Our Lady of the Pillar College – San Manuel, Incorporated

District 3, San Manuel, Isabela

College Department
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Module
in
HUMANITIES

Elvis Pabro Viernes

Instructor

Mobile Number: +639364024417

Facebook Account: Elvis Jhaker Pabro Viernes
Gmail Account: elvishakerpabroviernes@gmail.com
https://www.slideshare.net/mackswald/archetypes-the-collective-unconscious-and-mythology-presentation

Lesson 1: Myths and Origins of the Humanities

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 What is an archetype?
- An archetype is a universal symbolic pattern.
- It is a model that, through mythology, becomes part of our subconscious and an addition to the
way we organize our thinking about ourselves, human beings in general and the nature of the
universe.
 
What is a monomyth?
- A fundamental myth of all cultures. The hero’s journey is the basic pattern found in many
narratives from around the world. James Joyes used this term to describe the phenomena of this
universal pattern.
 
Four Archetypal Myths
- Woman of Power (Great Mother)
- Lost or Hidden Paradise
- Hero
- The Hero’s Quest or Journey
 
Women of Power (Great Mother)
 
Things to look for: Where does the myth originate? Does she have supernatural powers? Does she have a
male counterpart? Is she a warrior? Does a group of people or nation originate with her according to the
myth? Are any animals associated with her?

1. Boudica (also written as Boadicea) was a Celtic queen who led a revolt against Roman rule in
ancient Britain in A.D. 60 or 61. ... Like other ancient Celtic women, Boudica had trained as a
warrior, including fighting techniques and the use of weapons.

2. According to Josephus (Ant. 8:165–173), the queen of Sheba was the queen of Egypt and

Ethiopia, and brought to Israel the first specimens of the balsam, which grew in the Holy Land in
the historian's time.

3. Athena was the goddess of war, strategy, and wisdom. Identified in the Roman mythology as the
goddess Minerva. Also known as Pallas Athena, she wore a breastplate made out of goatskin
called the Aegis, which was given to her by her father, Zeus. ...

4. In Slavic folklore, Baba Yaga (Russian: Ба́ба-Яга́, romanized: Baba Yaga) is a supernatural

being (or a trio of sisters of the same name) who appears as a deformed or ferocious-looking old
woman. ... Baba Yaga may help or hinder those that encounter her or seek her out.

5. Isis was the daughter of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut and the sister of the deities
Osiris, Seth, and Nephthys. She was also wife to Osiris, god of the underworld, and bore him a
son, Horus. ... Her cult subsequently spread throughout the Roman Empire, and Isis was
worshipped from England to Afghanistan.

The “Paradise” Archetype

 
Things to look for: In what culture does the myth originate? Where is the paradise located? Is the paradise
a physical place? Was it inhabited by humans? How might humans get there?
  
1. Shambala

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Shambhala is a mythical Buddhist kingdom that is said to exist somewhere between the Himalaya
Mountains and the Gobi Desert. In Shambhala, all of the citizens have achieved enlightenment, so it is the
embodiment of Tibetan Buddhist perfection.
 
2. Avalon
Some say that it was located in northwestern France, on an island called Ile Aval. And finally, the poet
Robert Graves, in his book The Golden Fleece, proposes that Avalon is on the Spanish island of Mallorca.
 
3. Kriti (Satya) Yuga
The Satya Yuga , in Hinduism, is the first of the four Yugas, the "Yuga (Age or Era) of Truth", when
humanity is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and humanity
will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme. It is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age". 
 
4. Eden
 
The Garden of Eden also called the Terrestrial Paradise, or simply Paradise, is the biblical "Garden of
God" described in the Book of Genesis and the Book of Ezekiel. Genesis 13:10 refers to the "garden of
God", and the "trees of the garden" are mentioned in Ezekiel 31:9. The Book of Zechariah and the Book
of Psalms also refer to trees and water, without explicitly mentioning Eden. [4]
 
5. Shangri(a)-la
 
Shangri-La is a fictional place described in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by British author James Hilton.
Hilton describes Shangri-La as a mystical, harmonious valley, gently guided from a lamasery, enclosed in
the western end of the Kunlun Mountains. Shangri-La has become synonymous with any earthly paradise,
particularly a mythical Himalayan utopia – a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. In the
novel, the people who live at Shangri-La are almost immortal, living hundreds of years beyond the
normal lifespan and only very slowly aging in appearance. The name also evokes the imagery of
the exoticism of the Orient.
 

The “hero” archetype

Things to look for: Where does the hero myth originate? Does the hero have unique birth story or
parentage? Immortality? Special weapons? Group following? Moral teachings?

1. Quetzalcoatl is the Nahuatl name for the Feathered-Serpent deity of ancient Mesoamerican
culture. In Mesoamerican myth Quetzalcoatl is also a mythical culture hero from whom almost
all Mesoamerican peoples claim descent.

2. Hercules is a Roman hero and god. He was the Roman equivalent of the
Greek divine hero Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the
mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous
far-ranging adventures.

3. The Buddha was a philosopher, mendicant, meditator, spiritual teacher, and religious leader who
lived in Ancient India. He is revered as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism. He taught
for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay. 

4. Thor is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms,

hallowing and fertility. He is the son of Odin and Jörð, the personification of the Earth, and is
physically the strongest of the Æsir. Thor is described as being fierce eyed, with red hair and a
full beard, and he is quick to anger and has an enormous appetite.

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 5. King Arthur was a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances,
led the defense of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries.

6. Jesus also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher

and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity, the world's largest religion.
Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (the Christ)
prophesied in the Old Testament.

What is Humanities?

Humanities comes from the Latin word humanus, which means human, cultured, and refined.

- To be human is to have or show qualities like rationality, kindness, and tenderness.

- Unlike other subjects, it is not group of scientific or technical subjects.
- The humanities are studies about human culture, such as literature, philosophy, and history. 
- Humanities, those branches of knowledge that concern themselves with human beings and
their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an appreciation of
human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself. (britannica.com)
- Humanities embrace literature, languages, music and art history and philosophy.
- Concerned with the thoughts, creations, and actions of man in the past and in the present.
- They tell man about his roots, his origin, his neighbours, himself.

Why do we need to study humanities?

The study of the humanities can also be used to realize differing interpretations of life and history.
Studying facts of the past helps to understand literature of the past. Art reflects the cultures of the past,
and shows how we achieved what we have today. For example, the Song of Roland was very biased about
the Saracens (Muslims). If one only studied literature, they would have a totally skewed interpretation of
who the Muslims were. By studying history though, we know that the battle in this literature wasn't even
against Muslims. Also by studying history and religion we can see how Islam developed and what it
really is. This is just one example of how the comprehensive study of the humanities can be used to
understand the world, and to communicate fairly and intelligently with others in the world.

The humanities are not just part of the college's curriculum. The study of the humanities teaches one how
to study and look at how the past developed and how it has impacted today's world. The humanities
allows people of different cultures to communicate and understand their sometimes common pasts but
present differences. The humanities shows how different disciplines affect and complement one another.
Finally, the study of the humanities shows that this study is ongoing and continual, constantly evolving
and shaping.

ASSESSMENT:

1. Discuss a modern personality whose life more or less fits the pattern of the rise and fall of the
hero as described in the text.
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2. What are the characteristics of the hero?

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3. Where does your hero fit in the archetypal structure?

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4. Apply Apollonian and Dionysian thought to everyday experience.

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 Lesson 2: Literature

LITERATURE
- An art; from a latin word ‘litera’ meaning letter
- Body of written works of a particular time, country especially those valued for excellence
of form and expression.
- Creative and universal means of communication
- Deals with the ideas, thoughts and emotions of man and said to be the story of man.
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE
Fiction
- Is a form of any narrative or informative work that deals with information/events that are
imaginary
- Made out of nothing, symbolic, artificial,E.g. novels, short stories, films (etc.)
Non-fiction
- Form of any narrative, account or other communicative work based on facts.
- Comes out of something, straightforward, natural
- E.g. bibliographies, histories
CLASSES OF LITERATURE
1. Escape – written for entertainment and its object is pleasure
2. Interpretative – written to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life and its object is
pleasure and understanding.

GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE

Literature can generally be divided into two types; prose and poetry.
Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and
paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and
stanza and has a more melodious tone.

I. PROSE

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There are many types of prose. These include the following:

A. Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life
stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana

B. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single
impression.
Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan

C. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes.
Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero

D. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.

Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran

E. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who
speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events
that can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE

F. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer‟s imagination and the main aim is to
bring out lessons to the reader.
Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP

G. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or
event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.

H. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert

I. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry,
and accidents, happening nationally or not.

J. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It

appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

II. POETRY
There are three types of poetry and these are the following:

A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary.
The different varieties are:

1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in English by Amador T.
Daguio

2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as
a ballad or a metrical romance.
Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez

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3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a
simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love
ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads.
In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance.

B. Lyric Poetry. Originalaly, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the
accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses
emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be sung. The common
theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-
CHIT

2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea.
These are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean. Example: SANTANG BUDS by
Alfonso P. Santos

3. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose
theme is death.
Example: THE LOVER‟S DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo

4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number
of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.

5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a
philosophy of life.

6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung
to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas

7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a
martial beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA

C. Dramatic Poetry

1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or
revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually
has a happy ending.

2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to
tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is
usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.

3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets
death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy.

4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines;

situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the
motives undignified and absurd.

5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today.
It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.

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ASSESSMENT:

1. Is Philippine Literature a form of Art? Support your answer.

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2. How is studying Philippine Literature relevant in developing a better understanding of

Filipino culture?
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 Lesson 3: Arts
The Subjects of Arts

1. What is a subject of art?

The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. This may refer to
any person, object, scene or event.

2. Two Kinds of Art as to Subject:

1. Representational Art or Objective Art – They are those arts which depict (represent)
objects that are commonly recognized by most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a
subjective manner, something that's real. It uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is
to be depicted in the artwork.
Examples:
A. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically
commonplace objects which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or
shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so
on) in an artificial setting.
B. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic
representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant.
C. LANDSCAPES, SEASCAPES, CITYSCAPES
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art – They are those arts without any
reference to anything outside itself (without representation). It is non- objective because
it has no recognizable objects. It is abstract in the sense that it doesn’t represent real
objects in our world. It uses “content” and is concerned with “how” the artwork is
depicted.

Methods of Presenting Art Subjects

1. Realism. It often refers to the artistic movement, which began in France in the 1850s. The
popularity of realism grew with the introduction of photography - a new visual source that
created a desire for people to produce things that look “objectively real”. Undistorted by
personal bias, realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against
exaggerated emotionalism. Simply speaking, it is a method of portraying an art subject
according to the objective reality. It depicts what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear,
what the sense faculty may receive. Example was the painting of Zeuxis, 5th century painter.
The subject of his painting was a grape. When he unveiled his painting of grapes, they
appeared so real, luscious and inviting that the birds flew down from the sky to peck at them.
2. Abstraction. Its etymology is derived from Latin “abstractus "drawn away," or Latin past
participle “abstrahere:” from ab(s)- "away" + trahere "draw," which means "withdrawn or
separated from material objects or practical matters." It is totally the opposite of realism.

In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an objectively reality, but only
his idea, or his feeling about it (exaggerated emotionalism). It is all about what the artists
feel and what mood they might want to portray. Abstract art is all shapes, no real-life images,
scenery, or objects

Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in

Space.” He was so impressed by the grace of a bird in flight,

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 by the sweep of its body as it flew through the air. His
sculptural work does not look like a bird for it is supposed to
convey an impression of a bird’s grace and speed.

Constantin Brancusi’s Bird in Space

Forms of Abstraction:

A. Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition, or the
regular shape is twisted out. It is a form os emphasizing detail to the point that something is
no longer “correctly” depicted. Example is Pablo Picasso’s The Old Guitarist. See how the
left shoulder is hitched up so high and the other shoulder barely exists; how spidery his
hands are; and how his head is twisted around unnaturally. Another is Henry Moore’s
sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian paintings and sculptural works are good examples
of this kind.

Pablo Picasso’s “The Old Guitarist” Henry Moore’s

“Distortion”

B. Elongation. It refers to that which is being

lengthened, a protraction or an extension.

El Greco "Christ Crucified," a sculpture by

Giambologna from around 1588, an elegant
but somewhat formulaic work in which the
elongated body of Christ seems to float
almost birdlike off the cross, is an example of
this.

C. Mangling. This may not be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject, but
there are few artists who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn,
hacked or disfigured.

D. Cubism. It began in the early 1900s when artists such as Georges Braque (French) and Pablo
Picasso (Spanish) began painting in such a way that was far removed from traditional art
styles. The Cubists tried to create a new way of seeing things in art. Many of their subjects,
be they people or landscapes, were represented as combinations of basic geometric shapes -
sometimes showing multiple viewpoints of a particular image. Cubist pictures are therefore
often described as looking like pieces of fractured glass.

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Violin and Candlestick by Braque Three Musicians by Picasso

E. Abstract Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism is a modern art movement that flowered in

America after the Second World War and held sway until the dawn of Pop Art in the 1960's. With
this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world.

In a painting, the artists applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to
show feelings and emotions, painting gesturally, non-geometrically, sometimes applying paint with
large brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it into the canvas.

Abstract Expressionism was influenced by the Existentialist philosophy, which emphasized the
importance of the act of creating, not of the finished object. What matters for the artist are the
qualities of the paint itself and the act of painting itself?

Jackson Pollock “Convergence” Jackson Pollock “Autumn Rhythm”

3. SYMBOLISM. A symbol is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or quality.

Symbolism systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of art
more subjective (rather than objective) and conventional. For example, a flag is a symbol of a
country and it depicts the value of nationalism; a lion to represent courage and a lamb to represent
meekness. The logos and emblems of business firms and the coat of arms of bishops are also
examples of symbolism.

Lucerne’s Lion Monument, a famous masterpiece of the early 19 th century, is dedicated to the
memory of the heroic fight and final defeat of the Swiss Guards in Paris in 1792. In the Philippines,
we have the “Spolarium” of Juan Luna. The painting shows fallen gladiators being dragged to an
unseen pile of corpses in a chamber beneath the Roman arena. It expresses his anger over the abuses
and cruelties of the colonial rule of the Spanish authorities over the people of his native country. The
sculpture in the EDSA Shrine depicts the brave-ness and courage of the Filipinos against the
tyrant dictator, Ferdinand Marcos.

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 Lucerne’s Lion Monument Juan Luna “Spolarium”

4. FAUVISM. It is derived from the French “les fauves,”

which means “the wild beasts.” It is an artistic movement
of the last part of the 19 th century which emphasized
spontaneity and use of extremely bright colors. To a
fauvist, for example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It
could be bright red, purple or any other color.

Henri Matisse, French artist, was known for his use of

colour and his fluid, brilliant and original
draughtsmanship. As a draughtsman, printmaker, and
sculptor, but principally as a painter, Matisse is one of the
best-known artists of the 20th century. He was initially
labeled as a Fauve (wild beast).

5. DADAISM. The term “dada” is a French word,

which means a “hobby-horse.” A hobby-horse is a
child’s toy consisting of a wooden horse mounted
on a stick. With this etymology, we could say that
Dadaism is system of art which is per se “non-
sensical.” Some would say it is not an art because
it strives to have no meaning at all.
It started as a Post World War cultural movement against the barbarism of the war. It is a
reaction to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in
society. It tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry
recitals and art exhibitions.

Marcel Duchamp’s “The Large Glass” Marcel Duchamps’ Fake Urinal Turned into Fountain

6. FUTURISM. Futurism came into being with the appearance of a manifesto published by
the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti on the front page of the February 20, 1909, issue of
Le Figaro. It was the very first manifesto of this kind.
Marinetti summed up the major principles of the Futurists. He and others espoused a love
of speed, technology and violence. Futurism was presented as a modernist movement
celebrating the technological, future era. The car, the plane, the industrial town were
representing the motion in modern life and the technological triumph of man over nature.

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 Donald Davis “Shaped Space Colony” Klaus Burgle “Retro Futurismus”

7. SURREALISM. It is an offshoot or a child of dada. It is also known as “super realism,”

which revolves on the method of making ordinary things look extraordinary. It
focuses on real things found in the imagination or fantasy or it has realistic subjects that
are found in the unconscious mind; depicting dreamlike images of the inner mind.

The Types of Surrealism

1. Veristic Surrealism. It allowed the images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that
the meaning could be understood through analysis. They follow images of the
subconscious until consciousness could understand the meaning. Examples: Rene
Magritte would show a nighttime sky, then a daytime foreground, or Salvador Dali
would melt clocks to show how unreal how time and space were; slice of a cheese with
a face on it.
2. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism. Images of the subconscious should not be
burdened by meaning, so they are represented in an abstract form. It is focused more on
feelings and less analytical. Proponents: Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.

Salvador Dali Andre Breton

8. IMPRESSIONISM. It is also sometimes referred to as optical realism due to its interest

in the actual viewing experience, including such things as the effect of color, light and
movement on the appearance of the objects depicted in the artworks. Impressionism
focused on directly describing the visual sensations derived from nature. Devotees of
Impressionism were not concerned with the actual depiction of the objects they painted.
Instead they were concerned with the visual impressions aroused by those objects.

The Impressionists created one of the most important artistic movements of the
nineteenth century and it got its start in France. The theme of the Impressionism
movement teaches, “the human eye is a marvelous instrument”. The worldwide impact of
Impressionism was large and lasting.

Claude Monet is widely recognized as the father of

the Impressionist movement, and his work
Impression: Sunrise is widely recognized as the first
work of this new movement. Fascination with color,

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 light and movement formed the core of the
Impressionism movement.

ASSESSMENT:

1. What are the methods of presenting the art subject? Describe each briefly?
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2. Why is realism more observable in novels than in visual arts specifically in painting?
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3. What are the sub methods of resenting abstract subjects? Differentiate each of them?
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4. Describe the symbolical meaning of Juan Luna’s Spolarium.

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5. What is the relevance of spolarium at present?

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6. What is the influence of Sigmund Freud in the surrealistic methods of presenting an art
subject?
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