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& h&?l VWT Wh
k rn (macronutrients) 2 dr*
*
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T$$Fi, lief$m,*m, TiwhT, W?
TWa4l rnl *?T dr$i ;f ~eTibv7
I T & * m m & m % 1 8 m 8 : ~ , ~ , h , ~ , M , ~
am *I
m,f?Tks a4l &
ii) W T d k ~d (organic substances) : p d
3RFki ,-
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e*
7Te @
T ~ s i r & r n ? h , & 8 l & r n ? M & 3 ~ c m ~ ; ~ & ~ d r n &
& & C!k $Jj3 f%X3 & CPRC (detritus) d 81sma;r & *
Detritus QlW WW detere 3
h . m r t , h a d t ~ $
k*weif3hmgJafi81wdkr&-&+r~rrd&
a,~ ~ e f F f MXm ( ~h u , m u s ) & % l mp$tdm& rnl
m % (M-4, .R m)1 v m T?Tq qqyr
w.w.$.-02 T& 9
~ & m T % l * ~ w ~ * R r m W
m ~
,mTm,
mp;f~m%am.3iaa:mf+id;f~&rrm%1
iii) WFii$j (climatic) M : @ ?-kd'8m,@, 4 am m ?cp
~@
% e (seasonal) m-w& 818 v-b e, &?l am
V R + J R m d & d & & ~ ~ ~ X l

I i) WllV5 (producer) : L F E d * &-$$ (autotrophs) @ & 818 &%3?9m:

$98, ~ r n m m W m w d i f o i h ; r ~ w + ~ 3 8 1 o i h ; r w a e f % d b &
8
i 8rh5 %i-Wd%T$@t~. f?Tks $&TI 8 drd m ? T G ? h (photosynthesis) $t
1
I Rimmoih;r~rl~Rim3Sidrd&qa~,w5m~mim
mhintrgq~emm!k&~a;rrtr8a~an3~~~8rh53t?-
f?fkam d&T d 81drd FZT?T f i ? h & ?7'6-?i'RTC (by product) & W 3
~ g J a ~ 8 1 ~ ? T ~ h & k @ & m ? T ~ ~ d ~
d 8 #@f?f5& mi?5m dr'$ W T 8li%d& ~ E i (chemical
f
bonds)8%&&W?fIi? m
( &TVhfTJT$$r&
f) :