Custom 455 PDF

February 1996 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Ferrous Alloys • FfiAH
Author John L. Shannon, Jr. Custom 455
1. GENERAL
Fe
Custom 455 is a versatile low carbon, martensitic, age-
hardening Cr-Ni stainless steel with good corrosion 12 Cr
resistance and favorable fabrication characteristics, in¬
tended for service up to 800F. A single aging treat¬
ment in the range of 900-1050F develops high tensile
8.5 Ni
and yield strengths. Fracture toughness and ductility
in tensile tests decrease with increasing strength level.
0.3 Cb+Ta
values in salt solution drop with decreasing ag¬
ing temperature and are relatively low for the fully- 1.1 Ti
aged condition. The alloy can be readily cold-formed,
welded, and machined in the annealed condition. 2.0 Cu
Applications include high-strength aircraft fasteners
and forgings, components for nuclear reactors, bolts, < .05 C
load hooks, drive pins, ball screw assemblies, springs,
valve stems, gears, shafts, ring seals, retaining rings,
Table 1.5.2.2 and Figure 3.2.1.10) Superior
pressure vessels, and parts for use at cryogenic tem¬
toughness is achieved by double solution
peratures to -60F.
treating 1250F + 1500F for product aged 850-
1.1 Commercial Designation - Custom 455 stainless 900F; but the double solutioning offers no ad¬
steel. vantage for 950F aged product. (See Table
1.5.2.1) (Ref. 26) It appears that triple solution
1.2 " Alternate Designations - Carpenter Custom 455; treating 1700F + 1250F + 1500F further im¬
AMS 5617; Almar 455; UNS S45500. proves notch strength and impact energy of
product aged 950-1000F, but with some pen¬
1.3 Specifications alty in tensile strength. (See Table 1.5.2.2)
1.3.1 [Table] Specifications. 1.5.2.2 [Table] Effect of solution treatment on room
1.4 Composition temperature smooth and mild-notch tensile
strengths, and Charpy-V impact energy of so¬
1.4.1 [Table] Composition. lution treated and aged bar.
1.5 Heat Treatment 1.5.3 Aging Treatment. Precipitation hardening consists of
(See also Sections 1.9.9 and 2.1.2) heating to a selected temperature within the range of
900-1000F, holding for 4 hours, and air cooling. The
1.5.1 Anneal. Annealing is done at 1500-1650F, holding at optimum combination of room temperature tensile
temperature for 15 minutes to 1hour, and rapid cool¬ properties is obtained by aging at 950F. Aging at 900F
ing. The preferred annealing range is 1500-1550F, and produces the highest strength, whereas aging at 1000F
water quenching is recommended for small sections. results in improved ductility with slightly lower
(Ref. 105) strength.
1.5.2 Solution Heat Treatment. Solution treating is done at 1.5.3.1 Effect of aging treatment on dimensions. The
1500-1550F, holding for 5 to 30 minutes depending on 4-hour aging treatment results in a contraction
section thickness and rapid cooling. The producer rec¬ of 0.0007 inch per inch when aged at 900F and
ommends (Ref. 106) water quenching sections less • 0.0012 inch per inch at 1000F. (Ref. 5)
than 1.5 inches, oil quenching sections 1.5 to 6.0
inches, and air cooling sections greater than 6.0 inches. 1.5.4 Nitriding. (See also Section 4.4.2)
(See Section 1.9.9) Low solution temperatures result in 1.5.4.1 [Table] Nitriding depth and hardness.
incomplete solution. Temperatures over 1650F pro¬
duce recrystallization and excessive grain growth. 1.6 Hardness
(Ref. 8) 1.6.1 AMS specified hardness. (See Table 3.1.1)
1.5.2.1 Embrittlement is reported for solution treat¬ 1.6.2 [Table] Typical hardness.
ing at 1700F followed by aging in the 850-
1.6.3 [Figure] Effect of aging time at 980F on hardness of
950F range (See Table 1.5.2.2 and Figure
3.2.1.8), and for 850F aging following the rec¬
forged block.
ommended 1500F solution treatment. (See 1.6.4 [Figure] Effect of aging time at 995-1000F on hardness
of forged block.
1.6.5 [Table] Effect of cold drawing on hardness of wire.
This section produced with the support ol NASA-Lewis Research Center.
© 1996 by Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907. All Rights
Reserved. U.S. Government License. This material may be used, duplicated or Code 1514
disclosed by United States Government agencies without the payment of any royally.
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FeAH •Ferrous Alloys Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook February 1996
Custom 455
1.6.6 Nitriding depth and hardness. (See Table 1.5.4.1) is recommended for heavy sections. Qi] quenching is
recommended for intermediate section sizes (1.5 to 6.0
1.7 Forms and Conditions Available inches). An exception to these producer recommenda¬
The alloy is available as forging billets, wire, bars, tions is that of SAE-AMS 5860D which specifies water
shapes, forgings, cold-finished rounds, hot- and cold- quenching for plate exceeding 1.25 inches (as indicated
finished sheet, strip, and plate, and tubing, all in a wide in Table 3.1.1). No explanation was found for this con¬
range of commercial sizes and conditions. (Ref. 5) trary AMS recommendation.
1.8 Melting and Casting Practice
Double vacuum melted only (vacuum induction fol¬ 2. Physical Properties and Environmental
lowed by vacuum arc remelting). (Ref. 13) Effects
1.9 Special Considerations
2.1 Thermal Properties
1.9.1 When parts are machined in the annealed or solution
treated condition, allowance should be made for a 2.1.1 Melting Range.
slight contraction of about 0.001 inch per inch on ag¬ 2.1.2 Phase Changes. Ms and Mf temperatures, 325F and
ing. (See Section 1.5.3.1) 150F, respectively. (Ref. 26) Recrystallization tempera¬
1.9.2 See Section 2.3 for a thorough discussion of corrosion ture, 1650F. (Ref. 8)
resistance. Pitting and crevice corrosion, galvanic cor¬ The reaction kinetics of this alloy have been studied by
rosion, and stress corrosion cracking, or a combination
of these may be a problem, particularly for product
Widge. (Ref. 26) His conclusions are summarized in
aged below 1000F. values in 3.5 percent NaCl so¬ the following paragraphs.
lution decrease with increasing section size for all ag¬ Custom 455 transforms completely to martensite on
ing temperatures. (See Figure 2.3.4.1) Yield strength cooling from the solution temperature. Increasing ag¬
has a strong influence on in a variety of corrosive ing temperature lowers strength and hardness and
media, with resistance increasing with decreasing raises ductility and toughness. This is explained in
yield strength. (See Figure 2.3.4.10) terms of overaging the precipitation hardening phase
1.9.3 As with other high strength martensitic stainless and /or accompanying austenite reversion.
steels. Custom 455 is susceptible to hydrogen em-
brittlement. (Ref. 5) The conventional 1500F solution treated structure con¬
tains precipitated Fe2Ti. Pretreatment at 1250F for 4
1.9.4 Solution temperature above 1600F results in substan¬
hours enhances Fe2Ti precipitation. Higher tempera¬
tial drop in notch strength and presumably in fracture
ture solution treatment (e.g., 1700F) results in a coars¬
toughness. (See Figure 3.2.1.8)
ened martensite lath structure and no Fe2Ti.
1.9.5 Materia] aged at 950F exhibits an increase in tensile
and yield strengths when exposed for 1000 hours at Age hardening occurs by the precipitation of coherent,
700 or 800F, coupled with decrease in Charpy-V im¬ h.c.p. NijTi. Coherency appears to persist at aging
pact energy. (See Table 3.2.1.13) temperatures to 1050F. Beyond that, increasing aging
1.9.6 Plane strain fracture toughness decreases with de¬ temperature produces a precipitate of increasing
creasing test temperature. Values at -65F for forging coarsness; progressing from very fine spherical par¬
aged at 1000F are about one-half those at 75F. (See ticles to rods, to particles that give the appearance of
Table 3.3.7.2.4) needles but are in fact agglomerates of many rods. In¬
1.9.7 The response of plane strain fracture toughness to test creasing solution temperature appears to reduce the
temperature depends on heat treated section size and rate of coarsening of the aging precipitate.
on the characteristics of a given heat, so that a substan¬ The Ni3Ti precipitates along <111> directions of the
tial variability in toughness values can be encountered b.c.c. alloy matrix, inhibiting slip, and making the al¬
at a particular aging temperature. (See Figure 3.3.7.2.1)
loy prone to lath boundary failure. Ductility of the al¬
1.9.8 Available evidence indicates no K[c directionality ef¬ loy can be improved by austenite reversion at the
fects for forgings. (See Table 3.3.7.2.4) martensite lath boundaries. (A detrimental effect on
1.9.9 The more rapid the cooling from the anneal /solution toughness would be obtained if reverted austenite
temperature, the finer the martensite lattice and lesser were to precipitate at prior austenite grain bound¬
the amount of retained austenite. Both are desirable for aries.)
toughness. The alloy producer therefore recommends
Solution treatments that precipitate Fe2Ti promote
water quenching thin sections (< 1.5 inches). Water
austenite reversion at the lath boundaries (due to in¬
quenching heavy sections (> 6.0 inches) carries the risk
of surface cracking from induced stresses. Air cooling creased available matrix Ni), simultaneously with
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February 1996 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Ferrous Alloys • FeAH
Custom 455
Ni3Ti matrix precipitation (even at low aging tempera¬ compared to 1250F + 1500F. Solution treating HOOF +
tures), thus improving toughness. Solution treatments 1500F produces no more Fe2Ti than the standard
that thwart austenite reversion (due to a shortage of 1500F solution treatment and consequently results in
Fe2Ti precipitate) embrittle due to excessive NijTi ag¬ identical aging and austenite reversion.
ing precipitate. High aging temperatures increase austenite reversion
Absence of Fe2Ti, presence of excessive Ni3Ti, and en¬ accompanied by coarser precipitation and correspond¬
larged lath size of the alloy's structure all contribute to ing decrease in strength. The increase in toughness for
reduced toughness and notch ductility by reducing 1050F aging obtained by solution treatments that pre¬
austenite reversion. But precipitation of FeÿTi by use cipitate Fe2Ti appears to be related to this decrease in
of the 1250F + 1500F solution treatment restores loss in strength. Results indicate that it is only worthwhile to
toughness related to precipitation; however, the re¬ use a 1250F + 1500F solution treatment, compared to
duction in austenite reversion related to lathe size is the standard 1500F treatment, if the aging temperature
not restored. is to be 850-900F. Use of the double treatment offers no
The amount of reverted austenite required for signifi¬ benefit for aging at 950F. Higher aging temperature
cant toughness improvement is only about 3 percent. causes austenite reversion to occur even with the stan¬
For aging at 850-900F, a double 1250F + 1500F solution dard 1500F solution treatment. The 1250F + 1500F
treatment is also effective in restoring toughness loss
treatment (compared to the standard 1500F treatment)
produces satisfactory austenite reversion. It is hypoth¬ caused by a higher solution treatment, related to the
esized that following the 1250F treatment the structure ability of the pretieatment to precipitate Fe2Ti.
contains reverted austenite and overaged precipitation 2.1.3 [Figure] Thermal conductivity.
hardening phase in a martensitic matrix. When this 2.1.4 [Figure] Thermal expansion.
structure is solution annealed at 1500F, the overaged
precipitate goes into solution but the reverted austen¬ 2.1.5 Specific Heat.
ite laths are relatively unaffected. Upon cooling to 2.1.6 Thermal Diffusivity.
room temperature, the reverted austenite is stable pri¬
marily due to the alloy's high nickel content, and the 2.2 Other Physical Properties
aging precipitate is re-precipitated in a finer morphol¬ 2.2.1 Density. 0.280 lb per cu.in. , 7.75 gr per cu.cm. in 950F
ogy via final aging treatment. It is reasoned that this aged condition. (Refs. 5, 9)
microstructure obtains its strength from the precipita¬ 2.2.1.1 Specific gravity. 7.7 - 7.8 in 950F aged condi¬
tion hardening phase and its toughness from the re¬ tion. (Refs. 5, 9)
verted austenite.
2.2.2 Electrical Properties.
At higher aging temperatures, satisfactory austenite
2.2.2.1 [Figure] Electrical resistivity.
reversion occurs following the simple 1500F solution
treatment. 2.2.3 Magnetic Properties.
The mechanical response, especially toughness, is thus 2.2.3.1 [Figure] DC normal induction.
influenced by the interplay of: (1) Fe2Ti precipitate 2.2.4 Emittance.
present in the solution treated structure; (2) coherent
2.2.5 Damping Capacity.
h.c.p. NijTi aging precipitate; (3) martensite lath
(grain) size; and, (4) reverted austenite at the marten- 2.3 Chemical Environments
site lath boundaries.
2.3.1 General Corrosion.
The amount of Ti in matrix solution varies with the
2.3.1.1 The general corrosion resistance of Custom
amount of precipitated Fe2Ti. The more Fe2Ti present,
455 lies between that of Types 410 and 430
the more Ni available to promote austenite reversion. stainless steel. It resists staining in normal air
The less Fe2Ti present, the more Ni3Ti precipitated on atmospheres and shows no corrosion in fresh
aging. The more Ni3Ti precipitated, the less matrix Ni water. (Ref. 5) Oxidation resistance is judged
available to promote austenite reversion. When 1100- to be excellent up to 1100F. (Ref. 5)
1200F exposure follows high temperature solution Corrosion resistance in acetic and sulfuric ac¬
treatment, austenite reversion is almost completely re¬ ids is better than Types 410 and 431 stainless
stored due to Fe2Ti precipitation (i.e., no lath size steel, and slightly inferior to Type 430. Aging
role). This explains the observed lesser austenite rever¬ temperature has no significant effect on corro¬
sion for 1700F + 1250F + 1500F solution treatment sion rate in acetic acid. Corrosion rate in sul-
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FeAH • Ferrous Alloys Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook February 1996
Custom 455
furic acid is aging temperature dependent 2.3.1.4 Galvanic Corrosion. The alloy may come into
with lowest aging temperature resulting in contact with more active metals during ser¬
highest corrosion rate. (Ref. 5) vice, for example in aerospace applications
In the more oxidizing nitric acid environment where aluminum is widely used. Not stress
which tends to attack precipitate phases, the corrosion cracking, but rather hydrogen crack¬
corrosion rate is also influenced by aging ing due to hydrogen produced on the alloy
which serves as the electrode, may be a prob¬
temperature with lowest aging temperature
lem that must be considered. In this situation,
resulting in lowest corrosion rate. (Ref. 5)
if the alloy's resistance to stress corrosion
2.3.1.2 [Figure] Corrosion rates in acetic, sulfuric, and cracking is due to high toughness, then this
nitric acid media. property will be useful in resisting hydrogen
2.3.1.3 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion. Tests in 5 per¬ cracking when in contact with active metals.
cent salt spray at 95F show good resistance to On the other hand, if it owes its stress corro¬
pitting. (Ref. 5) sion cracking resistance primarily to good cor¬
rosion and crevice corrosion resistance, then
Pitting resistance is comparable to other pre¬
these properties are of no use in avoiding the
cipitation hardening grades of reasonably
galvanic corrosion problem and could in fact
similar compositions when tested by immer¬
aggravate it by increasing one of the driving
sion in 5 w/o ferric chloride at room tempera¬
forces (potential difference). Toughness, po¬
ture for 10 minutes. (Ref. 5) Bolts with
tential differences, area ratios, design param¬
tape-wrapped shanks exhibited corrosion
eters and polarization characteristics
grooves at the tape edges after six-hours im¬
mersion at room temperature in 10 w/o ferric
(particularly for the active metal) may be
more useful for predicting performance in
chloride solution. This result suggests likely
some situations than are stress corrosion data.
susceptibility to crevice corrosion in fastener
thread crests or wherever else a differential In aircraft applications where fasteners are
aeration cell is produced. (Refs. 45, 49) used in contact with aluminum, the open cir¬
cuit potential (voltage) between the noble
Stressed (to 75 percent Fÿ) and unstressed
metal in the fastener and the active metal in
specimens of base and weld metal (950F and
the structure is about 0.5v in the presence of
1050F age), with and without protective coat¬
an aqueous electrolyte containing chlorides.
ing, were immersed at approximately one-
With a potential this high, galvanic corrosion
mile depth in the Atlantic (23 deg 52 min N,
of the aluminum is inevitable. Sacrificial coat¬
76 deg 46.6 min W, identified as the Tongue of
ing of the fastener may be employed not to
the Ocean) and Pacific (33 deg 51 min N, 120
protect the bolt, as with low alloy steels, but to
deg 35 min W, approximately 75 miles west of
Port Hueneme, California) Oceans. Unstressed
protect the structure around the bolt. (Ref. 49)
Atlantic specimens exposed four years with The alloy is susceptible to electrochemical at¬
protective coating showed no corrosion attack. tack (galvanic crevice corrosion) in environ¬
Companion unstressed specimens without ments containing combinations of N204 and
protective coating experienced substantial pit¬ salt solution. (Ref. 28)
ting and crevice corrosion attack ranging from 2.3.2 Stress Corrosion. Eight direct tension specimens aged
less than 0.005 in. to 0.12 in. in depth under at 950F were stressed to 90-95 percent of Fÿ, in artificial
adhesive tape and at fixture contact areas. There seawater; no failures occurred and tests were discon¬
were no occurrences of cracking of the Atlantic tinued after 154 days. (Ref. 5) Bolts loaded to 75 per¬
stress corrosion specimens. The performance cent of Fÿ in 7075-T651 blocks were swabbed with 3.5
of specimens exposed six months in the Pacific percent NaCl solution to examine the possibility of
was similar to that of specimens exposed four embrittlement cracking due to hydrogen formation by
years in the Atlantic. Crevice corrosion attack intense galvanic reaction between the bare bolt (cath¬
ranged from a depth of 0.07 in. to 0.10 in. The ode) and the aluminum block (anode). No cracking
difference between the Pacific and Atlantic was observed in 1,800 hours and the tests were termi¬
specimens in maximum crevice corrosion was nated. Bolt shanks notched to Kt = 3.5 and 6.0 and ei¬
only 0.020 in. (0.10 versus 0.12 in.), indicating ther charged or plated to produce hydrogen were then
that the Pacific site with its very low oxygen hung at sustained load at 75 percent of NTS. An acid
content initiates loss of passivity (at local charging solution consisting of 0.1N NaOH with 0.1N
crevices) much more rapidly than the higher- NaCN was used for charging at 1ampere for 30 min¬
oxygen-content test site in the Atlantic. The utes. Plating was done in production cyanide cadmium
results show the alloy to be highly susceptible or sulfamate nickelbaths at normal current densities.
to pitting and crevice corrosion. (Ref. 65)
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Custom 455
The alloy was only affected when acid charged, show¬ 2.3.2.3 [FigureIDelayed failure of fatigue precracked
ing that it is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in cantilever bend specimens (from forging) in
certain circumstances. (Ref. 49) 3.5 percent aqueous NaCl solution.
The alloy exhibits a marked increase in saltwater Kjÿ 2.3.2.4 [Figure] Effect of aging temperature on delayed
as the aging temperature is increased, largely a reflec¬ failure characteristics of fatigue precracked
tion of KIc changes. Saltwater KLscc is about 85% Kk for cantilever beam specimens in 3.5 percent
all conditions. [Carter et al (Ref. 103) also obtained no aqueous NaCl solution.
failures at stresses up to 85% of K[c.] There appears to 2.3.2.5 [Table] Effect of aging temperature on cracking
be an aimost linear relationship between saltwater time of U-bend specimens exposed to salt-wa¬
Kiscc yield strength. (Ref. 7) ter atmospheres.
Figure 2.3.2.1 shows a marked influence of product size 2.3.2.6 0.062-in-thick C-ring specimens, annealed
and emphasizes the need to consider product size in the 1500F, 30 min, WQ + aged at 1000F, 1100F, or
application of KIscc to design. Again, changes due to 1150F, 4 hr in vacuum, cooled in Argon, were
product size are largely a function of Kk changes. Grain stressed in the transverse direction to 50, 75,
size decreased in Figure 2.3.2.1 from ASTM 2 for the 90 and 100 percent of longitudinal Fÿ and al¬
9-inch square to ASTM 7 for the 1-1/ 4-inch square. Ail data ternately immersed in 3.5 percent NaCl solu¬
in Figure 2.3.2.1 are for the LT orientation; TL specimens tion, 10 minutes in solution and 50 minutes
exhibited KIc and values about 10 percent lower. out of solution, for 180 days with no evidence
Caution must be exercised when using as a de¬ of cracking. (Ref. 80)
sign criterion. Failure of Custom 450 precracked canti¬
2.3.2.7 [Table] Effect of alternate immersion in NaCl
lever beam specimens across the cantilever plane (i.e.,
solution, under tension stress, on room tem¬
the plane of maximum stress), rather than the notch/
perature strength, ductility, hardness, and
crack plane, has been observed to originate at a pit
elastic modulus.
formed in the crevice between the corrosion cell and
the specimen. (Ref. 7) Scale left on the specimen is 2.3.2.8 IFigure] Delayed failure of smooth tensile
thought to have accelerated the attack. The same phe¬ specimens in alternating salt spray.
nomenon has been observed by Brown (Ref. 104) for a 2.3.2.9 [Table] Delayed failure in 5 percent salt fog
precipitation hardening 13Cr-8Ni-2Mo stainless steel. atmosphere of notched specimens variously
Brown logically uses that type of failure as evidence plated.
that the prime function of a precrack is to serve as a
2.3.2.10 Following the procedure of M1L-STD-13212,
crevice for local chemistry changes - more specifically a
a total of thirteen bolts were loaded to 75 per¬
lowering of the pH to produce a potential -pH condition
cent of F(u and alternately immersed in 3.5
favorable to the formation of hydrogen. In the case of
the cited aberrant failures, the crevice at the cell wall percent NaCl solution, 10 minutes in solution
(cantilever plane) was more capable of producing cor¬ followed by 50 minutes of forced air drying.
rosion and hydrogen than the one at the notch/crack
No failures were observed in some specimens
bottom. The fact that a crevice existed all around the exposed as long a 6,534 hours; three speci¬
mens failed in the shank area in 2,316 to 2,735
specimen at the cell wall provided a potential greater
hours. (Refs. 40, 49)
source of hydrogen. Ostensibly the stress intensity in
the corrosion crack area exceeded the or the corro¬ 2.3.2.11 [Table] Susceptibility to hydrogen sulfide
sion resistance at tire site was less crack resistant than stress cracking.
would suggest. It is necessary, then, that for applica¬ 2.3.2.12 [Figure] as a function of Fÿ in various
tions where stress corrosion is a consideration, both environments containing water, aqueous
toughness and general corrosion resistance be consid¬ chlorides, air, H2S gas, or H3B04 solution.
ered. In this regard, it is noticed that Custom 455 has
good general corrosion resistance owing to the fact 2.4 Nuclear Environments
that the hardening precipitate (Laves - Fe, Ti) does not
2.4.1 [Table] Helium embrittlement at 1300F.
deplete the matrix of large amounts of corrosion resis¬
tant elements (e.g., chromium).
2.3.2.1 [Figure] Effect of section size and age tempera¬ 3. Mechanical Properties
ture on room temperature in 3.5 percent
NaCl solution (pH 5). 3.1 Specified Mechanical Properties
2.3.2.2 [Figure] Delayed failure of fatigue precracked
3.1.1 [Table] AMS specified mechanical properties.
cantilever bend specimens (from billet) in 3.5
percent aqueous NaCl solution. 3.1.2 [Table] AMS specified mechanical properties for
spring temper wire.
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Custom 455
3.1.3 [Table] Producer's specified mechanical properties. 3.2.2.3 [Table] Compressive yield strength
and elastic modulus.
3J2 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature
3.2.3 Impact. (See also Tables 1.5.2.2,3.2.1.9, and 3.2.1.13)
3.2.1 Tension Stress-strain Diagrams and Tensile Proper¬
3.2.3.1 [Table] Effect of aging temperature on
ties.
Charpy-V impact energy of bar and billet.
3.2.1.1 [Figure] True stress-true strain curves.
3.2.3.2 [Table] Effect of aging temperature on tensile
3.2.1.2 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for and Izod impact properties of bar.
billet and bar.
3.2.3.3 [Table] Effect of aging temperature on
3.2.1.3 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for plate. Charpy-V and precracked Charpy impact en¬
3.2.1.4 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for sheet. ergy.
3.2.1.5 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for 3.2.3.4 [Table] Effect of 100-hour exposure in air at
strip. elevated temperature on room temperature
precracked Charpy impact energy.
3.2.1.6 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for foil.
3.2.4 Bending.
3.2.1.7 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for
welded tubing. 3.2.5 Torsion and Shear.
3.2.1.8 [Figure] Effect of solution temperature on 3.2.5.1 Torsional yield strength. Fsty is approximately
smooth and sharp-notch tensile strengths of 50 percent of Ftlj in the aged condition. (Ref. 5)
bar aged at 950F. 3.2.5.2 Shear strength. The double shear strength for
3.2.1.9 [Table] Effect of cooling rate from the solution 1/4-inch to 3/4-inch diameter bars in the
temperature on strength, hardness, and 900F aged condition ranges from 141 to 152
Charpy-V impact energy of billet aged at 950F. ksi or approximately 56 to 60 percent of Fÿ.
(Refs. 5, 14)
3.2.1.10 [Figure] Effect of aging temperature on smooth
'
and sharp-notch tensile properties of bar. 3.2.5.2.1 [Table] Tensile and double shear
strengths of bolts.
3.2.1.11 [Figure] Effect of aging time on smooth and
sharp-notch tensile properties of bar. 3.2.6 Bearing.
3.2.1.12 [Figure] Smooth tensile properties of sheet 3.2.7 Stress Concentration.

aged in the 1000-1150F range. 3.2.7.1 Notch properties. (See also Section 3.3.7.1)
3.2.1.13 [Table] Effect of 1000-hour exposure in air at 3.2.7.1.1 AMS specified mild-notch tensile
elevated temperature on the room tempera¬ strength. (See Table 3.1.1)
ture smooth and sharp-notch tensile proper¬
3.2.7.1.2 Typical sharp-notch tensile strength
ties and Charpy-V impact energy of solution
for billet and bar. (See Table 3.2.1.2)
treated and aged bar.
3.2.7.1.3 Effect of solution treatment on
3.2.1.14 [Figure] Effect of cold work on the smooth
sharp-notch tensile strength of solu¬
tensile properties of wire in the as-drawn and
tion treated and aged bar. (See
cold-drawn plus aged conditions.
Table 1.5.2.2)
3.2.1.15 [Table] Comparison of bolt strength to mate¬
3.2.7.1.4 Effect of solution temperature on
rial strength.
sharp-notch tensile strength of bar
3.2.2 Compression Stress-strain Diagrams and Compression aged at 950F. (See Figure 3.2.1.8)
Properties. 3.2.7.1.5 Effect of aging temperature on
3.2.2.1 Stress-strain diagrams. (See Figure 3.3.2.1) sharp-notch tensile strength of bar.
3.2.2.2 Compressive yield strength. Average Fÿ. of (See Figure 3.2.1.10)
261 ksi in the 900F aged condition and 265 ksi 3.2.7.1.6 Effect of aging time on sharp-notch
for the 950F aged condition have been re¬ tensile strength of bar. (See Figure
ported for longitudinal specimens taken from 3.2.1.11)
4-inch square billets (Ref. 8), somewhat
higher than the values shown in Table 3.2.2.3.
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I Custom 455
3.2.7.1.7 Effect of 1000-hour exposure in air 3.3.2 Compression Stress-strain Diagrams and Compression
at elevated temperature on room Properties.
temperature sharp-notch tensile 3.3.2.1 [Figure] Typical compression stress-strain and
strength of bar. (See Table 3.2.1.13) tangent modulus curves for aged bar.
3.2.7.1.8 ITable] Effect of notch acuity on 3.3.2.2 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on com¬
mild-notch tensile strength. pressive yield strength of bar aged at 950F.
3.2.7.2 Fracture toughness. (See also Section 3.3.7.2) 3.3.3 Impact.
3.2.7.2.1 [Figure! Relationship between yield 3.3.3.1 [Table] -70F Charpy-V impact energy for bar
strength and plane strain fracture aged at 1050F.
toughness.
3.3.3.2 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on the im¬
3.2.8 Combined Loading. pact strength of bar in the 900-1050F aged
condition.
3.3 Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures
3.3.1 Tension Stress-strain Diagrams and Tensile Properties. 3.3.3.3 [Table] Charpy-V impact energy at cryogenic
temperature for bar aged in the 1000-1150F
3.3.1.1 [Figure] Typical stress-strain curves at room range.
and elevated temperatures for aged bar.
3.3.4 Bending.
3.3.1.2 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on tensile
3.3.5 Torsion and Shear.
properties of billet and bar in the 900F aged
condition. 3.3.5.1 [Table] Effect of age temperature and test tem¬
- 3.3.1.3 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on smooth perature on double restrained shear strength.
tensile properties and notch strength ratio of 3.3.6 Bearing.
bar in the 950F aged condition. 3.3.7 Stress Concentration.
3.3.1.4 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on smooth 3.3.7.1 Notch properties.
tensile properties and notch strength ratio of
3.3.7.1.1 Effect of cryogenic test temperature
bar in the 1000F aged condition.
on notch tensile strength of bar. (See
3.3.1.5 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on smooth Figures 3.3.1.3, 3.3.1.4, and 3.3.1.5)
tensile properties and notch strength ratio of
3.3.7.1.2 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test tem¬
bar in the 1050F aged condition.
perature on notch tensile strength
3.3.1.6 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test temperature of sheet in the longitudinal direction.
on the tensile properties of sheet in the 950F
3.3.7.1.3 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test tem¬
aged condition.
perature on notch tensile strength
3.3. 1.7 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test temperature of sheet in the transverse direction.
on the tensile properties of sheet in the 1000F
3.3.7.2 Fracture Toughness.
aged condition.
3.3.7.2.1 [Figure] Effect of aging temperature
3.3.1.8 [Figure] Smooth and mild-notch tensile prop¬
on room temperature tensile prop¬
erties at cryogenic temperatures for sheet
erties and low temperature plane
aged at 1000F.
strain fracture toughness of bar in a
3.3.1.9 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test temperature variety of sizes and shapes from
on the tensile properties of sheet in the 1050F seven heats.
aged condition.
3.3.7.2.2 [Table] Symbols legend for Figure
3.3.1.10 [Figure] Smooth and sharp-notch tensile 3.3.7.2.1.
properties at cryogenic temperatures for
3.3.7.2.3 [Table] Effect of quenched section
sheet aged at HOOF.
size on -65F, LS orientation plane
3.3.1.11 [Figure] Smooth and sharp-notch tensile strain fracture toughness of forged
properties at cryogenic temperatures for block variously heat treated to a
sheet aged at 1150F. common strength level of approxi¬
mately 200 ksi.
Code 1514
Page 7
Custom 455
3.3.7.2.4 [Table] Room temperature, -65F, 3.5.1.10 [Figure] Haig diagram for axial-load smooth
and -110F smooth and mild-notch specimens machined from bar after 950F age
tensile strength and plane strain treatment.
fracture toughness of forging. 3.5.1.11 [Figure] Haig diagram for axial-load mild-notch
3.3.8 Combined Properties. (K, = 2.5) specimens machined from bar after
950F age treatment.
3.4 Creep and Creep Rupture Properties 3.5.1.12 [Figure]Haigdiagram for axial-load mild-notch
3.4.1 [Table] Plastic deformation in 100 and 1000 hours at (K, = 4.0) specimens machined from bar after
400-850F. 950F age treatment.
3.5.1.13 / Figure] Room temperature axial-load fatigue
3.4.2 [Figure] Minimum creep rate for bar at 400F, 600F,
strength of sheet.
and 850F.
3.5.1.14 [Figure] Room temperature axial-load fatigue
3.4.3 [Figure] Stress-rupture and plastic deformation curves strength of two-hole (K, = 3.0) sheet speci¬
for bar at 400F, 600F, and 850F. mens.
3.4.4 [Figure] Creep rupture curves at 400-900F for aged 3.5.1.15 [Table] Room temperature axial tension fa¬
billet and bar. tigue strength of bolts.
3.4.5 [Figure] Loss of load in one hour at 400-600F during 3.5.2 Fatigue Crack Propagation.
static loading of compression spring made from
0.060-inch wire. 3.6 Elastic Properties
3.6.1 Poisson's Ratio. 0.30 in the 950F aged condition.
3.5 Fatigue Properties (Ref. 5)
3.5.1 Conventional Fatigue. 3.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity. 29 x 103 ksi; 200 x 103 MPa in
3.5.1.1 [Figure] Effect of aging temperature on room the 950F aged condition. (Refs. 5, 9)
temperature rotating beam smooth and mild-
3.6.2.1 [Figure] Modulus of elasticity in tension (E)
notch fatigue strength of bar.
and compression (Ec) at temperatures ranging
3.5.1.2 [Figure] Room temperature axial-load smooth from -200F to 800F.
and mild-notch (K( = 3.3) fatigue strength of
billet aged at 950F. 3.6.2.2 Modulus of elasticity at room temperature
for sheet aged in the 1000-1150F range. See
3.5.1.3 [Figure] Room and elevated temperature
Figure 3.2.1.12)
axial-load smooth and mild-notch (K, = 3.0)
fatigue strength of bar aged at 950F. 3.6.3 Modulus of Rigidity. 11 x 103 ksi, 7.7 x 105 kg per cm2
in the 950F aged condition. (Refs. 5, 9)
3.5.1.4 [Figure] Typical axial-load smooth rind mild-
notch (Kj = 3.0) constant-life fatigue diagram 3.6.4 Tangent Modulus.
for bar aged at 950F. 3.6.5 Secant Modulus.
3.5.1.5 [Figure] Typical axial-load smooth and mild-
notch (Kt = 3.0) constant-life fatigue diagram
for bar aged at 1000F. 4. Fabrication
3.5.1.6 [Figure] Room temperature diametral-strain-
controlled low-cycle fatigue life. 4.1 Forming
3.5.1.7 [Figure] Axial-load smooth fatigue strength at 4.1.1 Hot Workability. The alloy can be easily forged or
several stress ratios for specimens machined rolled within the range of 2300-1650F. For optimum
from bar after 950F age treatment. mechanical properties, heating prior to final hot re¬
3.5.1.8 [Figure] Axial-load mild-notch (Kt = 2.5) duction should be within the range 1900-2100F with
fatigue strength at several stress ratios for adequate time at heat followed by hot finishing
specimens machined from bar after 950F age within 1500-1700F. This procedure should result in
treatment. optimum grain size and properties after heat treat¬
3.5.1.9 [Figure] Axial-load mild-notch (K, = 4.0) ment. (Refs. 5, 9, 10)
fatigue strength at several stress ratios for 4.1.2 Cold Workability. As in other low carbon martensitic,
specimens machined from bar after 950F age precipitation hardening steels, cold working can be
treatment. readily performed in the annealed condition at the
hardness level of Rockwell C 30-35. Since the elonga-
Code 1514
Page 8
Custom 455
tiori tends to be localized, deep drawing and similar 4.4 Surface Treating
stretching operations will require intermediate anneal¬ 4.4.1 Cleaning. After forging or annealing, descaling is ac¬
ing. For other cold forming operations, such as cold- complished by wet-grit blasting or acid cleaning. The
drawing and cold-rolling, the work-hardening rate in latter consists of immersing for 2 to 3 minutes in 15
the annealed condition is extremely low, allowing con¬ percent muriatic acid at 180F followed by 4 to 6 min¬
siderable reduction without intermediate annealing. utes in 15 percent nitric plus 3 percent hydrofluoric at
(See Figure 4.1.2.1) Cold- and warm-heading opera¬ room temperature (acid concentrations are in volume
tions can also be performed easily. Cold working prior
percent). Desmut by immersion in 20 percent nitric
to aging increases the strength level in the heat treated
acid at room temperature. The heat tint from aging is
condition. (See Tables 3.1.2, 3.2.1.4, and 3.2.1.6) (Refs. removed by pickling for 5 to 10 minutes in 15 percent
5, 9, 10) nitric plus 3 percent hydrofluoric followed by a water
4.1.2.1 [Figure] Effect of cold drawing in the annealed rinse. Fused-salt descaling baths that operate at 800-
condition on tensile strength of wire. 1000F should not be used during cleaning between in¬
4.1.3 Primary and secondary deformation processes for pre- termediate anneals, since age-hardening can occur.
cipitation-hardenable stainless steels are discussed in All parts should be passivated in a 40 to 60 percent ni¬
Ref. 55. tric solution as the final processing step. Machined
parts should be degreased prior to heat treatment.
4.2 Machining and Grinding (Refs. 5, 6, 9)
4.2.1 Machining and grinding can be performed success¬ 4,4.2 Nitriding. The surface hardness of the basic alloy is
fully using the same practices required for other high increased to improve wear resistance by nitriding, but
strength, heat-treated alloys; namely slow speeds, at some sacrifice in corrosion resistance. Nitriding is
positive cuts, adequate use of coolants, and rigid tool performed in a cyanide salt bath or in a gas atmosphere,
and work supports. The machining characteristics are and aging is accomplished in the same operation. A
similar to those of the nickel maraging steels (Code chemically clean surface is imperative to achieve a
1220). Specific and detailed data for turning, milling, uniform case. Nitriding at 960-1025F for 24 to 48
drilling, tapping, and grinding are given in Ref. 5. hours produces a case depth of 0.003-0.006 inch, a
case hardness of 65-70 Rockwell C, and a core hard¬
4.3 Joining
ness of 39-45 Rockwell C. (Ref. 5)
4.3.1 The alloy can be successfully welded by resistance butt
welding, spot welding, and the inert-gas-shielded
methods. Pre-heating and post-weld annealing are not
Table 1.3.1 Specifications (Refs. 1-4, 83-87)
required. However, optimum ductility in the weld
metal is obtained by post-weld annealing prior to ag¬
Alloy Custom 455
ing, which also improves the resistance to corrosion.
After aging, the joint efficiencies which are possible Form Condition Specification Ref.
are 100 percent in small sections and 85 percent or
greater in large sections. Some general recommenda¬ Welded Tubing ST and ST + Age AMS 5578D 1
tions for metal-gas-arc welding procedures are given
Bar, Wire, Forging ST and ST + Age AMS5617G 2
in Refs. 5, 32, and 73. Other welding procedures used
for the nickel maraging steels are applicable. (Refs. 5, Wire CD AMS 5672 B 3
6, 9) Laser welding is discussed in Ref. 27.
Sheet, Strip, Piate ST and ST + Age AMS 5860D 4
4.3.2 Impact resistance of restraint pin welds in the post weld
950F aged condition are reported to be unacceptably Bar, Wire ST and ST + Age MIL-S-83311a 83
low at service temperatures in the range -50F to -60F.
Resolution treating after welding, prior to aging, re¬ Spring Wire CO and CD + Age ASTM A 313 84
stores impact strength to acceptable parent metal
Bar and Shapes ST and ST + Age ASTM A 564/A 564 M 85
levels. (Refs. 67-71)
Plate, Sheet, Strip ST and ST + Age ASTM A 693 86
Forging ST and ST + Age ASTM A 705/A 705M 87
a This specification active for replacement parts only. For new design and
new purchases, use Refs. 2 and 3.
Code 1514
Page 9
Custom 455
Table 1.4.1 Composition (Refs. 1-5, 83-87, 93)
Alloy Custom 455
ASTM
Source Carpenter AMS 5578D AMS 561 7G AMS 5617G AMS 5672B AMS 5860D MIL-S-83311 ASTM A 564/A 564M,
UNS A 313, A 693 A 705/A 705 M
Reference 5,93 1 2 2 3 4 83 84, 86 85, 87
Bar, Wire, Bar, Wire, Plate, Sheet,

Form All Welded Forging Spring Temper Sheet, Strip, Bar, Wire Strip, Bar, Shapes,
Forging
Tubing Wire Plate Forging
[Grade 1] [Grade 2] Spring Wire
Element (Percent)
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Mill. Max. Min. Max.
Carbon 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.010 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03
Manganese 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Silicon 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Phosphorous 0.040 0.015 0.015 0.010 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.040 0.015
Sulfur 0.030 0.015 0.015 0.010 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.030 0.015
Chromium 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50 11.00 12.50
Nickel 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50 7.50 9.50
Columbium 0,50 0.10 0.50

0.10 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.10
+ Tantalum
Titanium 0.80 1.40 0.80 1.40 0.90 1.40 1.00 1.35 0.80 1.40 0.80 1.40 0.80 1.40 0.80 1.40 0.90 1.40
Copper 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 2.50
Molybdenum 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Nitrogen 0.015 0.010 0.015
Iron Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance
Code 1514
Page 10
February 1996 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Ferrous Alloys • FbAH
Custom 455
Table 1.5.2.2 Effect of solution treatment on room temperature smooth and sharp-notch tensile strengths, and Charpy-V
impact energy of solution treated and aged bar (Ref. 26)
Alloy Custom 455
Form Hot Rolled 2-in. Bar
Condition ST + Age
Ftu Fty e RA NTSa IE Charpy-V

ST Age (percent) (percent) (1Mb)
(ksi) (ksi) (ksi)
850 254.6 248.6 10.2 40.4 210 5.5
900 252.3 245.8 10.1 49.1 257 10.0

1500F, 30 min, WQ
950 238.2 234.1 10.1 56.6 326 18.0
1000 194.0 181.1 17.6 63.0 293 34.0
850 252.8 249.0 thread failure 69 2.0
900 256.5 246.5 4.6 16.7 96 2.0

1700F, 30 min, WQ
950 243.8 234.8 11.4 48.0 154 3.5
1000 190.4 175.9 16.1 63.4 291 36.5
850 255.8 248.5 10.6 45.6 198 6.0
900 255.1 249.5 10.8 48.7 257 9.0

11OOF, 4 hr, AC +
1500F, 30 min, WQ
950 239.5 235.3 11.7 53.5 323 17.0
1000 194.4 181.8 18.4 62.3 291 42.5
850 251.1 246.3 11.2 46.8 269 11.0
900 247.7 243.0 10.0 45.6 303 14.0

1250F, 4 hr, AC +
1500F, 30 min, WQ
950 233.4 230.5 11.7 54.5 323 18.5
1000 189.5 176.5 17.7 63.0 287 46.5
850 248.3 242.5 11.1 41.7 200 6.5

1700F, 30 min. WQ +
1250F, 4 hr, AC + 900 245.0 240.0 11.3 49.0 300 13.5
1500F, 30 min, WQ
950 227.0 223.0 16.4 55.6 330 23.0
1000 183.7 170.6 16.7 63.9 282 67.0
All values average duplicate tests.

a Notch specimen: ÿx
\6oy
K, = 10
Code 1514
Page 11
Custom 455
Table 1.5.4.1 Nitriding depth arid hardness (Ref. 5) Table 1.6.2 Typical hardness (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455 Alloy Custom 455
Nit riding Hardness (Rc) Form Bar, Plate, Strip

Case
Depth ST + Age atb
Temperature Time Condition sra
Procedure Case Core (in.)
(F) (hr)
900F 950F 1000F 1050F
24 68-70 42-44 0.003
Cyanide Bath 960 - 990 Hardness (Ft J 31 -34 49-51 47-48 44-46 40
48 65-70 43-45 0.006
a 1500F, 30 minutes, WQ.
Gas Nitriding 1025 24 68 39 0.004
b 1500F, 30 minutes, WO + age temperature, 4 hours, AC.
Custom 455, Forged Block

4.8 in. *3.3 in. x 1.6 in.
ST + age
Custom 455, Forged Block
a 1525F, 30 min, OQ ÿ 980, time @ temp, AC 4.8 in. x 3.3 in. x 1.6 in.
• 1525F, 30 min, OQ + 1000F, 5 hr, AC + 1525F,
2 hr 10 min in furnace, OQ + 980F, time © temp, AC
ST + age
A 1525F, 30 min, OQ + 1000F, time ©temp, AC
Each data point average 10 measurements.
48)—
• 1525F,
0Q +
30 min, OQ + 1525F, 2 hr 10 min in furnace,
1000F, time @ temp. AC
ÿ 1525F, 30 min. 0Q + 800F, 8 hr. AC + 1000F.
time © temp, AC
O 1525F, 30 min, OQ + 980F, 4 hr, AC + 995F,
time ©temp, AC
, Rc = -5.83 log t + 51.0
r = 0.995 Each data point average 10 measurements.
-a 46
/ Rc = -3.69 log t + 47
Rc = -4.55 log t + 49.6 r = 0.993
r = 0.993
4 6 8 10 20 30 2 4 6 8 10 20 30
Time at Temperature (hr) Time at Temperature (hr)
Figure 1.6.3 Effect of aging time at 980F on hardness Figure 1.6.4 Effect of aging time at 995-1000F on
of forged block (Ref. 98) hardness of forged block (Ref. 98)
Code 1514
Page 12
Custom 455
Table 1.6.5 Effect of cold drawing on hardness of wire

_ 16
Custom 45.
(Ref. 5) 4? ST+ 950F age
Alloy Custom 455 |14

m
Form Wire .&
»
« 12
Size 0.250-in. Initial Diameter
Condition Annealed3 + CD Annealed3 + CD + Ageb

E 10
a>
CO
(percent)
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (F)
Hardness
31 -32 33 35 37 49 50 52 53
(fy
Figure 2.1.3 Thermal conductivity (Refs. 5, 9)
3
1500F, 30 minutes, WQ.
b 900F, 4 hours, AC.
40
Custom 455 Custom 455
7
E .E
• cqor
ÿ
aged (6)
950F age (5, 9,14)
•
ÿ
O
ST
ST 1950F age
38
H
ÿ —
co
c
D 36
ÿ
o s- E.
5
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 > 34
Temperature (F)
« 32
Figure 2.1.4 Thermal expansion (Refs. 5, 6, 9, 14, 54)
30
•
28
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (F)
Figure 2.2.2.1 Electrical resistivity (Refs. 5, 9)
Code 1514
Page 13
FgAH • Ferrous Alloys Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook February 1996
Custom 455
12000
10000
--
Custom 455 1
1500F, 30
|
min, WQ
j
- 1500F, 30 min, WQ + 950F, 4 hr, AC
i Custom 455
1500F Anneal + 4 hrage
ra 8000
a
Sr
« 6000
u
ÿ 5 w/o H2S04 at room temperature

• 50 w/a
a
HNOj at 200F
20
w/o acetic, boiling
40 60 80 100 120 Samples exposed for five 48-hour
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds) periods in indicated media
Figure 2.2.3.1 DC normal induction (Ref. 5)
900 950 1000

Aging Temperature (F)
Figure 2.3.1.2 Corrosion rates in acetic, sulfuric,

and nitric acid media (Ref. 5)
Custom 455 | Custom 455, Billet |

ST + age
Precracked Cantilever Beam Specimens
. LT crack orientation
' 100 ÿ
4-in. square
1500F, 1 hr, WQ + 950F, 4 hr, AC
O Specimen failed
1-1/4' SQ
(GS = ASTM 7) 80
_ • No crack growth _
0
60
9' SQ (GS = ASTM 2) 40 7.5 I H-0.

bHU8
t/45°\ 1
ifTv 5
20
3.5% Aqueous NaCl solution
I _L J_L
J 1_ 1
900 950 1000 1050 10 100 1000 1000O
Age Temperature (F) Test Duration (hr)
Figure 2.3.2.1 Effect of section size and age Figure 2.3.2.2 Delayed failure of fatigue precracked
temperature on room temperature Kÿ. in 3.5 cantilever bend specimens (from billet) in 3.5 percent
percent NaCl solution (pH 5) (Ref. 7) aqueous NaCl solution (Ref. 20)
Code 1514
Page 14
Custom 455
Custom 455, Forging I Custom 455 I

1525F, 3 hr, OQ + 1000F, 4 hr, AC 1500F, 30 min, WQ + 4hrage
RT, 3.5% NaCl Solution Tested in 3.5 w/o NaCl at 74F
Crack Plane Specimen Open symbols - Test interrupted no break
Orientation Thickness (in) Closed symbols SCC or tensile lracture
ÿ
O SL 0.37 K| at time zero fracture in air

ÿ
Cantilever Beam Specimen

a LS 1.29
A I 5-7/16" -1 F-4-3/8"
o
o A
3
2-3/6*
o.15(T-j_
l/45°X
ÿ IT-
r = 0.0C 2
k & Fatigue precracked
A
A
y~ 120
100
' . 1000F age
975F age
4
JS
80 - *—*4- O A
ÿ 950F age
60
10 100 1000 * 925Fafle
Time (fir) 40
Figure 2.3.2.3 Delayed failure of fatigue precracked

20
c
"' u SOOFage
0
cantilever bend specimens (from forging) in 3.5 percent 10 100 1000
aqueous NaCl solution (Ref. 99)
Time (hr)
Figure 2.3.2.4 Effect of aging temperature on

delayed failure characteristics of fatigue precracked,
cantilever beam specimens in 3.5 percent aqueous
NaCl solution (Refs. 5, 7, 11)
Table 2.3.3.5 Effect of aging temperature on cracking time of U-bend specimens exposed to saltwater atmospheres
(Refs. 5, 7, 11, 13)
Alloy Custom 455
Specimen U-bend: 3.88-in. x 0.38-in. x 0.105-in., 0.5-in. Bend Radius
Marine Atmosphere at INCO Kure Beach,

Exposure 20 percent Salt Spray at 95F 80-ft. from Atlantic Ocean
Number of Number of Number of Number of

Age Temperature Duration Duration
Specimens Specimens Specimens Specimens
(F) of Test of Test
Tested Cracked Tested Cracked
4, 141, 463, remainder

900 5 3 3 3 1, 2, 3 days
uncracked after 485 days
3, remainder uncracked
950 4 1 after 278 days
No cracks in No cracks in
1000 5 0 3 0 1000 days
278 days
Code 1514
Page 15
FeAH • Ferrous Alloys Aerospace:Structural Metals Handbook February 1996:
Custom 455
Table 2.3.2.7 Effect of alternate Immersion in NaCl solution, under tension stress, on room temperature strength, ductility,
hardness, and elastic modulus (Ref. 80)
Alloy Custom 455

Form 0.034-in Sheet
Condition 1500F, 30 min, WQ + Age, 4 hr in Vacuum, Argon Cool
Age Temperature Hardness Exposure Time0 Exposure Stress0 Properties After Exposure Number of
(F) (Rc) (Days) (Percem of Fÿ) E(103 ksi) Specimens Tested
Ftu (ksi) Fty (ksi) e, 2-in. (percent)
Longitudinal
Jnaged 34.0 None 0 164.7 126.9 4.9 22.8 3

None 0 249.9 240.6 4.8 26.4 3
0 249.6 244.8 4.9 30.8 4
1000 49.0 180 75 249.7 243.9 4.3 31.0

90 249.2 242.5 4.7 29.7 3
100 249.0 241.5 4.5 29.2
None 0 208.2 189.9 7.0 31.1
1100 43.0 0 209.0 191.9 7,8 29.3 4
180 75 208.9 183.4 7.2a 30.7

100 207.8 184.3 7.6 27.7
None 0 173.4 124.0 13.0 24.9
1150 37.0 174.4 127.4 11.9 25.0 4
180 75 173.9 119.6 12.9 24.0

too 173.6 118.2 12.8 25.0
Transverse
Unaged 34.0 None 0 171.2 133.2 4.5 24.0 3
None 0 259.7 252.9 3.2 32.5 3
0 261.1 256.4 3.0b 32.6 4
1000 49.0 180 75 256.2 243.0 3.5a 33.1
90 259.6 253.0 3.2b 31.3 3
100 259.7 252.7 3.2 31.9

None 0 215.8 199.4 6.9 30.9
1100 43.0 0 215.7 200.1 7.03 30.4 4
180 75 215.9 195.1 6.8 32.0

100 216.4 195.6 7.0 29.5
None 0 179.7 137.4 12.4 29.4
1150 37.0 0 179.7 130.8 10.8 26.5 4
180 75 176.1 127.4 8.8 27.4

100 181.4 127.4 11.5 26.8
a One test.
b Two tests.
c Alternate immersion in NaCl solution: 10 minutes in; 50 minutes out.
Code 1514
Page 16
February 1996ÿ
b
100
Custom 455, Bar
0.5 in.
1500F, 30 mi n, WO age, 4 tir, AC
Condilion
Flu
(ksi)
230.3
A
V
*
5% NaCI sorav 3x/dav. 5 davs/week. at 77F 80% RH
Age Temperature (F)
ÿ
0 900(24)
950 f24>
1000 (24)
1050(24)
O 950(5)
i I i
223.9
i
F'y
(ksi)
°o
i —i— i i
101
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
1
o
1
ÿ
11(111
Time to Failure (days)
e, 1-in.
(percent)
12.7
RA
(percent)
53.0
c
102
0
ÿV
Figure 2.3.2.8 Delayed failure of smooth tensile specimens in alternating salt spray (Refs. 5, 24)
—-
-
.
ÿ
Table 2.3.2.9 Delayed failure in 5 percent salt fog atmosphere of notched specimens variously plated (Ref. 18)
Alloy
Form
Custom 455
1-in. Bar
Annealed + 950F, 4 hr, AC
Unplated
Notched longitudinal specimens stressed to 142 ksi. All values average from triplicate tests.
Xj30V/
f 0252 J 0-360 ÿ
L r = 0.007
0.002/0.005-inch vacuum deposited cadmium plate + chromate.
0.002/0.004-inch diffusion (630F, 30 minutes) nickel-cadmium plate.

>1000
ACA
vw
—
—
—
Ill
103
Ferrous Alloys • FfiAH
Custom 455
Life in 5 percent salt fog atmosphere3 (hr)
Vacuum deposited
cadmium plated b
95
Nickel-cadmium diffusion
plaledc
>1000
Code 1514
Page 17
Custom 455
Table 2.3.2.11 Susceptibility to hydrogen sulfide stress Custom 455 i
-----
cracking (Ref. 47) ST + age
Alloy Custom 455

-v Aqueous
O NaCI
Synthetic Sea Water
Ftu
(ksi)
Form
Condition
~n *3"
I?52.
E
(103 ksi)
2.5-in. Bar
Annealed + 1050F, 4 hrs, AC
Specimen
No.3
Failure time, t,
at yield stress
(days) bi c
-----x Distilled Water
ÿ
H2S Gas - 50 psig
O 6% H3BQ4 Solution
v> \V°
\ 0
199.3 186.7 32.6 1
2
3
1 <t<4
1< t < 4
<1
k o
3
4 1 <t <4
V ;V
Y9.
C-ring specimen: outer fiber stress perpendicular to longitudinal
grain of bar and equal to Fÿ.
\
b Corrodent: 5 w/o NaCI solution containing 0.5 w/o acidic acid
(pH = 2.84), through which nitrogen bubbled prior to the addition
of gaseous H?S. Gases were flowed daily after inspection.
c Cracked specimens all failed at position of maximum stress in
C-ring, 90c to loading axis. All cracks were straight, with no 100 150 200 250 300
branching, and followed prior austenite grain boundaries, Tensile Yield Strength, F,, (ksi)
suggesting hydrogen embrittlement as failure mode.
Figure 2.3.2.12 Kÿ,, as a function of Fty in various

environments containing water, aqueous chlorides,
air, H2S gas, or H3BO4 solution (Ref. 53)
Table 2.4.1 Helium embrittlement at 1300F (Ref. 64)
Alloy Custom 455
Condition 1500F, 30 min, WQ + 1000F, 4 hr. AC
Helium Concentration3 Uniform Elongation11 Total Elongation"

(appm) (percent) (percent)
0 6 40
25 5 8
3 Helium injected into tensile specimen using a-particle irradiation

from a cyclotron, and measured with gas-source mass
spectrometer. Residual hardening due to a-particle irradiation
annealed out during heating to 1300F test temperature.
b Tensile strengths not reported since they are unaffected by
presence of helium.
Code 1514
Page 18
Custom 455
Table 3.1.1 AMS specified mechanical properties (Refs. 1, 2, 4)
Alloy Custom 455
Form Welded Tubing (1) Bar, Wire, Forging Sheet, Strip, Plate (1)
[Grades 1 and 2] (2)
Condition STb ST + 950 Agec STd.h ST + 950 Age,h ST + STi ST + SSOAge"1'" ST + 1000 Age"'h
1000F Ageÿ
Thickness3 (in.) — < 0.020 0.020 - > 0.062

0.062
— S 4.000 4.000 -
6.000
S 8.000 — S 0.020 > 0.020 • > 0.062 S 0.020 > 0.020 - > 0.062
<S 0.062 £ 0.062
Flu max (ksi) 165 175 175
min (ksi) 220 220 220 225 220 220 225 225 225 200 200 200
Fty max (ksi) 160
min (ksi) 205 205 205 210 205 185 210 210 210 185 185 185
e, 2-in, or 40, min As 4 3 10' 101 10 3 2 3 4 3 4 5

(percent) agreed
upon
RA, min (percent) 40' 40' 40
NTS (Kt > 6). min 225 220 220

(ksi)
Hardness
max
35k
(fy
min 42 42 42 44k 44k 44k 40k 40k 40k

(BHN) max 331®
min
Bending I
a Nominal diameter or distance between parallel sides.

D 1500 - 1550F, > 5 minutes, WQ.
c 1500 - 1550F, > 5 minutes, WQ + 940 - 960F, 3.75 4.24 hours, AC -
d 1500 • 1550F, > 30 minutes, 0Q or WQ.
Continuous-process wire: S1525F, time commensurate with thickness, AC.
e Bar and forging.
f
-
1500 - 1550F, > 30 minutes, 0Q or WQ + 940 960F, 3.75 - 4,25 hours, AC.
9 -
1500 1550F, > 30 minutes, 0Q or WQ ÿ 990 - 1010F, 3.75 - 4.25 hours, AC.
h Specified properties apply equally to material re-solution heat treated, or re-solution heat treated + aged.
' For Grade 2 product s 6 inches, e(4D) £ 5 percent and RA a 20 percent.

i Plate £ 1.25 inch: 1500 • 1550F, 5 - 30 minutes, Rapid Quench.
-
Plate > 1.25 inch: 1500 1550F, 5 - 30 minutes, WQ.
-
Continuous-process wire: 1625 1675F, time commensurate with thickness, AC.
k Thickness 2 0.010 inch.
1
Thickness ÿ 0.1874 inch, bend angle 90° around 2.5t diameter with bend axis parallel to rolling direction.
-
m 1500 1550F, 5 - 30 minutes, Rapid Quench (WQ for t > 1.25 inch) + 940 - 960F, 3.75 4.25 hours, AC. -
" 1500 - 1550F, 5 - 30 minutes, Rapid Quench (WQ for t > 1.25 inch) + 990 - 101OF, 3.75 - 4.25 hours, AC.
Code 1514
Page 19
Custom 455
Table 3.1.2 AMS specified mechanical properties for Table 3.1.3 Producer's specified mechanical properties
spring temper wire (Ref. 3) (Ref. 5)
Form Spring Temper Wire Form Bar, Wire, Forging
Condition CD CD + 850F Agea Condition Annealed + Annealed + Annealed + Annealed +

900 F Agea 950F Age" 1000F Agec 1050F Age"
Diameter (in.)
F,u (ksi) Fty(kSi)
Ftg (ksi) 235 220 205 180
min max min max
Fty (ksi) 220 205 185 165
0.010-0,040 245 — 310 340
e, 2-in. or 4D
8 10 10 12
0.041 - 0,050 235 — 305 335 (percent)
0.051 - 0,060 225 — 300 330 RA 30 40 40 45

(percent)
0.061 - 0.075 220 — 295 325
Hardness 444 415 363 352
0.076 - 0.085 215 — 290 320 (BNH)
a 1500 - 1550F, > 30 minutes, WQ < 6-inch sections and OQ or rapid air
0.086 - 0.095 210 285 315
cool > 6-inch sections + 900F, 4 hours, AC
0.096 - 0.110 200 ' 278 308 b -
1500 1550F, £ 30 minutes, WQ < 6-inch sections and OQ or rapid air
0.111 -0.125 195 — 272 302 0 1500 - 1550F, £ 30 minutes, WQ < 6-inch sections and 0Q or rapid air
0.126 - 0.150 190 — 265 295
A 1500 - 1550F, £ 30 minutes, WQ < 6-inch sections and OQ or rapid air
0.151 - 0.500 180 — 260 290 cool > 6-inch sections + 1050F, 4 hours, AC
3 840 - 860F, 27 - 30 minutes, AC.
400 Custom 455, Bar

1500F, 1 hr, WQ + age, 4 hr, AC
--
Tested at RT
Age Temperature (F)
-300
950
300
(A
JC
<A
tn
e
tii 200
<D
5
r-
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
True Strain, In 4s- (in/in)

Figure 3,2.1.1 True stress-true strain curves (Ref. 13)
Code 1514
Page 20
Custom 455
Table 3.2.1.2 Typical mechanical properties for billet and bar

(Refs. 5, 13)
Alloy Custom 455
Form 4-in. x 4-in. Square Billet 1-in. Diameter Bar
Condition STa + Agebat STa

STa + Ageb at
STa
950F 1000F 1050F 900F 950F 1000F 1050F
Ftu 140 230 205 190 145 250 235 210 190
(ksi)
Fty 115 220 195 175 115 245 225 200 175
(ksi)
e, 4D
(percent) 12 10 12 14 14 10 12 14 15
RA
50 45 45 50 60 45 50 55 55
(percent)
NTSC — 250 250 250 230 260 300 290 260

- (ksi)
IE Charpy-V
(ft-lb) — 8 12 25 70 9 14 20 35
Hardness
31 48 45 40 31 49 48 45 40
(fy
a 1525 F, 30 minutes, WQ.
b 4 hours at temperature, AC.
Longitudinal Tests.
\soV/
y 0.252 ÿ 0.357 ÿ
L r = 0.001
K, = 10
Table 3.2.1.3 Typical mechanical properties for plate (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form 0.375-in. Plate
Condition Test Ftu Fty e, 2-in. RA

Direction (ksi) (ksi) (percent) (percent)
L 146 120 13 50
1525F, 30 min, WQ
T 152 128 15 60
L 252 248 9 33
1525F, 30 min, WQ
+ 900F, 4 hr, AC
T 258 — 9 37
L 237 235 11 45
1525F, 30 min, WQ
+ 950F, 4 hr, AC T 240 237 9 40
Code 1514
Page 21
Custom 455
Table 3.2.1.4 Typical mechanical properties for sheet

(Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form 0.030-in. Sheet
Test e, 1-in.
Condition Direction Ftu (ksi) Fty (ksi) (percent)
As Rolled
L 174 _ 3.6
(50 percent)
T 183 3.2
L 254 252 3.5

As Rolled
+ 950F, 4 hr, AC T 265 263 2.9
Table 3.2.1.5 Typical mechanical properties for strip (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form 0.050-in. Strip 0.160-in. Strip
Condition Ftu Fty e, 1-in. e, 2-in. RA Hardness Ftu Fty e, 1-in. e, 2-in. RA Hardness
(ksi) (ksi) (percent) (percent) (percent) (Re) (ksi) (ksi) (percent) (percent) (percent) (Rc)
1525F, 30 mrn, WO 160 150 10 6 — 34 160 135 18 8 54 33
1525F, 30 mln, WQ
+ 900F, 4 hr, AC
260 250 6 3 — 51 260 250 8 3 25 51
1525F, 30 mrn, WQ
+ 950F, 4 hr, AC
250 240 8 4 — 47 250 240 10 4 40 48
1525F, 30 min, WQ
+ 1000F, 4 hr, AC
220 210 12 5 — 44 220 210 14 6 45 46
Code 1514
Page 22
Custom 455
Table 3.2.1.6 Typical mechanical properties for foil (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form 0.001-in. Foil
Test Ftu e, 1-in.

Condition Direction (percent)
(ksi)
L 192
CR 60% 1.6
T 200
L 298 0.7
CR 60% + 850F, 30 min. AC
T 287 1.0
Table 3.2.1.7 Typical mechanical properties for welded tubing (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form Welded Tubing
Properties
Condition
OD (in.) Wall (in.) Ftu ("«i) Fty (ksi) e, 2-in. (percent) Hardness (R J
Annealed 152 148 10.1 32

1.130 0.107
900F Age 260 258 6.2 51
Annealed 138 131 14.5 32

0.875 0.105
900F Age 254 253 3.9 50
Annealed 150 120 14.0 35

1.000 0.083
900F Age 261 260 4.6 50
Annealed 148 139 14.0 32

0.750 0.063
900F Age 252 250 10.0 50
Annealed 143 133 10.9 32

0.500 0.060
900 F Age 250 144 6.2 50
Code 1514
Page 23
Custom 455
Custom 455, Bar

7/16-in. diameter
ST, 30 min, WQ + 95QF, 4 hr, AC
r = 0.001
K, = 10
_ 100
320
Custom 455, Bar I
1500F, 30 min, WQ + 4 hr at
50
i" aging temperature, AC
ÿs
0
-- e
» 11 1 1 >
K, = 10
See Figure 3.2.1.8
1500 1600 1700 1800 1800 2000
for dimensions of
notch specimen
Solution Temperature (F)
Figure 3.2.1.8 Effect of solution temperature on

smooth and sharp-notch strength of bar aged at
950F (Ref. 5)
Table 3.2.1.9 Effect of cooling rate from the solution

temperature on strength, hardness, and Charpy-V impact
energy of billet aged at 950F (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form 4-in, Square Billet3
Condition 1500F, 30 min, WQ + 1500F, 30 min, AC +

950F, 4 hr, AC 950F, 4 hr, AC
RA
Ftu (ksi)b 220 210
2 40
Fry (ksi) 210 205
e, 2-in. (percent) 9 11 = 20
e
RA (percent) 36 45
800 900 1000 1100
Hardness (Rq) 47 44
IE Charpy-V (ft-lb) 4 7
3
Figure 3.2.1.10 Effect of aging temperature on
Billet rolled Irom 9-inch square to 4-inch square at 2000F. smooth and sharp-notch tensile properties of bar
b All tests longitudinal direction. (Ref. 5)
Code 1514
Page 24
Custom 455
—CustomiV—-
— 455, i
Custom 455, 3ar Sheet
1500F, 30 m n. WQ + 900F a ge. AC 0.034 in.
ÿ
1500F, 30 min, WQ + age, 4 hr in vacuum. Argon Cool -

i O ÿ L
NTS_____— Kj = 10
See Fif ure 3.2.1.8 for dimensions
of notch specirlien
— 240
r
hu
Fty
'
cn
40
i E —- ,
30
n
Q
20 UJ
) t/T
10 3
r =3
0 O
£
1000 1050 1100 1150
RA
Figure 3,2.1.12 Smooth tensile properties of sheet
aged in the 1000-1150F range (Ref. 80)
e
04 8 12 16
Aging Time (hr)
Figure 3.2.1.11 Effect of aging time on smooth and

sharp-notch tensile properties of bar (Ref. 5)
Table 3.2.1.13 Effect of 1000-hour exposure in air at

elevated temperature on the room temperature smooth
and sharp-notch tensile properties and Charpy-V impact
energy of solution treated and aged bar (Ref. 5)
Alloy Custom 455
Form Bar
Condition ST + 900F, 4 hr, AC + Exposure in Air
Exposure in Air None 1000 hr at 700F 1000 hr at 800F
Ftu (ksi) 250 272 270
Fty (ksi) 240 264 262
e, 1-in. (percent) 11 10 10
RA (percent) 46 43 43
NTS (K, = 10)a (ksi) 260 220 230
IE Charpy-V (ft-lb) 10 6 7
a See Table 3.2.1.2 for notch specimen configuration.
Code 1514
Page 25
FeAH • Ferrous Alloys
Custom 455
260
240
200
160
/
r
/
—-
ÿ
—
-
Custom 455, Wire
0.250-in. diameter
FtU -4
20
*
Cold Work (Percent)

j
40
Figure 3.2.1.14 Effect of cold work on the smooth

tensile properties of wire in the as-drawn and
cold-drawn plus aged conditions (Refs. 5, 9)
Code 1514
Page 26
Annealed 1500F, 30 min, W 0 tCD

Annealed + CD + 900F, 4 hr age
_ -• — A "'
Table 3.2.1.15 Comparison of bolt strength to material
strength (Ref. 50)
c
253.6
K| = 3.0.
Alloy
Form
Condition
Materials Properties
Ftu (ksi) NTS3 (ksi)
368.3 317.8
Stress area based on maximum minor diameter of MIL-S-8879

thread.
Stress area based on maximum pitch diameter of MIL-S-8879
thread.
Table 3.2.2.3 Compressive yield strength and elastic

modulus (Ref. 5)
Alloy
Condition
Age Temperature (F)
950
1000
Fey (ksi)
246 - 251
212-216
Custom 455
February 1996
Custom 455
1/4-in. Diameter Hex Head Bolt
Head + ST + 900F Age + Grind Shank

and Thread Diameters + Roll Threads
+ Roll Head and Shank Fillet Radius
Ftu" (ksi)
Bolt Properties
Annealed + Age, 4 hr, AC

F,uC (ksi)
269.8
Ec (10 3 ksi)
30
29-30
Custom 455
Table 3.2.3.1 Effect of aging temperature on Charpy-V Table 3.2.3.2 Effect of aging temperature on tensile and
impact energy of bar and billet (Refs. 5, 8, 12) Izod impact properties of bar (Ref. 24)
Form Bar and Billet Form 0.5-in. Bar
Condition 1525F, 30 min, WQ + Age, 4 hr, AC Condition ST + Age, 4 hr, AC
Age Temperature (F) Unaged 900 950 1000 1050 Age Temperature Ftu Fty e (VA) E IE Izod,
(F) (ksi) (ksi) (percent) (103 ksi) Ja
Size, Form Ref. IE Charpy-V (ft-lb)
900 253 243 12.8 28.8 11.2
1-in. Bar 5 70 9 14 20 35
950 237 230 15.2 29.4 20.0
1-1/16-in. Bar 5 10 17 27 43
1000 204 194 21.0 29.1 37.5
4-in. Bar 5 — — 8 12 25
1050 184 165 20.0 29.2 51.5
1-In. Bar 12 — — 12 23 35
a Each value average six tests.
Billet (size not
reported)3
8 — 5 6 19 —
3
1500F, 1 hour, OQ + age, 4 hours, AC.
Table 3.2.3.4 Effect of 100-hour exposure in air at elevated

temperature on room temperature precracked Charpy
impact energy (Ref. 8)
Table 3.2.3.3 Effect of aging temperature on Charpy-V and Alloy Custom 455
precracked Charpy impact energy (Ref. 8)
Form Billet
Alloy Custom 455
Condition 1500F, 1 hr, Rapid Cool + 900F, 4 hr, AC
Form Billet
V 100 hr Air Exposure IE Precracked Charpyb
Condition 1500F, 1 hr, Rapid Cool + Age, 4 hr, AC (ksi) Temperature (F) (in-lb)
IE Charpy-Vb 251 Unexposed 4.8

Heat
Age
Temperature (F)
V
(ksi) (ft-lb)
IE Precracked
Charpyb (in-lb)
600 15.5
A 900 251 4.82 15.2
700 10.7
B 950 246 6.42 37.0
800 11.5
B 1000 212 19.1 124.6
900 94.3
a L Direction.
b a L Direction.
LT Orientation.
b LT Orientation.
Code 1514
Page 27
Custom 455
Table 3.2,5.2.1 Tensile and double shear strengths of bolts Table 3.2.7.1.8 Effect of notch acuity on mild-notch tensile
(Ref 49) strength (Ref. 22)
Form 12-Point External Wrenching Boit Form 0.787-in. Bar

with MIL-S-8879 Thread
Condition ST + 950F, 4 hr, ACa
Condition Forge + ST + 950F Age + Grind Shank and Thread Roll
Diameters + Roll Threads and Head-To-Shank Fillet
K,b NTS (ksi)
a (ksi)
Ftu Fsub (ksi) 1.0 234
240.1 139.1 2.5 346
a Based on basic pitch diameter. 4.0 378
b Based on twice the area at nominal shank diameter.
a
Ftu = 234 ksi.
b r= 1.2
Specimen configurations: / ,— 0-25
£=3
ÿ
K,= 1
— — 1.2
Xeoy/
ÿ"0l3S~ 0.433
ÿ K, = 2.5
- r= 0.026
» w
ÿ i
0.256 ÿ 0.492
- r = 0.008
g K, = 4.0
Ciistom 455
ST + age I
Age Temperature Specimens machined after heat treatment.
IR '
900 950 1000

O
&
•» ÿ (5)
(22)
_
M
120
_ ÿ
ÿ
O (97)
(16)
5.
M
t/i
Q>
3/4-1 in. diameter bar
•si
s>
3
80
o
I"
£ 60
3
ÿs
E
U. 40
co 20
Q
180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

Tensile Yield Strength, Fÿ (ksi)
Figure 3.2.7.2.1 Relationship between yield strength

and plane strain fracture toughness (Refs. 5, 16, 22, 97)
Code 1514
Page 28
Custom 455
320
Custom 455. Bar
0.750-in. diameter
280
Longi udinal
RT
240
400F_
"
60o7
200
80 OF
160
1
Custom 455
e 120 4-in. square bil etand 0.750-1.0-in. diameter bar
I
80
_ 300
1500F.WQ + 9OOF, 4 hr, AC
•
ÿ
Bar (5)
Bar (13)
a Billet (8)
u- 260
40
E 220
v> nJiSÿ
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
Strain (In./ln.)
180 ÿ-
Figure 3.3.1.1 Typical stress-strain curves at room E 140

and elevated temperatures for aged bar (Ref. 16)
— 260
o> 220
£
— 80
-400 0 400
Tesl Temperature (F)
Figure 3.3.1.2 Effect of test temperature on tensile

properties of billet and bar in the 900F aged
condition (Refs. 5, 8, 13)
Code 1514
Page 29
Custom 455
Custom 455, Bar

0.750-1.0-in. diameter
_ 300
1500F, WQ + 950, 4 hr, AC
• (13)
ÿ
(5)
A (12)
260
E 220 Custom 455, Bar

</>
©
i180 _ 280
0.750 - 1.0-in. diameter
1500F, WQ + 1000F, 4 hr, AC
• rsi
' 13)
E 140 240 V 12)
100 £ 200
300 GO ÿÿ3
" 160
%
=£- 260
.t
E 120 1
220
180
>-
140
100
f = 2.0
Si fci;
=E •—
co
55 * 1.0
0
100
£
_«®
E u
—
E
80
K, = 7.5
o eL 60 1.0 see Figure 3.3.1.3 tor
u
£ 40 0
dimensions of notch specimen
1
100
80
-e
e to
O a.
•s =
60 ÿ
—-J
40
40
Test Temperature (F)
Figure 3.3.1.3 Effect of test temperature on smooth

tensile properties and notch strength ratio of bar in
the 950F aged condition (Refs. 5, 12, 13)
20
-400 0
— ÿ
--- - 400
i 1-3i
—-
800

tensile properties and notch strength ratio of bar in
the 1000F aged condition (Refs. 5, 12, 13)
Code 1514
Page 30
Custom 455
Custom 455, Bar

1.0-in. diameter
240 1500F, WQ + 1050F age
v>
v>
200
Custom 455, Sheet

160 .0.083 in.
240 260
x= ST + 950Fage
cn
ÿ Transverse
e
CD
• Longitudinal
250
c
m
I—
160 240
2.0
-
K, 7.5
230
See Figure 3.3.1.3 for dimensions of notch specimen
z
220
260
"5 250
ÿ200 -100 0 100 So 240

>-

tensile properties and notch strength ratio of bar in 230
the 1050F aged condition (Ref. 12)
220
10
0
-200 -100 I 100
Figure 3.3.1.6 Effect of cryogenic test temperature

on tensile properties of sheet in the 950F aged
condition (Ref. 12)
Code 1514
Page 31
Custom 455
0.083 in.
--
ÿ
Custom 455, Sheet
ST + 1000F age
r
Custom 455, Sheet
0.090 in. I
j I
I I
150DF, 30 min, WQ + 1000F, 4 hr in vacuum, Argon Cool
ÿ Transverse O O A Longitudinal
• Longitudinal • ÿ a Transverse
J2 220
210
JS 220
5
x=
D)
e Test Temperature (F)
03
m 210
Figure 3.3.1.8 Smooth and mild-notch tensile
properties at cryogenic temperatures for sheet aged
atlOOOF (Ref. 80)
200
-100 0 100
Figure 3.3.1.7 Effect of cryogenic test temperature

on the tensile properties of sheet in the 1000F aged
condition (Ref. 12)
Code 1514
Page 32
Custom 455
Custom 455, Sheet Custom 455, Sheet

0.083 in. 0.090 in.
ST + 1050F age - 1500F, 30 min, WQ + 1100F, 4 hr in vacuum, Argon Cool -
ÿ Transverse O Q a Longitudinal
• Longitudinal • ÿ a Transverse
tc. 240
(K,= 10)
ÿ
C
m c:
30 — E *
—ÿ
=3 20
® S
15 S 10
CD
-— n
t"
— e
ÿ 0 <r
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100
Figure 3.3.1.10 Smooth and sharp-notch tensile

at 1100F (Ref. 80)
320
Custom 455, Sheet
' I
'
1500F, 30 min, WQ + 110QF, 4 hr in vacuum, Argon Cool
Sheet Thickness (in)
0.034 0,090
Cf d 0 ÿ A Longitudinal
280
•
ÿ a Transverse
ÿ_rtu
f 240
-200 -100 0 100

Tost Temperature (F) I" 200
NTS (K,Tioj
160
Figure 3.3.1.9 Effect of cryogenic test temperature Fty
on tensile properties of sheet in the 1050F aged
condition (Ref. 12) 120 /
80
40
40
©
* a> 30
—d-
E— - «-
Q-
30
20
a. 20
en
c e
a 10 & 10
LU eg
0 • "
e~i 0
-400 -300 -200 -100 100
Figure 3.3.1.11 Smooth and sharp-notch tensile

at 1150F (Ref. 80)
Code 1514
Page 33
Custom 455
Custom 455, Bar I Custom 455, Bar

0.750-in. diameter I 0.75-in. diameter
Annealed + 950F, 4 hr, AC "
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC
250
V)
S- 200
to
2
53 160
as
<A
tn
e
d
120
£
a
° 60 > 200
40
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
I
_____ j !
Strain (In./in.)
| | i
_
i j
150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 200 400 €00 800 1000
Tangent Modulus (ID3 ksi)
Figure 3.3.2.1 Typical compression stress-strain
and tangent modulus curves for aged bar (Ref. 16) Figure 3.3.2.2 Effect of test temperature on
compressive yield strength of bar aged at 950F
(Ref. 16)
Table 3.3.3.1 - 70F Charpy-V impact energy for bar aged at Custom 455, Bar
1050F (Ref. 47) 1.0-in. diameter
1500F, WQ + 4hrage a!
Alloy Custom 455 indicated temperature
Age Temperature (F)
Form 2.5-in. Bar o auu
•
ÿ
950
100C /
'ÿ
Condition ST + 1050F, 4 hr, AC ÿ 105C A
-70F m /
Ftu Fty E Specimen IE Charpy-V
(ksi) (ksi) (103 ksi) Number (fHb) fu
D
/
J
199.3 186.7 32.6 1 5
2 4
J
3 4
0
Figure 3.3.3.2 Effect of test temperature on impact

energy of bar in the 900-1050F aged condition
(Refs. 5, 12, 13)
Code 1514
Page 34
Custom 455
Table 3.3.3.3 Charpy-V impact energy at cryogenic Table 3.3.5.1 Effect of age temperature and test
temperature for bar aged in 1000-1150F range (Ref. 80) temperature on double restrained shear strength (Ref. 5)
Form 13/16-in Diameter Bar Form Annealed + Age, 4 hr, AC
Condition 1500F, 30 min, WQ Age Temperature Test Temperature Ftu Fsua

+ Age, 4 hr in Vacuum, Argon Cool (F) (F) (ksi) (ksi)
Age Temperature Test Temperature IE Charpy-Va Fty" 900 RT 248 - 256 142-152
.(F) (F) (ft-lb) (ksi)
-100 257 - 263 157-166
1000 -80 19 243.7
20 FTT 234 - 245 141 -151
-320 2.5 317.1 950 400 202 - 214 122-129
3.0
600 188-193 112-116
1100 -80 43.5 189.8
45.0
800 168-172 102-105
-320 6.5 247.4
8.0 -100 222 - 235 139-149
1150 -80 64.0 121.0 FTT 201 -214 127-133

66.8
1000 400 176-189 111-118
-320 15.5 176.8
16.0 600 164-172 100-107
a LT Orientation. 800 145-154 83-90
b Longitudinal yield strength of 0.090-inch sheet; see Figures 3.3.1.8, a Double restrained shear strength.
3.3.1.10, and 3.3.1.11 for remainder of tensile properties.
Code 1514
Page 35
Custom 455
Custom 455, Sheet

0.083 in.
ST + age
Age Temperature (F)
-- • 1050
ÿ 1000
o 950
160
Custom 455, Sheet

0.083 in.
ST + age
r= 0.0015 Ape Temperature (F)
K, = 12 1050
1000
•
ÿ
- O 950 —
-200 -100 0 100

Temperature (F)
Figure 3.3.7.1.2 Effect of cryogenic test temperature

on sharp-notch tensile strength and sharp-notch
*5
strength ratio of sheet in the longitudinal direction e
ta
(Ref. 12)
0
-
-200 -100 0 100
Temperature (F)
Figure 3.3.7.1.3 Effect of cryogenic test temperature

on notch tensile strength of sheet in the transverse
direction (Ref. 12)
Code 1514
Page 36
Custom 455
220
Custom 455, Bar
ST + age, 4 hr, AC
o £ 200
2 -
I
ES"" 180 ÿ
5-in. Diameter 29.5 in. x 10.5 in.
O ÿ O d d Longitudinal -
• ÿ ÿ b' Transverse
160 I
220
2 s£
*" eraw*
d
1I
—
200
180
160
0.02%
0.01% --4
.....
ÿSs,s>r
aÿ-
->nA
140
ÿ **
120
80
5=ÿÿ
« ™ s
= 9> »
"S 5 "
60
J
St- 40
Table 3.3.7.2.2 Symbols legend for Figure 3.3.7.2.1
—
20
. 20 Test
£ Symbol Heat
Number
Bar Size
(in. x in.)
Temperature Crack Plane
Orientation
0 (F)
120
Klc (See Table 3.3.7.2.2 for symb ols legend) e 85284 3.5 x 3.5 RT LT
IT C(T) Specimens j
100
-65F e 96145 29.5x10.0 RT LS
p +18F
80
o "5
/ r <p
<u t—
S £ —J2 60
RT A 88543 7,0 Diameter + 18 Unknown
r 96145 29.5x10.0 + 18 TL
"96 F
40 ÿn 96145 29.5x10.0 + 18 LS
950 1000 1050
Aging Temperature (F) k. 94189 5.0 Diameter +18 Lfl
Figure 3.3.7.2.1 Effect of aging temperature on room ÿ 88543 7.0 Diameter -18 Unknown
temperature tensile properties and low temperature
plane strain fracture toughness of bar in a variety of A 82125 3.0 Diameter -65 CR
sizes and shapes from seven heats (Ref. 97)
b, 85137 8.75 x 4,75 -65 TL
O 94189 5.0 Diameter -65 LR
96145 29.5x10.0 -65 LS
17 96145 29.5x10.0 -65 TL
ÿ 94189 5.0 Diameter -65 la
A 82185 3.0 Diameter -65 CR
V 86818 6.0 Diameter -65 CR
< 94189 5.0 Diameter -65 lfl
(7 94189 5.0 Diameter -96 Lfl
Code 1514
Page 37
Custom 455
Table 3.3.7.2.3 Effect of quenched section size on -65F, LS

orientation plane strain fracture toughness of forged block
variously heat treated to a common strength level of
approximately 200 ksi (Ref. 98)
Alloy Custom 455
Form Forged Block
Quenched
Section Heat Ftua K|Cb
Treatment (ksi) (ksi Via)
Thickness
(in.)
1.6 1525F, 30 min, OQ + 198 68.8, 73.0, 61.8°

1525F, 2 hr. 10 min
in furnace, 00 +
1000F, 8 hr, AC
1.6 1525F, 30 min, 00 + 204 55.8, 53.5, 50.0 c

1525F, 2 hr, 10 min
in furnace, 00 +
1000F, 5 hr, AC
9-10 1525F, 30 min, 00 + 203 45.5, 49.2, 47.8

1000F, 5 hr, AC
9-10 1525F, 30 min, 00 + 201 47.8°, 46.4C

980F, 12 hr, AC
9-10 1525F, 30 min, 00 + 203 44.9°, 47.1,46.7

980F, 4 hr, AC +
995F, 5 hr, AC
9-10 1525F, 30 min, OQ + 203 48.0, 46.0, 49.3

800F, 8 hr, AC +
1000F, 5 hr, AC
a Room temperature, longitudinal direction.

6 -6SF, LS crack plane orientation, 1T C{T) specimen.
c Not valid according to ASTM E 399.
Code 1514
Page 38
Custom 455
Table 3.3.7.2.4 Room temperature, -65, and -110F smooth and mild-notch tensile strength and plane strain fracture
toughness of forging (Ref. 99)
Alloy Custom 455
Form Forging
Condition 1525F, 3 hr, OQ + 1000F, 4 hr, AC
Test Temperature Test Ftu Fty e, 2-in. RA NTSa Crack Plane K|Cb
(F) Direction (ksi) (ksi) (percent) (percent) (ksi) Orientation (ksi VhT)
70 L 201.2 192.2 13.0 50.0 292.7 LT 95.1, 92.6

89.7
T 298.3 TL
ST 261.7 LS 104.9, 93.2

96.2, 8B.2
-65 L 212.2 203.0 12.2 44.6 LT 46.0, 50.7

46.4, 44.6
44.2, 45.7
49.2
T 217.3 207.7 11.7 41.3 TL 47.7

47.0
ST 212.5 205.5 7.0 15.5 LS 49.3, 48.1

44.1, 45.7
46.4, 44.0
51.3, 45.5
-110 L 217.0 207.5 11.5 44.0 LT 37.5, 42.5

38.0, 46.1
46.4
T TL
ST LS 39.9, 43.0
44.7, 37.5
39.1, 38.6
38.1, 42.4
Notched cylindrical specimen:

\60V/
ÿ OlpT ÿ 0.505 ÿ Kt = 6 6
-r = 0.003
6 CT specimen: RT tests, 1.0-inch thick, - 65F and - 11OF tests, 0.5-inch thick.
Code 1514
Page 39
FeAH • Ferrous Alloys
Custom 455
Table 3.4.1 Plastic deformation in 100 and 1000 hours at

400-850F. (Refs. 14, 16)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.01
f
Alloy
Form
Size
Condition
Stress (ksi) for:
0.2 percent plastic deformation in 100 hours
0.2 percent plastic deformation in 1000 hours
Custom 455, Bar

1-in. diameter
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC
Percent Detormation
ÿ
o 0.1
0.2
a 0.5
o i.o
V 2.0
0.1
Ruptu re
"*\850[
10
Time (hr)
Figure 3.4.3 Stress-rupture and plastic deformation

curves for bar at 400F, 600F, and 850F (Ref. 16)
Code 1514
Page 40
Custom 455
100
Bar
400 F
0.75-1.0-in. Diameter
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC
400
207
203
yd-600F
1000
600
163
155
10000
850
44
30
W
A 150
V>
M
£
5
—
J2
I100
225
200
175
125
100
250
200
150
75
50
50
10
10"5
ST + age
i .
Custom 455, Bar
i-in. aiameter
ST + 950F 4 hr, AC
400F
10-"
All curves represent

10-3
(a) Data for bar unless marked

(b) 950 age unless marked
. i
100
L
L
—
— -
>
600F
10-2
__ -
850F
-
10"1
Minimum Creep Rate (percent/tir)
Figure 3.4.2 Minimum creep rate for bar at 400F,

600F, and 850F (Ref. 16)
Custom 455, Billet and Bar
Xÿ-ÿ900F age -j
Time (hr)
Figure 3.4.4 Creep rupture curves at 400-900F for

billet and bar (Refs. 5, 8, 14)
—
Billetÿ
/
February 1996
——
4nnF
ÿ80Wt (5)
nnnF
700F
A800F (E )
800F
ÿ<
850F~ÿ-ÿ> >ÿ(14) -
900F~"~-\ÿÿ >(5)
in
1000
.04)
(14)
>(8)
(5)
10"
Custom 455
Custom 455, Wire Custom 455, Bar

0.060-in. diamete 140 ST ÿ age 4 hr, AC
CD + formed + ag ed R R Moore Tests, R = -1
600F / 120
Aging Temperature Q. Smooth
K. = 1
O 9DQF
100
• 1000F
ÿ
950F ÿ
ÿ 1050F
80
CO
E 60
500F 40
20
"400F 0.190 w = 0.009"
,K,»3.3
40 80 120 160 1QC 105 105 10'
Stress (ksl) Cycles to Failure, Nf
Figure 3.4.5 Loss of load in one hour at 400-600F Figure 3,5.1.1 Effect of aging temperature on room
during static loading of compression spring made temperature rotating beam smooth and mild-notch
from 0.060-inch wire (Ref. 5) fatigue strength of bar (Refs. 5, 13)
Custom 455, Bar

1-in. diameter
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC
Longitudinal
R = 0.1 Test
F„, = 248 ksi Smooth Notched Temperature
O • RT
Custom 455, Billet
3-in. square and 4-in. square
ST + 950 age
' A
ÿ
a
ÿ
400F -
800F
Longitudinal tests • 2 mill heats

ÿ O Smooth
ÿ
• Notch, K, = 3.3
R = 0.06, 1800 cpm
CO
E
Notched (K, = 3.0)

400F & 800F
104 10s 10s 104 10s 10{

Cycles to Failure, Nr Cycles to Failure, Nf
Figure 3.5.1.2 Room temperature axial-load smooth Figure 3.5.1.3 Room and elevated temperature
and mild-notch (Kt = 3.3) fatigue strength of billet axial-load smooth and mild-notch (Kt = 3.0)
aged at 950F (Ref. 8) fatigue strength of bar aged at 950F (Ref. 16)
Code 1514
Page 41
Custom 455
A* 4.0 2.33 1.5 1 0.67 0.43 0.25 0.11 0

R = -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Custom 455, Bar

/ 950F age
Axial, Longitudinal, RT
—-—
Unnotched, K, = 1.0
Notched, K, = 3.0
-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Minimum Stress, Fmln (ksl)
Figure 3.5.1.4 Typical axial-load smooth and mild-notch (Kt = 3,0) constant-life fatigue diagram
for bar aged at 950F (Ref. 5)
Custom 455, Bar
As oo
R = -1.0
(ksb
Axial, Longitudinal, RT
Pall (ksl) Unnotched, K, = 1.0
Notched, K, = 3.0
-
A=
A = 0.95
A = 0.33
-50 -25 0 25 50
Minimum Stress, Fmi„ (ksi)
Figure 3.5.1.5 Typical axial-load smooth and mild-notch (Kt = 3.0) constant-life fatigue diagram
for bar aged at 1000F (Ref. 5)
Code 1514
Page 42
Custom 455
Custom 455, Bar I

Custom 455
950F age 0.787 in.
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC (Ftu = 234 ks )
Diametral strain control
R=0
Longitudinal
250
___ __
Axial Loading, f = 33Hz
apecime is macnmeg arcer near ir eatment
.
•v\
"V
w 180 >
200
\fmin " 4 4 ksi
—
[TCP
a
1-6 R = -r V a tr ÿ
a ÿ-
150
• K*
CO ob \o • 'i
E
|100 tv
— r\
103 10*
Cycles to Failure, N,
50
Figure 3.5.1.6 Room temperature diametral-strain-
controlled low-cycle fatigue life (Ref. 5)
I l i > I I I I I I
102 103 10* 105 10s 107

Figure 3.5.1.7 Axial-load smooth fatigue strength at

several stress ratios for specimens machined from
bar after 950F age treatment (Ref. 22)
Custom 455, Bar 1 I

0.787 in. 1 I
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC (Ftu = 234 ksi, NTS = 346 ksi) Custom 455, Bar
0.767 in. Ill
Axial Loading, f = 33Kz
- Specimens machined after heat treatment 250 |- ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC (Ftu = 234 ksi, NTS = 376 ksl)-
Axial Loading, 1 = 33Hz
Specimens machined after heat treatment
= 0.008
K, =4.0
R = -1
102 103 10" 10= 10* 102 103 10* fO5 106
Cycles to Failure, N, Cycles to Failure, N,
Figure 3.5.1.8 Axial-load mild-notch (Kt = 2.5) fatigue Figure 3.5.1.9 Axial-load mild-notch (Kt = 4.0) fatigue
strength at several stress ratios for specimens strength at several stress ratios for specimens
machined from bar after 950F age treatment (Ref. 22) machined from bar after 950F age treatment (Ref. 22)
Code 1514
Page 43
Custom 455
Custom 45 5, Bar Custom 455, Bar !

0.767 in. 0.787 in. Ill
ST + 950F , 4 hr, AC (F„ = 234 ksi) ST + 950F, 4 l>r, AC (F,u = 234 ksi, NTS = 346 ksi)
250 Nj - ÿ
R = -1
<5 200 J03 \ ÿ 200
\\ r = 0.026
K, = 2.5
£ 150
sJO* F„,„ = 44 ksi

\ÿ106 frain = 44 ks
e 100 E 100
10ÿ5v
50
50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250

Mean Stress, Fm( (ksi) Mean Stress, Fÿfksi)
Figure 3.5.1.10 Haig diagram for axial-load smooth Figure 3.5.1.11 Haigdiagram for axial-load mild-notch
specimens machined from bar after 950F age {Kt = 2.5) specimens machined from bar after 950F
treatment (Ref. 22) age treatment (Ref. 22)
Custom 455, Bar

0.787 in. 1 I I
ST + 950F, 4 hr, AC (F,„ = 234 ksi, NTS = 378 ksi)
s\6oy/
» 200 ÿ0.256 ÿ0ÿ492 ÿ Custom 455, Sheet
r= 0.008
K, = 4.0 ST + age
Axial load, R = 0.1
Age Sheet
Temperature (F) Thickness (in)
O 950 0.188
F„,. = 44 ksi ÿ 1000
0.188
= 100
200
•
950
» IUJU
0.050
180
160
t
140
"» 1 •
120
50 100 150 200 250 100 I 1 1 \ 1 S 1 1
Mean Stress, Fm1 (ksi) 104 10s 10® 107
Figure 3.5.1.12 Haig diagram for axial-load mild-notch
(Kt = 4.0) specimens machined from bar after 950F age Figure 3.5.1.13 Room temperature axial-load fatigue strength
treatment (Ref. 22) of sheet (Ref. 56)
Code 1514
Page 44
Custom 455
Custom 455, Sheet Table 3.5.1.15 Room temperature axial tension fatigue
ST + age strength of bolts (Ref. 49)
Axial load, R = 0.1
See Figure 3,5.1.13 for smooth fatigue properties
Alloy Custom 455
Age Sheet
Temperature (F) Thickness (in)
O 950 0.188 Form 12-Point External Wrenching Bolt
ÿ 10D0 0.188 with MIL-S-8879 Thread
•
ÿ
950
1050
0.050
0.050 Condition Forge + ST + 950F Age + Grind Shank and Thread Roll
Diameters + Roll Threads and Head-To-Shank Fillet
Ftua (ksi) Cycles to Failureb, Nf
240.1 500,000
a Based on basic pitch diameter.

10* 105 106 107 b
Fmax - 99 ksi; R = 0.1. All failures in threads.
Figure 3.5.1.14 Room temperature axial-load fatigue strength

of two-hole (Kt = 3.0) sheet specimens (Ref. 56)
100
Custom 45:), Wire
Annealed CD
90
80
//
70
60
v>
Custom 455, Bar

° 50
ST + age
Static
• (15)
f "0
30
ÿ
*v (14)
(12)
cs
V—
28 30
26
V N|\
\\
\\
20
24
10
22
-400 0 400 800
Temperature (F) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Reduction in Cross Sectional Area by Cold Drawing (percent)
Figure 3.6.2.1 Modulus of elasticity in tension (E)
and compression (Ec) at temperatures ranging Figure 4.1.2.1 Effect of cold drawing in the annealed
from -200F to 800F (Refs. 12, 14, 15) condition on tensile strength of wire (Ref. 5)
Code 1514
Page 45
Custom 455
References 16. O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report
1. Aerospace Materials Specification, AMS 5578D, Society AFML-TR-71-249, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
of Automotive Engineers (May 1995). Columbus, OH (December 1971)
2. Aerospace Materials Specification, AMS 5617G, Society 17. G.J. Biefer, "Environmental Cracking Susceptibility of
of Automotive Engineers (April 1990). High Strength Steels," Materials Protection (November
1968).
3. Aerospace Materials Specification, AMS 5672B, Society
of Automotive Engineers (October 1987). 18. E.A. Lauchner, "The Stress Corrosion Resistance of High
Strength Steels for Bolting Applications," Nor-69-91,
4. Aerospace Materials Specification, AMS 5860D, Society Northrop Corporation, Aircraft Division (July 16, 1969).
of Automotive Engineers (January 1992).
19. "New Maraging Alloy Upgrades Performance of
5. "Carpenter Custom 455 Stainless - High-Strength Landing Gear Bolts," Design Engineering (September
Stainless Steel," Carpenter Technology Corporation, 1969).
Reading, PA (1971).
20. C.S. Carter, D.G. Farwick, A.M. Ross, and J.M. Uchida,
6. A.F. Hoenie and D.B. Roach, "New Developments in "Stress-Corrosion Properties of High-Strength Precipita¬
High-Strength Stainless Steels," DMIC Report 223, tion-Hardening Steels in 3.5% Aqueous Sodium
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH (January 3, Chloride Solution," D6-25219, Boeing Co., Commercial
1966).
Airplane Group, Renton, WA (February 1970); Corro¬
7. M. Henthorne, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Martensi- sion, Vol. 27, No. 5 (May 1971).
tic, Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels," 21. C.S. Carter, D.G. Farwick, A.M. Ross, and J.M. Uchida,
AGARI>CP-98, AGARD Conference Proceedings No. "Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipita¬
98, Brussels, Belguim (October 5-6, 1971). tion Hardening Steels," CORROSION-NACE, Vol. 27,
8. J.M. Uchida, "Evaluation of Carpenter Custom 455," No. 5 (May 1971).
Document No. D6-23928, Boeing Co., Commercial 22. N. Larsson, "Fatigue Testing of Precipitating Steel 1745
Airplane Division, Renton, WA (February 1970). (Custom 455) with Machining as the Final Process,"
9. "Carpenter Custom 455 Technical Data," Carpenter —
Technical Note FFA HU 1965, The Aeronautical
Technology Corporation, Reading, PA (April 1969). Research Institute of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
(January 1979).
10. C.J. Slunder, A.F. Hoenie, and A.M. Hall, "Thermal and
Mechanical Treatment for Precipitation-Hardening 23. E. Turd, "Grabber Arm Mechanism for the Italian
Stainless Steels," NASA SP-5089, AEC/NASA Technol¬ Research Interim Stage (IRIS)," 21st Aerospace Mecha¬
ogy Utilization Handbook prepared by BatteUe nisms Symposium, Houston, TX, (April 29 - May 1,
Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, for NASA Marshall 1987), NASA CP-2470 (1987).
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. 24. T.S. Baker, "Effect of Ageing Temperature on the
11. N.B. Schmidt and M. Hentborne, "Precipitation- Mechanicaland Stress Corrosion Properties of Carpen¬
Hardening Stainless Steels - An Evaluation of Their ter Custom 455 Stainless Steels," Technical
Resistance to Stress-Corrosion Cracking," Carpenter Memorandum Mat Str 1072, Royal Aircraft Establish¬
Technology Corporation, Reading, PA (March 1973). ment, England (November 1985).
12. J.W. Montano, "A Mechanical Property and Stress 25. E.A. Merrick, A. Rivers, J. Bickford, and T.U. Marston,
Corrosion Evaluation of Custom 455 Stainless Steel "Prevention of Bolting Degradation or Failure in
Alloy," NASA TM X-64682, George C. Marshall Space Pressure Boundary and Support Applications,"
Flight Center, Huntsville, AL (August 2, 1972). International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 25,
No. 1-4 (1986).
13. N.B. Schmidt, private communication, unpublished
data, Carpenter Technology Corporation, Reading, PA 26. S.Y. Widge, "A Study of the Effects of Varying Solution
(January 8, 1974). Treatment on the Toughness of a Stainless Maraging
Alloy," PhD Dissertation, Lehigh University (December
14. "Mechanical Property Data - Custom 455," prepared by 1984), Diss. Abstr. Int. Vol. 46, No. 3 (September 1985).
Battelle Columbus Laboratories for Air Force Materials
Laboratory, F33615-70-C-1070 (March, 1971). 27. D.L. Wirth, "Laser Welding of Thermally Sensitive
Alloys," Lasers and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3
15. N.B. Schmidt, unpublished data, Carpenter Technology (March 1985).
Corporation, Reading, PA (May 1, 1972).
Code 1514
Page 46
Custom 455
28. M. Katcher, B. Schneier, and F.K. Lampson, "Galvanic 40. E. Taylor, "Stress Corrosion Cracking Evaluation of
Crevice Corrosion of Custom 455 Alloy in an Oxidizer Aerospace Bolting Alloys," Stress Corrosion - New
and Salt Water Environment," International Sympo¬ Approaches, 78th ASTM Annual Meeting, Montreal,
sium for Testing and Failure Analysis, Los Angeles, Canada, June 22-27, 1975, published in ASTM STP 610,
CA, October 27-29, 1980, published by International American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadel¬
Society for Testing and Failure Analysis, ATFA, Inc., phia, PA (1976).
Lawndale, CA (1980).
41. M.G. Fontana and R.W. Staehle, "Stress-Corrosion
29. E. Vallerani, P. Marchese, and G. Banino, "Fracture Cracking of Metallic Materials," AFML-TR-72-102, The
Mechanics and Fatigue Criteria in Material Selection Ohio State University Research Foundation, Colum¬
for Space Applications," AGARD (NATO) CP-327, bus, OH (April 1975).
Aeritalia, Space Sector, Torino, Italy (March 1983).
42. O.A. Bannykh and Y.K. Kovneristyi, "High-Strength
30. A.W. Birks, and C.G. Ludlow, "Autofrettage Character¬ Steels," Itogi Nauk. Tekh. Metalloved. Term, Ovrab.,
istics for High-Strength Alloy and Maraging Steels," Vol. 10, (Russian) (1976).
High-Pressure Engineering and Technology for
Pressure Vessels and Piping Systems, Orlando, FL,
43. J.B. Hughes and E.L. Hayman, "Inertia Welding Halves
Torsion Tube Replacement Cost," Metal Progress/West,
June 27 - July 2, 1982, published by American Society of Vol. 2, No. 1(March 1976).
Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY (1982).
44. R.S. Hodder, "Progress in Maraging Steels," Industrial
31. L.P. Myers, "PH Martensitics to the Rescue - Modern
Heating, Vol. 41, No. 5 (May 1974).
Stainless Steels Provide a Wide Choice of Properties to
Answer 'Distress Calls'," Materials Engineering, Vol. 94, 45. E. Taylor, "Compatible Coatings for Corrosion
No. 3 (September 1981). Resistant Aerospace Fasteners," Corrosion/73,
National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Ana¬
32. R.S. Brown, "Welding the Specialty Stainless Steels,"
heim, CA, March 19-23, 1973, published in Materials
Welding Design and Fabrication, Vol. 51, No. 11(Novem¬
ber 1978). Performance, Vol. 13, No. 2 (February 1974).
46. M. Kaneo and Y. Kawabe, "Current Super-High
33. J.E. Truman, "Stainless Steels - A Survey, Part 2: Special Tensile Steels and Their Fracture Toughness," Bulletin
Grades," The Metallurgist and Materials Technologist,
Japan Institute of Metals, Vol. 12, No. 5 (Japanese) (May
Vol. 12, No. 2 (February 1980).
1973).
34. S.W. Frost and K.T. Kamber, "Coil Spring Failures in
47. P.W. Rice, R.A. Beverly, C.E. Ivey, and B.R. Keeney,
Aerospace Hardware," Metal Progress, Vol. 115, No. 3
"New Alloys for Oil and Gas Hydrogen Sulfide
(March 1979).
Service," Materials Protection and Performance, Vol. 12,
35. G.E. Kerns, M.T. Wang, and R.W. Staehle, "Stress No. 10 (October 1973).
Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of
Iron Base Alloys," Stress Corrosion Cracking and
48. "Carpenter Custom 455," Alloy Digest (April 1967).
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys, Unieux- 49. S. Patel and E. Taylor, "New High-Strength Fastener
Firminy, France, June 12-16, 1973, published by Materials Resist Corrosion," Metal Progress, Vol. 100,
National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, No. 3 (September 1971).
TX (1977).
50. B.P. Zelus and P.M. Rush, "Survey of Fastener Tech¬
36. J. Koutsky and V. Pechman, "Maraging Steels - New nology," Metals Engineering Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3
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Strojirenstvi, Vol. 27, No. 11, (Czech) (November 1977).
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37. K.H. Miska, "Precipitation Hardenable Steels Combine Bressler, "High Strength Bolt Failure Analysis and
High Strength With Corrosion Resistance," Materials Integrity Assessment-Lessons Learned," International
Engineering, Vol. 86, No. 7 (December 1977). Symposium on Contribution of Materials Investigation
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53. A. Goldberg and M.C. Juhas, "Lower-Bound Kÿc 65. J.F. Rynewicz, "Evaluation of Paint Coatings Tested in
Values for Bolting Materials: A Literature Study," the Deep Atlantic and Pacific Oceans," ASTM STP 558,
Report No. NUREG/CR-2467 UCRL-53035, Lawrence Corrosion in Natural Environments: Proceedings of
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA Three Symposia Presented at the Seventy-Sixth Annual
(February 1982). Meeting, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA, June 24-29, 1973 (August 1974).
54. J.N. Howell, "Mechanical Fasteners for High Tempera¬
ture Structure," National SAMPE Technical 66. J.W. Macedo, "Low Temperature Impact Strength of
Conference, Seattle, WA (September 9-11, 1969). Welded Custom 455," (AMS 5617), Martin Marietta
Aerospace, Orlando, FL (May 24, 1978).
55. D.E. Strohecker, A.F. Gerds, and F.W. Boulger, "Defor¬
mation Processing of Precipitation-Hardening Stainless 67. A.C. Tribley, "Patriot Canister Restraint Pin Pendulum
Steels," NASA SP-5088, AEC-NASA Technology Shock Tests," Martin Marietta Aerospace, Orlando, FL
Utilization Handbook prepared by Battelle Memorial (May 19, 1978).
Institute, Columbus, OH, for NASA Marshall Space
68. A.C. Tribley, "Canister Restraint Pin Failure Analysis,"
Flight Center, Huntsville, AL (May 1970).
Martin Marietta Aerospace, Orlando, FL (April 17,
56. G.D. Deveaux, "Static Tensile and Axial Fatigue 1978).
Materials Properties Test of Custom 455 Maraging
69. D.S. Crowther, "Restraint Pins — Failures During
Steels," Hughes Tool Company Aircraft Division,
Minus 50F Rail Hump Tests at Huntsville 11Jan 78 —
Culver City, CA, Report 385-T-21 (October 14, 1966).
Metallurgical Evaluation," Martin Marietta Aerospace,
57. "Qualification of BACB30NH2OU-95 Bolt, 12-Point 220 Orlando, FL (February 14, 1978).
Ksi Min. Tensile Custom 455 Material," Valley Todeco,
70. D.S. Crowther, "Restraint Pin: Welded and Aged.
Inc., Sylmar, CA, Report VT 1067 (October 1970).
—
MMCO Confirmatory Tests at Minus 50F Metallur¬
58. "Qualification of BACB30NH14U-44 Bolt, 12-Point 220 gical Evaluation," MartinMarietta Aerospace,
Ksi Min. Tensile Custom 455 Material," Valley Todeco, Orlando, FL (March 23, 1978).
Inc., Sylmar, CA, Report VT 1066 (1970).
71. D.S. Crowther, "Restraint Pins — MMCO Tests: Room
59. B.P. Zelus and P.M. Rush, "High Strength Stainless Temperature (Post Weld Aged Only) and at Minus 57F
Steel Fasteners," 1969 Westec Conference, Los Angeles, (Post Weld Solution Annealed and Aged)," Martin
CA (March 10-13, 1969). Marietta Aerospace, Orlando, FL (April 17, 1978).
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Engineering, Vol. 74, No. 5 (October 1971). Data Sheet Program)," AFML TR-78-179, Battelle
Columbus Labs, OH (December 1978).
61. J.K. Stanley, "The Current Situation on the Stress
Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of [Regarding Ref #72, supporting data for the individual
High Strength Fasteners," ALAA/ ASME/SAE 13th data sheets are contained in one of the following:
Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials AFML-TR-67-418, AFML-TR-68-211, AFML-TR-70-252,
Conference, San Antonio, TX, Report AIAA-72-385 AFML-TR-71-249, AFML-TR-72-196, Volumes 1and n,
(April 10-12, 1972). AFML-TR-73-114, AFML-TR-75-97, or AFML-TR-77-
198.]
62. J.K. Stanley, "Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen
Embrittlement of High-Strength Fasteners," Air Force 73. C.R, Weymueller, "The PH Stainless — Simple to Weld
Report No. SAMSO-TR-73-131, Systems Engineering but Touchy," Welding Design and Fabrication, Vol. 53,
Operations, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, No. 5 (May, 1980).
CA (April 30, 1973).
74. N.B. Schmidt, "Mechanical Property Data — Carpenter
63. C.E. Carlson, "Mechanical Properties of Custom 455 Custom 455," Carpenter Technology Corporation,
Steel (AMS 5617)," Hamilton Standard, Windsor Locks, Reading, PA, perconal communication to J. Wolf,
CT (March 1972). Mechanical Properties Data Center, Traverse City, MI
(May 1, 1972).
64. D. Kramer, K.R. Garr, A.G. Pard, and C.G. Rhodes, "A
Survey of Helium Embrittlement of Various Alloy 75. J.E. Truman, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Martensitic
Types," Atomics International, North American and Ferritic Stainless Steels," International Metals
International, Canoga Park, CA (December 8, 1972). Reviews, Vol. 26, No. 6 (1981).
76. R.S. Brown, "The Three-Way Tradeoff in Stainless-Steel
Selection," Materials Engineering, Vol. 96, No. 5
(November 1982).
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77. H.M. Ledbetter, "Physical Properties Data Compila¬ 87. ASTM A 705/ A 705M - 93, Standard Specification for
tions Relevant to Energy Storage. V: Mechanical Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings, 1995 Annual
Properties Data on Alloys for Use in Flywheels," Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 01.05: Steel-Bars,
Technical Report NSRDS-NBS 61, Part V, PB82-232919, Forgings, Bearing, Chain, Springs, American Society
National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO (January for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (March
1982). 1995).
78. J.E. Campbell, "Fracture Properties of Wrought 88. "Carpenter Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels,"
Stainless Steels," Application of Fracture Mechanicsfor Carpenter Technology, Carpenter Steel Division (1986).
Selection of Metallic Structural Materials, Chapter 5,
89. M. Balbi, "The Welding of Stainless Steels, XV -
American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1982).
Weldability of Precipitation Hardening Steels,"
79. E. Hultgren, "Current Requirements on Specifications Polytechnic of Milan, Acciaio Inossid, Vol. 3 (July 24 -
for Corrosion Prevention," SAAB-Scania AB, September 29, 1988).
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on Requirements for Aircraft Corrosion Control,
Upgrading the Quality of Today's Cars," Automotive
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Properties and Ambient Temperature Stress Corrosion
Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement in
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High Strength Steels," Conference on Stress Corrosion
TM X-53665, NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight
Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base
Center, Huntsville, AL (October 20, 1967).
Alloys, Unieux-Firminy, France, June 12-16, 1973,
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Aerospace Weapons Systems" (October 12, 1994).
Sixth Edition, Jointly Published by the Society of
83. Military Specification MIL-S-83311(USAF), Steel Bar, Automotive Engineers, Inc. (as SAE HS-1086 FEB93)
and Wire, (455) Corrosion Resistant, Precepitation and the American Society for Testing and Materials
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30, 1987; Deactivated February 10, 1993).
94. Military Standard MIL-STD-1312-9B (October 19, 1984).
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95. Military Standard MIL-STD-1312-9A (October 19,
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0-88-002 (January 26, 1988).
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100. J.I. Kim and J.W. Morris, "On the Scavenging Effect of
Precipitated Austenite in a Low Carbon Fe-5.5Ni
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105. ALLOY DATA, Custom 455 Stainless, Carpenter
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106. Private communication with Bruce Weller and James
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1996).
Code 1514
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February 1996 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Ferrous Alloys • FfiAH

Author John L. Shannon, Jr. Custom 455

3.2.1.12 [Figure] Smooth tensile properties of sheet 3.2.7 Stress Concentration.

Forging ST and ST + Age ASTM A 705/A 705M 87

Table 1.4.1 Composition (Refs. 1-5, 83-87, 93)

Alloy Custom 455

Reference 5,93 1 2 2 3 4 83 84, 86 85, 87

Bar, Wire, Bar, Wire, Plate, Sheet,

Columbium 0,50 0.10 0.50

Nitrogen 0.015 0.010 0.015

Alloy Custom 455

Form Hot Rolled 2-in. Bar

Ftu Fty e RA NTSa IE Charpy-V

850 254.6 248.6 10.2 40.4 210 5.5

900 252.3 245.8 10.1 49.1 257 10.0

1000 194.0 181.1 17.6 63.0 293 34.0

850 252.8 249.0 thread failure 69 2.0

900 256.5 246.5 4.6 16.7 96 2.0

1000 190.4 175.9 16.1 63.4 291 36.5

850 255.8 248.5 10.6 45.6 198 6.0

900 255.1 249.5 10.8 48.7 257 9.0

1000 194.4 181.8 18.4 62.3 291 42.5

850 251.1 246.3 11.2 46.8 269 11.0

900 247.7 243.0 10.0 45.6 303 14.0

1000 189.5 176.5 17.7 63.0 287 46.5

850 248.3 242.5 11.1 41.7 200 6.5

1000 183.7 170.6 16.7 63.9 282 67.0

All values average duplicate tests.

Alloy Custom 455 Alloy Custom 455

Nit riding Hardness (Rc) Form Bar, Plate, Strip

Custom 455, Forged Block

Time at Temperature (hr) Time at Temperature (hr)

Table 1.6.5 Effect of cold drawing on hardness of wire

Alloy Custom 455 |14

Condition Annealed3 + CD Annealed3 + CD + Ageb

b 900F, 4 hours, AC.

Figure 2.2.2.1 Electrical resistivity (Refs. 5, 9)

ÿ 5 w/o H2S04 at room temperature

Figure 2.2.3.1 DC normal induction (Ref. 5)

900 950 1000

Figure 2.3.1.2 Corrosion rates in acetic, sulfuric,

Custom 455 | Custom 455, Billet |

9' SQ (GS = ASTM 2) 40 7.5 I H-0.

Custom 455, Forging I Custom 455 I

O SL 0.37 K| at time zero fracture in air

Cantilever Beam Specimen

Figure 2.3.2.3 Delayed failure of fatigue precracked

Figure 2.3.2.4 Effect of aging temperature on

Alloy Custom 455

Specimen U-bend: 3.88-in. x 0.38-in. x 0.105-in., 0.5-in. Bend Radius

Marine Atmosphere at INCO Kure Beach,

Number of Number of Number of Number of

4, 141, 463, remainder

Alloy Custom 455

Condition 1500F, 30 min, WQ + Age, 4 hr in Vacuum, Argon Cool

Jnaged 34.0 None 0 164.7 126.9 4.9 22.8 3

0 249.6 244.8 4.9 30.8 4

1000 49.0 180 75 249.7 243.9 4.3 31.0

180 75 208.9 183.4 7.2a 30.7

None 0 173.4 124.0 13.0 24.9

1150 37.0 174.4 127.4 11.9 25.0 4

180 75 173.9 119.6 12.9 24.0

1000 49.0 180 75 256.2 243.0 3.5a 33.1