FORM TP 2013177

qb. TEST CODE O2I2OO2O

MAY/JUNE 2OI3

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION@
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
EcoLocY, HUMAN POPULATION AND NATURAL REsoURcEs
UNITI-Paper02
2 hours 30 minutes

07 MAY 2013 (p.m.)

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

l. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

3. Candidates MUST answer ALL questions.

4. Write your answers in the answer booklet provided.

5. The use ofa silent, non-programmable, scientific calculator is permitted.

-
I
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
-
I
E
Copyright @ 201I Caribbean Examinations Council
I
All rights reserved.
I
 -2-

MODULE I
Answer BOTH questions.

1. (a) Figure I is a representation of the nitrogen cyole.

Lightning

Ammonium

Figure 1. The nitrogen cYcle

(i) Name the tYPes of ia that allow Processes I, II and III to occur.

[3 marksl.

by which human beings may alter the nitrogen

cycle'
(ii) Explain THREE
[6 marksl
on nitrogen fertilizers
(iii) Afarmer was adv that he could reduce the amount of money spent
if he practised i rppingwithlegumesregular|y.Justifytheadvicegiventothefarmer.
[5 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PACE

02l20020lcAPE2013
 -3-
(b) Table I below shows the results of an ecological study to determine the diversity of insects
in three ecosystems, A, B and C.

TABLE l: RESULTS OF'ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF INSECTS

IN THREE ECOSYSTEMS

Number of Insects in Each Ecosystem

Species of Insects Ecosystem A Ecosystem B Ecosystem C
Grasshoppers 50 30 45
Wasps 35 J 44
Pond flies 18 l9 23
Beetles 70 63 55
Species diversity 3.39 2.55

(i) The species diversity for Ecosystem A and Ecosystem B are given in Table
l. Calculate
the species diversity for Ecosystem c using the equation below.

zr n(n-t, [3 marksl
(ii) Which of the three ecosystems is likely to better withstand ecological disturbance? Give
oNE reason for your answer.
marksl
13

Total20 marks
_

-:+

GO ON TO THE NEXT PACE

02r20020tcAPE 2013
 -4-

2. (a) Outline the role of natural selection in the evolution and adaptation of a species.
[3 marks]

(b) Figure 2 shows the percentage impaotofdifferent human activities on an aquatic ecosystem
u tepestrial ecosystem. The impact is measured by the decline in the number of
"nl
organisms.

l00%o
p Fertilizer use
90o/"
80o/o ffi Pesticide use

70o/o
fiilllll Recreational activities
Impact 600/o
on
ecosystem
50% ffi suw"g" disposal

40o/o

30Vo
2lo/o
l0o/o
00/.o

Aquatic EcosYstem Terrestrial EcosYstem

Tlpe of EcosYstem

on an aquatic and a terrestrial ecosystem

Figure 2. Percentage impact of human activities

(i) State

activities together have the

(ii) using values from Figure 2, show which two anthropogenic
HIGHEST impact on-the terrestrial ecosystem'
[2 marksl

ecosystems should NoT be encouraged'

(iii) Explain why the discharge of sewage into aquatic marksl [6

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02r20020lcAPE2013
 -5-
(c) Figure 3 shows the relationship between the change in the number of fish and the change
in pH in an aquatic ecosystem.

q
IE
o
lr
o
ffi=

ffi*%
E 100 fish
E
z=
D#
6 €
pH scale 9tl
Figure 3. Relationship between the change in the number of fish and the change pH
in
Give an explanation for the distribution pattern of fish shown in Figure 3. [6 marksl
Total20 marks

MODULE 2

Answer BOTH questions.

.--
3' (a) Distinguish between Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index
(cDI). [4 marksl
(b) Explain how EACH of the following factors may affect human population density.

(i) Climate

(ii) Economy [6 marksl

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02l20020tcAPE 2013
 -6-
(c) Table 2 shows the percentage of people residing in urban areas in three countries.

TABLE 2: PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE RESIDING IN URBAN

AREAS OF THREE COUNTRIES FROM 1960 _ 2OOO

Country 1960 1980 2000

o/o %
%
A 24 35 55
B 58 65 75
C 72 70 75

(i) Desoribe the trend of urbanisation for each country as shown by the data in
Table2. [3 marksl

(ii) The total population of country B in 1980 was 7.5 million. calculate the number
ofpeoplefromCountryBwho|ivedinrura|areasin1980.[3marks|
urbanization'
(d) The pictures below depict environmental issues associated with

(i) Identify Two environmental impacts depicted in the

pictures' [2 marksl

in (d(i) mav be
(ii) Explain oNE way by which oNE of the impacts identified
mitigated. [2 marksl

Total20 marks
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
02120020/C.APE2013
 -7 -

4. Figure 4 shows the total fertility rates for women in a country, who are educated at different levels.

Total 2
Fertility
Rate 1.5

0.5

0
PrimarySchool Secondary University University University
School (2 years) (4 years) (6 years)

Level ofeducation

Figure 4. Total fertility rates for women by education levels

(a) State FOUR deductions that can be made from the graph about the relationship between
' total fertility rate and the levelof education of women. [4 marks]

Suggest TWO reasons that can explain the relationship between total fertility rate and the

(c) Explain how an increase in the fertility rate may affect the country's ability to use its
natural resources in a sustainable manner. [6 marksl

(d) Table 3 shows data on the per capita waste production in two countries, A and B.

TABLE 3: PER CAPITA WASTE PRODUCTION

Country Populatibn Size (millions) Per Capita Municipal Waste

Production (tonnes)
A 8.1 2.1
B 68.s 0.2

(i) Define 'per capita waste production'. [2 marksl

(ii) In which country, A or B, does waste production have a greater impact on the
environment. Support your answer, giving THREE reasons. [4 marksl

Total20 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02120020/C'APE 2013
 -8.;

MODULE 3

Answer BOTH questions

5. (a) The policies of a country's government can significantly affect the use of natural resources
by citizens. One such policy is the use of tax incentives. In 1978, CountryA implemented
a pof icy that allowed a l00Yo tax refund on the cost of purchasing and installing a solar
water heating system. With reference to the data provided in Figure 5, answer the questions
that follow.

3000

2500
u,
h
o
C!
tU
2000
L
()
Clt

t
'
6t 1500
o
aa

o
L
€6' r000
E
z=
s00

1978 1982

Year

country A from 1974 to lyvu

Figure 5:. Number of solar water heaters sold in Country 1990

(i) Describe how a tax incentive works to manage the use of a natural resource.
[3 marksl

(ii) What was the average annual increase in solar water heaters for the
first five years
after the tax incentive policy was introduced? [3 marksl

(iiD Evaluate the effectiveness of the tax incentive for changing the behaviour
of
Country A's citizens with respect to the use of a natural resource' Use the actual
values irom Figure 5 to support your response. [6 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02120020/C.APE2013
 -9-
(b) A student wrote an examination in Environmental
INcoRREcr answers to a number ofquestions Scienc_e and gave the folowing
the co*ect answer and exprain
p;;;;
on ttr" For EACH question, provide
*r,v irJ. giuen response is incorrecr.

(i) what is the differenie between a renewabre

,:ffi:::T, and an inexhaustibre

Answer: There is no difference between

these terms, they are the same thing.

[4 marksf
(ii) how technologicat factors can affect
,?:E:tt#;"Explain naturar resource use in

Answer: Technological factors do

affect natural resource use in the
exampre, issues such as popuration caribbean. For
growth can have a big impact.
As popurations
increase, they requireror ru* materiars for housing, etc., and so
wit be used up to satisfy the growing popuration. more resources
[4 marksl

Total20 marks

6. (a) A student was overheard making

the foilowing statement:

"I dont understand why our.teacher

says that^the- Iandscape is
a naturar resottrce. you
:tr:":i:;"f:;i:3:",or make *i,ni,i,"t of a beach. iAil think that our teacher is

Present TWO arguments in

of the
:mand$l-_-
(b) Using an example, explain what
is meant by the 'non-consumptive'
resource. use of a natural
[3 marksl
(c) Give TWO reasons for the rmpoftance
of ONE named natural resource to a
Caribbean country. named
[6 marks]

02120020/0APE 20t3 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

 -10-

information on the forest cover

of a
(d) Table 4 below Prov
1990 To 200s
TABLE4: LAND UNDER FOREST COVER

forest cover? Show ALL

(i) Which fi period saw the greatest decline
[4 marksl
working'

Dercentage of the countrY

(ii) Given that country has atotat areaof
512'800 ha' ' 11 markl
waS under cover in 2005?

about the of loss of forest cover, and

(iii) An l in the oountry is concerned
they beli ,fr",,tt" government sh1Yl9-!']rom::- support the oPinion of the
ah" JountrY. Cive TWO
reasons
more il [2 marks]
eco-group'
Total20 marks

ON THIS TEST.
Is CALLED, CHECKYOUR
TFYOU F'INISH BET'ORD

ozrzoo2olcAPE 20l3