 Sounds are caused by
vibrations
Sound- is a form of energy that can be
heard and travels in waves.
-When matter vibrates or moves
back and forth very quickly, a sound is
made.
-Sound waves can travel through
solids, liquids or gases
Crest- is a point on a surface wave where
the displacement of the medium is at a
maximum.
Trough- is the opposite of a crest, so the
minimum lowest point in a cycle.
Frequency- refers to the number of
occurrences of a periodic event per time
and is measured in cycles/second.
Compression-  is the application of
balanced inward ("pushing") forces to
different points on a material or structure,
that is, forces with no net sum or torque
directed so as to reduce its size in one or
more directions.
Rarefaction- segment of one cycle of a
longitudinal wave during its travel or
motion, the other segment being
compression
Medium- is a substance or material that
carries the wave.
Hearing Range- describes the range of
frequencies that can be heard by humans
or other animals, though it can also refer
to the range of levels
 Vibrations are considered as a
disturbance that travels
through a medium
 This vibratory motion causes
energy to transfer to our ears
and is interpreted by our brain
Longitudinal wave- are waves that are
usually created by pulling and pushing
the material or medium. Alternating
compressions and rarefactions are
observed. These compressions and
rarefactions move along with the direction
of the pushing and pulling of a material.
Thus, the wave moves parallel to the
motion of material/ the particles of the
medium.
 The distance from one compression
to the next or between two
successive compressions in a
longitudinal wave is called
wavelength
 If you count the number of
compressions passing by a certain
point in 1 second, you are able to
determine the frequency of a
longitudinal wave.
 The greater the frequency the higher
the pitch
Transverse wave- The movement of
particles is perpendicular to the direction
of wave travel. The compressions resemble
the trough while the rarefactions are the
crest.
 Loudness- It distinguishes between
loud and feeble sound. It mainly
depends upon the amplitude of
sound.
 Pitch- It distinguishes between
shriller and flatter sound. It mainly
depends upon frequency of sound
 Quality or Timbre- It distinguishes
one sound from other having the
same loudness and pitch.
Hearing Range:
 Sound waves can travel in solid
liquid or gas
 Sound waves that travel in air come
in contact with our eardrums
causing it to vibrate
 People hearing sounds while
submerged in pool is evidence that
sound travels through a liquid
 People hearing sounds with their ear
pressed against a table is evidence
sound travels through a solid
 People unable to hear sounds in a
vacuum is evidence sound requires
a medium like solids, liquids, and
most gases to travel
 Sound waves are transmitted from
one place to another by the
vibration of particles of the medium
 Sound travels faster in solids
 The hotter the medium the faster
sound travels
 With more collisions per unit time,
energy is transferred more efficiently
resulting in sound travelling quickly
 Speed of sound is directly affected
by the temperature of the medium
 Heat, just like sound, is a form of
kinetic energy. At higher
temperatures, particles have more
energy (kinetic) and thus, vibrate
faster. And when particles vibrate
faster, there will be more collisions
per unit time
 With more collisions per unit time,
energy is transferred more efficiently
resulting in sound travelling quickly

 Reflection is usually described as
the turning back of a wave as it hits
the barrier
 Echo is an example of a reflected
sound
 The prolongation of the reflected
sound is known as reverberation
 Reverberation refers to the multiple
reflections or echoes in a certain
place
 A reverberation often occurs in a
small room with height, width, and
length dimensions of approximately
17 meters or less
 Echo sounding is used to map the
ocean floor and to determine the
depth of the ocean or sea by
transmitting sound waves into
water
 Bats listen to the echoes to figure
out where the object is, how big it
is, and its shape or detect distances
 Refractions is described as the
change in speed of sound when it
encounters a medium of different
density
 This change in speed of sound
during refraction is also manifested
as sort of “bending” of sound waves
 Sound waves of propagating
through air are bent and undergo
refraction when the air temperature
varies (the higher the temperature
the greater the speed of sound)
 Sound waves are used when
performing ultrasound
treatment, which is mainly used
to cure major cancers and
tumors
 Ultrasound tests are also used
on pregnant women to detect
many structural and functional
abnormalities in a fetus
 Ultrasound may also aid in the
detection of heart disease,
tumors, gallstones, and other
disorders
 Ultrasound sound waves are used to
detect flaws or cuts over machinery
parts in Industries
 Ultrasound is also used in
Industries to measure thickness of
metal or plastic pipes
 SONAR ( Sound Navigation and
Ranging)
 Sonar devices are used mainly to
locate fishes, ships, submarines and
underwater obstacles through the
use of ultrasound
 It is also used in exploring minerals
and petroleum, and oil bearing rock
formations under the water
 Cellular Telephone
 Motion Picture
 Telephone
 C.D’s Televisions
 Phonographs
 Electronics
 Hearing Aids
 Video Tape Recorders
 Video Cameras
 Speakers
 Stethoscopes
 Microphone