Earth's magnetic field

An electromagnet is a magnet that is created by an electric current.[22] The Earth

has a solid iron inner core surrounded by a fluid outer core that convects;[23]
therefore, Earth is an electromagnet. The motion of fluid convection sustains the
Earth's magnetic field.[23][24]

Methodology
Methodologies vary depending on the nature of the subjects being studied. Studies
typically fall into one of three categories: observational, experimental, or
theoretical. Earth scientists often conduct sophisticated computer analysis or
visit an interesting location to study earth phenomena (e.g. Antarctica or hot spot
island chains).

A foundational idea in Earth science is the notion of uniformitarianism, which

states that "ancient geologic features are interpreted by understanding active
processes that are readily observed."[citation needed] In other words, any geologic
processes at work in the present have operated in the same ways throughout geologic
time. This enables those who study Earth's history to apply knowledge of how Earth
processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved
and changed throughout long history.

Earth's spheres
Nature timeline
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-13 —–-12 —–-11 —–-10 —–-9 —–-8 —–-7 —–-6 —–-5 —–-4 —–-3 —–-2 —–-1 —–0 —
Reionization
Matter-dominated
era
Accelerated expansion
Water
Single-celled life
Photosynthesis
Multicellular
life
Vertebrates
Dark Ages
←
Universe (−13.80)
←
Earliest stars
←
Earliest galaxy
←
Earliest quasar/sbh
←
Omega Centauri
←
Andromeda Galaxy
←
Milky Way spirals
←
Alpha Centauri
←
Earth/Solar System
←
Earliest life
←
Earliest oxygen
←
Atmospheric oxygen
←
Sexual reproduction
←
Earliest animals/plants
←
Cambrian explosion
←
Earliest mammals
←
Earliest apes
L
i
f
e
(billion years ago)
Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere,
the atmosphere, and the biosphere;[25] these correspond to rocks, water, air and
life. Also included by some are the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct
portion of the hydrosphere and the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active
and intermixed sphere.

Partial list of the major Earth science topics

Further information: Outline of Earth sciences
Atmosphere
Atmospheric chemistry
Geography
Climatology
Meteorology
Hydrometeorology
Paleoclimatology
Biosphere
Biogeochemistry
Biogeography
Ecology
Landscape ecology
Geoarchaeology
Geomicrobiology
Paleontology
Palynology
Micropaleontology
Hydrosphere
Hydrology
Hydrogeology
Limnology (freshwater science)
Oceanography (marine science)
Chemical oceanography
Physical oceanography
Biological oceanography (marine biology)
Geological oceanography (marine geology)
Paleoceanography
Lithosphere (geosphere)
Geology
Economic geology
Engineering geology
Environmental geology
Historical geology
Quaternary geology
Planetary geology and planetary geography
Sedimentology
Stratigraphy
Structural geology
Geography
Physical geography
Geochemistry
Geomorphology
Geophysics
Geochronology
Geodynamics (see also Tectonics)
Geomagnetism
Gravimetry (also part of Geodesy)
Seismology
Glaciology
Hydrogeology
Mineralogy
Crystallography
Gemology
Petrology
Speleology
Volcanology
Pedosphere
Geography
Soil science
Edaphology
Pedology
Systems
Earth system science
Environmental science
Geography
Human geography
Physical geography
Gaia hypothesis
Systems ecology
Systems geology
Others
Geography
Cartography
Geoinformatics (GIS)
Geostatistics
Geodesy and Surveying
NASA Earth Science Enterprise
Remote Sensing
See also
Earth sciences graphics software
Environmental geoscience
GEO-LEO (GEO Library Experts Online)
Glossary of geology terms
List of geoscience organizations
List of Russian Earth scientists
List of unsolved problems in geoscience
Making North America (2015 PBS film)
Nanogeoscience
Science tourism
Structure of the Earth
References
Adams & Lambert 2006, p. 20
Smith & Pun 2006, p. 5
"WordNet Search – 3.1". princeton.edu.
 "NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Global Positioning Tutorial". noaa.gov.
Elissa Levine, 2001, The Pedosphere As A Hub broken link? Archived October 30,
2007, at the Wayback Machine
Gardiner, Duane T. "Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils?". ENV320: Soil Science
Lecture Notes. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. Archived from the original on 2018-
02-09. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
Craig, Kendall. "Hydrology of the Watershed".
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press, London, 2000
"Earth's Energy Budget". ou.edu.
Simison 2007, paragraph 7
Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 94–95, 100, 102
Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 13–17, 218, G-6
Oldroyd 2006, pp. 101,103,104
Smith & Pun 2006, p. 327
Smith & Pun 2006, p. 331
Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 325–26, 329
Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 107–08
American Heritage, p. 770
Parker, Eugene (March 2006), Shielding Space (PDF), Scientific American
Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 21–22
Smith & Pun 2006, p. 183
American Heritage, p. 576
Oldroyd 2006, p. 160
Demorest, Paul (2001-05-21). "Dynamo Theory and Earth's Magnetic Field" (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
Earth's Spheres Archived August 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ©1997–2000.
Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future. Retrieved November 11,
2007.
Sources
Adams, Simon; Lambert, David (2006). Earth Science: An illustrated guide to
science. New York, NY: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-8160-6164-8.
Joseph P. Pickett (executive editor) (1992). American Heritage dictionary of the
English language (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-
82517-4.
Simison, W. Brian (2007-02-05). "The mechanism behind plate tectonics". Retrieved
2007-11-17.
Smith, Gary A.; Pun, Aurora (2006). How Does the Earth Work? Physical Geology and
the Process of Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-
13-034129-7.
Oldroyd, David (2006). Earth Cycles: A historical perspective. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33229-6.
Further reading
Allaby M., 2008. Dictionary of Earth Sciences, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-
19-921194-4
Korvin G., 1998. Fractal Models in the Earth Sciences, Elsvier, ISBN 978-0-444-
88907-2
"Earth's Energy Budget". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 1996–2004. Retrieved 2007-
11-17.
Miller, George A.; Christiane Fellbaum; and Randee Tengi; and Pamela Wakefield; and
Rajesh Poddar; and Helen Langone; Benjamin Haskell (2006). "WordNet Search 3.0".
WordNet a lexical database for the English language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University/Cognitive Science Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
"NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Geodesy". National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
Reed, Christina (2008). Earth Science: Decade by Decade. New York, NY: Facts on
File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5533-3.
Tarbuck E. J., Lutgens F. K., and Tasa D., 2002. Earth Science, Prentice Hall, ISBN
978-0-13-035390-0
External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth sciences.
American Geosciences Institute
Earth Science Picture of the Day, a service of Universities Space Research
Association, sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Geoethics in Planetary and Space Exploration.
National Earth Science Teachers Association
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