Int. J. Electron. Commun.

(AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Electronics and

Communications (AEÜ)
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aeue

Regular paper

Impedance matching and efficiency improvement of a dual-band

wireless power transfer system using variable inductance and coupling
method
Amir Fereshtian, Javad Ghalibafan ⇑
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Robotic, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper proposes a dual-band wireless power transfer (DWPT) system which can deliver more power
Received 24 November 2018 compared to a single-band WPT within the electromagnetic field constraints. Moreover, one of its chan-
Accepted 15 January 2020 nels can be applied to increase the data transfer rate compared to a single-band WPT. In this work
because of less crosstalk between distinct frequencies, a dual-resonant single-coil is used similarly as a
transmitter and receiver. The main challenge in the design of conventional DWPT systems is the simul-
Keywords: taneous impedance matching at the different resonant frequencies. In the proposed method, this problem
Coupling factor
has been solved by varying the coupling factor between the source (load) and the dual-band internal res-
Dual-band resonator
Dual-band wireless power transfer (DWPT)
onator. Moreover, we analytically investigate the influence of the different values of the source(load)
Impedance matching improvement inductance on impedance matching. The system equivalent circuit model is presented, and the voltage
transfer function and the matching condition for transmitting maximum power are extracted. To evaluate
the system performance, the power transfer efficiency is simulated by HFSS software and validated by
experimental results. The measurement results show the efficiency of 71% and 56% at frequencies of
6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz, respectively.
Ó 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction different manufacturers. For example, receivers that are made by

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology was introduced for
the first time by Nikola Tesla in 1899 [1], and significant progress
has been made in wireless charging of electronic devices such as
phones, laptops, electric vehicles [2] and unmanned air vehicles
(UAV) s [3] over the last decade. In general, WPT technology sepa-
rates into the near-field and far-field method, where each one has
its own features in different applications [4]. Nowadays, industry
owners use different wireless powering standards to select the
operating frequency in their products, where has been often rec-
ommended by two major organizations: the Alliance for Wireless
Power (A4WP) with the operating frequency of
6:78 MHz
15 kHz and the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC)
with the frequency ranges of 100–205 kHz and 277–357 kHz.
Moreover, 13:56 MHz industrial, science, and medical (ISM) band
is the other papular frequency that is widely used in WPT applica-
tions [5]. The incompatibility in existing standards causes the
restrictions on the charging of devices where have been made by
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: fereshtian.amir@gmail.com (A. Fereshtian), jghalibafan@shah-
roodut.ac.ir (J. Ghalibafan).
A4WP to operate at 6:78 MHz cannot be charged by transmitters
that are made by WPC to operates at 200 kHz. This problem
becomes apparent when the members of a family ordinarily use
different brands of products such as phones and laptops in their
house. In this case, for more convenience, and as a high-potential
method, a multi-band transmitter can be used to charge different
receivers at the same time [6,7]. Similarly, this feature can be uti-
lized for multi-band receivers. Moreover, multi-band WPT can be
used to simultaneously transfer data and power at separate fre-
quencies in wireless sensors, medical applications and biomedical
telemetry [8–11], where it can transfer higher data communication
rate than a single-band WPT. For high-power applications, e.g.,
automotive wireless charging systems [12], by considering the
constraint on electromagnetic fields for each frequency band
[13], as well as for more safety, multi-band WPT such as dual-
band WPT can be used to transfer more power compared to a
single-band WPT [6,14].
So far, different methods have been proposed to design dual-
band WPT systems. For example, in [7] a multi-coil transmitter/re-
ceiver mode was used, where the unwanted crosstalk between
coils causes more complexity in the manufacturing process.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153085
1434-8411/Ó 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
2 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085
Moreover, the presence of crosstalk makes the resonant frequen-
cies of the fabricated coils are not completely identical with the
analytical method. In [14], for less cross-coupling between
distinct-bands, a dual-resonant single-coil was used, and the
simultaneous impedance matching of the two-bands was accom-
plished without using a matching network only by increasing the
resonators inductance, which did not succeed to match well the
upper band for high-frequency splitting. In [6], by putting a dual-
band repeater between transmitter and receiver the matching
problem was solved as well, but it should be noted that in many
practical applications where the space between transmitter and
receiver is limited or is not accessible it may not be possible to
use a middle piece for impedance matching and boosting effi-
ciency. Furthermore, in the most recent work, [7,11,14], 3D wires
have been used to design coils structure which not only is bulkier
but also it needs longer manufacturing process to create curvature
and proper shape. Therefore, in work ahead, a printing technology
is used for coil fabrication due to more speed, more compression,
and more precision.
As shown in Fig. 1, in this paper for less crosstalk and more flex-
ibility the transmitter/receiver are dual-resonant single-coils, and
the source/load are the same external coils that used as discrete
matching networks. It will be shown that the inductance of exter-
nal coils, as well as the coupling factors between external coils and
internal resonators, play the main role in dual-band impedance
matching, while the resonant frequencies are 6.78 MHz and
13.56 MHz.
Fig. 1. Overall schematic of the DWPT system.
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit model of the DWPT system.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the oper-
ating principle of the proposed DWPT system. An equivalent circuit
model is presented for the proposed system and the voltage trans-
fer function, as well as the matching condition for maximum
power transfer, are extracted in this section. In Section 3, the
power transfer efficiency of DWPT system is simulated and com-
pared with measured results and results will be discussed. The
paper will be concluded in Section 4.
2. Operating principles of the DWPT system
Fig. 1 shows the overall schematic of the proposed DWPT sys-
tem. The signal source is modeled by V s , and source and load resis-
tances are Rs and RL , respectively. The distance between the
transmitter (receiver) resonator and the source (load) coil is
denoted by d12 ðd34 Þ, where the internal resonators are separated
by d23 . The source (load) coil is magnetically coupled to the trans-
mitter (receiver) resonator. In general, similar to a single-band
WPT system [15,16] by changing d12 ðd34 Þ the external coils can
be used as a variable matching network which is able to match
the input and output impedance of the system to the source and
load resistance.
2.1. General transfer function
Fig. 2 shows the equivalent circuit model of the proposed
dual-band wireless power transfer system. In this model, each
 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085 3

Fig. 3. The efficiency as a function of the coupling factor ðk12 Þ and inductance ðL1 Þ at resonant frequencies of 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz (The yellow areas are related to higher
efficiency). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

coil is modeled by a self-inductance and a parasitic resistance of Table 1

Li and Ri , respectively, where i ¼ 1 to 4. As shown in this figure, Circuit values used to evaluate simplified model.

the source and load coils are connected in series to L01 and L04 , Parameter Value
respectively. These inductors compensate the negative input Rs ; RL 50X
reactance of upper resonant frequency ðf 2 Þ. The source/transmit- L1 ; L4 0.1–1 lH
ter coupling factor and the load/receiver coupling factor are L2 ; L3 2 lH
shown by k12 and k34 , respectively, and the coupling factor L01 ; L04 300 nH
C2 ; C3 137pF
between transmitter and receiver is denoted by k23 . For the sake
C 02 ; C 03 276 pF
of simplicity, the other coupling factors such as k14 ; k24 ,and L02 ; L03 1 lH
k13 (these are known as indirect coupling factors) are neglected k23 0.1
in the following theoretical analysis. In the next section, the k12 ; k34 0.01–1
effect of these coupling factors will be considered in the full-
wave simulations. Based on the application of WPT system, the
2 3 2 32 3
distance of d23 is determined. Thus, the coupling factor of k23 Vs Z1 jxM 12 0 0 I1
is not the design parameter in the proposed WPT system. In this 6 0 7 6 jxM Z2 jxM 23 0 76 I2 7
76
6 7 6 12 7
work, the main parameters to achieve matching condition are 6 7¼6 76 7 ð1Þ
405 4 0 jxM 23 Z3 jxM34 54 I3 5
the coupling factors of k12 ; k34 , and the self- inductances of
0 0 0 jxM 34 Z4 I4
source/load coils. The two resonant frequencies of f 1 and f 2 are
determined by adding a serious capacitor and an LCtank to where M is the mutual inductance between two adjacent coils and
transmitter and receiver coils which the full design process is the coupling factor is expressed as [17]
described in [14]. The load and source resistances are 50X in
the following analysis. Using Kirchhoff’s voltage law at each Mij
loop, the following matrix equation is obtained:
kij ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; 0 6 kij 6 1 ð2Þ
Li Lj

Fig. 4. The 3D curve of the power transfer efficiency as a function of frequency and coupling factor ðwhen L1 ¼ 0:45 lHÞ.
4 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085

It is obvious that the voltage across the load is V L ¼ I4 RL , therefore

And the impedance of each coil, Z i , is expressed as the voltage transfer function in symmetrical case
(k12 ¼ k34 ; Z 1 ¼ Z 4 ; Z 2 ¼ Z 3 ) is expressed as
Z 1 ¼ Rs þ R1 þ jxðL1 þ L01 Þ
2
Z 2 ¼ R2 þ jðxL2  x1C 2 Þ þ jðxC 01 VL jx3 k12 k23 L22 L1 RL
2
1
xL0
Þ ¼ ð5Þ
2
ð3Þ V S ðx k12 L1 L2 þ Z 1 Z 22 þ x2 ð2k212 L1 L2 Z 1 Z 2 þ k223 L22 Z 21 ÞÞ
4 4 2 2 2

Z 3 ¼ R3 þ jðxL3  xC 3 Þ
1
þ 1
jðxC 03  1 Þ
xL0
3 and the power transfer efficiency can be written as [16]:
Z 4 ¼ RL þ R4 þ jxðL4 þ L04 Þ
 1=2 2
V L Rs
g ¼ ð2 Þ ¼ jS21 j2 ð6Þ
Solving (1) and with the substitution method, the current in the V S RL
load coil is derived as given
where jS21 j is the magnitude of the transmission coefficient. Fig. 3
jx3 M12 M23 M34 V s shows the calculated efficiency by (6) for the proposed DWPT when
I4 ¼ 
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4 þ x2 M 212 Z 3 Z 4 þ x2 M223 Z 1 Z 4 þ x2 M 234 Z 1 Z 2 þ x4 M 212 M 234 the resonant frequencies are 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz, where all
ð4Þ design parameters are given in Table 1. As shown in this figure,
for each value of self-inductance L1 , there is a safe range of critical

Fig. 5. The transmission coefficient of circuit model (S21 (dB)) versus L1 at a fixed value of k12 (=k34 ) =0.7 for two resonant frequencies.

Fig. 6. Reflection and transmission coefficient as a function of frequency for k12 (=k34 ) =0.7 and L1 (=L4 )=0.19 lH (optimum point).
 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085 5

Fig. 7. Calculated critical coupling factor ðk12Critical Þ versus L1 at two resonant frequencies of 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz.

Fig. 8. Geometry of coils for proposed DWPT system. (a) Source (Load) coil (b) Transmitter(Receiver) coil.

coupling factor k12 where the power transfer efficiency is maxi- uH) which with a little precision and comparison this fact is also
mized. By comparing Fig. 3(a) and (b) it’s obvious that the critical obvious in Fig. 3. Thus, the intersection of two curves (in the black
coupling factor of both resonant frequencies is close to each other. border) as the optimum average inductance is the optimum point
It means that at a fixed distance of d23 which is determined by the that the transmission coefficient of both resonant frequencies is
application of the system, exist a suitable inductance of L1 and a near to 0 dB. Moreover, from this figure it can be realized that with
coupling factor k12 to maximize the efficiency of both resonant fre- increasing L1 (at a fixed k12 (=k34 )) the discrepancy in the transmis-
quencies at the same time. In Fig. 4, a 3D curve of the power transfer
efficiency is plotted as a function of frequency and coupling factor
k12 for a specific value of L1 . It is clearly visible when k12 is bigger Table 2
than the critical coupling line, the system is in the over-coupled sit- Extracted lumped element values for each individual circuit element of full-wave in
symmetrical mode.
uation [15,18] and the efficiency of two-bands begins to fall signif-
icantly. In contrast, when k12 is lower than the critical coupling line, Parameter 6.78 MHz 13.56 MHz
the system is in the under-coupled situation [18,15] and the fre- RS ; RL 50X 50X
quency splitting occurs for two-bands. Therefore, selecting the cor- R1 0:096X 0:11X
rect coupling factor near the critical coupling line is a crucial R2 0:9X 2:1X
L1 0.178 lH 0.181 lH
parameter to achieve the maximum efficiency for both resonant fre-
L2 3.16 lH 4.6 lH
quencies simultaneously. In Fig. 5 from another point of view and Q L1 0.151 0.309
by using advance design system (ADS), the transmission coefficients Q un2 149 185
of the two resonant frequencies are plotted for the circuit model of L01 250 nH 250 nH
Fig. 2 as a function of L1 (= L4 ) in particular value of k12 (= k34 )=0.7. As L02 1 lH 1 lH
C2 120 pF 120 pF
shown in this figure, the maximum points of the two curves are
C 02 210 pF 210 pF
close to each other (the difference between maximum points = 0.1
6 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085

sion coefficient between the two curves grows gradually. Therefore, mance for two bands. In Fig. 6 the refection coefficient (S11 (dB))
L1 as an important component in the design procedure must be and the transmission coefficient (S21 (dB)) are plotted as a function
carefully selected in the proportion of k12 to reach the best perfor- of frequency when L1 (=L4 )=0.19 lH (optimum point for two bands

Fig. 9. (a) The DWPT module in HFSS. (b) Efficiency versus different distance of d12 ð¼ d34 Þ at the fixed distance of d23 = 50 mm for the two resonant frequencies. (c) The
reflection coefficient (S11 ) as a function of frequency for a number of selected distances of d12 ð¼ d34 Þ from Fig. 9(b).
 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085
in Fig. 5) and k12 (=k34 ) = 0.7. It is obvious that two bands are well
matched and the transmission coefficient of both resonant frequen-
cies is near to 0 dB.
2.2. Extraction of critical coupling and definition of quality factors
The source and load impedance matching and the quality factor
ðQ Þ of coils are the main parameters to maximize the efficiency in a
typical WPT system. The loaded and unloaded Q for the source
(load) coil and transmitter (receiver) resonator is defined, respec-
tively as [19]:
xL xL
Q un ¼  QL ¼
R0 R0 þ RLoad
Based on (7), in addition to the frequency, the quality factor is
increased by raising the ratio of the self-inductance to the parasitic
resistance for each coil.
To extract the critical coupling factor for the symmetrical case,
the derivative of jS21 j from (6) is taken with respect to k12 , recalling
that Rs ¼ RL . Setting the result equal to zero and solving for k12
yield (8).
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u 2 2
uZ Z þ x2 k 2 Z 2 L 2
¼t 1 2
2 is used as the substrate. According to Fig. 8(a), the source (load)
k12Critical 23 1 2
x4 L21 L22
At the resonant frequencies of f 1 and f 2 , the transmitter(receiver)
impedance is equal to its parasitic resistance, Z 2 ¼ R2 , and by substi-
tuting (7) is simplified as follow:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 Z1 2
k12Critical ¼ 1 þ k23 Q 2un2
xL1 Q un2
Eq. (9) indicates the closed-form for critical coupling factor when
the maximum efficiency is achieved. In other words, this is impe-
dance matching condition to receive maximum efficiency in each
band separately. Fig. 7 shows a tradeoff between critical coupling
factor and L1 in (9) for each of resonant frequencies. It is clear that
in the entire range of L1 the discrepancy between critical coupling
factors of two-bands is little. In other words, it re-emphasizes the
importance of the right choice of k12 close to the two curves (that
is determined as an optimal average red dashed line between two
curves) to achieve the maximum efficiency at both resonant fre-
quencies concurrently. Moreover, by comparing the dotted lines
Fig. 10. Simulated efficiency as a function of d23 while d12 ð¼ d34 Þ is fixed at 1.5 mm.
7
(peak-efficiency points) in Fig. 3 and the curves of Fig. 7, for each
resonant frequency, the significance of (9) as a matching condition
to reach maximum power transmission for each band is realized. It
should be noted that choosing a very low inductance needs a cou-
pling factor larger than 1 which is practically impossible. As shown
in this figure the line of k12 = 0.7 intersects the curves of 6.78 MHz,
13.56 MHz and optimal average line at L1 = 0.24 lH, L1 = 0.14 lH
and L1 = 0.19 lH respectively which these inductances are equal
to the inductances corresponding to the peak of curves 6.78 MHz,
13.56 MHz and the optimum point in Fig. 5 respectively. Further-
more, in Fig. 7 the difference between optimum inductances is
0.1 lH which is exactly the same in Fig. 5.
ð7Þ
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Simulation results
In order to verify the theoretical analysis of Section 2, a printed
DWPT system consists of two similar coils (source and load) and
two resonators (transmitter and receiver) are simulated by HFSS
software. Fig. 8 shows the structure of coils. In all simulations,
FR4 with the relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 1 mm
ð8Þ
coil has a printed single turn with the radius of r1 ¼ 50 mm, and
the copper thickness and its width are 35 lm and 2 mm, respec-
tively. The transmitter (receiver) coil is shown in Fig. 8(b). The
number of turns is 5, the pitch is 3.5 mm and the other parameters
such as outer radius ðr2 Þ, copper thickness, width and substrate
specification are similar to the source (load) coil. The main goal
ð9Þ of the design is to obtain the impedance matching and maximum
efficiency at desired frequencies of 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz.
The design process can be organized in four steps: 1- The transmit-
ter (receiver) resonator and source (load) coil are designed to
achieve the high-quality factor at desired frequencies. 2- Based
on the system application, the distance between the transmitter
and receiver resonators is chosen. 3- The distance between source
(load) coil and transmitter (receiver) resonator is effectively deter-
mined to achieve the matching condition and maximize the power
transfer efficiency at both of operating frequencies. Note that if this
distance is not sufficient parameter to achieve maximum effi-
ciency, the source (load) inductance should be varied. 4- After step
three, if the resonant frequencies varied from the desired values,
8 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085

the lumped elements on the transmitter(receiver) resonator can be
optimized to obtain the exact resonant frequencies. By applying
HFSS the coil parameters and lumped components of Fig. 8 are
obtained and listed in Table 2. Fig. 9(a) shows the diagram of DWPT
system in HFSS. In Fig. 9(b) by considering the fixed distance of
internal resonators at 50 mm, d23 ¼ 50 mm, and regardless the loss
of lumped elements (ideal condition), the efficiency of both reso-
nant frequencies is plotted versus the changing of d12 (= d34 ). From
this figure, it is obvious that at the very close distance of d12 ¼ d34 =
1 mm in spite of high efficiency at the lower band (6.78 MHz) the
efficiency of the higher band (13.56 MHz) is virtually low. The
main reason for this is related to the frequency shift of higher res-
onant frequency (refer to Fig. 9(c)) at very little distance (very high
coupling factors). As shown in this figure, the most optimal state in
which both resonant frequencies simultaneously have high effi-
ciency is 1.5 mm.
For the larger value of this (1.5 mm), due to the gradual increase
of frequency splitting in the resonant frequencies (refer to Fig. 9(c))
the efficiencies decrease slowly. Moreover, by comparing two fre-
quency bands is observed that the efficiency of the upper band
(13.56 MHz) is higher in most places and, its behavior is more
stable in the wider range (1.5 mm to 4.5 mm). To assess the circuit
performance, the ADS simulated results are obtained by using the
extracted coil parameters (shown in Table 2) and also extracting all
direct and indirect coupling factors from HFSS at different dis-
tances for the circuit model of Fig. 2. Comparison of the ADS and
HFSS results validates the accuracy of the proposed circuit model
as well. For better perception of the frequency shift and splitting,
Fig. 9(c) indicates the reflection coefficient (S11 ) of several different
values of d12 ð¼ d34 Þ which is selected from Fig. 9(b). In this figure,
the frequency shift of the upper band can be clearly seen at the
very small distance of d12 =1 mm. It can be also observed, at a

Fig. 11. Simulated efficiency as a function of load resistance, RL , when d12 = d34 = 1.5 mm and d23 = 50 mm.

Fig. 12. Manufactured sample of transmitter resonator and source coil.

 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085 9

Table 3 simultaneously, hence this area can be called the optimum com-
Measured electrical parameters of lumped elements, coils and resonators. mon region of the proposed system. It is evident that at the two
Parameter Measured Value resonant frequencies the circuit simulation results (ADS) are in
Transmitter resonator frequencies f 1 = 6.45 MHz good agreement with HFSS results, which properly confirms the
f 2 = 13.61 MHz performance of the proposed circuit model.
Receiver resonator frequencies f 1 = 6.4 MHz
In Fig. 11, by setting distances of d12 (=d34 ) and d23 at 1.5 mm
f 2 = 13.59 MHz and 50 mm respectively, the efficiency of each resonant frequency
L1 0.346 lH
is shown with respect to load resistance of RL (=Rs ). In this figure, it
L4 0.354 lH is apparent that in the wide range of RL (20–64 X) the system is able
L2 3.4 lH
to simultaneously keep high efficiency (more than 70%) at the two
L3 3.36 lH resonant frequencies. This feature can give higher freedom of
L01 300 nH
choice to a designer to pick more diverse load resistance on the
L04 305 nH receiver side. Furthermore, on the transmitter side, this property
can simplify the design process of a power amplifier to improve
L02 1.1 lH
1.13 lH
the performance of WPT system [20].
L03
C2 138 pF
C 02 189 pF 3.2. Measurement results
C3 139 pF
C 03 193 pF In order to verify the proposed idea, we made a DWPT system
consist of four symmetrical coils by employing print technology.
Fig. 12 shows the image of the transmitter resonator and source
coil in the transmitter side (the receiver side is quite similar).
longer distance such as 4 mm and 10 mm due to the raising of The physical spiflication of the coils and resonators such as the
splitting frequency at both resonant frequencies the impedance number of turns, substrate, pitch and etc are fully similar to fea-
mismatch is established which reduce the efficiency of operating tures were presented in the previous section (Section 3.1). Due to
frequencies. According to this figure, d12 ð¼ d34 Þ = 1.5 mm is the high accuracy and small size, the ceramic SMD capacitors were
most optimum distance that satisfies the matching condition of used in the fabrication process. Additionally, because of less ESR
both operating frequencies concurrently. (Equivalent Series Resistance) at the high frequency, we used
In order to a more comprehensive investigation of the system handmade air-core lumped inductors in our structure. The induc-
performance, in Fig. 10 by keeping the external coils at a fixed dis- tance of coils, lumped inductors and the resonant frequencies of
tance of 1.5 mm to the resonators, d12 ð¼ d34 Þ = 1.5 mm, the effi- the transmitter and receiver resonators, were measured all by
ciency of the two resonant frequencies is plotted as a function of DSO-2070 70 MHz digital storage oscilloscope and given in Table 3.
internal resonators distance, d23 . In this figure, as specified in the In addition, to obtain the values of the capacitors a digital mul-
black border, at the close range to d23 = 50 mm, high efficiency timeter has been used. According to the simulations were done in
(more than 80%) can be achieved for both resonant frequencies the previous section, we adjusted 1.5 mm space between res-

Fig. 13. Measurement setup of Dual-band WPT system.

10 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085
Fig. 14. The measured and simulated results. (a) Reflection coefficient. (b) Power transfer efficiency.
onators and coils by placing some small pieces of FR4 with the
thickness of 0.5 mm (the remaining 1 mm is relevant to the res-
onator substrate thickness) and then we stuck them together by
a simple glass tape. Fig. 13 shows the measurement setup of the
proposed DWPT system. Here, a support structure made by Plexi-
glass (er = 3.4 and tan d = 0.001 at 10 MHz) to locate accurate
alignment of 50 mm between internal resonators. To obtain scat-
tering parameters, all measurements were carried out by a vector
network analyzer (VNA) N9917A after standard calibration. In
Fig. 14(a) and (b), the simulation and measurement results are
plotted in three different modes (measurement result and simula-
tion with/without lumped element loss) for the reflection coeffi-
cient (S11 ) and the efficiency (g). As shown in Fig. 14(b), the
power transfer efficiency of the proposed system (measurement
result) is 71% and 56% at frequencies of 6.46 MHz and 13.3 MHz,
respectively. It is obvious that in spite of the good matching (S11
<-10 dB) in three cases, there is a significant discrepancy between
measured and simulated efficiency without loss at both resonant
frequencies (upper band discrepancy = 37%, lower band discrep-
ancy = 22%). This difference can be due to two different reasons:
First, in the simulations, all the lumped elements such as inductors
and capacitors were considered without loss, while in practice
these elements have an undeniable loss which should be consid-
ered. Generally, in the design process, we tested various models
of lumped inductors such as SMD ferrite inductors and handmade
air-core inductors. The handmade air-core inductors had very bet-
ter performance compared to other kinds and resulted higher effi-
ciency in two bands. So, we understood that the system has high
sensitivity to the type of inductors and choosing higher quality fac-
tor inductor (less parasitic resistance) leads to higher efficiency at
both resonant frequencies.
Nevertheless, we cannot ignore the remaining loss of the air-
core inductors and it might be the main reason for the rest of dis-
crepancy and we should consider its impact on our simulation.
Therefore, by a little optimization, we added the parasitic resis-
tance of (10) to the lumped air-core inductors in our simulation
(in symmetrical mode) to approach the measured and simulated
results to each other. Eventually, as shown in Fig. 14(b) the effi-
ciency discrepancy of the simulated and measured results (blue
and red curve) decrease to 1.3% and 1.8% for the upper band and
lower band, respectively. It should be pointed out that, the capac-
itors losses were not considered in the simulations because of their
high inherent quality factor in reality (very low parasitic
resistance).
RL02 j6:78MHz ¼ 0:64X ; RL02 j13:56MHz ¼ 1:96X
ð10Þ
RL01 j6:78MHz ¼ 0:1X ; RL01 j13:56MHz ¼ 0:34X
In addition to the inductor losses which can be one reason for the
differences between ideal simulation and the measurement result,
 A. Fereshtian, J. Ghalibafan / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 116 (2020) 153085
another reason can be due to the difference between simulation val-
ues of the source and load coils, L1 (= L4 ), in Table 2 and measure-
ment values in Table 3. With precision in Fig. 5 (Section 2.1) it
can easily realize that for a certain coupling factor of k12 (=k34 ) there
is only a certain range of inductance in which both resonant fre-
quencies reach maximum efficiency and by choosing larger values,
their efficiency decreases gradually and this downward trend is
more tangible for the upper band. Since the value of L1 (L4 ) in the
measurement (L1 ’ L4 ’0.35 lH (average)) is bigger than the
desired value in the simulation (L1 ’ L4 ’0.179 lH (average)), it
might be the second reason for efficiency discrepancy between
two curves (simulated without loss and measurement). The fre-
quency shift between simulated and measured results (5% in the
lower band and 2.3% in upper band) is due to unequal values of
the lumped elements in the measurement and simulation. Finally,
as mentioned in Section 1, a multi-band WPT can be utilized to
transfer more power than a single-band WPT. It is observed in
Fig. 14(b), the total received power of measurement is 127% of Pt ,
where Pt is the maximum permissible power transfer at a single-
band operation with 100% efficiency. Moreover, our results suggest
that the power transmission and data communication should be
done through the low and high bands, respectively. This is because
that the low-band operation has higher efficiency, as shown in
Fig. 14(b). These results show that the proposed DWPT system is
a good candidate for applying in dual-band wireless power
applications.
4. Conclusion
The main challenge in the design of a DWPT system is the
simultaneous impedance matching of different frequency bands.
In this work, a new method for impedance matching of DWPT sys-
tem proposed, where the external coils with suitable inductance
and a right distance from the transmitter (receiver) are used to
improve matching at both resonant frequencies. The proposed sys-
tem is analyzed and the design guideline is presented. To validate
the theoretical analysis, a type of system is simulated and fabri-
cated. Based on the experimental results, the proposed DWPT sys-
tem can achieve the matching condition and high efficiency at both
of operating frequencies simultaneously.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
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