HENDERSON

The 14 components of Virginia Hendersons Need Theory show a holistic

approach to nursing that covers the physiological, psychological, spiritual and
social needs.
Physiological Components

1. Breathe normally
2. Eat and drink adequately
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures
5. Sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and
modifying the environment
8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others
Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning

10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.

11. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and
health and use the available health facilities.
Spiritual and Moral

11. Worship according to one’s faith

Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation

12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment

13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation

Henderson is also known as “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing,” Throughout her

life she was able to turn nursing into a very respected and independent profession. .
She has contributed to several major nursing texts and has provided “the foundation
for clinical standards and policy of major nursing organizations around the world”.
She developed the definition of nursing and taught about the importance of the
relationship between a patient and a nurse. Her contributions have shaped nursing
into the independent profession that it is today.
PENDER’S

Pender’s Health Promotion model serves as a tool for nurses to plan behavioral
modification interventions in order to assist in the improvement and prevention of
unhealthy behaviors. A major focus of nursing is encouraging health-promoting
behaviors. This model assists nurses in the achievement of optimum health
promotion for their patients and communities.

The Health Promotion Model notes that each person has unique personal
characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables
for behavioral specific knowledge and affect have important motivational
significance. These variables can be modified through nursing actions. Health
promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the endpoint in the
Health Promotion Model.

LEININGER’S

Madeline Leiningers is relevant to nursing practice it helps to provide culturally

congruent nursing care through “cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with individual, group’s, or
institution’s cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways.

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory attempts to provide culturally congruent nursing

care through “cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or
decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with individual, group’s, or institution’s
cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways.” The intent of the care is to fit with or have
beneficial meaning and health outcomes for people of different or similar culture
backgrounds.

NEWMAN’S

 Tthe theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for those
for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible. Nurses often
relate to such people: people facing the uncertainty, debilitation, loss and eventual death
associated with chronic illness. The theory has progressed to include the health of all
persons regardless of the presence or absence of disease. The theory asserts that
every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is
part of the universal process of expanding consciousness – a process of becoming
more of oneself, of finding greater meaning in life, and of reaching new dimensions of
connectedness with other people and the world.”

The theory explains that health and illness are synthesized as health. That is, the fusion
of one state of being (disease) with its opposite (non-disease) results in what can be
considered health. In this model, the human is unitary. He or she cannot be divided into
 parts, and is inseparable from the larger unitary field. People are individuals, and human
beings are, as a species, identified by their patterns of consciousness. The person does
not possess consciousness. Instead, the person is consciousness. People are centers
of consciousness with an overall pattern of expanding consciousness. The environment
is described as a “universe of open systems.”

 The theory of health as expanding consciousness stems from Rogers' theory of

unitary human beings. 
 The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for
those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible,
(Newman, 2010).
 The theory has progressed to include the health of all persons regardless of the
presence or absence of disease, (Newman, 2010).
 The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how
disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of
expanding consciousness – a process of becoming more of oneself, of finding
greater meaning in life, and of reaching new dimensions of connectedness with
other people and the world, (Newman, 2010)

PARSE’S
Parse’s Human Becoming Theory guides the practice of nurses to focus on quality of life as
it is described and lived. The human becoming theory of nursing presents an alternative to
both the conventional bio-medical approach as well as the bio-psycho-social-spiritual
approach of most other theories and models of nursing. Parse’s model rates quality of life
from each person’s own perspective as the goal of the practice of nursing.