a) One way in which Islam successfully spread to sub-

Saharan Africa by the 11th century is through trading.

Islam successfully spread through trade (Muslim
merchants participated in Sub-Sahara trade), which
spreads into West Africa.

b) One way in which Islamic practices were changed as

the religion spread to sub-Saharan Africa by the 11th
century is the mixing of cultures. There were many
interactions between the different genders, much more
were relaxed. The way the boys surprised you, his
clothes you’re wearing them for us.

c) One factor that may have influenced the point of view

of the author of this passage is that the words used
have strong personal connotations to make the
opposing side seem like the better Muslim.