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Duarte, John Paul D. Communications 2

BSEE – 31A Assignment No.2
Research about the following and show examples (illustration)
Amplitude Shift Keying

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary data in
the form of variations in the amplitude of a signal.
Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK modulated, gives
a zero value for Low input while it gives the carrier output for High input.
The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform along with its input.

To find the process of obtaining this ASK modulated wave, let us learn about the working of the ASK
modulator.

ASK Modulator

The ASK modulator block diagram comprises of the carrier signal generator, the binary sequence
from the message signal and the band-limited filter. Following is the block diagram of the ASK
Modulator.
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The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-frequency carrier. The binary sequence from the
message signal makes the unipolar input to be either High or Low. The high signal closes the switch,
allowing a carrier wave. Hence, the output will be the carrier signal at high input. When there is low
input, the switch opens, allowing no voltage to appear. Hence, the output will be low.
The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase characteristics of
the band-limiting filter or the pulse-shaping filter.

ASK Demodulator

There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques. They are −

 Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection

 Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches with the clock frequency at the receiver, it is
known as a Synchronous method, as the frequency gets synchronized. Otherwise, it is known
as Asynchronous.

Asynchronous ASK Demodulator

The Asynchronous ASK detector consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a comparator.
Following is the block diagram for the same.
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The modulated ASK signal is given to the half-wave rectifier, which delivers a positive half output.
The low pass filter suppresses the higher frequencies and gives an envelope detected output from
which the comparator delivers a digital output.

Synchronous ASK Demodulator

Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, low pass filter, a comparator, and a
voltage limiter. Following is the block diagram for the same.

The ASK modulated input signal is given to the Square law detector. A square law detector is one
whose output voltage is proportional to the square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. The low
pass filter minimizes the higher frequencies. The comparator and the voltage limiter help to get a
clean digital output.
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Frequency Shift Keying

Frequency Shift Keying FSK is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier
signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.
The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in
frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.
The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated waveform along with its
input.

To find the process of obtaining this FSK modulated wave, let us know about the working of a FSK
modulator.

FSK Modulator

The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two

oscillators with a clock and the input binary
sequence. Following is its block diagram.

The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower

frequency signals, are connected to a switch along
with an internal clock. To avoid the abrupt phase
discontinuities of the output waveform during the
transmission of the message, a clock is applied to
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both the oscillators, internally. The binary input sequence is applied to the transmitter so as to
choose the frequencies according to the binary input.

FSK Demodulator

There are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave. The main methods of FSK detection
are asynchronous detector and synchronous detector. The synchronous detector is a coherent one,
while asynchronous detector is a non-coherent one.
Asynchronous FSK Detector
The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK detector consists of two band pass filters, two envelope
detectors, and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass Filters BPFs, tuned
to Space and Mark frequencies. The output from these two BPFs look like ASK signal, which is given
to the envelope detector. The signal in each envelope detector is modulated asynchronously.
The decision circuit
chooses which output is
more likely and selects it
from any one of the
envelope detectors. It also
re-shapes the waveform to
a rectangular one.
Synchronous FSK
Detector
The block diagram of
Synchronous FSK detector
consists of two mixers with
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local oscillator circuits, two band pass filters and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic
representation.
The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with local oscillator circuits. These two are connected
to two band pass filters. These combinations act as demodulators and the decision circuit chooses
which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the detectors. The two signals have a
minimum frequency separation.
For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each of them depends on their bit rate. This
synchronous demodulator is a bit complex than asynchronous type demodulators.
Phase Shift Keying

Phase Shift Keying PSK is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely used for
wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth communications.
PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are −
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave
carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.
BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, for message
being the digital information.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK
This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals
such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
If this kind of techniques are further extended, PSK can be done by eight or sixteen values also,
depending upon the requirement.

BPSK Modulator

The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator which has the
carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other input. Following is the
diagrammatic representation.
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The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied
at the input. For a zero-binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high input, the phase reversal is
of 180°.
Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK Modulated output wave along with its given
input.

The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier or the
inverted 180°phaseshifted180°phaseshifted input carrier, which is a function of the data signal.

BPSK Demodulator
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The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a mixer with local oscillator circuit, a bandpass
filter, a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows.

By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the help of the mixer circuit and the band pass
filter, the first stage of demodulation gets completed. The base band signal which is band limited is
obtained and this signal is used to regenerate the binary message bit stream.
In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is needed at the detector circuit to produce the
original binary message signal. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency, then the bit
clock regeneration is simplified. To make the circuit easily understandable, a decision-making circuit
may also be inserted at the 2nd stage of detection.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the name of a family of digital modulation methods and a
related family of analog modulation methods widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit
information. It conveys two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing
(modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital
modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme. The two carrier waves
of the same frequency are out of phase with each other by 90°, a condition known as orthogonality or
quadrature. The transmitted signal is created by adding the two carrier waves together. At the
receiver, the two waves can be coherently separated (demodulated) because of their orthogonality
property. Another key property is that the modulations are low-frequency/low-bandwidth waveforms
compared to the carrier frequency, which is known as the narrowband assumption.

Phase modulation (analog PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be regarded as a special
case of QAM, where the amplitude of the transmitted signal is a constant, but its phase varies. This
can also be extended to frequency modulation (FM) and frequency-shift keying (FSK), for these can
be regarded as a special case of phase modulation.

QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital telecommunication systems, such as in
802.11 Wi-Fi standards. Arbitrarily high spectral efficiencies can be achieved with QAM by setting a
suitable constellation size, limited only by the noise level and linearity of the communications channel.
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QAM is being used in optical fiber systems as bit rates increase; QAM16 and QAM64 can be optically
emulated with a 3-path interferometer.

It is possible to combine ASK, FSK and PSK. One benefit of combining different modulation methods
is to increase the number of symbols available. Increasing the number of available symbols is a
standard way to increase the bit rate, because increasing the number of symbols increases the
number of bits per symbol. It is rare for all three methods to be combined, but very common for ASK
and PSK to be combined to create Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
QAM is based on the application of ASK and PSK to two sinusoidal waves of the same frequency but
with a phase difference of 90°. Sinusoidal waves 90° apart are said to be in a quadrature phase
relationship. It is customary to refer to one of these waves as the I wave, or in-phase wave or
component, and the other as the Q wave, or quadrature wave or component (Figure 1.7).

Figure 1.7 (a) I (in-phase or sine) wave and (b) Q (quadrature or cosine) wave

You may recognize the I wave in Figure 1.7 as a sine function and the Q wave as a cosine function.
These functions are said to be orthogonal to each other. If two signals are orthogonal, when they are
transmitted simultaneously one can be completely recovered at the receiver without any interference
from the other.
The I and Q waves remain orthogonal if either or both of them are inverted (multiplied by –1, or
flipped vertically). Negative amplitudes just mean that the wave is inverted.
The set of symbols in QAM can be conveniently represented on a signal constellation
diagram (Figure 1.8). This is a plot of the I and Q amplitudes with I on the horizontal axis and Q on
the vertical axis. Each dot in Figure 1.8 is a symbol, as it represents a unique combination of
amplitude and phase of the I and Q waves. So, in each symbol period, only one of the ‘dots’ is
transmitted. As there are 16 symbols, this version of QAM is called 16-QAM.
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Figure 1.8 Constellation diagram for 16-QAM.

To understand what each dot in the diagram represents, take the top left one. This represents a
symbol where the Q wave is at an amplitude of 3 and the I wave is at an amplitude of –3. The minus
sign means the I wave is inverted (or phase shifted by 180°) relative to the I wave in Figure 1.7(a).
As the number of symbols increases, more data bits are transmitted per symbol. For example, 64-
QAM is a QAM scheme with 64 symbols, and 256-QAM is a scheme with 256 symbols. 256-QAM
conveys 8 bits per symbol (as 256 = 2 8), so achieving twice the data rate of 16-QAM for the same
symbol rate.