Best Approach

Functions

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR
SETS TYPES OF SETS
Definition
a set is a collection of distinct objects,
considered as an object in its own right. Roaster form Set Builder form
Tabular form
Example
The numbers 2,4 and 6 are distinct objects Roaster form
when considered separately, but when they Representation of a set that lists all of the
are considered collectively they form a single elements in the set, separated by commas,
set of size three, written {2,4,6} within braces.
Ex. {–3,–2,–1, 0,1,2}
Set Builder form
Mathematical notation for describing a set
by enumerating its elements or stating the
properties that its members must satisfy.
Ex. {x | – 4  x < 3, x  R}
Ex. {x | x is a vowel}

ORDERED PAIR CARTESIAN PRODUCT

A × B = {(a, b)| a  A and b  B}
(1,2)  (2,1)
Ex. A = {a ,b} ; B = {1,2,3}
An ordered pair (a, b) is a pair of objects. A × B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2),
The order in which the objects appear in the (b,3)} B × A = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b),
pair is significant : (3, a), (3,b)}
the ordered pair (a, b) is different from the A× B  B ×A
ordered pair (b, a) unless a = b.
n (A × B) = n(A) × n (B)
= 2C1 × 3C1 = 2 × 3 = 6

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FUNCTION IMAGE / PRE-IMAGE
Definition : If an element (a  A) is associated with an
A relation from a set A to a set B is called a element (1  B) then ‘1’ is called
function if "the f image of a" or "image of a under f "
(i) Each element of ‘A’ is associated with some or
element of ‘B’. "the value of the function f at a"
(ii) Each element of A has unique image in ‘B’.

Function is set of ordered pairs :

A B
a 1 A B
b 2 1
3 a
c b 2
4 3
d c
5 4
d
5
"a is called the pre-image of 1"
or f = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 4)}
"argument of a under the function f ".

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A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1,2,3,4,5} A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1,2,3,4,5}
F:A B

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
(i) 3 is a function (i) 3 is not a function
c c
4 4
d d
5 5

A B
A B a 1
1 b 2
a (ii) is not a function
2 c 3
b 4
(ii) 3 is a function
c d
4 5
d
5

DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE PRACTICE QUESTIONS

A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1,2,3,4,5} Find domain and range of
Domain  {a,b,c,d} (i) x, 2x – 1, 3x + 4
Codomain  {1,2,3,4,5}

A B
a 1
b 2
c 3
4
d
5

Range  {1,2,3,4}
Note : Range  Codomain

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1 1 1 (iii) x , 2x  1, 3x  4
(ii) , , ,
x 2x  1 3x  4

1 1 1 1
(iv) , , (v)  x
x 2x  1 3x  4 x

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(vi) x 1  5  x ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON

FUNCTIONS

Let f and g be functions with domain D1 and

D2 then the function f + g, is defined as
(i) (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) ; Domain D1 D2
Let f and g be function with domain D1 and
D2 then the function f – g, is defined as

(ii) (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) ; Domain D1 D2

f  f (x)
Let f and g be function with domain D1 and (iii)   (x) 
g g(x)
D2 then the function f / g, is defined as
Domain D1 D2 {x | g(x)  0}
Let f and g be function with domain D1 and
D2 then the function f g, is defined as
(iv) (f g)(x) = f(x) . g(x) ; Domain D1 D2

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EXAMPLES
1 1
Q2. f (x)  and g(x)  . Find domain
Q1. x3
f(x) = + 2x2 and g(x) = 3x2 – 1. Find x x 1
domain of f ± g, f g and f / g
of f ± g, f g.

CONTINUOUS FUNCTION Ex. Graph of sin x is continuous  x  R

If graph of a function can be drawn without
y
taking up the pen then function is continuous.

–  x
– 

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In the graph of tan x, discontinous at TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 y = sin x
(2n  1)
2
1
y
– 3
–3 –   
–1
–/2
/2 x
– 0 

Domain  R ; Range  [–1, 1]

y = cos x y = tan x

–2 – 0  
–3 –  3

–1

Domain x  R ; Range  [–1, 1]


Domain x  R   2n  1 ; Range  R
2

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y = cot x y = cosec x

Domain  R – {n} ; Range  (–, –1]  [1, )

Domain  R – {n} ; Range  R

y = sec x EXAMPLES
Find range of y :
(i) y = sin (2x)


Domain R   2n  1 ;
2
Range  (–, –1]  [1, )

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(ii) y  sin(x 2 ) (iii) y  sin( x )

(iv) y  cos 2 x (v) y  cos 2 x  sin 2 x

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x
4 x (vii) y  cos 4 x  sin 4 x
(vi) y  cos  sin 4
2 2

2 (ix) y = 4 tan x cos x

(viii) y   sin x  2   1

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Example
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
f (x)  ax 2  bx  c
Definition
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 f (x)  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d
xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a
non negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are
real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a
polynomial function of degree n

Note ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

(i) A polynomial function is always continuous Definition
(ii) A polynomial of degree one is called a linear A function f is called an algebraic function if it
function can be constructed using algebraic operations
(iii) A polynomial of degree one with no constant such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
term is called an odd linear function. or division or taking radical sign.
(iv) A polynomial of degree odd has its range
( , ) but a polynomial of degree even has
a range which is always a subset of R.
(v) Range of Parabola : [ D / 4a, )

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EXAMPLES
f(x) = x 2  ax  4
f(x) = x2  1 (i) Find 'a' if range is [2,  )

x 4  16x 2 (ii) Find 'a' if domain is all Real.

3
g(x) =  (x  2)  x  1
x x

FRACTIONAL/RATIONAL FUNCTION Example

Definition
2x 4  x 2  1
A fractional function is of the form f (x)  ; D  {x x  2}
2
x 4
g(x)
y  f (x)  , where g(x) and h(x)
h(x)

are polynomial & h(x)  0 .

The domain of f(x) is set of real x such that
h(x)  0

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x
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Graph of a base a > 1
Definition A function
f (x)  a x (a  0, a  1, x  R) is y
called an exponential function. x
f(x)=a
(a > 1)
x' O x

y'

x
Graph of a base 0 < a < 1
y x x
10 3 2x
y
x
f(x)=a
(0 < a < 1)
x' O x
x' O x

y'
y'

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2
Example 2 x , 2 x  1
y
–x –x
–x 3 10
2

x' O x

y'

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION Graph of y  log a x base a > 1

Definition
y  log a x , x  0, a  0, a  1
y

f(x)= logax
(a > 1)
x' O x

y'

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Graph of y  log a x base 0 < a < 1 EXAMPLES

Find the domain and range :
1. ln x
y

f(x)= logax
(0 < a < 1)
x' O x

y'

2. log1 / 3 (x  1) 3. log3 (cos(sin x))

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1 (iv) log x (2x  1)(x  3)

(iv) y 
ln x

(v) e1 / x (vi) log10 (log10 (1  x 3 ))

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ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION / Domain : R
MODULUS FUNCTION Range : [0, )

x if x  0
Definition y = |x| = 
 x if x  0

y = |x|

(0, 0)

Note : y –  = f(x – )
Take (0, 0) point of graph to (). Example : y + 2 = |x – 1|
=–2
=1

–2
(1, –2)

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Example : Upshift
  x  1 x 1
Example : y = |x – 1| =   x  1 y=1+|x|
   x 1
y=2+|x|
y = –1 + | x |

y = |x +1| y = |x –1|
y = 2 + |x|
y = |x –2|
y = 1 + |x|

(0, –1) (0, 1) (0, 2) 2 (0, 2)

y = –1 + |x|
1 (0, 1)

–1 (0, –1)

EXAMPLES
1
Find domain, range and graph of : (ii) y 
x
(i) y  x  1  1

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SIGNUM FUNCTION
 
(iii) y = 1 + sin  x   Definition
 2
A function y = f(x) = Sgn (x) is defined as
follows :

 1 for x  0

0 for x  0
y = f(x) = 
1 for x  0


y EXAMPLES

Find domain, range of :

(i) y  sgn(x 2  1)
x' x
0

y'
Domain : R
Range : {–1, 0, 1}

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(ii) y  sgn(x 2  1) (iii) y  sgn(x 2  x  1)

(iv) y  log10 sgn (x) (v) y  sgn(ln(x 2  x  2))

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(vi) y  sgn(cos x)
R=I+f
Integral part Fractional part

GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION Note for :  1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1

Definition 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the 1x< 2 ; [x] = 1
greatest integer function where [x] 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2 and so on.
denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x .

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For f (x) = [x], domain is R and range is I. 1
Example :For f (x) = , find the domain and range.
[x]
3

Properties : FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION

(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 Definition
and x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1
It is defined as : g (x) = {x} = x  [x].
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.
(c) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer
= 1 otherwise .

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Example Properties :
The fractional part of the number 2.1 is 2.1 (i) {x + n} = {x} ; n  I
2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is
0.3.The period of this function is 1 and graph  0 xI
(ii) {x}  { x}  
of this function is as shown. For f (x) = {x},  1 xI
domain is R and range is [0, 1)
(iii) {[x]} = 0
(iv) [{x}] = 0

Question Find domain & range : (ii) f(x) = log10 {x}

1
(i) f (x) =
{x}

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(iii) y = [sin{x}] Question Find domain, range and graph :

(iv) [x]  1  4  [x]

(v) Solve for x : (vi) Find domain

2[x]  x  {x}  0  | 2[x]  x  {x} |
(where [.] denotes greatest integer function (where [.] denotes greatest integer function
and {.}denotes fractional part function) and {.}denotes fractional part function)

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(vii) Find the sum of the given series (viii) Find the sum of the given series

3 3 1  3 2    x    x 
[1  sin x]   2  sin     3  sin   
 8    8  100    8  100   ...........   2    3 
     

 3 99   3 234    x 
   ..........    ..........  n  sin    ; x  [0, ]
    n 
 8 100   8 100 

CONSTANT FUNCTION
Definition : 5
Constant function is a function whose (output) 4 y (x) = 4
value is the same for every input value. For 3
example , the function is a constant function 2
because the value is 4 regardless of the input
1
value (see diagram)
x
0

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IDENTITY FUNCTION Example f(x) = x
Definition : an identity function, also called an
identity relation or identity map or identity 5
transformation, is a function that 4
always returns the same value that was y (x) = x
3
used as its argument.
2
1
x
0

Question Find domain :

(ii) (.625)4  3x  (1.6) x(x  8)
(i) log5 (log3 (log 2 (2x 3  5x 2  14x)))

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(iii) 
f (x)  log x  1  x  (iv) f(x) = sin x  16  x 2

(v)
x2 (vii) f(x) =  x 2  3x  10  ln 2 (x  3)
x3

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1 (ix) 7x  1
(viii) + log1 – 2
f(x) =
[x] {x}(x – 3x + 10) +

1 1
+
2 | x | sec(sin x)

(x) 7 x 1  1 1  5x
(xi) f (x) =
7x  7

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n
C as a function FIND RANGE OF THE FOLLOWING
n r FUNCTIONS
C is the number of combinations function ,
r 4 tan x cos x
defined as

aC a!
b  b!(a  b) ! , where a and b are non

negative integers. ( a  b )

x x sin x
cos4  sin 4
5 5

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x
3–2 sin (log x)
2

cos 2x – sin 2x tan  [x  ]

x 2  3x  4

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  x2  x  1
cot 2  x  
 4 x2  x  1

x  [x]  
tan  {x}  
1  [x]  x  4

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  x2  x  6
tan  sgn(x 2  1) 
4 

sin x  cos x
1
x2  x  1

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1 [sin x]
sin 4 x  cos4 x

2 – [sin x] – [sin x]2 REMAINDER THEOREM

The polynomial remainder theorem states that
the remainder of the division of a polynomial
f(x) by a linear polynomial x – is equal to
f().
In particular, x –  is a divisor of f(x) if and
only if f()=0, a property known as the factor
theorem.
D = (d × q) + R where, D = dividend,
d = divisor, q = quotient, R = remainder.

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Example : Question :

x 3  4x 2  7x  6 when divided by x – 1 ax 4  bx 3  x 2  2x  3 when divided by

Remainder –> 13  4.12  7.1  6  4 x 2  x  2 gives remainder 4x + 3. Find a

and b.

EQUAL/IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS Example :

Definition
f(x) = x and g(x) = x
2 are not identical
Two functions f and g are said to be identical
if functions as Df = Dg but Rf = R, Rg = [0,  ) .

1. Domain of f = Domain of g, i.e., Df = Dg.

2. Range of f = Range of g.
3. f(x) = g(x)  x  Df or x  Dg

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Questions : Check if function are identical or not
1
(1) y = ln x2 ; y = 2 ln x (2) y = cosec x ; y =
sin x

1 1
(3) f(x) = tan x ; g(x) = (4) f(x) = sec x ; g(x) =
cot x cos x

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(5) f(x) = cot2 x . cos2 x; g(x) = cot2 x – cos2 x (6) f(x) = Sgn(x2 + 1) ; g(x) = sin2 x + cos2 x

(7) f(x) = tan2 x . sin2 x ; g(x) = tan2 x – sin2 x (8) f(x) = sec2 x – tan2 x ; g(x) = 1

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1
(9) f(x) = logx e ; g(x) = log x 1
e (10) f(x) = logc e ; g(x) =
log x e

(11) f (x)  x 2  1 ; g(x)  x  1. x  1 (12) f (x)  1  x 2 ; g(x)  1  x. 1  x

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x
(13) f (x)  elne ; g(x)  e x 1  cos 2x
(14) f (x)  ; g(x)  sin x
2

(15) f(x) = log (x+2) + log (x–3) ; 1 x

2 (16) f (x)  ; g(x) 
g(x) = log(x –x–6) 1 1 x
1
x

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(17) f(x) = [{x}] ; g(x) = {[x]} CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

ONE-ONE (INJECTIVE MAPPING)
Definition
f : A 
 B such that different elements of
A have different f images in B .
or x 1, x2  A & f(x1), f(x2)  B ,
f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2
or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).

3
Example : f (x) = x + 1 ; f (x) = ex ; f (x) = x NOTE
> If a line parallel to x axis cuts the graph of
the function atleast at two points, then f is
many one.
> A function whose derivative changes sign
is a many one function.

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Question :
x 2 , x 3 , x , sgn(x), e x
Find whether the given functions are one one
or not :

1 1
[x],{x}, , , sin x , cos x , tan x ,
x x2

MANY-ONE FUNCTION Example : f (x) = [x] ; f (x) = {x} ; f (x) = sin x

Definition

f : A 
 B such that two or more elements
of A have the same f image in B .
or x1, x2  A & f(x1) = f(x2)
but (x1)  (x2).

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ONTO (SURJECTIVE MAPPING) Example :
Definition f : R  R ; f (x) = 2x + 1

f : A 
 B such that each element in B is f : R   R ; f (x) = ln x
the f image of atleast one element in A. x
f : R  R  ; f (x) = e

INTO FUNCTION Example : f : R  R ; f (x) = {x}, [x], sgn x

Definition

f : A   B such that atleast one element

in B (co-domain) is NOT the f image of any
element in domain A.

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Question :
f : R  [0, ) ; f (x)  x 2  1
Find whether the given functions are Onto
or Into :

f : R  [0, ) ; f (x)  x 2

ONE ONE ONTO FUNCTION (BIJECTIVE/

R  [0, );f (x)  x100  100x 98
INVERTIBLE)
 3x 2  x  x sgn(x)

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ONE ONE INTO FUNCTION MANY ONE ONTO FUNCTION

MANY ONE INTO FUNCTION Question :

Classify as one one onto, one one into, many
one onto or many one into

f : [1,1]  [1,1] f (x)  sin 2x

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Question :
2x 2  x  5
f :R R f (x)  The function f : [2,  ]  Y defined by
7x 2  2x  10
f(x) = x 2  4x  5 is both one one and
onto if :

(A) Y = R (B) Y  1,  

(C) Y   4,   (D) Y  5,  

PERMUTATION BASED PROBLEMS Case - 2

WORKBOOK
f :AB
Case - 1
When both the sets A and B contain an equal
number of elements.
(i) Total number of functions
(ii) Total number of functions one one
(iii) Number of functions many one
(iv) Number of onto function
(v) Number of into function
When number of elements in A(domain) is
more than B
(i) Total number of functions
(ii) One-one (injective)
(iii) Many-one
(iv) Number of onto function
(v) Number of into function

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Case - 3 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Number of elements in codomain (B) is more f(x) = 2x – 1
than A f(x 2) = 2(x2) – 1
(i) Total functions f(x –1) = 2 (x – 1) – 1
(ii) Number of injective mapping Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions.
(iii) Number of many-one Then the function gof : A  C defined by
(iv) Number of onto function (gof) (x) = g(f(x))  x  A is called the
(v) Number of into function composite of the two functions.

Question : If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 7. Question : If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 7.

Find : (i) gof (ii) fog Find : (iii) gog (iv) fof

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Question : Let f(x) = x ; g(x) = 2x . Question : Let f(x) = x ; g(x) = 2x .
Find : (A) fog (B) gof Find : (C) fof (D) gog

Question : Prove that : f(x) = x2

Question : f x  x
2n
  1/ n
......fof  x
fofof

n times
1  x n 
g(x) = fofofo......fof (x)
g(x) = ?

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1  x if 0x2 1  x if x0
Question : f  x    . Question : f  x    2 and
3  x if 2x3  x if x0
Find fof
  x if x 1
g x   .
1  x if x 1

Find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x).

Question : Number of distinct real c satisfying

1  x 3 if x0 f(f(f(c))) = 3
Question : f  x    2 and
 x  1 if x0 f = x2 – 2x

  x  11/ 3 if x0
g  x   .
 x  11/ 2 if x0


Find g(f(x)).

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Question : y = f(x) FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
Domain  [ 3, 2] Question : 2f(x) + f(1–x) = x2
f(x), f(4) = ??
Then domain of y  f   x   is ?

1 Question : Find natural number of a for which

Question : f(x) + 3x f   = 2(x + 1)  x > 0.
x
n
Find f(10099).  f  a  k   16  2n  1 .
k 1
f(x) satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) x ,
y  N ; f(1) = 2

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Question :
ax f(x) is a polynomial of degree 6 and leading
Question : f  , a > 0.
ax  a coefficient 4.
f(1) = 6, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 4, f(4) = 3,
2n 1
 r  f(5) = 2, f(6) = 16.
Find  f  .
 2n  Find f(7).
r 1

INVERSE OF A FUNCTION Question : Find the inverse of the following :

Let f : A  B be a one-one & onto function, (i) y = 2x (ii) y = x – 1
then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,
 x  A & y  B. Then g is said to be in-
verse of f.
Thus g = f –1 : B  A{(f(x), x) | (x, f(x))  f |}.

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x 1
(iii) y = 4 – x (iv) y = (v) y =
4 x

Question : Question :
Compute the inverse : f : R  R+, Compute the inverse : f : (–2, )  R,
f(x) = 10x+1 f(x) = 1 + ln (x + 2)

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Question : Question :
Compute the inverse : f : R  (0, 1),
 2 
Compute the inverse : ln  x  x  1  .
2 x  
f(x) =
1  2x

Question :
If f : R  R ; f(x) = x3 + (a + 2)x2 + 3ax + 5 Question :
is an invertible mapping. Find 'a'.
ex  ex
f : [0, )  [1, ) ; f(x) = .
2
Find f –1(x).

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x 1 Question : f(x) = [x] + 8 x . Find f–1 (x)

 x if
 2
x if 1  x  4
Question : f(x) =  .

8 x if x4

Find f –1(x)

Question : A function
2x  7
Question : f(g(x)) = x, f(x) = . Find g(x).
3  7  x3
f :  ,     ,   defined as
2  4 
f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4. Solve the equation
f(x) = f –1(x).

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Properties of Inverse Function HOMOGENOUS FUNCTIONS
1. The inverse of a bijection is unique. Definition :
2. Domain Range Interchange A function is said to be homogeneous with
3. Inverse of bijection is also a bijection respect to any set of variable when each of
4. (gof)–1 = f–1(g–1(x)). its terms is of the same degree with respect
to those variables.
f(tx, ty) = tn.f(x, y) then f(x, y) is homogeneous
function of degree n.

Question : Question :
Find if f(x,y) is homogeneous or not Find if f(x,y) is homogeneous or not

x x x
f(x, y) = ln   f(x, y) = x + y cos  
y y y

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Question : Question :
Find if f(x,y) is homogeneous or not Find if f(x,y) is homogeneous or not
f(x, y) = x + y sin x
f(x, y) = x 2  y2  x

IMPLICIT/EXPLICIT FUNCTION Question : x = 2y – y2. Find domain of implicit form.

Definition : A function defined by an equation not
solved for the dependent variable (y) is called
an IMPLICIT FUNCTION. For eg. The
equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit
function.
If y has been expressed in terms of x alone
then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.

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y2 = x represents two separate branches. BOUNDED FUNCTION
x2 + y2 = 1 represents two separate branches. Definition :
(i) A function is said to be bounded if
|f(x)|  M, where M is a finite quantity.
(ii) If graph of function can be bounded between
2 horizontal lines.
(iii) If Range of function contains
 or –  function is not bounded.

Question : Find if f(x) is bounded or not ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

sgn(x) sin(x) Definition :
tan(x) [x] A function f(x) defined on the symmetric
interval (–a, a)
I f f(–x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of 'f '
then f is said to be an even function.
I f f(–x) = –f(x) for all x in the domain of 'f '
then f is said to be an odd function.

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GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF Note :
ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION (i) A function may neither be odd nor even.
Example of common odd functions : eg. x2 + x, sin x + cos x.
f = sin x, tan x, x, x3 (ii) Every function can be expressed as the sum
Example of common even functions : of an even & an odd function.
f = cos x, sin2 x, x2, | x |, |sin x|
f  x   f  x  f  x   f   x 

eg.  2   2 
even odd
(iii) The only function which is defined on the
entire number line & is even and odd at the
same time is f(x) = 0.

Question : Question :
Express ex as sum of an odd & even Identify given below functions as odd, even
function or neither odd nor even.

1 x
f (x)  ln
1 x

f (x)  ln  x  1  x 2 
 

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f (x)  1  x  x 2  1  x  x 2 (1  2 x )
f (x) 
2x
2x  1
f (x)  x
2x  1 1  2x
f (x) 
1  2x

Question :
f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4) x3 f (x) g (x) f (x) + g (x)
odd odd odd
+ (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x + x tan x
even even even
is even function. odd even neither odd nor even
Find ai (ai are values of a for which function even odd neither odd nor even
is even)
([.] is the greatest integer function and {.} is f (x) - g (x) f (x) . g (x)
fractional part function) odd even
even even
neither odd nor even odd
neither odd nor even odd

f(x) / g(x) ( gof ) (x) (f o g) (x)

even odd odd
even even even
odd even even
odd even even

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PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Definition
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists
a positive number T (T > 0) called the period
of the function such that f(x + T) = f(x), for all
values of x within the domain of x.
f(x) = F(x + T) = F(x + 2T) = F(x + nT) ;
nI
Common periodic functions
sin x, cos x, tan x, {x}, |sin x|, |cos x|, sin2x
MC SIR
Note :
(a) f(T) = f(0) = f(–T), where 'T' is the period.
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(c) Every constant function is always periodic,
with no fundamental period.
(d) If f(x) has a period T & g(x) also has a period
T then it does not mean that f(x) + g(x) must
have a period T. e.g. f(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|.
(e) If f(x) is periodic & g(x) is also periodic then
it does not mean that f(x) + g(x) must
be periodic

1
(f) If f(x) has a period p, then , and f (x)
f (x)
also has a period p
(g) If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a
period T/|a| .

EXAMPLES ON PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 2. f(x) = cos (sin x)

2x 4x
1. f(x) = cos  sin
3 5

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3. f(x) = sin(cos x) 4. f(x) = sin4x + cos4x

5. f(x) = x – [x] 6. f(x) = sinx + cos ax is a periodic function

then prove that 'a' must be rational

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Note : f(x) = cos x ; x sinx and sin x + {x} are 7. {x} + {2x} + {3x}
aperiodic.

x  x  (n)(n  1)
8.  x     9. [x] + [2x] + [3x] + ....+ [nx] –
2
x
2 3

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11. f(x + 2) + f(x – 2) = f(x)  x  Df . Find T.
10. f(x) + f(1 + x) = 0. Find T.

12. f(x + 2) + f(x – 2) = 3 f(x) 13. f(x + ) = 1  2f  f 2  x  R. Prove

that f is periodic.

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15. f(x) = x  x  [0, 2] & f(x) is even with
14. f= x  2a ; 2a  x < 2a + 2 | a  I
period = 4.
Check if f is periodic or not.
Find f(5), f(7.1), f(–1), f(–7), f(2019).

GRAPHS Horizontal shift

Vertical shift

y = f(x)
y = f(x – a)
y = f(x) + a

y = f(x) y = f(x) – a

y = f(x + a)

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y = 2 + |x|
y = |x +1| y = |x –1|
y = 1 + |x|
y = |x –2|
2 (0, 2)
y = –1 + |x|
(0, –1) (0, 1) (0, 2) 1 (0, 1)

–1 (0, –1)

Horizontal stretch Vertical stretch

2
1
1/2
–2 0  –2 0 

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Horizontal flip Example :

–x
y=e x
y=e

y = f(x) y = f(–x)

Vertical flip Example :

x
y=e
y = f(x)

y = –f(x) x
y = –e

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f(x)  – f (–x) Example :

–x
y = –f(–x) y=e x
y = f(x) y=e

–x
y = –e
y = –f(x)

f(x)  |f(x)| Example :

y=f(x)
y = log x

y = |f(x)|

y = |log x|


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Example : f(x)  f(|x|)

y=f(x)

y = sin x

y=f(|x|)


y = |sin x|

Example : Example :

y = sin x
y = log x

y = log |x|
 y = sin |x|


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Question : Draw graph of |ln |x|| Question : Draw graph of |sin |–x||

Question : Draw graph of |tan |–x|| Question : Draw graph of ||x|2 – 3|x| + 2|

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Question : Draw graph of f(– |x|)

f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2

e |x|

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