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    Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction

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    Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    169 views8 pages

    Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction

    Uploaded by

    Pinak Ray
    Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction REFERENCE: Ladd. B.S. “Poparing Toot Species Using Underompacton, Geotechnical Teng Toure. GTIODT, Vets ovis Mech 197, pp 16-2. ABSTRACT: A specimen sreputation prowdare Is presested that ‘tere an nro eto of preparing ecnstited sand species {oe ep tea testing. The reg leds fo mor consent nd {epee ot reo Ts prosedue (I) minis Parl greg tion @) ean be weed fer compacting most type of sande barng & ‘do range in lative denny and) peri determination of ie ‘ptimum je rength ofa gen sand ata gen ey uit weg {KEY WORDS: sands, compaction, xi tes, specimen prepare ton, pean eerconpacion, dane esting fy. Bfectv ntrope conslidation sss Cycle axa deviate stress Sell diameters of which 10, 30, 50, and 60% of sol weights are finer, respectively Coefficient of curvatare Coeficint of uniformity Relative density Applied cyl tes ratio Peak-to-peak asa strain [Namber of loadin eles Doo Don Da, and Die ‘Name o osc eyes ‘Number of leading yeles to obtain a give peaks ‘o-penc ail strain amber of lading eyes to faire [Normative numberof eels ‘ola wet weight of material equied [Roguird dey unit weight of test specimen Average water content (as 8 decimal) of prpared ‘aster Final yolome of compactod material ‘Weight of material requized for exch ayer Height of compacted reateit at the op ofthe layer being considered Final ota height ofthe specimen Total number of ayers nn Nurnber ofthe layer being considered Poreentundereompation forlayer being considered Pereent Undereompaction sect for Tis layer Peteentundercompacton eeleted for fina lyer iret (nti ager ‘Average percent undercompsction for tyes compacted amie ond tabontory dete, Woodund.Cyde Conese, itn, Momber oC AST 014.61 18780002-0016500.40, » L an ae Inside diameter ‘Gyliestrength index Change in pore water presure Change in al pressure otrodction “The specimen preparation procedure mast commonly described tn the lerature on cyclic taxi! strength texting [0-3] requires ‘the sand to be saturated, poured into a water filed forming mold (aul stached tothe Bottom pedestal of triaxial cel), and then densified to the required density by some means, usually by ibrations. This method ie refered to herein as the we pouring {evil method, Several problems are associated with this wet pouring method “The two most significant ae (1) the segregation of partes when using ity and relatively well-graded sands, and (2) the diffeuty| ‘of realy preparing test specimens having presribed dry unit ‘weight with uniform density. A mone precise means of peeping specimens is needed so that eylic tet results willbe consistent, repeatable, and ts nfloenced by xpecimen preparation. ‘resented herein is method of reconsltting cele triaxial strength text specimens that minimizes most of the problem ‘outlined previously. In addition, the concepts prevented can be applies & the preparation of reconstituted tt specimens for ‘other types of ters and materials. Ht should be noted that thee {sno inference here that thie method of recantation ress in specimens which ae epresenttive oF in-situ cantons. ‘The procedure incorporates a tamping method of competing soit core grained sand in lye, Each layer i compacted 193 ‘eleced percentage of the requited dry nit weight of the sp00- men, ths procedure difers trom the application ofa cement compactive effort to each layer required by ASTM Tests for Molstare Density Relates of Sails, Using SS. (28g) Ram ‘mer and 12-n, (304 :mm) Drop (D 688-70) and ASTM Tess or Meistre-Density Relations of Sols, Usiag 10. (45g) Raraner and 184n. (457mm) Drop (D 1557-70). This new ‘approach was select sinc itis generally recogsiaed (especially for loose 10 median dense sends) that when a typical sand Is ‘compacted in layer, the compaction of each suceeding layer can farther densify the sand below i, The method uses this fact to achieve uniform specimens BY applying the concept of under ampecton. In this ease, cach layer Is typically compacted to 2 lower Geng than the final desired valve by © predetermined amount whichis defined 2s pereot undereompasion U,. The 1, valve in each layer is Heatly varied from the Bator tothe top layer, with the botiom (fit) lager having the mmaximary Uy vale. The method of rasation ie strated iy ig. 1. (See (© 1978 by tho American Scoot for Testing and Materials LADD ON SPECIMEN PREPARATION USING UNDERCOMPACTION 7 i feneretiip : i a eemareeass e paler i art . me a “ FIG. 1—Conept of andereompacton procedure inthis pape. In adtion, to Mustrate how the cyte behavior i alfecied by the Uy value seeced, 1 seis of cyclic triaxial Strength tx was performed on specimens of Monterey No. 0 sani which the Uy value was varie Mate Tested ‘The particle size distibution curve and the selocied index properles of the Monterey No. 0 saad, obtained by Malis [4 fre shown in Fig, 2 and Table 1, espectively The sand is ¢ vreshed untorm mediom-lorfine beach sand (SP), The mazimem and riimum dey anit weight determinations were peformed in ‘general accordance with ASTM Test for Relative Density of CCohesionles Seils (D 2049-69) and Kolbuszensk's method [5], spectively. The specimens tested had initial relative densities 1, of approximately 60% ‘Specimen Preparation Procedure Each test specimen, 74 mm (2.9 in) in diameter and 152 mm 6 in.) high, had an iiial molding water content of approxi+ rately 6% and was compacted in eight lyers in a split oven petion meld not attached to the triaiat cell ("external spit compaction mold), Further details of this method of specimen preparation are given in Appendix A, ‘Aer compaction, the split mold was removed and the weight fright, and diameter of the specimen were measuted. The spec fmen was then placed in the axial cell and confined vith a rubber membrane. The axial call was filed with decerated Veer, and cll presture eof 36 N/m? (780 ps0) was apie slko Appendix A.) If this method of variation i appropiate and the proper Us vale is selected forthe fst layer (Um), the end Tw¥t Procedure ‘product lta specimen having a vitally uniform anit wight Each specimen was salurated prior (0 being consolidated by ‘tashing deneated water through the specimen under a back ‘The method used to aie at tis proper Uy value is presen) presue of Between 625 end 960 N/m? (13.000 and 20 000 ps. ee el sare 1G. 2—Perie oe dtribton ev. "TABLE 1—inde data for Monty No. Osan ited sl dian yt mbt rs Pani se ate Dg. om ee oe c 1s Dyan weigh dat ‘Maxam, tb 405.2 ina, 1° cy $6 = DP ADs x Da, Tiere Tego During back-pressuing, an effective onfining sires of 06 RN/n? (190 pa) was maintained, This low confining stress minimiaes laprecorded volume chunges dutiag saturation; however, i the ‘specimen has atondency to swell, higher vals sbould be selected. tn edditon,s small aval tess, suffices to maintain the spee- ‘men in an Seolvopo state of stat, war applied. Saturation was summed when the B factor (ratio of the change in pore water pressure Au vo the change in cll pressure Ae.) was equal 1 or eater than 98% ‘The specimen was then consolidated to the required effctive sess By. Changes in yolame and anil height were recorded turing consoldation. The elaive density of the specimen prior to eye Hading is based om hove measurements ‘The specimens were eyliclly loaded without drsinage by sing an electrohydeauicdoxed-toop loading ssstem marfaetaced by the MIS Systert Corp. The MTS stem applied a sinusoidally sarying foad about an embient load at x feguency of 1 He. ‘Therefore, a cyclic siuandely varying axial devitor sess =04 was applied to the specimen in whlch the sess varied between pesk compression and peak extension valuos. During cyclic Toading, he cell pressure was Kept constant, and the changes in fart logg, axial deformation, and. pore water piste were recorded, (GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL ‘Test Resale and Discusion ‘The ews of tho eplic tii steongt toss are summartand in Table 2A plot ofthe eye strength index vrais the percent undercompaction of the fist layer of each specimen is giren dn Big, 3. The optic strength index ir dafined ar the rt of the mumber of cyles to obtein «given peak-to-peak axial stain [Ne to the product of relative density in peren! D, and applied rere ratio ¢u/2in, that is, Ne/DA 224 /2ia); I, wat wed 12 ovtalice small difsences in ela dendity and applied stest ‘allo fom one test to note, ‘The data show that, which i directly relate 10 the yc strength, vases with Use or the uniformity of dry unit weight within s test specinen. Fo the Uy values evaluated (0 to 18%), the muster of eyes fo obtain & peak-to-peak axial stain of 10% at an applied stress catio of 0.20 varied between 16 and 4 (seo Table 2). Furthermors, « peak J. value (optiou cyclic strengt) was obtained. The Uy ralue wbere tis peak occured ‘is defined asthe optimum perseut undercompacton. Another important factor ia Urestarding the eyelle behavior of snd i ts strain developer charectetises. Aral stein a Compression and extension versus the garth of the number of loeing eyes is plotted in Fig. 4, "The shaper ofthe curves sty considerably, and it wes almost imposible to determine trends ‘aay. To determine whether thete as tlationship between {Un and the strain development characteristics, as wat found with celle svength, the elie data were normalized. The cuees of the normalized peskto-pak sein versus the normalised auraber of cjeles ee plotted i Fg, 5. The aormulized peak-to-peak Strain Gj/gg 10% is defined as the ratio of peak-to-peak strain ata gles umber of oes N fo « peak-io-poak strain of| 10% (Guleced failure cetera), while the normalized number of cycles N/Nr it defined as the vatlo of the nurmber of ces re- ‘Quite to obtain e given tp to the number of eyelorrequied 10 ‘obtain an gp of 10%, Ths Figure shows that as Us becomes ‘org tothe optimum perceat undercompacton, the normalized firs devlopment cures beceete tore cneare “TABLE 2—Sonmyof eto tet refered on Monterey send 8 WalecGontert, Dry Unis of Cyr SY wecemue? p,m SERRE — Peak toFeake Pent ‘tar tee ‘ater ia ‘Seats. Urcer conc Con Coa ge ——" ‘Test corpucton vial “dtbe Inka) “Unton” ida “chas sey/24 aeton 25 $1020 omantst Y 0 60 M7 98) 92 2 coo 020 2 4 2 90 4 wooNows a 2 Sk OMe oS HA mom Soa MD Sonomt 3 teh OMe ses 7 ma 62 ode eet 4 6 Sk Be oh 3 a Soo ST 5 5 sh be oe ms Gt? SS aed é 62 4S 0 9 82 Os Os OR OR Ow 7 ho OS) 42 2 mn SF Ge OR oo MO OM 5 M80 Me MS 3 a eke wt 5 13 $0 3d 8S Sa woke 0 oo a Se a Ome bit = Wawa 1 asgelcan (> 105) derete a pet o pak aloe coure ster «pak pak ail ent of 108 had ecure 2 Test speimen ete 74m (2.816 Ing meio presesed in Append A ‘SCoeahion pnt paid 46 KN/m? 2051/42), fim by 183 3018 Thsght sd wee compacted ght lager by ag tbe mei tap =] a [= 2. we [| Oe ben oe wa Deser [aso sept doen cien ak eta = z ve ite eS 4 i Na ° 5 Boe ta © x. is ~ ° nimon twat nr conto 1G, 3— Cyl nna none prsnt aecompoctin a ft lye for Monte No and Conctsone A specimen preparation procedure is presented In Appendix A that offers an improved method of preparing reconstituted sand specimens fr gle srengh texting. The method ead to mote onisent and repeatable test rests anda reducton in the fromber of uncertainties iaherent in presently aed procedures “This procedure termed th undercompacton procedure, (1) mit imines pamicle segregation, 2) can be used fer compacting most types of sands, which have a wide range In rlatve densities, and (Gp permits determination ofthe optima cle strength of 2 ier sund atu gen dry unit weight. Acknowledgment ortons ofthis investigetion were sponsored bythe Professional Derelopment Progeame of Woodward-clyde Consultants (WCC). ‘This suppor is acknowledged with appreciation. Special acknow!- ‘edgmeat is giren to P. Dutko of WCC who developed the peroent fndercompacton equations. Members of the eaff of WC who ‘made considerable contributions are, in, patcuar, K. Hau, HUM. Hor, Y. Kim, and JH. Wilson. Special thanks ae also due to D. Kouisoftas of Dames and Moore, ML. Siler of the University of Minas at Chicago Citele, and D. J. Leary of Lan- fan Engineering Asocates for thei reviews of and comments on this paper APPENDIX A_RECONSTITUTED SPECIMEN PREPARATION PROCEDURE FOR COARSE-GRAINED SOILS [A procedure is presented below for preparing coarse-grained specimens for dynamic cyclic testing or static tial testing, "The procedure (1) produces specimens that have 2 relatively vnlform sires reponse, (2) minimizes the tendeney for aril epregation, and (3) can be used to compact mest pee ‘of coaregrtned sl, with relative dency ranging between very lose and very dense. AltRough the procedare his been developed forthe preparation of cohesion est specimens, the ‘concept presented can be applied #0 the preparson of many dierent material yp for various ypes of tess. ‘Specimens canbe prepared either by staching split mold to the boom pedestal Othe teal cell (oteraal” st meld), as shown in Fig, 6, oF in spit meld which i separate from the {Wana cll Cortes?” soit mold), as shown in Fa. 7. A soit ‘mold le required since ciminates many of the probleme sess ated with the extrusion of the compacted specimen from a ron Split mold. Mest specimens, especially those containing fines, ‘ompacied in an external epiit mold at relative denies above bout 50%, wll hare sufficient strength as a reslt oF capillary force so tha they may be set up in the taxi cell withoot sig nificant change in their fabric, However, extreme care is required fn tanaerring specimens to avoid dicurbing the specimen, Procedare 4, Adjust the water content of the alr-dred material so that ‘hat inital degree of saturation ofthe compacted material wil be Detween 20 and 0%. Oven-drying of the material I 20t recom amended. The lover the pereentage of fines in the material, the Tower the degree of tturation required. A degree of stration areater than 70% can be woed if water doesnot bleed from the ‘Specimen during compaction. The material should be mixed wih Water about 16h before use, 2, Determine the average water content ofthe prepared mate: ‘al using a misimur of two determinations. ‘3. Assemble and check all the necessary equipment 10 be ‘ued in preparing the tet specimen, Determine the inside di- fmeter and the height ofthe mold Yo within 0.02 mm (0.001 [GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL TR meine at TR 1G, Aad an mao of Mt H.C tn.) and caleatate the volume based on these measurements. If Interval split mold is used, corect the diameter measurement for the aveage thickness ofthe rubber membra “4 Select the nmber of layers to be ase in the preparation of the specimen. The maxioem thickness ofthe layers should not ‘exceed 75 mim (Lin. for specenens having diameters less than 102. (4n.}, Typically, he requited uber of ayers increases asthe requiced dey unit weight increases, Layers having & thick: ‘sf about 12 mn (4 in.) are recommended. 'S. Determine the total wet weight Of material required for sample preparation: Wray et 0) x Vn 6, Determine the mit weight of material required for etch ayer: We = Wan 7. For the first layer to be compacted, sclect a vale of Uy “Typical, this value ranges between zero forthe preparation of dense sposimens 10 about 19% forthe preparation of very lore specie. For the preparation of vory dense species, It has boon found that negative values are sometimes required. Each subsequent layer receives a lester percentage of undercompaction, ‘conforming to the relaioship shown ia Fg "The coetect (optimum) vale of percent undercompacion may be determined experimentally by oe of the flowing methods: ‘4 Ras series of cycle taal strength tests with the same fective contolidation sre and applied stress ratio, but with ferent Uy values (0 determine the optimus vale (se Fg 8). '. Obuarve the behsvior of the specimen daring eye load. lng, Exoesive necking or bulging in'a layer or layers, ether at [LADD ON SPECIMEN PREPARATION USING UNDERCOMPACTION a 8 © Peete conpstoh ; smear 2 ow | z & 2 os 5 trrenins Clete Eom : 2 oO oa ea NORMALIZED NUNBER OF CYCLES, NIN =N/N Cap 10% FIG. S-Warmalnd peakiosuck rain vera normalised amber of eee ease Torn Guide Aseby [7 oO mi Cl Memorane Protection Colle Auber Membrane cancion rot ‘Bees ~~ Sp | —__— vacuu Aoind Porous Stine ———_| Spit Mola fj o-Ring p pe” es Testa Cal a” e Draicage Line FIG. 6—Splt compaction mold attacked iat cl (“internal spt mold), & utes a — Tang i Aety (GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL ere a eg ne Hsore moe sac Beeemenis oto Pre Stone seer 7H yaaa 2 _5VETEN Pmion To COMPACTION oo svsrew DURING coMencrioN. wae Z A SYSTEM FOR COMPACTION OF FEVAL LAYER 1G, 7st pi competion mal the top ora the batom cf the specimen, indicates a specimen an ineppeoprinte vale of Ua ‘Observe the fabric ofthe specimen. A honeycomb src: a either the top of the botoneof the specimen indicates ‘Inappropriate vale of Ua. - Measure the dry unit weight of the poepard test speci ‘en as fet ofits height. A diy anit weight no uniform ‘Ith eight edeates a nappeopite Ylue of Uy 8 Caleuate the regnied Height of the specimen x the top of eh eer: IG. 8 Bayctedtionahip Between senth der and percent amderompactnn oy 9. Weigh the amount of material required for the lye, a5 Aetemined in Step §, snd place it into = coed container IF ‘ach lnyerruives a weight greater than about 8g, ts wally ‘ser 1 weigh the amount of material requires fr each layer {nd place nto small closed containers. sa pace mo sma Cosco comune 10. Ajit the reference cola on the tamping red to obtala the proper fy» Weigh, if you have not already dove so, the amount of material required forthe ayer, and place i into the ‘old. During weighing, care must be taken to lose as litle moisture as possible, Using the tamping rod, guided by the tamping guide assembly, compact the surface of the rteril (afer it has been leveled) na cicular pattern starting at th periphery of the meld and working toward the center ofthe meld Intaly, 2 Iight ramping force should be used to distibute and seat the material uniformly inthe mold. The force should then be gradually Increased ent the reference colar uniformly hits the top ofthe tamping rod guide arsembly. For the lst few cov- rages, it may be necessary fo hit the tamping rod with a rubber ‘ale in order to compact the materia oto & dente sate, Next, ‘carfy the compacted surface to x depth equal o about oneterth ofthe thins ofthe lager IT, Repeat Stops 9 (if eguted) and 10 uni she ast layer isin pce, During the compaction of the lst layer, the taming rod ‘hoald be used entil the surface of the compacted material is bout 04 mam (i. higher than required. Then, for specimens prepared in an exteraal split roid, plate the spacer disk a+ embly into postion and tightly strike i with a rabber mallet ‘until iis seated; see Pg. 7. For specimens prepared wilh the Internal spit mold, place the top cap and che porous stone

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