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CHAPTER 1

Thallophyta 1

Contributors: H. P. BANKS, K. I. M. CHESTERS, N. F. HUGHES,

G. A. L. JOHNSON, H. M. J O H N S O N & L. R. M O O R E

This chapter includes all benthonic algae (planktonic algae are in Chapter 2), the family
Prototaxitaceae, bacteria and fungi. In some of these groups the fossil record is very inadequate,
and the method of documentation has been varied accordingly.

THE CALCAREOUS ALGAE

Algae are the only fossil group which have a widespread development in the Precamb. The
earliest fossil records, dating from at least 2700 m.y., are stromatolites possibly belonging to the
Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Definite cellular microorganisms, including Gunflintia,
Animikiea and Archaeorestis identified as blue-green algae, have been found in the Gunffint Chert,
M. Precamb, Canada, and are 1900 m.y. old (Barghoorn and Tyler 1965; Cloud 1965). Even
at the earliest period there seems to have been considerable diversity in the group and since then
continuous evolutionary progress has taken place. Divergence, convergence and parallelism of
form and habit in the different classes of algae during their geological history is striking (Fritsch
1948). Thus the structural pattern of the Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and in most part the
Rhodophyceae is remarkably parallel from unicellular motile and colonial, through filamentous
to complex thaUoid forms.
The great majority of living algae do not produce skeletons but of the known fossil algae almost
every genus is calcareous and many are important rock builders. Maslov (1961) has shown that
carbonates can be deposited by algae in six different ways. Of these the "mixed" or "stromato-
litic" process and the "biochemical" process are most important in the Precamb. The "organic"
and "physiological" processes emerged in the Camb but the "stromatolitic" process was probably
dominant as late as the Silurian. Since then the "organic" process has been gaining importance
and the "stromatolitic" process is restricted to limited occurrences at the present time. To what
extent the evolution of the various classes of fossil algae is connected with these changes in car-
bonate deposition is obscure.
Genetic classification of the fossil algae is largely subjective owing to the great antiquity of the
group and the origin of even the more recent families is shrouded in uncertainty. Lack of colour
pigments and reproductive structures further adds to the difficulties of classification in the fossil
algae. The classification used here is adapted from Papenfuss (1955) and Pia (1927). We are
much indebted to Dr J. H. Price (British Museum of National History, London) who kindly
supplied the authorities of the living families of calcareous algae. [H.M.J. & G.A.L.J.]
The Fossil Record, pp. 163-180. Geological Society of London, 1967. Printed in Northern Ireland.
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The Fossil Record, Part H

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TAXA
THALLOPHYTA 1 Calcareous Algae

CONTRIBUTORS G.A.L. Johnson, H . M . Johnson H. P. Banks I N . F. Hughes

FIG. I.I A

164
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Chapter 1" Thallophytaml

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TAXA
THALLOPHYTA 1 Calcareous Algae

CONTRIBUTORS G. A. L. Johnson, H . M . Johnson IN. F. Hughes

FIG. I. I B

12 165
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The Fossil Record, Part H

Class C H L O R O P H Y C E A E Ktitzing 1833

Family CHLAMYOOMONACE~mStein orth. rout. G. M. Smith 1920
First, J u r Oxf-'Tith': Gleocystis oxfordiensis Lignier 1906, Europe. Extant.
Cot~ment: Fossil members of the group are rare as flagellae are seldom preserved.
Family PHACOWACEAE(Biitschli) Oltmanns 1904
F i r s t , Tert M.Eoc: Phacotus sp. Rutte 1953, Germany. Extant.
ComJment: Fossil records few, U.Mioc P. lenticularis (Ehrenberg) Stein, also Pleist and Holo
examples.
Family ~TOCOCCACEAE (Trevisan) Marchand orth. mut. G. M. Smith 1950
First, Jur 'Tith" Globochaete alpina Lombard 1938, Sainte Crois de Quintillargues, Provence.
Extant.
C o m m e n t : Globochaete widespread in U.Jur in Tethys, Provence and Indonesia. (Colom
1955).
Family CHr.Om~Lr~C~.A~. (Wille) Brunnthaler 1913
First, Tert L.Eoc: ChloreUopsiscoloniata Reis (Bradley 1929), Green River Fro., Colorado, Utah
and Wyoming; Tert of Bavaria and Kansas, U.S.A. Exant.
C o m m e n t : Camb record " ? like Chlorellopsis coloniata Reis" (Bigot 1929) has no cellular
structure so may not be algal Dec cf. Tetraedon. sp. (Ktitzing 1845; Bohlln 1901) may belong
to either Chlorellaceae or Oocystaceae. [H.M.J.]
Family HYDRODICaWACV.AE(S. F. Gray) Dumortier orth. rout. Cohn 1880
First, Cret Alb: Pediastrum boryanum Brunnthaler 1915, Pakistan. Extant.
Conanaent: Doubtful first, J u r 'Tith': Pediastrites kidstoni Zalessky 1927, L. Volgian, nr
Simbirsk, U.S.S.R. Pediastrum occurs through to present; Hydrodictyon, Tert Japan. (Koriba
and Miki 1959). [H.M.J. & N.F.H.]
Family COEt~ST~CEaJ~ (West) Wille 1906
First, Carb Tourn-Vis6an: Lageniastrum macrosporae Renault, Europe. Extant.
Family ur OTRICHACFAF Kiatzing orth. rout. Haulk 1883
First, Jur 'Tith': Eothrix alpina Lombard 1938, Switzerland, Provence, Andalusia, Apennines,
N. Africa and Indonesia. Extant.
Family CHA~.TOPHORACFAFHarvey orth. rout. Stizenberger 1860
First, Tert Dan: Palaeachyla sp. Pia 1936, Diniyur gp., Trichinopoly, S. India. Extant.
Family ZYOm~TACFAF. (Meneghini) Ktitzing orth. mut. Engler 1898
First, Tert L.Eoc: Spirogyra sp. Bradley 1962, Wilkins Peak member, Green River fro.,
Wyoming. Extant.
Conanaent: The diagnostic chloroplast is seldom preserved in fossils.
Family DESMmIAC~.AEKiitzing 1833 ex Ralfs (1848) orth. mut. Stizenberger 1860
First, Dev: Arthrodesmus (probable desmid); U.Jur: Xanthidium pilosum Ehrenb. Extant.
C o m m e n t : Other records: Pleist and Holo, Jutland, Denmark (Fjerdugstadtl 1954) and
N./kips (Messikommer 1938). [H.M.J.]
Family DASYCtatOACFAEKtitzing 1833 orth. rout. Stizenberger 1860
First, Camb L.Camb: LenaeUa reticulata Korde 1959, Atdaban fro, Siberia, and Carnbroporella
tuvensis Korde 1950, U.S.S.R. (Endo 1961). Extant.
C o m m e n t : Pre-Camb records from the Kola Peninsula have been dated at 1720-1780 m.y.
B.P. and include cf. DasyporeUa Pia and the Tribe Cyclocrineae Pia (Lyubtsov 1964). Few
Palaeozoic genera, divergence in Permian. Fossil genera numerous compared with only 10 living
genera. [H.M.J. & G.A.L.J.]
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Chapter 1: Thallophyta--I
Family CODIACEAE(Trevisan) Zanardini 1843
First, Camb-Ord: Palaeoporella variabilis Stolley 1893, Late Camb. or basal Ord, Sweden,
Norway and Texas. Extant.
Comument: Pre-Camb Oldhamia and Palaeorivularia may be primitive codiaceans or the latter
may be a red alga (C. L. Fenton 1943, Endo 1961). Abundant in present oceans mostly non-
lime-depositing.
Family VALONIACEAEN~igeli 1847
First, Jur Oxf-'Tith': Pycnoporidium lobatum Yabe and Toyama 1928, Torinosu Lst, Abukama
Mountainlands, Japan and Spain. P. melobesioides (Pfender), France. Extant.
Co~axnent: P. toyamai, Perm, has doubtful generic assignment. P. lobatum and P. melobesioides
extend to L. Cret. P. sinuosum J. H. Johnson and Konishi L. Cret, Guatemala. No known Tert
forms, living forms mostly tropical.

Family ASCOSOMACEAELorenz 1904

First and Last, Camb: Ascosomiaphaneroporata Lorenz 1904 and Mitscherlichia chinensis Lorenz
1904, Tschang-duang, N. China.

Class RHODOPHYCEAE Ruprecht 1901

Family CHAETANGIACEAEKtitzing orth. mut. Hauck 1883

First, Perm: Hapalophlaea scissa Pia 1935, Sumatra. Extant.

Family GYMNOCODIACEAEElliott 1955

First, Perm: Gymnocodium bellerophontis (Rothpletz 1894) Pia 1920, S. Europe, India, Japan
and Texas, U.S.A.
Last, Cret Apt: Permocalculus irenae Elliott 1958.
Cornnaent: Family regarded first as Dasycladaceae, then Codiaceae, next red algae (Chaet-
angiaceae Pia 1937) and finally raised to separate family (Elliott 1955).

Family SOLENOPORACEAE Pia 192 7

First, Camb L.Camb: Solenopora sp., N.W. Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica (Priestley and
David 1910); S. tjanshanica Vologdin 1955, Russia; S. sp., Angara R., Siberia (Maslov 1937).
Last, Tert Mioc: Neosolenopora vinassi, Italy, France and Cuba.
Coma~ent: Camb records few; Ord and Sil records rare at first later few genera only but
widespread, abundant and rockbuilders. Classification controversial, either sub-family of
Corallinaceae (Maslov 1956) or a separate family (Pia 1927, J. H. Johnson 1959).

Family CORALLINACEAE(Lamouroux) Harvey 1849

First, Carb Bashk-Moscov: Archaeolithophyllum missourensum J. H. Johnson 1956, Exline Lst,
Carroll Co., Missouri; A. delicatumJ. H. Johnson 1956, ColinsviUe Lst, Illinois, also New Mexico
and Texas. Carb. Komia abandans Korde 1951, N. Urals, Russia and Japan. Extant.
Comaxient: Sub-family Melobesieae U.Carb to Recent as given above. Sub-family Coral-
linae ?U.Carb to Recent; Archamphiroa ?U.Carb, Amphiroa Cret. Melobesieae contains Archaeo-
lithothamnium, Jur to Recent, of uncertain phylogeny, which gave rise to Lithothamnium in L.Jur.
Sub-family widespread by U.Cret, tropics to polar regions by M.Eoc. Corallinae most abundant
in Tert, widespread in present oceans.

Family FURCELLARIACEAE Greville orth. naut. Kylin 1932

First, Jur Oxf-'Tith': ?Nipponophycus ramosus Yabe and Toyama 1928, Torinosu Lst, Japan.
Extant.
Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAEDumortier orth. mut. Cohn 1872
First, Tert Olig: Spherococcitescartilagineus Unger. Extant.
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The Fossil Record, Part H

Family RHODO~FrtAcF~a~ (J. Agardh) Harvey 1849

First, Carb Namur-U.Carb: Donezella lutegrini Maslov 1927, K x and K 4 Donetz Basin,
U.S.S.R. Extant.
C o m m e n t : Only fossil record is Palaeozoic unless Lomentarites borneti, U.Trias, belongs to
this family.
Family OELFSSFRrACF.AFBory orth. mut. N~igeli 1847
First, Ord: ?Delesseritessilicifolia Ruedemann 1925, New York. Extant.
Conanaent: Delesseriafriedaui Unger and D.fulva Lesqu., U.Cret constitute the earliest definite
record of this family.
Family EPIPHYTONACEAEKorde 1955
First, Camb L.Camb: Epiphyton benignum Korde 1959, Kuznetsk, Russia; E. grande and E.
fasciculatum Gordon 1921, boulders dredged from the Weddel Sea.
Last, Dev Givet-Famenn: Epiphyton budyricus Antropov 1955, E. Russian Platform, Urals,
Kuznetz Basin and Central Asia.
Corrument: Constituent genera Epiphyton and Chabakovia. Epiphyton abundant in Camb. and
is sometimes a rock-builder.

Class SCHIZOPHYCEAE Cohn 1880

Family CHROOCOCCACEAEN~igeli 1849
First, Dev: Microcystis Kutzing 1833. Extant.
Conaxnent: Continuous records Dev. to Present. [H.M.J.]
Family oscxr rATORtACEAE (S. F. Gray) Dumortier 1898
First, Pre-Camb: Animikiea septata Barghoorn 1965 (cf. Lyngbya Ag. and Cf. Oscillatoria)
c. 1900 m.y., Gunflint Fro, Ontario, Canada; L. ochracea Ashley 1937, Kundelungu Series,
Lake Tanganika, N. Rhodesia. Extant.
C o m m e n t : M.Camb Marpolia spissa Walcott, Burgess Sh, other records Dev to Present.
[H.M.J. & G.A.L.J.]
Family ~OSTOCACEAEDumortier ex. Engler 1892
First, Pre-Camb: Filamentella marima Pflug 1965, Missoula Group, Belt Series, Montana.
Extant.
Family RIVULARIACEAEKtitzing ex. Bornet et Flahault 1887
First, Tert Mioc: Rivularia haematites Geither 1930, Baden, Germany, and Ternithrix compressa
Reiss, Rhine, Germany. Extant.
Family SCYTON~MATACEAEKtitzing ex. Bornet et Flahault 1887
First, Tert Mioc: Scytonemajulianum Geither 1930, Baden, Germany. Extant.
Family STIGONEMATACEAEKirchner 1898
First, Derv Ems-Eifel: LangieUa scourfieldi Croft and George 1959, and KidstonieUafritschi Croft
and George 1959, Rhynie Chert, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Extant.
[H.M.J.]
Family POROSTROMATAPia 1927
First, Camb L.Camb: GirvaneUa sinensis Yabe 1912, G. manchurica Yabe and Ozaki 1930,
San-yu-tung Province, Hapei and S. Manchuria; GirvaneUa sp. Flinders Range, Kimberley and
McDonnell Ranges, Australia, also Manto Fm, Shangtung, China; G. mexicana J. H. Johnson
1952, G. cf. sinensis Yabe 1912, Camb Mexico; Uranovia granosa Korde 1958, Globuloella butomensis
Korde 1958, Batomella zelanovi Korde 1958 and Visheraia sp. Korde 1958, Camb, Siberia.
Last, Tert Mioc: Dimorphostroma palatinum Reis 1923 and Brachydactylus radialis Reis 1923,
Germany.
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Chapter 1: Thallophytaml
Family SPONGIOSTROMATAPia 1927

First, Pre-Camb: Corycium enigmaticum Sederholm 1911, Archean (2200-3000 m.y.), Ajonokka
E. Shore, Lake Nasijarvi, Finland; Stromatolites, Archean (more than 2700 m.y.), Dolomite
Series, Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia; Collenia sp. and Conophyton sp., Pharusian (more than 2000 m.y.),
Sahara, N. Africa. Extant.
[H.M.J. & G.A.L.J.]

Class UNCERTAIN

Family P R O T O T A X I T A C E A E Pia 192 7

First, Sil Wenl: Prototaxites hicksii (Etheridge) Pia, at base of Denbighshire Grits, Cyrtograptus
murchisoni Z., Corwen, North Wales, Britain (Hicks 1881, Kr~iusel & Weyland 1934).
Last, Dev Frasn: Protoaxites southworthii Arnold, Kettle Point black sh, Lambton County,
Ontario, Canada (Arnold 1952).
C o m m e n t : The family Protaxitaceae, as used here, includes Nernatothallus Lang, 1937 which
occurs in the Dev Siegen-Gedin, Wales. It is possible that the family will be split ultimately into
two or more groups when sufficient data are available. [H.P.B.]

Class XANTHOPHYTA (Heterocontae)

First, Carb Bashk: Pila and Reinschia Bertrand and Renault, Boghead Cannel Coal (Torbane-
hill Mineral), base of Coal Measures, West Lothian, Scotland (Blackburn & Temperley 1936).
Extant.
Comanent: These algae are taken to resemble closely Botryococcus braunii Ktitzing (extant) and
other similar records come from most later periods (Traverse 1955). These algae probably
occurred also in the early Carb, but Gleocapsamorpha from the Kuchersite, Ord, Estonia, has been
omitted. [N.F.H.]

REFERENCES

ARNOLD,C . A . 1952. A specimen of Prototaxites from the Kettle Point black shale of Ontario.
Palaeontographica, 93B, 45-56.
BRADLEY, W . H . 1962. A chloroplast in Spirogyra from the Green River Formation of Wyoming.
Amer. 3". Sci., 260, 455-459.
BARGHOORN,E. S. & TYLER, S.A. 1965. Micro-organisms from the Gunflint Chert. Science, N.Y.,
147, 563-577.
BLACKBURN, K. B. & TEMPERLEY, B. N. 1936. Botrycoccus and the algal coals. Trans. R. Soc.
Edinb., 58, 841-868, 2 pls.
BIGOT, A. 1929. Les Rdcifs en coupole du Cambrien de Carteret et les Rfcifs de Chlorellopsis.
C.r. hebd. Sdanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 189, 816-7.
BOHLIN, K. 1901. Utleart till de gr6na algemas och arkegoniatemas fylogeni. Thesis, Lund (publ. by
author).
CLOUD, P . E . 1965. Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) microflora. Science, N.Y., 148,
27-35.
COLOM, G. 1955. Jurassic-Cretaceous plelagic sediments of the western Mediterranean and the
Atlantic area. Micropaleontology, 1, 105-124.
ELLIOTT, G. F. 1955. The Permian calcareous algae Gyrnnocodiurn. Micropaleontology, 1, 83-90.
1958. Algal debris-facies in the Cretaceous of the Middle East. Palaeontology, 1, 254-259.
169
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The Fossil Record, Part H

ENDO, R. 1961. Phylogenetic relationships among the calcareous algae. Sait. Univ. Sci. Rep.
Set. B., Comm. Vol. Prof. R. Endo, 1-52.
FENTON, C. L. 1943. Precambrian and early Palaeozoic algae. Amer. Midl. Nat., 30, 83-111.
FJERDUGST.~a~TL,E. 1954. The sub-fossil algal flora of Lake Bolling. K. danske vidensk, selsk. (biol.),
7, 56.
FRITSCH, F.E. 1948. The structure and reproduction of the Algae. 2 vols., Cambridge University Press.
HicKs, H. 1881. On the discovery of some remains of plants at the base of the Denbighshire
Grits near Corwen, North Wales. Q.. Jl geol. Soc. Lond., 37, 482-496.
JOHNSON,J. H. 1959. A review of the Silurian (Gotlandian) Algae. Colorado Sch. Mines Quart.,
54, 1-55.
JOHNSON, J. H. 1962. The algal genus Lithothamnium and its fossil representatives. Colorado Sch.
Mines Quart., 57, 1-111.
KORDE, K.B. 1950. Algal remains in the Cambrian of the Kazaskhstan. Dokl. Akad. nauk SSSR,
Earth Sci. Ser., 73, 809-812. [in Russian]
KORmA, K. & MIKI, S. 1959. On Paleodictyon and fossil Hydrodictyon. Yabe Jubilee Pub., 1, 55.
KRXUSEL, R. & W~'ZLa_,qD,H. 1934. Algen im deutschen Devon. Palaeontographica, 79B, 131-142.
KUTZINO, F. T. 1845. Die kieselschaligen lanen oder Diatomeen. Ber. Verhandl. Akad. Wiss.,
Berlin.
LA_nG, W . H . 1937. On the plant remains from the Downtonian of England and Wales. Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 227B, 245-291.
LYUBTSOV, V. V. 1964. Organic remains in most ancient sedimentary and metamorphic seq-
uences of the Kola Peninsula. Int. Geol. Rev., 6, 1408-1412.
MASLOV, V. P. 1937. On the Palaeozoic rock-building algae of east Siberia. Moscow Univ.
Palaeont. Lab., Problems Palaeont., 2-3, 342-348, 12 pls. [In Russian]
1956. Fossil Calcareous algae in the U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R. Acad. Sci., Proc. Inst. Geol. Sci., 160,
1-301. [in Russian]
1961. Algae and the deposition of carbonates. Izv. Akad. nauk SSSR Geol. Ser., 12, 66-70.
MESSmOMMER, E. 1938. Beitrag zur Kenntnis. der fossilen und subfossilen Desmidaceen.
Hedwigia, Dresden, 78, 107-201.
PAPFNFUSS, G. F. 1955. Classification of the algae in Centenary volume (1853-1953), 115-224.
California Acad. Sci., San Fransisco.
PFLUG, H. D. 1965. Organische Reste aus der Belt-Serie (Algonkium) yon Nordamerika.
Paliiont. Z., 39, 10-25.
PL% J. 1927. Thallophyta in Hirmer, M. (1927) "Handbuch der Palaobotanik." vol. 1, 1-136.
Munich and Berlin.
PRIESTLEY, R. E. & DAVID, T. W . E . 1910. Geological notes of the British Antarctic Expedition
1907-1909. l l t h Cong. Geol. Int.
RAO, L. R. 1952. Recent discoveries of fossil algae in India. Palaeobot., 1, 386-391.
TRAVERSe, A. 1955. Occurrence of the oil-forming alga Botryococcus in lignites and other Tertiary
sediments. Micropalaeontology, 1, 343-350, 1 pl.
YABE, H. 1952. A brief summary of the studies of rock forming calcareous algae in Japan.
Palaeobot., 1, 443-447.
FOSSIL BACTERIA
Unequivocal evidence of the presence of bacteria or their spores in the fossil state presents
difficulties due to (1) their recognition in view of minute dimensions; (2) their identification
dependent upon a morphologic similarity to present-day forms; (3) the delimitation of related
and often associated known forms e.g. bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi; (4) absence of knowledge
of the forms of ancient life with the functions of bacteria; (5) the problem of possible contamina-
tion. In a few instances there is undoubted proof through the detailed recognition by the applica-
tion of electron-microscopy, and by the application of biochemical techniques; the viability of
some fossil bacteria has been demonstrated (Dombrowski). The accepted common forms, of
bacteria, e.g. coccoid, bacilloid, filamental, or spirillar have all been recorded, as have their
distinctive arrangements such as diplococcoid, staphylococcoid, streptococcoid and the several
bacilloid arrangements. The preservation varies from the presence of an actual cell wall, to
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Chapter 1: Thallophyta--1

mineral replacement of this wall, or to sheath-like covering of the wall. In many instances the
pathological association with bone, or plant tissue, and the resulting lesions on these materials
have provided strong evidence for the presence and activity of bacteria. By analogy with the
functions of modern forms so the associations recorded have been referred to autotrophic or
chemautotrophic forms, or to groups which include iron bacteria, nitrate and sulphate reducing
bacteria, calcareous bacteria and saprophytic forms e.g. (Pia 1928). The possible remains of
bacteria have been recorded from limestones, cherts, iron and manganese ores, phosphorites,
bauxites, tonsteins, oil shales, coal, vertebrate remains, coprolites, plant tissues and invertebrate
skeletons; these occurrences range in age from Pre-Cambrian to the present. The presence of
living bacteria in various modern and recent sediments, sulphur deposits, iron deposits, tufa and
peats provides an analogy with past occurrences. The most important work on fossil bacteria
was that of Renault (1896-1901) and the majority of important references to fossil bacteria are
contained in Meschinelli (1902), Pia (1928), Zobell (1957), Kusnetzov, Ivanov and Lyalikova
(1963). The recent work of Barghoorn and Tyler (1963, 1965), and Cloud (1965), Barghoorn
and Schopf (1965) refer to Pre-Cambrian investigations. The literature contains frequent
reference to the presence of unnamed forms which may be bacteria; other workers have noted a
resemblance to modern forms and referred to the occurrence in that manner e.g. similar to
Grenothrix, Siderocapsa, Sphaerotilus, or Lyngbia. Few records refer to the occurrence in a taxonomic
manner. An important recent exception is the work of Schopf, Ehlers et al. 1965 in which by the
application of electron microscopy utilising replica techniques, the authors demonstrated the
presence of bacteria in iron pyrites of Carboniferous age. Sheath bacteria referred to Sphaerotilus
catenulatus n. sp. were recognised as allied to modern bacteria, e.g. Sphaerotilus natans Kutzing or
Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn. Spiral thread bacteria referred to GaUionella pyritica n. sp. closely
resembled the modern forms of Gallionella ferruginea Ehrenberg; the authors were confident of

FORMATION BACTERIAL REMAINS RECORD

Oligocene Bacillus Zilianus Renault
B. Grand 'Euryi Renault
Eocene Micrococcus lignitum Renault
M. paludis Renault
Bacilli resembling B. subtilus Bradley 1931
Cretaceous Micrococcus I Ellis 1914
Bacillus I Ellis 1914
Bacillus II Ellis 1914
Jurassic Micrococcus trigeri Renault
M. sarlatensis Renault
Actinomycites (a) Ellis (1914)
Iron bacteria (bauxites Mesozoic) Vologdin in Kuznetzov
1963
Trias
Permian Micrococcus lepidophagus var. a-g Renault & Roche
M. petrolei Renault
Bacillus circulans (Dombrowski)
B. granosus Renault
B. permiensis Renault
B. gamma Renault
B. Tieghemi Renault
B. CoUetus Renault
B. lalleyensis Renault
B. flaccidus Renault
B. lepidophagus arcuatus Renault
Filamentous sheaths, bacterial rods Vologdin in Kuznetzov
1963
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The Fossil Record, Part H

FORMATION BACTERIAL R E M A I N S RECORD

Carboniferous Micrococcusdevonicus var. a, b. Renault
M. esnostensis var. a, b. Renault
M. priscus Renault
M. priscus var. a. Renault
M. ZeiUeri var. a, b. Renault
M. carbo Renault
M. Guignardi Renault
M. hymenophagus Renault
M. hymenophagus var. a. Renault
M. scoticus var. a, b. Renault
Bacillus amylobacter Van Tieghem
B. exiguus Renault
B. moscovianus Renault
B. gamma Renault
B. gamma vat. tenuis Renault
B. ozodeus Renault
B. gomphosoideus Renault
B. vorax Renault
Sphaerotilus catenulatus Schopf, Ehlers, Stiles,
Birle
Gallionella f erruginea Schopf, Ehlers, Stiles,
Birle
Sulphur bacteria ?Beggiatoa
Devonian Bacterium strain V I I I / D (Salt) Dombrowski 1963
Iron Bacteria Vologdin in Kuznetzov
1963
Silurian Bacterium strain XV/1 (Salt) Dombrowski 1963
Ordovician
Cambrian Filamentous iron bacteria (Bauxite) Vologdin in Kuznetzov
1963
Coccoid, bacilloid forms, iron bacteria Vologdin in Kuznetzov
(Phosphorite) 1963
Pre-Cambrian
Biwabik Iron bacteria (resembling Chlamydothrix) Gruner, 1922
(U. Huronian) Bacilli
Gun Flint Bacteria (resembling Crenothrixpolyspora) Barghoorn & Tyler 1965
(U. Huronian) MetaUogenium personatum Perfilyev Cloud 1965
Entosphaeroides amplus Barghoorn (?bacteria) Barghoorn & Tyler 1965
Eoastrion bifurcatum Barghoorn Barghoorn & Tyler 1965
Eoastrion simplex Barghoorn (Actinomorphic Barghoorn & Tyler 1965
affinity)
Coccoid forms (resembling Siderocapsa and Barghoorn & Schopf
Siderococcus) 1965
Rod shaped cells (resemble Sphaerotilus natans) Barghoorn & Schopf
1965
Micrococcus sp. Walcott 1915
Bacterium strain XXX/1 (Salt) Dombrowski 1963
[L. R. M.]

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Chapter 1: Thallophyta--I

generic recognition, but despite a strikingly similar habit believed the specific identification to be
unwarranted.
Other segmented microbes of a highly distinctive character were not finally identified but their
probable affinity with members of the sulphur bacteria represented by forms such as the modern
Beggiatoa was noted. The authors draw attention to the remarkable geological stability of both
environment and organisms which appears to have existed over a period of at least 300 m.y.
The preparation of a list of occurrences is fraught with difficulty and ranges are unknown. The
above record arranged in stratigraphic order is not intended to be exhaustive and the
identification is that of the author recording the occurrence. [L.R.M.]

REFERENCES
BARGHOORN, E. S. & SCHOPF,J. W. 1965. Electron Microscopy of Fossil Bacteria Two Billion
Years Old. Science Report, Sept. 1965, pp. 1365-1367.
& TYLER, S.A. 1963. Fossil organisms from Pre-Cambrian Sediments. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
108, 451-452.
- - & TYLER, S.A. 1965. Microorganisms from the Gunflint Chert. Science, N.Y., 147, 563-
577.
BRADLEY, W . H . 1931. Origin and Microfossils of the Oil Shale of the Green River Formation
of Colorado and Utah. Prof. Pap. U.S. geol. Surv., 168, pp. 1-57.
CLOUD,P. E. 1965. Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) Microflora. Science, N.Y., 148,
27-35.
DOMBROWSKI,H. 1963. Bacteria from Palaeozoic Deposits. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 108, 453-460.
ELLIS, D. 1914. Fossil microorganisms from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 35, 110-133.
GRUNER, J. W. 1922. The origin of sedimentary iron formations: The Biwabik formation of the
Mesaba Range. Econ. Geol., 17, 407-460.
Kuzm~TZOV, S. I., IVANOV, M. V. & LYALmOVA, N. N. 1963. Introduction to Geological Micro-
biology. McGraw-Hill. 252 pp.
M~SCmNELLI, A. 1902. Fungorum fossilum omnium hucusque cognitorum iconographia. Vicetiae.
PIA, J. 1928. Die Vorzeitlichen Spaltpilze und Ihre Lebensspuren. Palaeobiologica, 1, 457-474.
RENAULT, B. 1896a. Recherches sur les Bactdricfies fossiles. Annls. Sci. nat. R. 8, Botan, 2, 275.
1896b. Bassin houiUer etpermien d'Autun et d'I~pinac. Fasc. 4, flore fossile, 2me partie, l~tudes
gRes mindr, de la France, publication of Minist. des Travaux, Paris.
1899. Sur quelques Microorganisms des combustibles fossiles. Bull. Soc. Ind. min~r. St-
Etienne, R. 3, 13, 865, and 14, 5.
1901. Du role de quelques bacteriacdes fossiles au point de vue geologique. 8th Int. geol.
Congr., 19 646.
SCHOPF,J. M., EHLERS, E. G., STILES, D. V. & J. D. BmLE. 1965. Fossil iron bacteria preserved
in pyrite. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 109, 288-308.
VOLOGDIN, A. G. 1947. Quoted in Kuznetzov, S. I., Ivanov, M. V. & Lyalikova, N. N., 1963.
WALCOTT, C . D . 1915. Discovery of Algonkian Bacteria. Proc. U.S. natn. Acad. Sci., 1, 256.
ZOBELL, C . E . 1957. Bacteria. Mem. geol. Soc. Am., 67, pp. 693-698.

FUNGI
The fossils of fungi consist of petrifactions of complete mycelia etc. which are rare, of spores
which usually have few characters and are difficult to classify, and of organs of other plants
attacked by fungi which leave recognisable damage. The fragmentary fossil record has been
fitted for convenience into the classification of Recent fungi given by Hawker (1966).
Fossil mycorrhiza have been described from the Carb onwards by Andrews and Lenz (1943),
Halket (1930), and others, but no attempt has been made to deal with them separately here.
Sclerotinites (Stach 1957) and Palynomorphites (Moore 1963) have not been classified.
The higher fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes) are not well represented before the Cret.
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The Fossil Record, Part H

SEE FIG B
Cam

U Ladin
u~
~n;s

Olenek

Induan ' I
1
_ _o B

Dzhulf ~ o- ~ "~
...... ~g .~E
Z Guad a9 9 "E ~: o.-
< - ~ ~ "~ ~
~ eonard m o. o.

Sakm

Assel
U .C~rb

Moscov
0
~ Bashk
Z .a
o Na.~, g

Tourn

Fomenn

Fram

Z Givet
<_
) Eifel

~, Eros
Siegen
Ged;nn

Z Ludl
<_
.~ Wenl
!
w Lldov

A~
l Oomyce,., J Ascomyr j Bas;d;omycetes
TAXA
THALLOPHYTA 1 Fung;

CONTRIBUTORS K.I.M. Chesters, N . F . Hughes

FIG. 1.2A

D i v i s i o n PHYCOMYCETES

Although ?Phycomycetes has been mentioned for the Pre-Camb fossils of the Gunflint Chert,
Huronian, Canada (Tyler and Barghoorn 1954), Barghoorn and Tyler (1965) favour algal (or
uncertain) origin for most of the fossils.

Class C H Y T R I D I O M Y C E T E S

Order CHYTRIDALES
First, Carb Moscov: Urophlyctitesoliverianus Magnus (on Alethopteris leaves), U. stigmariae Weiss
and OochytriumlepidodendroniRenault (on lycopods), Westphalian Coal Measures, Western Europe
(see Hirmer 1 9 2 7 ) . Extant.

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Chapter 1: Thallophyta--I

.o o w
< z
u.i AIb o ,,~
~:~>" . . . . ~ <
~t
Barrem

Flout

Valang "

Berr
JTith t

Kimm

Oxf

Ca l I
u
Bath

Baioc
To~'r
Pliens

Sinem

Hett
U
Rhaet

~_ N ~
SEE FIG A
Oomycetes Ascomycetes Basid~omycetes
TAXA
THALLOPHYTA 1 Fungi

CONTRIBUTORS K.I.M. Cheste~s, N. F. Hughes

FIG. 1.2B

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The Fossil Record, Part H

Class OOMYCETES

Order SAPROLEGNIALES
First, Sil Lldov-Wenl: Palaeachlya perforans Duncan 1876 (in Goniophyllum pyramidale, not
located). Extant.
Cornnaent: Palaeomycesgordoni and five other species, Dev Siegen, Rhynie Chert, Aberdeen-
shire, Scotland (Kidston and Lang 1921).

Order PERONOSPORALES
First, Carb Bashk: Peronosporoides carbonifera Smith 1896, Main seam, Annandale Colliery,
Nr. Kilmarnock, Scotland. Extant.
Class ZYGOMYCETES

Order MUCOR.ALES
First, Carb: Mucorites combrensis (Renault), France (Meschinelli, A. 1898, p. 9). Extant.

Division 'HIGHER FUNGI'

Class ASCOMYCETES

?Subclass (Form Class) DEUTEROMYCEaXS(Fungi imperfecti)

Order DISCErLAr ES
First, Carb Moscov: Excipulites punctatus Grand'Eury 1877 (on pinnules of Pecopterispluckeneti),
Westphalian, France.
Last, Perm: E. caUipteridis Europe and North America (White 1899).

Order MONILIALES

Family MONILIACEAE
First, Tert Eoc: CladosporitesfasciculatusBerry 1916a, (on lauraceous wood), M Eoc, Claiborne
Gp, Texas, U.S.A. Extant.
Comment: Ramularites oblongisporus Caspary, Olig, Baltic Amber.
Family DEMATIACEAE
First, Cret Campan-Maestr: Trichosporites conwentzi Felix (on Cedroxylon), Ryedal, Sweden
(Stopes 1913). Extant.
Family TUBERCULARIAGEAE
First, Tert Eoc: Dictyosporites loculatus Felix (in wood of Rhamnaceae) Baku, Caspian
(Meschinelli, A. 1898, p. 79). Extant.
Family STILBACEAE
First, Tert Mioc: Stilbites succini Caspary 1907, Baltic Amber, East Prussia. Extant.
Order MELANCONIALES
First, Tert Eoc: Pestalozzites sabalana Berry 1916a (Leaf spot on Sabalites), Alum Bluff, Florida,
U.S.A. Extant.
Subclass EUASCOMYCETES

Order PLECTASCALES

Family GYMNOASCACEAE
First, Tert U.Mioc: Ctenomycesserratus Eid., Randecker Maar, Germany (Riiffie 1963).
Extant.
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Chapter 1:Thallophyta--1
Family ASPERGILLACEAE
First, Tert Eoc: Cryptocolax damensis and (7. parvula, Oregon, U.S.A. (Scott 1956). Extant.
C o m m e n t - PeniciUites curtipes Berkeley, Tert Olig, Baltic Amber, East Prussia (Hirmer 1927).

Order ERYSIPHALES
First, Tert Mioc: Erysiphites mdiUi Pampaloni 1902, MelilLi, Italy. Extant.
Order CHAETOMIALES
First, Tert Eoc: Caenomyces annulata Berry 1916b, Lagrange fm (Wilcox), Tennessee, U.S.A.
Extant.
Order SPHAERIALES("Pyrenomycetes")
First, Carb Bashk: Sphaeritesfeistmantelianus (Rabenhorst), Bohemia (Meschinelli, A. 1898,
p. 41). Also, Depazites rabenhorsti Geinitz (on fern foliage), Carb (Hirmer 1927). Extant.
Comanent- Chaetosphaerites poUenismilis (spores), Carb Tourn, Spitsbergen (Playford 1962).
Some Mesozoic Pyrenomycetes; abundant in Tertiary.
Order HYPOCREALES
First, Tert Mioc: Melanosporites stefani Pampoloni 1902, MefiUi, Sicily, Italy. Extant.

Order PHAClDIALES
First, Trias Rhaet: Xylomites intermedius Nathorst, Germany (Meschinelli, A. 1898). Extant.

Order PEZlZALES
First, Tert Mioc: Pezizites candidus Goeppert and Berendt, Baltic Amber (Hirmer 1927).
Extant.
C o m m e n t " Discomycetes (Phacidales to Tuberales) poorly represented by fossils.

Order TUBER.ALES(Truffles)
First, Q uat Pleist: Cenococcum geophilum Fries, but regarded as doubtful Pyrenomycetes by
Hirmer (1927). Extant.
Subclass LOCULO-ASCOMYCETES
Order DOTHIDEALES
First, Tert Eoc: Dothidites nerii Bureau and Patouillard, France (Meschinelli, A. 1898, p. 44).
Extant.
Comment: Dothidea borealis, Mioc, Iceland (Heer 1868).
Order HYSTERIALES
First, Carb Moscov: Hysterites cordaitis Grand'Eury 1877, France. Extant.

Order MICROTHYRIALES
First, Tert Eoc: Asterina sp., Eoc?, Tennessee, U.S.A. (Dilcher 1963). Also Microthyriacites
cooksoni Rao 1959, and M. sahnii Rao 1959, Eoc, Palana, Bikaner, India. Extant.
C o m n t e n t : Phragmothyrites eocenica Edwards 1922, Mull, Scotland, may prove to be pre-
Eocene.
Class BASIDIOMYCETES
Subclass HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES
Order UREDINALESFamily PUCCINIACEAE
First, Carb Bashk: Anthracomyces cannaUensis Renault and Teleutosporites milloti Renault (in
Lepidostrobus), France (Hirmer 1927). Extant.
C o m n t e n t : Next record Late Cret, Puccinites cretaceus Velenovsky (Fri5 & Bayer 1901).

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The Fossil Record, Part H

Order TREMELLALES
First, Carb : Myxomycetes mangini Renault (Dacryomycetaceae ?) (Meschinelli, A. 1898, p. 71).
Extant.
S u b c l a s s HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES

Order POLYPORALES

Family HYDNACEAE
First, Tert Mioc: Hydnites argiUae (Ludwig), Germany (Meschinelli, A. 1898, p. 8).
Extant.
Family CLAVARIACEAE
First, Quat Pleist: Clavaria turbinata Murr 1926, Hotting breccia, Austria. Extant.

Family POLYPORACEAE
First, Carb Bashk-Moscov: Dactyloporus archaeus Herzer 1893, Ohio, U.S.A., and Pseudopoly-
porus carbonicus Hollick 1910, West Virginia, U.S.A. Extant.
Cmnnxent: Next record Mesozoic, China (Hsii 1953).

Order AGARIC,ALES
First, Carb Bashk: Archagaricon bulbosum and other spp., Hancock and Atthey 1869, Cramling-
ton, Northumberland, England. Extant.
Comanent: Next records Tert Mioc, Agaricites spp (Hirmer 1927); ?Agaricus cf. meUeus,
Mesozoic, Karlsdorf, (Felix 1894).

Order SCLERODERMATALES
First, Tert Eoc: Sderoderma einosl)oritesRouse 1962 (spores), Brothers Creek, British Columbia,
Canada. Extant.
Comanent: Geasterflorissantensis Cockerell 1908, Mioc, Colorado, U.S.A.
[K.I.M.C. & N.F.H.]

REFERENCES

ANDREWS,H. N. & LENZ, L. W. 1943. A Mycorrhizome from the Carboniferous of Illinois.

Bull. Torrey bot. Club, 70, 120-125.
BARGHOORN,E. S. & TYLER, S.A. 1965. Micro-organisms from the Gunflint Chert. Science, N.Y.,
147, 563-577.
B~RRY, E . W . 1916a. The physical conditions and age indicated by the flora of the Alum Bluff
formation. P @ Pap. U.S. geol. Surv., 98.
BERRY, E . W . 1916b. The Lower Eocene Floras of southeastern North America. Pro/'. Pat). U.S.
geol. Surv., 91.
BERRY, E . W . 1916c. Remarkable fossil fungi. 21,Iycologia,8, 73-79.
CASPARY, R. 1907. Die flora des Bernsteins und anderer fossiler Harze des ostpreussischen
Tertiiirs. Abh. preuss, geol. Landesanst. (new series), 4, 1-181.
COCKeRELL, T. D . A . 1908. The fossil flora of Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist.,
24, 71-110.
DILCHER, D. L. 1963. Eocene Epiphyllous Fungi. Science, N.Y., 142, 667-669.
DUNCAN, P. M. 1876. On some unicellular algae parasitic within Silurian and Tertiary Corals.
Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 23, 205 et seq..
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Chapter 1: T h a l l o p h y t a - - I

EDWARDS, W. N. 1922. An Eocene microthyriaceous Fungus from Mull, Scotland. Trans. Br.
mycol. Soc., 7, 66-72.
ELLIS, D. 1917-18. Phycomycetous fungi from the English Lower Coal Measures. Proc. R. Soc.
Edinb., 38, 130-45.
F~LIX, J. 1894. Studien tiber fossile Pilge. Z. dr. geol. Ges., 46~ 269-280.
FRI~, A. & BA'~R, E. 1901. Studien ira Gebeite der b6hmischen Kreideformation. Arch.
naturw. Landes Durchforsch. B6hm., 9, no. 2.
GRAHAM, A. 1962. The role offungal spores in palynology. J. Paleont., 36, 60-68.
GRAND'EURY, C. 1877. Flora Carbonif~re du d~pt de la Loire et du centre de la France. M~m.
pr~s. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Ft., 24, 624 pp., 33 pls.
HALKET, A. C. 1930. The rootlets ofAmyelon radicans Will; their anatomy, their apices and their
endophytic fungus. Ann. Bot., 44, 865-905.
HANCOCK, A. & ATTHEY, T. 1869. On some curious fossil fungi from the Black Shales of the
Northumberland Coalfield. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4), 4e 221-228.
HAWKER, L. E. 1966. Fungi. Hutchinson, London.
HE~R, O. 1868. Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. 1. Schulthess, Ziirich.
HFRZF.R, H. 1893. A new fungus from Lower Coal Measures (Tuscarawas County, Ohio).
Am. Geol., 11, 365-366.
HIRMER, H. 1927. Handbuch der Paliiobotanik. Oldenburg, Mtinich and Berlin.
HOLLICK, A. 1910. A new fossil Polypore Pseudopolyporus carbonicus Hollick. Mycologia, 2,
93-95.
Hsu, J. 1953. On the occurrence of a fossil wood in association with fungous Hyphae from Chimo
of East Shantung. Palaeont. sin., 1, 84-86.
HUTCHINSON, S. A. & WALTON,J. 1953. A presumed Ascomycete from the Upper Carboni-
ferous. Nature, Lond., 172, 36-37.
K~DSTON, R. & LANO, W . H . 1921. On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing structure, from the
Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire, Part V. The Thallophyta occurring in the Peat Bed.
Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 52, 855-902.
M~SCHIN~LI~I, A. 1898. Fungorum fossilium omnium hucusque cognitorum Iconographia. Vicetiae,
144 pp, 31 pls.
MESCHINFLLI, L. 1898. Contributo alia micologia fossile. Su alcuni funghi terziari del Pied-
monte. Atti Ist. veneto Sci., 9, 7, 769-75, 2pl.
MOORE, L . R . 1963. Microbiological colonization and attack on some Carboniferous Miospores.
Palaeontology, 6, 349-372.
MURR, J. 1926. Neue Ubersicht tiber die fossile Flora der Hottinger Breccie. Jb. geol. Bunde-
sanst., Wien, 76, 153-70, 2pls.
PAMPALONI,L. 1902. I resti organici nel disodile de Melitti in Sicilia. Palaeontogr. ital., 8, 121-
130.
PLAaWORD, G. 1962. Lower Carboniferous Microfloras of Spitsbergen. Palaeontology, 5, 550-618.
RAO, A. R. 1959. Fungal remains from some Tertiary deposits of India. Palaeobotanist, 7,
43-46.
RousE, G . E . 1962. Plant microfossils from the Burrard Formation of British Columbia. Micro-
paleontology, 8, 187-218.
RUFFL~, L. 1963. Die obermioz~ine Flora yore Randecker Maar. Paliiont. Abh., 1, pt. 3.
SACCARDO, P. A. 1897. Syloge Fungorum. Patavii.
SCOTT, R . A . 1956. Cryptocolax, a new genus of fungi (Aspergillaceae) from the Eocene of Oregon.
Am. J. Bot., 43, 589-593.
SMrrH, JOHN. 1896. On the discovery of Microscopic Plants in the fossil amber of the Ayrshire
Coalfield. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 10, 318-322.
STACH, E. 1957. Die Anschliff-Sporendiagnose des Ruhrkohlenfl6zes Baldur. Palaeontographica,
102B, 71-95.
STOPES, M. 1913. Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the British Museum: The Cretaceousflora,
Part 1, Bibliography, algae and fungi, 281 pp., 2 pls. London, British Museum (Natural
History).
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The Fossil Record, Part H

TYLER, S. A. & BARGHOORN, E. S. 1954. Occurrence of structurally preserved plants in Pre-
Cambrian Rocks of the Canadian Shield. Science, N.Y., 119, 606-608.
WHITE, D. 1899. Fossil Flora from the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri. Monogr. U.S. geol.
Surv., 37~ 467 pp., 73 pls.

[Professor] H. P. Banks
Department of Botany, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.
K. I. M. Chesters, PH.D.
Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London
SW7.
N. F. Hughes, M.A.F.O.S.
Department of Geology, Sedgwick Museum, Downing Street, Cambridge.
G. A. L. Johnson, PH.D.F.c.s.
Department of Geology, University Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham.
H. M. Johnson, ~J.sc. PH.D.V.c.s.
Department of Geology, University Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham.
[Professor] L. R. Moore, D.SC. PH.D.F.G.S.
Department of Geology, The University, Mappin Street, Sheffield 1.

180