ARef

ri
ger
ati
onSy
stem

1.
0.I
ntr
oduct
ion:

Thet ermr efri

ger ationmeanscool i
ngaspace, subst anceor
system t ol owerand/ ormai ntainitstemper aturebel owt he
ambi entone( whilet her emov edheati sr ejectedatahi gher
temper atur e).
Inot herwor ds, refr
igerati
oni sar ti
fici
al (
human-
made)cool ing.Ener gyint hef orm ofheati sr emov edfrom al ow-
temper atur ereser voirandt ransf erredtoahi gh-temper ature
reservoir.Thewor kofener gyt ransferistraditionallydrivenby
mechani cal means, butcanal sobedr iv
enbyheat ,magnet i
sm,
electri
cit
y ,laser ,
orot hermeans.Ref ri
gerationhasmany
applicati
ons, includinghousehol drefri
gerat ors,i
ndust ri
al f
reezers,
cryogenics, andai rcondi t
ioni ng.Heatpumpsmayuset heheat
outputoft her efrigerationpr ocess, andal somaybedesi gnedt o
ber eversible, butar eot herwi sesi mi l
artoai rcondi ti
oninguni ts.
[1]

Fi
g.:
ARef
ri
ger
atorout
side(
Sour
ce:
goodhousekeepi
ng)
2.
0.Uni
tofRef
ri
ger
ati
onandCoeff
ici
entof
Per
formance(
COP)ofref
ri
ger
ator
:
UnitofRefr
igerati
onindicat
est herateofremovalheat.Theuni t
ofrefri
ger
ationisexpressedint er
msoft onofrefr
igerati
on( TR).
Onet onofrefri
gerat
ionisdefinedast heamountofr efr
igerati
on
eff
ect(heattransf
errate)produceddur i
ngunif
orm mel t
ingofone
ton(100kg)oficeat0° Ctothewat eratthe0°
Ci n24hour s.

Thecoef ficientofper f
ormanceorCOP( somet i
mesCPorCoP)of
arefrigerat ionsy st em isar atioofusef ul heatingorcool ing
providedt owor kr equired.Hi gherCOPsequat et oloweroper at
ing
costs.TheCOPusual l
yexceeds1, especi al
lyinheatpumps,
because, i
nst eadofj ustconv erti
ngwor kt oheat( which, i
f100%
effi
cient,woul dbeaCOPof1) ,itpumpsaddi ti
onal heatfrom a
heatsour cet owher etheheati srequired.Forcompl etesyst ems,
COPcal cul ationsshoul di ncludeener gyconsumpt i
onofal l power
consumi ngauxi l
i
ar ies.COPi shi ghlydependentonoper ati
ng
conditions, especi allyabsol utet emper atur eandr elati
ve
temper atur ebet weensi nkandsy stem, andi sof tengraphedor
averagedagai nstexpect edcondi ti
ons.[3]Per formanceof
Absor pti
onr efri
ger atorchi l
lersi stypicall
ymuchl ower ,
ast heyare
notheatpumpsr elyingoncompr ession, butinsteadr el
yon
chemi cal react i
onsdr i
venbyheat
Equat
ion:

Theequat
ioni
s:

COP=W/
Q

wher
e

1.
Qistheusef
ulheatsuppl
i
edorr
emov
edbyt
heconsi
der
ed
sy
stem.

2.
Wist
hewor
krequi
redbyt
heconsi
der
edsy
stem.

TheCOPf orheati
ngandcool ingar ethusdiffer
ent,becausethe
heatreservoi
rofinterestisdifferent.Whenonei sinterest
edin
howwel lamachi necool s,theCOPi stherati
ooft heheat
remov edfrom t
hecol dr eserv
oirt oi
nputwor k.Howev er,f
or
heati
ng, t
heCOPi st her ati
owhi chtheheatr emovedf rom the
coldreservoi
rplusthei nputwor kbear stotheinputwor k:

wher
e

1.
Q(cool
i
ng)i
stheheatr
emov
edf
rom t
hecol
dreser
voi
r.

2.
Q(Heat
ing)i
stheheatsuppl
i
edt
othehotr
eser
voi
r.[
2]
3.
0.Di
ff
erencebet
weenaHeatEngi
ne,
Ref
ri
ger
atorand
HeatPump:
Al
lthr
eedev
iceswor
kont
hebasi
sofheatf
low.

3.
1.I
naheatengi ne,heatistransf
err
edfrom ahighert
emperat
ure
l
evelcall
edsourcetoal owert emper
atur
elevelcall
edsi
nk.Work
i
sobtainedduri
ngt hi
spr ocess.

3.2.
Arefr
igeratorisarever
sedheatengine.Heatist
ransf
err
ed
fr
om thelowert emperat
urelevelt
ohighertemperat
ureby
apply
ingexternalworktomai nt
ainthet
emper at
urebel
ow
atmospheri
ct emperatur
e.

3.
3.Aheatpumpi ssi
milart
oar ef
ri
gerat
or.Theonlypoi
ntof
di
fferencebetweenthetwoi softheoperati
ngtemperat
ures.The
workingtemperatur
esinar efr
iger
atorareofthecol
derl
eveland
atmosphere,whereasworkingtemperaturesi
nheatpumpar eof
hotterl
evelandatmosphere.[
3]

4.
0.Dr
awi
ngoft
hemodel
Diagr
am ofaRef
ri
ger
ati
onSy
stem:

Fi
g.:
ARef
ri
ger
ati
onsy
stem Di
agr
am(
sour
c:bar
tl
tt
tl
td)
5.
0.Wor
kingPr
inci
pleofAr
efr
iger
ati
onSy
stem:
Ar efri
ger atoris,basically,aheatengi neinwhi ch
wor kisdoneonar ef
r i
gerantsubst ancesoi tcould
col l
ectener gyfrom acol dregion;deli
veriti
na
highert emper atureregionandwi t
hthatcool i
ngthe
col dregionev enmor e.Basicel ementsofa
refrigeratorar ecompr essorwhi chisconnect edto
theout er,hotter,pipesy stem (call
edcondensercoi ls)
thati sconnect edt otheexpansi onvalvewhichi s
connect edt othei nner ,
colder,pipesystem
(ev aporat orcoils)whi chisconnect edbackt o
compr essor .Theyal lholdr efr
igerantsubstanceand
ev aporat orcoilsar eplacedi nat hermallyi
solated
” box”whoser oleist okeepi tsinsidecold.
Refrigerant“st
ar t
s”asagas( remember-i t’
sacy cl
e)
atacompr essorwhi chrisest
hepr essurewhi ch
heatst hegas.Compr essedgaspassest hrought he
condensercoi ls(outerones),onthebackof
refr
igerator,
whi charemadesot hegaswi l
l losethe
hight emperatureinthem andst ar
tturningi ntoa
l
iquidbecausei ti
sunderahi ghpressur e.Liquid
refr
igerantcomest oanexpansionv alve.Because
i
t’sacy cl
e,betweent hev al
veandt hecompr essoris
alow- pressurearea-compr essorispulli
ngtheliqui
d
refr
igerantoutofexpansi onv al
veintothe
evapor atorcoil
s.Becauseoft helowpr essur
el i
quid
refr
igerantst ar
tsboili
ngandev aporati
ng.
Refrigerant,nowagas, goest hr
oughev aporator
coil
sandbecausei tneedsener gysoi tcould
evapor ateit“dr
ains”itfrom thesurroundingarea
andmakesi tcol
der.From ev aporatorcoil
s
refr
igerantgasgoesi nt
ocompr essorandcy cle
repeats.
Earlymechani calr
ef r
igerationsy stemsusedsul fur
dioxide, methylchlori
deandammoni aas
refr
iger ant
sbutst oppedusi ngsul furdi oxi
de,met hy
l
chloridebecauset heywer et oxic.Someot herol der
machi nesusedmet hylformat e,chlor omethane, or
dichloromet hane.Chlor ofl
uor ocarbonswer eused
sincet he1950sbutwer ebannedsi ncet helate
1970sbecauseoft heconcer nsaboutdepl eti
onof
theozonel ayer.Theywer esubst it
ut edwi t
h
perfl
uor ocarbonsandhy drofl
uor ocar bonsbutt hey
alsocameundercr iti
cism.Theyar enowmost l
y
r
epl
acedwi
thf
luor
inat
edgr
eenhousegases.
[4]
6.
0.Pr
oper
ti
esofARef
ri
ger
ant
:
6.
1.Lowboi
l
ingPoi
nt
6.
2.Hi
ghCr
it
ical
Temper
atur
e
6.
3.Hi
ghl
atentheatofv
apor
isat
ion
6.
4.Low speci
fi
cheatofl
i
qui
d
6.
5.Lowspeci
fi
cvol
umeofv
apour
6.
6.Non-
cor
rosi
vet
omet
al
6.
7.Non-
fl
ammabl
e
6.
8.Non-
expl
osi
ve
6.
9.Non-
toxi
c
6.
2.0.
Lowcost
6.2.
1.Easytol
i
qui
fyatmoder
atepr
essur
eand
temperatur
e
6.
2.2.Easyt
olocat
ingl
eaksbyodourorsui
tabl
e
i
ndicator
6.
2.3.
Mixeswel
lwi
thoi
l
.[5]
7.
0.Appl
i
cat
ionofRef
ri
ger
ati
on:
7.1.
Inchemical
indust
ri
es,
forsepar
ati
ngand
l
iquefy
ingthegases.
7.
2.I
nmanuf
act
uri
ngandst
ori
ngi
ce.
7.3.
Forthepreser
vat
ionofper
ishabl
efoodi
temsi
n
coldst
orages.
7.
4.Forcool
i
ngwat
er.
7.5.
Forcont
rol
li
nghumidi
tyofai
rmanuf
act
ureand
heattr
eatmentofst
eel
s.
7.
6.Forchi
l
li
ngt
heoi
ltor
emov
ewaxi
noi
lref
iner
ies.
7.
7.Forthepreservat
ionoftabl
etsandmedi
ci
nesi
n
pharmaceuti
calindustr
ies.
7.
8.Fort
hepr
eser
vat
ionofbl
oodt
issueset
c.,
7.9.
Forcomfortai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngt
hehospi
tal
s,
theat
res,
etc.
8.
0.Concl
usi
on:
Astheconclusi
on,icansayt hat,
ref
ri
gerat
orconsi
stswi t
htwo
compartmentsoneoff rozenitem andtheot
hersi
sr equir
ing
ref
ri
gerat
ionbutnotfreezi
ng.Itcanthrowallt
heheatf r
om the
l
oadsinsidethecompar t
ment sanditmakeitcool
edl onglast
ing
l
ife.
Aref
ri
gerati
onSyst
em i
susei
nvar
iousper
posesl
i
kemedi
cal
andfoodindust
ry.

Ref
erence:

[
1]ht
tps:
//en.m.wi
kipedia.
org/
wiki/Ref
ri
ger
ati
on#ci
te_
ref
-1-
I
nter
nati
onal Di
cti
onaryofRefri
gerati
on,
ht
tp:
//di
ctionar
y.i
i
fii
r.
org/sear
ch.php

[2]https:/
/www. nuclear-
power.
net
/nucl
ear
-
engineering/t
hermody namics/t
her
modynamic-cy
cles/heat
ing-
and
-ai
r-conditi
oning/coeff
ici
ent-
of-
per
for
mance-cop-
refr
igerat
or-
air
-
conditioner/

htt
ps://
www.grundfos.
com/ser
vice-
suppor
t/ency
clopedi
a-
search/
cop-
coeffi
ci
ent-
ofper
for
mance.html

[
3]ht
tp:/
/engineeri
ng.myi
ndiali
st.
com/2009/
dif
fer
ence-
bet
ween-
a
-
heat
-engine-
refr
iger
ator
-and-heat
-pump/

[
4]ht
tps:
//www.danf
oss.
com/ en/about
-danf
oss/
our
-
busi
nesses/
cooli
ng/t
he-
fr
idge-how-i
t-
works/

[
5]ht
tps://
chemi
cal
engi
neer
ingsi
te.
in/
desi
rabl
e-pr
oper
ti
es-
r
efri
gerants/
amp/

Name:
Tit
uNat
h

Rol
l
:1905087