Fluid Mechanics

1. Piezometer
• Measuring moderate pre. of liquids.
• The pressure : height of the liquid
Limitations of Piezometer
• Measure gauge pressures only.
• Not suitable for negative pressures and high pressure
• Gas pressures cannot be measured

2. Barometer
• Used to measure atmospheric pressure only
• Pressure mesure by barometer is absolute pressure

3. Manometer
• Pressure in pipe and channels
• Measure high pressure
• Also capable of measure vacuum pressure
• Properties of manometer fluid
1. Low viscosity.
2. Low surface tension.
3. Liquid should have a high boiling point and should not get vaporized.
4. The liquid should stick to the walls of the tube.
5. Low-freezing point.
6. Low vapour pressure.

4. Differential Manometer
• Used to find difference of pressure between two points .
• Used to find both large as well as small pressure differences.
• Differential manometer gives the pressure difference between the fluid flowing in two pipes
with respect to each other not woth respect to atmosphere.

Inverted U-tube Differential manometer

• In the inverted U-tube Differential manometer, how is the specific gravity of manometric fluid
used relative to the fluid flowing in the pipes : Specific gravity is less than that of fluid flowing
in pipes.
• Inverted U-tube Differential Manometer has lighter manometric fluid, Hence it is used for
measuring the low pressure difference.
Forced vortex flow
a) Liquid contained in cylinder rotated about its axis
b) Flow of liquid inside impeller of a centrifugal pump
c) Flow of a water through runner of a turbine
• Free vortex flow
a) Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom
b) A whirlpool in a river
c) Flow of the liquid around a circular bend in a pipe

Properties of Fluids
• Level rise : concave : adhesion is more
• Level fall : convex : cohesion is more
• Surface tension of mercury is large due to high cohesive force. So that large surface tension.
• A closed tank is completely filled with an oil. If it is made to move with a horizontal
acceleration, then the pressure at the back end will be more than that at the front end.
• Surface tension is due to only cohesion force
• Which fluid does not experience shearing stress during flow : Inviscid
• Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body
immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid
that the body displaces.
• Kinematic vicosity of water which is higher than that of mercury but when we are talking
about dynamic viscosity or simply vicosity mercury has higher value as compared to water
• Viscosity of mercury is lesser than that of water because shear stress developed in water
is more than Mercury this is taken from the relation viscosity is directly proportional to the
shear stress and inversely proportional to the velocity gradient.

Fluid statics
• For a body totally immersed in a fluid
1. The weight acts through the centre of gravity of the body
2. The up thrust acts through the centroid of the body
• The buoyant force acting on a floating body passes through the Centre of gravity of the body

Fluid kinetics
• A flow whose streamline is represented straight line~ one dimensional flow curve ~ two
dimensional flow Plane ~ three dimention flow
• Definition of velocity of approach is the average velocity of water in a channel at the point
where the depth over a flow measuring weir is recorded.
• A simple Pitot tube can be used to measure which of the following quantities
Static head
Dynamic head
Total head
Bernoulli Theorem and its application
• Fg+Fp+Ft+Fv : Reynolds eq.
• Fg+Fp+Fv : Navior strokes eq.
• Fg+Fp : eluer's eq.
• In a short cylindrical external mouthpiece, the vena contracta occurs at a distance 1/4 the
diameter of the orifice from the outlet of orifice.
• In an internal mouthpiece, the absolute pressure head at vena contracta is less than the
atmospheric pressure head by an amount equal to height of the liquid above the vena
contracta.
• A venturiflume is used to measure is used to measure discharge.
• A point, in a compressible flow where the velocity of fluid is zero, is called stagnation point.
• The value of coefficient of velocity for a sharp edged orifice increases with the head of water.
• Anemometer is used to measure : Velocity
• An orifice is said to be large, if the available head of liquid is less than 5 times the depth of
orifice.
• The critical depth meter is used to measure Discharge in open channel and hydraulic jump.
• The velocity at which the fluid moves from laminar to transition flow is called lower critical
velocity and the velocity at which the fluid enters the turbulent flow from transition flow is
called as super critical velocity.
• If a pitot tube is placed with its nose upstream, downstream or sideways, the reading will be
the not same in every case.
• The length of the divergent cone in a venturimeter is 3 to 4 times that of the convergent cone.
• Cd of venturimeter : 0.94~0.98
• Cd of Orifice meter : 0.63~0.64
• Cd =Cc × Cv
• Cc= Ac/Ao= Contravted A / Orifice A
• Locus of elevation that water rise in series of pitot tube is called energy grade line
Boundry layer theorem
• Avg drag coe. > local drag coe.
•
Dimensionless numbers
1. Raynauld's no = Inertia force/viscous force.:
2. Frauds no =√ Inertia force/gravitational force:
3. Match no =√ Inertia force/elastic force.
4. Weber no = √Inertia force/surface tension force.:
5. Euler's no = √Inertia force/pressure force.:
• Fr = 1, critical flow,
Fr > 1, super critical flow (fast rapid flow),
• Fr < 1, sub critical flow (slow / tranquil flow).
• Mach no
1. m<1 = sub sonic.
2. m=1 = sonic.
3. m>1 = super sonic.
4. m>5 = hyper sonic.

Last modified: 16 Jun 2020