Question (Chapter 4) :

1. Explain the process of distillation for fatty acid separation.

Answer: The fatty acid is evaporated under vacuum (occasionally with the
addition of live steam for fatty acid circulation and partial pressure reduction).

2. List out three method of fatty acids splitting with its example.
Answer:
• Batch Process (Twitchell : used catalyst)
• Continous Process (Colgate-Emery Process : Higher T & P)
• Enzymatic Process (Eg. Lipases )

3. What is the different between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid.

Answer:
Saturated fatty acids have:
• Molecules that fit closely together in a regular pattern
• Strong attractions (dispersion forces) between fatty acid chains
• High melting points that makes them solids at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acids have:
• Nonlinear chains that do not allow molecules to pack closely
• Weak attractions (dispersion forces) between fatty acid chains
• Low melting points and so are liquids at room
temperature
4. Write the chemical reaction equation at hydrolyser.
Answer :
Chemical reaction in hydrolyser:
(R-COO)3C3H5 + 3H2O ↔ 3R.COO.H + C3H5(OH)3
Tri-glyceride + water ↔ fatty acid + glycerine
 5. Give 3 example uses of fatty acid in non-food application.
Cosmetic, shampoo, candle.
6. Differentiate between saturated fats and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fatty acids have:
• Molecules that fit closely together in a regular pattern
• Strong attractions (dispersion forces) between fatty acid chains
• High melting points that makes them solids at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acids have:
• Nonlinear chains that do not allow molecules to pack closely
• Weak attractions (dispersion forces) between fatty acid chains
• Low melting points and so are liquids at room
temperature

7. Give types of lipids.

Answer:
Lipids with fatty acids
Example: Waxes
Fats and oils (trigycerides)
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Lipids without fatty acids
Example : Steroids

8. Two commercial processes for production of fatty esters.

 9. What are the major function of lipids.
Answer: the function is for efficient energy storage, as structural components
of cell membranes, as chemical messengers and as fat-soluble vitamins with a
variety of functions
10.How the process of fractional distillation is done
Answer:
• Fractionation makes it possible to separate the fatty acid mixture in to
narrower cuts or individual component.
• Detergent grade feed stock C12-C18 is separated from the whole cut by
topping off the C8-C10 fraction.
• The middle cut, C12-C14, can be further fractionated from the C12-C18
through the multistage Fractionation by employing two or more
columns.
• Vacuum system is provide Independently for each column to achieve
highest vacuum and greater recovery of desired products.
•