PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 AUTHOR: WO. KLOPP 10s Lost GENERAL Xa bas been widely asd in gs bins sc {euotuction inte 1940, primary in stor vane sppliatins. It as god oxidation resistance, thermal Shock restnce, and faigue Ie. X40 derives is high tempera sengh from cluion suengheing by tungsten and aio trom cate precpitsion Which occas daring service Alough nomally sed Inve vesmecist cond, a sluon heat Trestment is sometimes necessary for Dick easing 10 tevelop optimum sen, thas por Bt fabncbly. XD is wef for high ses ppliabons upto abou 1300 F and for moderte fires aplication up 10 about 2100 F. 1X45 ina redued-arton modifistion of X40. The lower carn coment improves weldsiiy and reduces inservice carte aging. The creep-rupure sareng of Ki ess han tat of X40, “Mecharal properties can be improved by heat treatment Xo, ke X-40, i primarily ted for gs turbine stor vane appease. In he following seeions, X40 and X45 ae dscused togeter. The reader shoul nts tat hse properoes dependent primanly on mor alloying ‘Consens, suchas oxida behavior, are simar for the eo alloys. However, approprisi ‘onsderation shouldbe given w We fact that X-45 fas lower inherent strength a X-40 when conseing ecanical properties such a esl, ‘seep mie, and fesgue ‘Commercial Designation 40, 45. Alternate Designation Haynes Slite No. 31 (40). Specifications Specfetins, Table 1.03, ‘Compton ‘Comporon, Table 1.08 Heat Treatment 40 is normaly vse inte asst conn, though aging teseents are beneficial, parley fa ick secuon, in increasing igh vemperare Strength, X-0 fa austen ce alloy, soon ‘Srengibeed by chromium aad rngsten ans and precipi arengtened by mised MC, carbides. Ib the eat contin, he carbides exhibit a bimodal dtribuion, existing both a coarse intergranui paris and a fine inerendrie particles. The nase intergranar pals increase segth by {ating intergranulr siding, whale the Ge panicles tvenghen by pinning dsecatons. bough he MysCecabie is rately stable, some Soluioning and repreipation occurs during service co) ‘Varios sition and aging eat eatmets have been crake for heir effes 0 mechani! propertes, ‘The eles of some of ese eaten on pie Ite ae shown later in Figure 3.087. Here, sow 1.082 107 von on 108 ost NONFERROUS ALLOYS co cocling $0 1700 F afer sluionansating a 230 F (realy overages the structure, resalting ina decrease Co [1500 F pce fe, Sovionanceaing at 2230F 25 Cr ‘lowed by entended aging t 1380 or 1870 F 10 Wi produces fine MyCy preciiate with concurrent S58 Irprovement in rte fe ove the cast and he ‘it plus soln ane contions (10). Aging fF ‘0 bors at 1325 F from he cast condion XA4O/K45 Sica improves te high ecperaue tensile Sceagh wth dctiydeeresed bat reaning ot an secepnble level (1). Avhough #0 sndard beat weamest hs Been oped for X40, te apng or solution ence [ior apne eamems decribed above can be win 2s [Blstelines where improved more enflrm (i the {ue of thick section) srengm properias ae ‘esi. aS i nomaly wed in he soletion ane and Aged codon, Tis Ret wextment, combined with ‘Re Lowe carbon cotet of XS, allows eld repair ‘reldbliy Two snr est weaunens have ben Ireommendes, as fellows (a) Sohn anal for 4 hore #2325 F and age for 2 houe at 170 F (10) (2 Sohwlonamea foe $ hours at 2100 F, furnace ool 1800 F, bold 4 hours, aad furace ool to below 1000 F (12), ‘These heat teams provide srengihcompanble to te cast conlon bit wth improves duality. X48 is weaker tun XA) ip be equalen merourscur ‘ondon snes of lower erbon coset (1) Hardness ora ecovery hardness ofa cas alloy, Figure 1061 Forms and Conditions Availabe Tevesuent casings ae avalable i he aca or i ‘aioas ape codons. ‘Cast odin sight lags, 1/16 co 3c ‘dame, x wale for welding. Mating and Casting Practice Santé practice ines vacuum induction meling Tolowed by vatumn are reeling an investment easing ‘The looong remelting (ESR) process has ber rated for X48. In comparison wi vacou ae femeled (VAR) mater, o refinement in Composition was sated for ESR, with posible ‘cepin of phosphorus and slfr comets. The fei popes up t0 1900 F inde no srength vanage of ESR over VAR, 15 shown Ine in Figure 3.0313 Directo! slifcaton (DS) of X-40 hs ben foaled on a experimen basis. A carked Tnprovemen in mechanea properits is oberved. In paula, DS X40 is sppenimately 25 percent ERronge in creep rope and as improved creep (icity and ermal sbockressaace as compared 10 ica counerpa [EODE 4305] Page 1co Co 25 Cr 10 Ni 7.5 W X40/X-45, CODE 4305) Page 2 NONFERROUS ALLOYS Dirtoe! slinion of X40, MAR-M.S0®, snd ‘WIS? hasbeen sued by Vandermouse eal (13) and by Lamberighs et a. (8). The reat struces were denérie columnar, with prefered {OW decdon ofthe pe. The ierostuctr of as Sled X40 cone of stat pas x eutectic coining MyC, ebromiam ‘abies. Small rods or eur aggregaes of CriCy were also pesea. Extensive weconday precipiaon of Ma, cooued ering teling at 1800 F. Although directional sliieation hs lie effect on the tent properties of X40 Table 3.0318), she ‘creepropoe seengts and duces are markedly Improved as compare ote equine ext materia) (Cable 30811). The improved erep-apere lid interface to he coting rate (GIR aio) ineesed to alow celular pan fom growth Insead of dendrie growth, Plane font sification shoul llow a DS eae scr (3). McLean (15) has estimated the inom eral GR ro for ase rot solficaton of X40 as 200 Flin. ‘otsidembly higher han Ge maximum G/R rao of 49 achieved in he week of Vandermousen ea roy Rheccasing and hsccasing of X-40 have been said fy extensively. Mecha properties of ‘heats rthtoos mater canapproiaute or spprenc thos of evenly cast X-40, The lncetve for his wor se poeta for mare economic production trough sear net shige casting td longer ie hfe an sehieeable with conventional invesment ann. ‘The coneps of seocating and ixocaing were developed tt MIT in 1971, Rheocasting consis ‘semly of heating an alloy to berween the slut sd lieiestemperanres, aging rapidly, and esr feeding te relat low-visosiy lamy (ith sous tracionsapproimating 0.5) ato cok ‘de, The process canbe accompli on 2 continuous tis, Agiaton in be paral moten Sat fo break up de denis ease he viscsiy t decease sharply and isan important characteris of ‘he proces. In itocaing, he roost ingot is allowed wo soli completly, then ebested above the talus egeraue to he desired “sft” and de cast ula 4 ram fend srr to rescuing. Both reac nd those materi ve a unique rmcostoctur, ste he dedi are broken up ‘ising theostng. These suctures cont of 109 vom 1.053 1.098 201 20 2om PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 ‘Primary spheroidal grains in avery fine secondary Gendee matie. The primary solid pile size ocreass wih creating cooling mea the melt Paralysis prior to casing. The primary tie seis sma o that of primary dnd tam spacings inconvesonal castings sled st simula rtes, as shown in Figure 10841 ‘Te fine cenie mais of shea and thnocast 1X40 provides similar tence yield engin Wat of ‘conventionally cast material. However, the ulinate ‘sreaghs und duties re lower forthe rheocast, and hinocast materials, as shown nr in Figure 3.0314. Tee deficiencies are anette 10 ‘mcrosouctra ferences ad othe die design employed, which allowed entrapped porosity inthe ‘eas snd hxocat material Compresive yield ‘areas we higher for theocat K-40 han for he ‘conventional cast alloy ia two eat treated ‘condition, as showa late in Figure 3.031. The fe ‘merosrucure of teorat and thixoastX-40 contbues 1 moderately shorter creeropiure lives 81 1450 F as compared to conventionally ca allay ‘ven afer ho sontac pressing 1 cos eter porosity, as chown in Figure 3.0610. High cyte Tague belavor iso deficient for execs plas IP al, as shown in Figure 3.05110. Aho) theocasing and hiocating, a applied to superalloys suchas X-40, poss potential economic ‘advange, aadiionl development work required in order demosseae mechanical properties ‘eulvaleat or speror to those of he conventionally cast alley. Varia in dendrite arm spacings (DAS) ia conventionally cast, and variation of primary solid Tact size in continuously produced sly of X-40 ith average cooing rate during soliton, Figure 1.084, Protective coatings are rose for high tempersire service under oxidizing or erosive conditions. (See ‘Sections 2.031 and 2.032) ‘Low supeteat dering casing can price sll rin size and couious rain boundary carbides hich are cereal to tigue ie (Sce Serion 3.015) “Temporary high tempermure excursions ca roe creprroptur life as compared 10 iotbermal aptare ie a piven temperature. (So Seton 3.048 ) ‘Repair welibiy of K-4D is por. X-45 bas Improved welasblity because of ts lower cabo ‘The hot fried of X-40 bs por. (See Section 401) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND [ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ‘Toermal Properties Meting range, Table 2.011 gui volume fracon of primary sais ater etree rehire, Fae omPRINTED: row zor 2013 2018 2015 2016 20 ao 20 2021 200 20m 2s 29 200 201 20312 20013 rosie 2081s 20316 DECEMBER 1985 Phase changes Tine emperanrewssforaton digrans “Theal concavity, Figue 2.013 “Thermal expansoa, Figure 2.014 speci ext 0.0881 BF. Thermal tsi. (nber Physica Propertios Densiy. 0031 Ibn, 61 lem? 2), lela! properties. ‘levicalressiviy, Figure 2.0221, Magoeis properties Emivance, Figue 2.0%, Dasring cape. (Chemin! Environments Oxon. ‘The onion beavoe of X40 in sll a, shown i Figure 2.0312, i hetergenenes and exhibits brief periods of parti Debavor at 1600 co 2000 F. Dries formed incade Cr,03 ad COCO. CCausrophieexitaton of X-0 occurs at 2200 F aot shown) with he formation of «losing point seal containing COWO,, COO, end COCIO,, Sich Tehvior,of cours, prides the se of bare XO 2000 Fad higher ‘eatin weight ganas» function of time for X40 fn lero 100 to 200 F Figure 2.0812. ‘Ta oxidation behavior of X45 relative vo other cali tae alloys is shown in Figure 2.0316. ‘dough shelters camot be dedced from the un because ofthe nosandardaed acre of the {et he relive oxidation ressaace of the varius ‘Moye i realy apparent. Bare X45 has fir imermedite oéalon ressance at 1600 to 2000 F {compared with oer cbalctase alloys, The lower ‘uaaionresiance of X45 elaive to FSX-4L4 and FFSX-410 i atte toe lower ehomium content (of XAS QS percent vers 30 perce). Tungsten is ‘paren innocsous in X-5 1 iemmedite ‘enperantes bt deleterious a high emperaares. Marimum oxide pensation a «function of ‘eapasrekies vp 1 10,000 hous for X-45 and five ‘ther eobalte alloy in nar gas combustion ‘imoepere at 1600, 1800, and 2000 F, Figure 2st Coal loys sich as X40 and X45 ave generally ‘Saeceiad by inferior igh trperture xian ‘esstnce (et suprioe hat corrosion esitance) ‘hve te gamma prime roonghene wicks ase ‘loys. The difference in oxatlon behavior ‘own in Figure 20316, where s000-hour dala ae compared for bath types of aoys. The wo cobalt loys, NS and MAR-M-SO, form sales oniing of CoCr.Oy, which ar ess protective than ‘be ined almanac scale wc forms on Rene 7 Udimet 500 has higher chromium comeat ard Tower aluninum conten aa Reae 77 he oxidation esstance of ti allo is iermediat ota of Rene Fr and ne evo cobalt alloys ‘Maxime oxide penerton in $000 boors at 1600 2000 F in sural ge conttion amosphere fr ‘elected cobalt snd mk! alloys, Figure 2.06 2007 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co Protective costings are required 10 extend the sevice co. life of X40 et fgh tmperanses under oxdicng ondiions sch 3 howe eneouteed insert gas | 25 Cr turbine rae applications, Ths coags, ypicaly | 10 Ni 1p 3 mis tek on coba alloys, re commenly | 7.5 wy ‘Sorinie tae, with modifying elements such a8 Yum, chomizm, andlor seo aed to eet X40/X-45 ‘Sonal improvements in resistance 1 ‘bot crroson. Aplicaon methods vary with ‘tng composition. Pack cementation is sory ‘employed for simple mini cogs. Ober proeses sch as electrophoretic epson, sry ‘iting fllowed by sintering, plasma vapor ‘epotion, and spanering ae capable of coting wit tore compler, controled compostins, Coating ‘aberonc, deny, thickness eniformity on complex Shaper, and oon of application, bug with protec tiveness and effects on mechanical popes, are factors which rust be considered is selection of cating compoions end rod of appicaos, ‘Weight change bebavir during bummer rg expose 185 to 2080 F for to alums costings on 2X40 is shown in Figure 2.0818 Bath coatings ‘once primal af CoA saved with hrriam tnd tanga from he subate aloy. Meualographic ‘raminaon of te casings inated rejoin of Mass eathides atte costing intetace, bat tne lea presence of is plas had wo appasent. ‘eect on erating protectveness or on mechani ‘ropes ofthe coated silo. Bot couings in Figue 20318 were din, 14 19 1.6 mus, a ‘compared to 3 to 5 mir frsinaalyapplicd ‘atngsonickeL tae alloys, bo Oe ives dig ‘oniaonfersion sing were comparable at 1845 F {or both coal end nck alloys ‘At 2050 F, X-0 and WES? hod moderately shorter lives thn be aluminide costed tickle ays 1TN-100 and B190D, Fares of slumiide-comed 2-40 occured by local consumption ofthe COAl Pace by oxidation at the boc wang edge ofthe imal afi specimens. Spalingoccrred ly toa minor depres and was not a map factor in Coating flue. Te differences in prowcivenes betwen he "and “comings in Figre 2.0318 Underscore the fact tat undeecledifereess, probably in cating application procedures andor ‘ior coring aves, can siguieand infence Gonting protetventn, Coming fe (ind here as 2 20 mg los a specinen weigh) i shown as 2 funcoe of temperature i Figure 2.0319 and anges from seven bundred Rous at 200 F to seven ‘hound ours a 150 F. Weight chang data fom «second progam are ‘own in Figure 2.09110. Here, daa at 2073 F for two peck ceenaton coatings ae compared wih ia for unseated, The cong Les appear to be ‘omprsbie to the sluminie contigs deus above (Gonpure Figure 2.3110 and 20319). Comparison of the weit change dita for coud X-40 with tow for acne XO sates he lgnicat servic lie ‘extension provided by prseive costings ‘The prteiveness of elect beam plasma vapor posite (PVD) an reaction sintered (RS) comings {3 compared win dat of CODEP B aluninide [CODE 4305) Page 3Co 28 Cr 10 Ni 75 W X40/%-45 20818 2.009 203110 osu 20m 208113 200 2omt [CODE 4305 Page 4 NONFERROUS ALLOYS. ‘coaing st 2100 F in Figure 2.03111. Te reaeion ‘Seed cooing cons of a porous biagoe of CCONICEY apps by sary spay oF etrophorete seposion whichis bseqendy pack aluminized. In the ease of X40, the fal rating wat porous, resultag inshore ife han oberved for PVD of CCODEP costings. Addioel dita on Rene 125 nicl lly showed that 4 ease RS cong provide snr protein as he ‘PVD couing, iniaing goo potential for he less expensive RS coating The coating ives indicate in Figure 2.0111 ae sar oor sigh pester han thos indcated ty the water band in Figue 2.0319 The effets of these coatings on short neigh temperature tensile popes ae mininul,e showe tae in Figure 3.0918. Figures 3.0820 and 3.0519, Ahura erep properties and low eyele fig properties of cut X40, unforamatey witht benefit of comparison wo uncoated lloy sim tested. The duly of RS CANICEAIY coting X40 i ow (for most protetveintemetlc coniegs) but increases with eresing emperaie 2 shown in Figue 3.039. ‘Weight change a «fncon of exposure tne for X40 oad wih two propriearyslominde costings, Figure 20318. (4) maxi temperate 184 F, (©) maximum wengerane 1980 Fy ant (6) maxima, temperaure 2050 F.) Coming fea 3 fection of maximum expoure temperate for X-40 coed with tao proprietary alinie coutgs, Figure 20319. ‘Weight change os «faction of exposure tie at 2075 F for unc X40 and fr K-40 preted ‘it vo diferent ecaings, Figure 2.03110, Weight change as 2 function of expose time at 2100 F for X40 costed wih de fre coatings, Figure 2.03111. The oxidation resisance of X-0can be improved by Alloying with soo andor serum. The effec of ‘ew nitions onthe parable oxkaton weigh gain ‘aes a 1930 Fare shown in Figure 2.03113. “Te oxdton rte ofthe motif alloys ave as seach at 75 percent lower an tse of anode X40, Unfouratly, sles foming co te sieon ‘moti alloys ae very sscepalet spalling 28+ fest of temperate changes The slcam-madied ‘Mloys ae also very bine aad probably could nt witsand mechanical sees wid operas turbines. Aldowph nomial yam aon of 0.2 percet improve the oxdaion resistance of X-40, ‘hema analyses ndcaed yim retentions of less ‘han 0.01 percent, Effects of silicon and yun on oxidation rte of X40 at 1630 , Figure 2.0313, ‘The ht eoronon resistance of X45 sod X40 at compared to coer cobalrbase alloys is shown in Figures 2.0322 and 2.0323, repecuvly.aldauph dese ro se of ta were ctined in ferent lores rigs with ferent uel slr levels and Aitferent metbods of sl addon, te simi ‘servations of ¢t 5 mile maxima penewation for a0, Kea, and MARUM. 00 a 1600 Fives, 20822 roms nome 20m 2006 20307 20m PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985, ‘confidence that the resue are test roughly comparable. X-0 and XA5 a mo as corrosion ‘essen 25 FSX-4L¢ and FSX-418 (Figure 2.0322) bet ae euch sper to LS and WIS? (Figure 20128) Aralogoas to oxidation behavior, the bot eoreion ‘superiony of FSX-414 and FSX-418 as compared to X45 is abet to their higher ehvomiue content (U-1S percent W) ae apparently deleterious tothe hot comosion resistance ef L605 and WLS, In entra 10 te belavor of eal loys at 1600 F (Figure 2.0522, a ypc intermediate chromiom- level (13 percent sickle aly such a8 Udine 700 sufers as mach as 30 ls penton per sie under sini expomoe condos (€aa oot give). Relative bot corsion resiaanee of KS td five ter eo bas alloys in borne ig at 1600 F, Figure 20322 Relave hot corrosion resizane of X40 and five cher cobalt ase alloy in bre Hg at 1600 0 1000 F, Figure 20323, The ffs of varying for leven the fel oo bot xe_| 2 STABLE 2011, MELTING RANGE “4 - a0 X40, tnveximant Can | r ‘N\ | 80 \ r 8 Too Roo Tenoereu,F 20] FIGURE 2013. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY a0 288 600 FIGURE 20111, EQUILigRIUM VOLUME FRACTION OF CAD, en outs finer arma PRIMARY SOLID AFTER ONE HOUR *capumian Prom Rom Temperature to Fewetnavunts a) Fmperonre ened 2 ‘ea 2, & wT ampere, F LOURE 2.014, THERMAL EXPANSION (CODE 4305 Page 12PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co X40, As Cost T x40, he Cost a — as = } 1164 F X40/K-45 {J 0 i 1 i i Fo 3 # ce NY 3 o 008 Ta00 16002000 “200 a8 10 oF Tomer Mle, rans GURE 20221, ELECTRIC REBTIVITY 28) FIGURE 2008 EMITTANCE (8) ~——— I 7 19 BE 4 bE 4 ar 4 = z 0 500 1880 a 4 Goo r 700 4 00 ¢ po oor i 105 1006 75;000 FIGURE 20312, OXIDATION WEIGHT GAIN AS A FUNCTION OF TIME POR xs0IN STILL AIR AT 4600 TO 2000 F (So) (CODE 4305 Page 13,NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 Co 25 Cr 10 Ni 75 W 1600 F 1800F 2000 F KGS Specimens Orscibad “Gad Prac Snag” Al Fuel Minwres Varied From 70°1 ¢ 1000 F t080°1 at 2000 F, Gea Velocity 70 foe, ‘Tharmaly Cycle Every 50 to Simulate Turbine Shatdowne, Utes Represent Hundreds of tnddual Fete S86 X-40/X-45 [CODE 4305 Page 14 ‘Maximum Oxide Ponetetion, mils x5 ‘ fant.) sar Fax sid MARMs08, 77. on Manan, 1 Texto} Le Fexaie : _U rt r ot r X Expoaure Time, br FIGURE 20514, MAXIMUM OXIDE PENETRATION AS A FUNCTION OF EXPOSURE TIMES UP TO 10,000 HOURS FOR K-45 ANO FIVE OTHER COBALT-GASE ALLOYS IN NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION ATMOSPHERE AT "600, 1800, AND 2000 F (38) X45 (Go Figure 2.0914 for Tes! Dols) xs, 44 ‘Maximum Onids Penetration, mit ose > 7 7 Tac 7 500 FIGURE 20816. MAXIMUM OXIDE PENETRATION IN ‘S000 HOURS AT 3800.70 2000 FIN NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION ‘ATmosevene FOR SELECTED COBALT AND NIEKEL ALLOYS (26)PRINTED: coating Lite, hr co DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS » 7a A ono Sila Aiton She to Tana pow aot amet ee Sothern 26 Gr escent dma onset 28 Gr 20) ro 3 75 W le x04 :* i : é 8 4 3 i i 2d 1 : a a a ) 0 Sima teks “ime (e Maxina ene 148 F (Maxima Tone 180 F 0) Manu Tere 2060 figUne 2001. WEIOHT CHANGE ASA FUNCTION OF ExrosURE TIME Fan x40 USI GANS SGASIRETIN SK Sia commie Ya es Fe 205) or Toh Don 2000] | GQ of — \ p+ 1000} ai *. 00} 1s N 600} ‘\ 6] SN a + S. oF 0 = sing Avr 12 H a0, Imertpen Can And 24 eh 2 T i BL Benstion wo ag Ble TN & 2 A 4 Ei oe 5 ot = DAs Cast 0 a a es i fi = 2 ORD BOF 24507500 700 Teo T Hot lott Presing Tempera, Asia Tears FiGUAE 3.0211, EFFECT OF HOT IsoETATIC PRESSING FIGURE 3.0251, EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE ON SeurtRsrunt oN Roo SEMPeRa apadt Sracner Tone TeMnice PROPERTIES GF FombER METACLUREY 80 t=) CODE 4305) Page 19)co NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 8 to a Ga Ragas oT Ow Fok Bic os) sees ] 10 Nil g xaoKas $e if Nt g° 5” a ial Lad £1 al 30080027605 — 2500 ‘emperor, F FIGURE 3.0311. AVERAGE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF Gast xa0 FROM 70-70-1600 F (11) 2 90540, Al Gat and Aged 80 1925 Pana Coates, Averogn of Osta From 0 Sources 159) Fw Ultimate Strength Fu, ne ‘Vicks Sen 3 3 7 T6002 Temperate, F FIGURE 20012. AVERAGE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF NEAT TREATED X40 AT 7070 1600 FT CODE 4305. Page 20PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co 1504 ea ee co Few 25 Gr 100} 10 Ni ea 75 W 3s od xX X40/X-45 oz ¢ Note | é # § Electosog Remeted 8 Vecuumate Rometied x40, as cast 7 ave Strength, Fe, and "Yield Sanat Fy ee ug FIGURE 3.0919. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO. SLAG REMELTED AND OF VACUUM. ARC REMELTED X-45 AT 7070 ‘900 Fs2) Elongation, percent 9 a0 B00 12001605 Temperature, F FIGURE 3.0914, TENSILE PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE FOR X-40 PRO- BUGED BY RHEGCASTING AND. ‘TubcocasTING TECHNIQUES COM. FARO TO AVERAGE PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONALLY CAST 20 (3, 88) [CODE 4305) Page 21co NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 co 28 cr 10 Ni 72.5 W [ar xa Tame XAO/K45 TTensie | Yi Reduction Tex swength, | Stengtn, | Elongation, | in Area, Temperature, | soem) | “est a percent percent 70 Eguaced wr ss oF ie? dst) 1019 os 49 Bs 1470 Equixed 50 367 180 285 bse sa 312 209 233, (4) Directional solidified ¢ 11.8 inh. All DS data ae mean of to tests (8) All materia prepared from vacuum melted and cst ley. TABLE 3.0315. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF EQUIAXED AND DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDI FIED X40 AT 70 AND 1470 F (13) aT ‘Unimate Tense | View ‘Temperature, | Conslitason | Strength, | Suength, | Elongation, e Proce kg ist" | percent 70 Pac) 79 78 6 Gat 108 % 5 1400 PM ma | 403 % cat 0 = 0 1800 PM 202 120 1 Case 2» = 31 (0) Slip cast powder metaiangy. See Figure 3.0816 for fabrication ‘eseripton. Al PM data ae average of to tests TTABLE 3.0316, TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POWDER METALLURGY AND OF CAST X40 AT 70 TO 1800 F (24,47) (CODE 4305 Page 22PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985, NONFERROUS ALLOYS co 200} arate Yan ats Te men Reduevon Rat oF tT 25 Cr 00 eel 10 Ni 2 eo 78. W ‘a X0/X4S g 6 I 4 . | a i 5 '3 Oo AsEmruses Sg Beste Fists 90m — aera 2 : b= ' ‘Sony Bip crany 5 > Ss 2 i 7 Foe 8 Pam Tae a aE Tempera, E aol — rigune soar. rensernorenriesasaruyerion §— § |—— | — Betuapensronesomesmueo™ =| POWDER METALLURGY AND FOR 3 a Cage (25, 20.07 a) Temperature F FIGURE 2.0918, EFFECTS OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF KADAT For 2000 F (38,471 Ta, fs Cay, 0980 ah Tok Ton Ses wean Casi 9Spuemt soar erener tal Goring Casa Bs Sy owe f LZ NM 2 Strin to Crack Initiation, percent g ©2355 —T000 120014001600 Temperstre,F FIGURE 2.0219, STRAIN TOCRACK INITIATION AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE FOR X-aocoatep win aeactION SINTERED CoNttealY (18) CODE AIOE) Page 23co NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 w nd Waid Composant Tat] Um | Fa Reiveion 28 cr tompersve, | Suenge, | Stengd, | Conexion, | "inane, 10 Ni ‘A F ia ta” | “perme” | percent at 7 tir © 0 i 75 W 1470 6 40 cry 7 xaOK 1860 a 2 Ps » 10x45 1650 50 9 2 2B 1900 3 3 2 be Rav Taw 170 % @ 3 1300 ” se & ‘630 & rs > i = » 2 OTT ie = 3 ie aiozeoasa | i300 2 7 2 1650 & 6 3 1160 ra 38 2 cios oa e+ 0 105 co T Osraeoas | 1400 8 « 6 1s60 2 si ‘ 1630 % a * i ao | 3s 3 Rae 7 oF s 7 Osan | 470 “ » a 100 se a a 1650 2 x FA imo a a y (Too content of ming cement igen in weight percent. ©) Enimatd ae TABLE 3.03111, TENSILE PROPERTIES OF X40 AND MODIFIED X40-8ASE ALLOYS Arm TOIMOF GD 140, Canventunay Gt oy Rosoce Pus Woah 340, Invent Co ‘feama riers 20 109 : Phe te} — s2 BO Ascot 7 7 aS 2 | B88 Se ‘Nes 2 = a ' 3 | é techawr v & é Ax Zz 40 i ga 3 Te comensonaty Cox ma ape i ak | 8 Sepgronal ax Skin Ano i 20 eo Reaver and Aged 4 4 Fess Slton Anna on Ao Toone Ssurton Anns BhrT010F = ew Son tbo F 58 nm | i "360800 T3065 1605 —F500 Tenor, F Tempers F FIGURE 39221, COMPRESSIVE VIELD STRENGTH FOR _~FIGURE 3.0931. EFFECT OF EXPOSURE AND TEST TeM- SouvENTIONALLY EAST AND RHE” FEnavune on racy otaenens OF aera RETER Tw DiFrERENT SGAST ANG OLUTION TREATED Sehr Taearwenre (an eSnorrions CODE 4505 Page 24)PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co 100 eT) 00) xs < eo] 2 Gr 6 10 Ni = ° we Lae SW 1000 X-40/K-45 2% Ss 2 S ; i i i 5 a ; 4 z's] NN 2 15] + 10] 1000 hr ‘9 40 7600 77500 4\o00 1200 140016001800 Tempera F Tener. F ioune 2041, TYPICAL oREKPRUPTURE STRENGTH _IGURE 3.42. TYPICAL GREE AUPTURE STRENGTH FORA GHEBSEUG ats ETha Ponti nSoseT HBS Ets 140, Combinnd Das for Asan na Host] XA0, Combined Det or As Cart ae Heat Tn ae ise ic Ares a Sena ec a naga cag cor a 109 ; | eo] 100 + «| 20 too 2 ae rs : aa za = 2 fe 2 ar —T 7 | PES i t rm i * 20] 1600 F. So 8 L | \ a 700, 1% 7 T TE 7600 FGURE 3063, AVERAGECREEPSUPTURE PROTER. FIGURE S44, AVERAGE CREEP RUPTURE ETRENGTH SUSRASE cree Auras ane AARNE SPEC NSTTSE TT (CODE 4305) Page 25co NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1986 Co | 40, investment Car, As Cost | 1-40, AS Cast, Elongations Indicated in 2 Gr] yf i earner 10 Ni TET | reutseein ] I 75. 5 co eg) Deformation} re my X4OA5, hs oy 2°) E aoe 0 — : : 7 3 3 © 0 a 10 02 °l 1 1 1 0 " 100 x 51600 1800 ‘2200 Time.he Tengen, F FIGURE 2.045. TOTAL STRAIN CURVES AT 1500 AND Teor FIGURE 3.088. FLOW STRESS AS A FUNCTION OF TEM. PERATURE AT VARIOUS DEFORMA” ‘TION RATESIN ARGON FOR CAST a0 (a) 40, $0 percent Expectancy of Surviving Ind ted Lif at 30 ka an 1800 F cost cag Pus Sottion Annes 9¢ 2230 F: ‘iow Coat #0 1700 FA Coot [East Piue Staion Annealed 222250 F: Air Coates ‘Cast Pos Solution Anmaned 7230 Fr "aged SObr 1490 F Diy a 240, Sweaty State Rupeura Lite ot 1500 F ana tei 8 6B0 he or Shown, Cyclic Overempere: "ure Schedule Not Ropers § 8 § Rupture Lite, be g 881020 a0 BOBO IO HK Rupture Lite hr FIGURE 3.081. EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENTS ON RUPTURE LiFe OF xD AT a0KS) ‘AND 1500 F (10) [CODE 4305 Page 26 TS0O 160017051860 19602000 Overumperure, F FIGURE 3.048. EFFECTS OF CYCLIC OVERTEMPERA- ‘TURES on THe RUPTURE LiFe OF 2-DAY 1500 F AND 25 KSI (68),PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co XG, nvvtnent x, 1850 F Tor BOhowr 72g g Gar aire eae co epi’ Siete g00 wt abe oof. Cohn ENT adnan || 25. cr 10 Ni a | 7.5 W ‘f- 4 x407x-45 3 i co 4 i Le} Et (2 1 3 3 $ i Foal : 4 3 i Bl] ls] |e ¢ z| 13] |£ $ Pl g 8 i ei ca warp 4 r = g) 2 7 ea é ] 4 ‘ al Ape Tee, FIGURE 30410, CREEP RUPTURE LIVES OF X40 FABRI- FIGURE 3.040. CREEP-RUPTURE CURVES FOR sMOOTH SAEED BV convenriowat cagrine: Sho ndcuto GANGS AY ico AND akocastive, AMO TANSCASTING ‘ooo Fe eSanraues ee) zn Far Tomar Resacior Temper, | Sues, satiation | “tite, | nesses, | “in Arn, ee | SE | summit | Sratwinhe | “he” | Spec” | pent S00 Pad] easier ss 3 5 us | jue] 6 » a * a |S 1 8 a aw | os “ me | ia] te » ie | ode | 2 uso | ons | 6 (a) Average of wo tt (8) Altmaeril rpc rom rau mele nd ca ay. “TABLE 20411, STRESS RUPTURE PROFERTIES OF EQUIAXED AND DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED -40 AT 1500 AND 1900 (3) [CODE 4305) Page 27PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985, co NONFERROUS ALLOYS a co “Test Conditions ‘Rupture, Reduction 28 Cr Tamper, | SORE) “Ute, | elongation, | “tana, re 10 Ni Nate © na | ne! | "eter | pesent os Ww Vasa | DSI —Fa00 08 a cat to | io | i “ ; ier ao | test Pt Xe40/K-45 70 0 | 3 1300 8 | a 2 eevanee| tao | so | 8 ‘ iso_|_0_| et 5 iar] BRT] — tea —J $0] 1 iv iso | 30 |e 3 to | 30 | 30 3 1930 in | ae 2 1900 3 | i a tao | so | ‘ts 3 io | 30 | ae ‘ io | 30 | oe 2 "30 2 | at a #300 3 | on 1 (2) Devon soled a 11.8 ©) Avene of eo rete TABLE3.0612, STRESS RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED AND EQUIAXED X40 AT 1400 70 1900 F(i4), X20] wersGu Atomiteg Powder Hota 1629, lor Ga Atopstea Pawar not one ay Pe for oe pt 00, ‘longttensInded i Panne a cot an les ep . 40 20) 3 am z i less i 2 ‘ é es) wot 10} 105) ‘0 7 okt NY 02 1500 160017001800 18002000 758 Tad 1300 B00 B10 2500 Tempera, F Temperate, FIOURE 3.0413, FLOW STRESS As & FUNCTION OF TEM. FIGURE 20414, FLOW STRESS AS A FUNCTION OF TEM. fenaTUne AY VARIOUS DEFORNA SRRvune a VanloUsOErORUA Sion nares n amcon Fon NOT So. Tio haves ancON TOR NOT IEO- STATICALLY mnesseD POMDER METAL HaviGal ty PaEsSeO AND EXTRUDED itnay xo co) Pombea MeraLLonay <0 G3) CODE 4305) Page 26PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co X-40, Deformation Rate 10"'sae"™ X40, Argon Atomized Minus 200Mesh Pos Co Spelt Sg, war Sareat hr 2250 F Rolled at 2280 F with Two intermediane |] 25 CF too} zd find vane Rones! Thea] 10 _ Ni Fl Dn 334 Poet Srp Tk oof Sem einsincn Arcee Genus mere [7-5 W fol cutaeenetin in barmer | 1G ASMP (See Figure 3.0813) 00 xe 1oof— © Mir Ps Exxrated (Seo Figure 3.0414) too F Fe———_| as cont Dol © ABCaH tee Figure 3.088) 40} —_— 3 | z Pos 2 E 20} 30 é 3 1007 —-—_| 3 = [Arco i io 20] | 4 x alt Pe '9:5G0" 1605 17001600 1300 2000 2100 ‘oT c Temperate ‘Rp Lit, FIGURE 30815, COMPARISON OF FLOM STRESSES ASA _—_~FIGURE 34416. CREEP AUPTURE STIENGTH OF SLIP SoNeron or retPenarune te EhSFrowoewMcraLcuncy AND Exton fon rowSen MeTaCLURGY SSeuey eso ct a8 AND 100 (20) AND WOn AScasT He toh a Tas Tam Tempenti, So ite, | Eongton, Fe | cantiontoy_ | miro ae | “erent 7200 [ak extdea Pt mate 7 Penrades | tt 4 x ee “s ans > Pe i | & | dos s Cast © 61 10 @ 1500 ony | $s | ‘sn |e 1800 einai] — 1] 13] 05, ca Pia w | 2 | sam] 6 mua ‘s | 3 | ‘a0 | 2 ue n |p | os 6 PND p | | op 2 cat o || o © (© Powder meting QM material prepued fom Argon nome minus 30-ne prealloyes powder, camctin mia ec and exuded a 200 F toa edveon Bo of 1 Bede pas 1h 240 0 2450 F, AC as Por 332200 Fand Sot, Not: Sold temperate etinated 2380 F) 1 — Evaro pos 1h, 260 Fe AC, les HIP or 1/4 at 1950 F and 31.6 pur HP ord hrat 200 Fa Dk ¢ ~ Erode es sO heat 1350 5 ~ AsimC plea neat 240 F ples 30 brat 1380 F (Average phn tet. 9 Nocrpora (8) baton cst mater om Ret ‘TABLE.0117, CREEP-RUFTURE PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED PONDER METALLURGY X 40 COMPARED WIEH CAST X-40 03) CODE 4305) Page 29t 2 Gr 0 Nt Ta X-40, Argon Atomixed Minus 30Mesh Pow X40, Argon Atomized Minus 30Mash Powder Esage tects metas toe anes enertts ero wiper ewan mae # teow rar # exrsn ia | e 9 vo 2 & | | L 8 Z 0 3 i | i be i bold, g / ' 4 i Bo sas Bio 5 Bes Hes — Bo — Bo (a renter wart (oy tensor ote SStMneenonr mon tonnes wean, Page 30PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co. 20, Argon Ao ina goa Pewee Co oneaag0 ron Resucton Nout 1 25 cr { 1 L 10 Ni 2 Ar Exrused 5 Sraoded us 506, 1380 7.5 W 5 Eee i for X-40/X-45, 1 10 ste 8 [aca cas) te Ce) . NY al i bess aos eas to Tome Elongation, pea FIGURE 30819, CREEP POWDER PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED PONDER METAL UOnev x20 TESTED AT THE JOHOUR RUPTURE LIFE CON. tee] SITIONS FOR CAST X40 (26) X40, As Ea, Fn Shs Stim, 8 50 neh ofp} 1 a © Lor9sa & | B tevesee Elongation tndieatod Ta Perentuome att [tI 124 0284010570500 Rupture Lite. he ie Stress kl FIGURE 2.0420, CREEP-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF REAC: Sfon SINTERED conceal COATED Xo aT 1800 F (18) (CODE 4305) Page 31co NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985, to ‘KO and Modlied Compos tons, As Cat Test Rapture Resto 25 Cr Temperature, | Sues, | Life, | Elongation, | in Area, 10 Ni Allyl) ee |e percent | percent xa 75 c = = 7.5 We x40+ 144 160 | 2e4 | 59 = : X40 X45 40+ 102 T+ 1560 | 284 | 250 - = 092 2r+046 8 xo0 $1.00 + asso | ae | a2 - - (0.10 2r+045 8 pa0-+ 040 NB +] 1a70 35S a = osrzesoais | isso | 358 | 300 2 39 asso. | 284 | 746 = ° 1650 | 284 | 50 2 “ 1730, 13 | 36 31 70 Maosoas Tas | a7 | ass | ae 26 45 osrzrsoase | 1960 | 35s | 270 2% 32 1360 | 284 | 995 - ” 150 | 2a | gs Ey a wo [aa | 38 6 (@) Tota content of moitying element sven in weight percent. ‘TABLE 3.0122, CREEP-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF X40 AND MODIFIED X-40- BASE ALLOYS @1) 40, Cat [See Figure 3.0512 For Specimen on™ Teint, Soe aegis 3 chen arts Cocoa ‘ne Form Botta) Pte Sram 85S Diamar pu Moshe no aR ston Mean Stan re, Twoonin Suro | “Sue Onin Fame Hose Senos 3) or Cagpesion Gor Eismin adn Yeon b 4 Mar Eh Pour Sanco Gree | 2% —___ ef ¢ LOb Sa jf cae TG EE F é oRARE ve & cS 4 smawes oop 1 Eo} 4 Fab z < 4 F v 4 4 ee 3 | Eetre etn 25 perent ob 4 3 | Beemnetn ea te i ort i : F gol su wii) 10 We 10 10 ior K iF 10° ‘yer to ure Cysee To Faire FIGURE 20512. LOW CYCLE FUSH#ULL FATIGUE LIFE FIGURE 20612. LOWEYCLE FATIGUE LIFE VERSUS Senos ovat aan hance ron POC rmain RANGE Fon a0 XSoar im aoa ieee Pim ain CODE A505) Page 32,nin Range, 6:12, porcent pRWTEO: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co 19 ‘ EF wan Set esceageeamt an oo an rae akan Seenaeiaete 25 Gr [ 10 Ni LVL 75. W 7 4 4 X40/K45 3 bk 4 F od Pet f eo Cl amr of ae houne 20st. Lowevece raricue cnacronowns SERIES EASON GRMN, “allen fot felon wi wae dal, Fao Nea Fe oath em Lett Sa Sa de BF ots SF = a = amanneries nar atee enone E ; epee ate ta F 4 i & i Ee as ‘Stress Intensity Range, aK, ksi vin. eee see OSE OE Page 33co NONFERROUS ALLOYS. PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 Fo a co Cont scat 2 Cr Tass 10 Ni Temperate, jo] Sues Fatigue Suen ks at ces 7.5 W f | mesos [2TH] concerrion | rot OS TOE 10108 iw ke P= [smo f= = 1300 | tend mer | > DL kes 40x45 cn | ke | - soon | 56 7 ope 1350 | bend eer | 37 4s 40 1500, 458 33 Condition Tad OITA Ow) | Re TS 6S ea nso | bene eer | 530 238k 1500, 9 2 wom f 100 > 9 Bw mw ia | dice Je | | smoom | 50 ff aT 1500 | sues = wo TABLE 3.0518. FATIGUE STRENGTH OF CAST AND AGED ALLOY AT 1200 TO 1600 F (4) otf 40, As Cart. Tenson-Tenson Fatign, 15 kel X40, As Cant or Thixooms Pus HIP) Mat let te 76kal iH "021, Froqueney 1200 com ‘ically Pres & 72250 FPS Kt, Cyto Frequency 450 cpm, Mean Str Zoro oar fey yee 5 200104. & ‘Thickness 0.055" 2 0] d & = rwentonaly Cart : oer i 108 E sol ~00- oe z i Eas i “o~ ~~ a Thixocant Pi i 10 nf Reactor Plame 10 10 07 ‘Sra Visor 10 Fabure Nicocraly Bepeated Crees so ‘Coating Mcrae ‘comme FIGURE 305110. HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE CURVES FOR Tuinocast X40 AT ROOM TEMPER FIGURE 3.0518. EFFECTS OF COATINGS ON CYCLIC zg FATIGUE LIFE OF X40 AT TURE (31,46) ‘too Ft CODE 4305 Page 34PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co X40 iaverment Cat. 1950 F, 50h (36 Rel 40, As Gon, Atornate Sania Imesions im Co Gesiunmarocmee” |]. 10 Wi 75. W x “a key 20] T < sa of 8 180 tovegaee teva \wr rae 1 oshe—tet X40/x-85 7 man ansoo, aa T [MAR mSO2 pcs Cobalt on Alloys }s.00" MARINZOOOS 2.1900 IN 7730 [Rene’ 80 kal = percent | 1 L L rep OF 008 Gyan to First Crack 1 Alors Alsenating Stross, kl FIGURE 2.0521, THERMAL FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF X40 COMPARED TO OTHER COBALT. BASeALLovS aND SeLecTeD NIGKEL'BAGE ALLOYS (81,2) aor X40, Cut or Oietionsly Solidfied Eh therm toa Eee Consind of Tack on Fit Edges 28 Fae to 1630 F ‘"Pltowed by Wem Goanehing Seseimene Examined s¢ 80% Magnification Ar 1000 peer to Mente Cres steer Crs 20100120 “Area on Flor Ege ‘Men Ses kat 40.nen Fit En a4 FloURE 2611, sraess Range DIAGRAMS FoR 13} —— a FE a io Tota Crack Are in? T (OPT NARA a0 WIS? WARM X40 EZ 308 08 Eaulaxed ‘Soldsted” FIGURE 2.0522, THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE OF EQuiaxeo AND DIRECTIONALLY SOLIOIFIeD X40 AND coMani- Son wnrH two OER COBALT. Base ALLOWS (13) (CODE 4305) Page 35NONFERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 co a0, Oinctonaly Salted w 1 afr co ‘Thermal Cycle Consisted of 4 min in Hot 2 cr Waheed bai aS ns in BY ed jo Ni on eet" 75 T| Pads : 1 oz X40/X-45, caret le fas seen az] 020] a0 08) ‘ é 40 08) $ ous us| BOT f oon Foo arse | |% ¥ os AZ eur 005) 005) ‘Rene’ 150 (DS) _ ee Number of Cle Numb of Cyl (0) Creed Benen RT 170% (0) Cela Between RT nd 1970 F FIGURE 3.0824, THERMAL FATIGUE CRACK-GnowTH CURVES FROM EOGE Roraiies fon uinesronncty socioirice x adaNe ERE "oo, AN Fon FOWSER METALLURGY Wa 7800) ‘40, DineGonay Saito fm Fawr 30828 Teese ° 025 03 020 go € ais & 5 ¥ a Fa 008] 005} % 1000 ° ‘500° 1000 mbar of eyes umber of ees (0) Cyved Benen RT and 17007 (8) Cyeled Butneen Tan 1870 F FIGURE:20525. RANGE OF THERMAL FATIGUE cRACIC-cROWTH CURVES Fonsi Lonrtuowat AnD RAASOENIE CmacKS Sntaiuatne row auoorn (UMNGTCHED) ESSES FOR Sinecriowatc¥ SOLIDIFIED M0 sh CODE 4305 Page 36PRINTED: DECEMBER 1985 NONFERROUS ALLOYS co 7a mene Co * z 2 Gr : ovo 40 7.5 W 2x0 3 XAOS | Lome £2 A 3 ee] = Ret. (9) (2) abs 860200 Te Boo Tomer OURE 3052. HODULUS OF ELASTICITY 28) pentose aa woven ae toe Fi aig 3 pattie feiguatne oon | “ones ‘TABLE 4.022, RANGE OF MACHINING SURFACE SPEEDS, CUT DEFTHS, AND FEEDS (CODE 4305) Page 37