ELE313P ADC Practice Lab

Lab 10 - Noise Realization

Lab Incharge: Dr. M. D. selvaraj

IIITDM Kancheepuram

October 26, 2020

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 Topics to be covered:

1 The Random Variable

2 Uniform Random Variable
3 Practice 1
4 Gaussian Random Variable
5 Practice 2
6 Gaussian and Uniform White Noise
7 Histogram
8 Practice 3
9 Practice 4

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 The Random Variable

What motivated Random variables?

What is a Random variable?

Figure: mapping from a sample space to a real number

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 Uniform Random Variable

Expected outcomes are equi-probable.

The probability density function of a random variable which is
constant over the specific interval is given by
 1
fX (x) = b−a when a < x < b . (1)
0 otherwise

Example (In Matlab)

X1 = rand ; X1=rand(1)
X2 = rand(5)
X3 = rand(1,N)

To generate a random number in the interval (a, b) use the following

expression.
X = a+(b-a)*rand(n,m);

Lab Incharge: Dr. M. D. selvaraj (ADC Lab) Noise Realization October 26, 2020 4 / 11
 Practice 1

Generate random numbers from 0 to 10 using rand function.

(Hint: Multiply 10 with rand function)
Generate N random numbers from A to B using rand function. (A>1
& A<B)

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 Gaussian Random Variable
Normal (Gaussian) distribution is one of the most commonly used
distributions.
If x is a normal or Gaussian random variable with parameters µ and
σ 2 and its density function is given by
1 (x−µ)2
fX (x) = √ e− 2σ 2 (2)
2πσ 2

Figure: Normal distribution

X ∼ N (µ, σ 2 )
The special case X ∼ N (0, 1) is referred to as the Standard normal
random variable.
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 Practice 2

Example (In Matlab)

X1 = randn ; X1=randn(1)
X2 = randn(5)
X3 = randn(1,N)

Generate normally distributed random numbers with mean 100 and

variance 25. (Hint: The randn function returns a normal distribution
with mean 0 and variance 1. if X is a random variable whose mean is
µx and variance is σx2 , then the random variable Y , defined by
y = ax + b where a and b are constants, has mean µy = aµx + b and
variance σy2 = a2 σx2 )

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 Gaussian and Uniform White Noise

A white noise signal (process) is constituted by a set of independent

and identically distributed (i.i.d) random variables.
A series of samples that are independent and generated from the
same probability distribution.
A white noise signal generated from a Uniform distribution is called
Uniform White Noise.
In system modeling, white noise can be generated using an
appropriate random generator.

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 Histogram

Histogram provides a visual representation of numerical data.

Figure: A sample histogram plot

A histogram is an approximate representation of the distribution of

numerical data

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 Practice 3

Plot the histogram for uniformally distributed random variable.

Plot the histogram for normally distributed random variable for the
following specifications:
µ=0 and σ=1
µ=2 and σ=2
µ=10 and σ=100
(µ and σ are mean and standard deviation respectively.
Hint: Use Inbuilt command ”histogram”)

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 Practice 4

Plot the histogram for Gaussian pdf (equation 2) and validate by

using randn function.

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