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Hearing the ancestry cliché, “my great-grandmother was a Cherokee princess,” is a common experience for Native people.
It has become an inside joke spanning generations in an America infatuated by playing Indian. Most times, it’s said with
ignorance and no intent to pursue the relation the non-Native person claims to have descended from. However, those who
work in Native human service organizations—especially those related to child welfare—know to expect consistent inquiries
from people who have been told they have Indian ancestry. Some inquire out of curiosity. For many, their desire to establish
this connection is rooted in a family disruption that they wish to remedy.
NICWA receives hundreds of inquiries each year from The question then becomes more intricate. How
people seeking instruction on how to confirm their does one go about connecting one’s lineage to,
Native American heritage. This article is intended for and even enrolling in, an American Indian or Alaska
those tracing their Native ancestry and for the service Native tribe? Many genealogical experts and online
providers who may encounter ancestry questions from resources recommend the same general steps:
the communities they serve.
1. Research and identify as many members of a
HISTORY family tree as possible.
2. Search Indian-specific records to confirm
Tracing Indian ancestry is both intriguing and relationship to tribe.
perplexing. Part of the challenge of determining
3. Seek assistance from the tribe to establish a
ancestry has to do with history itself. Traditionally,
relationship or enroll.
familial relationships were passed down through oral
history. While this still occurs in many Native families
today (it’s typical to have unknown, distant cousins RESEARCH AND IDENTIFY AS
or grandmas pointed out at powwows or gatherings), MANY MEMBERS OF A FAMILY
intentional federal policies disrupted other methods of
recording these relationships.
TREE AS POSSIBLE
In 1893, the U.S. government established the Dawes NICWA refers inquiries to the Bureau of Indian
Commission. This commission was a way for the Affairs’ (BIA) Guide to Tracing Your American Indian
government to control what was clearly out of control: Heritage. Begin a genealogical search with familial
tribal people had been moved so many times from records. Interestingly, many people mistakenly think
their ancestral homelands that each tribe’s unique and that they should go through the BIA, but the BIA does
culturally sophisticated record-keeping systems had not keep genealogical records and does not conduct
been lost, misplaced, or deliberately tossed aside. genealogical research for individuals.
Trying to reorganize what had once been organically
organized and transmitted by oral tradition was the
task of the new commission. With this wide dispersal
of American Indians, it is not a surprise that identities
The challenge of determining ancestry has
were confused. to do with history itself. Traditionally,
CONDUCTING A SEARCH familial relationships were passed down
What if someone believes they have American Indian through oral history. While this still occurs
or Alaska Native blood? Wouldn’t DNA testing erase
any questions? Yes and no. Mitochondrial testing in many Native families today, intentional
can certainly tell whether there is Native blood on a
mother’s side or a father’s side, but it cannot identify
federal policies disrupted other methods of
the specific tribe they are from. recording these relationships.
Tracing Native Ancestry| December 2019 www.nicwa.org 1
At the Native American Rights Fund in Boulder,
Colorado, a spokesperson explained, “You must go
through your own family to find out what tribe you
are from.”
Armed with as many names and dates as possible, SEEK ASSISTANCE FROM THE TRIBE
researchers can access online genealogical resources.
The goal of such research is to confirm and document
TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP
two indicators: (1) a direct relationship between the OR ENROLL
individual and a specific ancestor of Native heritage
and (2) that ancestor’s relationship to, or membership Once a specific tribe is determined, researchers
within, a specific tribe. can visit the National Congress of American Indians’
tribal directory, which lists contact information
An ideal place to start is in the Indian Census Rolls for all federally recognized tribes. Many tribal
that were taken in the late 19th century until the mid- governments have their own website, which may
20th century. These are a treasure trove of information. contain community and cultural information as well
They include tribal affiliation and link individuals with as contact information. For those seeking advice
extended family members who shared a residence. on how to establish a relationship with their tribal
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints community, tribal enrollment, cultural preservation, or
has the world’s largest genealogical collections, family services departments may have suggestions.
FamilySearch. Ancestry.com provides easy connection Attending and participating in cultural or community
to the Indian Census Rolls and links data entered on events and respectfully inquiring about known familial
one family tree to other family trees in its collection ties may be appropriate.
of records.
If an individual seeks to become enrolled in a tribe,
Working backward in time, starting with the individual the BIA explains, “Each tribe determines whether
and moving from his or her parents to their parents an individual is eligible for membership. Each tribe
and so on, researchers should cross-check the Indian maintains its own enrollment records and records
Census Rolls for relatives and identify their tribal about past members. To obtain information about
affiliations. Other sites with Indian-specific information your eligibility for membership, you must contact
are included in the Resources section of this article. the tribe.”
The National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) works to support the safety, health, and spiritual
strength of Native children along the broad continuum of their lives. We promote building tribal capacity to
prevent child abuse and neglect through positive systems change at the state, federal, and tribal levels.