Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

ONE-WAY
ANOVA
(CRD)

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

76

COMPLETELY RANDOMISED DESIGN

(CRD)

Characteristics:
① one-way classification of factors. i.e. only by the
treatment
② treatments are repeated
③ grouping only by treatments
④ no grouping or classification by repeated measures

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

77

CRD (CONT.)
Analysis Of Variance

Unknown
Variance
(Error)

Treatment
Variance

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

78

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

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 Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

CRD (CONT.)
Linear Additive Model (L.A.M.):

ij =  + i + Eij
where:
ij = jth observation of the ith treatment
 = overall mean
i = effect of the ith treatment (i - )
Eij = effect of the jth observation of the ith treatment
j = 1,......., r
i = 1,......., t

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

79

CRD (CONT.)
Example CRD: 4 treatments, 3 replications
e.g. (A, B,C,D)A= 0 kg/ha N, B= 50 kg/ha N, C= 100 kg/ha N, and D= 120 kg/ha

A D B D

B C A C

C B D A

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

80

CRD CONT.
Assumptions Underlying One-way ANOVA
 The dependent variable is normally distributed for
each of the populations with mean 0 and variance σ2
<i  (0, σ2)>
 The error variances of the dependent variable are the
same for all populations with mean 0, and variance
σ2E <Eij  (0, σ2E)>
 The cases represent random samples from the
populations and the scores on the test variable are
independent of each other
Dr. Pedram Kashiani

81

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

2
 Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

STEPS IN ANOVA
①State the null and alternative hypotheses
HO: µ1= µ2= µ3
HA: Not all means are equal

②Calculate the test statistic (F-ratio)

③Determine critical value

④Make your decision

⑤Make conclusion

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

82

ANOVA TABLE
Source of df SS MS F P
Variation

Treatments t-1 SSt SSt /dft MSt /MSEe Look

(between groups) up !

Error t(r-1) SSe SSE /dfE

(within groups)

Total rt-1 SST

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

83

Sum of Squares Calculation

• 1. Calculation of Correction Factor (CF)

..
CF=
Where
𝑋. . 2 = Summation of all observations to the power
of 2
r= number of replication
t= number of treatments
Dr. Pedram Kashiani

84

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

3
 Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

Sum of Squares Calculation

• 2. Calculation of SS Total (SST)

2
SST= ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝐶𝐹
Where
𝑋𝑖𝑗2 = Each observation to the power of 2

∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗2 = Summation of each observation to the

power of 2
CF= Correction Factor
i = number of treatment
j =number of replication
Dr. Pedram Kashiani

85

Sum of Squares Calculation

• 3. Calculation of SS Treatment (SSt)

∑ .
SSt= − 𝐶𝐹
Where
2
𝑋. 𝑗 = Summation of all observation for ith treatment across all replications
to the power of 2
∑ 𝑋. 𝑗2 = Summation of all 𝑋. 𝑗2
CF= Correction Factor
i = number of treatment
j =number of replication

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

86

Sum of Squares Calculation

• 3. Calculation of SS Error (SSe)

SSe= SSTotal - SSTreatment

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

87

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

4
 Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

COMPLETELY RANDOMISED DESIGN

(CRD)
Advantages:
① Very flexible for different number of treatments and
replications
② Analysis is easy, even with unequal reps, and
heterogeneous error
③ Missing observations are easy to analyze
④ Maximum error d.f. is possible compared to other design

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

88

WHEN TO USE CRD?

Experimental units are homogeneous. i.e. low
inherent variations.

When losses of observations is expected, or

already have unequal replications.

In small experiments, where error d.f. is small.

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

89

DISADVANTAGES OF CRD
① Requires uniform experimental units

very little variation among experimental units

If too much variation among experimental

units, it is not a suitable design

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

90

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

5
 Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

DISADVANTAGES OF CRD CONT.

② All non-treatment variation is labeled as
experimental error

 in reality, this may not always be true

 it is not too serious if non-treatment variation is small

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

91

DISADVANTAGES OF CRD CONT.

③ Size limitation is usually restricted to small
experiments
 suitable for greenhouse or growth chamber experiments
 not suitable if external influences are prevailing
e.g. air-conditioner, heater, etc.
 not suitable in field experiments
 not suitable if too much variations among animals with
different body weights

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

92

COMPARING TREATMENT MEANS

• Preplanned t-tests (doesn’t need ANOVA).

• Preplanned discriminant use of an LSD-type test eg.

DNMRT, LSD, etc.

• Preplanned contrasts.

• Preplanned comparison to a check or control.

• Linear and curvilinear trends for quantitative factors.

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

93

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

6
 Statistics for Agriculture Science (VAR3013)

PROTECTED MEAN COMPARISONS

Mean comparisons done only when we

reject the null hypothesis in ANOVA, i.e.
when we conclude that there is at least
one pair of samples different from each
other to negate H0.

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

94

POST HOC SUMMARY

LSD > DUNCAN > TUKEY Power

LSD < DUNCAN < TUKEY

Control Type I
error

Dunnett’s when you have one control and multiple

treatments

Sheffé’s ONLY when you are doing complex

comparisons (i.e., contrasts)

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

95

ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Reality -> HO is true HO is false

Decision
Retain HO Correct Type II Error
Decision (b)
(.2, .1)
Reject HO Type I Error Correct
(a) Decision
(.05, .01)

Dr. Pedram Kashiani

96

 By: Dr. Pedram Kashiani (pedram@ftv.upsi.edu.my); (drpedram.net@gmail.com)

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