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Image Pre-Processing
Geometric correction
• The most common geometric correction method
is based on ground control points (GCP). A
• Geometric correction is the transformation of a number of GCPs are defined on each of the
remotely sensed image such that it has the scale images you want to correct. The best GCPs are:
and projection properties of a map.
– road intersections,
• Geometric errors are due to: – airport runways,
– instrument error – edges of dams or buildings,
– the curvature of the earth – corners of agricultural fields
– earth rotation during image acquisition and – other permanent features.
– platform instability
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• GCPs should be:
– sufficient in number and
– evenly spread across the scene.
Ground control points (GCPs): locations that are found both in the
image and in the map. The GCP coordinates are recorded from the
map and from the image and then used in the least squares
regression analysis to determine the coordinate transformation
equation
Ground Control
Points
Radiometric correction
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Sensor Calibration
3
• Earth's orbit is elliptical, which means it's
closest to the Sun once a year (the first
week in January), and farthest from the
• Julian day = The number of days elapsed Sun once a year (in early July).
since the start of the year
• Early July = Julian Day?
31 days (January)
+
28 days (February)
31 days (March)
30 days (April)
31 days (May)
30 days (June)
2 1840.000 0.184
1 .9832 74 .9945 152 1.0140 227 1.0128 305 .9925
3 1551.000 0.1551
15 .9836 91 .9993 166 1.0158 242 1.0092 319 .9892 4 1044.000 0.1044
5 225.700 0.02257
32 .9853 106 1.0033 182 1.0167 258 1.0057 335 .9860
7 82.07 0.008207
46 .9878 121 1.0076 196 1.0165 274 1.0011 349 .9843
8 1368.000 0.1368
Input image
$n2_
Equations
Output image
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• The thermal band of Landsat 7 ETM+ (band 6) is converted from
spectral radiance to temperature. The conversion equation is:
• Missing scan lines occur when a detector fails to operate • Missing scan lines occur when a detector fails to operate
during a scan. This, results in a zero brightness value in during a scan. This, results in a zero brightness value in
each pixel of the particular line and will appear black in each pixel of the particular line and will appear black in
the image. the image.
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De-stripping
Atmospheric Correction
• Radiometric correction includes:
• Atmospheric constituents such as:
– gases,
– applying sensor calibration
– aerosols (airborne particulate matter) and
– replacing missing scan lines
– clouds,
– de-striping
– applying atmospheric correction
scatter and absorb:
(a) solar radiation travelling through atmosphere
before reaching the earth and
(b) reflected electromagnetic radiation from the earth
surface before detection by the satellite sensor.
Scattering is caused by atmospheric gases These two processes result in different recorded
such as oxygen, nitrogen, ozone and other values of electromagnetic radiation at a given location
than at the respective ground location.
particles.
However, in the electromagnetic spectrum there are
The effect of scattering is the redirection of atmospheric windows where the effects of absorption
electromagnetic radiation. and scattering are minimised.
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• The most common atmospheric correction
• Atmospheric Correction is important when:
method is the darkest pixel (DP) method.