SUMMARY

Fibonacci Sequence
● The Fibonacci sequence is a set of numbers that starts with a one or a zero,
followed by a one, and proceeds based on the rule that each number (called a
Fibonacci number) is equal to the sum of the preceding two numbers.
● 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, … is one of the most famous number
sequences of them all.
● The mathematical equation describing it is xn = xn−1 + xn−2, where: xn is the term
number "n", xn−1 is the previous term (n−1), xn−2 is the term before that (n−2).
● The sequence is named after Fibonacci, an Italian mathematician who was also
known as Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Pisano.
● Fibonacci first noticed this sequence when he pondered the question of rabbit
breeding. After making certain assumptions he deduced a certain pattern to the
breeding of rabbits. The pattern followed the Fibonacci sequence.
● Fibonacci can be found in nature not only in the famous rabbit experiment but
also in beautiful flowers.
● Fibonacci sequence can also be found in music and in Pascal’s Triangle.

Harmonic Sequence
● Harmonic sequence, in mathematics, a sequence of numbers a1, a2, a3,… such
that their reciprocals 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3,… form an arithmetic sequence (numbers
separated by a common difference).
● The sum of a sequence is known as a series, and the harmonic series is an
example of an infinite series that does not converge to any limit.
● It is not possible for a harmonic sequence (other than the trivial case where a = 1
and k = 0) to sum to an integer.
● The study of harmonic sequences dates to at least the 6th century BCE when the
Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and his followers sought to
explain through numbers the nature of the universe.
● One of the areas in which numbers were applied by the Pythagoreans was the
study of music. It was Pythagoras who was the first person to study the notes
emitted by plucked strings of various lengths.
● The harmonic formulae can also be used by scientists to conclude the value of
their experiments. For example, to establish the degree at which water boils each
time the temperature is changed with the same value.
● It is also used in the music industry to establish theories on sounds and to closely
study them.
● The concept of harmonics is also used in electrical gadgets or electrical
machines and generation of power.
 GLOSSARY

Arithmetic sequence. An arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence is a sequence

of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant.

Exponential growth. A specific way that a quantity may increase over time. It occurs
when the instantaneous rate of change of a quantity with respect to time is proportional
to the quantity itself.

Fibonacci numbers. Commonly denoted Fₙ, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci
sequence, such that each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0
and 1. That is, and for n > 1.

Fibonacci sequence. A set of numbers that starts with a one or a zero, followed by a
one, and proceeds based on the rule that each number (called a Fibonacci number) is
equal to the sum of the preceding two numbers.

Fibonacci spiral. An approximation of the golden spiral created by drawing circular

arcs connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling.

Golden ratio. A special number approximately equal to 1.618. It appears many times in
geometry, art, architecture, and other areas.

Golden rectangle. A rectangle whose side lengths are in the golden ratio, which is,
where is approximately 1.618. Golden rectangles exhibit a special form of self-similarity:
All rectangles created by adding or removing a square are Golden rectangles as well.

Harmonic mean. The harmonic mean is one of several kinds of average, and in
particular, one of the Pythagorean means. Typically, it is appropriate for situations when
the average of rates is desired.

Harmonic sequence. A sequence of numbers a1, a2, a3,… such that their reciprocals
1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3,… form an arithmetic sequence (numbers separated by a common
difference).

Harmonic progression. A progression formed by taking the reciprocals of an arithmetic

progression. Equivalently, a sequence is a harmonic progression when each term is the
harmonic mean of the neighboring terms.

Integer. An integer is colloquially defined as a number that can be written without a

fractional component.

Pascal’s Triangle. A triangular array constructed by summing adjacent elements in

preceding rows. Pascal's triangle contains the values of the binomial coefficient. It is
named after the 17th-century French mathematician, Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662).

Pattern. A series or sequence that repeats.

Ratio. A ratio shows the relative sizes of two or more values. It indicates how many
times one number contains another.

Reciprocal. A multiplicative inverse or reciprocal for a number x, denoted by 1/x or x⁻¹,

is a number which when multiplied by x yields the multiplicative identity, 1.

Sequence. An enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and

order matters.

Series. A series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely
many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.