Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide Munson Young Okiishi Huebsch FUNDAMENTALS OF iPS eeLY 1.1 The force, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by F = CppV7A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density of the ait, AA the cross-sectional area of the building, and Cp is a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient. FeQeVAr or Cy = 2F/@V'A, where F2=MLT™* e= mL? VeLT Thus, Aa? Cy 2UMLT)/ [mk T 1 (22)] = MPL? TT? Hence, Cy is dimensionless. I-l12 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) vol. ume, (b) acceleration, (¢) mass, (d) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work. (a) volume = Le (6) acceleration = time rate of change of velocity = LT". 477? 5 = 4F () mass = MM or with F2MLT™? mass ELW' 7? (A) moment 6F inertia (area) = second moment of area = (L202) 2 Lt (@) work = force x distance El er with FaMm.rq+ works mL? T7?13 13 Determme the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of force times acceleration, (b) the prod- uct of force times velocity divided by area, and (© momentum divided by volume. : aes -2 (a) force x acceleration = (F)(LT~A) + FLT Since F2MLT™, Force x acceleration = (iT YLT) = mutT * (b) Force x velocity = yar) = per area Le — Ue (eT Net) = pq 3 225 — cc) momentum = Mass x velocity volume volume. tle (erie) 2 pp? B = . =) = iM Ls = me ?77 I-3Li 14 Verify the dimensions. in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) fre- quency, (b) stress, (¢) strain, (d) torque, and (e) work. cycles _. (4) Freguency elise = fees F- 2 FL 6) stress = olne Zz F. Since. F* LT", i stress = oer ML To tc) strain = Charge ta length + & 22° (drensionless) length (d) torgue = force x distance = FL 2 uT Mt) = MT We ao Oger YL) = per? (€) werk = force x distance ig |-415 1.5 Ifwis a velocity, x a length, and atime, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/ar, (b) Pu/axat, and (c) f (au/at) dx? ja 262 LT = pT a Fe —o iS tf, &) 2% 2 LT" 2 7-2 ax et (7) nm & ou = ara 2 (3r ©) ems dx 3 Oo )1.6 1.6 If pis a pressure, V a velocity, and p a fluid density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (b) Vp, and (c) p/pV*? p . Met ene (a) Aaa se ne LT 2,3 (e) pV Gar 2)(.t") (040?) = PLT aT? pie ae eu i ee © BV = lar) ML°7° ( dimensionless )“7 1.7 If Vis a velocity, € a length, and v a fluid property (the kine- matic viscosity) having dimensions of L?T~', which of the fol- lowing combinations are dimensionless: (a) VEv, (b) Vé/v, (c) Vv, @) Vie cay VAY = (LT-We MT) + LIT * (got dinensonless) w) VA 3 tate) oi T2771) = L°T? ( demebsioniless)) le) Y2y = ir) (itr) 3 bap? (oot dimensionless) ones CG) NA re) ad LY > ayer = ©” (net _dinensionless)18 If Vis a velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and G, which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation V=Za-1)+G V= Z2@-1)+6 ler] [z][x-"] + (6] Since each term ii The eguation must have the same dimensions, tt follows that Z= 477! oL = F2L°T? ( dimenswnless nie Combiried with 4 number) @= 477!19. 1,4 The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation _ TRYAp Bue where R is the pipe radius, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, a fluid property called viscosity (FL~*7), and £ the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 77/8? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain. ere [Eye [Fv] Pitre Tye] lends The Constant Tg is dimensionless, and tne equation 13 & general homogeneous Cguation That 1s valid in any Consistent Unit system. Yes. as1.10 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy oss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula h = (0.04 to 0.09(D/d)'V2/2¢ where h is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. 4 = (0.0% 4 0.09) Gye Fl oor ood) SEINE] [L ] = [0.04 tb 0.09] [L] Since each term tn The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 b 0.09) must be dimensionless. Thus, The eguaticy Ks & general homogeneous eguation Trat 1s Valid tn any system of anits. Yes. | 111 The pressure difference, Ap, across a cosity (FL*T), p the blood density (ML~), D " partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is the artery diameter, Ao the area of the unob- approximated by the equation structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis ( i y Determine the dimensions of the constants K, Ara) ov: Ay ig Ap = K, D +K, and K,. Would this equation be valid in any sys - é . tem of units? where V is the blood velocity, the blood vis- p= ke A + ele) ey a ae fre) = [x] CEVSK)] eS -) IE) fec*) = [k}Lecd + [kJ fee] Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general hemo geneous eg uation that would be valicl tn ang Consistent system of units. Yes }-10SAL i 1.12 Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends ‘on an elastic modulus, E,, with dimensions FL~?, and the fluid density, p, in the form c = (E,)*(p)*. If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and 5? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) c= (E,)*@)* ee -# Since C247! E23 FL P= Flt? . @ 2b fe]s [EL] [ee] w For «2 climensionally homogeneous 2fuation each term In The eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the vight hand side of £3 (1) must have the dimensions of LT There fre, arbh=o0 (te elimnate F) 2Zh2-1 Cte satisty conchton onT) Zat¢b=-|l Che ahsty enditen on L) Lt fillews tht a4 and b=-4 So That This result is Consistent with The standard dormula Lr the Speed ef sound. Yes.1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is given by the equation Q = 3.09BH™ where H is the depth of the water above the top Q= 307 BH of the dam (called the head). This formula gives Q in ft’/s when B and H are in feet. Is the con- stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used? (e?7*] = Borl[e] ILI" (37-] 2 [309] [Lt] Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 3.04 rust have dimensions y of L*T~' and is therefore not dimensionless, No. Since the constant has dimensions its value will change with a change in units. No.1.15 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ft®. @) 10.2%, = (oz 2) (2swx0 2) Se } = -3 ym am = 432x/0° 2 = 432 432 oe (6) 48) slags= (421 slugs) (cxsex10 4 4B )= 70.2 4g (é) 3.02 b= (2028 )(444e &) = seen (A) 73:1 = (13,4) (a o4rew' eis eas 32 (€) 0,0234 ies = (0.023 '©2) (4.10900 i Sesaael ale[Ze] 1.16 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (c) 1.61 kg/m’, (d) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (4) 142 hm = (/4axto°m) (3281 )= 466 «10! H Ib () 8K y= (814K) (6 366x0? te)- sex? th, Me ms “a. she . ce) Le) ff, = (tel se ) (940.210 EY. aia e0 4 hase es Re ae (d) 0.0320 2 = (0.0320 Mot) saens0' AE# ) Mam s = Zz se ey (€) 5.67 Ma = (47x10? 2) (3241) (Le ) om 3he05 ane = S,/7 x/lo1.17 Express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 15 gallons (U.S), (¢) 240 miles, (4) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. 2 ~ (@) 160 were = (lb acre)(435b xt te )(4.240 xd 2) = 647x108 m* (b) 15 gallons = (15 gallons (3, 195 jae lw’ 5 Fo in? = 5b.8 KID rm? C2) 240 me = (240 me) (52802) (3.048 xii ae 3.3L «105 m ae tJ (A) 74.) hp = (74.1 hp) (550 * = = )(vase 2): saxo’ 2 and |= \W se eats 79.1 hp= 5.90 «10° W ce) hes (60.3 -32) = 15,7°C 2 19,7°C +273 = 23ale418 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity, | and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; | and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (a) | #t*= (1 405((0.s018)"20" = 0,09290 m* fer Thas, raul tiply 4? by 9.290 E-2 +o convert ae (8) / slag . (] slug 14.594 #5 ) Lf fe eat x) a sit = 5/54 2% Thus, maltiply slug ft? by SIS¥ E+2 4 convert to Re lm} ce) y 4. (| 4) (0.30% B)- Asovy & Thus, multiply ft/s by 3.048 E-I| to comert to m/s. (#23 | @) iA (i # a) ) (avaea & ae = A or Thus, multiply 16/4? by [571 Etd + convert te N/m 3,O10 1.19 For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. fart es (1% )(3.2008 H)= 3.20 Thus, roultiply m/s? by 3.28) #0 convert to ft/s. ) | as ce , )(o. 06852) Et | = 3 slugs = [, T4o x10 =f Thus, multiply Ry/m? by 1.940 E-3 to convert bo slugs/ £43, eNe oe 0.2249) te \f—Lae* _ ce rte dit I a (3.2908)? ft = 2,089 £107 a Thus, multiply N/m by 2,089 E-2 to convert fo Ib /fe*, PH |. 353) 7 id) | ae () #2 2) [GareeY H ‘|. 35.3) & Thas, multiply m/s by 3.53, Etl to convert to ft/s,1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1200 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m°/s, (b) liters/min, and (e) ft°/s? (a) 3 flowrate = (1200 gel ) (6, 309x100" e ) gal ain =: 757 ear X10 S (6) Since | liter = 107 m3, = ~2 m3) (107 flowrate = (757 peyote ) (te tikes das) ; liters pepo “2 #t3 CC) flowrate = (757x102) (3 531x10 =) mm? sx fe = 247 #1.24 An important dimensionless parameter _the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude €. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgt, where V is a velocity, calculations. 8 the acceleration of gravity, and (a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s?, and ( = 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 anids, fo = avis V9 aa BY) Zn SI units: V= lo ) (23009 2): 305 S 2431 4 Q = (244) (0.3048 wn) O.b10.mm Thus, eer 3,05 3 = /25 nV Wee Visi %)(G610m) The value of a dimensionless Parameter 1s Independent of the unit system.423 1.23 A tank contains 500 kg of a liqui i ity is 4 liquid whose specific 2. Determine the volume of the liquid inthe unk. m= eV = $5 Que V Thus, Ve M/(S6 Oyy) = 500kg M2( 999 #8 )) = 0.250m? 124 1.24 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams | | per cubic meter (g/m*). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m’, (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic | ~ miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in oe pounds? “(ar Yolume = I Chr | Since lim = 3.2 t Woe ai am | t => banter lure + aaa Eee tt i pao oe 8S (a1 Be )= | 2b2.06 (i162 x92 \Ciotm) = |. fez x10° N th 92 xii W (2.248 xD" 3 ) = 44] x0" 1b 1-20“25 1.25 A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its “is thass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? 4) weight = mass x 7 =( 25 slugs) ( 32.2 a) Fos“ = (25 slugs) (14. sp 48 ie, ) (4H *)= 3880 66) mass = 25 slugs (rmass does not depend on gravitation! attraction ) weight: (25 slugs \ (Eee #) = /34 Ib = = [228 | 1.26 _ A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s?, weight é Boo N= 30.6 kg 231 4 weight = (32.0 4g) (40 #) (0, 3048 2) = 3173 N Mass =1.27 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg/m’. Determine its specific gravity and specific weight. 775 28, =o FO O77 56> Ber” joo ae, ~ 208 AN yepg = (775 42) (49 m)= 760 24 [7221,28 1.28. A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liq- uids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer read- ing indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s den- sity and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units. Rg C1600 a }-231.24 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 f° of water at 40 °F Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how mitch the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain. mass of water = Wx P Where 1s tne volume and / The density. Since the mass mast vematn constant os The temperature changes x Sapo Why. 4° lgo* a1) From Table B.1 = | yp Shes (be © Yo*F f= Lay @ 9055 = 4a os Therebore fvom £5.0) sh en HENGE) f° 193) 2%, Thus, The sacvease tn volume 1 5 4 gel -#000= 0.0186 Ft The Change 1 water dept, AL, 4 pul + We AY _ 0.01% fe? area ™ @ft)* UF This 3mall change mm depth would not be very hoticeable, No. = £018 HP ~3 . = 542K 4L= 0.07/0in Mote: 4 shghtly diflerert value for 44 vill be obtained if specifie weight of water Is used reTher Than density. This 13 dae t the fact thot there is some ancertuitty It the fourth signtitant figure oF These Pwo Values, and the Solution 1 Sensitive te This uncertainty. I-241,31 1.31 A mountain climber’s oxygen tank contains 1 Ib of oxygen when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of grav- ity is 32.174 fus*, What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank when he reaches to top of Mt. Everest where the acceleration of gravity is 32.082 fi/s*? Assume that no oxygen has been removed from the tank; it will be used on the descent portion of the climb. We mg Let ( ),, denote sea level and (ye denotethe top of MH. Everest Thus, We = 1 =m) 951 andl Wate = Tang Ime However m, so thal since m 1 = nt sl Jst Mme Puig = yw gmk _ 32,082 ft/s* Yate = Mer Gl Ib saya eM eo! = 0.9971 Ib [-25132 ‘The information on a can of pop indicates that the can + contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units Weight of Fluré a) lame ef Flacd total weight = mass xg = (0.361 bg )(951% ) = 22v Wwerght ef can= O1/53N : Le Volume of Fluid = (355x171) (107 ‘)= 755x106 “m Thas, From Eg. (1) ye 242N - 01/53N N ———— 9770 im? FSS X10 "7m ——_ Ww B Wane, Geel ses N35? | ag P32 ay ee = 996 4, 7 42 SG? a = 79m 2 9 946 Ano @¥C Joo 4 7m For water at 20°C (see Table B.2 1 Aopendic 2) : PL oi 4& . sp: Uae 7787-5, } Gs 998.2 4 SG =0.9982 A companson of These Values Sr water with these for The pop shows Thal The pecihe weight, density, and gpecihé gravity & The pop are a/ Slightly Jower Than The corresponding Values for wader. 1-26*/, 33 "1.38 The variation in the density of water, p, with tem- perature, 7, in the range 20°C = T < 50°C, is given in the following table. Density (kg/m?) | 998.2 | 997.1 | 995.7 | 994.1 | 992.2 | 9902 | 988.1 Temperare(*c)! 20 Tas [30 Tas Tao | as | so Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form p= c, + csT + csT? which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? Fit the data to 2 second order Polynomial Using & standard curve-titids pregrim such as fund in EXCEL, Thus, A= (el = 0.05997T ~ 0.004) T* ran) SE SIF TO OC ALT As shown 1m tne table below , P. (predicted) from £y.l0 1s 44 90d Agreement with ? (glen). T.°C —p, kg/m*3._p, Predicted 20 998.2 998.3 25 997.4 997.1 30 995.7 995.7 36 994.1 994.1 40 992.2 9923 45 990.2 990.3 50 988.1 988.1 AL Ts ¥2.0°€ 2 é pe (eel ~ 00538 (4asre) ~ 0.004! (2 1°t) = F415 ~% 1-27Loe 1.34 If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m? is tumed into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity and specific weight of the whipped cream. 4 Maas of cream, om = (100528) (Vi, ) where 4% ~ volume. Since Caeane ba ODN aa eea Cam [orga = BR (1006 EH eup cream 3 cups si, ’ | 005 Sm. 395 8 3 m3 w hipped 4 SiGe Cosine . 335 Ba, at heat Boeve Too 2 eg m Yishived = Pag * 4 = (28888) (e812) cream = 3240 * 1-281.36 1.36 Determine the mass of air in a 2 m° tank if the air is at room temperature, 20 °C, and the absolute pressure within the tank is 200 kPa (abs). m= OV where V=2m? and C= P/RT with Te 20 = (204273) K= 293K and p= 200kPa = 200x10? Thvs, @ = (200% 1M / [(2.teprio LRN 293 Ky] = 2,38 12 mM Hence, m=eV= 2.3885 (2m) « 476 kgpay 1.37 _ Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 4 kg/m? under an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius. 3 #P. 4oo x Jo nu Tm ® PR (4 #2) 0.8 Te. =~ A723 = 387K = 273 1,38 1.38 The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a Martian spring day were determined to be ~50 °C and 900 Pa, respectively, (a) Determine the density of the Martian atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of carbon dioxide. (b) Compare the answer from part (a) with the density of the earth's atmosphere during a spring day when the temperature is 18 °C and the pressure 101.6 KPa (abs). 900% not (a Ly [ewe ee > A, _tehbnwle eth = RT G aa {¢ lat +213)k) Thus, mars . 0.0214 Bs Peart 1.22 i im = 0.0214 4 I-29) 1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 2 f° is filled with 0.30 Ib of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer. = wept - 080b Density ef Gas in tank p= Tx volume (3228 \(ef) a = > stags Abb x Id aoe Smee ps Zo wit p= (rar 147) poe ( atmosphene pressure assumed +o be © 14-7 psi) and with T= (oF + kbo)%e tA Allows tht Ib in> : (24.7 ine) (044 2") Pa) meclinigmieee He she, Wizy 2 (F40R) a From Table 67 R= 1554x107 for oxygen ana R= /.242x10¢ 4 fy bela. sug °R Thus, From £o.l1) if the gas Js Oxygen = 7/20 slugs 2 sey p> sluas 155943 — fs FER ana tr feluim ae Sas = 577 X10 " Sees C L2¢2xi0* fe? 4 Comparisow of These values with The actual dens/ty of the gas ii The Lank indicates That The Gas rnust be Oxygen. I-31140 1.40 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a temperature of 80°C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. Valumennn coe e 2 _ (oor tol)x10 fy =i3.9e, #. = = eel ae RT (azn. =, ) [gots a7a)k] dpk 543 3 Vi - = haba olume 39e RE a 14th SH A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60 °F. By how much will the pressure increase as the temperature is increased to 110 °F? C&q. 1.8) p= PRT Por @ rigid closed tank The ath mass and Volume are tonstant 50 Ax Constant. Thus, From Eg 1.8 (ity R eonstent) Fo a he Re WO pia, T, = bOF + Ybo = 520°R, = fda From £90) bE ies & - (228) (fopsia) = vee TE7 pote a1) where and = pears 1-3242 1.42. The helium-filled blimp shown in Fig. P1.42 is used at var- ious athletic events, Determine the number of pounds of helium within it if its volume is 68,000 ft? and the temperature and pres- ssure are 80 °F and 14.2 psia, respectively. M@ FIGURE Pt42 W=SV where V-68000f and a= 09 =(p/RT) 9g Thos, B= [182 Fhe (OH 3) /(ad2 n° HE, (50% 440)'R)] (22.2 £2) 29) 2x0 Sa (1b / (slug #/s)) = 9,82 x10? Hence, We 9.02102 (56,000!) = 668 1b |-33Master Typi 10% Reduct 82x It 43 | J— *1.43 Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem- perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg -K are specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of temperature } from 0 °C to 200 °C and pressures of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa [+ (abs). | fH Fecereee For an (deal gas | Eee tlt so That | et | {AR eR where p ix absolute pressure R the gas csashant, and T As absolute Hemperature. Thus, £ The tempe rd ture { { | usin °C Then HEH ete ar ep ae perc 4 spreadsheet (EXCEL) program tor caleulatins p follows. [This program calculates the densily of an idealgas | | _ |when the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature | iin degrees C, and the gas constant in Jikg-K are specified i | To use, replace current values with desired values of temperature, pressure, and gas constant. oo A B _¢ DT 1 | Pressure, |Temperature,| Gas constant| Density, |__| rH + Pa °C Jikg-K kgim® | [Hote +05 5 286.9 1.23 | Row 10 a | Ee t Formula: i | [ =A10/((B10+273,15)"C10) | I I Coleulate p_ hr _ p> 200k Pa, temperature = 20°C, ana R=289 T/dy kK, | | (warn) c 5 [ | Pressure, Temperature,| Gas constant,| Density, | Foceer Ht Pa °C Jikg-K | _kgim® | —- 2.00E+05 20 287 2.38 Row 10 CECE eee eta EEEa) (con't) The density of helivm is plotted inthe graph below. 04 0.35 03 kg/m? 025 02 0.15 01 0.05 Density of Helium | Pen | | | asa ; ee i hs ff = 200 KPa (abs) = ee so ae i ieee 2 Joo ae | aad a 2 i = $0 " _ 100 nO) -TES: 1.45 For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gra dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 N/m?? =u it where A =1.12 xj? MS Nv as 2105 me and T2107, Thus, dlr. Loe | Brae dy Tia “ve SSeS 146 1.46 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85 °F. Express your answer in both SI and BG units tT: 22 F (%-32)= = (95°F -32) From Fig, 8.1 in A ppendis B: J Glycerin of PSF (25.4%)) = Ob fR(O6 aD) (2.089 x10 a 2 ) = AIG MRC ws 7m & (s5 units) ae 1-361.47 _ One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Video V1.5 and in Fig. PIT. For this device the liquid to be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top etched line, The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, in m’/s is then obtained from the equation v = KR‘t where K is a constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and ¢ is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20°C is used as a calibration fluid in a particular viscometer the drain time is 1,430 s. When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m? is tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? Ve KR*t m FIGURE P1.41 For glycerin @ 20° V= L19x)0 Im a Lex mth = (eR, 430 s) KR? 8,.32x10" m/s For anXKnown ligard with t= Fos (3. 72.410 'm?/52) (Foo s) 7.49 x0" m*/s y 4 Since fez PY = G70 *ep3a)(T49x0t meZ ss Pease M5 =) O27 Sa 0,727 = am* —__ (-37Master Typing § 10% Reducti 8 1/2 x 11 trim size L4¥8 1.48 The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using | a capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig. P1.47 and Video V1.5. For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, ¢, that it takes for a given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That ere is, v = Kz. The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the absolute viscosity, yz, of regular pop greater than that of diet pop? i Regular pop Diet pop fT a(s) 3778 300.3 1 SG 1.044 1.003 A greater = | Port +} Ht | | nce v=fp, Ueke reat LPs Cai, eye, ve Fellows ‘That fe Fe + (t* 36 )res = {| loo Cx S@)diet | 2/(377.8:)Lom) _ |) x 100LAV 1.49 Determine the ratio of the dynamic vis- cosity of water to air at a temperature of 60 °C. Compare this value with the corresponding ratio of kinematic viscosities. Assume the air is at stan- dard atmospheric pressure. From Table @,2 im Appendiz B! -¥ yy, i “7 2 (or water af bore) fe = 4605 x10" ME 5 V24 76x10" From Table 8.4 im Appendiz B: c an ea Chr aw at bore) pox hare 2S 5 y= habxso” 2 Thus, - Peto 4.665 X10 AT Pate 97K 10> Uno . %745xIo" Vap (BB XIDToon a ceeded 1.50 — The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10~* poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units. fcr | Frem Appendii. ©, wo! es = / poise, Thus, a (5.210 “poise ).( 10’ 43, ye Seo? Ms Polse ‘nineties and From Table |.4 a FAs 2 [bs 7 tyes | fe (5X10 a5) (4.087 x10 et )= Lad xo Hes, ane 1.5[ The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20°C ~ and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. b_ ssoxiZ, ene iy & (4008 ge )| (aoe +213)k| es = 0,/oy stokes = 0/0 eee fs (oon 8) (0a (147 2) FS ne Me -5 ie SGupe Oe eo ps eyo. Wes Ans 2Master Typing Sheet 10% Red 8 1/2 x 11 trim size tion *1.52 Fluids for which the s stress, 7, is not linearly Boer related to the rate of shearing strain, +, are designated as non- | eet Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit Hi unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.6, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. rUb/f?) | 0 | 241 782 | 185 | 31.7 ye 1o | so 100 | 150 | 200 Plot these daia and fit a second-order polynomial to the data using a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s~'? Is this apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of | Shearing } shearing stress, a Se | strain, 1/s Ib/sq ft 3 Fae a 40,00359 | 0 0 50 211 230 / 100 7.82 2 20 | 150 18.5 Aan 200 317 z $0 7 oO 50 100 150 200 250 Rate of shearing strain, 1/s ‘om the park 4s 2. 0.003858 where 13 the shearing | Sea ti (b/$t* and ¥ 15 the rate Shearing strain in aH apace = 44 = C20 t000)3 + 0.0038 At ¥ = 90 st H i sift Mphrrned = (2) (0.0008 ae) ws \(tos De + 0.0035 => am tet LG ot = tte | = O16 eee | ol | m Table Bl in AppeadieB, My gore = (741 x10 ee f | and since water 7s ‘a-Newkonian. Fluid This valbe 1s 4 de pendent of ¥* ‘Thus, The unknown hon- ir Eoatait Et i dai has. @ much favgar Value. + eee { Ht:Master Typing SI 10% Reduction 8 1/2 x 11 trim size : 483 1.53 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure- ——— | ments of the water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different Tor I heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = 0. After an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that the pon) velocity distribution in the range 0 < y < 0.1 ft is given by the equation u=081 + 9.2y +41 x 10 i TEE ceric awn ‘|| with w in f/s when y is in ft. (a) Do you think that this equation | 23 would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 14# to help you arrive at your answer. Cay oe giaty + Ht eio 4? | fer Js lord AL] piel) Each term ia the eguation rust |have the same dimensions, M € , Vrave dimensions jf bP :: AI X17 dimensions of L*T! eguation Have dimensuns Meir 7h a change oH unr » We. te teh moult vilebe ne o-slip' r be torreck since at me uz 081 ft/s,1.54 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure. | For water at 30°C (From Table B,2 14 Appendie B)+ P= 995.7 42, ia = 7.995 x10" _ Re = CVD = (9961 A) (9 F) (ac0¥m) Wa L975 x10" MS b eee | For acr at foc ( From Table B,4 in Appendix B) : Pe bles as fe 1% x10" A I an ‘paca PA EOaE (1.165 #8) (3 2) (2.004 m) ie ie 186 x10? MS = at In #3Si 1.55 Forairat standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10-¢ kg/(m-s‘K'*) and S = 110.4 K. Use these: values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B. {3 a 3 es COR (459 «0 At, ) 7 Sa eepearre 7 5K T+S ee Tr llo4#k For T= /0°C = (0°C + aT3IS = 283.15K, " 3), (1.453 x10°°) (283,I5k) * a = 1.765% 10° Nes ae Ag31S K + I10,4 From Table B.4 erase (Te x10” Mes For T= 40°C = 90°C + AmdIS = 363,15K, From Table 6.4, ft = 21exjo* Ns ame (hysg x10") 303 16x) 363,15 K + 0.4 1-44 -5 2/3K 10 MS eeae ae, 1.56* Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants C and $ which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1,55, (Hint: Rewrite the equation in Tr Ss x (¢) € and plot T°2/y versus T. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and $ can be obtained.) Equation 10 can be written in The form ae Te tae apt - c eC oO) and with The dete trom Table BY: t %, 7 ah Tc) Tt) J Cust) — Ta [1 [Cbgfms) ° BBS 111 x10 2byoxp® ao A935 L82 X10 - 2.758 x 8 ca 31315 LE7X10~ a peseloe bo 333,15 Lark? 3.087% 10 ; 80 35315 oT K Jor 7.206x10 {00 37315 2174105 3. 322.10 A plot of Ye vs. T 13 shown below: & S.5XI0 rise[456"] (eon!t) Since The deta plot as an approximate straight line, Fe.) aan be represented by an eguetion of The form yabxre where yu Tu) XwT, bw Vo, and an s/c, Fit the date +o a near eguation using a Standard eurve~tiHing program such as found in EXCEL. Thus, Y= b.% 9x 105% 4 7. yy) x18" and gabe 969% 1oF so thet C= 143 x10 by foms- k*) SE and S:a= TH x10" ce and theehre S=/07 K These velues tr Cand S are in geod agreement witr values given in Problem 55. [46Typing Sheet duction 1.57 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.3) The value of the viscosity deperds not only on the specific fluid but also on the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced Ey with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the |= velocity is given by the equation V = K/u. In this equation K is a constant fora given tube and pressure, and yris the dynamic viscosity. For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given | by Andrade’s equation (Eq, 1.11) with D = 5 x 1077 Ib + s/f? | and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity increase as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F to 100 °F? | _Assume all other factors remain constant, any Bae Vv C2 > teeta Ver) °h increase in = [Yan eM") = [ee 100 and From Fete +f incvease in Y= fate Pe | From Andvades 24 Squarion — 4 Thereby fe px S| | Ht Yove Pine KID e Cimr rte) 100’ = | Aer, | x100 @) and > Yoo Sho el ie rang “Seite Se 136% | us, From Bg (3) oe reverse tr V I-47Ae e. oO *1.58 — Use the value of the viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form In = (2) 5+ InD and plot In y versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq. 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) Eguation ll can be written in The form In pe = (a) 4 + InD and with the deta trem Table BZ ° TCC) TK) WV Tte) A (Wsla*) In eo ans 3.b6/ x10 LTT xe ~ 6.327 to 293.15 24u x10" 1.002.410" ~ 6.906 Yo 31305 ZuB x07 = GSagKp* — -~ 7.334 bo 333,15 Boozxw? Kk bbEMW* ~— - 7. bI0 $0 35315 2.832407 E47 Kio . ~ 7.494 (00 37315 abso? = L8/P x 107 — 8.1T# A plot of /n vs, STW shown below : a * a)Vos (een't ) Since the deta plot as an approximate straignt line, Ey.) Can be used to represent These deta, To obtain B ana D, fit the date to an bx exponen tia / Lp uation of the form 4Y=AE Such as fund 1h EXCEL. Thus, Deas 1.767 xK107* Weslo? el EES 1870 XD? kK 1870 <6 fa bIbT Ke At 50°C (323.15), é 1870 | k P= bh 17 x10” C797 = 5.76 x10 sf From Table 8.2, m= 5 HEX 0. 5 /g®459 159 Fora parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig. 1.Sit is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is pulled at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the vis- cosity of the fluid between the plates. Express your answer in SI units. d. Tah 5 du U ag Ob . T . 150 5a L, A ey” TTR) J-So1.60 1.60. Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate as shown in Fig, P1.60. The top plate, located a distance b above the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate is located a distance cb, where 0 < ¢ < 1, above the fixed plate, This plate moves with speed V;, which is determined by the vis- cous shear forces imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bot- tom, The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bot- tom, Plot the ratio V/V as a function of c for 0 Zl Al. % fe De = 300% we, 7 Z RT F 4 1. (133.9 fea )[Ge Crane) «) so That b & los 4% \oav de ) = 293 28 [e* 300 &Pa = 5.24 4 am? lE7¥1,82 Natural gas at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi (abs) is compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of 70 psi, Determine the final density and temperature of the gas. Fer /sentropie compression , S = Constant 50 That Ae. se, i & Where in Inthal state and v a f~ #ina/ state. Thus, phe te ot F e v i or (b, Ve 2 fe A: (BPG a EN i i L Ty a aa ens (2274 %10 pm hb Jax “+40) “z] fe? se that alii : (aan ieee | ea racetee (129 «10 ee) = 425 x0" slugs 47 pst lobs) 3 Fe3 and Pe Ta Fe = Go ie 44 Be GBR Oe ‘$e sli 3 fe lb (025 #16 * het! \(3, 097410 Ea = 765 °R er }-711,83 1.83 Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same pressure. For air (e117) &,* 4p a (h40)(101 x wh, ) = LK xB For water (Table Le) 4, = 215 «10'R Thus, E, (water) 2.15% 10°Pe 4 C= AFD K/O Ey, (air) 141% 10°; en"1.84 Develop a computer program for cal- culating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program against the results ob- tained for Problem 1.74. (70 or compression or expansion, P= constont Pe where #=/ fer ssothermal process,and #+ specific heat ratio for ssentropiz process. Thus, aoe pete cee where tn inital state, Fw tinal state, so That :(B)*e. BiB) Re a) Since _ mass C= Volume then A. Ve antes ww here y, We, ave The inital and Final volurnes, vespectively. Thus, trem £3 1) ink fa tin” CET Cage ta . Where The subscmpt 9 vefers to gage pressure Eguation 2) can be written as z a hy EY" (ty + teas) bam a A spreadsheet (Excel) program fer Caleulating the tinal Gage pressure follows . (cont )1 BF (Cont?) [This program calculates the final gage pressure of an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, the initial volume, the final volume, the jatmospheric pressure in psia, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) is specified. To use, replace current values and let k= 1 for isothermal process or k = specific heat for isentropic process: A Blea D E Ei nitial gage| Initial | Final__| Atmospheric Final gage| pressure |" volume | volume | pressure pressure, Pig(Psi) M. Mr Pain(Psia) k Pio(Psi) 25 7103333 147 i 104.4 | Row 10 A Formula, [=((B10/C10)*E10)"(A10+D10)-D10 Data trom Problem 1.79 ave imcluded ii The above table, Giving 4 Finl gage pressure of 104. pst . lay485 1.@ An important dimensionless parameter concerned with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic, where V is the speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and ¢ is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at 50 °F and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number? Mach number = ¥ From Table B.3 in Appendix Cc apie vip ™ r @ 50° Thus r _ G00 mph)(5240 ££.) (sur) Mach number = te eee | W J, 0G 1-751,86 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx- imately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range. c= ART (Eg. 120) et = 1716 4% For k=1¥0 and R Lie rae C= #40 VT Frem Table C1 in Appendix C at an altitude of O £6 T= Sfoor Ho = SIGR seo thet c= #90519 = Me Similar calculations Can be made tor éther altitudes and The resulting graph is shown below. Altitude, ft Temp.°F Temp.°R ©, fs 0 59 519 1116 5000 4147 501.17 1097 10000 23.36 483.36 © 1077 15000 5.55 465.55 1057 20000 12.26 447.74 = 1037 25000 30.05 429.95 1016 30000 47.83 41217 995 35000 65.61 394.39 973 40000 69.7 390.3, 968 1120 +100 o ie | Broe0 | 51080 Ee 3 1040 I 3 1020 3 3 1000 a 980 = NI | 960 9 8000 10000" 15000 20000 25000 0000 35000 40000 Altitude, ft [-761.87 (See Fluids in the News article titled “This water jet is a blast.” Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water de- creased if its pressure, is increased to an equivalent to 3000 at- mospheres (44,100 psi)? ~ gp , — AP Eg. 12) Ey= Vie AM (Es Byppe AB eevee paves IN pate 51g | ¥ Ey Bla x 10% paca Thus, o fe ch decrease im volume = | | /, 1,88 1.88 During a mountain climbing trip it is observed that the wa- ter used to cook a meal boils at 90 °C rather than the standard 100 °C at sea level. At what altitude are the climbers preparing their meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this prob- lem.) When the water boils, Prot = fr , Where from Table 8.2, at T=90% fir= z.01x10" (abs) Also, from Table C.2, for a standard atmosphere p= z.01x)0"X, (abs) af an altitude of 3000m }-17189 | 1.89 When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without * causing cavitation if the fluid is water at 160 °F. Cavitation may cccar when the local pressure eguals the Vapor pressure. For water at 60°F (fem Table 8) va MpptndicB) P= 474 psi (abs) v Thus, rmarnimum pressure = 474 psc labs ) a 1,40 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20°C. Cavitation may occur when the suction pressure at the Pump inkt eguals the vaper pressure. Fer carbon betrachbride at 20°C p= (3 RR (ass). Thas, minimum pressure = 13 BF (abs) [1-78Lal 1.91 When water at 70 °C flows through a converging section of pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate the ‘minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cav- itation, Express your answer in both BG and ST units. Cavitehin may occur th The converging section of pipe when The pressure egaals the vapey pressure. From Table 52 in AnpendicB tor water at T'S, Be 31.24 Cabs). Thus Minimum pressuve = 31.2 RR Cabs) yn SL units. Ln 86 units ee -% Pst Crinimum pressure = (Brn. we \h Y50X1b ) A am = 452 psta 15923 1.92 Atwhat atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 °C? Express your answer in both SI and BG units. The vapor pressure of water af 35°C Is 5191 4B (abs) (trom Table B.2 im Appendis B Using Vinear interpolation). Thus, (f water beils at this temperature the atmospheric pressure must be egual to 5.81 4a labs) th SL units, En BG wits, 1-791,94 1.94 When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free sur- face of the liquid, the contact angle between the liquid and the tube is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is 1.2 x 10* N/m’. Determine the value of the surface tension for this liquid h= ant , where 020 Thvs eh _n2xiot As (10410 m) (2x10 m2) ~ 26056 — 2 cos 0 /-8014s 1.95 — Smalldroplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed with a spray nozzle. If the av- erage diameter of the droplets is 200 jem what is the difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the droplets? Since 0 = 269410 M at a a (2.22107 # ) too x10*m /-8|496 1-96 A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Determine this difference in pressure. For equilibrium (see figure ), pl2r Sl): o (2 SL) So Thad p2Rsf pev excess pressure surface tension ovces © 250 4" i= N N aD I-82.1.97 As shown in Video V1.9, surfece tension forces can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on wa~ ter, but a single-edge blade will sink. Assume that the surface ten- sion forces act at an angle 6 relative to the water surface as shown. in Fig. P1.97. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 X 10-* kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. De- termine the value of @ required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 x 10~*kg, and the total = ~FIGURE P1.97 length of its sides is 154 mm, Explain why this blade sinks, Sup- port your answer with the necessary calculations. Surface tension force fa) ZF =o 8 vertical WW = Tsin WwW where A) = moe g 4nd T= Ox length of sides, (0.64 x10 be) (4.81 mgr) = (134 xb? ML) (0, 20 m ) sin8 Sing = O."HS Os 245° (b) For single-edge blade Wem gage ® fe? (2.61 x10? ba) (4.8) m/,2) 0.0256 N u and Tasine = (rx leagh of bade) sine (7.34 x 10° Mn ) (0.154 0m) sin B = 0.0113 sinB Tn order for blade +o “float” W< Tsine Since mmaximum Value for sine is |, r+ follows tnat W>Tsine and single-edge blade will sink. aca) 1.48 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with ‘opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For a true water depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eq. 1.22 (with @ = 0°) to'determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter of the glass tube is changed. Assume a water temperature of 80 "F. Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube dismeter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0in. (b) If you want the error to be less than 1%, what is the smallest tube diameter allowed? The excess height, h, caused be the surface tension is h= ae CEg, 1.22) For OF 0° with D=z2R he = a) From Table Bl in Appendix 8 for water at 30°F T= 491 x09 fet and X= 62.22 1h /f3 Thus, From &g. (1) hes #49) ag x? eh (62,22 a) Din) Din.) Since oh error = age) X 100 (wire erore clepth ct follows from Eg (2) that eb erroy = 2:17 X10” vino 3 Din.) = 0.126 c35 Din.) A plot of terror versus tube chameter 1 Shown en the ntct page.198 (ont? Diameter % Error of tube, 0.1 0.15 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 tb) in, 1.26 0.84 0.63 0.42 0.32 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 |Values obtained from Eq, (3) 0 02 04 06 08 1 12 Tube diameter, in. For 1% evver from £g.(3) 1S D 0.126 bGa.) 1-85L9G aq Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.9.) Consider placing a short length of a small diameter steel (sp. wt. = 490 Ib/ft*) rod on a surface of water. What is the maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink? ‘Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward. ‘Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment support your analysis? rh rh Tn order for rod +0 Float (see figure) it follows that ach = W = (E\0)I a Thus , for The limiting case ae Dp” = 27k seers On mx (EYL Vitee| TE steel so Tat ‘h, ~3 lb 8 (5. 03x10 Fe = Dimax| = a a) =aeo || xib? ft aw C490 3, ) 1 0.06)4 In. Since a standard steel paper chp fas 4 diameter of 0.036 in, Which 1s less than 0. 06/4 Ia, 1 shoula Floah. A simple experimat will verify This. Yes.1.100 1,100 Anopen, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? As 200056 iy a (3.1.22) For 8 = 130° 2 Cneexw! HK . . A= Be eae Sted x0" a ae (133 x10°, )(o, osm) Thus, column will be depressect 3.00 mm 1,601 1.101 An open, clean glass tube (6 = 0°) is inserted vertically into a pan of water. What tube diameter is needed if the water level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface tension)? Bes zecese (© 4. 1.22) R Por 4=2R and 020° are 200) Gna BA -3 Ib ‘ pis Z = SO3xXW ge ¥ 62,4 i fe8 Re 8.99 x10 Lh diameter = 2R = 180x107" ft 1-871402. 1.102. Determine the height water at 60 °F will rise due to capillary action in a clean. {in. ameter tube. What will be the height if the di- ameter is reduced to 0.01 in.? ~ 276030 (Ee. 122 t xR 8 , For water at 60°F (from Table B./ ty Appendit B), a= S03xw? # and = 6237 Hy. Thag with 870, (hr R=0.126 th.) 7 labs. £)ay Le Fe (62. 37 4 (ta) or =(1 sexo ft)( as = 0,186 In. Simatlarly, (for R+ 0.005 11.) 1251 . 4 = (0.186 in)( 2B ) = 4.65 in. [-8803 1.103, (See Fluids in the News article titled “Walking on wat Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. P1.103 is supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug's legs. Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support the bug. As- sume the bug weighs 10~'N and the surface tension force acts vertically upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to support a person weighing 750 N. MB FIGURE P1103 oh For equi Vibrium 5 Werk (ay pg, W, Win a 1.34 X10 W We weight 5 Tw surface tension 1.34x10 am La length of interface (\,3b x10 7m) (10 eae | eal E2 Gone (4) (ee = 1.02 x10" (b34 mi | neice! © Sa 3 1-89L104 1.10% Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer Objective: As discussed in Section 1,6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian flu- ids; others are non-Newtonian. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as ‘Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, concentric inner cylinder (see Fig. P!l0#; stop watch; drive weights for the viscometer; three different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup), Experimental Procedure: _Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested, Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate. (The outer cylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount of time, ¢, that it tkes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions. Repeat the measurements us- ing various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested. Calculations: For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular ve- locity of the inner cylinder, w = N/t Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, @, as abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data. Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor- tional to the shearing stress, 7, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant an- gular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angu- lar velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, du/dy. This is true because the velocity ‘gradient in the fluid is proportional to the inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders. Based on your graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening, or shear thinning (see Fig, 1.7). Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click /rere to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, Rotating Inner eylinder Outer linger Drive weight Fils @ FIGURE P1,104 (cont) I-q0% L104 | (¢en%) | Problem 1.10% Problem 1.109 | Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, 0 Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, © | ee fo Silicone oi Com Syrup 450 mae 450 4.00 — 4.00 | 3.50 = — 3.50 | oS 3.00 | 2250 - z 250 | F200 Nea E 200 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 050 080 0.00 000 000 = 050100180 2.00 000 010-020-0300 ©, revs @, revis, —_ J Problem 1,104 | Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, 0 fe Latex Paint 1.20 1,00 T 0.80 0.60 | 0.40 aan W = 1.466, 020 < 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 o revis I-494105 1.105 Capillary Tube Viscometer Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid, For the flow geometry shown in Fig. P1.105, the kine- matic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, » = K/Q, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter- mine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature. Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, graduated cylinder. Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to 15,6°C and determine the flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, f, it takes to collect a volume, V, of water in a small graduated cylinder, Repeat the measurements for various water temper- atures, T. Be sure that the water depth, h, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the flowrate is a function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of h Calculations: For each temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = V/t. Use the data for the 15.6°C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = vQ, where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured flowrate at this temperature, Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis- cosity of water as a function of temperature, Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem- perature, T, as abscissas, Results: On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Table B.2. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click herv to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. Water Capita tube le Graduated cylinder @ FIGURE P4,105 (cont ) 1-924105 CCon't ) Solution for Problem 1,105 Capillary Tube Viscometer Vim ts 92 198 97 158 92 168 94 21.3 92 134 94 10.1 91 89 v=KiQ T, deg S 15.6 26.3 21.3 12.3 34.3 50.4 58.1 K, m42 mils2 5.21E-07 Q, mils 0.465 0.614 0.548 0.427 0.702 0.931 1.022 v (at 15.6 deg C), m’2/s v, mais 1126-06 8.49E-07 9.51E-07 1.226-06 7.42E-07 5.60E-07 5.10E-07 1.12E-06 K=vQ=1.12E-6 m42is * 0.465 ml/s = 5.24E-7 m2 mils"2 From Table B.2 T, deg C 10 20 30 40 50 60 v, m*2/s 1.31€-06 1.00E-06 8.01E-07 6.58E-07 5.53E-07 4.75E-07 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T Problem 1.105 1.5E-06 ] 1 | | | | 1.0E-06 T + 0 | bi 3 E | 2 5.0E-07 | 0.0€+00 + 0 20 40 60 T, deg C 80 Experimental —From Table B.2| 1-93,22 22 A closed, S-m-tall tank is filled with water to a depth of 4 m. ‘The top portion of the tank is filled with air which, as indicated by pressure gage at the top of the tank, is at a pressure of 20 kPa, Determine the pressure thet the water exerts on the bottom of the tank. f= 20x0% af N 3N he pith = 20x10 3 + 9.80%10 43 (4m) = 59.210, = 59.2 kPa 4m zh2.3 A closed tank is partially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure in the tank is 6 Ib/in.? and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the pressure in Ib/ft2 atthe bottom of the tank? Path B= C740 2, Vo tt) + (6 te = & = 1050 3B, Zo 2.4 — Blood pressure is usually given as a ratio of the maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). As shown in Video V2.2 such pressures are commonly measured with a mercury mano- meter. A typical value for this ratio for a human would be 120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg. (a) What would these pressures be in pascals? (b) If your car tire was inflated to 120 mm Hg, would it be sufficient for normal driving? p= xh (A) Fop 120 mm beg: pz (132 x10°% )(0, 120m): le.0#R For To mm Hai ps (33 x17 \(o. 070m)= FAR (b) For 120 mmig: ps (1e0 x wit) (issoxis’ 2" ) = 2,32 psi Since a typical tire pressure 1 50-95 PS, 120mmby Ys pot subbicrent for normal driving.2.5 2.5 An unknown immiscible liquid seeps into the bottom of an open oil tank. Some measurements indicate that the depth of the unknown liquid is 1.5 m and the depth of the oil (specific weight = 8.5 KN/m?) floating on top is 5.0 m. A pressure gage connected to the bottom of the tank reads 65 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the unknown liquid? tere (33:1) (Sem) + (8, )(1.Sem) where Yi unknan hgua ve Poattom — Weim). tsxin tt ~ (5x08 )&m) VS an = is xe a aN. 56= % - TAB mF Se ee Yo@ve ei xioX, 2:6 2.6 Bathyscaphes are capable of submerging to great depths in the ocean. What is the pressure at a depth of S km, assum- ing that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 kN/m*? ‘Express your answer in pascals and psi. pork ed At the surface f, 20 50 Thet P= (0.14109 4 5 x 108m) = 50.5 xd = 50.5 MPs Aso, P -« pez (Go x10 © Ni yso x10 "is ) = 7320 psi ane3.7 2.1 For the great depths that may be en- countered in the ocean the compressibility of sea- water may become an important consideration. (a) Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater is constant and derive a relationship between pressure and depth which takes into account the change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use Ca) d Se Sink 4-3 Thus, dp. _ edz ei E integrating Eg), Since, 4 -E, Ln {1 gat Ceont#?) of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus of 2.3 x 10° Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m? at the surface. Compare this result with that ob- tained by assuming a constant density of 1030 kg/m’. (£g, 2.4) a) Sf 6 +5 a tunchen of P, we must determne P=F(p) behre Epc (ep, 113) then o Pp d, i a {ef ° é so Tht pe E,4n i Thus, £ =pe where f2h 4t peo pete fro eb sbtbie From &4.0) +, ; Aes 4 4 or 2 Z e ap * ~ha/] % 4 re so That ) where ,8= %-%,, the depth below surface2.7 J (con't) (6) From part a), p=-&, tn (1 ~ 28% ) So that at f= b dom pe -(a3x10'% )&n [ - cession | a3 x 107% ™ 7 = bie xi SN = bh M Pe 6c) For constant density parh= path = (1.03 xw° $8) (a0) % Me x10°m) = 604 MA2.8 2.8 Sometimes whea riding an elevator or driving up or down a hilly road a person's ears “pop” as the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the ear is equalized. Determine the pressure difference (in psi) associated with this phenomenon if it ‘occurs during a 150 ft elevation change. Ap = Yoh = 0.0765 Hy (soft) Lf = 1eS f. Gppae) =), 9797 pst 2.9 Develop an expression for the pressure variation in a liquid in which the specific weight increases with depth, h, as y = Kh + yo, where Kis. constant and y is the specific weight at the free surface. y=% 4k d % y ai ae (Ee, 24) z Treas let -#=2,-% so That dh=-dz Thus, dpe ¥dh h and [e «fra fer r= kh+h , fe 7 & [ops [Oden led Gnd+2. 10 (cont) *2.10 Inacertain liquid at rest, measurements of the spe- 60 107 cific weight at various depths show the following variation: 0 ‘1 —$____. - a A(t y (bitty 100 115 ieee eee inate man D scnatueiemmeneenenaae ate 0 70 10 76 The depth h = 0 corresponds to a free surface at atmo- 20 ey ~ spheric pressure. Determine, through numerical integration 30 a of Eq. 2.4, the corresponding variation in pressure and show 40 97 the results on a plot of pressure (in psf) versus depth (in 50 ie feet). dp = -y (Es. 2.4) ae &5.2 let a2 4,-4 (cee Ligure) so thet da=—ch and There fre dp= ~¥dz = rdh Thus, 2 A fe = [r ah Q ° Ae Pleo Has L ° where p18 the pressure at depty A: Equetion 01) Can be vateq rated Nudtnericall the trape Zo'da/ hte, ce., = of 5 Fed 2+ 4\x,,-9) ’ Where Yn t , x~h, and n= umber of date pornks . 4 using (cont)42.10 Cont) The tabulated results ave given below, along With The 12000 h¢ft) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 y, Ib/ft"3 Pressure,psf 70 0 76 84 91 97 102 107 110 112 114 115 730 1830 2405 3345 4340 5385 6470 7580 8710 9855 Corresponding plot of pressure vs. depth. 10000 8000 4000 6000 |— Pressure, p (psf) 0 20 40 60 Depth, h (ft) 2000 0 ee 80 100FZ 12 RR RTE Elevation (ft) ‘Temperature (°F) 5000 50.1 (base) °2.42 Under normal conditions the temperature of the — a atmosphere decreases with increasing elevation. In some peed . situations, however, a temperature inversion may exist s0 Fie : that the air temperature increases with elevation. A series a om of temperature probes on a mountain give the elevation aon a temperature data shown in Table P2,12, If the barometric bcoo pressure’ at the base of the mountain is 12.1 psia, determine ps ea by means of numerical integration the pressure at the top of o : the mountain Se oe) ———____. TABLE P2.12. From £3, 2.4, z, Mn ee - % [8 p, R Ja, T 1 In the table below the temperature in OR is given and the integrand '/TCR) tabula ted, Elevation, ft 1.°F T,°R_—1/T(°R) 5000 50.1 509.8 0.001962 5500 55.2 514.9 0.001942 6000 60.3 520.0 0.001923 6400 62.6 522.3 0.001915 7100 67.0 526.7 0.001899 7400 68.4 528.1 0.001894 8200 70.0 529.7 0.001888 8600 69.5 529.2 0.00189 9200 68.0 527.7 0.001895 9900 67.1 526.8 0.001898 The approximate Valve of the witegral in £9.27 Is 9,34 obtained Hsing TH rape 301 dal rule, 6%, Te bE G4 pe, le, te) hire ge Ur, Xo eleveton, Zz i etd tr : . and nenum ber ef data points. Thus, Pott ft Godse = G34 RB Sooo fe ; so tat (wim 97922 tle ank Re lI Hl [shag R An Bee ~ (222 OM) Lo 11530) (cont) 2-4AZate Coon 2) It fllows from £3) with p= 12.) psca Wet — 0.1753 Be (2.1 psia) ie = 10,2 psa (Vote: Since the temperature variation 1s not very large it would be expec 7, a ted That the assumphon of 4 “constonk Temperature would give good results. Tf the temperature ss assumed to be Constant «+ The base temperature ($0.1), f210.1 psia , whith 1s only shghty diferent from the result given above. ) 2-10Zl 2.14 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Giraffe’s blood pres- sure,” Section 2.3.1.) (a) Determine the change in hydrostatic pres- sure ina giraffe’s head as it lowers its head from eating leaves 6 m above the ground to getting a drink of water at ground level as shown in Fig. P2.14, Assume the specific gravity of blood is SG = 1. (b) Compare the pressure change calculated in part (a) to the normal 120 mm of mercury pressure in a human’s heart. a) For hydrostatic presure change, Apa¥h = (4.802% \(om) = 58.8FK = BeLRR (4) To Compare with pressure im human hearé Convert pressure th Part (a) fo mms : hy 53.3 24 = Ya tay? (23 1) ay im Ay? (0.442.m)(10" Sat) = 442 aman Hy 4 Thus, The pressure ehange in the giraffe: head Compared With 120 mm Hg 1% 1s F442 mam Hh. tre human heart. 2-12.15 Assume that a person skiing high in the mountains at an altitude of 15,000 ft takes in the same volume of air with each breath as she does waile walking at sea level. Determine the ratio of the mass of oxygen inhaled for each breath at this high altitude compared to that at sea level. Let ( ), dendle sea level and ( ). denofe 15,000 H altitude, Thus, since m= macs LED mp fas ae )(as0s07 2) Hen s.152 p= (aue2 Be) (2.20387 B Nise) jae 518.67 R = 1240 & (abs) ls) p= R—Ih = QI/6.2 & = ~ (o67e47 & Bly lio #t) = /o4o & (abs) Oe oe et - gh a) eae eé Te 5 (4116.24) (eg.210) ofan By p10F® | ell Gir (xu 7°R) = 1270 4, las)(2.17 Equation 2.12 provides the relationship | between pressure and elevation in the atmo- sphere for those regions in which the temperature varies linearly with elevation. Derive this equa- tion and verify the value of the pressure given in Table C.2 in Appendix C for an elevation of 5 im, By at 4 a. feat (E529) , 7 let for 420, B~p fr B22, and T2T,-f2. Thus, z dp 8 a “fee £ or b a a 2 [a tm ta-aal} o & [Aceon] 7g A(i- &) and taking logarithm of both sides Pe epuation yields t= % (1-8)* (&, 2.12) For 25 ham with p10. 334Pe Ta 2288 5K ge 9.8078 = 0.0065%0% kR=as,7 2 é an a 4 ) iT A 287 = 6, 00654 (6. c06s£ Mees &k om patios day] ar eR ~~ 4 = 5.40.x 10° # (From Table Ca th Appendin C, pF S405 x 10 )2,18. 2.18 As shown in Fig. 2.6 for the U.S. stan- dard atmosphere, the troposphere extends to an altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 22.6 kPa (abs). In the next layer, called the stratosphere, the temperature remains constant at — 56.5 °C. Determine the pressure and density in this layer at an altitude of 15 km. Assume g = 9.77 m/s in your calculations. Compare your results with those given in Table C.2 in Appendix C. For s3sethermal cond: tiens, ~g¢ C4.-2) p-te RT (4, 210) 2 “ J let ash, p= 22,64 , Re 287 Ry GOAN and — Ts 865°C + A315 = Debsk . Thus, , |B) (S410 m= 410m | he (42.04P.) e€ (aes) = lal kPe i eta ttt = 0195 SE G> Rr a (287 Fu )(24ek) es Table C2 in Appendix C » Pea APE and f= O1948 ae a) 2-152.19 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Weather, barometers, and bars,” Section 2.5.) The record low sea-level barometric pres- sure ever recorded is 25.8 in. of mercury. At what altitude in the standard atmosphere is the pressure equal to this value? For record Jow Pressure, ; . \ «ig hay? Conk) (EEO) (BE ) = ob From Table C.] vn Appendrs C i" @ of altitude pe Ld E> @ Fook slhtude p= iz. 228 Ak Assume linear vanation change sn pressure per foot. Thus, Pressure change per foot = Meg He — 12228 Wb Feoo ft oe = 4934 xip* 1b we per ft a iM babies - a Ce [4.93Lx10" #]= eS at Sie a: 4250 Ft n>2.20 2.20 Ona given day, a barometer at the base of the Washington Monument reads 25.97 in. of mercury, What would the barometer reading be when you carry it up to the observation deck 500 ft above the base of the monument? Let (), and ( )4 correspond to the base and observation deck, respectively. Thus, with H = height of the monument, \ fr ~ fod = Gir H = ZbSKIO™ Bs (S00H) = 38.5 1, 7 i hh, where Sy = 8472 ih Ov, (2% 97 44 i =36,5 iy (2TH) ~ Wy og = 3 or fk bug (APH) - 2857 29.97 mn 7B ae ff) ) - o.%ss Hla) and h=barometer reading, hb = (29.97 -0.545)in. or yg = 29.43 in.252) 2.21 Bourdon gages (see Video V2.3 and Fig. 2.13) are commonly used to measure pressure. When such a gage is altached to the closed water tank of Fig. P2.2.! the gage reads 5 psi. What is the absolute air pressure in the tank? Assume. standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi. pe cht p a BY, = op br Ohi + 4.7 #)— (fe) (er4 8, 144 th? fEr Po. = IL-3 poia 12in. Bourdon gage m FIGURE P2.2) 2-182.22 2.22 Onthe suction side of a pump Bourdon pressure gage reads 40-kPa vacuum. What is the corresponding absolute pressure if the local at- mospheric pressure is 100 kPa (abs)? Plabs) = Plgage) + fp (atm) = ~whR + ohh = bo &R 224 J 2.24 A water-filled U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure inside a tank that contains air, The water level in the U-tube on the side that connects to the tank is 5 ft above the base of the tank. The water level in the other side of the U-tube (which is open to the atmosphere) {2 ft above the base, Determine the pressure within the tank, Prin * (SH) -,, (2H) +0 or fiir = WY, = - (3H)(62.4 5) air aa 2-192.25 2.25 A barometric pressure of 29.4 in. Hg corresponds to what value of atmospheric pres- sure in psia, and in pascals? (in ps) P= UA (947 B, )(AHt ay ) = Ihe psia ‘e¢ tn > (th Pa) psahs (3x1 (atin ) (a sroxi a) = 99,3 BP (obs) 2-202.26 For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns in barometers containing one of the following liq- uids: (a) mercury, (b) water. and (c) ethyl alco- hol. Calculate the heights including the effect of vapor pressure, and compare the results with those obtained neglecting vapor pressure. Do these results support the widespread use of mer- cury for barometers? Why? (Including vapor pressure ) pete) = 3h + A, where b ~ vapor pressure has, f= Plbm)~ br x fol «10° 2%, = 1. bxI0 133 x07 N (A) For mercury | 4 = 0.154 om 3y 2 a xv ,. Jol x10 - h77klo % 4) For water’ 9.80 £107 ™? 10.1_m™ cc) Por ethy/ woixi0? 590 alcoho] ! he 274x105 im Ws negli column (3 Feasenasle, (Without vapor pressure ) f labm) = bh Platm) Ae oa lolx 3 ON 133x10 a 0.754 ™m 3 101 1D Tt 3H, 4.80 x10 Poet 10,3 mm Sy, Jor K1D A oop nee, TTF KID’ oy 13,0 1m barameters the effect of vapor pressure Gnd the veguired height of The mercury2.27 2.27 A mercury manometer is connected to a large reservoir of water as shown in Fig, P2.27. Determine the ratio, hy/tg, of the distances h,, and h, indicated .n the figure. Water A = Baby * behin See but fi= fx = in (Zhn) MFIGURE P2.27 Thus, oy fw + bw lin = 28y hm or (8) by =(28m- Yw)hm so that = br bw = Gieeh) =2 SG, -/ , where SGp, “Fp =13.56 Thos, hw. _ Tn 7213-56) -1 = 26.1#218 2.28 A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.2@, At the closed end of the manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft on the manometer. Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume. standard atmospheric pressure, and neglect the weight of the air columns in the manometer. Gage fluid (7=90 lb/ft) m FIGURE P2.28 pr dog Gh) + Vo fe) = Tease Pressure one = (i in) ive 2) + (% bon) + (0244, )(2 4) = Cone BBE) tee 2 Ib = 672 ii 2-232.29 A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hem- as shown in Fig. P2.29. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of } the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at } A is 60 kPa, determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point ©). (a) 4 % = 1/03 &B (6) he h- %,, (Gm) 4 a 3M 30k x1d ae %y ispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system 2! boeh,- (4.80 x, As % . aonxn et ja 3. 133% 10 al = 0.230 m (Lzmm ) = 230mm = ena W FIGURE P2249 + (S64) Gm) + 4, (2m) = ty 2 GoAR + 2 )Rtieit, (3m) + (9.6080 %,) em) Gm) Fae = 9.230m 2-24 Wafer2.30 > 2:30) Two pipes are conneced by a manometer as shown in Fig, 2.30, Determine the pressure difference, p, ~ pp, between the pipes, 13m Gage tus (SG=26) Water 8 BFIGURE P2.30 7 +t dio farm «ttm) - Ye (oboe dino (13m-0.5m)= 4, Thus, Pr-by = Ny (obm) ~ %, (0:54 0166 4113 0.5m) = (2619.81 2 )(0,bm)- (9.70%, (1.9m) = - 332 8R 2-252.31 2.31 A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank as shown in Fig. P2.31. The air pres- sure in the tank is 0.50 psi and the liquid in the tank is oil (y = 54.0 lb/ft). The pressure at point A is 2.00 psi. Determine: (a) the depth of oil, z, and (b) the differential reading, h, on the ma- nometer. FIGURE P2.3) Gel "* by, tt Ay | That, tates. (2 d,- 05 pei) - “Yur an ae = 400ft ie SHO oe 2) At Yur (ate) - (50N'¥,) 4 =0 Thus, ty + eis (2t) (SG) (Br,0) e a) (ive HE) « Grok, 2%) (3.05) (62.4 oo) Biles 1 = 2,08 ft 2-262.32 2.32 For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding to the dicferential reading shown? — 3 in i FIGURE P2.32 ty + Sno Ga - ae E fe) sin 0° - Jy (24) = Cwhere Ugg 1s The specific weight of the gage Fluid ) Thus, F ; By Be — %p GLA) sin 20° (2.6 Bue z ) - Gaylore £ Nee fi)(0.5) = 323 - 2 = 3234/4 /ygh/A* = 0.224 Pse 2.33 A flowrate measuring device is installed in a horizontal pipe through which water is flow- ing. A U-tube manometer is connected to the pipe through pressure taps located 3 in. on either side of the device. The gage fluid in the manom- ‘eter has a specific weight of 112 Ib/ft’. Determine the differential reading of the manometer corre sponding to a pressure drop between the taps of 0.5 Ibin2. Let p and p be pressures at pressure taps. Write manometer eguetion between fp, and p,. Thus, Fr Bb eed Hk -~ HR oR so That e/a. (05 iH.) 40 ie ) fz Ut - Tazo fa Bee bape, = 145 ft2.34 — Small differences in gas pressures are commonly measured with a micromanometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P2.34. This device con- sists of two large reservoirs each having a cross- sectional area, A,, which are filled with a liquid having a specific weight, y,, and connected by a U-tube of cross-sectional area, A,, containing a liquid of specific weight, y. When a differential gas pressure, p, — p,, is applied a differential Teading, h, develops. It is desired to have this reading sufficiently large (so that it can be easily read) for small pressure differentials. Determine the relationship between h and p, — p; when the ae ck area ratio A,/A, is small, and show that the dif- ferential reading, h, can be magnified by making the difference in specific weights, }, — },, small. Assume that initially (with p, = p,) the fluid levels in the two reservoirs are equal. va inthal level initial heel for gage Hurd When a di fberenbal pressure, P-f,, ts applied we assume the level tin leth veservoir reps by 4 distance, Ah, ana right fevel rises by Ah. Thus, The ‘nanometer eguation becomes Br 8 (her h-64) -Y¥ 2-3 (8 rhhyet h-4= GA-44d+ yeah) a) Since the Nguids 'n The rnanemeter are incompressible, ota, = 2a or 24h. Ae a r and tf 4 Vs small Then abh co and Jast term in Eg.) Can be heglectea. Thus, #-#= (B-%)4 er Je: Bn--A yk) ee Eat 1 and lane voles of h can be cbtaneH for smell pressure differentials jf %-& ts small, 2a282.35 2.35 _ The cyclindrical tank with hemispherical ends shown in Fig. P2.35 contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The liq- til uid density is 800 kg/m’, and its vapor density is negligible. \ ‘The pressure in the vapor is 120 kPa (abs), and the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs). Determine: (a) the gage pressure read- 1m ing on the pressure gage; and (b) the height, /, of the mercury 7, Liguie mons en pte 8 8 AS eee | \Mercury M@FIGURE P2356 G@ Let Ys opub of liguia = (Goo 29, \(qgim)= 1850, and Tal GGoge) = 12OKP, (abs) ~ 101-RR (ats) = 19 AR Thus, Tese® Bane Cm) = lax + (7850%,) (1m) $226 Toe Be (b) $.. Case) + % (ral) - YG, (kh) =o lexi + (7850 23 )lim)- (issxw'¥l, (4) =0 = 0.202 m 2242.36 sG=0.90 ri 2.36 Determine the elevation difference, Ah, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown in Fig. P2.36. ay -* + ® FIGURE P2,36 a not + (56) G, Cot) + Ye 0.4m) Pzfhezo Adz C.4m ~ (69) C0.4m) = Since 2.37 2.37 For the configuration shown in Fig. P2.37 what must be the value of the specific weight of the unknown fluid? Express your an- swer in Ib/fe, FIGURE P2.37 let ¥ be specitii weight of unknown Lluid. Then, Yo [Sea a aoe ¥,,[ “#2)4]=0 oa. ( ~Cef-aay]in re ee SS (ons BY att) = $a. 0. 040m + Uy (ah)=p A-30[eae] 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is at- tached to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as, shown in Fig. P2.32. A mercury barometer lo- cated inside the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the outside water pressure indicates a differential reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated. Based on these data what is the atmospheric pressure at the ocean surface? FIGURE P2.3 let: Pp ~ absolute air pressure inside shell = hig (0.765 ) by & surtace atmosphere pressure Sour ~ specific weight of seaunter Thas, menemeter eguation con be written as B:,, + x (tom) + de (a, 360m) — Sug (0,736 m) -B Jo That Bog? z- t, (10,36 m) + ng (0.7351) ua (133 28 )(0,7066m) ~ (0.1 24 ) (10.26m) + (133 ae) y 749 AR 2-3!EE *2.3% — Both ends of the U-tube mercury ma- nometer of Fig. P23? are initially open to the atmosphere and under standard atmospheric pressure. When the valve at the top of the right leg is open the level of mercury below the valve is h,. After the valve is closed, air pressure is applied to the left leg. Determine the relationship between the differential reading on the manom- eter and the applied gage pressure, p,. Show on = Mercury a plot how the differential reading varies with p, \ for h, = 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm over the range 0 = p, = 300 kPa. Assume that the temperature of the trapped air remains constant. FIGURE P2.39 With the valve closed and a pressure, f, applied, £- by ake gp or af: % i 6 ” &u, 7 where p ant P are gage pressures . for {so thermal com pression of trapped alr 2 = constant Jo Mut for constant air mass te bt where VY ts air volume, P 1s absolute pressure, and < and f vePer te inital and fiial 2 tates, respectively, Thus, tat= he hin % for ate trapped in right leq ps R(Aree of be) 0 Thad E32) Can be written as t-te [x5 a 3) Substitute 25.2) into £g.U) fo obtain / bh= [4 fi I- (4) big A Cia ( (con't) 2-322.39 (con't ) Equation (+) Can be expressed in the forrm = Fy t Rb Cah)" (ahs ‘ee fhen) a and the roots of This fuadratic eguation ave - 4+ tidn Ahs (£.¢ aR): (hy + A + 4& =0 : # hg hig To evaluate AR the negative Sign 1s used since Sh=0 for R=. Tabulated values of S4 for various values of are given Wh the Following table “or different values of Hy, (with By aloe bn ana Sy = 133 AN /m?) A plot of me data fs Jlows. hi patm = -Yhg Py Ah(hy = 0) Ah(h=0.026) Ah(h=0.05) h(n=0.075) Ah(h=0.1) (m) (kPa) (kN/m3) (kPa) (m) (m) (m) (m (m) 0.025 401 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 101 133 30 0 0.0110 0.0212 0.0306 0.0304 0.075 = 401 133 60 ° 0.0182 = 0.0354 = 0.0517 0.0672 04 101 133 90 0 0.0231 0.0454 = 0.0868 =. 0874 101 133, 120 0 0.0268 = 0.0528 0.0781 0.1026 101 133 150 ° 0.0296 0.0585 0.0867 0.1143 101 133 180 0 0.0318 = 0.0630 0.0936 0.1236 101 133 210 0 0.0335 0.0666. «0.0991 0.1312 101 133 240 0 0.0350 0.0896 = 0.1037 0.1374 101 133 270 0 0.0362 0.0721 0.1075 0.1426 101 133 300 0 0.0372 0.0742 0.1108 0.4470 0.16 ] h,=0.10 0.14 | 0.12 ——~ j h,= 0.075 | | 04 — E é L——| 0.08 hy= 0.050 0.06 + - | 0.04 hy= 0.025 0.02 + | | o | 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 360 Py, KPa 2-332.40 2.40 — The inverted U-tube manometer of Fig. 2.40 contains oil (SG = 0.9) and water as : shown. The pressure differential between pipes A and B, py — pp, is —5 kPa. Determine the ? £9.02) simplifies te L2- Cati.3))4 + A (im) =0 se that (using me Guadratie formula) Lae (arnat) + a4 wurd+ 128 I Since for d= 0, L=o, te negative sign should be Used dna = G+ual) -V +18bd +128 i Zz Tabulated date witn the Corresponding Plot are Shown on the fo/lowmg Page. (ont) 2-42+248 C Con't D Depth, d(m) Water rise, «, (m) 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.007 0.200 0.016 0.300 0.024 0.400 0.033 0.500 0.041 0.600 0.049 0.700 0.057 0.800 0.065 0.900 0.073 1,000 0.080 0.080 CA 0.070 - — 0.060 +— . E 0.050 - = | 2 0.040 - 5 & 0.030 — —| Ss x 0.020 }+— - 0.010 - 0.000 - | 0.000 0.200 0400 0600 0.800 1.000 Depth, d (m) 2-4342.50 2,50 A Bourdon gage (see Fig. 2.13 and Video V2.3) is often used to measure pressure. One way to calibrate this type of gage is to use the arangemeni shown in Fig. P2.50a. The container is filled with a liquid and a weight, W, placed on one Bourdon Gage side with the gage on the other side. The weight acting on the g liquid through a 0.4-in.-diameter opening creates a pressure that is transmitted to the gage. This arrangement, with a series of / weights, can be used to determine what a change in the dial- | (ie movement, 6, in Fig. P2.S50b. corresponds to in terms of a \ change in pressure. For a particular gage, some data are given below. Based on a plot of these data, determine the relationship between 6 and the pressure, p, where p is measured in psi? ww eiguRe 2,50 "W (ib) 6 es QW DW Cis) 5 = 776A Area FE (o¢ in)? 6 Ge) (where p ts in pst) Frem graph WW = 0.0522 8 So tut from £3.) Pb (psc) 7.96 Dl ps) = 044 © 0.05226 u ana Theta, deg. W, Ib 0 0.00 20 1.04 40 2.00 60 3.23 80 4.05 400 5.24 120 6.31 0 50 100 150 L Theta, degrees Cia:2.51 Ww (3) (4) 2.51 You partially fill a glass with water, place an index card ‘on top of the glass, and then turn the glass upside down while holding the card in place. You can then remove your hand from the card and the card remains in place, holding the water in the glass. Explain how this works. In order +o hold the index card in place when the glassis inverted, the pressure at the card-water os interlace, p,, must be ~,4-W, where Ais the upright area of the glass opening and Wis the card weight. Thus, f, =-W/A. Hence, 27% -8h, or Pr =~ WA-th (gage). Since the amount of air in the glass remains the same when if is inverted, GAN = GAH, , where u and ¢ subscripts an |. refer to the upright and inverted conditions. Thus, . inverted A= & H, But p=eRT so that ob “eae = t provided the temperature remains constant ‘7; = Tu . Note? Since we are using the pertect gas law the pressures myst be absolvie— = flaky , fs = fra<-W/A-Uh + fatm Hence, from Eqs. (1) and (2) of. faim . Dey Hh, (Fam=W/A th ) Ha That is, when the glass is inverted the column of air inside expans slightly, casing asmall gap of size AH between the lip is the glase and the index card. From Eq.(3) this AX is = (——#sin__) ,_-y <(__WA+th__) ( fat -WA - dh He Mu Paim -W/A ~ ial Hy Tf this gap is “large engh" the water world tlow out of the glass and ain into if Tf it is’small enovgh;'surtace tension will allow the slight pressure difference across the air-water jntertace Ci,e., p,=-W/A) needed to prevent flow and thus keep the index card in place. Recall from Egvation (1:21) in Section 1.9 AH= H;- My (con't) gan2.5!" | (con't) that the pressure diffenence across an interface is proportional to the surface tension of the liquid, 0, and the rativs of curvature, ‘R, of the infertace. That is, p,~ T/R Thus, for small enoigh gap, 24, which giles a small enoigh interface radius of corvafure, #, sortace tension is large enrugh to keep the water from Flowing and the index card remains in place. Consider come typical numbers to obtain an approximation of the gap prodvced. Assume N= in. =0.25H, He 2in,= 0.1874, fyly =/E7 psig, and W/A < we can sum moments about © +e locate vesultint te obtain Fresulaet (4) © Fare (lm) t Fey (Im 0, sett) 30 Tat (aeom xin )(im) + (10.5 x1o°N)(0. 404m) oe 639x107 N = 0.990 mm above betom of conduit 252n57 (3) () QQ 2.57 Forms used to make a concrete basement wall are shown in F, ff itt Fig. P2.57. Each 4-ft-long ferm is held together by four ties—two atthe top and two at the bottom as indicated. Determine the tension in the upper and lower ties, Assume concrete acts as a fluid with hest a weight of 150 Ib/ft’ peers 4 fat | © iz cs £ Ara Conerete Jr i ie Form —4 +> Zz f | helt x ° width = 4H ity es 2 MFIGURE P2.57 ER=0, o Fth=k and AM,=0, or AL th & “Ah, where Fy =peA=oh.A Thos, Faz 15048 (54) (0H +H) = 30 000 Ib Also, Dp = 104 - Yr = Jot -y. - (pry) = lot he - = Jot 5 tt — ZAMUONE lof SH ee rot =StH-/37H Jxe %A or 4g = 3.33 Ft Thos, from Eg. (2): (9 HE, + (14) FE, = (3.33 tH) (30, 00018) = 99,900 H-b or FF, tf = 99,900 From Fo.(1), F, +x = 39000 |b or F, =34000- F, Thus, from £4.03), GF, +30,000-F =99 900 or F,= 8740/6 so that F, = 30, 000/b -§ 740/h =2) 26082.58 2.58 A structure is attached to the ocean floor as shown in Fig. ‘2.58. A 2-m-diameter hatch is located in an inclined wall and hinged on one edge. Determine the minimum air pressure, p,, within the container to open the hatch. Neglect the weight of the hatch and friction in the hinge. = FIGURE P2.58 Fe AA where A= Mom + 4 (2m) 31030" atts = /0,5an ye Thus, Re Co] we, io 5m \(E)l20n)” fA = 533x0°V To locate Fr, Yee 7 +4. where 9,5 Be. inn 2 Bee So thet Ir (EXim)* + Zam = Al.olzmm (2lam Yaron) > For eguilibriom, : = M,=0 go that Ky (2h0l20n — 20m) = BAM om)* Cam) pe 3,33x0° N)(1.012m) Th Fe T (tan)* (lan) LOTR Fa2.59 2.59 A long, vertical wall separates seawater from freshwater. If the seawater stands at a depth of 7 m, what depth of freshwater is required to give a zero resultant force on the wall? When the resultant force is zero will the moment due to the fluid forces be zero? Explain. Rr a are resultead force Frs = Feg a i Tele As* yA, A, A Thus, for 4 unit length of wall | Fes [P| a ( t0.t 2%) (LEY (tor xm) = (9.80%)( io 4= ‘Tim phe ane = ® ¥ In ovder for moment to be a0, Fog and Feg must be collinear, For Fes: y : Exe . - lim) (tm)? RA we (Lm) (4 ian) ttm = bm Sirol ae (oy ora leg e Thus, the distunee te Fes trom the bottom (point 0) us Tm- Yl72am = 2:33am. For Foy this distance 1s af Lim) (1.1m) (Zt) (7100 1m) + EM mm = fT ae Ziim=4elem = 237m. The serees are not tollnear. No.2.60 -y-7-2---- 2.60 A pump supplies water under pressure to a large tank as shown in Fig. P2.60. The circtlar-plate valve fitted in the short ts discharge pipe on the tank pivots about its diameter A-A and is held shut against the water pressure by a latch at B. Show that the force on the latch is independent of the supply pressure, p, and the Pressure P height of the tank, h. | as Oi o ApaR 4 5 M@ FIGURE P2.60 if the gate is the same as i A ela LGe tor ln fank with a depth of " o ptth as shown in the figure. SM 20, or }. i yeu "8 Om %) Fe =RFe ele where Fhe fA = Sh (MR*) = (pt¥h) (WR?) and L awR* a 2 oe MGA (Bethy a ~ CRAY e Thus, from Eqs. (1) and (2) 2 Br) A =k F Fao The ke aan PHM TR) or Fg = YER? which is independent of both p and h. ‘Supply Xo 2-S5weighing 800 Ib is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in Fig. P2.6! Water acts against the gate which is hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable. ‘A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate B= YAA where hoz (GE) sih bo? Thus, k= 2.48, )(E Novibe' tex +f) = 38904 % locate Fr, Ip et LB where 4,2 3ft aA rr cs of GANLAY R BFE the) For eguili briam, 2M, =0 d T (aft \binbo}) = 4 (et) tosbot) + Fe (244) qa, ealb Mite Mins bat)» 800 1) (2.60) ~ (8 Ft) (sin b0*) = 1350 |b + 2f4 = 46 Ft an2.63 An area in the form of an isosceles tri- angle with a base width of 6 ft and an altitude of 8 ft lies in the plane forming one wall of a tank which contains a liquid having a specific weight | of 79.8 Ib/ft’. The side slopes upward making an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The base of the triangle is horizontal and the vertex is above the base. Determine the resultant force the fluid ex- erts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above the base of the triangular area. Show, with the aid of a sketch, where the center of pressure is located. Yes ae An = 40,43 ft a = Y, sin bo® Pressure 204A = (708 tale 1a 4) neo} (4)(o 0844) = 33,900 Ib eee 44 . GAH (a0,434t)(4)(6 fext#) + fe where Dy, = Ea (felon) Thys , t+ doy¥3 ft = Job Ft The force, A, acts Through The center of pressure which is located a distance of ae ft - 20,6 FE = hug ft Suh bo? a above The base of the triamle es Shown sn shetch, Za)2.64 2.64 Solve Problen 2.63if the isosceles triangle is replaced with a right triangle having the same base width and altitude as the isosceles triangle, center of Pressure (see solution fo Probleng 2.63) Rk ~ Lege *R* yoy 7 He (24, 2,26) Where a A Luye = (Aes es) = 32 £¢* (see Fig. aled) Gnd Yo= 40.43 fk [see solution ty Problem 2.63) Thus, ~R 22 ft" : * Gow rellenen) ~ 2 = 207Fe The force fe, acts Through The center of pressure with Ceordinakes x,: 2,07 ft and 9/2 3.49 ft (see sketch),2.65 2.65 A vertical plane area having the shape shown in Fig. P2.65is immersed in an oil bath (specific weight = 8.75 KN/m'). Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on one side of the area as a result of the oil. FIGURE P2.65 Break aren into two parts as shown tn figure. For area /* 6,2 eh A, (e.15 &Y( 42 Vem 24m) = 290 4H For area & Fags hex As = (3.95%, )( 4 )(£) (4m 44m) = 933-4N Thus, Faz, t Fy AoA + 1234 = 393 4N 2-542.66 | 2.66 A 3-m-wide, &-m-high rectangular gate is located at the end of a rectangular passage that is connected to a large open tank filled with water as shown in Fig, P2.66. The gate is hhinged at its bottom and held closed by a horizontal force, Fi, located at the center of the gate, The maximum value for Fyyis 3500 KN. (a) Determine the maximum water depth, h, above the center of the gate that can exist without the gate opening. (b) Is the answer the same if the gate is hinged at the top? Explain your answer. Lam) = ana trom li) so that i= 16.2 m (con é ) HB FIGURE P2.66 Sr gate hinged at bottorn moet ZMy =o | So That i Ye he4e Hm) Fy = L Fe (sec figure) 1) | L ana Faz aha = (420% )(4) (Sm x¥m) i Fre Ps YR = (9.90 x24 A) AN Pag are Hr = tee ot lam Yom)? ® tes Zee ny . nti! , 4 elites ee Beri) aie: = 533 44 Thus, dag - Erk) = 4-5 4m) (35004N) = (4- £:33)(4.30 x 24)(h) 44 2-60(Cent) For gate hinged at top My =0 so that Am) Fy a L, Fe (see Ligjare) a) where Ly 4p- Gi-4) = (233 4) ~ (Aa) = 535 +4 bn Thus, From Ey.) Ae Yo Ch) (Hom ) (3500-48) = ($3 +4)(9.90%24)) 2N and A=/3.5 0m Maximum depth for gate Aingea at top 13 less Than tmaximam depth Rr gate hingea at dottom, 2-612.67 2.67 A gate having the cross section shown - P2.67 closes an opening 5 ft wide and 4 ft water reservoir. The gate weighs 500 Ib and its center of gravity is 1 ft to the left of AC and 2 ft above BC. Determine the horizontal re- Hines action that is developed on the gate at C. an Gate tfc hand A FIGURE P2.67 Ra¥R A, where fer = 8fberge 9 SSS 7 Thus, Pal iy Fxlez4 2, ett ste x 5H) os Ste = 15,600 Ib To locate Fy, - Dxe 4% A” Ser where Y,, = a 42st =125f4 e So That : y= BEEAMERY yas ft = 12.07 ft 4 (a sttNettx Sft) Also, Fa A, where =, (etervse) so tat ie B= Ng, (2A)(A) + G24 By Viz te) (3 Rash) = I, a3o Ib Bor equilibrium, ZM,=0 and Cy, - S ) + wt) - RG) - Ree) 0 Tak : 4 Bias om 67 ft- te) + (s00 b) lift) -f ~tyate WEF) Gah +f 2-626B 2.68 The massless, 4-ft-wide gate shown in Fig. P2.68 piv- ots about the frictionless hinge O. Itis held in place by the 2000 Ib counterweight, W. Determine the water depth, h. Ree YA where hy Thus, 5 Als Ae bh 4) Bh locate Fr, Due = Sa faa a, = 2 3 By eguh brim, = M, =2 5 d = W(sfb) Where so that } _ (2000 lb )(3#4) Fh, VEG) Thas, ve (3200 Ib )(3Ft) * (GE, YEA) f= 5248 d= 4-Ip= h i Water12.69 *2.69 A 200-Ib homogeneous gate of 10-ft. width and 5-ft length is hinged at point A and held in place by a 12-ft-long brace as shown in Fig. P2.69. As the bottom of the brace is moved to the right, the water level remains at the top of the gate. The line of action of the force that the brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. (a) Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the gate by the brace as a function of the angle of the gate, 0, for 0 = 8 = 90°. (b) Repeat the calculations for the case in which the weight of the gate is negligible. Comment on the results as 050. 2) For the tree- body - diagram of the gate (see figure), Zhi=0 So that RUF) + WIE cose) = (ty cos d)(Lsie) + [Fy si04)(Deasa) ty Also, LsthO =L sin $ Cassumiig hinge and end of brace at sume elevation ) a Sih p= 4 sh O gna Be yhA~ v (FSP) (Qu) where ur ss the gate width, Thus, ©%.0) can be wri Hey as 3 VE Ysin8) wo + WA cose = FL (cosh sinO + sri f cose) so That 2 ae pe (LE sine + Y cos . (C22) tne + ¥ | B 2) | cosd sinO + sing cose Cosh tan 6 + Sing For Y= 024 blr, L=5tt, w= loft, and W = 200/b, | # | &: (624 $s NSH) of jong , 2224 i cog tanO +sin hb cos tenb + ang? (con't) a 2-6FP2.69 (Con't ) Since sing = sin@ and ¢= Sf, La 2f 4 oD he sing = F se and for 4 gwin &, g Cn be determined. Thus, Eg.() Cun be used determine Fy fr 4 given 8. (6) For W=0, £.(3) reduces to KR = 2600 tm 14) Cos$ tine + sing ana Egl4) can be used +o determine Fz hr gwen @ Tabuylated data ef Fyvs.6 fr Lh W=200]) 4nd Wo lb are given below. 8, deg Fe, Ib (W=200 Ib) Fo, Ib (W = 0 Ib) 90.0 2843 2843 85.0 2745 2736 80.0 2651 2633 75.0 2563 2536 70.0 2480 2445 65.0 2403 2360 60.0 2332 2282 55.0 2269 2210 50.0 2213 2144 45.0 2165 2085 40.0 2125 2032 35.0 2094 1985 30.0 2075 1945 25.0 2069 1911 20.0 2083 1884 15.0 2130 1863 10.0 2250 1847 5.0 2646 1838 2.0 3858 1836 A plot of the date js given on The following page. (Lon z) 2-652.69 Cton't ) 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90 Theta, deg (b) (cond? As 8-0 te value of Fe cay be determned from Eg, 2600 tan® 0 Ges} tenO sing Since Sing = F sind it plows tant cos p= Vi~ sir = V/- (E)3inb and There pre = ei 2600 cs : os Wi- (8 )*s°8 tnd + 2 sno h- EYon +5 6 Thus, as 6-90 2600 i" Us A ~ ee = LPH Phqsicall y This. resulé means Tut for 6% 0, the value of Fe 'S thdeterminate, but fr any "very small” yolye of 8% will &pproach 1940 Ib.2.70 An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side contains gasoline with a density p = 700 kg/m’ at a depth of 4 m, as shown in Fig. P2.70.A rectangular gate that is 4m high and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition. Water is slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what depth, h, will the gate start to open? _-Pattition H FIGURE P2.70 Fag = % te, Ay / tea Where 4 tefers to gasoline. A fr," (Too As, )(4.5) 2) (2mm) (mx 2m) 1, = lox N = loRN Feu. = Un Fen Ave where wt refers to water. 4 3N\(h Fee (4.80% 10 “)(4) (2m xh) where h is depth of water. 3) p2 Ft (9.80 x10 A Por equilibrium F 2M, =o. so that ‘A, 4 Fe bw © Fay bs wit Ds J ana Ly = 5m Thus, (4.80% W)C CZ) = Gio niorw) CE m) and Which is the imiting Value for h. 2-672.71 2.71 A 4-ft by 3-f massless rectangular gate is used to close the end of the water tank shown in Fig. P2.71, A 200 Ib weight attached to the arm of the gate at a distance £ from the friction. less hinge is just sufficient to keep the gate closed when the water depth is 2 ft, that is, when the water fills the semicircular lower portion of the tank, If the water were deeper the gate would open. Determine the distance €. ots a ging wh 20016 — MFIGURE P27) If { Fat thA where hz 28 (sae Fg. 2.18) Thus, Fae eS ( eae) =has tie) Ge) = 333 IL Tea locate Fe wy a > = Lxe dR” Gea ft = o.tont FR (see Fig. 2:19) M2 (ee Ye (8) (ne) 30 7 BGO) tose) (2F4)" 4 GH ite se (LEP) cae GH) Tes 377 ' Por eguilrbrium , UTMy=o So that Jol = Fy (1 + Ye) Ona (333 tb) (i e+ biweft) ~ 3.13 ft Zoo |b 2-68Zune: Z a a = 2.72 A rectangular gate that is 2 m wide is wore located in the vertical wall of a tank containing so Y water as shown in Fig. P2.72. Itis desired to have Y Ye Ye the gate open automatically when the depth of + ~ water above the top of the gate reaches 10 m. (a) T ae At what distance, d, should the frictionless hor- be pa izontal shaft be located? (b) What is the magni- E tude of the force on the gate when it opens? 4 FIGURE P2.72, (4) Ms depth increases the corter of pressure rmoves toward the centroid of the gate. Lf we lecate hinge at Ye when depth =lomed , the gate will open automatically for any further increase in depth. Since, a ae ie a (dm) Cm)? ia 12. a a tC aman) A = len then d= Y_~lOm = Fallon - 10m = ih) For the depth shown, B= Y4A = (9.80 48 Vii2.0m) (am x 4m) = 74) RN 2-69nie 2.73 A thin 4-ft-wide, right-angle gate with negligible mass is free to pivot about a frictionless hinge at point O, as shown in Fig. P273. The horizontal portion of the gate covers a 1-ft- diameter drain pipe which contains air at atmospheric pressure. Determine the minimum water depth, h, at which the gate will pivot to allow water to flow into the pipe. @ FIGURE P2.732 For eguili briam > M, = ae Fr, «hehe xf, a) ss Fe, V & ye ie Fea rhe A, ; I = (62.4 BS) (464 xh) a = /25h° for the force on the horizontal portion of the gake (whch 1s balanced by pressure on both sides except for the area of the pipe) Fees YA(E)i#)? = baw Baya) = 49.0h t Thus, Frem 29.0) witn if, = and L,73£8 C2s4?A) = 4.04) (348) h= LEgte2.74% 2.74 An open rectangular tank is 2 m wide and 4 m long. The tank contains water to a depth of 2 mand oil (SG = 0.8) on top of the water to a depth of | m. Determine the magnitude and location of the resultant fluid force acting on one end of the tank. Use the concept of The pressure el prison (see Ligure), f Far= 4, A Stn 50 That Fr, = (0,8) (4.01 24) 2 iarc2m) = 7.85 4” Let ur~ bith = 2am Fra® BAL where p is pressure of depth 4, . Thus, Frege (%iy 4,) Ugur) =(0,8)(4, BY Vie) am dion) = 314 AN Mse, fas> G0 te A; so Tht Fat Pg (BWA. 4) = (9.408% V2 (am xd) = 39.2 by wa 4 far t Fin +Feg = TBGEN + SLOAN + 342 2H = TBSAN To locate fz sum moments around atis through 0, se thet Fa = Fe 1 + Fanta + Fey ds ” Where de ts distance ty Fa. Since Fai) Far and Fay act Through the Centrojds of Their respective pressure prisms it fellows That y= FZ lim) y= tm t Im 22m) dg = bw +3 (2m) ann trom &40 (7. t5 49 NZ) im) +31. ¥AN (Rm) + (34.24w)(1m+ 4) eee 7eoRN = 2.03 am (below oil free surface ) ee 2=7t[*Z.75 | (Cont) *2.7S — Anopen rectangular settling tank contains a liquid 2.0 12.3 Suspension thatat a given time hasa specific weight that varies 24 127 approximately with depth according to the following data: 28 12.9 32 13.0 EE Ale ai i) ¥(kNim) eS ee enna 0 10.0 04 10.1 The depth hk = 0 corresponds to the free surface. By means 08 10.2 of numerical integration, determine the magnitude and lo- aD 10.6 cation of the resultant force that the liquid suspension ex- 16 3 erts on a vertical wall of the tank that is 6 m wide. The depth of fluid in the tank is 3.6 m, The magnitude of the Suid lorce yy : f Con be found by summing The ay bberokiy becerzarezzza forces acttig on The herigiatl strip shoun | TO% i “4 The fryure. Thus, E 4 w tz = [dz = of dh ) Rk f z if @ kK | 6 GC & where p is the pressure at dept 4, To fd p we use Gp. 24 qnd with dez-adh 4 pa): [vad (2) ssi can be lateg rated numerecally using The ae! : : a apegordal rule, ce, Ts Zz ae \%,7 %2) | Where Gn x, xn 4 and nz number of dade pouty The pressure Astribuben 1s given below, hm >, KN/m*3._ Pressure, kPa 0 0 10.0 04 10.1 4.02 08 10.2 8.08 fi) 10.6 12.24 16 11.3 16.62 20 12.3 21.34 24 127 26.34 28 129 31.46 32 13.0 36.64 36 13.4 41.86 (cont? 2-72"275 | Ceon't ) Eguation 1) Can now be integrated numer: clly using the Frapegoidal rule with Yup and xo 4 a The apprexjmate Value of The” wrtegral is 7hOT = Thus, wits # [pea = 7/07 &¥ 2 om B= (bm) (71.07 4) = 426 &N To locate fe Sum moments about axis formed by intersectioy of Vertical Wall and Had surface, Thus, H E4#,= b fe pak (3) The integrand, hp) Can now be determined ana Is tabulated below. h,m Pressure, kPa_h *p, KNim 0 0 0.00 04 4.02 1.61 08 8.08 6.46 1.2 12.24 14.69 16 16.62 26.59 20 21.34 42.68 24 26.34 63.22 28 31.46 88.09 3.2 36.64 117.25 36 41.86 150.70 Egaation 13) can now be integrated numerically using Tne trapegoidal rule with gw hp ana ¥x h, The appresimate Value of me integral ts 17% 4 AN. 7 4 Thas, vita [dpet ey } it tolows trom 2g, (3) thet A Z: + S tp ah - Gm Vlirey hy) | Pr R Fe 426 £9 il The vesultant force acts 246m below fluid surkace.276 2.76 — The closed vessel of Fig. P2.76 contains water with an air pressure of 10 psi at the water surface. One side of the vessel contains a spout that is closed by a 6-in.-diameter circular gate that is hinged along one side as illustrated. The hor- izontal axis of the hinge is located 10 ft below the Piel aeene water surface. Determine the minimum torque 3 that must be applied at the hinge to hold the gate ay shut. Neglect the weight of the gate and friction at the hinge. let F~ force due to atv ¥,(4)(2)(t) = 40x. 2 Re (She Ar) g fi 5 ne CARY: ER, 4 & w= 3 Dera lesra) Ta determine Ys consider the pressure distribuhoa on the bottom : = Fre hyd A PERLE Summing moments about A, 4,7 (4) + & (39) (con't) 2-76"2.78 Ceon't) se tnt y,< Fee) + Fe ($0) = Fala)+ Flos 5 Where BeAr k. Substitution of expressions for FL and Fe yields , Ari 2 we ete Rhrhy Por egur librium of the dam, ZMy=0, so thet &4,-WGt)- FY +B 4, <0 a and with ¥= 62.4 UW/fe?, x= 150 Ihffe>, and Reloft, Then: Ge 3/.2h? We bo00L Ae size 4, = lols SHB 2 “sine Re 312 (Lio) 2 4,7 £ Bt Gh) (2ke) 2 heh; Ih +10) Substitution of these expressions sito EZ.) yields, (512 NAY ~ (coos) (38) ~ (228,)(2he) z [31.2 (Ar) A] Ghew)d) 2, 3(A +10) Yhich can be simplified to BLL? + 20982 ~ 3996 07- 10,400 6 ez) SiO Thus, for a given ae @ can be determined trom the condition +tynB=80/2, and E9.(2) solved fey h. For the dam widths specified, The maximum water depths ave givin below. Note That for The +wo largest dam widths The water would overflow The dim betore it would topple. Dam width, €, ft Maximum depth, h, ft 20 48.2 30 61.1 40 18 50 81.1 60 89.1 2-772.79 2.79 (See Fluids in the News article titled “The Three Gorges Dam,” Section 2.8.) (a) Determine the horizontal hydrostatic force on the 2309-m-long Three Gorges Dam when the average depth of the water against itis 175m. (b) If all of the 6.4 billion people on Earth were to push horizortally against the Three Gorges Dam, could they generate enough force to hold it in place? Support your answer with appropriate calculations, (a Ra eh A= (4:20 x10", )( 22 )(insm 2, 304m) = 3M = = APL )MZ )C1.155en)= 4% RN 7 C40 APNE Nm) * d= 2tan30°= 1.155 om an ows ¥ [# nase 5 (2yuna] volume of tone = F (8) s ynat (te. te] 2 = (27 BY y(n) (155m) (Fm) = 754 kw Thus, Fos 47 AN + 15 4kAN = SIT AN and the force on The cone has a magnitude of MITKN and 13 directed vertically downward aleng The Cone exis.2.3% a) (2) (2) A (s) (6) (7) 2.88 The homogeneous gate shown in Fig. P2.88 consists of one quarter of a circular cylinder and is used to maintain a water depth of 4 m. That is, when the water depth exceeds 4 m, the gate opens slightly and lets the water flow under it, Determine the weight of the gate per meter of length. Consider the free body diagram: of the gate and a portion of the water asshown. gate Mp =0 ) or LaW+2,W, - Ft, - Fhy,=9, where Fy =A, A = 98x10" (A bsm)(Im)(Im) 2 343kNV since for the Vertical side, he =4m- 25m = 3.5m Also, Fy 2Uthh = 2.810" gs em) (Imm) = 39.2 kW Also W, a OCUmP - ¥(Zdm)*) (1m) = 280 F ~ 2] m= 2.10 kV Now, Hs =0.5m and = Te _ i (/m)(Im) 2, = 0.5m +(Ye-Y.)= 0.5m + ga 705m + 7 ad =0.524m and La = 1m- #8 =/- telm) =0,57%m To determine £,, consider a unit sqyare that consits of @ guarler cicle and the remalnder as shown inthe figure. The centroids of areas @ and © areas indicated. Thus, (0.5 - £)A, = (0.5-L)f, (con't) 2-872.88 |(con't) so that with A, = Bu" = z and Ay2l -# Mis gives (0.5~ SE =(0.5-4)(I-2) or (8) f= 0,223 m Hence, by combining Eqs (1) throvgh (8): (0.876m)W +(0,223m) (2.10 kW) — (34.3kN) (0.524m) - (39.2 kN) (0.5m) =O on W= 644kN 2-888.89 2.84 The concrete (specific weight = 150 lb/ft) seawall of Fig. P2.84 has a curved surface and restrains seawater at a depth of 24 ft. The trace of the surface is a parabola as illustrated. Determine the moment of the fluid force (per unit length) with respect to an axis through the toe (point A). Seawater | = 0232 —— FIGURE P2.89 The components of the fluid force acting on The well are & and Was shown on the Figure where B= Uh A = (enon, (AE* ante eice) = 19, 4oob and 9,7 t4f8 2 Pre Alse, West Te determne % tind area 86D. Thus, (see Aigure te rignt) Xo “6 2 As [cas-4) dx = [ (4-0.qx ) dx 2 F ° %, = Vize xo = [24x - 08% i C pote: AU lengths 14 £6) and with 47 Vizag» A= 175 fA* 50 thet Hs Axltt = ize A Thus. ay = (e40 Bs )(i75 #3) = 1,200 Ib Te locate centro of A+ a in % . 2 4 xA = [ean = | (4-4) x dx » [Gtx 20 ddx = (iy 5 iB 2 CL dedi te eee ae = 4 Is Thus, My = Fy, ~ W (Us- %) (18, 400 Ib (2-4) ~ (1h, 200 b (1 Ft -4n Ft) = 25 200 lb) 2-842.90 2.90 — Acylindrical tank with its axis horizontal has a diameter of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A ver- tical, 0.1-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of the tank. Determine the resultant force of the alcohol on one end of the tank and show where it acts. z—- L Centroid Fe = rh, A Lom | where 4g= Smt hom = 25m Fie So That ; corer of pressure Fe * C7484 )(2.50)(F)(2.0m)*= 60.8 4N Also, ~ Lee = owe ke G4 * % Where 4,24¢ so Thel 7 Can )* = Ft Tm = 2.bom (350m \#) (tm)? Thus, the resultant force has a magnitude of 60. 8AN Gnd acts at a distance of oY, = Abom~ 250m = 2.100m below center ef tank end wall.2.41 2.41 If the tank ends in Problem 2.90 are hemispherical, what is the magnitude of the re- sultant horizontal force of the alcohol on one of the curved ends? For eguilibriam , Fe = Fal] (see figure) = 608AN Gince solution fr horiyonte| force the same as for Problem 2.40). 2-91TA 2.92 An open tank containing water has a bulge in its vertical Side that is semicircular in shape as shown in Fig, P2.92.,Deter- mine the horizontal and vertical components of the force that the water exerts on the bulge. Base your analysis on a I-ft length of the bulge. MFIGURE p2q2 Fi, horgontal force of wall on Fluid By vertical force of wall on Plaid i fu Paul. h: Yio Yor fr = (624 fh)( OR") (1 #4) = 992 Ib Fe VbA = (oxy By )(b ee 13%) (bfe«i te) = 3370 1b For equilibrium, Fy =Ww = 982 lb ana F,2F = 3370lb< H 1 The force the water exerts on the bulge is egual +) buk opposite ti direction to Fy, and Fy above. Thus, (B.),., = 3370lb —> it ea [eee (Fdwan = 832% 4 2-92.2.93 A closed tank is filled with water and has a 4-ft- diameter hemispherical dome as shown in Fig. P2.92 A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank. Determine the vertical 4-it diameter force of the water on the dome if the differential manometer “25S reading is 7 ft and the air pressure at the upper end of the ma- @ nometer is 12.6 psi 1 at 4 Water P2.q3 Por egu librium, F, 2 Frerkéal =? ( so that A f= pA- Ww I a) where Fy WS the force the dome exerts on The Llyid . ome Kxerms on Me tlytd and pis the water Pressure at The hase ef The dome, From The manometer, ht %, (7H) -%,, A) = 6 Jo That - lb in las, ori) + a\innp,)6 8) es, )oa = 2580 By Thus, from £3.) with volume of sphere = T Grameber 3 by 2 Foz (2x10 4. Tony” — 4 [8 640") (ny ,) 35100 lb u The orce thet the vertical force that the water exerts on The dome /s 365 100lb b . 2-4932.g 2.9% A 3-m-diameter open cylindrical tank contains water and has a hemispherical bottom as shown in Fig. P2.94 Determine the magni- tude, line of action, and direction of the force of the water on the curved bottom. I H FIGURE P2.94 Force = weight of water supported by hemispherical beltow 4 Yellen of cylinder )- (volume of hemisphere) | 2.908% (¥ (3mm) Gm) = (sm)] " 485 &N The force is divectect vertically downward , nd due to symmetry it acta on the hemisphere along The Vertical axis of the Cylinder. 495 AN2.95 2.45 Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back water in a channel of width b as shown in Fig. P2.45. The force of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R. Determine (in terms of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates. For Case (bh) m FIGURE P2495 by Faz theA= Yh hxs) = Heb 7 Gnd Ip Bd e Thus, so That Zits + Fr 7 ne (F4)% Te £2 (ZA) 1H ) Foze (cides > ao 7 @ £4 (Se 372 "Fy 2.19) For Case (a) on free- body chagram sith ty te kl Fee aes acoves)) ane | T Ire ah be and We x Vl s = rh)” )] R [ee &) B = woh?s 16 Thus, ZMy =2 2 thet w(4- #4) + RRs) = fh TARE 4 Hh y+ HEB CEH) = | Ie Cont ) 2-952.95 Clont ) LE follows That Fy = y47b (0.390) From &¢. ahs IR, Thus Fg = LITR for case (6), tor the Free- body chegram shou, the force ty 07 ME turved section passes Through the hinge ana Therefore does not contribule tr the moment around H. On boom part of gate Fae ted = HFN Sab) = Sah a} Bey . BOM, Ie * = so Tt a ht” (Blea) 4 = 2 = Bh Thus, = My =0 So Thet ie a B(#i)= & b 2 ee - 2 or 6, (ames) = Zxvs From fq.) thth= 32, thus f= gee 28TER 2-96297. 2.97 A freshly cut log floats with one fourth of its volume pro- truding above the water surface. Determine the specific weight of the log. Vv Y = log volume CH) Fn = W or 3 Sno Vino ia Uy V ho GV Thus, P Vio " av Sry = Ono oY o 3 tb Yog = ug = OLA He) = 46,8 a 297:2.98 Ariver barge. whose cross section is ap- proximately rectangular, carries a load of grain. The barge is 28 ft wide and 90 ft long. When unloaded its draft (depth of submergence) is 5 ft, and with the load of grain the draft is 7 ft. De- termine: (a) the unloaded weight of the barge, and (b) the weight of the grain. Mm Ey eguilibridin, mas Zl erktee| =o So that Ws Ae % Gitnaned| usliome) u (62.4. ) (54 K2B£E x 4 £t) 786,000 Ib ne u re Ferdical = War Wly = Fy = 8, # (submerge volume) . Ib Wg (242, (na x2844 x 40#t) ~ 7Al, ooo lb = 315 000 |b Wy» weight of barge (unloaded ) fs Wa weight of grain2.99 2.99 A tank of cross-sectional area A is filled with a liquid of specific weight y, as shown in Fig. P2.99a, Show that when a — cylinder of specific weight y, and volume ¥ is floated in the lig- ah uid (See Fig. P2.99b), the liquid level rises by an amount : 4h = (n/n) ¥/A t H | W = weight of cylinder = 0% weicune race For equilibrium, W = weight of liquid displaced = Uh A, =%% where 4=h, Ar Thus, LY =U%, or “-$¥ However, the final volume within the tank is equal to the initial volume plus the volume, ¥4 , of the cylinder that issvbmerged. That is ) (H+ah)A = HAY2.100 2.100 When the Tucurui dam was constructed in northern Brazil, the lake that was created covered a large forest of valu- able hardwood trees. It was found that even after 15 years un- derwater the trees were perfectly preserved and underwater log- ging was started. During the logging process a tree is selected, trimmed, and anchored with ropes to prevent it from shooting to the surface like a missile when cut, Assume that a typical large tree can be approximated as a truncated cone with a base diameter of 8 ft, a top diameter of 2 ft, and a height of 100 ft. Determine the resul:ant vertical force that the ropes must resist when the completely submerged tree is cut. The specific grav- ity of the wood is approximately 0.6. For eguilibrinm , va erie [P so thet He Fad C1) For a truncated Cone, Volume = 2B (r*+ hy ++) T Where’ = base radius W~ weight = Pep radius Fa ~ buoyant force b= height Tx tension in ropes Thus, ¥ EN as (te « 1) + 0-400] tree 3 = 2200 fe For buoyant force, Fe Say x Hi =(424 (2200?) = 137,000 |b Br weght , | We hoe h = (0.6624 2,) fa2004t") = 82, Yoolh c Ee Fam &3.U) T = 137,000 /b- €2,400/h = 54 b00 |b 2-0002 2102 An inverted test tube partially filled with air floats in 2 plastic water-filled soft drink bottle as shown in Video V2.7 and Fig, P2.102.The amount of air in the tube has been adjusted 50 that it just floats. The bottle cap is securely fastened. A slight squeezing of the plastic bottle will cause the test tube to sink to the bottom of the bottle. Explain this phenomenon, Whea the test tube is Floating the weight of The tube, I, is balanced by the bueyent Are Fy, 25s shown sr The figure . The bisyent force 13 due te The displaced volume of water 43 shown. This displaced volume is due ts the air pressure, p, trapped si The tube Where pe Br, 4. When the bottle is sgueeged , The ah Pressure im The bsttle, 2 /s Inereased slightly and Phare Cup eases, PD, The pressure Compressing The air ih the "best tube, Thus, the displaced velume is deereawd with a subseguent decrease i Fy, Since W ts "Constant , a decrease Ay wild Cause The test tube t sink | Air Test tube Water Plastic bottle m FIGURE P2.102 volume isplacedl 2-10)