Explain Prsesnt Energy Scenario in India

In India, the Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was created in the
Ministry of Energy in the year of 1982 to look after all the aspects relating to new and
renewable energy. The Department was upgraded into a separate Ministry of Non-
Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992 and was rechristened as Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in October, 2006. As per the information furnished by
MNRE, starting with the 9th Plan, there has been consistent increase in pace of
renewable energy development. Reportedly, India's renewable energy installed capacity
has grown at an annual rate of 23%, rising from about 3900 MW in 2002-03 to about 24000
MW in 2011-12. Energy generated by using wind, solar, small hydro, tides, geothermal
heat and biomass is known a non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable
process of energy generation and do not cause environmental pollution. Our country has
been endowed with adequate natural resources.
Difference Between Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of Energy

Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy

These sources of energy are also known as a These sources of energy are also known
non-renewable source of energy  as a renewable source of energy

They find both commercial and industrial They are mainly used for household
purposes purposes

These can be considered to be one of the These are not responsible for the cause of
reasons for the cause of pollution pollution
 Wind, solar energy and Biomass two
Coal, fossil fuels are the two examples
examples

Explain Conduction Convection and radiation n detail

There are three basic physical ways that heat moves...

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid material, or from one material to
another where their surfaces are touching. Heat is conducted more easily through a solid
material than through layers of material, even when the layers are held together tightly.
This is important as the conduction of heat through building materials is a major source
of heat loss.

Convection is the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, usually air or water. Natural

convection is caused by the heating and cooling of the air in a room as it contacts
objects. As air is warmed, it expands resulting in it having a lower density than the cooler
air around it. Since its density is lower than the cool air, it will rise. As the air cools, it's
density increases and it will sink, starting the process all over again. This movement of
air is known as a convection current.

Radiation is the direct transfer of heat through space by electromagnetic waves coming
from a warmer object to a cooler object. Heat radiates in all directions from a warm
material and will warm all surfaces that are in direct line of sight of the material. Most
objects that block visible light will also block radiant energy. You've experienced this
when you move into the shade on a hot summer day to cool down. You are moving out of
the direct line of sight of the Sun's radiant energy, and as a result, you get cooler.

Q1) Explain construction and working of Photovoltaic cell

ANSWER1)
A solar cell (also known as a photovoltaic cell or PV cell) is defined as an electrical device
that converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A solar cell is
basically a p-n junction diode. Solar cells are a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device
whose electrical characteristics – such as current, voltage, or resistance – vary when exposed
to light.
A solar cell is basically a junction diode, although its construction it is little bit different
from conventional p-n junction diodes. A very thin layer of p-type semiconductor is grown
on a relatively thicker n-type semiconductor.
We then apply a few finer electrodes on the top of the p-type semiconductor layer.
These electrodes do not obstruct light to reach the thin p-type layer. Just below the p-type
layer there is a p-n junction. We also provide a current collecting electrode at the bottom of
the n-type layer. We encapsulate the entire assembly by thin glass to protect the solar cell
from any mechanical shock

Working Principle of Solar Cell

When light reaches the p-n junction, the light photons can easily enter in the junction,
through very thin p-type layer. The light energy, in the form of photons, supplies sufficient
energy to the junction to create a number of electron-hole pairs. The incident light breaks the
thermal equilibrium condition of the junction. The free electrons in the depletion region can
quickly come to the n-type side of the junction.

Similarly, the holes in the depletion can quickly come to the p-type side of the junction.
Once, the newly created free electrons come to the n-type side, cannot further cross the
junction because of barrier potential of the junction.

Similarly, the newly created holes once come to the p-type side cannot further cross the
junction became of same barrier potential of the junction. As the concentration of electrons
becomes higher in one side, i.e. n-type side of the junction and concentration of holes
becomes more in another side, i.e. the p-type side of the junction, the p-n junction will
behave like a small battery cell. A voltage is set up which is known as photo voltage. If we
connect a small load across the junction, there will be a tiny current flowing through it.

Advantages of Solar Cell

1. No pollution associated with it.

2. It must last for a long time.
3. No maintenance cost.
Disadvantages of Solar Cell

1. It has high cost of installation.

2. It has low efficiency.
3. During cloudy day, the energy cannot be produced and also at night we will not
get solar energy.
Q3 Explain construction and working of Solar COOKER

A3)

A device that utilises solar energy for cooking purposes is called a solar cooker. The
most commonly used form of solar cooker is known as box-type solar cooker. A box-
type solar cooker is shown in the figure.

Construction of a box-type solar cooker: A box-type solar cooker consists of the

following components:

1. Box (B): This is an insulated metal or a wooden box. It is painted black from inside
because black surface absorbs more heat. The box may be provided with four roll-
wheels.
2. Glass cover (G): A cover made of two sheets of toughened glass held together in
an aluminium frame is used as a cover of the box B.
3. Plane mirror reflector ®: A plane mirror reflector fixed in a frame is fixed to the
box B with the help of hinges. The mirror reflector can be positioned at any
desired angle to the box. The mirror is positioned so as to allow the reflected
sunlight fall on the glass cover of the box.
4. Cooking containers ©: A set of containers made of aluminium and blackened from
outside are kept in the box B. These containers are also painted black because
black surface absorbs more heat.

Working: The food is cooked in a shallow vessel of the container. The box has a
transparent covering of glass sheet over it. The solar cooker is placed in sunlight and
reflector (plane mirror) is adjusted in such a way that a strong beam of sunlight enters
the box through the glass sheet. The blackened metal surfaces in the wooden box
absorb infra-red radiations from the beam of sunlight and heat produced raises the
 temperature of blackened metal surface to about 100°C.
The food absorbs heat from the black surface and gets cooked. The thick glass sheet
does not allow the heat produced to escape and thus, helps in raising the temperature in
the box to a sufficiently high degree to cook the food.

Q) Explain construction and working of Solar power heater with its Applications
Major Components:
 Solar Collector, Its purpose is to collect solar energy
 Insulated Tank, Its purpose is to store hot water
 Supporting Stand
 Connecting Pipes and Instrumentation, etc.
Working Principle of SWH:
 The Sun rays fall on the Solar Collector. A black absorbing surface
(absorber) inside the collector, which absorbs solar radiation and
transfers the heat energy to water flowing

 through it. Heated water is collected in a

tank which is insulated to prevent heat loss. Then Circulation of water
from the tank through the collector and back to the tank continues
automatically.
 A Solar Water Heater consists of a Collector panel to collect solar
energy and an Insulated Storage Tank to store hot water.
Applications:
 Water heating is one of the major use of solar energy, It is
implemented for providing hot water for showers, dishwashers and
clothes washers etc.

 Solar Water Heating System (SWHS) can be used for Homes,

Community Centers, Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Hotels, Dairy Plants,
Swimming Pools, Canteens, Ashrams, Hostels, Industry etc.
 Use of Solar Water Heater (SWH) can reduce electricity or fuel bills
considerably.
 Among all the solar energy devices available in the market, Solar
Water Heater is found to be one of the most reliable and durable.
 Solar Water Heater has longest warranty period of all other solar
energy devices.
 Solar Water Heater is known to has the fastest repayment
of investmen

Explain construction and working of Solar lightning

Solar Street Lights:
 Solar street lights are effective and efficient light sources in which
power is fed with the help of Photo-voltaic Panels.

 They are generally mounted on the lighting structure.

 There is a Rechargeable battery, which is charged by photo voltaic
panels.
 Then the charge of that battery is used to powers
a fluorescent or Led Lamp during the night.
 There have sensors, through them  solar panels turn on and turn off
automatically by sensing outdoor light with the help of light source.
 They are designed to work at night.

Working Principle:
  The Working Principle of Solar Street Light is very simple.
  Photo voltaic solar cells convert the radiation of sun light into
electrical energy.
  This conversion takes place by the use of the semiconductor
material of the device.
  This process of energy conversion is generally called the “Photo
voltaic effect”.
 It is also known as solar cells, or “photo voltaic cells.”
  With the help of photo voltaic solar cells made of the principle effect
of solar panels during the day.
  The received electrical energy stored in batteries.
 At night when the illumination reduced to 10lux.
 Then Solar cells board open the circuit voltage of about 4.5V.
  Then charge and discharge controller is used to detect movement of
the voltage value.
 Charge and discharge controllers are generally used to protect the
battery.