132.5.

19 TESTING: MATERIALS FOR JOINTS

132.5.19.1 Batch: joint filler, joint sealant

A batch of joint filler or joint sealant shall comply with Section

20.8.24 of the GMWS.

132.5.19.2 Samples: joint filler, joint sealant

Samples of joint filler or joint sealant shall comply with Section

20.8.25 of the GMWS.

132.5.19.3 Testing: joint filler, joint sealant

Testing of joint filler and joint sealant for joints in the PQC course
shall be as stated in Sections 20.8.26 (a) and 20.8.26 (b) of the
GMWS except as stated in Sections 132.5.2.5 and 132.5.2.6 of
the GMWS.

132.5.19.4 Testing: joint sealant

Each sample of joint sealant shall be tested to determine the

application life, tack-free time, resistance to flow, recovery,
adhesion and cohesion in tension and compression and
resistance to heat ageing. The method of testing shall be in
accordance with BS 5212.

132.5.19.5 Testing: PFA, Admixtures, Cement, Aggregate and Curing

Compounds

Sampling and testing shall be as per Section 20 of the GMWS.

132.6 POLYMER MODIFIED MARSHALL ASPHALT WEARING

COURSE AND MARSHALL ASPHALT BASE COURSE

POLYMER MODIFIED MARSHALL ASPHALT WEARING COURSE

132.6.1 INTRODUCTION

(a) Polymer modified Marshall asphalt wearing course

(PMAWC) shall consist of mineral aggregate, filler and
polymer modified binder mixed in a mixing plant and placed
on a prepared underlying course in accordance with this
GMWS.

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 (b) The Contractor shall provide production and field test
summaries on an on-going daily basis (or other agreed
period) to monitor compliance and trends in test results and
submit these promptly to the Project Manager. The format
of the test summaries shall be agreed with the Project
Manager. The Contractor shall take appropriate action as
required (including raising non-conformance reports etc) to
ensure compliance with the GMWS.

132.6.2 MATERIALS

132.6.2.1 General

(a) Aggregates, filler and bitumen for use in the construction of

polymer modified Marshall asphalt wearing course shall
meet the requirements of this GMWS.
(b) The Contractor shall submit full details including the
proposed manufacturing plant, quality control procedures
and source material information for any polymer modified
binder supplier who is intended to manufacture the polymer
modified binder on the Site.
(c) If material is obtained from more than one source each must
meet the requirements of this GMWS. The Contractor shall
supply evidence demonstrating that each material source
can meet the requirements of this GMWS. This evidence
shall be reviewed without objection by the Project Manager.

132.6.2.2 Polymer Modified Binder

(a) The polymer modified binder shall be procured from

suppliers and delivered to the Site in Bitutainers or
equivalent containers. The procurement details shall be
reviewed without objection by the Project Manager.
(b) The Contractor shall submit full details including the
proposed manufacturing plant, quality control procedures
and source material information for any polymer modified
binder that is to be manufactured on the Site.
(c) The polymer modified binder shall be one of the following:
BP Olexobit AB5, Shell Cariphalte PG76 or Ooms
Avenhorn Sealoflex 5-50 (JR) and shall meet the
requirements stated in Table 132.12. The polymer modified
binder used for runway works shall have added fuel
resistant capabilities.
(d) All pre-blended polymer modified binder shall be stored in
accordance with a quality control procedure which follows the
manufacturer’s instructions detailing the mode of circulation or
agitation in the storage tank necessary to ensure homogeneity is
maintained.

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 (e) The susceptibility of pre-blended polymer modified binder
to separation or instability during prolonged storage at high
temperatures shall be tested prior to the commencement of
the Works in accordance with Appendix A132.6.1 and shall
meet the requirements of Table 132.12. Alternative storage
temperatures may be proposed to the Project Manager for
review without objection by submitting a letter of
recommendation from the polymer modified binder
manufacturer/supplier, which shall demonstrate that the
proposed polymer modified binder is storage stable at the
respective temperature.
(f) When the Contractor proposes to blend polymer modified
binder on the Site, on-Site blending of polymer modified
binder shall be carried out in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations. The Contractor shall
supply evidence demonstrating that each production meets
the requirements of Table 132.12.
(g) If binder modifiers are partially insoluble when analysis is
carried out to determine the soluble binder content in
accordance with ASTM D2172/D2172M-11, then test
results shall be submitted that:
(i) establish the degree of insolubility of the modifier; and
(ii) determine the adjustment to the measured soluble
binder content that will be necessary. If requested by
the Project Manager, analysis of the polymer content
of polymer modified material shall be carried out in
accordance with a method recommended by the
polymer supplier or other agreed analysis method.
Table 132.12: Required properties of polymer modified binder

Property Test Method Unit Requirement Note

Penetration at ASTM D5 0.1mm Reported -

25oC
Softening Point ASTM D36 °C Reported -
Viscosity at ASTM Pa.s <3 -
135oC D4402
Dynamic Shear, AASHTO kPa > 1.00 -
G*/ sin δ, at 70oC TP5
and 10 rad/s
Flash Point ASTM D92 °C > 230 -
Rolling Thin Film AASHTO - - -
Oven Test T240
(RTFOT)
Mass Loss AASHTO % < 1.0 After
T240 RTFOT

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 Property Test Method Unit Requirement Note

Dynamic Shear, AASHTO kPa > 2.20 After

G*/sin δ, at 70oC TP5 RTFOT
and 10 rad/s
Increase in ASTM D36 °C < 10 -
Softening Point
Pressure Ageing AASHTO °C 100 -
Vessel (PAV) PP1
Test
Dynamic Shear, AASHTO kPa < 5000 After
G*/ sin δ, at 34 oC TP5 PAV
and 10 rad/s Test
Storage Stability Appendix - - -
A132.6.1
Difference in ASTM D5 0.1mm <9 After
Penetration Storage
Stability

Difference in ASTM D36 °C <5 After

Softening Point Storage
Stability

Multiple Stress AAHSTO kPa-1 <0.25 at Target

Creep Recovery TP70 64°C values
(MSCR) Jnr3.2 <0.5 at 70°C
<1 at 76°C
Multiple Stress AAHSTO % To be tested To be
Creep Recovery TP70 at 64°, 70°C reported
(MSCR) Jnrdiff and 76°C only

132.6.2.3 Aggregate

(a) Aggregate shall be obtained from a source which has been

reviewed without objection by the Project Manager.
(b) Aggregate shall consist of clean, hard, durable particles of
crushed granite rock blended if necessary with sand or
other inert finely divided mineral aggregate. Gravel or
crushed gravel shall not be permitted. Aggregate shall be
uniform, have an affinity for bitumen and be capable of
being coated evenly. Aggregate shall be free from
weathered material, vegetable material, disintegrated or
friable matter, clay, organic matter, and other deleterious
substances.

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 (c) The portion of the material retained on the 2.36 mm sieve
shall be known as coarse aggregate, the portion passing
the 2.36 mm sieve and retained on the 0.075 mm sieve as
fine aggregate, and the portion passing the 0.075 mm sieve
as filler.
(d) Coarse aggregate shall have the properties stated in Table
132.13.
Table 132.13: Properties of coarse aggregate

Property Requirement
Los Angeles Abrasion ≤30% wear after 500
revolutions
Magnesium Soundness ≤5% loss after five cycles
Ten Per Cent Fines Value ≥180kN
(TFV)
Flakiness Index (FI) ≤20%
Elongation Index ≤25%
Water Absorption ≤2%
Material finer than 0.075 mm in ≤2%
Aggregates (by washing)

Note: Alternatively FI < 25% if tested to BS EN 933-3 2012

(e) Coarse aggregate for each asphalt mix required shall be
supplied in not less than the following number of fractions:
(i) 20 mm and 28 mm nominal maximum size mix – three
fractions
(ii) 14 mm nominal maximum size mix - two fractions
The grading for each fraction shall be submitted to the
Project Manager for review without objection.
(f) Fine aggregate shall consist of clean, hard, durable,
angular particles produced by crushing rock meeting the
requirements for wear and soundness specified for coarse
aggregate. If necessary, to obtain the required mixed
aggregate grading and required workability, natural sand
may be used. In this case the percentage of sand shall be
below 15% by weight of the total mixture.
(g) Fine aggregates shall comply with the requirements of
Table 132.14.

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 Table 132.14: Properties of fine aggregate

Property Requirement
Water Absorption:
. crushed aggregate Not more than 2.5%
. uncrushed aggregate Not more than 2.0%
Material finer than 0.075 mm in
Aggregates: (by washing)
. crushed aggregate Not more than 10.0%
. sand aggregate Not more than 5.0%
. combined aggregate Not more than 5.0%
Magnesium Soundness Not more than 5% after 5
cycles
Sand Equivalent to ASTM D Not less than 45
2419
Methylene Blue Value (MBV) to Not more than 5mg/g
ISSA Technical Bulletin No 145
Plasticity Index Non-plastic

132.6.2.4 Filler

(a) Added filler shall consist of hydrated lime to ASTM C 1097

or BS EN 459-1: 2010. It shall be in accordance with the
limits given in Table 132.15.

Table 132.15: Grading requirements for filler

Sieve Size (mm) Percent by mass passing

0.6 100
0.3 95 – 100
0.075 70 – 100

(b) The reclaimed dust extracted from the aggregates during

asphalt production may also be used as filler, subject to the
requirements of Sections 132.6.2.4(a) and 132.6.2.5(b)(ii)
being met.
(c) Filler shall be stored in dry conditions.

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 132.6.2.5 Combined aggregate and filler

(a) Combined aggregate and filler for polymer modified

Marshall asphalt wearing course shall conform to the
grading shown in Table 132.16 and shall not vary from the
low limit on one size of sieve to the high limit on an adjacent
sieve, or vice versa. The Contractor shall initially target the
centre of the grading band to produce the combined
aggregate grading. This grading shall be adjusted should
the specified polymer modified Marshall asphalt
requirements be demonstrated as not achievable.

Table 132.16: Combined aggregate grading for polymer

modified Marshall asphalt

Percent by mass Percent by mass

passing passing
Sieve
Size Polymer Modified Polymer Modified
(mm) Marshall Asphalt Marshall Asphalt
Wearing Course Wearing Course
Taxiway Grooved Runway
40 -- --
28 100 --
20 90 – 100 100
14 76 – 90 96 – 100
10 67 – 84 78 – 86
5 50 – 70 56 – 64
2.36 35 – 53 41 – 47
1.18 25 – 40 30 – 36
0.6 19 – 33 22 – 28
0.3 13 – 25 13 – 19
0.15 8 – 16 8 – 12
0.075 4–6 4–6
(b) The combined aggregate and filler shall also conform to the
following requirements:
(i) The material passing the 0.3 mm sieve shall be non-
plastic when tested in accordance with BS 1377: Part
2: 1990; and
(ii) Between 1% and 1.5% by mass of the combined
aggregate and filler shall be hydrated lime filler.

132.6.2.6 Bond coat

Bond coat to be applied to existing bituminous surfaces shall

comply with Section 132.8 of this GMWS.

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 132.6.2.7 Pavement reinforcement mesh

The pavement reinforcement mesh shall be a knitted, glass fibre

strand with the following characteristics:
(a) Tensile strength shall be at least 100 kN/m in two mutually
perpendicular directions
(b) Weight shall be greater than 0.4 kg/m²
(c) Elongation at break shall be a maximum of 4%
(d) Melt point shall exceed 1,000°C
(e) Mesh shall be self-adhesive with sufficient bond to allow
normal construction traffic and paving machinery
operations.

132.6.3 DESIGN OF POLYMER MODIFIED MARSHALL ASPHALT

132.6.3.1 General

(a) The Contractor shall notify the Project Manager at least

seven days before carrying out the mix designs and
associated tests.
(b) The mix design process shall be repeated each time that
there is a change in sources of material.

132.6.3.2 Polymer modified Marshall asphalt mix design

(a) Polymer modified Marshall asphalt shall be designed in

accordance with the Marshall Method of Mix Design stated
in The Asphalt Institute Handbook "MS-2 Mix Design
Methods for Asphalt Concrete and other Hot-mix Types"
(TAI MS-2).
(b) In carrying out the tests mechanically operated compaction
equipment shall be used. This equipment shall deliver the
same compactive effort per blow as the standard Marshall
compaction hammer. The compaction shall be 75 blows
each side and three test specimens shall be prepared for
each polymer modified binder content used.

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 132.6.30.4 Non-compliance: Marshall asphalt cores

(a) If the result of any individual Marshall asphalt core density test
does not comply with the requirements of the GMWS then four
additional Marshall asphalt cores shall be taken from the same
sub-lot, at locations which are evenly spaced throughout the sub-
lot. The additional Marshall asphalt cores shall be tested in
accordance with Section 132.6.30.2 of the GMWS. In all cases
where non-compliance is noted, the Contractor shall
provide the Project Manager with justification, rationale and
details of corrective actions taken for acceptance of such
materials. In all cases where the average air void content of
any set of retest cores is outwith the range of 2.5% to 7.5%
and thickness of the core is not conforming to the
requirement shown in the drawings, the Contractor shall
offer to remove and replace at their own cost, the full extent
of the area represented by the related core. However, in all
cases of non-compliance this Section of the GMWS, the
Project Manager reserves the right to reject the material,
and instruct the Contractor to remove and replace at their
own cost, the full extent of the area concerned.
(b) If any individual Marshall asphalt core indicates that the
fresh overlying course and existing underlying course are
physically detached into separate layers then four
additional Marshall asphalt cores shall be taken from the
same sub-lot, at locations which are evenly spaced
throughout the sub-lot. If any of the additional Marshall
asphalt cores fail to meet the requirement of Section
132.6.30.3(e) then the non-complying layer of Marshall
asphalt shall be removed over the whole sub-lot and shall
be replaced with fresh material.
(c) Any fresh material installed to replace non-compliant lots or
sub-lots shall be tested in accordance with Section
132.6.30.2 of the GMWS and shall comply with the criteria
stated in Section 132.6.30.3 of the GMWS.

132.6.31 REFERENCES

British Standards Institution

Standard Title Superseded or

complimentary
BS
BS 598-100 Methods of sampling and analysis n/a
BS 598-102 Sampling and examination of bituminous n/a
mixtures for roads and other paved areas.
Part 102. Analytical test methods
BS 598- Sampling and examination of bituminous n/a
110:1998 mixtures for roads and other paved areas.

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 Standard Title Superseded or
complimentary
BS
Part 110. Method of test for the determination
of wheel-tracking rate and depth
BS 812- Testing aggregates. Methods for Partially replaced
111:1990 determination of ten percent fines value (TFV) by BS EN 1097-
2:1998
BS EN 932- Tests for general properties of aggregates. BS 812-102
1:1997 Part 1. Methods for sampling
BS EN 933-1: Tests for geometrical properties of BS 812-103.1
2012 aggregates. Part 1. Determination of particle
size distribution. Sieving method
BS EN 933-3: Tests for geometrical properties of BS 812-105.1
2009 aggregates. Part 3. Determination of particle
shape of aggregates. Flakiness index
BS EN 933-10; Tests for geometrical properties of n/a
2009 aggregates. Part 10. Determination of fines.
Grading of fillers (air jet sieving)
BS EN 1097-2: Tests for mechanical and physical properties BS 812-111
2013 of aggregates. Part 2. Methods for the
determination of resistance to fragmentation
BS EN 1097-5: Tests for mechanical and physical properties BS 812-109
2008 of aggregates. Part 5. Determination of water
content by drying in a ventilated oven
BS EN 1097-6: Tests for mechanical and physical properties BS 812-2
2013 of aggregates. Part 6. Determination of
particle density and water absorption
BS EN 1367-2: Tests for thermal and weathering properties BS 812-121
2009 of aggregates. Part 2. Magnesium sulphate
test
BS 1377-2 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering Partially replaced
purposes. Part 2. Classification tests
BS EN 1426: Methods of test for petroleum and its BS 2000-49
2015 products. BS 2000-49: Bitumen and
bituminous binders-Determination of needle
penetration
BS EN 12591: Bitumen and bituminous binder. Specification BS3690-1
2009 for paving grade bitumens
BS EN ISO Quality management systems. Fundamentals n/a
9000: 2015 and vocabulary
BS EN 12697-6: Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot BS 598-104
2012 mix asphalt. Part 6. Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens
BS EN 12697- Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot
22: 2003 mix asphalt. Wheel tracking
BS EN 12697- Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot BS DD 213
26: 2012 mix asphalt. Part 26. Stiffness
BS EN 12697- Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot BS 598-100
27: 2001 mix asphalt. Part 27. Sampling

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 Standard Title Superseded or
complimentary
BS
BS DD AWF Methods for determination of the fatigue n/a
characteristics of bituminous mixtures under
indirect tensile fatigue
American Society for Testing and Materials

Standard Title
ASTM C295 Standard practice for petrographic examination of aggregates for
concrete
ASTM D5: 2013 Test method for penetration of bituminous materials
ASTM D36: Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring and ball
2014 apparatus)
ASTM D92 Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup
ASTM Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
C136/C136M: Aggregates
2014
ASTM Standard practice for sampling of bituminous materials
D140/D140M:
2016
ASTM Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen
D2172/D2172M - From Bituminous Paving Mixtures
11
ASTM D4402: Viscosity Determinations of Unfilled Asphalts Using the
2015 Brookfield Thermosel Apparatus

The Asphalt Institute

Standard Title
TAI MS2 Mix design methods for asphalt concrete and other hot-mix types
(Seventh
Edition) (2015)

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Standard Title
AASHTO TP5: Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using Dynamic Shear
1998 Rheometer (DSR)
AASHTO T240: Test method for effect of heat and air on asphalt materials (rolling
2013 thin film oven test)
AASHTO T283: Resistance of bituminous mixtures to moisture induced damage
2014
AASHTO PP1 Practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a
pressurized aging vessel (PAV)

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