Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSN
1911-8805 (digital)
Tous droits réservés © Faculté d'éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including
reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online.
https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/
1 Ce texte a été produit dans le cadre de deux projets traitant des apprentissages disciplinaires et de la formation des
enseignants (CRSH, Hasni et al., nº 410-2005-1523; CRSNG, Hasni et alQ
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 8
1. Introduction
Le recours à l’enseignement par projets2 Q¶HVW SDV QRXYHDX ,O SUHQG VHV RULJLQHV GDQV OHV
WUDYDX[G¶DXWHXUVFRPPH'HZH\HW.LOSDWULFN&HWWHDSSURFKHDFRQQXXQUHJDLQG¶LQWpUrWDXFRXUV
GHV GHUQLqUHV GpFHQQLHV 'XFKDUPH LPSXOVpH QRWDPPHQW SDU OHV UpIRUPHV FXUULFXODLUHV
d’inspiration constructiviste.
$X 4XpEHF OHV GRFXPHQWV TXL RQW SUpSDUp HW DFFRPSDJQp OD PLVH HQ SODFH GH OD GHUQLqUH
réforme accordent une place importante à cette approche, en conformité avec les nouvelles
RULHQWDWLRQVpGXFDWLYHVTXLVWLSXOHQWOHSDVVDJHGXSDUDGLJPHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWDXSDUDGLJPHGH
O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH'pMjOHVeWDWVJpQpUDX[VXUO¶pGXFDWLRQ0LQLVWqUHGHO¶eGXFDWLRQGX4XpEHF0(4
ODPHQWLRQQDLHQWSDUPLOHVDSSURFKHVSHUPHWWDQWGHIDYRULVHUOHVRULHQWDWLRQVSpGDJRJLTXHV
UHWHQXHV©HQVHLJQHPHQWVWUDWpJLTXHSpGDJRJLHGLIIpUHQFLpHDSSURFKHKROLVWLTXHDSSUHQWLVVDJH
HQFRRSpUDWLRQRXSDUSURMHWVSpGDJRJLHDFWLYHRXDOWHUQDWLYHDSSURFKHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDLUHªS
Dans un avis intitulé /¶DSSURSULDWLRQORFDOHGHODUpIRUPHXQGp¿jODPHVXUHGHO¶pFROHVHFRQGDLUH,
OH &RQVHLO VXSpULHXU GH O¶pGXFDWLRQ &6( GH VRQ F{Wp UDSSHOOH TXH ©SRXU IDYRULVHU O¶DFWH
G¶DSSUHQGUHLOIDXWFUpHUXQGpVpTXLOLEUHFRJQLWLISDUWLUGHVTXHVWLRQVGHVEHVRLQVHWGHVLQWpUrWV
GHO¶pOqYHOHPHWWUHHQSURMHWRXGHYDQWXQHVLWXDWLRQG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHRXXQSUREOqPHjUpVRXGUHª
&6(S,ODMRXWHTXH©ODQRXYHOOHFRQFHSWLRQGHO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHLQGXLWGHQRXYHOOHV
SUDWLTXHVG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWHWGHQRXYHDX[UDSSRUWVDX[VDYRLUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVHWGLGDFWLTXHV>«@
/HVDSSURFKHVSpGDJRJLTXHVSUpFRQLVpHVSDUODUpIRUPHHQVHLJQHPHQWVWUDWpJLTXHHQVHLJQHPHQW
FRRSpUDWLIDSSURFKHSDUSURMHWVURPSHQWDYHFO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWPDJLVWUDOªIbidS
&HUWDLQVFKRL[GXUpJLPHSpGDJRJLTXHFRPPHOHGpFRXSDJHGHODVFRODULWpSDUF\FOHVVRQW
PrPHVRXWHQXVSDUOHIDLWTX¶LOVIDYRULVHQWOHUHFRXUVDXSURMHW©/HWUDYDLOSDUF\FOHVGRQQHXQH
VRXSOHVVHGDQVO¶XVDJHGXWHPSVTXLHVWH[WUrPHPHQWLQWpUHVVDQWHSRXUOHVPDWLqUHVFRXUDPPHQW
,OH[LVWHXQIRLVRQQHPHQWGHWHUPLQRORJLHVTXLUHQYRLHjODQRWLRQGHSURMHWjO¶pFROHSURMHWSURMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFH,
project work, apprentissage par projets ou SURMHFWEDVHG OHDUQLQJ, enseignement par projets ou SURMHFWEDVHG
WHDFKLQJSURMHFWEDVHGDSSURDFKSURMHFWDSSURDFKSURMHFWEDVHGSHGDJRJ\ etc. Nous utiliserons dans ce texte
OHWHUPHJpQpULTXH³HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV´SRXUGpVLJQHUOHVGpPDUFKHVHWOHVDSSURFKHVG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWHW
G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHHQFODVVHUHFRXUDQWDXSURMHW1RXVODLVVRQVGHF{WpOHVDXWUHVIRUPHVGHPLVHHQ°XYUHGXSURMHW
comme le projet-école ou les projets personnels.
L’enseignement par projets en sciences et technologies : de quoi parle-t-on et…? 9
FRQ¿pHVDX[VSpFLDOLVWHV(QHIIHWSRXUTXHO¶LQLWLDWLRQDUWLVWLTXHRXO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHODODQJXH
VHFRQGH SXLVVHQW UHYrWLU GHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GH SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW GHV GRVHV KHEGRPDGDLUHV
LQ¿PHVQHVXI¿VHQWSDVª&6(S
&HV RULHQWDWLRQV VRQW DXVVL UHOD\pHV SDU OHV UHYXHV SURIHVVLRQQHOOHV FRPPH 9LUDJH et Vie
SpGDJRJLTXH. À titre d’exemple, 9LUDJH([SUHVVVRXOLJQHTXHVHORQOHSDUDGLJPHGHO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH
SURSRVp ©OHV DFWLYLWpV GH OD FODVVH V¶pODERUHQW j SDUWLU GH O¶pOqYH HW QRQ GH O¶HQVHLJQDQW RX GH
O¶HQVHLJQDQWH (OOHV SUHQQHQW OD IRUPH GH SURMHWV GH UHFKHUFKHV GH TXHVWLRQQHPHQWV RX GH
VLWXDWLRQVSUREOpPDWLTXHVª0(4S/HVPDQXHOVVFRODLUHVGHVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHV
au secondaire font aussi appel à une telle approche.
'HVDQDO\VHVSUpOLPLQDLUHVPHQpHVDFWXHOOHPHQWDX&HQWUHGHUHFKHUFKHVXUO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWHW
O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHVVFLHQFHV&5($6PRQWUHQWTXHVLOHVHQVHLJQDQWVGHVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHV
GLVHQWUHFRXULUjFHWWHDSSURFKH+DVQL%RXVDGUDHW6DPVRQHWTXHFHUWDLQVpFULWVGHQDWXUH
SURIHVVLRQQHOOH)UDQF°XU%HOODYDQFHSURSRVHQWGHVPDQLqUHVGHODPHWWUHHQ°XYUHOHV
GRFXPHQWV RI¿FLHOV HW OHV PDQXHOV VFRODLUHV Q¶DSSRUWHQW SDV GH FODUL¿FDWLRQ FRQFHSWXHOOH SRXU
VRXWHQLU FH W\SH G¶HQVHLJQHPHQW %RXVDGUD HW +DVQL +DVQL 0RUHVROL /HEUXQ 0DUFRV
6DPVRQ2ZHQHW/HVOLH
(QOLHQDYHFFHWWHSUREOpPDWLTXHQRXVSUpVHQWRQVGDQVFHWH[WHGHVUpVXOWDWVSDUWLHOVGHO¶DQDO\VH
GHVpFULWVVFLHQWL¿TXHVVSpFLDOLVpVHQHQVHLJQHPHQWGHVVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHVjO¶pFROHDXUHJDUG
GHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV&HVUpVXOWDWVFRQFHUQHQWODPDQLqUHGRQWFHVpFULWVGp¿QLVVHQWHW
MXVWL¿HQWOHUHFRXUVjFHWWHDSSURFKH3.
Le texte est organisé en trois parties. La première est consacrée à la présentation du cadre de
UpIpUHQFHXWLOLVpSRXUO¶pODERUDWLRQGHODJULOOHG¶DQDO\VHGHVDUWLFOHVVFLHQWL¿TXHVUHWHQXV'DQV
les deuxième et troisième parties, nous présentons la méthodologie et les principaux résultats de
ODUHFKHUFKH&HVGHUQLHUVSRUWHQWG¶XQHSDUWVXUOHVDWWULEXWVHWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVUHWHQXVSDU
OHV DXWHXUV FRQVLGpUpV SRXU Gp¿QLU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV HW G¶DXWUH SDUW VXU OHV ¿QDOLWpV
pGXFDWLYHVPLVHVGHO¶DYDQWSRXUMXVWL¿HUOHUHFRXUVjFHWWHDSSURFKH
2. Cadre d’analyse
,OQHV¶DJLWSDVLFLGHSUpVHQWHUQRWUHFRQFHSWLRQGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVQLXQFDGUH
FRQFHSWXHOJpQpUDOVXUFHWHQVHLJQHPHQW&¶HVWMXVWHPHQWFHWWHTXHVWLRQTXLIDLWO¶REMHWGHQRWUH
UHFKHUFKH 1RWUH FDGUH G¶DQDO\VH YLVH SOXW{W j FHUQHU OHV SULQFLSDOHV TXHVWLRQV HW GLPHQVLRQV j
FRQVLGpUHUORUVTX¶LOV¶DJLWG¶DQDO\VHUGDQVOHVpFULWVVFLHQWL¿TXHVFHTXLVHGLWGHFHWWHDSSURFKH
1RXV UHSUHQRQVLFLEULqYHPHQWXQFDGUHG¶DQDO\VHGpMjXWLOLVpSRXUpWXGLHUODPDQLqUHGRQW OHV
pFULWVVFLHQWL¿TXHVDERUGHQWXQHDXWUHDSSURFKHSpGDJRJLTXHSURFKHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV
l’enseignement interdisciplinaire (Hasni, 2001; Hasni, Lenoir, Larose, Bousadra et Dos Santos,
&LQTGLPHQVLRQVVRQWFRQVLGpUpHVGDQVFHFDGUH
D/DGLPHQVLRQFRQFHSWXHOOH
&HWWHGLPHQVLRQUHQYRLHjGHVTXHVWLRQVTXLSHUPHWWHQWGHFODUL¿HUOHFRQFHSWGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQW
SDUSURMHWVORUVTXHOHVDXWHXUVSDUOHQWGHFHWWHDSSURFKHGHTXRLSDUOHQWLOV"4XHOOHGp¿QLWLRQHW
/HVUpVXOWDWVTXHQRXVSUpVHQWRQVLFLV¶LQVFULYHQWGDQVOHFDGUHG¶XQHpWXGHSOXVODUJHTXLYLVHjIDLUHXQHV\QWKqVH
GHVUHFKHUFKHVUDSSRUWpHVGDQVOHVUHYXHVVFLHQWL¿TXHVHQOLHQDYHFFHWWHDSSURFKHHWjGpFULUHODPDQLqUHGRQWOHV
HQVHLJQDQWVGHVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHVFRQoRLYHQWHWPHWWHQWHQ°XYUHXQHQVHLJQHPHQWGHFHWWHQDWXUH
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 10
TXHOVDWWULEXWVUHWLHQQHQWLOVSRXUODFDUDFWpULVHU"4XHOVVRQWOHVIRQGHPHQWVpGXFDWLIVTXLVRXV
WHQGHQWFHVFKRL["(WF
E/DGLPHQVLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOH
,OV¶DJLWLFLGHFKHUFKHUjFODUL¿HUOHV¿QDOLWpVpGXFDWLYHVUHWHQXHVSDUOHVDXWHXUVSRXUMXVWL¿HU
OHUHFRXUVjFHWHQVHLJQHPHQWFHV¿QDOLWpVIRQWHOOHVDSSHOjGHVIRQGHPHQWVVRFLRORJLTXHV"«
pSLVWpPRORJLTXHV"«SV\FKRORJLTXHV"«GLGDFWLTXHV"«SpGDJRJLTXHV"«(QTXRLFHVIRQGHPHQWV
VRXWLHQQHQWLOVFHWWHDSSURFKH"
F/DGLPHQVLRQRSpUDWLRQQHOOH
/HVTXHVWLRQVTXLFRPSRVHQWFHWWHGLPHQVLRQUHQYRLHQWDX[PRGDOLWpVGHPLVHHQ°XYUHGH
O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV SURSRVpHV SDU OHV DXWHXUV &HOOHVFL SHXYHQW FRQFHUQHU DXVVL ELHQ OH
QLYHDXFXUULFXODLUHTXHOHVQLYHDX[GLGDFWLTXHVHWSpGDJRJLTXHVGLUHFWHPHQWDVVRFLpVDX[SUDWLTXHV
G¶HQVHLJQHPHQWHQFODVVHTXHOOHVVRQWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVG¶XQFXUULFXOXPTXLWLHQWFRPSWHGH
O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV" &RPPHQW HVWLO VRXKDLWDEOH GH SODQL¿HU HW GH PHWWUH HQ °XYUH XQ
HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHQFODVVH"4XHOU{OHGRLYHQWMRXHUOHVGLVFLSOLQHVVFRODLUHVHWOHVVDYRLUV
GLVFLSOLQDLUHVGDQVFHWHQVHLJQHPHQW"4XHOVVRQWOHVpOpPHQWVHVVHQWLHOVjFRQVLGpUHUGDQVXQFRXUV
SRXUGLUHTX¶LOV¶LQVFULWGDQVXQHGpPDUFKHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV"
G/DGLPHQVLRQRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH
,OV¶DJLWLFLGHGpJDJHUOHVFRQGLWLRQVOHVGp¿VHWOHVFRQWUDLQWHVDVVRFLpVSDUOHVDXWHXUVjOD
PLVHHQ°XYUHG¶XQHGpPDUFKHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV4XHOOHVVRQWOHVSULQFLSDOHVFRQGLWLRQV
HWFRQWUDLQWHVjFRQVLGpUHU"6RQWHOOHVOLpHVjO¶RUJDQLVDWLRQGXFXUULFXOXPjODVWUXFWXUHVFRODLUH
j OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV HQVHLJQDQWV j OD GLVSRQLELOLWp GH UHVVRXUFHV SDUWLFXOLqUHV HWF" &RPPHQW
LQÀXHQFHQWHOOHVO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV"
H/DGLPHQVLRQHPSLULTXH
2XWUHOHVTXDWUHGLPHQVLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVTXLQRXVUHQVHLJQHQWVXUODPDQLqUHGRQWOHVDXWHXUV
FRQoRLYHQWXQHQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVQRXVDYRQVFRQVLGpUpGDQVFHWWHUHFKHUFKHXQHFLQTXLqPH
GLPHQVLRQ TXL QRXV SHUPHW GH WHQLU FRPSWH GHV UpVXOWDWV GHV UHFKHUFKHV PHQpHV SDU FHX[FL
VXU OH VXMHW OD GLPHQVLRQ HPSLULTXH &HWWH GLPHQVLRQ FRQFHUQH QRQ SDV OD FRPSUpKHQVLRQ GH
O¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHWGHVHVPRGDOLWpVGHPLVHHQ°XYUHPDLVO¶DQDO\VHGHVUpVXOWDWVGHV
UHFKHUFKHVHPSLULTXHVTXLRQWSULVFHWWHDSSURFKHFRPPHREMHWG¶pWXGH3DUUHFKHUFKHVHPSLULTXHV
QRXVHQWHQGRQVFHOOHVGDQVOHVTXHOOHVOHVDXWHXUVRQWHXUHFRXUVjGHVFROOHFWHVHWjGHVDQDO\VHVGH
GRQQpHVGHPDQLqUHV\VWpPDWLTXH&HWWHGLPHQVLRQSHUPHWGHFODUL¿HUHQWUHDXWUHVODSUREOpPDWLTXH
HWOHVTXHVWLRQVGHUHFKHUFKHUHWHQXHVSDUOHVDXWHXUVDXUHJDUGGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVOHV
cadres conceptuels utilisés pour opérationnaliser leurs recherches, les méthodologies utilisées et
OHVUpVXOWDWVREWHQXV
$¿QGHFRQVWLWXHUO¶pFKDQWLOORQGHVDUWLFOHVjDQDO\VHUQRXVDYRQVSURFpGpHQGHX[pWDSHVOD
recherche des revues, puis la recherche des articles.
3RXUODUHFKHUFKHGHVUHYXHVQRXVDYRQVG¶DERUGVpOHFWLRQQpFHOOHVGRQWOHQRPFRQWLHQWOH
PRW³VFLHQFH´4'HPDQLqUHjDFFpGHUIDFLOHPHQWDX[DUWLFOHVQRXVDYRQVHQVXLWHUHWHQXFHOOHVTXL
pWDLHQWDXPRPHQWGXGpEXWGHODUHFKHUFKHGLVSRQLEOHVpOHFWURQLTXHPHQWVXUOHVLWH,QWHUQHWGH
ODELEOLRWKqTXHGHO¶8QLYHUVLWpGH6KHUEURRNH/DOLVWHGHVUHYXHVDpWpFRPSOpWpHHQ\DMRXWDQW
OHVUHYXHVIUDQFRSKRQHVVSpFLDOLVpHVHQpGXFDWLRQVFLHQWL¿TXHHWWHFKQRORJLTXHQRQGLVSRQLEOHVHQ
OLJQH6HL]HUHYXHVRQWDLQVLpWpUHWHQXHVYRLUO¶DQQH[H
La sélection des articles dans ces revues a également été réalisée en deux étapes :
'DQVXQHSUHPLqUHpWDSHWRXVOHVDUWLFOHVTXLFRQWHQDLHQWGDQVOHWLWUHGDQVOHUpVXPpRX
GDQVOHVPRWVFOpVOHWHUPH³SURMHW´RXprojectHQDQJODLVDXVLQJXOLHURXDXSOXULHORQW
été retenus.
• Dans un deuxième temps, le résumé de chacun de ces articles a été lu par au moins deux
PHPEUHVGHO¶pTXLSHGHUHFKHUFKHYDOLGDWLRQLQWHUMXJHGHPDQLqUHjFRQ¿UPHUTXHOHPRW³SURMHW´
TXLDSHUPLVGHUHWHQLUO¶DUWLFOHUHQYRLHjO¶REMHWGHUHFKHUFKH³O¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV´$LQVL
RQWpWppOLPLQpVWRXVOHVWH[WHVSRXUOHVTXHOVOHPRW³SURMHW´UHQYR\DLWjG¶DXWUHVVLJQL¿FDWLRQV
FRPPH OH SURMHW GH UHFKHUFKH OH SURMHW SHUVRQQHO HWF (Q DSSOLTXDQW FHWWH SURFpGXUH SRXU OD
SpULRGHDOODQWGHj5DUWLFOHVRQWpWpVpOHFWLRQQpVHWUHWHQXVSRXUO¶DQDO\VH
8QH JULOOH D pWp SURGXLWH SXLV YDOLGpH SDU OHV FKHUFKHXUV HQ O¶DSSOLTXDQW j XQH GRX]DLQH
G¶DUWLFOHV &HWWH YDOLGDWLRQ D SHUPLV GH VWDELOLVHU OHV pOpPHQWV GH OD JULOOH HW GH V¶DVVXUHU GH OD
FRPSUpKHQVLRQ FRPPXQH GH FKDFXQ GHV pOpPHQWV TXL OD FRPSRVHQW (Q SOXV GH OD VHFWLRQ
G¶LQIRUPDWLRQV JpQpUDOHV FHV pOpPHQWV UHQYRLHQW DX[ TXDWUH GLPHQVLRQV UHWHQXHV GDQV OH FDGUH
FRQFHSWXHO(QRXWUHO¶RUJDQLVDWLRQGHODJULOOHYLVDLWjGLVWLQJXHUFHTXLUHOqYHGXGpYHORSSHPHQW
WKpRULTXHGHVDXWHXUVOHVTXDWUHSUHPLqUHVGLPHQVLRQVGHFHTXLUHOqYHGHVUpVXOWDWVpYHQWXHOV
GHOHXUVUHFKHUFKHVODFLQTXLqPHGLPHQVLRQ/¶DQQH[HSUpVHQWHXQHSDUWLHGHODJULOOHFHOOH
TXLFRQFHUQHOHVGHX[SUHPLqUHVGLPHQVLRQVFRQFHSWXHOOHHWIRQFWLRQQHOOHTXLIRQWO¶REMHWGHFHW
DUWLFOHHWTXLUHQYRLHDXOLHQDYHFOHVGHX[SULQFLSDOHVTXHVWLRQVVXLYDQWHVD&RPPHQWOHVDXWHXUV
Gp¿QLVVHQWLOVO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHQVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHV"E&RPPHQWMXVWL¿HQWLOVOH
UHFRXUVjFHWHQVHLJQHPHQW"
La collecte des données consistait à lire chacun des articles et à compléter la grille, soit en
cochant les cases correspondantes ou, dans la plupart des cas, en inscrivant les extraits pertinents
GDQVO¶HVSDFHFRUUHVSRQGDQW$LQVLOHFRUSXVG¶DQDO\VHHVWFRPSRVpSRXUFKDFXQGHVpOpPHQWV
GHODJULOOHHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWGHVH[WUDLWVGHWH[WHDLQVLUHFXHLOOLV&HFRUSXVDpWpHQVXLWHDQDO\Vp
HQUHFRXUDQWjXQHPpWKRGRORJLHGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQGHVXQLWpVGHVHQVTXLOHFRPSRVHQW%DUGLQ
8QHXQLWpGHVHQVHVWFRQVLGpUpHLFLFRPPHODSOXVSHWLWHSRUWLRQGXWH[WHTXLDGXVHQVSDU
UDSSRUWjODFDWpJRULHUHWHQXH8QHYDOLGDWLRQLQWHUMXJHLPSOLTXDQWDXPRLQVGHX[FKHUFKHXUVD
permis de s’assurer de la validité de la catégorisation.
&HUWDLQHVGHFHVUHYXHVV¶LQWpUHVVHQWDXVVLjO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWWHFKQRORJLTXH7RXWHIRLVGDQVOHFDGUHGHFHWUDYDLO
QRXVQ¶DYRQVSDVUHWHQXOHVUHYXHVTXLV¶LQWpUHVVHQWXQLTXHPHQWjFHWHQVHLJQHPHQW&HVGHUQLqUHVSRXUUDLHQWIDLUH
O¶REMHWG¶XQHDXWUHDQDO\VH
1RWUH UHFKHUFKH HVW GH QDWXUH H[SORUDWRLUH /HV OLPLWHV GH OD SpULRGH UHWHQXH SRXU O¶DQDO\VH RQW pWp ¿[pHV GH
PDQLqUHjREWHQLUXQpFKDQWLOORQG¶pFULWVUpFHQWVVXI¿VDQWSRXUFRPSUHQGUHFHTXLVHGLWHWVHIDLWDFWXHOOHPHQWVXU
O¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV&HVOLPLWHVQHUHSRVHQWSDVVXUGHVK\SRWKqVHVG¶RUGUHWKpRULTXHRXKLVWRULTXH
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 12
,QFDUU\LQJRXWWKHLUSURMHFWZRUNWKHVWXGHQWVZHQWWKURXJK¿YHFRQVHFXWLYHVWDJHVDGDS-
WHG IURP 6KDUDQ DQG 6KDUDQ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH SUREOHP WR EH LQYHVWLJDWHG
H[SORULQJWKHSUREOHPVSDFHFDUU\LQJRXWWKHVFLHQWL¿FLQTXLU\SXWWLQJWKHLQIRUPD-
WLRQWRJHWKHUDQGSUHVHQWLQJWKH¿QGLQJVWHDFKHUHYDOXDWLRQDQGVHOIUHÀHFWLRQ&KLQ
HW&KLDS
7KLVPD\LQYROYHLGHQWLI\LQJQHHGVRUSUREOHPGH¿QLWLRQH[DPLQLQJDOWHUQDWLYHVROXWLRQV
GHVLJQLQJSODQQLQJPDNLQJDQGHYDOXDWLRQ%DUDNS
(QFDGUp±([WUDLWVLOOXVWUDQWODGp¿QLWLRQGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHQWHUPHVGHSURFpGXUHV
4X¶HQ HVWLO GHV SULQFLSDX[ DWWULEXWV TXL FDUDFWpULVHQW O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV VHORQ OHV
DXWHXUVGHVDUWLFOHVDQDO\VpV"/DFLWDWLRQVXLYDQWHLOOXVWUHODPDQLqUHGRQWOHVDXWHXUVFRQVLGpUpV
IRQWDSSHODX[GLIIpUHQWVDWWULEXWVSRXUGp¿QLUO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV
7\SLFDOO\WKHIHDWXUHVRIZKDWLVRIWHQFDOOHGSURMHFWEDVHGSHGDJRJ\LQFOXGHDTXHV-
tions that encompass worthwhile and meaningful content anchored in authentic or
L’enseignement par projets en sciences et technologies : de quoi parle-t-on et…? 13
UHDOZRUOGSUREOHPVELQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGDUWHIDFWFUHDWLRQWKDWDOORZVWXGHQWVWR
OHDUQDSSO\FRQFHSWVUHSUHVHQWNQRZOHGJHDQGUHFHLYHRQJRLQJIHHGEDFNFFRO-
ODERUDWLRQ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV WHDFKHUV DQG RWKHUV LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG GXVH RI
OLWHUDF\DQGWHFKQRORJLFDOWRROV0RMH&ROOD]R&DUULOORHW0DU[S
6L OD FLWDWLRQ SUpFpGHQWH UDSSRUWH TXDWUH DWWULEXWV O¶DQDO\VH GH O¶HQVHPEOH GHV H[WUDLWV TXL
UHQYRLHQW j OD Gp¿QLWLRQ GH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV PRQWUH TXH FH VRQW FLQT DWWULEXWV TXL
UHYLHQQHQW GH PDQLqUH VLJQL¿FDWLYH GDQV OH GLVFRXUV GHV DXWHXUV 1RXV OHV SUpVHQWRQV LFL SDU
RUGUH GpFURLVVDQW G¶LPSRUWDQFH TXDQW j OHXU IUpTXHQFH G¶DSSDULWLRQ GDQV OHV WH[WHV DQDO\VpV
1UHSUpVHQWDQWOHQRPEUHGHWH[WHVTXLPHQWLRQQHQWFHVDWWULEXWV
a) La présence d’un problème ou d’une question de départ (N = 17)
&HWDWWULEXWHVWFHOXLTXLUHYLHQWGDQVODSOXSDUWGHVDUWLFOHVTXLRQWGp¿QLO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDU
projets et les auteurs apportent certaines précisions à son sujet. Comme l’illustrent les extraits de
O¶HQFDGUpOHSUREOqPHRXODTXHVWLRQGHGpSDUWGRLW
ÇWUHDQFUpGDQVOD³YLHUpHOOH´RXODYLHjO¶H[WpULHXUGHO¶pFROH
6XVFLWHUO¶LQWpUrWGHVpOqYHV
3UpVHQWHUXQGp¿WRXWHQpWDQWDFFHVVLEOH
3UpVHQWHU XQ FDUDFWqUH RXYHUW TXL QpFHVVLWH O¶HQJDJHPHQW GHV pOqYHV GDQV XQ SURFHVVXV
G¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQGHPDQLqUHj\WURXYHUXQHVROXWLRQ
>«@3URMHFWVUHTXLUHDDQDXWKHQWLFUHDOZRUGTXHVWLRQRUSUREOHPWKDWRUJDQL]HVFRQFHSWV
DQGSULQFLSOHVDQGGULYHDFWLYLWLHV>«@%DUDNHW5D]S
7\SLFDOO\WKHIHDWXUHVRIZKDWLVRIWHQFDOOHGSURMHFWEDVHGSHGDJRJ\LQFOXGHDTXHVWLRQV
that encompass worthwhile and meaningful content anchored in authentic or real-world
SUREOHPV>«@0RMHet al.S
7KHWHDFKHUXVHGDSURMHFWEDVHGDSSURDFKWKDWDOORZHGOHDUQHUVWR¿QGVROXWLRQVWRDXWKHQWLF
SUREOHPV RU TXHVWLRQV JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH VWXGHQWV >«@ &UDZIRUG .UDMFLN HW 0DU[
S
7KH JRDO RI SURMHFWEDVHG OHDUQLQJ LV WR LQYHVWLJDWH UHDOZRUOG VWDQGDUGVEDVHG SUREOHPV
that are of interest, relevance, value, and worth to students and teachers over a sustained
SHULRGRIWLPH>«@7RROLQS
Quand nous parlons de démarche de projet, nous faisons référence à la mise en place de
VLWXDWLRQVSUREOqPHVULFKHVHWDWWUDFWLYHVjODIRLVGLI¿FLOHVPDLVDXVVLDFFHVVLEOHV>«@
/HURX[S
(QFDGUp±([WUDLWVLOOXVWUDQWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGXSUREOqPHGDQVOHFDGUHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQW
par projets
E /DUpDOLVDWLRQSDUOHVpOqYHVG¶XQSURGXLW¿QDORXG¶XQDUWpIDFW1
/HV DXWHXUV TXL RQW UDSSRUWp OH SURGXLW RX O¶DUWpIDFW FRPPH DWWULEXW GH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU
SURMHWV O¶RQW GpFULW HQ UHQYR\DQW HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW j GHX[ SULQFLSDOHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV FRPPH
l’illustrent les extraits de l’encadré 3 :
6RQFDUDFWqUHFRQFUHWHWVLJQL¿DQWSRXUOHVpOqYHV
6RQSRWHQWLHOjSHUPHWWUHODFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHVVDYRLUVFRQFHSWVLQIRUPDWLRQVHWFHW
leur application.
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 14
7KHIHDWXUHVLQFOXGH>«@ELQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGDUWHIDFWFUHDWLRQWKDWDOORZVWXGHQWVWROHDUQ
FRQFHSWV DSSO\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG UHSUHVHQW NQRZOHGJH >«@ .UDMFLN %OXPHQIHOG 0DU[
%DVV)UHGULFNVHW6RORZD\S
3URMHFWV>«@EUHVXOWLQDVHULHVRIDUWLIDFWVRUSURGXFWVWKDWDGGUHVVWKHTXHVWLRQSUREOHP
DQGUHSUHVHQWVWXGHQWV¶HPHUJLQJXQGHUVWDQGLQJV>«@%DUDNHW5D]S
7\SLFDOO\WKHIHDWXUHVRIZKDWLVRIWHQFDOOHGSURMHFWEDVHGSHGDJRJ\LQFOXGH>«@ELQYHV-
WLJDWLRQVDQGDUWHIDFWFUHDWLRQWKDWDOORZVWXGHQWVWROHDUQDSSO\FRQFHSWVUHSUHVHQWNQRZOHG-
JHDQGUHFHLYHRQJRLQJIHHGEDFN>«@0RMHet al.S
PBSOHDUQLQJPRGHOVW\SLFDOO\KDYHDWOHDVWIRXUHVVHQWLDOFRPSRQHQWV>«@WKHSURGXF-
WLRQRIWDQJLEOHPHDQLQJIXODUWLIDFWVDVWKHHQGSURGXFWVRIWKHOHDUQLQJDFWLYLW\>«@%DUDN
HW'RULS
(QFDGUp±([WUDLWVLOOXVWUDQWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGXSURGXLWRXGHO¶DUWpIDFWGDQVOHFDGUHGH
l’enseignement par projets
c) L’engagement des élèves dans un processus d’investigation (N = 11)
/H WURLVLqPH DWWULEXW UDSSRUWp GDQV OHV WH[WHV DQDO\VpV SRXU FDUDFWpULVHU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU
projets est l’engagement des élèves dans un processus d’investigation pour pouvoir répondre
RX WURXYHU XQHVROXWLRQDXSUREOqPH RXjODTXHVWLRQUHWHQXV/¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQHVWDERUGpH GDQV
FHVGp¿QLWLRQVGHGHX[PDQLqUHV'DQVODSUHPLqUHHOOHFDUDFWpULVHOHSUREOqPHFRPPHLOOXVWUp
DX SRLQW D SUHPLqUH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH 'DQV OD GHX[LqPH O¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQ HVW UDSSRUWpH FRPPH
FDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVFRPPHO¶LOOXVWUHQWOHVH[WUDLWVGHO¶HQFDGUp
3URMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFHSHGDJRJ\LVEXLOWDURXQG¿YHIHDWXUHVXVHGWRGHVLJQDFWLYLWLHVWKDW
>«@FHQDEOHVWXGHQWVWRHQJDJHLQLQYHVWLJDWLRQV>«@6FKQHLGHU.UDMFLN0DU[HW6ROR-
ZD\S
7KLVWHDFKLQJPHWKRGLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DXWKHQWLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQ>«@%DUDNHW'RUL
S
)XQGDPHQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI SURMHFWEDVHG VFLHQFH 3%6 LQFOXGH SURYLGLQJ D FRQWH[W
WKDWHQJDJHVVWXGHQWVLQH[WHQGHGDXWKHQWLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWKURXJKXVLQJDGULYLQJTXHVWLRQ
6LQJHU:XHW7DOS
3URMHFWV>«@FDOORZVWXGHQWVWRHQJDJHLQLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVPDNLQJSUH-
GLFWLRQV JDWKHULQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ GDWD DQG PDNLQJ UHDOZRUOG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV >«@
(Moje et al.S
Encadré 4 – Extraits illustrant la place de la démarche d’investigation dans le cadre de
l’enseignement par projets
d) La collaboration entre élèves, enseignants et autres acteurs (N = 9)
/D FROODERUDWLRQ HQWUH OHV pOqYHV G¶XQH SDUW HW HQWUH FHX[FL HW OHV HQVHLJQDQWV HW G¶DXWUHV
DFWHXUV GH OD FRPPXQDXWp G¶DXWUH SDUW HVW O¶XQH GHV DXWUHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV UDSSRUWpHV SDU OHV
DXWHXUVSRXUGp¿QLUO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVFRPPHO¶LOOXVWUHQWOHVH[WUDLWVGHO¶HQFDGUp
L’enseignement par projets en sciences et technologies : de quoi parle-t-on et…? 15
3URMHFWVDUHGH¿QHGE\TXHVWLRQVRUSUREOHPVWKDWDUHFROODERUDWLYHO\LQYHVWLJDWHGE\VWX-
GHQWVDQGWHDFKHUV>«@7RROLQS
3URMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFHSHGDJRJ\LVEXLOWDURXQG¿YHIHDWXUHVXVHGWRGHVLJQDFWLYLWLHVWKDW
>«@GLQYROYHVWXGHQWVWHDFKHUVDQGPHPEHUVRIVRFLHW\LQDFRPPXQLW\RILQTXLU\DVWKH\
FROODERUDWHDERXWWKHSUREOHP>«@6FKQHLGHU.UDMFLN0DU[HW6RORZD\S
&ROODERUDWLRQ DQG FRQYHUVDWLRQ DUH DOVR FRQVLGHUHG HVVHQWLDO &ROODERUDWLRQ LQYROYHV VWX-
GHQWV EXLOGLQJ VKDUHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJV RI LGHDV DQG RI WKH QDWXUH RI WKH GLVFLSOLQH DV WKH\
HQJDJHLQGLVFRXUVHZLWKWKHLUFODVVPDWHVDQGDGXOWVRXWVLGHWKHFODVVURRP>«@6FKQHLGHU
et al.S
(QFDGUp±([WUDLWVLOOXVWUDQWOHVWDWXWGHODFROODERUDWLRQGDQVOHFDGUHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDU
projets
H/¶XWLOLVDWLRQGHVWHFKQRORJLHVGHO¶LQIRUPDWLRQHWGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7,&1
/HUHFRXUVDX[7,&HVWFRQVLGpUpSDUFHUWDLQVDXWHXUVFRPPHXQGHVDWWULEXWVGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQW
SDUSURMHWVHQUDLVRQGHVSRVVLELOLWpVTXHFHVRXWLOVRIIUHQWDX[pOqYHVSRXUDFFpGHUDX[LQIRUPDWLRQV
HWV¶HQJDJHUGDQVOHSURFHVVXVG¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQHQFDGUp
7KLVWHDFKLQJPHWKRGLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\>«@WKHXVHRIWHFKQRORJ\WRVXSSRUWWKHSURFHVVRI
LQTXLU\%DUDNHW'RULS
3URMHFWEDVHGOHDUQLQJPRGHOVW\SLFDOO\KDYHDWOHDVWIRXUHVVHQWLDOFRPSRQHQWV>«@WKH
XVHRIDFRJQLWLYHWRROVXFKDVWKH,QWHUQHWWRVXSSRUWWKHSURFHVVRILQTXLU\>«@%DUDEHW
/XHKPDQQS
3URMHFWV>«@HSURPRWHWKHXVHRIFRJQLWLYHWRROVLQFOXGLQJFRPSXWLQJDQGWHOHFRPPXQL-
FDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV>«@%DUDNHW5D]S
)XQGDPHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRISURMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFH3%6LQFOXGHSURYLGLQJDFRQWH[WWKDW
HQJDJHVVWXGHQWVLQH[WHQGHGDXWKHQWLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQV>«@XVLQJFRJQLWLYHWRROV6LQJHU
et al.S
(QFDGUp±([WUDLWVLOOXVWUDQWOHUHFRXUVDX[7,&GDQVOHFDGUHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV
2XWUHOHVFLQTSULQFLSDX[DWWULEXWVTXHQRXVYHQRQVGHSUpVHQWHUG¶DXWUHVVRQWUDSSRUWpVSDU
OHVDXWHXUVDYHFGHIDLEOHVIUpTXHQFHV,OV¶DJLWQRWDPPHQWGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQHWGHODPRELOLVDWLRQ
GHVVDYRLUV1 HWGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHO¶DXWRQRPLHGHVpOqYHV1
7DEOHDX
3ULQFLSDOHVMXVWL¿FDWLRQVGXUHFRXUVjXQHQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV
&DWpJRULHVGH N6 Exemples d’extraits illustrant chaque catégorie
MXVWL¿FDWLRQV
Apprentissages 21 (DFK RI WKHVH IHDWXUHV RI 3%6 VXSSRUWV VWXGHQWV LQ FRQVWUXFWLQJ
disciplinaires XQGHUVWDQGLQJRILPSRUWDQWVFLHQFHFRQFHSWVDVWKH\LQTXLUHLQWRD
UHDOOLIHSUREOHP6FKQHLGHUet al.S
PBS encourages teachers to press students for understanding, foster
VWXGHQWV¶UHDVRQLQJDQGGLDJQRVHPLVFRQFHSWLRQV7DO.UDMFLNHW
%OXPHQIHOGS
)RUPDQ\VWXGHQWVWKLVDFWLYLW\LVWKHLU¿UVWH[WHQGHGFRQWDFWZLWKDQ\
DVSHFWRISURIHVVLRQDOVFLHQWL¿FSUDFWLFH6XFKSURMHFWZRUNLVOLNHO\
WRKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQGHYHORSLQJVWXGHQWV¶LGHDVDERXWWKHSUR-
FHGXUHVRIVFLHQWL¿FLQYHVWLJDWLRQ5\GHUHW/HDFKS
Apprentissages 24 :KHUHSURMHFWVDUHFRQGXFWHGLQJURXSVWKH\IRUJHWHDPZRUNDQG
DXWUHVTXH LQWHUSHUVRQDOVNLOOVª&KLQHW&KLDS
disciplinaires 7KH SURMHFW DOVR >«@ XVHG WHFKQRORJ\ WR VXSSRUW LQVWUXFWLRQ DQG
QHWZRUNLQJ*ROLFN6FKOHVVHOPDQ(OOLVHW%URRNVS
3URMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFHLQYROYHVVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHUVLQWKHXVHRI
FRJQLWLYHWRROVVXFKDVFRPSXWHUV6WUDWIRUGHW)LQNHOS
Contextualisation 15 2QH ZD\ RI HQFRXUDJLQJ VWXGHQW HQJDJHPHQW DQG DGGUHVVLQJ WKH
des savoirs FRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQ RI VWXGHQW LQTXLU\ LV WKURXJK SURMHFWEDVHG LQV-
WUXFWLRQ3HWURVLQRS
7KH JRDO RI SURMHFWEDVHG OHDUQLQJ LV WR LQYHVWLJDWH UHDOZRUOGª
7RROLQS
Motivation et 15 Researchers have found that student motivation and learning increased
LQWpUrWGHVpOqYHV LQWKHSURMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFHFODVVURRP7RROLQS
Engineering education offers an excellent platform for project-
EDVHG OHDUQLQJ >«@ WKDW FDQ PRWLYDWH VWXGHQWV WR VWXG\ PDWK DQG
VFLHQFHE\LOOXVWUDWLQJUHOHYDQWDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHRUHWLFDOSULQFLSOHV
LQHYHU\GD\FRQWH[WV%HUVHW3RUWVPRUHS
2QH ZD\ RI HQFRXUDJLQJ VWXGHQW HQJDJHPHQW DQG DGGUHVVLQJ WKH
FRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQ RI VWXGHQW LQTXLU\ LV WKURXJK SURMHFWEDVHG LQV-
WUXFWLRQ3HWURVLQRS
Fondements 14 ,QSURMHFWEDVHGOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVVWXGHQWVDUHHQJDJHGDVDF-
éducationnels tive participants in the learning process, setting their own learning
JRDOVLQUHODWLRQWRSURMHFWFKDOOHQJHVDQGIRUJLQJPHDQLQJIXOUH-
ODWLRQVWKURXJKWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVDVWKH\LQYHVWLJDWHUHDOZRUOGLV-
VXHV%DUDEHW/XHKPDQQS
7KHSURMHFWEDVHGVFLHQFH3%6DSSURDFK>«@FRPELQHVUHOHYDQWWR-
pics, innovative teaching approaches that encourage active learning,
and the construction of ideas. (Tal et al.S
1GpVLJQHOHQRPEUHGHWH[WHVTXLRQWIDLWDSSHOjODFDWpJRULHHQTXHVWLRQ
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 18
5. Discussion
8QSUHPLHUFRQVWDWLPSRUWDQWVHGpJDJHGHO¶DQDO\VHGHVDUWLFOHVWUDLWDQWGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDU
projets en sciences et technologies. Contrairement à l’idée véhiculée concernant cette approche
SDU FHUWDLQHV SURSRVLWLRQV SpGDJRJLTXHV WUqV SHX G¶DXWHXUV TXL V¶LQWpUHVVHQW j O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW
VFLHQWL¿TXHHWWHFKQRORJLTXHO¶RQWGp¿QLFRPPHXQSURFHVVXVUHQYR\DQWDYDQWWRXWjXQQRPEUH
G¶pWDSHV SUpGpWHUPLQpHV HW OLQpDLUHV ,OV RQW SOXW{W PDMRULWDLUHPHQW Gp¿QL FHWWH DSSURFKH HQ
UHFRXUDQWjGHVDWWULEXWV
3DU DLOOHXUV OD UpIpUHQFH j GHV DWWULEXWV HW j GHV MXVWL¿FDWLRQV UHQYR\DQW DX[ DSSUHQWLVVDJHV
GLVFLSOLQDLUHVHQVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHVHVWTXDQWLWDWLYHPHQWDI¿UPpHGDQVOHVDUWLFOHVDQDO\VpV
$LQVLOHUHFRXUVjXQSUREOqPHRXjXQHTXHVWLRQG¶RUGUHVFLHQWL¿TXHRXWHFKQRORJLTXHHWDX[
GpPDUFKHVG¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQGHPrPHTXHO¶DSSURSULDWLRQGHVVDYRLUVVRQWSDUPLOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHV
HWOHVMXVWL¿FDWLRQVOHVSOXVUDSSRUWpHVGDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHVDXWHXUV
/H UDSSHO GH FHV FRQVWDWV HVW LPSRUWDQW D¿Q G¶pYLWHU OHV PDOHQWHQGXV RX FHUWDLQHV GpULYHV
donnant aux savoirs disciplinaires une place secondaire ou encore les opposant à l’enseignement
par projets. Dans le premier cas, il s’agit, au mieux, de considérer ces savoirs comme de simples
UHVVRXUFHV j PRELOLVHU GDQV OH FDGUH G¶XQ SURMHW (Q G¶DXWUHV WHUPHV GHV FRXUV SUpDODEOHV
SHUPHWWUDLHQWG¶DSSUHQGUHOHVVDYRLUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVHQTXHVWLRQOHXUPRELOLVDWLRQGDQVOHFDGUHGX
SURMHWSHUPHWWUDLWODUpDOLVDWLRQGXSURGXLWFLEOpTXLGHYLHQWGDQVFHFDVFHQWUDO'DQVOHGHX[LqPH
FDVO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHVWYXFRPPHXQHDSSURFKHFHQWUpHVXUOHVpOqYHVOHXUVLQWpUrWV
OHXUPRWLYDWLRQOHXUDXWRQRPLHHWFHWPHWWDQWGHF{WpWRXWDSSUHQWLVVDJHGLVFLSOLQDLUHV\VWpPDWLVp
$X4XpEHFSDUH[HPSOHF¶HVWFHWWHFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVTXLHVWGHUULqUH
ODIRUWHFULWLTXHTXHIRQW*DXWKLHUHW0HOORXNLHW*DXWKLHU0HOORXNL%LVVRQQHWWHHW5LFKDUG
GHFHWWHDSSURFKHGHPDQLqUHVSpFL¿TXHHWGHODUpFHQWHUpIRUPHHQJpQpUDO&HVDXWHXUVVH
GHPDQGHQWVLOHVUpGDFWHXUVGHSURJUDPPHVQ¶DYDLHQWSDV©pWpVpGXLWVSDUODGLPHQVLRQDJUpDEOH
RXOXGLTXHG¶XQHSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWHQRXEOLDQWWRXWHIRLVODPLVVLRQHVVHQWLHOOHG¶LQVWUXFWLRQTXH
GRLWSRXUVXLYUHO¶pFROHª&HVDXWHXUVVRXWLHQQHQWDXVVLTXHGHVpWXGHVUpFHQWHVPRQWUHQWTXHOHV
pFROHVHI¿FDFHVVRQWGHVpFROHVTXLQHUHFRXUHQWSDVjFHVDSSURFKHV6XUODEDVHGHFHWWHFULWLTXH
LOVDSSHOOHQWDXUHMHWGHVDSSURFKHVWHOOHVTXHFHOOHUHFRXUDQWDXSURMHWHWSU{QHQWXQHQVHLJQHPHQW
GLW©VWUXFWXUpH[SOLFLWHHWV\VWpPDWLTXHª%LVVRQQHWWH5LFKDUGHW*DXWKLHU.
6LOHVDUWLFOHVDQDO\VpVSHUPHWWHQWGHSUpFLVHUOHVHQVDFFRUGpjO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHQ
VFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHVHWGHUDSSHOHUODSODFHTXHGRLYHQW\RFFXSHUOHVVDYRLUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHV
TXHOTXHV UHPDUTXHV V¶LPSRVHQW (OOHV FRQFHUQHQW OHV OLPLWHV GH FHV WH[WHV 7URLV G¶HQWUH HOOHV
PpULWHQWG¶rWUHIRUPXOpHVLFL/DSUHPLqUHSRUWHVXUOHIDLWTXHFHWWHDQDO\VHQHQRXVGLWSDVVLOD
FRQFHSWLRQGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVPLVHGHO¶DYDQWSDUOHVDXWHXUVHVWEHOHWELHQFHOOHTXL
HVWPLVHHQ°XYUHGDQVOHVSUDWLTXHVGHFODVVH'¶DLOOHXUVOHVDQDO\VHVFRPSOpPHQWDLUHVHQFRXUV
PRQWUHQWTXHSHXGHWUDYDX[VHVRQWLQWpUHVVpVjODGHVFULSWLRQGHVFRQFHSWLRQVHWGHVSUDWLTXHVGHV
enseignants au regard de l’approche par projets dans le contexte réel de l’exercice du métier. Des
UHFKHUFKHVVXUOHVSUDWLTXHVGHFODVVHVRQWGRQFjHQFRXUDJHU
9RLUjWLWUHG¶H[HPSOHOHVSURSRVLWLRQVGHO¶$VVRFLDWLRQTXpEpFRLVHGHVXWLOLVDWHXUVGHO¶RUGLQDWHXUDXSULPDLUH
secondaire : KWWSFHSF\EHUVFROTFFDJXLGHVSHGDJRBSURMHWVKWPO
1RXVQHIHURQVSDVLFLO¶DQDO\VHGHFHWWHSRVLWLRQTXLDGpMjpWpFULWLTXpHSDUG¶DXWUHVDXWHXUV'pVDXWHOV/DURFKHOOH
9LQFHQW'H%ORLVHW*HUYDLV
L’enseignement par projets en sciences et technologies : de quoi parle-t-on et…? 19
/D GHX[LqPH UHPDUTXH VRXOqYH OD QpFHVVLWp GH FODUL¿HU GDYDQWDJH OD SODFH GHV VDYRLUV
GLVFLSOLQDLUHV6LFHWWHSODFHHVWWUDLWpHGHPDQLqUHH[SOLFLWHGDQVOHVMXVWL¿FDWLRQVTXHOHVDXWHXUV
DYDQFHQW SRXU VRXWHQLU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV HOOH QH O¶HVW SDV VXI¿VDPPHQW GDQV OHV
FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVTX¶LOVXWLOLVHQWSRXUGp¿QLUFHWWHDSSURFKH,OIDXWUDSSHOHUjFHSURSRVTXHVLOH
SURMHWRIIUHXQHRFFDVLRQDX[pOqYHVGHPRELOLVHUOHVVDYRLUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVGpMjDFTXLVLOGRLWDXVVL
VHUYLUGHFRQWH[WHSRXUOHVDPHQHUjFRQVWUXLUHGHVSUREOpPDWLTXHVVFLHQWL¿TXHVHWWHFKQRORJLTXHV
SHUWLQHQWHVGRQWODUpVROXWLRQFRQGXLWjODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVDYRLUVQRXYHDX[,OOXVWURQVFHSURSRV
à l’aide d’un exemple simple. Si le projet de construction d’une lampe de poche par les élèves
SHXW VXFFpGHU j GHV DSSUHQWLVVDJHV HQ pOHFWULFLWp FLUFXLWV pOHFWULTXHV HW VHUYLU GDQV FH FDV GH
SUpWH[WH SRXU OD PRELOLVDWLRQ GH FHV VDYRLUV D¿Q GH IDEULTXHU OH SURGXLW VRXKDLWp LO SHXW DXVVL
rWUH PHQp DXWUHPHQW GH PDQLqUH j SHUPHWWUH DX[ pOqYHV GH FRQVWUXLUH FHV VDYRLUV (Q HIIHW FH
W\SHGHSURMHWSRXUUDLWrWUHVWUXFWXUpGHPDQLqUHjFRQIURQWHUOHVpOqYHVGqVOHGpSDUWDXSUREOqPH
GXFLUFXLWpOHFWULTXHFRPPHQWSURFpGHUSRXUIDLUHEULOOHUXQHODPSHjO¶DLGHG¶DPSRXOHGH¿OV
HW G¶LQWHUUXSWHXUV" /D UpVROXWLRQ GH FH SUREOqPH IHUDLW DORUV SDUWLH GX SURMHW HW FRQGXLUDLW OHV
pOqYHV j H[SpULPHQWHU HW j FRQVWUXLUH OH FRQFHSW GH FLUFXLW pOHFWULTXH HW GHV QRWLRQV GH FLUFXLW
RXYHUWHWGHFLUFXLWIHUPp/HVWH[WHVDQDO\VpVVHPEOHQWPHWWUHGDYDQWDJHO¶DFFHQWVXUODSUHPLqUH
perspective.
/DWURLVLqPHUHPDUTXHPHWHQpYLGHQFHO¶DEVHQFHGDQVOHVWH[WHVDQDO\VpVGHKLpUDUFKLVDWLRQ
GHV DWWULEXWV XWLOLVpV SDU OHV DXWHXUV SRXU FDUDFWpULVHU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV HQ VFLHQFHV HW
WHFKQRORJLHV&HVDWWULEXWVpWDQWVRXYHQWWUDLWpVVXUXQSLHGG¶pJDOLWp$¿QG¶pYLWHUGHVGpULYHVTXL
IHUDLHQWGXSURMHWXQVLPSOHSUpWH[WHSRXUODFROODERUDWLRQODPRWLYDWLRQGHVpOqYHVOHUHFRXUVDX[
7,&HWFLOQRXVSDUDvWSULPRUGLDOGHGLVWLQJXHUOHVDWWULEXWVTXLUHOqYHQWGHVYLVpHVG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHV
GLVFLSOLQDLUHVGHFHX[TXLUHOqYHQWGHVPR\HQVRXGHVFRQGLWLRQVQpFHVVDLUHVjFHVDSSUHQWLVVDJHV
3UHQRQVSRXULOOXVWUHUO¶DWWULEXW³FROODERUDWLRQ´FROODERUHUSRXUDSSUHQGUHQHVLJQL¿HSDVODPrPH
FKRVHTX¶DSSUHQGUHjFROODERUHU1RXVFRQVLGpURQVTXHGDQVXQFRXUVGHVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHV
PrPHVLODGHX[LqPHSHUVSHFWLYHQHGRLWSDVrWUHQpJOLJpHF¶HVWODSUHPLqUHTXLGRLWSUpGRPLQHU
/DFROODERUDWLRQUHOqYHGDQVFHFDVGHO¶RUGUHGHVPR\HQV'¶DLOOHXUVGDQVSOXVLHXUVGHVWH[WHV
DQDO\VpVRQSDUOHGHODFROODERUDWLRQFRPPHVWUDWpJLHSpGDJRJLTXHUHSRVDQWVXUOHVIRQGHPHQWV
SLDJpWLHQVHWY\JRWVNLHQVHQFHVHQVTX¶HOOHIDYRULVHOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVHQWUHOHVDSSUHQDQWVHWSDU
FRQVpTXHQWODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVVDYRLUV(OOHHVWHQFHVHQVGHO¶RUGUHGXPR\HQ
'DQVOD¿JXUHQRXVSURSRVRQVVXUODEDVHGHFHWWHEUqYHLOOOXVWUDWLRQXQHGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUH
OHVDWWULEXWVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWOHQR\DXFHQWUDOG¶XQHQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHWTXLUHQYRLHQWDX[
YLVpHVG¶XQHSDUWHWOHVpOpPHQWVVHFRQGDLUHVTXLUHOqYHQWGHO¶RUGUHGHVPR\HQVHWGHVFRQGLWLRQV
G¶DXWUHSDUW/HIDLWGHTXDOL¿HUFHVGHUQLHUVGHVHFRQGDLUHVQHVLJQL¿HSDVTX¶LOVQHGRLYHQWSDV
IDLUHO¶REMHWG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHRXTX¶LOVQHVRQWSDVLPSRUWDQWVPDLVSHUPHWGHVRXOLJQHUTX¶LOVQH
FRQVWLWXHQWSDVODYLVpHSUHPLqUHG¶XQHQVHLJQHPHQWVFLHQWL¿TXHHWWHFKQRORJLTXH
$LQVLDODSUpVHQFHG¶XQSUREOqPHRXG¶XQHTXHVWLRQGHGpSDUWGRQWODUpSRQVHFRQGXLWjEOD
UpDOLVDWLRQG¶XQSURGXLWPDWpULHORXQRQPDWpULHOGHVWLQpjXQXVDJHGpWHUPLQpjO¶DYDQFHVRQWOHV
GHX[FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVRUJDQLVDWULFHVG¶XQSURMHW%LHQVUFRPPHPHQWLRQQpSUpFpGHPPHQWQRXV
VRPPHVG¶DYLVTXHOHSUREOqPHGRLWSUpVHQWHUXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVTXLIRQWTX¶LO
HVWXQSUREOqPHG¶RUGUHVFLHQWL¿TXHRXWHFKQRORJLTXHG¶DERUGHWTX¶LOVHSUrWHjXQHQVHLJQHPHQW
SDUSURMHWVHQVXLWH6DQVUDSSHOHULFLWRXWHVFHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVPHQWLRQQRQVTXHVDIRUPXODWLRQ
GRLWV¶DSSX\HUVXUGHVDSSUHQWLVVDJHVVFLHQWL¿TXHVHWWHFKQRORJLTXHVSUpDODEOHVFHTXLOHGLVWLQJXH
GHV SUREOqPHV TXRWLGLHQV TX¶RQ UHQFRQWUH GDQV G¶DXWUHV FRQWH[WHV TXH FHOXL GH O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 20
VFLHQWL¿TXHHWWHFKQRORJLTXH(QRXWUHLOGRLWrWUHDQFUpGDQVODYLH©UpHOOHªTXLDGXVHQVSRXU
OHVLQGLYLGXVHWODVRFLpWpSUpVHQWHUDX[pOqYHVXQGp¿SURFKHGHOHXU©]RQHGHGpYHORSSHPHQW
SUR[LPDOHª9\JRWVNLSDVWURSVLPSOHSDVWURSFRPSOH[HHWF/HSURGXLWOXLPrPHGRLW
UpSRQGUHjFHUWDLQVFULWqUHVTXLRQWpWpUDSSRUWpVGDQVODVHFWLRQGHO¶DQDO\VH
La relation entre les deux premiers éléments doit faire appel à deux autres composantes
centrales :
• Le recours aux démarches d’investigation ou de conception permettant de répondre au
SUREOqPHHWGHUpDOLVHUOHSURGXLWYLVp5DSSHORQVLFLTX¶LOQHV¶DJLWSDVVLPSOHPHQWGHOD
UHFKHUFKHGDQVOHVPDQXHOVVXU,QWHUQHWHWFPDLVGHGpPDUFKHVPHWWDQWGHO¶DYDQWGHV
KDELOHWpVG¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQHWGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQSURSUHVDX[VFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHV&HWWH
FRPSRVDQWHUHQYRLHjFHTXH0DUWLQDQGDSSHOOHOHUpIpUHQWHPSLULTXH
/DFRQVWUXFWLRQHWODPRELOLVDWLRQGHVVDYRLUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVHQVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHV
&HWWHFRPSRVDQWHUHQYRLHjFHTXH0DUWLQDQGIbid.DSSHOOHOHUpIpUHQWWKpRULTXHRXGHV
PRGqOHV
/DSRXUVXLWHGHFHVYLVpHVH[LJHOHUHFRXUVjFHUWDLQVPR\HQVHWODPLVHHQSODFHGHFRQGLWLRQV
±TXLSRXUUDLHQWHX[PrPHVIDLUHO¶REMHWG¶XQDSSUHQWLVVDJH±FRPPHODFROODERUDWLRQO¶XWLOLVDWLRQ
GHV7,&RXGHVVRUWLHVODPLVHHQSODFHGHGLVSRVLWLIVPRWLYDQWOHVpOqYHVOHUHFRXUVpYHQWXHOjXQH
approche interdisciplinaire, etc.
&DUDFWpULVWLTXHV 3URMHWVHQ6HW7FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVFHQWUDOHV -XVWL¿FDWLRQV
VHFRQGDLUHVPR\HQVHW YLVpHV
FRQGLWLRQV
- motivation et
3UREOqPHDQFUp Produit LQWpUrWGHVpOqYHV
FROODERUDWLRQ dans le réel destiné à un FRPSDWLELOLWpDYHF
- utilisation de (ouvert, complexe usage certains fondements
UHVVRXUFHV7,& HWFRQWH[WXDOLVp éducationnels
lieux d’expéri- - meilleurs apprentis-
mentation hors de sages;
l’école; etc. - développement de
- interactions disci- +DELOHWpV Savoirs l’autonomie et de
plinaires d’investigation et conceptuels compétences com-
- etc. de communication et leur usage SDWLEOHVDYHFODYLHj
en S et T l’extérieur de l’école;
- etc.
)LJXUH±&DUDFWpULVWLTXHVHWMXVWL¿FDWLRQGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWVHQVFLHQFHVHW
technologies
6. Conclusion
/H WUDYDLO TXL D GRQQp QDLVVDQFH j FHW DUWLFOH YLVDLW OD FRPSUpKHQVLRQ GH OD PDQLqUH GRQW
OHV pFULWV VFLHQWL¿TXHV VSpFLDOLVpV HQ HQVHLJQHPHQW VFLHQWL¿TXH HW WHFKQRORJLTXH Gp¿QLVVHQW HW
MXVWL¿HQWOHUHFRXUVjO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV/¶DQDO\VHGHDUWLFOHVSXEOLpVGDQVUHYXHV
PHWHQpYLGHQFHFLQTSULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVDVVRFLpHVjFHWHQVHLJQHPHQWODSUpVHQFHG¶XQ
SUREOqPHRXG¶XQHTXHVWLRQGHGpSDUWODUpDOLVDWLRQSDUOHVpOqYHVG¶XQSURGXLW¿QDOO¶HQJDJHPHQW
GHVpOqYHVGDQVXQSURFHVVXVG¶LQYHVWLJDWLRQRXGHFRQFHSWLRQODFROODERUDWLRQHQWUHOHVpOqYHV
OHVHQVHLJQDQWVHWG¶DXWUHVDFWHXUVO¶XWLOLVDWLRQGHV7,&/HVDUJXPHQWVDYDQFpVSDUOHVDXWHXUV
L’enseignement par projets en sciences et technologies : de quoi parle-t-on et…? 21
SRXUMXVWL¿HUOHUHFRXUVjFHWWHDSSURFKHUHMRLJQHQWHWFRPSOqWHQWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVDQQRQFpHV
OD UpDOLVDWLRQ G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHV GLVFLSOLQDLUHV HW G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHV DXWUHV TXH GLVFLSOLQDLUHV OD
FRQWH[WXDOLVDWLRQGHVVDYRLUVODPRWLYDWLRQHWO¶LQWpUrWGHVpOqYHVOHVIRQGHPHQWVFRQVWUXFWLYLVWHV
de l’apprentissage.
&HWWHDQDO\VHFRQ¿UPHGDQVOHGRPDLQHGHO¶pGXFDWLRQVFLHQWL¿TXHHWWHFKQRORJLTXHTXHOHSURMHW
HVWFRQVLGpUpQRQSDVFRPPHXQH¿QDOLWpHQVRLRXXQVXEVWLWXWDX[DSSUHQWLVVDJHVGLVFLSOLQDLUHV
PDLVFRPPHXQPR\HQIDYRULVDQWODSRXUVXLWHGHFHVDSSUHQWLVVDJHV&HWWHDQDO\VHQRXVVHPEOH
QpFHVVDLUHSRXUGLVVLSHUOHVPDOHQWHQGXVTXLHQWRXUHQWSDUIRLVOHUHFRXUVjFHWWHDSSURFKH$¿QGH
FODUL¿HUGDYDQWDJHFHWWHTXHVWLRQHWGHFRPEOHUOHVOLPLWHVTXHQRXVYHQRQVGHGpJDJHUGHQRV
DQDO\VHVQRXVSURSRVRQVSRXUXQHUpDSSURSULDWLRQGLGDFWLTXHGXSURMHWGHGLVWLQJXHUGDQVODOLVWH
GHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVHWGHVMXVWL¿FDWLRQVDYDQFpHVSDUOHVDXWHXUVHQWUHGHX[FDWpJRULHVD&HOOHV
TXLUHOqYHQWGHVYLVpHVDVVRFLpHVjO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHVFLHQWL¿TXHHWWHFKQRORJLTXHSDUWLHFHQWUDOH
GHOD¿JXUHE&HOOHVTXLUHOqYHQWGHVFRQGLWLRQVHWGHVPR\HQVSDUWLHVJDXFKHHWGURLWHGHOD
¿JXUH
1RWUHDQDO\VHVXJJqUHDXVVLODQpFHVVLWpGHPHQHUGHVWUDYDX[DXSUqVGHVHQVHLJQDQWVGDQVOH
FRQWH[WHUpHOGHO¶H[HUFLFHGHOHXUIRQFWLRQD¿QGHFRPSUHQGUHODPDQLqUHGRQW ils conçoivent et
PHWWHQWHQ°XYUHFHW\SHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQW
Références
%DUDE6$HW/XHKPDQQ$/%XLOGLQJVXVWDLQDEOHVFLHQFHFXUULFXOXP$FNQRZOHGJLQJDQGDFFRPPRGDWLQJ
local adaptation. 6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQ
%DUDN0(µ:KDW¶VLQWKHFDOFXODWRU"¶$QLQWURGXFWRU\SURMHFWIRUWHFKQRORJ\VWXGLHV5HVHDUFKLQ6FLHQFH
DQG7HFKQRORJLFDO(GXFDWLRQ
%DUDN0HW'RUL<-(QKDQFLQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV¶FKHPLVWU\XQGHUVWDQGLQJWKURXJKSURMHFWEDVHG
OHDUQLQJLQDQ,7HQYLURQPHQW6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQ
%DUDN0HW5D](+RWDLUEDOORRQV3URMHFWFHQWHUHGVWXG\DVDEULGJHEHWZHHQVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\
education. 6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQ
%DUGLQ//¶DQDO\VHGHFRQWHQXepG3DULV3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFHrepG
%HUV08HW3RUWVPRUH07HDFKLQJ3DUWQHUVKLSV(DUO\&KLOGKRRGDQG(QJLQHHULQJ6WXGHQWV7HDFKLQJ
0DWKDQG6FLHQFH7KURXJK5RERWLFV-RXUQDORI6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQDQG7HFKQRORJ\ 1.
%LVVRQQHWWH65LFKDUG0HW*DXWKLHU&&RPPHQWHQVHLJQHWRQGDQVOHVpFROHVHI¿FDFHV"(I¿FDFLWpGHV
pFROHVHWGHVUpIRUPHV4XpEHF3UHVVHVGHO¶8QLYHUVLWp/DYDO
%RXVDGUD)HW+DVQL$(QVHLJQHUOHVVFLHQFHVHWWHFKQRORJLHVSDUSURMHWVOHTXRLOHSRXUTXRLHWOHFRPPHQW"
Communication au 15eFRQJUqVGHO¶$06($0&(:($58QLYHUVLWp&DGL$\\DG0DUUDNHFKMXLQ
&KLQ&HW&KLD/*3UREOHPEDVHGOHDUQLQJ8VLQJLOOVWUXFWXUHGSUREOHPVLQELRORJ\SURMHFWZRUNScience
(GXFDWLRQ
&KLQ&HW&KLD/*3UREOHPEDVHGOHDUQLQJ8VLQJVWXGHQWV¶TXHVWLRQVWRGULYHNQRZOHGJHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQ
&UDZIRUG%$.UDMFLN-6HW0DU[5:(OHPHQWVRIDFRPPXQLW\RIOHDUQHUVLQDPLGGOHVFKRROVFLHQFH
classroom. 6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQ
'pVDXWHOV-/DURFKHOOH09LQFHQW6'H%ORLV/HW*HUYDLV)5pIRUPHUODUpIRUPH" Faculté d’éducation,
8QLYHUVLWp/DYDO4XpEHF
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 22
Annexe 1
Liste des revues analysées
$QQH[H
Extrait de la grille utilisée pour l’analyse
des articles sur l’enseignement par projets
A. CARACTÉRISTIQUES DE L’ÉCRIT
5pIpUHQFH
6. Nature de l’écrit
5pVXOWDWVG¶XQHUHFKHUFKHHPSLULTXH £
5pVXOWDWVG¶XQHDQDO\VHGRFXPHQWDLUH £
0pWDDQDO\VH £
5pÀH[LRQFRQFHSWXHOOHWKpRULTXH £
3RVLWLRQFULWLTXH £
3URSRVLWLRQG¶XQHDSSURFKHGHPLVHHQ°XYUHGH £
l’enseignement par projets
Proposition d’une action de formation £
$XWUHSUpFLVH] £
Primaire £
Secondaire £
Collégial £
8QLYHUVLWDLUHJpQpUDO £
8QLYHUVLWDLUHSURIHVVLRQQHO £
Formation initiale des enseignants £
Formation continue des enseignants £
$XFXQQLYHDXVSpFL¿p £
$XWUHSUpFLVH] £
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 26
Aucun domaine £
Biologie £
3K\VLTXH £
Chimie £
Géologie £
Technologie £
0DWKpPDWLTXHV £
Autre £
Précisez
D&RQFHSWVUHWHQXV
Projet £ Approche par projet (project approach£ 3URMHFWEDVHGOHDUQLQJ £
F'p¿QLWLRQUHWHQXHSDUO¶DXWHXUHWRXSULQFLSDX[DWWULEXWV
G'p¿QLWLRQHPSUXQWpHjG¶DXWUHVDXWHXUVHWRXSULQFLSDX[DWWULEXWV
H$XWUHVFRQFHSWVOLpVjODGp¿QLWLRQGHFHVQRWLRQVHQSUpFLVDQWOHVOLHQV
I3ULQFLSDX[DXWHXUVFLWpVHQOLHQDYHFOHVGp¿QLWLRQV
L’enseignement par projets en sciences et technologies : de quoi parle-t-on et…? 27
7\SHVGHSURMHWVRXG¶DSSURFKHVSDUSURMHWVV¶LO\DOLHX
7\SH 'p¿QLWLRQ
Si oui, précisez
&ULWLTXHV RX OLPLWHV GH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW SDU SURMHWV RX GH FHUWDLQHV FRQFHSWLRQV RX
opérationnalisations de celui-ci)
3UpFLVH]V¶LO\DOLHX
3UpFLVH]V¶LO\DOLHX
3UpFLVH]V¶LO\DOLHX
Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, vol. 14, no 1, 2011, p. 7 à 28 28
15. Objets d’apprentissage visés par l’enseignement par projets (savoirs, habiletés, attitudes,
démarches)
3UpFLVH]V¶LO\DOLHX
3UpFLVH]V¶LO\DOLHX
&RQGLWLRQVFRQWUDLQWHVHWGLI¿FXOWpVOLpHVDXUHFRXUVjO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSDUSURMHWV
3UpFLVH]V¶LO\DOLHX