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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
CHAPTER TWO
Properties of fluids
1
Introduction
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
Intensive p
properties
p are independent
p of the mass of the system.
y Examples:
p
temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties are those whose value depends on the size of the system.
Examples: Total mass,
mass total volume,
volume and total momentum.
momentum
Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties. Examples
include specific volume v = V/m and specific total energy e=E/m.
2
Introduction
An easy way to determine whether a
property is intensive or extensive is to divide
the system into two equal parts with an
imaginary partition
Density
The density of a substance is the quantity of matter contained in a unit volume of
the substance .
i. MASS DENSITY
Mass density, is defined as the mass of substance per unit volume = m/V
/
Typical values are water 1000 kg/m3, Mercury 13546 kg/m3 , Air 1.23 kg/m3, Paraffin
g/ 3 all are measured at p
oil 800 kg/m pressure of 1.013x 105 N/m
/ 2 and Temrature 288.15K
5
Density
y
ii. SPECIFIC WEIGHT
The specific weight is defined as the weight per unit volume, i.e., s = (mg)/(m/
/ / =
g where g is the gravitational acceleration. s has units of N/m .
3
Typical values are water 9814 N/m3, Mercury 132943 N/m3 , Air 11.07 N/m3,
Paraffin oil 7851 N/m3 all are measured at pressure of 1.013x 105 N/m2 and T
288.15K
Specific volume is defined as the inverse of density v = 1/ = V/m.
Typical values are water = 1, mercury =13.5 and Paraffin oil = 0.8
6
However, dense gases such as water vapor and refrigerant vapor should not be
treated as ideal gases.
7
Vapor pressure and cavitation
• Saturation temperature Tsat :- The
temperature at which a pure substance
changes phase at a given pressure.
The forms of energy related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree
of the molecular activity are referred to as the microscopic energy.
energy
The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a
system and is denoted by U (or u on a unit mass basis).
system, basis)
In the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we frequently encounter the
combination of properties u and Pv. For convenience, this combination is called
enthalpy h. That is,
P/ is the flow energy, also called the flow work, which is the energy per unit mass
needed to move the fluid and maintain flow.
In the energy analysis of flowing fluids, it is convenient to treat the flow energy as
part of the energy of the fluid and to represent the microscopic energy of a fluid
stream by enthalpy h
12
Macroscopic energy includes such as kinetic and potential energy among others
Kinetic energy ke=V2/2
The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
reference frame is called kinetic energy
In the absence of electrical, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear energy, the total
energy is eflowing= h+V2/2+gz.
13
Energy and Specific Heats
The differential and finite changes in the internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal
gas can be expressed in terms of the specific heats as
Cv and Cp are the constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats of the ideal
gas.
Using specific heat values at the average temperature, the finite changes in internal
energy and enthalpy can be expressed approximately as
Noting
N i that ∆ / or ∆ / is
h ∆v/v i dimensionless,
di i l k must have
h the
h dimension
di i off pressure
(Pa or psi). The coefficient of compressibility represents the change in pressure
corresponding to a fractional change in volume or density of the fluid while the
p
temperature remains constant. The coefficient of compressibility
p y of a trulyy
incompressible substance (v = constant) is infinity.
16
Isothermal compressibility
Show that for an ideal gas the coefficient of volume expansion is 1/T and the
coefficient of compressibility is P
17
Coefficient of Volume Expansion
The density of a fluid, in general, depends more strongly on temperature than it does on
pressure, and
d the
h variation off density
d withh temperature is responsible
bl for
f numerous naturall
phenomena such as winds, currents in oceans, rise of plumes in chimneys, the operation of hot-
air balloons, heat transfer by natural convection, and even the rise of hot air and thus the
phrase “heat rises”
Coefficient of volume expansion
1 v 1
v T P T P
Viscosity
Vi it i
increases with
ith
temperature for gases and
decrease for liquids.
19
Viscosity
TTo obtain
bt i a relation
l ti for
f viscosity,
i it consider
id
a fluid layer between two very large
parallel plates separated by a distance ℓ
Viscosity
In the limit of infinitesimal changes , this becomes a relationship between
shear strain rate and velocity gradient.
tan = = u *t/y = a/ y
/t = u /y
It can be conclude that the rate off deformation
f off a fluid
f element is
equivalent to the velocity gradient
/t = u /y
It can be verified experimentally that for most fluids the rate of deformation
(and thus the velocity gradient) is directly proportional to the shear stress
/t , u /y
Fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional to the shear stress are called
Newtonian fluids
21
Newtonian //Non-Newtonian fluids
Most common fluids such as water, air, gasoline, and oils are Newtonian
fl d
fluids.
Blood and liquid plastics are examples of non-Newtonian fluids.
Where a, b,
Wh b c are
experimentally detrained
constant and T is the
absolute temperature
Viscometry
du
F A A
dy
This equation can be used to calculate the viscosity of a fluid by measuring torque
at a specified
p angular
g velocity.
y
Some consequences of
surface tension.
28
Surface tension: The work done per unit increase in the surface area of the liquid.
29
29
30
Capillary Effect 30
Ccapillary rise is inversely proportional to the radius of the tube and density of the
liquid.