flyer
S.H.BOGOLYUBOV
EXERCISES IN MACHINE DRAWING
Translated from the Russian by Leonid Levant
MIR PUBLISHERS
MOSCOW inet published 1975
Revised fcom the 1972 Ressian edition
Second printing 1980
‘The Rostian Alphabet and Transitration
© Enel
Ke
aa
Mu
He
00
ne
Pp
ce
Tr
toy
09
Sank aeroleaete
Ha ane autenom sane
Xx kh
un
us ch
hw
ks
aT
Bu y
me
93 ¢
iow a
is
jslation, Mic Publishers, 1975, 1980 Preface
The individual assignments given in teaching.
, Wh, Bl, O 4 as{as|s | 7 |i | 1
‘Width of capita eters M and ® a 22|3> |asj ej] s |
‘Width of lone-case letters (except 2, M, 15, » = |as-| a2] 3 || 4a] 6
‘Width of lowercase letersi, oy Ts $y ty Ml yi 1 bs —|20]s0) «|| s
Width of Bure 1 bs ar |io | as|2|3 | 4
Line thickness of capital letters and figures % o3s|os | o7| 10| 1s} 20
Line thickness of lower-case letters | m=1n0 4 | 025] 038] os | 07] 10] 1s
Snes betwen kero wort and between es A nk |o7 | 10 | 13] 20] 30] 40
Spaces between words and between numbers, aotiessthan | 4, | ama [2s |as | s | 7 | ao | ae
Spaces betwen lines of leering, not less than a [awsea | [ss | asf fas | 2
uw Height of capital levers and figures h
Height of lower-case letters (except b, 4, f,
Eb, i jf le Py a, and y)
Height of lower-case letters by d, f, 8 By
31 py a band y .
‘Width of capital letters (except A, 1. J, M.
‘and W) and figures (except 1)
Width of capital letter 1
Width of capital letter J
Width of capital leters A and M
Width of capital Jeter W
Width of lower-caze letters (except fi js
'm, r,t, and ¥)
byl
7
bseglT he
4 kind of grid. The slanted lines are drawn with the
aid of a T-square and two triangles — one 45°-45°,
the other 30°-60",
Since all the sizes of the characters are proportional
to the quantity 1/7, the grid is composed of eight
horizontal lines intersected by a series of parallel lines
inclined at an angle of 75° to the horizontal.
Slant lettering may also be made with the aid of a
simplified grid. The capitals of the standard lettering
style may be divided conventionally into three groups
Fig, 3). The frst group comprises letters and figures
of simple shape, such as, for example, the letters H,
TI, and T,, that can be constructed without drawing
auxiliary guide lines. The characters belonging to the
second group, such as H, 4, and Ji, require an addi-
tional horizontal guide line cutting their height in half.
The middle elements of these letters are above (as in
H) or below the guide line. The characters in the third
‘group depend for their construction on two horizontal
Buide lines which divide their height into three equal
parts. The upper and lower parts of these characters
are rounded. The basic form in this group is that of the
letter 0. The middle elements of this leter should be
straight. In the letter 3 and figures 3 and 8 the upper
2
‘Table 1b THE LATIN ALPHABET
Width of lower-case letters i,j. 1, and
figure 1
Width of lower-case letters f,r, and ¢
Width of lower-case letters m and w
Line thickness of capital letters and figures
| Spaces teiween words and between
| “numbers, mot tess than
Spaces between lines of lettering, not
less than
part should be somewhat narrower than the lower one.
In making drawings, letters and figures are finished
with a soft pencil. Inscriptions lettered with characters
of large and medium sizes are finished with a blunt
lead; smallsize letters and figures, with a well sharp-
ened point.
Shown in Fig. 4 is a sheet of paper prepared for an
exercise in lettering (For Size 10 letters). The sequence
is as follows. Draw two vertical lines, which will indi-
cate the limits for the lines of lettering (approximately
5 to 10 mm from the border lines). Then draw several
parallel horizontal lines spaced at 15 mm, which will
serve as lower guide lines, and the corresponding upper
guide lines to limit the height ofthe lettering to 10 mm.
Mark off sections of 10 mm on the lower guide lines
throughout their length, 10 mm being the sum of the
letter width (7 mm) and the space between letters
G mm), For constructing “wide” letters sections of
13 mm must be marked off. Either the regular or the
simplified grid may be used.
‘On mastering this operation the student should
try freehand lettering, without making use of guide
line grids. Only the ‘main horizontal lines may be
drawn, 0
FIG.
13 (Chapter It
Pasmep wupugma 10
The Russian alphabet. Exercises in lettering ‘The Latin alphabet. Exercises in lettering PART TWO
GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS Chapter IIL
DIVIDING A CIRCLE INTO EQUAL PARTS
TANGENCY CONSTRUCTIONS,
SLOPES AND TAPERS
In making drawings of machine parts itis sometimes
necessary to divide a circle into equal parts. Presented
in Fig. Sa is a machine part (a cover) and in Fig. 56,
the sequence of geometrical constructions when divi-
ding @ circle into eight equal parts.
To divide @ circle into eight equal parts first draw
two mutually perpendicular axes, horizontal and ver-
tical, to intersect at point O. Then from the point O
as a centre describe a circle on which the eight holes
are to be equally spaced. Use a light dot-and-dash
line (@ long chain line); this circle can be divided into
cight equal parts with the aid of a compass or by
means of a 45°-45° triangle and a T-square.
Draw lines through the points of division and the
centre of the circle, and from the same points as centres,
describe small circles to obtain eight equi-spaced
holes. Then draw the ribs, lugs and other elements of
the part (Fig. Sc) in light lines. The drawing should
be finished in pencil and dimensioned.
Presented in Fig. 6a is an example of dividing a
circle into five equal parts with the aid of a compass,
while Fig. 6b illustrates the division of a circle into
‘twelve equal parts by means of a triangle.
‘The outlines of many parts of machines, apparatus,
instruments and devices consist of straight lines and
ares smoothly joining one another. Such a smooth
passage of one line into another is termed conjugation,
Fig. 7 illustrates the joining of straight lines and
curves. To see the internal outlines the machine part
is cut conventionally by a vertical plane. The section
thus obtained is hatched at an angle of 45°.
‘A smooth passage of a straight line into an are is
obtained if the straight line is tangent to this are, To
this end it is necessary that the centre of conjugation
(Point 0) lies on the perpendicular drawn from the
point of tangency 4 (Fig. 8a). The passage of an are
into an are will be gradual and smooth when the point
of tangency (conjugation) lies on the straight line
joining the centres of the arcs (Fig. 86).
‘The sequence of geometrical constructions in draw-
ing the part shown in Fig. 9a is as follows: draw
the axes, arcs and straight lines using light lines (Fig.
96); construct all the necessary conjugations; finish
the drawing in pencil observing the required thickness
of the lines (the sequence to be followed is shown by
the arrows in Fig. 9¢); dimension the drawing (Fig.
9d).
The present chapter contains 20 variants of exercises
0
2y
a
Bholes 4 Bia o ‘on conjugation. Each variant consists of eight prob-
Jems on a certain rule of conjugation, which are to be
done by the student in his notebook, and two prob-
Jems on drawing the visible outlines of various parts,
which are to be done on separate sheets.
Alll the drawings are to be supplied with real dimen-
sions of the parts. On machine drawings the dimen-
sions are usually given in millimetres. The dimensions
should be lettered with figures of the same size (usually
size 3.5).
On page 32 are assignments from which the student
is to choose one or two problems to complete the set
of exercises on conjugation.
This chapter ends with additional problems (pages
33:35) for drawing standard parts and parts having
slopes and tapers. i
i
rales
ing the rules for tangency const
@® Chapter Ill
Exercise 1b
ZN
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EN
AY
ZS
CS
Vu
ao
NN
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Sy
ay:
5
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Chapter It Chapter It ° a Exercise 5b
Cover
Housing
Draw the contour lines of the pars, and dimension the drawings Chapter IIT cz (Exercise 5b |
e
4
Exercise 6b
CD
NV
Q\
AS
EQS |
IS
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N
NSS
NU
ik
‘Draw the contour lines of the parts, and dimension the drawings Chapter Il
(D\ «
D
2.
a
7
g
Exercise 7h
Upright
‘Draw the contour lines of the parts, and dimension the drawings
25 Chapter It
Chapter Il Chapter Ii Exercise 11b
2holes 22 ia 58
(a>
ew
NSS
‘Draw the contour ines of the parts, and dimension the drawings
27 Exercise 4b
KEE
LEW [_\\ 8
RRNA
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SS
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ISN
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: ASS Yee
Chapter It
oles
ia
ry
Chapter Ill
oles
6 Dia
‘Draw the contour lines ofthe parts, and dimension the drawings Exercise 15b
Upright
SAG ASSN
L. Chapter II
Chapter I
‘Draw the contour lines ofthe parts, and dimension the drawings Exercise 17b
Chapter IIT
Exercise 185
10R
Zholes 10 Dia
Ar
SIN *"
RTH
Face-plate
‘Draw the contour lines ofthe parts, and dimension the drawings
30 Chapter TIT
Exercise 19b
5 Chapter IL |
[Draw the parts to the tabulated dimensions [Chapter Tir
Lbeam Channel
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a [ial oe [50 | 33 [3 [38 > | wo] a] 33 [es | as | as
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High tee Tee
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acellitsa [wail eal Se le [Eon] aol eee needa
al eles| $4] aa [2
wl ss] ts] wfmlale le [3 fis
ma | | 3° | as efelels |r [as] o
wef] ar | ss [3 mfoolste ya pe] 2
Draw one of the above sections of rolled steel, and dimension the drawing
3-S06 33 Chapter IM
Becker
[Exercise 1e-5e] [Chapter mm [Exercise bee
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1 w]e 10 | 10| 0
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(Chapter TH [zereise rete] (Chapter IIT [Exercise tbe 2te|
vows Tipe le[e ls vewn Tepe» [=
ofp PSC) sf ae > jelels|'s|s
Exercises 1d through $d and 16d through 204; draw the part, determine diameter d, and dimension the drawig. Exerises 6d through
od and 11d through 18d: draw the’ pat, determine diameter’ band dimension the drawing
34 chapter IML [Exercise 175) [Chapter I
z
KK
[Exercise 670)
‘Draw the part, determine the taper, and dimension the drawing Chapter IV
COMPOUND
AND NON-CIRCULAR CURVES
The outlines of certain machine parts, instruments,
apparatus, and metal-cutting tools are bounded by
closed curves consisting of a number of arcs tangent
to one another. They are called compound curves.
Closed compound curves include ovals and ovaloids,
Frequently used in engineering drawing are non-
circular curves: the ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, sine
curve, spiral of Archimedes, involute, cycloid, etc.
Therefore, it is necessary for the student to learn the
laws of generation of these curves and the methods
of their geometrical construction.
Figure 10 illustrates an example of a curve used in
‘mechanical engineering. Figure 10a is a drawing of
4 screw conveyer, which is a combination of a helical
surface and a cylinder. If such a screw is placed paralell
to the plane of projection, then the outline of the
helical surface will be represented on this plane in the
form of a sine curve (Fig. 108).
‘As distinct from compound curves, non-circular
‘curves, which may be closed or open, cannot be ade-
quately constructed with a compass, they are generally
obtained by making use of Ffench curves and previ-
ously plotted points,
For example, the basic curve used in machine manu-
facture for gear teeth and gear-cutting tools is the
involute (Fig. 11). It is a spiral curve traced by & point
on a taut cord unwinding from around a circle.
Another widely used curve is the spiral of Archi-
‘medes. A typical example of its application is shown
in Fig. 12 presenting a lathe chuck.
36
Co) Draw several compound curves Chapter IV
Involute of a circle
4 2
Spiral of Archimedes
rofl
m
"1
ir
8
7
3
VAs | || 5
Wh4
IK 5
WW 2
if,
a AX
3
G7
Sine curve
3] | @| &) al el Alm elolelale
wo) e) Me) a) oe] SP ale lSlals| els
Draw one to four non-circular curves Chapter IV c
Serer A
Ag
OC itea2 ao. 6 1S Ogg? 8 8 OL. eo.
Cycloia
Ag
Ay
eS
aa
Eploycloid
Draw one to three non-circular curves
40 PART THREE
FUNDAMENTALS OF DESCRIPTIVE
GEOMETRY AND PROJECTION
DRAWING Chapter V
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS OF POINTS,
LINES AND
Before doing a problem geometrically it is necessary
to visualize in space the sequence to be followed in
the solution. For solving certain problems it is advis-
able to make a three-dimensional pictorial represen
tation (as in Fig. 13a) and an orthographic drawing
Fig. 138).
In making a pictorial representation, the axis OY
is drawn at an angle of 45° to the axis OX, all the
dimensions laid off on the axis OY being half their
true size, whereas on a drawing they are shown true
size (see Fig. 132 and 8).
The pictorial representation of orthographic projec-
tions of line segment AB and construction of its or-
thographic drawing are reduced to projecting its end-
points (Fig. 14a and 8).
PLANES
An orthographic drawing of triangle ABC is ob-
tained by constructing the projections of its three verti-
ces A, B, and C (Fig. 15). The projections of point K
located on an auxiliary straight line is found on the
corresponding projections of this line. The horizontal,
vertical and profile projections of a point are inter-
connected,
To determine the point of intersection of a given
straight line and a plane (say, a triangle) proceed as
follows: through straight line m’n’ (see Fig. 16) draw
an auxiliary plane perpendicular to the plane of pro-
jection (in Fig, 16 the vertical projecting plane is given
by its trace P,); find line (1—2) of intersection of plane
P and the plane of triangle ABC; find the horizontal
Projection of point X, which is the point of intersec-
4
A No}
te lo fly
a
© I |
@ ®
FIG. 13,
2 :
7 7 -
2 5
~ a
al le
. 4,
% o
“ "
x *
@ ie
FIG. 14
42 tion of the horizontal projection of line (!—2) and
the horizontal projection of straight line MN, and
then construct the vertical projection of point K.
Since the given plane ABC is nontransparent, visualize
with the aid of the drawing the position of this plane
in space with respect to straight line MN and distin-
guish between the visible and invisible portions of the
line.
ee
a ys
~L e
e
x 4,
3
i |<
c
y
FIG. 15
z
y
4A 7
ee :
” a
“ah Iv
a5
e
7
y
FIG. 16
43 Chapter V cog
sae
a5
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og
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Pe PEP Er Erp l=
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Chapter V
<<
45
4"
4]
5
pictorial representation and complete orthographic drawing.
‘he planes of projection
ale
ale
their coordinates
Ey
a>
a
4/2 |
%
so
‘coor
‘Construct the pictorial representation ana complete orthographic drawing of points A and B located on the axes of projection, given
\Chapter V_ Cire he corsa of the end-points of line semen 4B, consrct its peor representation and complet othosraphic dawg
mine its postion with respect to the planes of projection
[Chapter V_
x
Spb appeal
+ PelSPElSy|S]s/S s/s isiE Biel
5 ]m)5) faa) e] $)°5)s5) 75) 2) 8) 5/2] 0h
1» YefS] S|) S|] sfss}o) 3/8 |) 3/5 ¢
‘Given the coordinates ofthe end-points of line segment 4, construct
46
its pictorial representation and complete orthographic drawing.
‘Determine its postion with respect to the planes of projection ‘Exercise No. =e
Condi >l«[etell«lelelo e[>
* ie 13} 2n}uo tse] ar} as] 1] aa] s3] 27 | a8] 23 | 30] 63] 22 | a1] 13 | 28] 19
> tof] 20 ta} | ts] sofas |r| | ace [ar | aa S| ao] [30 3
: fae [ze] [3 |2e] t]a]'s| ae [2e| re] [3] an] ae| of |e te
Poors @ 7 7
conan [«[alelola]ale]ol«[elel> >
. |u| 2] |15]20f [2] ] 2] »
e 3] ai] 26/2 [| s5{ 00] [ar | a
tape fe yaya] ) a] 5] ] al 5
=
pl«lelel> >
[se] [| 10 ”
mf ales »
naar °
>lalelel> noo
a | a[3| 1
Given the coordinates of the end-points of line segments AB and CD, construct their pictorial representation and complete ortho-
‘graphic drawing. Determine their mutual position
47 CG
x
a 0
7
|
o
y
alelelel|-[*[a]@ |<]
| || 16| | 2048 13] s0| 20 4 | 22
ft) ||| te ef] 6
29f10fea| [an] >2| 2] 9] 1] >
ive he coors of the ed. pons of ne seamen 4, construc it ctrl representation and complete orthographic drawing
Find
‘he traces ofthis meget
Chapter V_
rT
|
aelol-lelof>l=l=
‘Consus the pictorial representation and complete orthographic ring ct point lying in « projeting plane, Designate the tases
48 (Chapter V t
ww
= EEEEERE ERE RREE ERE
[lolol |e
Constret the pictorial representation and complete orthographic drawing of line segment AB liyng in a vertical projecting plane.
Designate the traces of plane
as 49 (Chapter V
Construct the pictorial representation and complete orthographic drawing of line segment AB lying in a plane of general position,
‘Designate the traces of plane P
50 Chapter V
Construct the pictorial representation and complete onbographic drawing of triangle ABC, given the coordinates of its vertices
‘Determine its position with respect to the planes of projection
51 Chapter V =|
“”
x falelalalalule|s[afalulule Pa
> [ofl] a] ofa] ola] x] »] ola s 4
> lelalelelals|elal ala] | ule 8
!
= 4 2 b “
es el +l*lel«l*lel«]*]el«
|
+ ja o|slslo]ulelola] sfalo| s
x {||| sls] a] so» | 30] | 0
7 | wfa] >} afi] tell a| >| a] | i
a 6 0 * » 2»
coma) ]*lel«[*lels|*lel«l*lel«l*le
Represent pictorially and make a complete orthographic drawing of triangle ABC, given the coordinates of its vertices. Determine its
‘position with respect to the planes of projection
3 Chapter V
Given dimensions D and 6°, construct the horizontal projection of a circle lying in vertical projecting plane P Chapter V
No 1 2 3 + 3
cuanel a]? elalelel«|*lel«l*lel«lele
» fololela »| «|» w]e
> [%lelals 2| S| S|
[as | nla e| | > a]
— 6 ¥ s ° 10
cwamal «le el«lelel«lelel«l*lel«l*le
» lalawlrfale wlolalule x0
> | alelals o| S| S| a|s *
D [als] speyae nlo|S/e|e $
— 1" 2 2 “ oi
coramml at? Lelal[*lel«lelel«l*lel-[*]<
> [olsfalelolsfols{alfals] sf] s| a
yp [efeleiale] sfalalalal}el s|a])a|%
2 [els] Spee] ele] a] cpa] s] ef] o] 0
Tae
Make a complete orthographic drawing of triangle ABC with point N lying a plane ABC, given the coordinates of vertices 4, B and C
54 (Chapter V R
» |alolalals|wlalelu)o wl ola s
w|i] ao} io} ao] is| | | | s] as | | 0] o |
2 fafa] s[ alas fis] a] s| as] s| se] | | «| 0
‘iven the coordinates of vertices A, Band C, make a complete enthographic drawing of triangle ABC with ine sepmeat NAA Tying
in its plane
55 L
Copy the complete orthographic drawing of triangle ABC. Find the point of intersection of straight line NM (given by the coordinates
56
Chapter V
ia 1 2 7
Ccourionta| = | > gules tle[o[
a [ols | w as| 26] | 16
a Jus is | 10 to] ss] is| 10
ce jal se alo fo] 20) 30 3
y | ola 6 | a ae] 96] 's| a7
» [7[s ws | 56 se to] 75] 55
Cooeinaes| x [> ys 7le[>T=
a [ole s|os n| «| @| »
a [sla te | | al a] 6
c [ala | 2 wo] to] a)
y [os] 3 | 36 ts] oe] se] se
mw || as ais ss| a] 26| 2
— 1s ” 2
Coordiowea| = | 7 y|e tlel>[:
a |xle o|u nl] s| «7
= | ste no @| ul] ale
c |a|s ole | a] se] 3
y [al’s |r st] | as] 2s
uw || 2 a | a ala as] »
‘of its end-points) and nontransparent plane ABC. Find the visible portions of the line seal
end-points, Find the true length of AB
siven the coordinates of its
by using the method of revolution
Make a complete orthographic drawing of line segment AB,
fer V_
ZZ,
alata lalaelaelal arte
rl
aba
eal
line segment AB, si
ing the method of rep
Make a complete orthographic drawing of
by Chapter V
inte F fi 7 z
Comrise <[ol*l*le]>l«lele}ols]*[elo
+ falls} 5] a] a] of 5] | 0] 5] s]20/s0] | ols] o] «|
> to] to] 4] 6] S/S] o] col S| 50] a3] 3/5] 5/01 3/5] ala
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4 z 7
conan |atalelo|a]o pla
* | 0] | s| a] « #0] co] s/s
; «| s] 3] | a] se é]e/flalae
7 15] 29| &| to] “] o| 2 [22] 9]
is a ™ =
Coan | a *l@lel@l«lelelol«lelell«[sle]>
“ as] 6] 6{ s[ 0] 2] | 10)afa| 9] ofa]a| 2] 2
; ® | &} 10) 0] 3] 3] i] is] 4/4] 0)0| 3] S]ala
: ° | 5] 39] 6] wo] «| | S| ofs|alis| efal isla
4 i =
coamm |«]e{el>lal*lel>l«lele e[lalelel>
+ [ole s| sfalal «| fa] a] > »| s{n[s| | »
; 6/8] é} shal al af a] 4] % | al"s|t) alas
: 3] | | | “| S| eof a] s] af 30 ‘| 3] $|30| |‘
Make a complete orthographic drawing of quadrangle ABCD, given the coordinates of its vertioes. Find the true sie ofthe quadrangle
‘by using the method of revolution
58 Chapter V Ww
Trace Ne,
x ao} a] s] s| a] a] 2] 2] of so] 10] wolasfas} | sf alas] 5] 5
, ‘| | 7] 7] 3s} a] a] 5] as] 25] as]as}as) s] ao] nn] nfar lar
: 3| a] wo] 10 @| as] as] as] 10] 10] 40] 40|s5]35| 6] «| 6] 15] 40/05
Fercbe No é 7 = 3 0
cous |a[elelol«lelel[>lalaiele|«lalel>lalalcl|>
. | | us] is] a] a] 6] 6] oo] a] 6] sfas|as} 5] 5] s0]s0] 9) 9
to| 10| 30] 30| a] 4s] 7| 7] 10] 10] «| «| 8) a} 40)ao] sa] sfacl 4
: | 2| a] is| 4] 20] 20] 10] 5] ao] so] 16] 4{a2]s0] of astas| 6] ¢
al@lelel«l*lelol«lele|> [2
x as] as] o] 6] 32] 2] 2] 7] | a6] 3] 5 sls
> | 6] a] a] a] e| a] a] a] of se] oe '
: 7 35| 15] 10/36] 30] 10] | so] so] sols
Tabs No, 6 @ %
contin | «| ele] plale plalale|ol«laiel>
T
* wl ol] sls | a] a] 10] 10) se)se}u|arfse] se] a]
> «| 6| | «0 xe| 10 | t0| 50] s0| «| 6] 40] 40) s| 45] 20/45
: a| 8 50] 50 | ‘| | 30] «| 10] 40] 40] 3] 10/10] 35] 9s
Make a complete orthographic drawing of quadrangle ABCD, given the coordinates of its vertices. Find the true size of the
‘quadrangle by using the method of replacement of projection planes Chapter V
= 6 i 8 ’ 10
coamel al e]el«lelel«l*lel«l*lel«lele
alalals s|a|s =|a|>|a|eol|~
> [3lelslSfelelsiaislalale| tl) %]s
i ol slalelslele| |] ele] els| x
ee u 2 B “ 1s
coemel al @]elalalel«lelel«lelel«lele
> Jelelel=lelelel els wl s[s|e
> [el slelilelals| se «fel a| as
: [Slsfafals| el s|o]s sia o] 3
= 7 ™ ° 7
cwemela[etelalelel«lelel«[*lel«l*le
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Givea the coordinates of the vertices of triangle ABC, construct its complete orthographic drawing. Find the true size of the triangle
‘by using the method of coincidence
60 Chapter _V ¥
— 1 2 2 “ 5
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Given the coordinates of the vertices of triangle ABC, make its complete orthographic drawing. Find the true size of the triangle by
‘applying the method of replacement of two planes of projection
61 Chapter VI
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS
AND OF POINTS LOCATED
ON THEIR SURFACES
Machine parts may be thought of as being made The present chapter deals with problems which are
up of combinations of simple geometrical solids bound- _solved by analysing orthographic drawings of geomet-
ed by various surfaces. rical solids, their surfaces, points, lines, and so on. Each exercise consists of two problems. Given in
the first problem is one projection of a point or li
located on the surface of a geometrical solid; it is
required to construct two other projections (an exam-
ple of a solution is illustrated in Fig. 17). In this case
it is advisable first to find all the projections of the
surface on which the given point is located, and then
to choose the method of determining the required pi
jections of the point (for example, by drawing line
’d’ through points m’ and n’ as in Figs. 18 and 19;
FIG. 19
or line e’f’ through point k’ and parallel to the base,
as in Fig. 20).
Given in the second problem is one (horizontal)
projection of a group of geometrical solids. Here
it is required to construct two missing projec-
tions of the solids (an example of a solution is given
in Fig. 21).
For more developed solutions of such problems see
the textbook Engineering Drawing by S. Bogolyubov
and A. Voinov (also available in English).
FIG. 20
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or line segments located on their surfaces, Construct axonometric
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2bia
[Exercise 5) [Chapter m1 J
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(Chapter VI
the missing projections of the points
ids from their orthographic drawings. Given one projection
of the geometrical solids and
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‘Make a complete orthographic drawing of « pyramid cut by a plane. Find the true shape of the section. Canstruct the development
‘the surface of the pyramid and its axonomettic projection
98 Chapter IX)
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Make a complete orthographic drawing of x geometrical solid cut by a pla uonaeford apnowouoxe sy puv pros
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14 Chapter X
CONSTRUCTING A THIRD PROJECTION
OF A MODEL OR MACHINE PART
FROM TWO GIVEN PROJECTIONS
Constructing a third projection from two given
projections is the basic exercise in making and reading
drawings.
‘To succetfully solve the problems of the present
chapter, the student has first to master the methods
of constructing a third projection (with two projections
given) of the following geometrical elements:
() point;
Q) straight line in different positions with respect to
the projection planes (parallel to plane H, perpendicular
to plane H, inclined to plane H, paraliel to plane V,
perpendicular to plane V, and so on);
G3) plane figure: triang rectangle, quadrilateral,
and circle in various positions with respect to the
planes of projection;
(4) simple geometrical solids: right prism, pyramid,
right circular cylinder, cone, and sphere.
Prior to solving such problems, read the two:
drawing of the given model so as to visualize the geo-
metrical shape of the model. When reading a two-view
drawing of a model the latter should be dismembered
mentally into elementary geometrical solids whose
profile projections should be pictured. After this pre-
paratory stage we can proceed with a third projection
of the model by gradually making all the necessary
constructions in the order of increasing complexity
In reading the drawing, the use of both of the given
projections is mandatory, since one projection is in-
Sufficinet for this purpose. Thus, it is impossible to
conceive a clear idea as to the shape of the model
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Given two projections of
7 Exercise 2 |
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make a technical sketch of the model
ode, construct @ third one, and
118 Exercise 4
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131 132 Ler 7
Given two projections of a model, construct a tnird one, and make a technical sketch of the model
133 Chapter X
134
Given two projections of a model, construct a third one, and make a technical sketch of the model Given two projections of a model, construct a third one, and make a technical sketch of the model
135 Exercise 20
‘Base
uct a third one, and make a technical sketch of the model
Chapter X
Given two projections of a model, cons Chapter XI
INTERSECTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
WITH THE SURFACE
OF GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS
In making drawings of machine parts it is sometimes
necessary to determine the points of intersection (points
of entrance and exit) of straight lines with the surfaces
of various geometrical solids. To determine the points
of intersection of a straight line with the surface of a
prism or pyramid means to find the points at which the
line pierces the planes of the lateral faces of these
solids. The plane of a face of a prism is specified by
parallel straight lines, that of a face of a pyramid, by
intersecting straight lines. If the faces lie in the pro-
jecting planes (i.e., in planes perpendicular to one of
the planes of projection), then the problem is reé
solved, since on the projection where the planes are
represented by intercepts 1—3 and 2—3 (Fig. 33) one
of the projections of the required points of intersection
@ and 6 can be found immediately. The second pro-
jections of the points are found by ordinary projec-
tion. Figure 33 is an exapmle of solution of such a
problem for a right prism.
When the lateral faces are inclined to the planes of
projection, as, for instance the faces of the pyramid
shown in Fig. 34, the points of intersection of straight
line MN with the pyramid are determined in the fol-
lowing way: through the given straight line MN draw
an auxiliary vertical projecting plane specified by trace
P, (Fig. 34); find the line of intersection of plane P with
the lateral faces of the pyramid (in the case under con-
sideration these lines form quadrangle DECS); find
the horizontal projections of the required points of i
tersection a and k. They are located at the points of
fersection of the horizontal projections of lines sd and
ce with line mn. Then construct the vertical and profile
projections of the sought-for points (see Fig. 34).
The points of intersection of a straight line and a
cylinder whose axis is perpendicular to the horizontal
plane of projection are found much in the same way
as shown in Fig. 33. In this case the cylindrical surface
is also a projecting one.
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Chapter XV. 1460.
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Make a drawing of the part shown here and construct the lines of intersection ofits surfaces PART FOUR
MACHINE DRAWING Chapter
XVI
CONSTRUCTING SECTIONAL VIEWS
AND SECTIONS IN MACHINE DRAWINGS
‘As has been already mentioned, a sectional view is
a view seen when a portion of the object nearest the
observer is imagined to be removed by means of a
cutting plane or planes, thus revealing the interior
construction. The other views are not affected in any
way and always represent the entire object.
Depending on the number of cutting planes, sec-
tional views are classified as simple (with one cutting
plane) and complex (with two or more cutting planes).
In tne present chapter the student is to do exerci-
ses in constructing simple and complex_sectional
views and sections, using a machine drawing rather
than a model.
Prior to constructing a sectional view it is neces-
sary to form a mental image of the external and in-
ternal construction of the machine part to be de-
picted.
Effectively chosen sectional views and sections en-
able the drawing to be freed from unnecessary views
and lines. Thus, after constructing an inclined section
(when solving Problem 2 of each exercise) there 1s no
need to give the top view and hidden contour lines.
FIG. 46
196
‘An example of such a problem and its solution are
shown in Figs. 45a and 6, and 46 where it is no longer
necessary to show hidden contour lines in the top
view.
‘Al the drawings to be made in this chapter should
be dimensioned, some of the dimensions being indi-
cated on the constructed sections.
© © © Housing
‘Problem 1: replace the front view by a frontal section. Problem 2: replace the top view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace the
left side view by section 4—A. Problem 4: replace the front view by section A—A. Problem S: given two views of @ machine part,
‘construct its left side view and make all the necessary sections
197 (Chapter XVI|
06
Cross-piece
Problem 1: replace the left side view by a profile section. Problem 2: replace the top view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace the
‘Problem
front view by section A—d. Problem 4: given two views of a machine part, construct section A—A. ‘5: givea (0
views of a machine part, construct the left side view and make all the necessary sections
198 Problem 1: replace the left side view by a profile section. Problem 2: replace the top view by section A—A. Problem 3:
left side view by section A—A. Problem 4: replace the front view by section A—4. Problem 5: given two views of a machine
art, construct the top view and make all the necessary sections
199 © fx
A: replace the left side view by a profile section. Problem 2: replace the top view by section A-~A. Problem 3: replace the
front view by section A—A, Problem 4: replace the front view by section —A. 5: given two views of a machine part,
‘construct the Ill side view nnd make all the necessary sections
200 Exercise 5a
Chapter XVI
© Support |
: replace the front view by a frontal section, Problem 2: replace the Ket side view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace. the
Front view by section Ad. Problem 4: replace the front view by section 4—A. Problem 5: given two views of « machine part,
‘onsir et the left side view and make all the necessary sections
201 Chapter XVI
Problem 1: construct fi
by section 4-4. Problem 4: replace the right side view by section 4. Problem
the let side view and make al the necessary sections
202
Exercise 6a
|
section, Problem 2: replace the front view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace the front view
Sigiven two views of a machine pact, construct Fuercise 7a
‘Problem 1: replace the front view by a frontal section, Problem 2: replace the front view by section A—A, Problem 3: replace the front
view by section AA. Problem 4: replace the left side view by section AA. Problem 5: given two views of @ machine part, construct
the fop view and make all the necessary sections
203 Chapter XVI
Problem 1: replace the lft sde view by «profile section. Problem 2: replace the top view by section 4—A. Problem 3: replace the front
‘iow by tection A. Problem 4: replace the front view by section A—A. Problem 5: given two. views of a machine part, construct
the top view and make al the necessary sections
204 Exercise Ja
@ cap
Problem I: replace the front view by a frontal section. Problem 2: replace the top view by scction A—A. Problem 3: replace the left
side view by section A—A4. Problem 4: replace the top view by section 4—A, Problem 5: given two views of a machine part, construct
the left side view and make all the necessary sections
205 Chapter XVI
Problem 1: replace the front view by a frontal section. Problem 2: replace the froat view by section 4—A, Problem 3: replace the front
view by section 4—A. Problem 4; replace the front view by section A—A. Problem 5: given two views of a machine part, construct
‘the left shle view and make all the necessary sections
206 Chapter XVI
@® cover
Problem 1: construct frontal and profile hal-sections. Problem 2: replace the front view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace the left
side view by section A—A. Problem 4: replace the front view by section AWA. Problem S: given two views of a machine part,
the left side view and make all the ‘necessary sections
207 Chapter XVI) (Exercise 12a)
View A
: .
x r 2holes
J | L totia
3 n 108
[54 op ‘|
60
2 ® Sracket
Problem 1: replace the left side view by a profile section. Problem 2: replace the left side view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace
the front view by section A—d. Problem 4: replace the top view by section A—A. Problem 5: given two views of a machine part,
‘construct the top view and make all the necessary sections
208 Problem 1: repiae ts ont ew by afonaleton Problem 2: replace the font view by section AA. Problem 3: role the front
view by section A—A. Problem 4: replace the front view by section A—A. Problem 5: given two views of & machine part, construct
‘the left side view and make all the necessary sections
4-5 209 (Chapter XVI Exercise teal
@ ouide
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53.
is
2,
mn
a
® Bracket
L_
Problem 1: construct a frontal halfsection, Problem 2: replace the right side view by section 4—A. Problem 3: replace the right side
view by section A—A. Problem 4: replace
the front view by section A—A. Problem 5: given two views of a machine part, construct
‘the left side view and make all the necessary sections
210 Exercise 15a
@® Suspension
‘Problem 1: replace the front view by a frontal section. Problem 2: replace the left side view by section A—A. Problem 3:
front view by section A—A. Problem 4: replace the front view by section d—d. P
4 ):reeplace the
‘A. Problem 5: givea two views of a machine part, com
‘struct the left side view and take all he necessary sections
21 Chapter XVI Exercise 16a)
10 dia 2
® cap
Problem 1; replace the front view by frontal section, Problem 2: replace the let side view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace the let
Be vw by boston 44. Problem 4: replace the front View by section A—A. Problem 5: given (wo views of a machine part, com
struct the top view and make all the necessary sections
212 Chapter XVI
sholes 8Dia,
@® Pate
© Housing
Problem I: replace he front view by 4 frontal section, Problem 2 replace the le side view, by section AA. Problem 3: replace the
front view by section AA. Problem 4: replace the lft side view by section 4A. Problem 5: given two views of a machine part,
struct the left side view and make all the necessary sections
213 Exercise 16a]
Problea 1; replace the front view by a frontal section, Problem 2: replace the left side view by section A—A. Problem 3: replace the left
‘ide view by section 4A. Problem 4: replace the top view by section A—A. Problem 5: given two views of « machine part, construct
the top view and make all the necessary sections
214 Problem 1: replace the front view by a frontal section, Problem 2: replace the lft side view by section AA, Problem 3: replace the left
side view by section AA. Problem 4: replace the left side view by section 4—4, Problem 5: given two views of & machine part, con-
‘struct the top view and make all the necessary sections
215 Chapter 1] = [Ezercise 200
robles 1: replace the left side view by a profile section. Problem 2: replace the left side view by section 4—A. Problem 3: replace the
front view by section 4—4. Problem 4: replace the front view by section A—-4. Problem 5: given two views of a machine part, con-
firuct the let side View and make all the necessary sections
4 Chapter XVM [Exercise 15)
[Exercise 2b|
Chapter XVI Exercise Sb
‘Draw the main (ront) view of a machine part and construct two sections: A—A and BB (missing dimensions are to be taken from
the sketch). Dimension the drawing
217 Chapter XVI)
[Exercise 4H)
[eaaeaEIOT] ETLSEDD
(Chapter XVT) [Exercise 6h)
Draw the main (on view ofa machine part and const two sections: AA and BB (missing dimension ae (0 be taken from
baad the sketch). Dimension the drawing
218 [Chapter XVI
(Chapter XVT
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ecercise 9B)
ig
—
‘Draw the main (from!) view of a machine part and construct two sections: 4—A and B—B (missing dimensions are to be taken from
the sketch). Dimension the drawing
219 Exercise 106)
(chapter XV
(Chapter XVI
a
fer XVI 20a. 5 [Exercise 125]
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‘Draw the main (front) view of @ machine part and construct two sections: A—A and B—B (missing dimensions are to be taken from
the sketch). Dimeasion the drawing
220 Chapter XVI Exercise 156
Chapter XVI Exercise 4b
Chapter XVI Exercise 15b
SZ am
Draw the main front) view of a machine part and construct (wo
IA and B—B (missing dimensions are to be taken from
the sketch. Dimer ng
‘rai
221 Chapter XVI
Exercise 16b
Chapter XVI Exercise 1b
i
¥
Chapter XVI [Exercise 16b]
Draw the main (front) view of a machine part and construct two sections: A—A and BB (missing dimensions are to be taken from
the sketch), Dimension the drawing.
222 Chapter XVI [Exercise 196]
I
CULL LLL LL
22
Chapter XVI [Exercise 205
- mn ae y he
Draw the maia (front) view of a machine part and construct two sections: 4—A_and B—B (missing dimensions are to be taken from
the sketch). Dimension the drawing
223 Chapter XVII
THREADS
tener is shown in Fig. 47. Besides, the present chap-
ings of standard fastening parts according to the di- _ter contains exercises in making drawings of bolted
mensions tabulated below. A typical drawing of a fas- joints, keyed joints, and screw fastenings, as well as of
pipe connections. A bolted joint is shown in Fig. 48.
Bolted joints are usually represented on working
7 V4) assembly drawings in a simplified way, using conven-
tional ratios.
FIG. 47 :
N
FIG. 49
Sa
W
FIG. 48 FIG. 50
224 A studded joint is illustrated in Fig. 49.
The length 1; of a stud (Fig. 49) is recommended to
be equal to d for parts made of steel, bronze and
other materials possessing sufficient ductility; to 1.25d
for grey iron castings; and to 2d and even more, for
parts made of light alloys.
The hole depth /2 is taken to be equal to about
1,+0.5d (Fig. 49).
Shown in Fig. 50 are three types of standard screws
and their use.
Holes for screws are usually made to the same di-
mensions as those for studs.
In making assembly drawings bolted joints, studded
Joints and screw fastenings are recommended to be
Tepresented in a simplified way (see Fig. 51).
FIG. 51
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227 Chapter) Hexagon nuts (Wo2)
Modification I
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Cotter pins (Wa4)
Hexagon, slotted nuts (403) read pic
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x» | io | no | ue so as | 3
a | m | aso | x0 oo as | as
5 wm | x | a0 | as és | mo | 30 | 20
pa | mol as so | no | 30 | 20
3 | 4% | 20 | su to | mo | as | 20
228 seyauroyp abu =?p
‘toy 1 Jo opem ued TOG papMETRL
Prrerrryry
oy mop, ww uy sors
Gane
@n
(GOW) jamog
(ay) sud sad
tax “edya| (Chapter XVI To exercise B
Flat-head screws (No.8) ‘Notation
49)
ease > |at | 0] ita | 220 S50 | 90 | S20 | 3e0
m |'30| ‘so| ‘ts | S863 | 0] to] 30
@ | te] 30] a8] 30) 30] co] xa] co
[rs] ao] 25] as so] 35] to] oo
Flat-fillister head screws (a9) — ae
7 Velo) Pale ls
> |r0] as
aw | "to 'S0
e | te} ao
, os| os
Novo Dimensions in men
button-head screws (Wo 10)
. Van)
5 nage
a AS ro
lo :
i “
‘Wool treed deter
ules
=
2
»
=
Fs
o
230 [chapter XVI
ftt-pin st sorew (11)
V4(o)
‘Dog-point set screw (No.12)
V4(9)
V4(v)
Cup-point set screw (Wa14)
To exercise B
4 caine uw |»
. os | ia 20 | 30
s 20 | 25 so | 60
ne [oo | a w | 2
e ro | 2 2s | 2s
x» | 0 30 | 100
‘Nowtion Dineniont is am
4 s fw fa fu | | |
4 60] 70 | 90] 100} 120 | 130 | 150
a so| so| 20] 20| 0| 90 | 100
’ 12 | 1s | 20] 20] 20] 30] 30
* 2s] x0] as | ao] as} so] oo
Re © fw fa fu fe | |
: a4} os] os | 06 | 06 | 08 | os
: ge | | ae | ae | a | oot | oe
«| 0 | @ | % | % | 9% | 10
Nowtion
4 Paar |
5 os | ia 30 | 30
4 20 | 25 0 | 60
Pallet ie ac) w | 2
: wo | 2 we | a
30 | «0 0 | 100
231 Chapter XVI Toexercise 1e-200
Standard malteable-iron fittings with straight pipe thread (basic aimensions)
L para
FE} Ay
1
[Evo] Tes [Soe] mel canting cca
lenin 1, mm | Maga eam rel su erate
Tae
s [ou foes] a fa [= [om [2 | acts [rpeenme frrsvemeal os |
wo [om fies] 3s | as | ae | 3] 2 | sna [ippeams [ccmecamene| as |
fan [ase de | ff ose 2 | Bes fii ies
te a].
wm [mm fase} oo foo fo | | oa | ane vo
as fa foam] an foe foe fs | a | sasas ee
w fm fasn! «fo |e | | « | worm we poe
© | fase! «| wo | wo] | «| wns inetd
» [2 fowls fa | alo | «
t
Noa diameie @
conven. ioe
seal fee |e | él a | aw |
ee om | on
. 4 ass | 90 | ans so} 20] 20] 3s] as
0 y 16 | 100 | 110 a0 | 20] 20| 35 | as
5 4 mss | 120 | ais as | 20] 20 a
2» F rae | as | a0 4o| 25 | 20 “
Fs ’ sao | iso | 340 ao] as] as 52
2 im, | 4192 | ro | as ao | 30] 2s] so | sa
o ri, | argos | 90 | as to | a0] a0] so] sa
” 2 sae | 210 | ws so| as | a0 | 60 | 6+
232 Chapter XVII
al Probie, aon Probien
1 | Bolt Mi6x 60 11 | Stud A M30x 100
(No. 1) (No. 2)
Cotter pin 10% 70 Screw MI8x 55
(No. 4) (No. 8)
2 | NueM20(No.2) | 12 | Bolt Mi4x 70
Screw MI6x 60 (No. 1)
(No. 9) Pin 16x 70 (No. 6)
3 | Bor M20x 80 13 | Nut M30 (No. 2)
«No. 1) Serew MI8X 75
Nut M16 (No. 2) (No. 14)
4 | Screw M16x55 14 | Bolt M24x 120
(No. 8) (No. 1)
‘Stud B_M20x70 Screw M1670
(No. 7) ‘No. 12)
5 | Swap M24x7s | 15 | screw M20x 100
(No. 7) (No. 14)
Nut M16 (No. 2) Nut M16 (No, 2) :
6 | Screw M20x 60 16 | Cotter pin
(No. 8) Mi6x 140
(No. 4)
Pin 16% 70 (No. 6) Bolt M20x 100
(No. 1)
7 | Bok M36x 100 17 | screw Misx6s
(No. 1) (No. 14)
Stud A_M6x70 Bolt, M30x 120
(No. 7) (No. 1)
8 | Nurisqvo.2) | 18 | Stud A M24x90
(No. 7)
‘Screw M12x 55 Screw MI8% 80
(No. 10) (No. 12)
9 | Screw M20x 55 19, | Serew M14x 60
(No. 9) (No. 10)
Bolt 36x90 Nut M24 (No.2),
(No. 1)
10 | Nut M18(No.2) | 20 | Bolt M22 120
(No.
Bolt M24x 80 Screw M14X 60
«No. 1) (No. 9)
‘Exercises in drawing fasteners to the tabulated dimensions (given above)
233 _ aa
Sd St
eS
i:
2bthl€ bee
see else
235 Exercise 1e
H 30°
‘Dia fil
q =
gg x
Vm
Problem 1: draw a bolted joint to conventional ratios. Problem 2: draw a stud joint to conventional ratios, Problem 3: draw a screw
fastening to the tabulated dimensions (see the Tables Gn pages 230 and 231). Problem 4: draw a pipe connection (dimeasions are tO
'be taken from the Tables on page 232)
236 Pipe thread 1%"
lem: raw a bled it to conventional ais, Problem 2: draw a stu joint to conventional ratio. Problem 2+ draw. sew
31). Pro
Probl
fastening othe tabulated dimensions (ee the Table on rages 230 and &
taken from the Tables on page 232)
ibem 4: draw a pipe connection (dimensions are (0
237 (Chapter X VA]
190i,
KX
ye
IAISSSSS Pipe thread 1%
‘Problem 1: draw a bolted joint to conventional ratios. Problem 2: draw a stud joint to conventional ratios. Problem 3: draw a screw
fasenng tothe tabulated dimensions (e the Tables on pegs 230 and 231. Problem 4: draw a pipe connection (dimensions ee to
bbe taken from the Tables on page 232)
238 Exercise 5 (Chapter XVII| [Exercise 6e
LG
rae.
Ly LAPLAVZZA
P20) ZZZ4
AA AT
NTTIRRT Ts Exercise Je
Pipe thread 11,
@
®
Problem I: draw a bolted joint to conventional ratios, Problem 2: draw a stud joint to conventional ratios. Problem
fastening 10 the tabulated dimensions (see th
242
3: draw a screw
¥e Tables on. pages 230 and 231). Problem 4: draw a pipe connection (
to be taken from the Tables on page 232) [Chapter XVI] £2
roi, Exercise 8e
Pipe thread 113"
Problem 1: draw a bolted joint fo conventional ratios, Problem 2: draw a stud joint to conventional ratios. Problem 3: draw a
screw fastening 10 the tabuled dimensions. (see the Tables on pages 230 and 231) Problem 4: dravea pipe connection (dimea-
‘sions are (o be taken from the Tables on page 232),
243 (Chapter XVI
(BR Exercise Je
2holes M14
Pipe thread 1"
le ®
Problem 1: draw a bolted joint to conventional ratios. Problem 2: draw a styd joint to conventional ratios. Problem 3: draw a screw
Asteaing to the tabulated dimensions (see the Tables on pages 230 and 231), i
Problem 4: draw a pipe connection (dimensions
are to be taken from the Tables on page 232)
244 Pipe thread!” \Chapter XVI
ey
A)
Pipe thread 2")
roblem 2: draw a stud joint to conventional ratios. Problem 3: draw a screw
fables on pages 230 and 231). Problem 4: draw a pipe connection (dimensions
the Tables on page 232) ee
ig A
ional rato. Problem 3: draw a screw
Probiem 4 graw a pipe connection (i
247 ®@ @
Problem I: draw a bolted joint to conventional ratios. Problem 2: draw a stud joint to conventional ratios. Problem 3: draw a screw
fastening (0 the tabulated dimensions (see. the Tabies on pages 230 and 231). Problem 4: draw a pipe connection (dimensions
are to be taken from the Tables on page 232),
248 Chapter XIX.
GEARS AND GEARING
Gear drives are widely used in machine building
To make drawings of gear and worm gear drives one
must know the diameters of the pitch circles, number
of gear teeth, tooth depth, and the design of the gears
and their dimensions.
In making drawings of gear drives, the diameters
of the pitch circles are determined by the given mod-
ule m and the number of teeth z; of the first gear,
and the number of teeth z of the second gear.
The pitch circles of the driving and driven gears are
always tangent to each other.
The pitch circle is conventionally represented by @
thin long chain line, the addendum circle, by a thick
continuous fine, and the dedendum circle, by a thin
continuous line,
Some of the terms in the standard nomenclature
and corresponding notation are given in Fig. 59.
In the calculations concerning gears the following
standardized terms, notation and relationships are
2
f= whole tooth depth, h=2.25 m;
ho = addendum, h'--m:
hi" = dedendum, f'=1.25 m;
diameter of the pitch circle, d=mz;
diameter of the dedendum circle, D,
diameter of the addendum circle, D,
ircular pitch, mz;
width of the tooth space, 5,=0.51;
jooth thickness, S=0.5¢;
face width, b=(6 to 8) m
SUBT EDS
s of gear and worm gear
drives do not usually have a list of parts.
‘Addendum circle
fitch cree
dum cir
263 Figs.
and beve
60 and 61 give examples of constructing spur The dimensions of the required keys are to be foun
el gearings,
FIG. 61 Chapter XIX lm exercise 1-20
Prismatic keys Circular keys
b
+} 4
BS
Are Diswsie ma
Nomina dimensions of | “Repeat”
is
zi ed aan
or 110 4 3s
| 16
en Ove 110 18 “3
evi of ey 3
Noni
oe ot 30 | a
so gan | 3%
I 30
i I
Over 1810 24 “6
Orato oa | as 33 | 26
oun os 3
ove tie 2 2s | sass Over 241 30 Fi
Owratie Bt} we He
Owe totes 36 | mam | 03 no | 5,
Ow mie aa | to he
Owais at | Sete he
| 40
owe s8038 si | asso =
onrssies 34 | iow 4, ow sow
omens a | Se
oni sie90 t2 | Soe
t2 | r0m0
Octane we soa | geass | on ie
ons ita | sone Ove 6 35, us
Ouro ros 35
265 tl [eset alelsts
"O1) onzsoy fos|s3] -2}-5/< |e] <5]64) «|
ets =|5|2|5} (89 9 8
vonoN «lastahle
25 Fm
Chapter XIX
Draw spur, bevel, and worm gearing. Choose standard keys (see the Tables on page 265). Indicate dimensions 4, dg, and dy only
266 Chapter XIX Exercise 2
| aemensons|
Falslelele le =) aacn
ala
| [22] 5) | 8)
ate
te
; Hk
= oe
; cae
i
3 |& g
Hae
= a.
a
Het HS
af
eS
ot eta Pe
ets
Ge & 2B
@i[elste
G17 dy | aot = 17
ibe:
4
oe]
| a
4
t
i
toes
lela s]s] seen
pee
Notation
]e}alal alpen]
Draw spur, bevel and worm gearing. Choose standard keys (sce the Tables on puge 265). Indicate dimensions A, dg, and dy only
267 3
8
= Fnel =
i often allele sia es] =|ee|§ tide Beare
anon | spell lars onan | shs}3ofs] fs} werner + l<\ulsta
| «| elelalsl ele sursunna| ||| her 8} ttf ||
weno} 82S 5/6 |] Notes
SISIS =
Parts
nf [a 00.05.01 ‘Shaft 7
1 2 00. 05.002 Flange T
—
00.05.00
Hage [Weight] Seale —|
[Revk eet nel Document No.\Signature| Date | :
Splined Joint iy) 2
WotT meets 7.
= KMT
C To
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part
291 Chapter XX\ [Exercise 6
D5#26%30
SY
© }}
|=
Sls Part No. Name >] Notes
SINS
Parts
iW 1 00.06.001 Shaft t
ul [2 00.06.002 Pulley 1
00.06.00
[Stage [Weight] Scale
Hex] P=? (pocument IST
ane zener a | Splined Joint y ed
Sheet Noi] sheets T
Nla|mle §
KMT
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part
292 [Exercise 7]
holes 6 Dia
6 20%32
260
fl
SS Part No, Name >] Notes
S1S§/8 &
SINS
Parts
W 1 00.07.0018 Shaft 1
uw 2 00.07.002 Cover 1
00.07.000
je ‘Stage| Weight | Scale
[Rev] S%e¢# Document No| Signazure |Date | . :
Splined Joint J wt
}—_}
5
©
=
166 NON] Sheets?
KMT
‘Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part
293 (Chapter
Exercise 8
Bholes 8 Dia
00.08.01
00.08.002
294
[Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part ha
IS
R
eV
A
N
SY
4Sholes 8Dia
ae Signature [Tate
s
slg|§ Part No. Name Notes
SINS
Parts
uw 1 00.09.001 Shaft
n| [2 00.09.002 Flange
00.09.000
[stage] Weight | Scale |
Re
Splined Joint
mle
295 Chapter XX} [Exercise 10|
Gholes Bia
D6 +2630
8 s : Part No. Name = Notes
BIS/S Ee
Parts
n| ft 00.10.01 Shaft 1
a{ [2 (00. 10.002 Cover 1
00. 10.000
Stage| Weight | Scale
[Document Wa| Signate .,
a Splined Joint I nw
‘Sheet Nol] Sheets 1
Nla\mle
KMT
[Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part Dio 7282.
[Exercise 11
q = a ==
Splined Joint
=
AR § Part No, Name || Notes
SINS =
Parts
nf [a 00.11.007 Shaft i
1 zi 00.11.02 Pulley 1
| 00.11.000
Stage [Weight
[Sheet Na]
Sheets T
Name
KMT
[Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part
297 holes Dia
D6 x23*28
Exercise 12|
z
sys Part No. Name |=] Notes
BIS|S s
ie Parts
in| Vet 00.12.001 Shaft t
" 2 00.12. 002 Flange 1
HH_—_,
00.12.00
rage | Weight | Scale
Rr] Sige [Document rure| Date
Splined Joint iy ve
©
& Sheet Not] Sheets T
8
=
KMT
298
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part (Chapter XX]
Exercise 13|
sholes to Dia
=
ells Part No. Name >} Notes
SES &
SIS|S
Parts
a] [4 00.15.007 Shaft f
lu] [2 00.15.002 Cover 7
=
00.13.00
Rev] *3e?*| Document no| Signature |Date’
Splined Joint
Sheets
Niames
MT
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part (Chapter x4}
Sholes 15ia
Exercise 14|
852756
sl8 = Part No Name La] Notes
SIN|S
Parts
ul ft 00.74.001 | Shaft 1
al [2 20.74.002 Cover 7
00. 14.000 |
Splined Joint
Nam
sant
300
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part Chapter XX| Exercise 15]
éholes 4 Dia
fale
g
a{ 8) 8 Part No. Name >] Notes
SIS[s S
Parts |
1 1 00.15.00) Shaft 7
" z 00.15.002 Flange 1
00.15.00
ex 5¢2* | Document No|Signature| |
Splined Joint
Nam
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part
301 (Chapter Hx
Sholes 8 Dia
Exercise 16
= T
SSS Part No. Name || Notes
S{N{s &
Parts
n| a 00.16.01 Shaft 1
" 00.16.02 Flange 1
00.16.00
er iment Ne Signaeure :
Splined Joint
7
5
po Ss | KMT
302
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part Exercise 17
Te
als § Part No. Name =] Notes
[est Parts
tf 1 | oaroor Shaft if
i 2 | oarzo02 a [Aub 1
00.17.000
‘Stage| Weight | Scale
Rev [Sheet Na Document Na [Date
Splined Joint | Ve
© [Sheet Wo] Sheets?
=
8 “| KMT
=
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part
303 Chapter XX
DBX 56x65
Exercise 18
M60x2
Kg
el=
[=] SIs Part No Name 2] notes
Parts
ff 1 | 0018.001 Shaft 1
|_| 2 oa18.002 Hub t
00.18.000
‘Stage [Weight | Scale
Fer] urmernt We Date
Splined Joint y 1:2
2
° jet] Sheets?
5
= KMT
=
304
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part Chapter XX Exercise 19
1 2
Ney DBX 16x54
s[slé Part No >]
S]§ls art No. Name P| Notes
Parts. al
tt 1 | 0019.001 Shaft 1
ft 2 | 00.19.02 Cover 1
00.19.000
[stage | Weight | Scale
Rev|sheetidDocument No. Signaturd| Date : .
Splined Joint |y| #2
ShectNo] Sheets T
a|mle|s
KMT
Read the drawing, Make a detail drawing of each part
305 Chapter XX
DBX36X42.
Exercise 20
=
ele >
&\s 5 Part No. Name 2] Notes
iF Parts
a 1 | 0020001 Shaft 1
tt 2 | 0020002 Hub 1
00.20.000
Rev|shect Docent Re pratr e
Splined Joint
‘Stage [Weight | Scale
y
Sheet No}
Malmle|s
L_
Read the drawing. Make a detail drawing of each part Chapter XXI
CHECKING
AND CORRECTING DRAWINGS
This chapter contains exercises in reading drawi
and correcting the mistakes revealed, as well as in
using conventional practice in drawing sections, and
simplified method of showing webs, thin walls, spo-
kes, threads, etc. on sectional views:
FIG. 63
63 presents a drawing to be checked, and in
Fig. 64 all the mistakes revealed are corrected. The
arrows indicate the corrections: (a) missing chamfer
added, (6) web freed from cross-hatching, (¢) missing
contour line added, and (4) missing thread added
FIG. 64
307 Chapter 1X7 Exercise 7
Make the drawing. Draw in the missing lines and eross-hatch the section
310 Chapter XXT 4 Exercise 10
dit | |
Sj}
so!
i
Zz
Chapter XI |
‘| s- q
Make the drawing. Diaw in the missing lines and cross-hetch the section
3il =
[Exercise 16
Make the drawing. Draw in the missing lines and cross-hatch the section
313 in the missing lines and cross-hatch the section
Make the deawing. Draw
314 Chapter XXII
————
THREADED JOINTS
In making assembly drawings students often make joints, it is best practice to perform an exercise in
mistakes at threaded joints (indicated by arrows in ‘drawing them. The exercise calls for the front view to
Fig. 65). bbe replaced by a frontal section.
In order to acquire the skills of representing threaded
- N
BAN
315 Exercise 2
(Chapter XAT
Exercise 5
Replace the front view by a frontal section
316 Exercise 4
Chapter XAM|
Replace the front view by a frontal section
317 [Replace the front view by a froatal section ©
Ex Ex
§
i
i
é
Chapter 1a
fe
[chapter 1X11 (Chapter iaml|
Exercise 14
Chapter XXII
a frootal section
Replace the froat view by
320 [Exercise 16
Exercise 17
Exercise 18
Chapter XX
Chapter XMM
Replacethe front view by a froatal section
321 (Chapter XX Exercise 19
(Chapter XM [Exercise 20
Chapter XAM [Exercise 21
Replace the front view by 8 frontal section
322
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