distance between the sites is limited to 30.9 kilometers.

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 The data for the relevance of the microwave link design in the proposed

site are also presented and interpreted.

 The recommended standards used were based on the existing

international standards.

 Information and data gathered about the site was obtained based on

internet.

 The constants and formula for calculations are based on Fundamentals

of Microwave design by Manny Rule.

 Majority of the equipment are obtained through the use of internet.

 Data for path profile were confirmed through Google Earth for it was

more updated.

 Environmental considerations only include average temperature, cloud

and humidity, rainfall rate and wind velocity.

 Permits and estimated costs for Construction and Registering Property

were based on internet

 The bill of materials only includes the equipment.

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b. Delimitations

 The microwave design is not implemented on actual field and on-site

field survey was not done.

 The bill of materials only includes the equipment.

 It was assumed that there is no existing microwave communication

system in the chosen area and that there are no other microwave links in

the vicinity in order to prevent CCI (Co-Channel Interference).

 It was assumed that the establishment used for central office is owned by

the proponents.

 Maps are not updated and all necessary permits were acquired.

 Derivation of formula is not included.

 Electrical, civil works, soil stability, equipment configuration and

architectural layouts were not included in the design.

 The return of investment and future growth projection were not included.

 Equipment installation is not included.

 NTC assigned the frequency used throughout the design.

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Definition of Terms

Antenna – is a device that radiates or receives EM waves of certain

frequencies.

Attenuation - the gradual loss of intensity in propagating waves due to

disruption or loss in its medium

Atmospheric absorption - both oxygen and water vapor in the air attenuate

microwave signals—and the effect is more pronounced as the link length

increases.

Amplitude – is the strength or power level of the wave.

Antenna Gain - is the ratio of how much an antenna boosts the RF signal

over a specified low-gain radiator. Antennas achieve gain simply by focusing

RF energy.

Atmospheric Losses - are attenuations due to the absorption of radio

frequency energy by oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. These losses can

also be defined as attenuations due to the absorption of radio frequency

energy by water vapor in the atmosphere.

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Azimuth - The horizontal angular distance from a reference direction, usually

the northern point of the horizon, to the point where a vertical circle through a

celestial body intersects the horizon, usually measured clockwise.

Bandwidth - is the numerical difference between the upper and lower

frequencies of a band of electromagnetic radiation, especially an assigned

range of radio frequencies.

Beamwidth - is the aperture angle from where most of the power is radiated.

Bit Error Rate (BER) - is the percentage of bits that have errors relative to

the total number of bits received in a transmission, usually expressed as ten

to a negative power.

Center Frequency (Fc) - is a measure of a central frequency between the

upper and lower cutoff frequencies.

Coaxial cable - is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor

surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting

shield. It is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals.

Directivity - a term generally associated with antennas, refers to the ratio of

the measured power density at its peak point, versus the ideal power density.

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dB – (Decibel) The logarithmic unit measuring the ratio of input to output. It is

generally used as the unit for gain and loss.

dBm - Decibels that are related to 1 mW. The microwave industry uses 1

mW as the standard unit to measure power level.

Earth Bulge - refers to the number of feet or meters an obstacle is raised

higher in elevation owing to earth’s curvature.

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power - is the actual RF power as measured

in the main lobe (or focal point) of an antenna. It is equal to the sum of the

transmit power into the antenna (in dBm) added to the dBi gain of the

antenna.

Elevation - is the height above a fixed reference point, often the mean sea

level.

Fade Margin - is the difference between the unfaded receive signal level and

the receiver sensitivity threshold. Each link must have sufficient Fade Margin

to protect against unexpected system outages.

Fading - refers to the intermittent variation of the transmitted signal or the

reduction in signal strength below its nominal level.

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First Fresnel Zone – is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric

ellipsoids of revolution which define volumes in the radiation pattern of a

(usually) circular aperture. Fresnel zones result from diffraction by the circular

aperture.

Free space path loss (FSPL) - this is the effect of a signal spreading out as

it propagates from the transmitting antenna. This is typically the greatest

portion of path loss, accounting for 130 dB or more of losses. Its effects are

directly proportional to the link’s distance and the signal’s frequency—as

either increase, so does path loss.

Full Duplex - both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously.

Half-Power Beam width - it is the nominal total width of the main beam at

the -3 dB points, expressing the focus of the strongest part of the beam.

Hertz (Hz) - a measurement of a signal’s electromagnetic frequency,

expressed as the number of cycles per second.

Half duplex - a half-duplex (HDX) system provides communication in both

directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously).

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Indoor Unit (IDU) - is mounted in a rack, cabinet, communications room, or

even roof-mount shelter as possible locations.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - is an agency of the United

Nations (UN) whose purpose is to coordinate telecommunication operations

and services throughout the world. Originally founded in 1865, as the

International Telegraph Union, the ITU is the oldest existing international

organization.

Intermediate Frequency (IF) – A frequency to which a carrier frequency is

shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception.

Lightning Arrester – is a device used on electric power systems and

telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the

system from the damaging effects of lightning.

Line-of-sight – A clear path or free of any obstruction between points of

microwave signal transmission and reception..

Link Budget - is the accounting of all the gains and losses from the

transmitter, through a medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber optic, etc.)

to the receiver in a telecommunication system. It takes into account the

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attenuation of transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the loss, or

gain due to the antenna.

Microwave - refers to electromagnetic energy having a frequency higher

than 1 gigahertz (billions of cycles per second), corresponding to wavelength

shorter than 30 centimeters.

Microwave Link - is a high frequency link specifically designed to provide

signal connection between two specific points.

Modulation - is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic

waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal that typically

contains information to be transmitted.

Obstruction Light – a light indicating the presence of an object which is

dangerous to an aircraft in flight.

Outdoor Unit (ODU) - is typically mounted directly to the Microwave Antenna

on a rooftop or tower location.

Path Profile - is a graphical representation of the path travelled by the ratio

waves between the two ends of a link. The path profile determines the

location and height of the Antenna at each end of the link, and it insures that

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the link is free of obstructions, such as hills, and subject to propagation

losses from radio phenomena, such as multipath reflection.

Polarization – is the orientation of the electric field driving the wave.

QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) - A modulation technique that

employs both phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation (AM). QAM

doubles the effective bandwidth by combining two amplitude-modulated

signals into a single channel. This allows multiple analog signals to be placed

on a single carrier.

Radiation pattern envelope (RPE) – The guaranteed electrical

characteristics of the antenna. It is a line drawn over the peaks of the main

lobe, side lobes and back lobes in horizontal and vertical polarization. It

covers both co-and cross polarization performance.

Radome - a protective plastic or fabric cover fitted to the front of a microwave

antenna. Some feature hydrophobic designs that repel water, snow and ice,

and can reduce the antenna’s wind load.

Redundancy – a system design in which a component is duplicated so if it

fails there will be a backup. This increases reliability.

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Receive Signal Level - is the expected strength of a signal when it

researches the receiving radio

Rainfall (mm) - The amount of precipitation (rain, hail, etc.) expressed in

millimeters depth, of the layer of the layer of the water has fallen.

Rainfall Attenuation - is a phenomenon relative to the rainfall rate and

frequency which results in increasing path loss, limiting the coverage area,

and consequently degrading the system performance.

Reliability - refers to the amount of time that a communication system is

accessible to the general public

Split Mount – radio configuration which electronics are split into an outdoor

unit (ODU) and indoor unit (IDU), eliminating transmission line losses with

easy maintenance of the IDU.

Signal-to-noise Ratio - is the ratio (usually measured in dB) between the

signal level received and the noise floor level for that particular signal.

System Gain - is the difference between the nominal output power of a

transmitter and the minimum input power required by receiver.

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Unavailability - is an expression of the degree to which a system,

subsystem, or equipment is not operable and not in a committable state at

the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown random

time.

Wind load - the amount of force experienced by an exposed structure due to

winds common to its location. It is directly related to wind speed, which can

be affected by the height and terrain of that location.

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 CHAPTER II

RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

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 CHAPTER II

RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

I. Related Studies

A. Local

The parameters and considerations of microwave communication link

design will a determining factor in how reliable the system is when establish

and implemented. In a study conducted by Alipio et. al, a point to point 31.34

km microwave communication link connecting Cabuyao City, Laguna and

Sta. Cruz, Laguna was made with 99.999% reliability. The study designed a

two-hop full-duplex analog microwave communication link for the given sites.

This study was done systematically and in comparative for both hops based

on a process of designing a microwave link which includes path profiling,

transmission calculations, and system reliability calculations. Economical

aspect which includes project costs and engineering economy assumptions

were also considered in this study. (Alipio, Oracion, & Manuel, 2009-2010)

The achievement of 99.99% reliability was based on the usual parameters

with extensive study and research.

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 The same considerations were also used in the establishment of the

microwave communication link design connecting PLDT-Brgy. Casmisehos,

Canlubang, Laguna and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya, Carmona, Cavite for voice and

data transmission. The study which was conducted by Montoya, Malanay and

Fernandez used descriptive research method to describe and analyze the

factors that could affect the design. These include the path profile, link

budget, land elevation, azimuth and analysis of atmospheric condition. ITU-R

recommendation of 7.25-7.55 Ghz was used. The microwave link design had

a path length of 12.62 km. The line of sight could be poor if there would be

any obstruction higher than the elevation of both sites. (Montoya, Malanay, &

Fernandez, 2009-2010) These obstructions were only assumed and were

based on the topographical map. The study proved the feasibility of creating

a microwave link on the said site.

In a microwave communication link built and implemented for Wyeth

Philippines Inc. connecting its main plant and warehouses in Silangan,

Cabuyao served as a medium of transmission for voice, data and video

information. The main purpose of the design was for the benefits of company

in terms of its productions and other means of business. The study used

descriptive method and in consideration of different factors to come up with a

cost-efficient and reliable design. Mathematical calculations and analysis of

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acquired data were done to test the feasibility and determine the different

parameters in the study. Although thermal fade margin was the greatest

factor in the microwave link, a reliability of 99.99999511% and

99.99999528% for low band and high band frequency respectively were

attained. (Banaticla, Guno, & Herradura, 2010)

In a proposed point-to-point microwave link by Bicongco, Santiago and

Saludo for transport of audio and video of national broadcasting network

local studio, it was stated that the considerations of environmental effects

became a determining factor in calculating the reliability of the design.

Thermal fade margins and rain attenuation was 25.1127 dBm and 30.7118

dBm for low and high band frequency respectively. (Biconco, Santiago, &

Saludo, 2009-2010). The calculated rain attenuations were 18.2348 dB and

14.9351 dB for low and high frequency respectively. After considerations of

effects and factors for the design, the proponents came up with Ericson Mini

Link TM radio equipment as the best fit for the implementation of the

microwave link. It also single-hope design which were two 6 feet HPX6-70

Andrew Antenna, standard hangers, gray-white radome, and EW64 elliptical

waveguide, all from Andrew Antenna and the Harris Truepoint 5000 digital

radio. These specifications were based on the calculated parameters which

considered the relevance of pre-determined factors. Furthermore, the

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designed followed the standards and rules promulgated by National

Telecommunications Commission in designing such link. The reliability of the

design was 99.99998% considering all probable conditions and future

situations that may arise.

These local studies proved that reliability of almost 100% is possible by

of course considering a number of factors. If the previous studies were able

to do so, designing microwave link for Los Baños and Lumban can be

feasible.

B. Foreign

Wireless systems have always been susceptible to interception in both

urban outdoor and indoor environments. In point-to-point communication

links, the placement of base station antennas is usually determined by an

experimental or analytical assessment of the propagation path. Since point-

to-point links are typically used to network widely separated areas, antennas

used in such situations are likely to be directional, but may still be

susceptible to interception by covert entities. In order to compensate the

problems that can be encountered in designing microwave antenna links,

planning and organization of creating the design parameter should be

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observed. According to Al Mahmud and Khan in his study ―Analysis and

Planning Microwave Link to Established Efficient Wireless Communications‖,

wireless communication is observing a fast development in today’s

communication era. Therefore, analysis and planning of a microwave link is

very much important. The microwave equipment can be installed after a

careful planning and detailed analysis a microwave radio system. A poorly

designed path can result in periodic system outages, resulting in increased

system latency, decreased throughput, or worst case, a complete failure of

the system. Planning a good, stable and reliable microwave network can be

quite challenging. At the same time, it poses several interesting optimization

problems. (Al Mahmud & Khan, 2010).

It was also cited in the study of Al Mahmud and Khan that even though

designing microwave links is a critical and complex process (considering

vast factors), eventually provides a number of advantages over fiber based

transmission. Microwave link can be installed in one day due to its rapid

deployment. Microwave also offers less fading since the wave transmission

from transmitter to receiver takes place in line-of-sight propagation. It can

also overcome railways, road and ponds avoiding taking any permission to

establish the communication link thus preventing additional cost and delay.

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Microwave also offers the best solution for cities that prohibit and restricting

street digging to install cable or fibers. It is flexible, reliable in natural

disasters and has negligible operational costs. Prevention and solution for

different problems and deficiencies in designing a microwave antenna can

be viewed as challenging and requires research and thorough analysis. In

1962, Shackelford analyzed the effects of radiation patterns of microwave

antenna is the far field region. The radiation patterns are analyzed and the

effects were determined by analytical methods. The study aimed to devise a

technique to determine the effects of on the far zone of these radiation

patters of microwave antenna caused by the signal source’s being in the

Fresnel zone. The technique will haven effect in selecting antenna aperture

and dimensions. It will help in determining the reliability of equipment

especially a microwave antenna when propagating microwaves.

(Shackelford, 1962)

Although in modern times, microwave communication poses several

interesting application it brings problems especially in power efficiency and to

the environment. A study presented by Chavez-Gomez et.al, optimizing the

energy consumption of wireless telecommunications infrastructure has

become a new challenge for the research community, governments and

29
industries in order to reduce CO2 emission and operational energy costs, the

power consumption of indoor/outdoor Wireless Access Devices (WADs,

specifically WiFi and WiMAX access points) and provides novel techniques

for improving the energy efficiency of wireless access networks. (Chavez-

Gomez, Riggio, Rasheed, & Granelli, 2011). However, problems in power

efficiency can be solved in using HPM devices or Efficient High Power

Microwave radiating systems.

In a study by Khan et. al, Efficiency of HPM antenna can be improved by

varying its physical shape and dielectric used in it. The most critical location

in an HPM antenna is its interface from where microwave leaves and enters

into the air. The performance of HPM antenna depends upon equipment

design and composition. (Khan, Mansoor Ahmed, Rafiq, & Rafique, 2016)

The studies presented were some of the basis of the proponents in

determining the appropriate and efficient design for a microwave link. The

reliability of the previous studies can serve as a platform of how possible an

almost 100% reliable microwave link is upon consideration of course of

several factors that will have a great impact on the outcome of the design.

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II. Related Literature

A. Local

Manny T. Rule provides a guide in designing a Microwave

Communications System. He considered the microwave radio specifications,

frequency band to be used, and topographical map of the link, available

channel plans and minimum site elevation. He discussed the factors that

affect the signal including interference, multipath fading due to reflection,

multipath fading due to refraction, diffraction due to path obstructions,

multipath fading due to ducting and multipath fading due to rain. The

environmental conditions were also considered in creating antenna design.

(Rule, 2000)

The relevance of microwave link and its implementation leads to reliable

voice, video and data transmission. The latter is an important factor in

several agricultural applications and business management. In the paper

published by Rionel Belen Caldo about Smart Farming, he said that smart

farming in the country could empower local farmers with the decision tools

and technologies needed for their livelihood. However, this technology is not

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yet available in the country. For sustainable agriculture in midst of climate

change, monitoring of plant health and detecting its diseases is critical. The

need to effectively grow a plant and increase its productivity should be given

emphasis. In addressing these concerns, monitoring and grading the plant at

its growth and at the time of its harvest is necessary. (Caldo, 2016)

Another evident reason how technology can modernize farming is its

application in monitoring crop growths. In Lumban, Laguna, Tehno-demo

farm was established in an effort to revitalize vegetable production and

assists farmers in gaining knowledge about modern farming methods.

Techno-demo farm was used as a learning field for farmers to see how

technology can improve their usual practice. By these, farmers no need to go

to research centers to acquire necessary information and skills in modern

farming. Technology is utilized to modernize farming industry. This can help

in maintaining food security in respective areas. (Yap, 2016)

Of course as part of this program, the technology has to be reliable

especially if monitoring plant growth involves the transfer of data acquired for

monitoring through the use of internet. There is also a risk if reliable

communication between farmers in large farm fields is not maintained. In an

attempt to modernize farming industry, there is a great investment involved

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in implementing communication towers for data, voice and video. Lumban,

Laguna prosper also in tourism. As the ―Embroidery Capital of the

Philippines‖, it is also rich in export-quality items which makes the locals

invest in businesses of making embroideries. Furthermore, it is a home of

tourism spots such as natural waterfalls and resorts. These boost tourism

industry and profit of the community. As the town progresses in tourism due

to its products and resorts, the demand for quality services also increases.

The services of the local businesses can be further modernized by creating a

microwave link to serve the community with internet and reliable

communication.

However, even before the application of microwave links in farming or in

local businesses for management, the design and planning of microwave

antenna is strictly done to produce promising results.

The parameters can be well calculated and extensive research can be

done in order to achieve 99.99% reliability thus helping out the community

and achieving the goals needed.

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B. Foreign

The agricultural sector vastly improved as the application of the internet

was utilized in using technology to farming industries. According to Mitesh

Patel, efficient management, optimized use of seeds and fertilizers along

with precise and continuous monitoring can make this task achievable. It was

made possible by the use of IoTs. Internet in farming provides real-time

information which increases production through taking informed farming

decisions. The internet-enabled objects and sensors can be deployed

anywhere to gather data on moisture level and crop health. The farmers can

easily gather the data through their tablets and mobile phones. (Patel, 2018)

When it comes to farming solutions, internet technology is important. This

poses an extremely important idea of creating microwave antennas to places

which have to be catered with internet services and data transmission. Those

places whose primary profit comes from agricultural sector have a need for

this kind of technology.

Though the design and establishment of microwave antenna is by theory

easy and attainable, there are two fundamental aspects of wireless

communication that make the problem challenging and interesting. According

to David Tse in his book Fundamentals of Wireless Communications, these

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aspects are by and large not as significant in wire-line communication. First

is the phenomenon of fading: the time-variation of the channel strengths due

to the small-scale effect of multipath fading, as well as larger scale effects

such as path loss via distance attenuation and shadowing by obstacles.

Second, unlike in the wired world where each transmitter-receiver pair can

often be thought of as an isolated point-to-point link, wireless users

communicate over the air and there is significant interference between them

in wireless communication. The interference can be between transmitters

communicating with a common receiver (e.g. uplink of a cellular system),

between signals from a single transmitter to multiple receivers (e.g. downlink

of a cellular system), or between different transmitter-receiver pairs (e.g.

interference between users in different cells). (Tse, 2014)

Microwaves display some interesting propagation characteristics

making them an ideal transmission medium. Line of sight inks are cost-

effective especially in the transfer of large amount of data in long distances.

The use of copper or fiber optic infrastructure is costly and so microwave

communications answer that problem. It’s easy to install equipment and

network operators don’t rely on third party vendors to deploy expensive

cables/. The use of microwave antenna in propagating information for long

35
distance transmission proves connectivity better suited for urban

environments and of course for rural places where commercial networks are

hard to reach. (Kurk, 2017)

Theoretical Framework

Design and implementation of microwave link between two locations

which are separated by long distance demands understanding of principles

and concepts of microwave communications. Although resources are readily

available and vast learning websites about designing the link can be easily

accessed, the process itself is still complex and every consideration has to

be critically studied. The reliability of such links depends upon the equipment

used, the design and site considerations and also how both stations are

constructed. The feasibility of designing a microwave link is also affected by

costing and availability of equipment that will fit the parameters set and

calculated.

In a study by Rakib Al Mahmud and Zaigham Shabbir Khan entitled

―Analysis and Planning Microwave Link to Established Efficient Wireless

Communications‖, it was stated that the activities of path planning and

frequency planning preferably should performed in parallel with line of sight

activities and other network design activities for better efficiency. The uses of

36
the most updated maps are also recommended (not more than a year old)

since terrains can change drastically in a short period of time. Although most

of the previous designs of microwave links were feasible and practical when

implemented, this varies when it comes to where the locations of the two

sites are. Remember that as location varies, some of the environmental and

terrain considerations also change though the process of designing the

microwave links are also the same. However, all designs aim the same thing,

reliable, efficient and cost-effective point-to-point communication system.

Concept of WiMax

In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher

speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX

could potentially erase the suburban and rural blackout areas that currently

have no broadband Internet access because phone and cable companies

have not yet run the necessary wires to those remote locations.

A WiMAX system consists of two parts:

A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single

WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000

square miles (~8,000 square km).

37
 A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or

PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is

today.

A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet using a high-

bandwidth, wired connection. It can also connect to another WiMAX tower

using a line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a second tower

(often referred to as a backhaul), along with the ability of a single tower to

cover up to 3,000 square miles, is what allows WiMAX to provide coverage

to remote rural areas. What this points out is that WiMAX actually can

provide two forms of wireless service:

There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a small

antenna on your computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses

a lower frequency range -- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-

wavelength transmissions are not as easily disrupted by physical

obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles.

There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight

at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is

stronger and more stable, so it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors.

38
 Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching

a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less interference and lots

more bandwidth.

WiFi-style access will be limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps 25

square mile-s or 65 square km of coverage, which is similar in range to a

cell-phone zone). Through the stronger line-of-sight antennas, the WiMAX

transmitting station would send data to WiMAX-enabled computers or routers

set up within the transmitter's 30-mile radius (2,800 square miles or 9,300

square km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its maximum

range.

When it comes to the variables that will affect the design, there are a

number of these variables that have to be determined prior to implementation

of the design in the actual field. These may be grouped as dependent and

independent variables.

39
WiMAX - IEEE Standards

The IEEE 802.16, the Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless

Access Systems, also known as the IEEE WirelessMAN air interface, is an

emerging suite of standards for fixed, portable and mobile BWA in MAN.

These standards are issued by IEEE 802.16 work group that originally

covered the wireless local loop (WLL) technologies in the 10.66 GHz radio

spectrum, which were later extended through amendment projects to

include both licensed and unlicensed spectra from 2 to 11 GHz.

The WiMAX umbrella currently includes 802.16-2004 and 802.16e.

802.16-2004 utilizes OFDM to serve multiple users in a time division

fashion in a sort of a round-robin technique, but done extremely quickly so

that users have the perception that they are always transmitting/receiving.

802.16e utilizes OFDMA and can serve multiple users simultaneously by

allocating sets of tones to each user.

40
 Table 2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standards related to WiMAX.

802.16 802.16a 802.16e

Spectrum 10-66GHz 2-11GHz <6GHz

32to 70 to Up to
Data Rate
134Mbps 100Mbps 15Mbps
256 Sub-
Carrier
QPSK, OFDM using
same as
Modulation 16QAM, QPSK,
802.16a
64QAM 16QAM, 64
QAM, 256
QAM
Mobility FIXED FIXED <75MPH
Selectable
Channel 20, 25, 28 5 MHz
1.25 MHz
Bandwidth MHz Planned
to 20MHz
Typical
1-3
Cell 1-3 Miles 3-5 Miles
Miles
Radius

NOTE − The IEEE 802.16 standards for BWA provide the possibility for

interoperability between equipment from different vendors, which is in

contrast to the previous BWA industry, where proprietary products with

high prices are dominant in the market.

41
 INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLES VARIABLES

Env ironmental conditions such as av erage Frequency allocated and channel

temperature, rainf all rate, wind v elocity , plan. It also includes the low band
humidity and atmospheric pressure.
and high band frequencies.

Site A & B locations. Terrain along Equipment and the specifications.

the path of propagation is also an This also include the antenna height,
independent variable. its diameter and gain.

Microwave communications design Structural considerations of antenna

principles and standards set by the tower reliability.
industry and government.

Costing and overall reliability of design.

Losses due to env ironmental conditions and path

losses. This also includes the obstructions along
the LOS and losses due to equipment.

Figure 2.1 – Variables Used in Microwave Communication Link Design

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual frame work of the study focused on the designing a

reliable microwave link for wireless communications between Los Baños,

Laguna and Lumban, Laguna. The principles and theories of microwave

communications and the fundamentals were studied. These also include the

identification of standards in building microwave towers. Planning, organizing

and setting objectives were the top of the step before proceeding to the

complex process. Furthermore, site visit and familiarization of the basic

42
requisites in designing such networks were done. When all these input were

attained, the complex process of designing the link was done. In this

processes, multiple considerations were considered based on the

fundamental principles and the planning made. During these processes,

analytical methods of calculating required parameters especially the losses

and compensation to those were thoroughly studied and the equipment

specification parameters were also decided as well as the computation of bill

of materials. The design of central offices was strategically analyzed as well

as the consideration of environmental factors. Furthermore, future natural

disasters that may occur were assumed to be inevitable so structural

considerations was considered and was not left out. Hence, when the link

proved to be reliable, the microwave antenna can internet services to people

of Laguna especially to the municipality of Lumban. The microwave link can

be used to help those local businesses as well as elevate farming by using

the benefits of the microwave link to modernize their techniques.

43
 PROCESS

1. Path Design

• Mapping
• Propagation and Path Losses
• Considerations of Path
Reliability
• Assessing availability
requirements
INPUT • Designing the link OUTPUT
• Frequency Planning and
Licensing
• Site Familiarization
• Planning and
preparation Point-to-Point
• Microwave Microwave
Communication Communication
Principles and Link Design
Theories 2. Environmental Connecting Los
• Selection for linkage, Conditions Banos, Laguna
Survey and Data and Lumban,
Gathering  Wind Velocity Laguna
• Familiarization of  Average Temperature and
Fundamental Humidity (with 99.99%
Concepts of  Rainfall Rate reliability and
Microwave minimum losses)
Communication
• Researches on
existing microwave
link designs

3. Selection of Equipment
4. Mechanical, Electrical and
Structural Considerations
5. Documentations involving
costing and bill of materials.

Figure 2.2 Research Paradigm

44
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

45
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter is designed to provide an overview of the details of the

methods used for the accomplishment of the thesis proposal, including the

research method, research approach and the design procedures. This

chapter presents the systematic process of developing the microwave link

design starting from the planning phase until its completion.

A. Research Method

This research used developmental research method to study

systematically the microwave link, develop and evaluate various factors and

parameters and develop plans and basis of future application of the study to

meet the consistency and effectiveness. The microwave link designed was

planned, analyzed and evaluated according to multiple parameters acquired

through studies and vast references. The development of such link was

considered to as to provide systematic method to properly design a

microwave link.

46
B. Research Instruments

For the purpose of gathering data and fulfilling the objectives of the

design, the proponents used the following instruments in order to accomplish

design parameters:

1. Internet Technology - The vast scope of internet gave an

advantage in data acquisition process. The data are existing facts used for

design considerations and equipment sourcing. It also includes standards and

recommendations in designing the microwave link.

2. Books and References – These were mostly used for method of

calculations and understanding the fundamental concepts of microwave

design.

3. Survey Form – The research survey is intended to determine the

perspective of the community, local business operators and farmers in

Lumban, Laguna with regards to creating and implementing microwave tower

in the vicinity. The proponents aimed to identify the need of the microwave

link from the point of view of the people. This will eventually help in

determining the number of future growth of the design once implemented.

47
C. Design Procedures

Identification of the Operating Frequency

needs and the Selection and Channel
problem. identification.

Understanding the
fundamental principles of Path Profiling and
Microwave Point-to-Point
Terrain Analysis
Communication Design.

Establishment of general
and specific objectives of Path Length,
Coordinates, GCD,
designing the microwave
Operating Frequency ,
link. Channel Spacing,
General Considerations

Identifying site location and

coordinates followed by
necessary parameters
calculations. Antenna Height and
Orientation Calculation

Site A and Site B

location, coordinates,
Path Length and Great
B A
Circle Distance. C

48
 A

Reroute BA

YES
NO Is the path
obstructed?
F
Change
Antenna Height CB

Equipment Selection
Process

Change
equipment.

Do the all equipment NO Reliability and

specs follow all the
considerations and
Unavailability
standards set? Calculations

YES

Calculations for all the

Losses including Does the design NO
atmospheric and equipment achieved the
losses. reliability set?

LINK BUDGET YES

CALCULATION
E
D

49
 D E

Consider
path link
Minor Factors and revisions.
Miscellaneous
Requirements

B
Consider
Conclusions and equipment
Recommendations adjustments.

P2P Microwave
Link
F

50
D. Data Gathering Procedure

In this part, the proponents presented the data gathering methods

used for data collection in line with the microwave design. This involves two

parts: a) Data Gathered through Research Survey and b) Relevant Parameters

Gathered through Internet or other References

a. Data Gathered through Research Survey

1. Survey Form

The research survey is composed of nine statements. Each

statement describes the general perspectives of using internet in

agricultural industry, local businesses and in the use for household in the

municipality of Lumban. There are three options that respondents need to

choose from in every statement. These options are ranked according to

degree of preference such as follows:

Degree/Rate Description

3– Useful and must be immediately implemented

2– Useful but not immediately needed

1– Not useful at all

51
 The survey was designed in a way that respondents will rate their

views on the need for microwave link. Three questions pertain only on

application to farming, three questions on general conditions and three

questions are for local businesses.

2. Description of Respondents

Respondents were composed of residents from Lumban,

Laguna.. The respondents are not distributed according to age. Besides,

the survey was conducted for respondents aged 18 yrs old – 40 yrs old

and distributed among three categories: farmer, local business operator

and neither of the two but still a citizen of Lumban, Laguna.

 Farmers – These are Lumban, Laguna citizens that the main

source of income is farming whether the land is of his or not. This

also includes those who own a piece of land or plantation industry

of any kind.

 Local Business Owners – These are respondents that have a

small to big-sized business that is of any kind except farming or

52
 plantation in Lumban. These don’t include those who own a certain

portion of land used in farming and plantation industry.

 Neither farmer nor business operators – These are respondents

who don’t fall into the two categories but still a citizen of Lumban.

3. Population of Study

The survey questionnaires were answered by 60 respondents.

The respondents are distributed according to their source of income.

These are 20 farmers, 20 business operators and 20 citizens of Lumban

that didn’t belong into the two categories. All of which will answer the ten

questions.

4. Data Gathering Result

These are the results gathered during the survey.

Statement# 3 F B N 2 F B N 1 F B N
TOTAL
1 42 17 14 11 14 2 4 8 4 1 2 1 60
2 37 14 9 14 17 3 9 5 6 3 2 1 60
3 41 14 13 16 13 4 7 2 6 2 0 2 60
4 42 12 19 11 11 4 1 6 7 4 0 3 60
5 38 16 12 10 16 3 6 7 6 1 2 3 60
6 50 18 15 17 7 0 4 3 3 2 1 0 60
7 45 16 13 16 11 3 6 2 4 1 1 2 60
8 51 16 18 17 5 2 1 2 4 2 1 1 60
9 40 12 15 13 13 4 4 5 7 4 1 2 60
Questions pertaining to application to farming industry
Questions pertaining to application to local businesses industry
Questions to application in the municipality in general

LEGENDS:
F Number of farmers who answered the specified rank
B Number of local business owner who answered the specified rank
N Number of respondents who are neither farmer nor business owner
who answered the specified rank

53
 Application of internet in modernizing farming industry

Legends:
Useful and must be immediately implemented
Useful and but not immediately needed
Not useful at all

Figure 3.1 Statistical distribution of degree of preference by the respondents

in application of wireless internet to farming.

In the statements pertaining to application of wireless internet to

farming, 71.67% of the respondents perceived that these applications are

both useful and must be immediately implemented. 21.16% of the

respondents perceived it useful but don’t necessarily need immediately and

7.22% said that those were not useful at all.

54
 Application of internet in local businesses

Legends:
Useful and must be immediately implemented
Useful and but not immediately needed
Not useful at all

Figure 3.2 Statistical distribution of degree of preference by the respondents in

application of wireless internet to local businesses.

In the statements pertaining to application of wireless internet to local

business, 74.44% of the respondents perceived that these applications are

both useful and must be immediately implemented. 16.11% of the

respondents perceived it useful but don’t necessarily need immediately and

9.44% said that those were not useful at all.

55
 Application of internet in the community of Lumban

Legends:
Useful and must be immediately implemented
Useful and but not immediately needed
Not useful at all

Figure 3.3 Statistical distribution of degree of preference by the respondents in

implementation of wireless internet to the Municipality of Lumban.

In the statements pertaining to application of wireless internet to

Municipality of Lumban, 68.33% of the respondents perceived that these

applications are both useful and must be immediately implemented. 22.22%

of the respondents perceived it useful but don’t necessarily need

immediately and 9.44% said that those were not useful at all.

56
4. Data Interpretation

From the gathered data in research survey most of the

respondents perceived that the application of wireless internet whether in

farming, local business or in the households of Municipality of Lumban is

useful and must be immediately implemented. Those who perceived this as

to be useful and not necessarily have to be implemented immediately

considered the cost and the time it will take for the establishment of the link.

The respondents also considered the effect of microwave radiation to the

environment and to the local community. However, most of the respondents

seemed to rely from the fact that wireless internet technology is a need to the

community as a whole rather than to any specific field. To the future

investors or ISPs, the result may cater data for projecting the number of

subscribers that will be availing internet services.

57
 b. Relevant Parameters Gathered through Internet and Other

References

The data presented below are for the purpose of providing

considerations in designing the microwave link. The data were interpreted

and used in performing calculations and drawing conclusions for Chapter

IV.

1. Site Location Data

SITE B

SITE A

Figure 3.4 Plotted Site Locations for Site A and Site B.

(based on Google Earth Imagery Satellite 2016)

58
SITE A – LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA

Region: CALABARZON (Region IV-A)

District: 2nd District

Area: 54.22 km2

Population: 112,008 (2015 Census)

Figure 3.5 Site A Map*

Population Density: 2100/km2
*based on Wikipedia
Elevation: 42 meters

Coordinates: Latitude: 14° 9' 54.33" N Longitude: 121°14' 25.0" E

Los Baños, Laguna is politically subdivided into 14 barangays and 85

sitios/purok. The first class urban municipality has an income class with over

112,000 inhabitants. Los Baños is also the home for two constituent

universities of the University of the Philippines Los Baños. Various national

and international institutions involved in teaching and research in the field of

Science and Technology were established in Los Baños owing its favorable

research environment, along with the international research center is

59
SEARCA and though there are neither high-rises nor traffic interchanges, the

town is in a sense a city of scientists and scholars.

Topography

Los Baños, Laguna is bordered on the south and south-west by Mt.

Makiling, on the north by Laguna de Bay, on the north-west by Calamba and

on the east by the town of Bay. The town is located 63 km southeast of

Manila. (Wikipedia, 2016) Its habitable area rests on the narrow southern

shoreline of Laguna Lake and northern foothills of Mount Makiling with an

elevation of 1,090 meters above sea level.

Climate

The climate in Los Baños, Laguna is tropical monsoon. Wet season is

significant most months of the year it starts in May and lasts to December

while dry season starts in January and lasts to April. The driest month is

February, with 27 mm of rain while most of the precipitation here falls in July,

averaging 280 mm. The temperature here averages 27.1 °C. About 1942 mm

of precipitation falls annually. (Climate-Data.Org)

60
Economy

Aside from its importance in academics, science and research, Los

Baños is a well-known tourist destination because of the town’s proximity to

Metro Manila. Currently, it is Laguna’s richest municipality in terms of assets

amounting to Php 652.95 M. (Wikipedia, 2016)

61
SITE B – LUMBAN, LAGUNA

Region: CALABARZON (Region IV-A)

District: 4th District

Area: 40.53 km2

Population: 30,652 (2015 Census)

Population Density: 760/km2

Figure 3.6 Site B Map*

Elevation: 310 meters *based on Wikipedia

Coordinates: Latitude: 14°18' 7.29" N Longitude: 121°29' 21.67" E

Lumban is one of the oldest Laguna’s towns located 104 km southeast

of Manila. It is a 4th class municipality in the province. Lumban is politically

subdivided into 16 barangays. It is the home of Lake Caliraya, a man-made

lake often visited by nature lovers and sports people. It is also the location of

Caliraya Dam in Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The

reservoir created by the dam initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric

plants in the Philippines. (Wikipedia, 2014)

62
Topography

Lumban is situated at the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay, about 105

km south of Metropolitan Manila. Lumban’s general topography is plain and

gradually rising slope towards the eastern portion going up Sierra Madre

Mountain. Slope range from 0-3% to 5% above. The highest slope begins at

the base Barangay Lewin which ranges from 15% above towards the highest

part of Barangay Caliraya. (GovPh, 2014)

Climate

The climate in Lumban, Laguna is tropical monsoon. The rainfall is

significant most months of the year which starts in the month of May and lasts

to January. Dry season has little effect on overall climate, starts in February

lasts to April. The least amount of rainfall occurs in February with an average

of 50 mm. The most precipitation falls in November with an average of 356

mm. The temperature here averages 27.0 °C. About 2454 mm of precipitation

falls annually. (Climate-Data.Org)

63
Economy

Lumban is known as the ―Embroidery Capital of the Philippines‖ Fine

Jusi and Pina cloth are embroidered by hand and the finished product is worn

by males as Barong Tagalog and by females as Saya. These are export

quality items. Lumban is also known for its beautiful designs of shoes,

sandals, slippers and step-ins – all from local materials. (Wikipedia, 2014)

64
2. Environmental Considerations Data

A. Site A – Los Baños, Laguna

Figure 3.7 AVERAGE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER A YEAR

Figure 3.8 AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND RAIN DAYS OVER A YEAR

65
Figure 3.9 AVERAGE WIND SPEED AND WIND GUST OVER A YEAR (miles per hr)

Figure 3.10 AVERAGE CLOUD AND HUMIDITY OVER A YEAR

66
 *Note: Data gathered from http://worldweatheronline.com

Table 3.1 Summary of the Annual Average Values for Environmental

Conditions in Los Baños, Laguna Considered for the Design

PARAMETERS TEMPERATURE RAINFALL RATE

Minimum Average
Average Maximum Average
Temp Rain
Temp ( °C ) Temp ( °C ) Rainfall (mm)
( °C ) Days

MONTH
Jan 26 28 29 55 23
Feb 26 28 30 27 15
Mar 27 30 33 30 13
Apr 30 33 35 38 18
May 31 34 36 159 27
Jun 33 34 36 208 27
Jul 29 32 33 280 30
Aug 29 33 35 258 29
Sep 27 29 30 246 25
Oct 27 29 30 252 25
Nov 27 28 29 226 27
Dec 26 27 28 163 27
286 days
ANNUAL 28.17 30.42 32.00 1942 mm/yr /yr

67
 Table 3.1 Summary of the Annual Average Values for Environmental

Conditions in Los Baños, Laguna Considered for the Design

PARAMETERS WIND AND GUST CLOUD AND HUMIDITY

Average Maximum Average Average

Average
Wind Wind Gust Humidity
Cloud (%)
(mph) (mph) (mph) (%)
MONTH
Jan 12.3 14.5 15.9 56 80
Feb 11.9 14.5 15.9 45 77
Mar 10.7 13.6 15 30 74
Apr 7.2 9.4 10.3 27 74
May 5.8 8.1 8.3 22 77
Jun 4 5.6 6 21 77
Jul 5.8 8.1 8.7 47 81
Aug 5.4 7.4 8.1 36 79
Sep 4.7 7.2 7.6 28 80
Oct 6 8.5 8.7 31 81
Nov 11 14.1 15.9 50 81
Dec 11.9 14.5 17.2 56 80

ANNUAL 8.06 10.46 11.47 37.42 78.42

68
B. Site B – Lumban, Laguna

Figure 3.11 AVERAGE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER A YEAR

Figure 3.12 AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND RAIN DAYS OVER A YEAR

69
Figure 3.13 AVERAGE WIND SPEED AND WIND GUST OVER A YEAR

.Figure 3.14 AVERAGE CLOUD AND HUMIDITY OVER A YEAR

*Note: Data gathered from http://worldweatheronline.com

70
 Table 3.2 Summary of the Annual Average Values for Environmental

Conditions in Lumban, Laguna Considered for the Design

PARAMETERS TEMPERATURE RAINFALL RATE

Average
Minimum Average Maximum Average
Rainfall
Temp ( °C ) Temp ( °C ) Temp ( °C ) Rain Days
(mm)

MONTH
Jan 25 27 28 113 30
Feb 25 27 29 50 24
Mar 26 29 32 51 23
Apr 29 32 34 60 24
May 30 33 35 147 28
Jun 30 33 35 241 30
Jul 28 30 32 279 31
Aug 28 32 34 279 31
Sep 26 29 30 297 27
Oct 26 28 29 356 29
Nov 25 27 29 356 30
Dec 24 26 27 261 30

ANNUAL 26.83 29.42 31.17 2490 mm/yr 337 days /yr

71
 Table 3.2 Summary of the Annual Average Values for Environmental

Conditions in Lumban, Laguna Considered for the Design

CLOUD AND
PARAMETERS WIND AND GUST
HUMIDITY
Average Maximum Averag
Average Average e
Wind Wind
Gust (mph) Cloud (%) Humidi
(mph) (mph) ty (%)
MONTH
Jan 9.8 11.9 12.8 84 68
Feb 9.6 11.9 12.8 80 55
Mar 8.7 11.4 12.1 77 42
Apr 6 7.8 8.7 76 37
May 4.9 6.7 7.6 80 31
Jun 3.6 4.9 5.8 82 27
Jul 4.5 6.7 6.9 87 55
Aug 4.3 6 6.5 84 41
Sep 6.3 6 4 86 38
Oct 4.7 6.9 7.6 87 44
Nov 8.7 11.2 13.2 86 69
Dec 9.4 11.4 14.5 85 72

ANNUAL 6.71 8.57 9.38 82.83 48.25

72
 CHAPTER IV

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

73
 CHAPTER IV

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

In this chapter, the proponents discussed and showed all the parameters

considered in the design and the calculations of relevant quantities that will

determine the overall reliability of the microwave link.

This chapter is generally divided into two parts: a) Design Considerations

and b) Design Computations.

Part A – Design Considerations

. This part showed the standards followed by the proponents in choosing

proponents of the microwave link. Furthermore, this part seeks to present that

the factors considered are all based to existing and proven facts.

Part B – Design Computations

This part involved all the computations, including the formula,

constants and the step-by-step procedure in determining the numerical

factors and that had to be determined to lay out a well-studied plan for the

microwave link. This is the quantitative aspect of the thesis proposal.

74
 Part A – Design Considerations

Design considerations are based on existing designs, recommendations,

manufacturers’ guides and international standards. The design considerations

are divided into seven parts: site, frequency, equipment, power equipment,

lighting system, lightning system and grounding system.

This part also includes overview of the two sites as well as the data for

environmental considerations.

These are summarized as follows:

I. SITE CONSIDERATIONS

Sites was selected for construction with the following consideration; cost, limited site preparation,
environmental impact, total land area, public acceptance, accessibility, security and future growth.

Strategic location of two sites based on terrain mapping including but not limited to, bodies of water
along the path and possible LOS obstruction.

Environmental conditions including but not limited to unusual weather occurence to be expected and the
maximum wind velocity in the sites were also considered.

Number of potential subscribers in the vicinity and the economic state of the place.
III. FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS

Recommended frequency band for the 30.9 km path length based on the ITU- R Standard.

Availability of the frequency band with a range of 7.725 GHz - 8.275GHz.

Geographical location and separation of sites including climate/terrain characteristics.

Recommended RF Channel Arrangements by the National Telecommunications Commission in

compliance with ITU-R Rec. F.386-8

75
 III. EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
The antenna class, height and size was based on our 7.725 GHz -
8.275GHz operating range.
Consideration of redundancy based on radio unit protection
configuration.

Polarization factor and 3dB beamwidth was also considered.

ANTENNA AND ANTENNA
Environmental specification including but not limited to survival wind
LOADING
speed, wind velocity variation and ambient temperature of both sites.
Compliance to standards and recommendations, performance
requirements.
Required antenna beam stability and angular movement based on its
3 dB beamwidth.

Manufacturer's Radio Pattern Envelope's antenna performance.

The amount of output power based on equipment specification sheet

provided by manufacturer.

Consideration of modulation scheme used for 7.725GHz - 8.275 Ghz

band. The system used 256 QAM.

The radio's range of frequency band in line with the operating

frequency used for the design.
RADIO

Radio specification supporting the paramaters set from the antenna.

System redundancy, adaptive modulation capability for increasing

reliability.

Radio maximum throughput and bit rate capacity based on modulation

used.

Tower height must be of enough height to avoid path obstructions.

Tower fencing must be included for access security and restrictions.

The height is should be set for future expansion and for additional
loading.

Transmission line system and lighting installation shall fit the tower
structure.
TOWER
The anticipated wind loading shall be considered.

Tower's should be able to carry antenna's size and weight.

Tower painting (orange and white) for day protection should be set
according to FAA standard.

The territorial land size where antenna will be placed should be

considered

76
 The shelter dimension must be large enough to accommodate all the
needed equipment and allows people to move freely in the area.

The tower should be placed a minimum of 9.1 m (30 ft.) from the
shelter as per ANSI/EIA/TIA-222 standard.

Shelter shoud provide both adequate internal vertical clearance and

SHELTER
floor space for the initial equipment design, as well as additional
space for expected growth

In both sites, HVAC considerations will be provided. Heat generated

by the enclosed equipment should be offset by building air-
conditioning.Building heating should increase internal temperatures to
at least the minimum design specified level.

IV. POWER EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS

A standby equipment must compensate the possible power interruption
in order to maintain system operation.
Both sites are served by DC power systems and battery system.
V. LIGHTING SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
Two red lighting systems per tower, composed of a L-810 lights.
As per FAA Rules series red obstruction recommendation, 0 m - 46 m shall use at least two L-810 red
obstruction lights for night protection.
VI. LIGHTNING PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS
The metallic tower body will act as a natural lightning down-conductor.
The lightning protection must provide an appropriate conductive path for lightning currents.
Equipment which are susceptible to high current will be sufficiently grounded and bonded.
VII. GROUNDING CONSIDERATIONS
The location's capability and availability to install grounding system.

A ring loop surrounding the RBS fence is recommended and the four legs of a metallic tower shall be
connected to the ring loop by means of short buried conductors. The four corners of the equipment
room shall also be connected to the ring by short conductors.

The earthing and bonding configuration when the equipment room is inside the building shall observe
the procedures provided by ITU-T K.112.

77
 PART B – DESIGN CALCULATIONS

SITE COORDINATES

Latitude2

km
SITE
9 km x’

y’ km

Reference Latitude SCALE: 1km = 2cm

9 km
Reference Longitude Longitude2

Figure 4.1 Sites Coordinates Calculation

General Formulas:

( ) eference Longitude ( ) eference Latitude

Parameters:

X – calculated longitude with respect to the reference longitude

Y – calculated latitude with respect to the reference latitude

78
 ’ – measured horizontal distance from site with respect to the

reference longitude in km

DX – horizontal length of the small grid of the map in km (i.e. 9km)

’ – measured vertical distance from site with respect to the reference

latitude in km

DY – vertical length of the small grid of the map in km (i.e. 9km)

1. Site A (Los Baños, Laguna)

SITE A

7.95 km
14o10’

9 km 8.8 km

14 o05’
9 km
o
121 10’ 121o15’

Figure 4.2 Site A Map Measurements

79
Parameters: Reference Latitude:

Reference Longitude:

X’ 7.95 km Y’ 8.8 km

Dx, Dy = 9km

Calculation:

( ) ( )

E N

2. Site B (Lumban, Laguna)

SITE B
7.8 km
o
14 20’

9 km

5.6 km

14 o15’
9 km
o
121 25’ 121o30’

Figure 4.3 Site B Measurements

80
Parameters: Reference Latitude:

Reference Longitude:

X’ 7.8 km Y’ 5.6 km

Dx, D y = 9km

Calculation:

( ) ( )

E N

Table 4.1 Summary of Computed Site Coordinates

Location Latitude Longitude

Site A – Los Baños, Laguna 14 9 53.33 N 121 14 25 E
Site B – Lumban, Laguna 14 18 6.67 N 121 29 20 E

81
Percentage of Errors:

Site A: Los Baños, Laguna

Researched Coordinates: Computed Coordinates:

Latitude: 14° 9' 54.33" N Latitude: 14° 9' 53.33" N

Longitude: 121°14' 25.0" E Longitude: 121°14' 25.00" E

Site B: Lumban, Laguna

Researched Coordinates: Computed Coordinates:

Latitude: 14°18' 7.29" N Latitude: 14°18' 6.67" N

Longitude: 121°29' 21.67" E Longitude: 121°29' 20" E

82
Calculation:

Site A

Latitude Longitude

| | | |

= 0.001961002331% = 0%

Site B

Latitude Longitude

| | | |

= 0.0.001204180683% = 0.0003818350155%

83
 GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE

Site A – Los Baños, Laguna: Site B – Lumban, Laguna:

Latitude: 14 9 53.33 N Latitude: 14 18 6.67 N

Longitude: 121 14 25 E Longitude: 121 29 20 E

Formula: Cos(C) = Cos(a)Cos(b) + Sin(a)Sin(b)Cos(c)

where: C = great circle distance

a = 90° - latitude of Site A

b = 90° - latitude of Site B

c = Longitude of Site B – Longitude of Site A

Solution:

a = 90° 14 9 53.33 = 75 50 6.67

b = 90° 14 1 6.67 = 75 41 53.33

c = 121 29 20 121 14 25 = 0 14 55

CosC = Cos(75 50 6.67 )Cos(75 41 53.33 ) +

Sin(75 50 6.67 )Sin(75 41 53.33 )Cos(0 14 55 )

84
 CosC = 0.999988295

C = Cos-1(0.999988295) = 0.2772195387

60 nautical mile 1.151 statue mile 1.609 km

Ckm = 0.2772195387 ( )( )( )
1 1 nautical mile 1 statue mile

Ckm = 30.80395318 km

Table 4.2 Comparison of Computed Great Circle Distance to Google Earth Distance

Computed Great Google Earth

Difference
Site Circle Distance Distance

A to B 30.80395318 km 30.9 km 96.04682 m

Percentage of Error: = 0.3108311327 %

The proponents chose distance based on Google Earth and since maps are

not updated and measurements can be subjected to human and instrument

errors. Thus D = 30.9 km, which was used throughout the design processes.

85
 FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

Table 4.3 Frequency Channel Arrangements as per

ITU-R Rec. F.386-8

Site A – Los Banos, Laguna Site B – Lumban, Laguna

Distance – 30.9 km

Center Frequency = 8387.5 MHz or 8.3875 Ghz

Proponents used Channel 1 which has a channel spacing of 28 Mhz.

86
 PATH PROFILE

The graph illustrated summarizes the path profile done by the group.

The parameters included were the ff: (a.) distance from Site A and distance

from Site B (b.) Path Elevation (c.) Earth Curvature (d.) Terrain Type

(verification from Google Earth was also considered) (e.) Ground Elevation

(f.) Obstruction Height. Path profiling is every 200 meters.

Table 4.4 Path Profile from Site A to Site B

DISTANCE DISTANCE PATH EARTH GROUND 1ST FRESNEL

FROM A FROM B ELEVATION BULGE TERRAIN ELEVATION FRESNEL CLEARANCE
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m) ZONE 60%

0.0 30.9 42.0 0.0000 URBAN 42.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.2 30.7 37.0 0.3612 URBAN 37.3612 2.6869 1.6121

0.4 30.5 35.0 0.7176 URBAN 35.7176 3.7875 2.2725

0.6 30.3 34.0 1.0694 RURAL 35.0694 4.6234 2.7741

0.8 30.1 27.0 1.4165 RURAL 28.4165 5.3211 3.1926

1.0 29.9 24.0 1.7588 TREES 25.7588 5.9293 3.5576

1.2 29.7 22.0 2.0965 RURAL 24.0965 6.4735 3.8841

1.4 29.5 21.0 2.4294 RURAL 23.4294 6.9686 4.1811

1.6 29.3 17.0 2.7576 RIVER 19.7576 7.4244 4.4547

1.8 29.1 18.0 3.0812 RURAL 21.0812 7.8479 4.7087

2.0 28.9 15.0 3.4000 TREES 18.4000 8.2439 4.9463

2.2 28.7 11.0 3.7141 RICE FIELD 14.7141 8.6163 5.1698

2.4 28.5 12.0 4.0235 RURAL 16.0235 8.9680 5.3808

2.6 28.3 9.0 4.3282 RICE FIELD 13.3282 9.3014 5.5808

2.8 28.1 8.0 4.6282 RICE FIELD 12.6282 9.6184 5.7710

3.0 27.9 6.0 4.9235 RICE FIELD 10.9235 9.9205 5.9523

3.2 27.7 9.0 5.2141 RESIDENTIAL 14.2141 10.2090 6.1254

87
 DISTANCE PATH EARTH GROUND 1ST FRESNEL
DISTANCE
FROM B ELEVATION BULGE TERRAIN ELEVATION FRESNEL CLEARANCE
FROM A
(km) (m) (m) (m) ZONE 60%
(km)
3.4 27.5 8.0 5.5000 RESIDENTIAL 13.5000 10.4852 6.2911

3.6 27.3 6.0 5.7812 RICE FIELD 11.7812 10.7498 6.4499

3.8 27.1 5.0 6.0576 RICE FIELD 11.0576 11.0039 6.6023

4.0 26.9 5.0 6.3294 RICE FIELD 11.3294 11.2480 6.7488

4.2 26.7 5.0 6.5965 RICE FIELD 11.5965 11.4828 6.8897

4.4 26.5 4.0 6.8588 RICE FIELD 10.8588 11.7090 7.0254

4.6 26.3 5.0 7.1165 RICE FIELD 12.1165 11.9269 7.1561

4.8 26.1 4.0 7.3694 RICE FIELD 11.3694 12.1370 7.2822

5.0 25.9 3.0 7.6176 RICE FIELD 10.6176 12.3397 7.4038

5.2 25.7 4.0 7.8612 RURAL 11.8612 12.5354 7.5212

5.4 25.5 3.0 8.1000 RICE FIELD 11.1000 12.7244 7.6346

5.6 25.3 4.0 8.3341 RICE FIELD 12.3341 12.9069 7.7442

5.8 25.1 5.0 8.5635 RICE FIELD 13.5635 13.0834 7.8500

6.0 24.9 2.0 8.7882 RICE FIELD 10.7882 13.2539 7.9524

6.2 24.7 5.0 9.0082 RESIDENTIAL 14.0082 13.4188 8.0513

6.4 24.5 4.0 9.2235 RIVER 13.2235 13.5782 8.1469

6.6 24.3 3.0 9.4341 RICE FIELD 12.4341 13.7323 8.2394

6.8 24.1 3.0 9.6400 RICE FIELD 12.6400 13.8814 8.3288

7.0 23.9 3.0 9.8412 RICE FIELD 12.8412 14.0255 8.4153

7.2 23.7 3.0 10.0376 RIVER 13.0376 14.1648 8.4989

7.4 23.5 3.0 10.2294 RICE FIELD 13.2294 14.2994 8.5797

7.6 23.3 4.0 10.4165 RICE FIELD 14.4165 14.4296 8.6578

7.8 23.1 3.0 10.5988 RICE FIELD 13.5988 14.5553 8.7332

8.0 22.9 3.0 10.7765 RICE FIELD 13.7765 14.6768 8.8061

8.2 22.7 3.0 10.9494 RICE FIELD 13.9494 14.7941 8.8765

8.4 22.5 3.0 11.1176 RICE FIELD 14.1176 14.9073 8.9444

8.6 22.3 3.0 11.2812 RICE FIELD 14.2812 15.0166 9.0099

8.8 22.1 4.0 11.4400 RICE FIELD 15.4400 15.1219 9.0731

9.0 21.9 4.0 11.5941 RICE FIELD 15.5941 15.2234 9.1341

9.2 21.7 5.0 11.7435 RIVER 16.7435 15.3212 9.1927

9.4 21.5 5.0 11.8882 RICE FIELD 16.8882 15.4153 9.2492

9.6 21.3 6.0 12.0282 RICE FIELD 18.0282 15.5058 9.3035

88
 DISTANCE PATH EARTH GROUND 1ST FRESNEL
DISTANCE
FROM B ELEVATION BULGE TERRAIN ELEVATION FRESNEL CLEARANCE
FROM A
(km) (m) (m) (m) ZONE 60%
(km)
9.8 21.1 5.0 12.1635 RICE FIELD 17.1635 15.5928 9.3557

10.0 20.9 4.0 12.2941 RICE FIELD 16.2941 15.6763 9.4058

10.2 20.7 4.0 12.4200 RICE FIELD 16.4200 15.7563 9.4538

10.4 20.5 6.0 12.5412 RICE FIELD 18.5412 15.8330 9.4998

10.6 20.3 6.0 12.6576 RICE FIELD 18.6576 15.9063 9.5438

10.8 20.1 4.0 12.7694 RICE FIELD 16.7694 15.9764 9.5858

11.0 19.9 6.0 12.8765 RICE FIELD 18.8765 16.0432 9.6259

11.2 19.7 6.0 12.9788 RICE FIELD 18.9788 16.1069 9.6641

11.4 19.5 7.0 13.0765 RICE FIELD 20.0765 16.1674 9.7004

11.6 19.3 5.0 13.1694 RICE FIELD 18.1694 16.2247 9.7348

11.8 19.1 6.0 13.2576 RICE FIELD 19.2576 16.2790 9.7674

12.0 18.9 6.0 13.3412 RICE FIELD 19.3412 16.3302 9.7981

12.2 18.7 9.0 13.4200 RICE FIELD 22.4200 16.3783 9.8270

12.4 18.5 7.0 13.4941 RICE FIELD 20.4941 16.4235 9.8541

12.6 18.3 6.0 13.5635 RICE FIELD 19.5635 16.4657 9.8794

12.8 18.1 7.0 13.6282 RICE FIELD 20.6282 16.5049 9.9030

13.0 17.9 7.0 13.6882 RICE FIELD 20.6882 16.5412 9.9247

13.2 17.7 9.0 13.7435 RICE FIELD 22.7435 16.5746 9.9448

13.4 17.5 8.0 13.7941 RICE FIELD 21.7941 16.6051 9.9630

13.6 17.3 7.0 13.8400 RICE FIELD 20.8400 16.6327 9.9796

13.8 17.1 5.0 13.8812 RICE FIELD 18.8812 16.6574 9.9944

14.0 16.9 7.0 13.9176 RICE FIELD 20.9176 16.6793 10.0076

14.2 16.7 10.0 13.9494 RICE FIELD 23.9494 16.6983 10.0190

14.4 16.5 10.0 13.9765 RURAL 23.9765 16.7145 10.0287

14.6 16.3 18.0 13.9988 TREES 31.9988 16.7278 10.0367

14.8 16.1 15.0 14.0165 RESIDENTIAL 29.0165 16.7384 10.0430

15.0 15.9 14.0 14.0294 RESIDENTIAL 28.0294 16.7461 10.0477

15.2 15.7 15.0 14.0376 RESIDENTIAL 29.0376 16.7510 10.0506

15.4 15.5 15.0 14.0412 RESIDENTIAL 29.0412 16.7531 10.0519

15.6 15.3 13.0 14.0400 RESIDENTIAL 27.0400 16.7524 10.0514

15.8 15.1 13.0 14.0341 RESIDENTIAL 27.0341 16.7489 10.0493

16.0 14.9 11.0 14.0235 RESIDENTIAL 25.0235 16.7426 10.0455

89
DISTANCE DISTANCE PATH EARTH GROUND 1ST FRESNEL
FROM A FROM B ELEVATION BULGE TERRAIN ELEVATION FRESNEL CLEARANCE
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m) ZONE 60%
16.2 14.7 10.0 14.0082 RICE FIELD 24.0082 16.7334 10.0401

16.4 14.5 9.0 13.9882 RICE FIELD 22.9882 16.7215 10.0329

16.6 14.3 9.0 13.9635 RICE FIELD 22.9635 16.7067 10.0240

16.8 14.1 7.0 13.9341 RICE FIELD 20.9341 16.6891 10.0135

17.0 13.9 10.0 13.9000 RICE FIELD 23.9000 16.6687 10.0012

17.2 13.7 8.0 13.8612 RICE FIELD 21.8612 16.6454 9.9872

17.4 13.5 8.0 13.8176 RICE FIELD 21.8176 16.6192 9.9715

17.6 13.3 11.0 13.7694 RICE FIELD 24.7694 16.5902 9.9541

17.8 13.1 10.0 13.7165 RICE FIELD 23.7165 16.5583 9.9350

18.0 12.9 9.0 13.6588 RICE FIELD 22.6588 16.5234 9.9141

18.2 12.7 10.0 13.5965 RICE FIELD 23.5965 16.4857 9.8914

18.4 12.5 10.0 13.5294 RICE FIELD 23.5294 16.4450 9.8670

18.6 12.3 12.0 13.4576 RICE FIELD 25.4576 16.4013 9.8408

18.8 12.1 11.0 13.3812 RICE FIELD 24.3812 16.3546 9.8128

19.0 11.9 11.0 13.3000 RICE FIELD 24.3000 16.3049 9.7830

19.2 11.7 13.0 13.2141 RICE FIELD 26.2141 16.2522 9.7513

19.4 11.5 13.0 13.1235 TREES 26.1235 16.1964 9.7178

19.6 11.3 22.0 13.0282 TREES 35.0282 16.1375 9.6825

19.8 11.1 19.0 12.9282 RURAL 31.9282 16.0755 9.6453

20.0 10.9 17.0 12.8235 TREES 29.8235 16.0102 9.6061

20.2 10.7 18.0 12.7141 URBAN 30.7141 15.9418 9.5651

20.4 10.5 14.0 12.6000 URBAN 26.6000 15.8701 9.5220

20.6 10.3 16.0 12.4812 TREES 28.4812 15.7951 9.4770

20.8 10.1 19.0 12.3576 TREES 31.3576 15.7167 9.4300

21.0 9.9 12.0 12.2294 RICE FIELD 24.2294 15.6349 9.3810

21.2 9.7 11.0 12.0965 RICE FIELD 23.0965 15.5497 9.3298

21.4 9.5 10.0 11.9588 RICE FIELD 21.9588 15.4610 9.2766

21.6 9.3 8.0 11.8165 RICE FIELD 19.8165 15.3687 9.2212

21.8 9.1 10.0 11.6694 TREES 21.6694 15.2728 9.1637

22.0 8.9 11.0 11.5176 RURAL 22.5176 15.1731 9.1039

22.2 8.7 14.0 11.3612 RURAL 25.3612 15.0697 9.0418

22.4 8.5 14.0 11.2000 RURAL 25.2000 14.9624 8.9775

22.6 8.3 15.0 11.0341 RURAL 26.0341 14.8512 8.9107

90
DISTANCE DISTANCE PATH EARTH GROUND 1ST FRESNEL
FROM A FROM B ELEVATION BULGE TERRAIN ELEVATION FRESNEL CLEARANCE
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m) ZONE 60%
22.8 8.1 12.0 10.8635 RURAL 22.8635 14.7360 8.8416

23.0 7.9 11.0 10.6882 TREES 21.6882 14.6166 8.7700

23.2 7.7 11.0 10.5082 TREES 21.5082 14.4930 8.6958

23.4 7.5 13.0 10.3235 TREES 23.3235 14.3651 8.6190

23.6 7.3 15.0 10.1341 TREES 25.1341 14.2327 8.5396

23.8 7.1 17.0 9.9400 TREES 26.9400 14.0957 8.4574

24.0 6.9 14.0 9.7412 TREES 23.7412 13.9540 8.3724

24.2 6.7 7.0 9.5376 RICE FIELD 16.5376 13.8075 8.2845

24.4 6.5 5.0 9.3294 RICE FIELD 14.3294 13.6559 8.1935

24.6 6.3 4.0 9.1165 RICE FIELD 13.1165 13.4992 8.0995

24.8 6.1 4.0 8.8988 RICE FIELD 12.8988 13.3371 8.0022

25.0 5.9 4.0 8.6765 RICE FIELD 12.6765 13.1694 7.9016

25.2 5.7 4.0 8.4494 RICE FIELD 12.4494 12.9959 7.7975

25.4 5.5 4.0 8.2176 RICE FIELD 12.2176 12.8164 7.6899

25.6 5.3 2.0 7.9812 RICE FIELD 9.9812 12.6307 7.5784

25.8 5.1 2.0 7.7400 RICE FIELD 9.7400 12.4384 7.4630

26.0 4.9 2.0 7.4941 RICE FIELD 9.4941 12.2392 7.3435

26.2 4.7 3.0 7.2435 RICE FIELD 10.2435 12.0329 7.2197

26.4 4.5 3.0 6.9882 RICE FIELD 9.9882 11.8189 7.0913

26.6 4.3 4.0 6.7282 RICE FIELD 10.7282 11.5970 6.9582

26.8 4.1 4.0 6.4635 RICE FIELD 10.4635 11.3665 6.8199

27.0 3.9 3.0 6.1941 RURAL 9.1941 11.1271 6.6763

27.2 3.7 6.0 5.9200 RURAL 11.9200 10.8781 6.5269

27.4 3.5 9.0 5.6412 RIVER 14.6412 10.6189 6.3713

27.6 3.3 11.0 5.3576 RURAL 16.3576 10.3486 6.2091

27.8 3.1 8.0 5.0694 RICE FIELD 13.0694 10.0664 6.0398

28.0 2.9 5.0 4.7765 RICE FIELD 9.7765 9.7712 5.8627

28.2 2.7 11.0 4.4788 TREES 15.4788 9.4618 5.6771

28.4 2.5 16.0 4.1765 TREES 20.1765 9.1369 5.4821

28.6 2.3 19.0 3.8694 TREES 22.8694 8.7946 5.2768

28.8 2.1 55.0 3.5576 TREES 58.5576 8.4329 5.0597

29.0 1.9 134.0 3.2412 TREES 137.2412 8.0491 4.8294

29.2 1.7 198.0 2.9200 TREES 200.9200 7.6399 4.5839

91
DISTANCE DISTANCE PATH EARTH GROUND 1ST FRESNEL
FROM A FROM B ELEVATION BULGE TERRAIN ELEVATION FRESNEL CLEARANCE
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m) ZONE 60%
29.4 1.5 224.0 2.5941 TREES 226.5941 7.2009 4.3206

29.6 1.3 264.0 2.2635 TREES 266.2635 6.7265 4.0359

29.8 1.1 262.0 1.9282 TREES 263.9282 6.2083 3.7250

30.0 0.9 263.0 1.5882 TREES 264.5882 5.6344 3.3807

30.2 0.7 275.0 1.2435 TREES 276.2435 4.9856 2.9914

30.4 0.5 282.0 0.8941 TREES 282.8941 4.2276 2.5365

30.6 0.3 278.0 0.5400 TREES 278.5400 3.2854 1.9713

30.8 0.1 296.0 0.1812 TREES 296.1812 1.9030 1.1418

30.9 0.0 310.0 0.0000 TREES 310.0000 0.0000 0.0000

92
 Figure 4.4 Path Profile from Site A to Site B*

*Note: y-axis is elevation in meters & x-axis is distance in km

93
 HORIZONTAL PANNING

Formulas:

c = | Longitude A – Longitude B |

( )
* + ( )[ ]
( )

( )
[ ] ( )[ ]
( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

94
Given:

Location Latitude Longitude

Site A – Los Baños, Laguna 14 9 53.33 N 121 14 25 E
Site B – Lumban, Laguna 14 18 6.67 N 121 29 20 E

Solution:

c = | Longitude A – Longitude B |

c = |121 14 25 121 29 |

c = 0 14 55

( )
* + ( )[ ]
( )

( )
* + ( )[ ]
( )

* + [ ]

* +

* + ( ) * +

95
 ( )
[ ] ( )[ ]
( )

( )
[ ] ( )[ ]
( )

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ] ( )

[ ]

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

96
Site A Site B

N( )E S( )W

N( )E S( )W

N( )E or S( )W

N( )E S( )W

VERTICAL PANNING

Formula:

( )

Parameters:

h1 = total height elevation of D = distance from one

less elevated side (m) site to another, (km)

h2 = total height elevation of θ1 = θ2 = Vertical Panning

more elevated side (m) Angle

Given:

Location h Distance
Site A – Los Baños, Laguna H1 = 62 m
30.9 km
Site B – Lumban, Laguna H2 = 325 m

( ) ( )

97
Figure 4.5 Horizontal Panning

Figure 4.6 Vertical Panning

98
 ANTENNA HEIGHT COMPUTATION

Formulas:

( ) √
( )

( )

Where:

eo= elevation of obstruction, h1 = total height elevation at

(m) the lower site, (m)

e1 = elevation at the lower site, h2 = total height elevation at

(m) the higher site, (m)

e2 = elevation at the higher Fc = center frequency, (GHz)

site, (m)
d1= distance from the lower
elevation to the highest
obstruction, (km)
d2 = distance from the higher
elevation to the highest
obstruction, (km)
ho = total height of the
obstruction, (m)
F1 = First Fresnel Zone, (m)
H = Fresnel Clearance, (m)
D = total distance from one site
to another, (km)
eb = earth bulge, (m)
tg = tree growth, 15 meters
k = ratio of a hypothetical
effective earth radius,

99
Given:

Fc = GHz eo = 280 m
D = 30.9 km tg = 15 m
d1 = 30.5 km
d2 = 0.4 km

Solution:
( )
eb =
( )

eb= 0.7176470588m

√
( )

( )
√
( )( )

Assuming 20 m antenna height on Site A.

h1 e1 a1

h1 42 20 62 m

d1 (h2 h1 )
H ho h1
D

100
 30.5 (h2 62)
295.7176 62
30.9
30.9( 233.7176) 30.5(h2 62)

7291.4637 30.5h2 1891

30.5h2 1891 7291.4637

9182.4637
h2
30.5
=

h2 e2 a2

301.0644 310 a2

a2 01.0644 310

Proponents’ Implication:

The very high elevation of Site B (Lumban, Laguna) with respect

to Site A (Los Baños, Laguna), rendered a negative value from

antenna high computations. This is due to the large difference of

elevation value between two sites. Furthermore, the antenna height on

Site B tend to be negligible which means that assumption on antenna

height for Site B can be done as long as the Fresnel Zone is free from

obstructions. In line with this, the proponents used MLink Planner v.1.2

to plot the two sites and verify the ideal height for antenna at Site B.

101
 MLink Planner v.1.2

MLINK PLANNER

The MLink Planner is a software use for point-to-point (PTP) and point-to-
multipoint (PMP) wireless planning solutions designed to operate in non-
line-of-sight (NLoS) and line-of-sight (LoS) environments. Link planning and
estimation enable a link of known quality to be installed. MLink Planner
uses path profile data to predict the data rates and reliability over each link,
through adjustment of antenna height and RF power. When the link is
installed, the mean path loss can be checked to confirm these predictions.

ARCHITECTURE

The MLink Planner is an application that runs on Windows or Macintosh. It

performs the calculations from the ITU recommendations ITU-R P.526-10
and ITU-R P.530-12 to predict NLoS and LoS paths for anywhere in the
world. Path profile data can be obtained in a number of different ways
depending upon global location. This provides a method for obtaining path
profile data; see Path Profiles. Trees and buildings (obstructions) can
modify this profile, and often the path must be surveyed to establish the
correct estimation.

THE MAIN CONCEPT OF MLink PLANNER

A set of data about the sites and links

Project:
in a wireless network.

The location of a PTP outdoor unit and

Network Site:
its antenna or a PMP Hub Site.

The location of a PMP Subscriber

Subscriber Site:
Module outdoor unit and antenna.

102
 A location which contains one or more
Access Point outdoor units and
Hub Site:
antennas.

An outdoor unit and antenna which

Access Point: connects to multiple Subscriber
Modules.

An outdoor unit and antenna at a

Subscriber Module:
customer or remote premises.

A wireless connection between two

Link: PTP sites or between an Access Point
and a single Subscriber Module.

An alternative wireless link between

Path: two PTP units at different sites, when
each site has multiple units.

INPUTS OF MLink Planner

Details of the equipment and license restrictions (selected by the user).

Required performance targets for each link or network (input by the user).

Profile of the terrain along the path of each link (obtained using a Cambium
tool).

Details of any obstructions or reflections that may affect the performance of

a link (obtained from maps, survey data and Google Earth(TM)).

OUTPUTS OF MLink Planner

The performance summary that shows how well the link is predicted to
perform in response to the selected combination of inputs. It shows
predicted and required throughput performance and availability at each end
of the link.

103
MLink Planner Results

First step is to plot the computed coordinates on the software and

provide assignment for both sites whether Site A or Site B. The step

rendered the following result:

Figure 4.7 Plotting the coordinates for Site A and Site B .

Plotting the coordinates of Site A and Site B from the software.

Generating the path for the link requires an input of coordinates from

the software.

104
 Figure 4.8 Generated Point to Point Link

Generating the path profile from MLink rendered the path profile below.

A calculated antenna height of 19.2 m for Site B calculated by the

software itself will free the link from obstructions. The proponents still

assumed an antenna height of 20m for site A.

105
 Figure 4.9 Computed antenna height by the software.

The detailed results of the software microwave planning are as

follows:

106
107
108
Figure 4.10 Microwave link measurements.

109
 POINT OF REFLECTION

Formulas

Where:

η - Reflection Coefficient

– Distance of the less elevated site from the point of reflection

– Distance of the more elevated site from the point of reflection

Site A: Los Baños, Laguna Site B: Lumban, Laguna

Site A Distance Site B

h1 in ft h2 in ft
330m or
62m or 203.41ft 30.9km or 19.2 mi
1082.6772 ft

( ) ( )

110
 √ √

( )

= ; Distance of reflection point from Site A

9.3437

= ; Distance of reflection point from Site B

111
 LOSSES CALCULATIONS

A. ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES

1. Oxygen Absorption Loss (Ao)

Formula:

[ ]
( )

Given: F= Ghz & D = 30.9km

[ ] ( )
( ) ( )

Ao = 0.2076 dB

2. Water Vapor Absorption Loss ( )

Formula:

[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )

Given: F =8.3 75 Ghz & D = 30.9km

[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )

( )

= 0.2146 dB

112
3. Rain Attenuation Loss (AR)

Formula:

Note: In this computation we used CCIR Recommendation 530

intended for path lengths greather than 22.5 km.

( )( )( )

[ ( )]

( )( )

Given: *Rr = 2116 mm/yr ; F = Ghz ; D = 30.9km

Rr = 2116 mm/yr = 0.2416 mm/hr

*Based on https://en-climate.org for Laguna, Philippines

= =
( )

( )
= M = 0.2120

113
 [ ( )( )]

k = 0.0049898

( )( )

( )( )( )

Ar (16. 833)( )(0.2416)

AR = 0.0126 dB

Total Atmospheric Losses (AT)

AT 0.2076 0.2146 0.0126

114
 Table 4.6 Summary of Atmospheric Losses

Atmospheric Losses Value

Oxygen Absorption Losses 0.2076 dB

Water Vapor Lossess 0.2146 dB

Rainfall Attenuation Losses 0.0126dB

Total

B. FREE SPACE LOSS (FSL)

Formula:

FSL = 20 log FGHz + 20 log D km + 92.44

Given: F= Ghz ; D = 30.9km

FSL = 20 log (8.3875) + 20 log (30.9) + 92.44

FSL = 140.7118 dB

115
C. EQUIPMENT LOSSES

Table 4.7 Summary of Fixed Losses due to Equipment

FIXED LOSS DUE TO EQUIPMENT

Tx 0.5dB
Antenna Misalignment Loss*
Rx 0.5dB
Tx 0.8dB
Coupling Loss
Rx 0.8dB

TOTAL FIXED LOSS 2.6dB

Note:

- Coupling Loss see Appendix A

- Antenna Misalignment Loss due to difference in horizontal

panning from Fundamentals of Microwave Communication

by Manny Rule page 33

116
 Table 4.8 Summary of Losses

SUMMARY OF LOSSES
Total Atmospheric Loss (dB) 0.43480
Total Fixed Loss (dB) 2.6
Free Space Loss (dB) 140.7118
Total Loss (dB) 143.7466

D. RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL

1. Primary ODU

RSLdBm = Po + AGTX – Total Loss + AG RX

RSLdBm = 22dBm + 47.1dBi – 143.7466 dB + 47.1dBi

RSLdBm = - 27.5466 dBm

2. Secondary ODU

RSLdBm = 24dBm + 47.1dBi - 143.7466 dB + 47.1dBi

RSLdBm = - 25.5466 dBm

117
E. FADE MARGIN

1. Primary ODU

FM (dB) = RSL - IT( dBm )

FM (dB) = - 27.5466 dBm – (-64.7 dBm)

FM (dB) = 37.1534 dB

2. Secondary ODU

FM (dB) = RSL - IT( dBm )

FM (dB) = - 25.5466 dBm - (-69.7 dBm)

FM (dB) = 44.1534 dB

118
 RELIABILITY CALCULATION

1. Primary ODU

Interpolation Based On Rayleigh Fade Margin

FADE MARGIN RELIABILITY %

8 90
18 99
28 99.9
37.1534 R1
38 99.99
48 99.999
58 99.9999
68 99.99999
78 99.999999

R1 = 99.9823806 %

119
2. Secondary ODU

Interpolation Based On Rayleigh Fade Margin

FADE MARGIN RELIABILITY %

8 90
18 99
28 99.9
38 99.99
44.1534 R2
48 99.999
58 99.9999
68 99.99999
78 99.999999

R2 = 99.99553806 %

120
 1+1 CONFIGURATION RELIABILITY

R1 = 99.9823806 % & R2 = 99.99553806 %

RT = R1 + R2 – R1 R2

RT = 0.999823806 + 0.9999553806 – (0.999823806 )( 0.9999553806)

RT = 0.9999999214 X 100

RT = 99.99999214 %

UNAVAILABILITY

Formula: Unavailability (U) = (1 A)

Unavailablity of 1+0 Configuration

Unavailability (U) = 1 - = 0.000176194

Unavailability (hrs/yr)

U=

U = 1.54345944 hrs/yr

121
 Unavailablity of 1+1 Configuration

Unavailability (U) = 1 0.9999999214 = 0.0000000786

Unavailability (hrs/yr)

U=

U = 0.000688536 hr/yr or 0.04131216 min/yr or 2.4787 sec/yr

Table 4.9 Power Link Budget for Primary ODU

POWER LINK BUDGET PRIMARY ODU

PARAMETERS VALUE
ODU Power Output 22 dBm
Coupling Loss (Tx) 0.8 dB
Antenna Gain Tx 47.1 dBi
Antenna Misalignment Loss Tx 0.5 dB
Atmospheric Loss 0.4348 dB
Free Space Loss 140.7118 dB
Antenna Misalignment Loss Rx 0.5 dB
Antenna Gain Rx 47.1 dBi
Coupling Loss (Rx) 0.8 dB
Receiver Signal Level – 27.5466 dBm
Improvement Threshold -64.7 dBm
FADE MARGIN 37.1534 dB

122
 POWER LINK BUDGET PRIMARY ODU

PO - Transmitter Power Output ASL – Atmospheric Loss

C TX - Coupling (ODU to Antenna CRX - Coupling (Antenna to

Interface) ODU Interface)

ATX – Antenna Gain Transmitter ARX – Antenna Gain Receiver

MLTX – Misalignment Tx Side MLRX – Misalignment Rx Side

FSL – Free Space Loss

PO CTX ATX MLTX ASL & FSL MLRX ARX CRX RSL

68.3 dBm
67.8 dB

22 dBm

0 dB

-26.7466 dB

-27.5466 dBm

37.1534 dB

-64.7 dBm
-73.8466dB

123
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS &

RECOMMENDATIONS

124
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter looks at the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations for further research in diverse field where this design

might be applicable.

Summary

A reliable microwave point-to-point link considers vast parameters

and considerations so it can render 99.9999% reliability. The efficiency and

the feasibility of this link are dependent upon numerous factors that any

variations and inconsistent calculations might produce errors and unreliable

results. This developmental study which was designed to provide a point-to-

point microwave communication link between Los Baños, Laguna and

Lumban, Laguna provided that reliability. Looking to the general problem of

the study, a design such as this is feasible enough to be used as backbone

for internet service providers. The design parameters considered in the

design such as frequency, path link, terrain conditions and other

environmental aspects, equipment specifications and many more, are few of

125
the factors that defined the reliability of the link. The efficiency of the

microwave link is also affected by how equipment parameters was

considered. The transmitter output, antenna gain, receiver threshold and

losses due to connectors brought relevant effects in achieving the

reliability.

The independent data gathered and various losses were quantitatively

analyzed and computed so as to set the proper equipment specifications

needed for the design. Conclusions were drawn from the results and

accurate link budget calculations were made to obtain promising results.

Conclusions

From the analysis it was found out that:

1. It is feasible to provide a reliable point-to-point microwave link

considering vast amount of factors including environmental

conditions, losses, equipment specifications and LOS

obstructions. The design achieved 99.99999214 % reliability

and an unavailability of 0.000688536 hr/yr

2. The factors such as atmospheric losses, equipment losses,

path link obstructions and free space losses are major

126
 setbacks that affect the reliability and efficiency of the design.

This can be compensated by using the proper equipment.

3. A receiver with an efficient improvement threshold can

compensate the losses received from transmission. The power

output or transmitter also determines if the reliability set can

be achieved.

4. Obstructions can be solved by either adjusting antenna height

or choosing different sites. However, in this study the site was

found to be free from obstructions.

5. It was also found out that the application of internet services

for Lumban is desired and wanted in Lumban. This application

will render relevance in terms of how it will elevate the lives of

the community.

6. The design is effective in terms of equipment since it used

high-quality equipment that was not only efficient but also

sustain reliable link and total equipment costs can be

supported by the allocated budget.

127
Recommendations

The following recommendations can be done by future designers who

want to establish a reliable microwave link:

1. In order to obtain the reliability that was set considering that the

design didn’t meet the standards, equipment adjustments and

revisions can be made. However, there is a sacrifice and

compromise of the cost.

2. Losses cannot be avoided especially the natural losses caused by

terrain path and link, rerouting is not the only option. Proponents

can revise the equipment specifications and standards.

3. Each design considerations must coincide with international

standards for these standards are recommended and based on

successfully implemented microwave design.

4. Most of the equipment depends upon operating frequency used so

designers have to critically analysed and consider where to

operate.

5. For future growth of the microwave design, the tower height,

central office and shelter dimensions must compensate the

expansion of the microwave link.

128
APPENDIX A – MAIN EQUIPMENT

129
APPENDIX B – MISCELLANEOUS
EQUIPMENT

130
APPENDIX C – LICENSES AND PERMITS

131
APPENDIX D – DESIGNS AND LAYOUTS

132
APPENDIX E – MISCELLANEOUS

DOCUMENTS

133
 BILL OF MATERIALS

TOTAL
EQUIPMENT BRAND PRICE USD PRICE PHP QUANTITY
PRICE(PHP)
MAIN EQUIPMENT
Antenna (UXA12-78AD) RFS $5,484.00 ₱ 298,000.56 2 ₱ 596,001.12

ODU Coupler Mounting Kit Cabmium Network $710.15 ₱ 38,589.55 1 ₱ 38,589.55

PTP810 Indoor Unit Cabmium Network $2,369.77 ₱ 128,773.30 3 ₱ 386,319.91

PTP 810 Outdoor Unit Cabmium Network $2,948.95 ₱ 160,245.94 3 ₱ 480,737.83
Times Microwave $184.60 ₱ 10,031.08 42
Coaxial Cable, LMR 600 ₱ 421,305.24
System /m /m m
ROHN/
Site A - Tower $3,905.00 ₱ 212,197.70 1 ₱ 212,197.70
65SS035
ROHN/
Site B - Tower $6,218.00 ₱ 337,886.12 1 ₱ 334,124.23
SS070HD90
Lightning Arrester ROHN/R-LRCL $94.95 ₱ 5,159.58 2 ₱ 10,204.28
Obstruction Light Traffic Safety Corp. $538.00 ₱ 29,234.92 4 ₱ 58,254.64
TOTAL : ₱ 2,537,734.49

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
Rack Unit Hallam $104.97 ₱ 5,704.07 2 ₱ 11,408.14

Battery Kohnler $6,399.99 ₱ 347,775.46 1 ₱ 347,775.46

Huawei/UPS2000-A
UPS $403.00 ₱ 21,899.02 2 ₱ 43,798.04
Series,10kVA
Generator Kohler $4,120.00 ₱ 223,880.80 2 ₱ 442,776.40
LG/UT36H.NM4(IDU),
Aircon Indoor/Outdoor Unit $1,952.37 ₱ 106,091.79 4 ₱ 424,367.14
UU36WH.U34(ODU)
Shelter Versaflex $5,995.00 ₱ 325,768.30 1 ₱ 325,768.30
Tower Paint ROHN/PNTNPO5 $76.00 ₱ 4,129.84 6 ₱ 24,779.04
TOTAL : ₱ 1,620,672.52
OVERALL TOTAL : ₱ 4,158,407.01
1 USD = 54.34 PHP As of Oct. 4, 2018

134
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138