The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey (ca 5755-5450 BC)

Author(s): Elizabeth Carter

Source: Paléorient , 2010, Vol. 36, No. 1, Social Development in the 6th and 5th Millennia
BCE (Turkey, Iran and Southern Levant) (2010), pp. 159-177
Published by: Paleorient and CNRS Editions and CNRS Editions

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 The Glyptic of the Middle-Late
Halaf Period at Domuztepe,
Turkey (ca 5755-5450 ВС)

E. Carter

Abstract: The Middle-Late Halaf (ca. 5755-5450 ВС) stamp seals from Domuztepe in Southeastern Turkey are pres
types of stamp seals are described : 1. Bead seals; 2. Seals with suspension loops; 3. Seal-pendants ; 4. Block Seals.
mon seals are those with suspension loops (Type II) made in geometric shapes with incised lines that cross and re
decorating the seal face. The design principles, such as centering the pattern on the seal face around parallel, inte
or intersecting perpendicular lines, were used across the Halaf horizon, suggesting that the seals like the pottery may
ticipation of the residents of Domuztepe in a larger trans -regional cultural network. Only a few very fragmentary s
from Domuztepe, but they indicate that the seals were used in ways similar to those found at Arpachiyah in the B
multiple impressions of the same and different seals were discovered. These finds point to a complex system of accou
exchange in which multiple parties or commodities were involved. Future work at Domuztepe will no doubt clarify th
glyptic art and administrative practices in the Late 6th through Early 5th millennia. The messages transmitted by in
patterns that crosscut media and were trans-regional in their distribution will remain difficult to decipher.

Résumé: Cet article porte sur les sceaux du Halaf moyen et récent (5755-5450 av. J.-C.) de Domuztepe (Turq
Quatre principaux types sont décrits : 1. les sceaux boutons à perforation transversale ; 2. les sceaux à bélière ; 3
dentifs ; 4. les sceaux massifs. Le type 2, de forme géométrique avec des incisions linéaires qui se croisent et
la face décorée, est le plus fréquent. La grammaire du décor, telle que son centrage autour de lignes parallèles, sé
gonales, est utilisée tout au long de l'horizon Halaf ce qui suggère que, au même titre que la poterie, les sceaux p
V implication des habitants de Domuztepe dans un vaste réseau transrégional d'échanges culturels. Seuls quelques
fragmentés ont été retrouvés à Domuztepe; ils montrent que l'usage des sceaux y était très similaire à celui reconn
House» d'Arpachiyah où de nombreuses empreintes de sceaux identiques et distincts ont été mises au jour. Ces dé
tent un système complexe de comptabilité et /ou d'échanges impliquant diverses parties et matières premières. Les
Domuztepe permettront certainement de clarifier nos connaissances sur le développement de la glyptique et de son
VIe et au début du Y millénaires av. J.-C. La question reste ouverte quant à la compréhension du message associé
trique et à sa distribution trans-régionale.

Keywords: Halaf; Domuztepe; Turkey; Glyptic ; Prehistoric Administrative Technology.

Mots-clés : Halaf; Domuztepe; Turquie; Glyptique ; Système administratif préhistorique.

Domuztepe lies halfway between the modemsurface of the northern and southern areas of the site, un
Turkish
cities of Gaziantep and Kahramanmaraç in Southeastern
cumbered by later deposits.1 The surface pick-up and early
Turkey (fig. 1). At around 20 ha, it is among the sons of excavation
largest, if at the site led to the discovery of 44 sta
not the largest, Halaf Period settlement known in the Near
East (figs. 2-3). Late Halaf remains lie on and just1.below
Campbells
theal., 1999.

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010 Manuscrit reçu le 15 décembre 2009, accepté le 29 juin 2010

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 160 E. Carter

Fig. 1 - Map
( Drawn b

seals rentand 4
analysis, has produced material from Phase A-3, with
areas along the northern edge give
number of the exposure assigned to
glyptic reco
A-2. Operation II (fig. 2) lies at the southeast edge of the site
for the Halaf Period from the rest of the Near East. Most of and took advantage of an agricultural cut to reach earlier lay-
the seals in Von Wickede's publication came from Late Halaf ers. It has produced material from Phase A-l. Operations III
contexts at Arpachiyah, with smaller numbers from sites such and IV (fig. 2) are small exposures in the northwest sector of
as Chagar Bazar, Tepe Gawra, and Yarim Tepe. The burnt the site and have produced material dating to Phase A-2. Much
building at Arpachiyah in TT6 yielded the largest assemblagesmaller numbers of seals come from Operations II (11 exam-
(41 impressions, using 26 seals) of glyptic. These impres-ples) and III (2 examples) than Operation I (22 examples)
sions confirm the use of incised stamps, beads and pendants (table 1).
as seals.3 The Domuztepe assemblage increases the number None of the seals or seal impressions found at Domuztepe
of excavated Halaf seals and sheds new light on the latestcame from primary contexts; all reported here were found
phases of the Halaf glyptic style.4 In this article, the material is either in fill or on the surface of the site. A small group of
organized into three main phases, A-l to A-3 (fig. 3). All seals (marked "dp" in the catalogue) and one sealing came
of these phases correspond to the traditional terms Middle from the "death pit" - a pit dug to contain a mass burial,6 dug
and Late Halaf;5 the finds from the underlying Early Halaf from beneath the upper architectural layers. These lower lay-
and Ceramic Neolithic strata are not discussed here. Opera- ers are dated to the earliest portion of Phase A-3 ( ca 5575 ВС).
tion I (fig. 2) is the major exposure at the site and, in the cur-The primary context of these seals remains unknown, but they
are possibly somewhat earlier than the seals found in the fill
2. Wickede (von), 1990.
3. Ibid., 1990: 94-96.
4. Cartería/., 2003. 6. К ANS A et al ., 2009a. All excavated lots were water screened from the
5. Cf. CRUELLS and NIEUWENHUYSE, 2004: table 1. "death pit" leading to greater recovery of small finds.

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey ( ca 5755-5450 ВС) 161

Fig. 2 - Topographic map of Domuztepe

(after KANSA et al., 2009b).

Fig. 3 - Chronological table of the Halaf period at Domuztepe

( after KANSA et al., 2009b).

associated with the architectural layers above, Two Sabi Abyad

late Phase A-3 sealings carry rectilinear imprints simila
(ca 5500-5450 ВС). No concentrations of seals or sealingsseals.8 There are also two Domuztepe seals
to Domuztepe
were found in the upper phases of the site. which have parallels with Sabi Abyad. The first one (figs. 5:
31I and
Excavations in the earlier layers in Operation 10: 6a-b) is a circular seal, which has been secondarily
in 2008-
2009 have yielded seals and impressions that appear
drilled to the center of the seal; the second one (fig. 8:
through
is a fragment
link the Domuztepe glyptic tradition to that known from theof a round seal with broad curvilinear lines. Th
Middle-Late
"Transitional" phase at Sabi Abyad.7 At Sabi Abyad Halaf seals from Domuztepe thus form a separa
the seals
style
are mostly round and often have a caprid design group
on the which has minimal overlaps with the Transitiona
center
of the face (27%). 7% use a stylized bucrania asEarly Halaf glyptic
decoration on style.
Because
a round seal. 8% have a zig-zags with triangles along of the lack of primary contexts for the glyptic
the edge;
finds
some of these were made by circular seals, others from Domuztepe, I have adopted a typological approac
rectangular.
16% are zigzag or s-shaped seals decorated with continuous
to studying the material presented in this article. The corpus
sealscarvers
lines following the contour of the seal. The stone from the
at later levels of Domuztepe's prehistoric occup
tion can
Sabi Abyad used shallower and more broadly spaced be classified
lines on on the basis of seal shape and means of
these seals than the narrow incisions used on later Halaf seals. suspension into four basic types:

/. DUISTERMAAT, 1УУО; AKKERMANS ana IJUISTERMAAT, 1УУО; CAMP-

BELL, 2008: 14, bottom far right seal shows a stag in a circular8.field.
Cf. AKKERMANS and DUISTERMAAT, 1996: figs. 5.4 and 6.

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010

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162 E. Carter

Table 1 -

Table 2 -

1. Type
Seal-beadsI
of the seal
follow (f
2. Seals with
fied by
3. Sealgle (4.
penda
end of the s
Sub-cat
4. Block Seal
seals w
Type I -
(fig.sea
5:
Type II.
areOne
not
close parallel
with the
9. "de
The s
tion I, often
earlysli

Paléori

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey (ca 5755-5450 ВС) 163

point-up judging by the string wear in the suspension

dle of each sideloop,
(fig. 5: 15-18) or at the corners (fig. 5: 19). The
square seals
(fig. 5: 32-34); the seal in figure 5: 32 has a rounded also were cut down into small lozenge shaped
rather
than a straight base, but it too was worn point up.
seals by Seal shapes
trimming off the corners (e.g., fig. 5: 21-22). Only one
and designs are overwhelmingly geometric although
notched circular
noneseals
areis known from Operation I (fig. 5: 29).
completely regular. The other notched circular seal (fig. 5 : 32) is chipped all around,
possibly
The squareish seals of Type II are small (ranging analogous
from justto the square seal shown in figure 5: 7 and
under 1 to just over 2 cm2 in size, averaging earlier
about in 1.5
date cm2).
(see above). A single notched circular seal from
The designs consist of incised geometric patterns composed
Operation II (fig. 5: 30) has a design centered around a central
of crossed lines. Most of the seals (77%) are made
cross similarout ofsquare seal shown in figure 5:11.
to the
Type IIIin
local serpentine or serpentinite, a stone that ranges - pendant
color seals - are simply pierced through the
from grey to black and green-black. Thesebodyseals
of thehave a are only four examples of this type.
seal; there
suspension loop on the back, and an unfinished
One is in seal from
the shape of a hand (fig. 6: 1) and two that represent
Domuztepe shows how the suspension loop was
"feet" made
(fig. 6: 2-3).by
15 These seals carried decoration comprised
of incised
grinding away the back of a block on either side and straight
leavinglines
a often in hatched or checkerboard pat-
ridge that was subsequently pierced (fig. 10: terns.
3b-4b).10 Several
Type that
other unfinished seals from Domuztepe also indicate IV - block
sealsseals - which were not worn, probably
were used in a loop
were made there (e.g., fig. 5: 24 has a raised suspension different fashion. These seals may not have been
that is un-pierced). used on clay and although parallels for them exist, no impres-
sions of
Square seals were found primarily in the upper such large
layers of seals have been discovered. Both appear
to show textile-like
Operation I, late Phase A-3, and during the surface pick-up designs, although one (fig. 8: 2) appears
more curvilinear
of the site. They appear rarely in the earlier layers of Opera- than rectilinear and might show bucrania in
the centralsquare
tion I. Only one square seal (fig. 5: 19, a notched row. of
pinkish sandstone) was found in Operation II, atA Domuztepe,
few very fragmentary sealings from Domuztepe (fig. 7:
1-4) also
which is dated by other criteria to a slightly earlier indicate
period that the seals found there were used in ways
than
Operation I, Phase A-l.11 One gypsum square similar to those
seal was foundfound at Arpachiyah, "Burnt House."16 Pointed
oval clay sealings,
in Operation III, which has close parallels at Arpachiyah dates5 to 6.5 cm, long were wrapped around
strings
to Phase A-2 (fig. 5: 6).12 The square seals from that probably
Operation I, were tied around sacks or wrapped
and those seals found on the site's surface are made in dark
around jars17 soft
and flat pieces of clay are the best-known types
serpentine and serpentinite, and similar piecesofare
Arpachiyah sealings. Fragments of sealings with pointed-
also known
rounded
from Halaf contexts at Arpachiyah, Çavi Tarlasi andends (fig. an
from 7: 2-3) from Domuztepe can be compared
to those
Early Ubaid layer at Tepe Gawra.13 Parallels for found
this seal at Arpachiyah; unfortunately none of the
type
Domuztepe
also exist with Ras Shamra, but the designs are examples are complete. The closest parallels with
less system-
Domuztepe
atically incised.14 The find spots of these seals is a "flat disc" (figs. 7: 1 and 9: 1) similar to those
and compara-
described
tive material from various sites date the square from Arpachiyah.18
serpentine and The seal shown in figure 9: 2 is
a close
serpentinite seal group to Phase A-l, end of the but not
Halaf exact duplicate of the seal on the actual impres-
Period,
ca 5550-5450 ВС. sion and illustrates seal use at Domuztepe.
The sizes and shapes of the finished geometric seals Sealing "archives"19 from slightly earlier sites like Sabi
with suspension loops suggest a kind of reduction sequenceAbyad,20 and slightly later like Degirmantepe21 demonstrate
that sealings were collected and counted providing an effective
(fig. 12). A worked stone block or seal blank could be halved
forming two rectangular or square seals or quartered form-
ing four smaller roughly square seals that could be modified
15. Slightly more realistic "feet" seals have come from the "ditch" in Opera-
to become circles, triangles or lozenges. The smaller squaretion I (Carter and Campbell, 2007: fig. 9). These seals may belong
to Phase A-l.
seals could be further modified by notching them in the mid-
16. CAMPBELL, 2000.
17. WICKEDE (VON), 1990: 94-99, figs. 54-59.
10. Cf. Bernbeck and pollock, 2003. 18. Cf. CAMPBELL, 2000: 16-17, figs. 6-7; WICKEDE (VON), 1990: 95,
11. Campbell, 2007. fig. 10.
12. Cf. MALLOWAN and ROSE, 1935: pl. VII.8B. 19. FERIOLO et al ., 1994; FRANGIPANE, 2007.
13. WICKEDE (VON), 1990: figs. 192, 194 and 209. 20. DUISTERMAAT. 1996.

14. Ibid., 1990: figs. 182-185 and 187. 21. ESIN, 1994.

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 164 E. CARTER

and simple
tepe with designs similar to those found on theba
seals. Of partic-
used in
ular interest is the conju
variable thickness of the crossing lines, and
tions of
the seals
combination of incisions and painting which imitate baskets
tepe, although
or other woven materials and give an impression of depth to
use somewher
the design. In addition to these layered patterns, certain design
facilities23 an
elements (dotted circles, triangles, lozenges, crosses, and dots)
could arehave be
evidenced both in seal designs and painted ceramics. Other
contemporary sites where these geometric
Compared todesigns occur are
Arpachiyah a
listed in S. Campbell.27 Tell Songor, Levels III and IV28 also are
rather than
particularly close. s
sion The Middle and Late Halaf seals designs
loops, per se were not
alt
"Burnt
distinctive and it House
may be that the actual shape of the seal was
with as,the Dom
or more, important than the design it carried. A much
all composed
smaller group of seal pendants that are in the shape of actual
objects support theof
designs assumption that seal shape
th was impor-
either Domu
tant in the messaging system carried by these. There is a
yielded one
hand-shaped seal-pendant fi
(fig. 6: 1) from Domuztepe, Opera-
tion I, and several similar examples from Arpachiyah
Arpachiyah a and
assigned to
Sabi Abyad, Level 6.29 Additionally, boot or feetth
shaped seals
Middle-Late
(fig. 6: 2) from Domuztepe have parallels at Yarim Tepe II30
geometric
and Arpachiyah.31 Several more of these lin
seals are now known
are more deep
from earlier contexts at Domuztepe and may date the group
sions a earlier kind
slightly than the square seals.32 o
when These
the seals carry incised geometric decorations but are
seal
as centering
intriguing since both hands and feet are parts of the bodyt
and
secting diagon
have potentially important symbolic meanings. A hand is both
acrossa personalthe Ha
mark and a sign of giving or taking. A foot, in addi-
Domuztepe, t
tion to a part of the body, is a sign of coming or going.33 Many
designs are
systems of measurement prior to the introduction of so
the metric
(fig. 5: 10,
system were related 19
some extent or another to the dimensions
Late Halaf p
of the human body. Lineal measures such as the foot and the
as M.E.L. Ma
hand are still used in English. A small group of seals from
ceramics inclu
Arpachiyah and Chagar Bazar also features pendant seals in
the form of bucrania,
nations of boars head and one hoof.34 An "house-
lin
Figure 11
shaped" stone illus
amulet from Arpachiyah is similar to structures
depicted on pottery vessels that appear to be tied to Halaf
22. belief systems.35 The miniaturization
These "sealin of these objects found in
seven clay token
tions in N earlier
number27. CAMPBELL, 1992:
of motifs 304, 307, 309, 336 and 415.
sealin
Also known fro
28. MATSUMOTO and YOKOYAMA, 1995: figs. 86.481-482, 87.489, 93.548
Arpachiyah from Level III; 102.633-634, 104.644-645, and(MA 651 from Level IV.
bone 29. DUISTERMAAT, 1996: fig. 5.16:5: WICKEDE (VON). 1990: fies. 54-59.
scapulae th
musical30. MERPERT andinstrum
MUNCHAEV, 1993: fig. 8.20:3.
23. CARTER
31. WICKEDE (VON), 1990: 64. et al
24. 32. Cf. CARTER and CAMPBELL. 2007: fie. 9.
WICKEDE (vo
have led to
33. E.g., in Proto-cuneiform the
ŠU= "hand, receipt" written with the sign form d
lar to sealsof an hand; and DU=? "foot" shaped like found
a foot or boot in profile. ENG-
2008: 14). LUND, 1998: fig. 135.
25. WICKEDE fVONV 1990: 182-187. 34. WICKEDE (VON), 1990: 163-165 and 168.
26. MALLOWAN and ROSE, 1935: 91. 35. Carter and Campbell, 2007: 125, figs. 5-6.

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey (ca 5755-5450 ВС) 165

does
pendant seals appears to be slightly earlier than thenotgeometric
mean that all had access to the bureaucratic technol-
seals of the Late Halaf. ogy associated with seals. But until we find a solid context with
In his study of the Early Halaf ceramics from Sabi Abyad,seals, sealing and tokens at the site, we can only speculate on
O. Nieuwenhuyse36 notes that complex geometric designs
the functioning of such seals.
(diagonal line, diagonal crosshatching and horizontal cross- We can say that the seals were used over long periods of
hatching) increase on vessels of the Early Halaf fine waretime, curated and recycled. Rounded corners, string wear in
the suspension loops, worn seal faces (fig. 5: 3 and 15), redrill-
style. He shows that the fine ware exterior designs, which were
introduced in the "Transitional" phase, become common in theing when the suspension loop broke (fig. 5: 13 and 26) indicate
Early Halaf. Nieuwenhuyse37 concludes that: that they were valued personal ornaments that were probably
worn on the neck or the wrist.42 Seals are thus linked to the
"The new [Halaf] fine wares stood for 'foreign' affiliations
owner and when impressed on clay communicate information
and for the participation in supra-regional cultural networks.
to a large audience.43 The geometric seal designs and shapes
Those who participated in these networks may have actively
promoted a 'trans-cultural' stylistic language, which elaboratedalso suggest that the concept of fractions was understood. The
on geometrical designs placed in bounded design structures." similarity of the seal shapes (square, circle, rectangle, trian-
gle, lozenge) with those of the clay tokens, which were used
Middle-Late Halaf stamp seals appear by their geometric to represent counted units44 might suggest that the Late Halaf
designs and shapes as well as their ties to other items in thegeometric seals had a comparable mnemonic function related
Halaf cultural inventory to be part this larger trans-cultural
to reckoning. We could suggest that the sealing institution or
network. At Sabi Abyad, Level 6, the seals that made theperson wore a set of seals of different shapes and sizes, which
impressions are mostly round and often have a caprid designused singly or in combination, carried additional information
about quantity or commodity.45 A more likely explanation for
on the center of the face (17%). There are also images of bucra-
nia, a crab, a hand and flowers found on round seals.38 In sum
sealings known from Arpachiyah where multiple impressions
the seal impressions from the "Transitional" and Early Halafof the same and different seals of the Middle to Late Halaf
Periods were discovered,46 is that these impressions are all that
periods often carry figurative motifs with more specific mean-
ings than the geometric designs on the later seals. remain of a complex system of accountability and/or exchange
The Middle-Late Halaf Domuztepe seals and their designs in which multiple parties or commodities were involved.47 The
Late Halaf prehistoric accounting system, based on present
are probably more than just reflections of a fascination with
geometric shapes and design combinations.39 Since the seals,evidence, used distinctive administrative artifacts, e.g., flat
pieces of clay and pointed oval sealings (cf. above), coupled
and particularly the seal impressions, from Arpachiyah (TT6)
and other Halaf sites are close to the Domuztepe designs andwith a distinctive seal style.
shapes, it seems likely that the messages carried by the impres- A study of the slightly later stamp seals from Tell esh
sions had a "generalized" meaning that was widely understood.Sheikh48 in the Amuq suggests that a new glyptic style featur-
The deeper social and religious meanings of these designsing the use of bone, the appearance of gable-backs, and picto-
rial motifs appear early in the local Late Chalcolithic. Survey
remain unidentified. The importance of textiles and basketry at
finds from the Kahramanmaraç Region49 hint at a similar set
Domuztepe40 may be reflected in the use of similar textile-like
designs on ceramics and seals, as well as other items such as
pendants and stone vessels, but we lack solid data. The need 42. Note that a burial from Boztepe in the Upper Tigris region of Southeast-
for accountability, either personal or corporate, is a reflec- ern Turkey yielded a Halaf stamp seal which was found near the joint of
tion of larger social needs for answerability in a society. Seals the right humerus and clavicle (PARKER and CREEKMORE, 2002).
43. CHARVÀRT, 1991.
were relatively common items in the Late Halaf assemblage 44. SCHMANDT-BESSERAT, 1996; Nissen et al., 1993: 11-13. Tokens were
of Domuztepe,41 probably not limited to an elite group. This impressed on sealed clay balls to record quantities and possibly the type
of counted product.
45. At Sabi Abyad a series of cowry-shells impressions were found (AKKER-
36. Nieuwenhuyse, 2007: figs. 7.8.3 and 7.8.6.
MANS and DUISTERMAAT, 1996: fig. 5:1). The shells appear to have been
37. Ibid., 2007:211.
38. DUISTERMAAT, 1996: figs. 5.4:D11, 5.5:U1.1 andQ.ll, 5.4:F1.1; AKKER- attached to string of beads since next to each impression of the shells is a
MANS and DUISTERMAAT, 1996. small row of concave imprints.
39. WICKEDE (VON), 1987-1988 has made much the same point by using sym-46. WICKEDE (VON), 1990: 95.
metry analysis to demonstrate the similarities within Halaf glyptic style. 47. WEINGARTEN, 1992.
40. KANSA et al ., 2009b: 908-910. 48. ARUZ, 1992.
41. Campbell et al., 1999:414. 49. CARTER, 1996.

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 166 E. Carter

of Elizabeth CARTER
innovatio
University of California
the Amuq50
Department of Near Eastern Languages
and prehisto
and Cultures
Early 4th mi
378 Humanities Builing
the Los Angeles, CA 90095
understa
USA
geometric
carter@humnet.ucla.edu
pa
in their distr

50. YENER et al 2000a-b.

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey ( ca 5755-5450 ВС) 167

Fig. 4 - Type 1: Bead- seals.

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168 E. Carter

Fig. 5 - Typ

Paléori

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey ( ca 5755-5450 ВС) 169

Dt no. Lot no. - 8 Material Type Condition Description Comperando

SÛT 1?04
4 елл 1?04 хмL л
= 1.2
n Serpentine/
e 4- -j г- Square
i. *Incised
pane s. design:
s. EachEach 2pane
deeply decorated
decorated incisedwith
with lines
finefine y
forming incisedcrosshat-
incised rectangular crosshat-
„ л-,0 contenson
f . • u (de),
*
1 4 600 елл 1?04 A-3 Th W хм = = 1.2 0 л n 5 Serpent,- e nite 4- rounded cornere -j Excellent г- i. * "hed pane s. lines Each overiain pane by decorated diagonals with forming fine y a incised central crosshat- lozenge less „ 973: л-,0 precisely fig: f 1? Ieft' executed. deslQn . • but u *

°p, ' L = 1.32 Serpentine/ Square In

2 2804 A3 Twh=10?2 0

3 1689 2453 W=115 ^ефепГ roundel Worn face; corners Incisai 8x8 design: faint lines rectangular grid background overlain
Incised design: 7x9 rectangul
Op. I L = 1.67 Serpentine/ Square Chipped, traces of secting diagonal lines more deeply incised. These form an
4 1786 2494 W = 1.58 Serpenti- rounded wear on loop which irregular diamond pattern over the smaller squares; diffe-
A-2 Th = 0.22 nite corners is broken rential weighting of the lines gives the impression a kind of

Surface

55с 876
с Q7fi
876 Seneral
Q7fi collec-collec-
W L - = 1 0.83
W .23 =
Serpentine/
0.83 rounded Sc^u^r® Less
Serpenti- than half Incised
rounded , design:
. . ..deeply
, V- incised rectilinear
• u. u *u grid with lightly in-
л 0_=
tion Th .. preserved
0.39 лK ,0_
cised nite
. . diagona
.... corners
a , ines faint y K
j visib
a y • u. ej beneath, u *u

О III L = 1 54 S r Incised design: 6x6 intersecting diagonal lines overlain by a

r 9АЧ w л a г Limestone rounaea Suspension loop more heavily incised 3x3 grid; each square of the grid has Arpachiyah, Mallowan and ROSE,
A-2 0 Th = 2.8 o' o corners an fig. 5: 3-4. « A pattern v reverse к v /
A-2 У 0 Th тк= w = л 2.8 o' a o г Limestone rounaea broken an 'x' in it. The pattern v is the reverse of that noted above 1935: pl. к VII-8(B). v /

Op. I L = 2.2 Serpentine/ Square Incised design: 8x8 diagonal lines overlain by 4x4 grid,
7 1031 1774 W = 2.2 Serpenti- rounded Good form 25 small squares with a central x. Design is similar to

Op. I . „ 0 о . Incised design: central x with surrounding diamond formed

8 1688 2f° A-3A-31.1.W=1

W=1 '''' Gypsum
Gypsum oypau.M
oypau.M rounded
rounded luuiiucuud^ui
luuiiucu onippcu, ch"each
onippcu,
side; theseud^ui each Гbyside;
are overlain f Cf. fig. 5: 24
3x3 grid.

n q Incised design: central x and diamond formed by short dia- Yarim Tepe II, Merpert and
1UÖ4 in« n löTb лмп w" w = л i.öi 'л г rounaea q ЧГн L.ooa r rí gonals linking the midpoint of each side; a 3x3 grid over- MUNCHAEV, 19
9 1UÖ4 in« löTb лмп w = л i.öi г gypsum rounaea L.ooa r rí |¡es the pattem We||-fashioned rounded suspension loop, slightly simplified

^ysf.e~ ™'
-.л ™'C »л 1-
10 -.л 1 Surfa
Pickup Th = 0.2 rate corners ground design.
_ . - ¿o о *• / о о* • • u i Incised design: cross divides surface into 4 quadrants,
«« 11
11-wo
-wo172172
_ 540
540. W
W ш=
ш=- == 1.8
¿o 1.8Serpenti-
Д S?rpentl"e/ о Serpenti-
rounded back *•surface,
/ rounded Squrri
very о Shtrl"9W®aM
which (em ins¡deо*are
backlinked
• surface,
(he •by
u i »' which
angledare« linked by » дп(
lines and angled
has« form
lines and
a sform a diamond
a diamond pat-
^ pat-

n Incised design: light lines perpendicular to each edge over-

J3' L = 1 .39 Serpentine/ Square lain by 4 heavier lines parallel to each face forming a square Gawra, X
12 1683 д « W = 1.56 Serpenti- rounded String wear frame; deeply incised x was then cut dividing the seal into CLIX
Th = 2 nite corners 4 triangles meeting at the middle. Possibly cut from larger outside frame.

matic L= 1.8 Serpentine/ Rectangle, Worn, broken Incised design: cross divides field into 4, each decorated
13 14 Surface W = 1.2 Serpenti- rounded suspension loop; with hatched lines. Lozenge of parallel lines links the arms orqan¡zecj desiqrv cf. also
Pickup Th = 0.2 nite corners drilled in the center of the cross and overlies the hatching. fin 9" 1 m
Incise

2477 J W = 1.73 Serpentine/ Rectangle, rounded K K with a"dK ^Perpendicular incised horizontal lines lines. outwards Each quadrant and 2 filled
14 1682 « J W = 1.73 Serpenti- rounded . K , . K with shallowly incised lines angling outwards and 2 angled 1 936" 7"3- ,
A"2 « Th = 0.27 nite corners • shows . stnng , . wear lines linking the arms of the central cross forming a lozenge 1 936" fig' 7"3- ,

™,c
^s|e.
15 2 Surface ..." W = 1 и Serpent.- nQ4tched Square, suspension œPnter 0f face loop; gerseal. Incised
Pickup Th = 0.1 nite abraded
FlStlkll H., POLLOCK and BERNBECK,
Op. I L = 1.1 s String wear on Incised design: underlying diagonals and overlying grid pat- 2001: fig.
16 483 1236 W = 1.1 Chert/Flint no s Tiwi с e suspension loop, tern. Possibly reçut from an originally square-shaped seal chiy
A-3 Th = 0.2 no с e wQm wjth g desjgn y^e Domuztepe, fig. 5: 6. pl. Vllb-888, see drawing in WlCKE-

Syste"
bu Qrf'0 ace 'м~- J _ - л 4 a g ®rpen ť '[Iе i- Square, traces of wear and Incised design: intersecting diagonals cover the surface,
bu ace - л . a erpen i- notChed is worn on the exte- possibly cut from a seal like fig. 5: 2 above.
Pickupr ri„r r Th = 0.1surface
rior nite ri„r as well

Syste-
matic L = 1 .2 Serpentine/ Sauare
18 7 Surface W=1.2 Serpenti- Sauare q. . ' One arm broken Incised design: same as above,
r»- i TL л о .. notched
r»- Pickup i TL Th = л 0.2 о nite ..
I 82 I

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010

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170 E. Carter

Fig. 5 (follow

Paléori

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey ( ca 5755-5450 ВС) 171

Dino. Lot no. Dlm®"!Í0nS Material Type Condition Description Comperanda

Suspension loop Incised design: central 'x' forms 4 equilateral triangles. Each ?Qh^aJ Bazar, ' Level 12, Mallowan, ®г ®
Op. II L = 1 .95 oQnHet„nû Qni broken, possibly triangle is notched at the corner then hatched with lines per- . : J9' ' . af.® ®г ® q9";
19 244 819 W=1.88 pink,sh . .. . ' notched th н central drill hole pendicular to the seal's edge. Heavier lines parallel to the f f,g- ЛА ' , s'™lar shape h ' n
A-1 Th = 0,52 pink,sh . .. . notched th н begun to recycle seal's sides
sealform a double
Added last square framecircle
is a dotted arounddrill
the center. f,g- f ™ztepe
hole. ™ztepe f,g' 5: ЛА
12 4"21f
abovef,g'
forf%a sim,lar
, 5: s'™lar 12 above shape h for a cf' sim,lar P0" n

Op. II L= 1.1 Clayey End is chipped and Incised design: central deep incision with hatched pattern
20 304 715 W = 1.2 slate, dark Lozenge? less than half of the on either side. The original suspension loop appears to be

Syste-
matic L = 1 .1 « . . Incised design: diagonals overlie rectilinear grid lines for-
21 19 Surface W=1.1 .on®' и"'~ Lozenge a uspension oop . centra| 'star pattern.' Possibly ' cut down from a sq
o- . -ru л o dentified a is worn , ... . . . f c ' ^
o- Pickup . -ru Th = 0.2 л o seal , with ... a design . . similar . to f fig. 5: c 9.

п
п nJW916
22 oo 875 о,.: 916 иW
= 1.2 io LSerpent,-
i - = 1 1.2Lozenge
io эд terpentine/
shows tracesс of
t i each
suspension q shows
ofwhich traces with
is decorated i looplightly
of each« ofwhich
» is decorated with lightly « » incised lines perpen- Cf. Domuztepe, fig. 5: 12 for a similar

Tell Halaf, deep sounding 1929,

Surface The end points of Incised design: edges covered with single hatched lines an- mallo"wa'N ^193^
general L = 3.9 Serpentine/ the lozenge are gled toward a central longitudinal line that divides the face in ^ 7 9 and Te e Gawra XX To
23 180 collec- W = 2.3 Serpenti- Lozenge broken, as is the half. 4 dotted circle perforations are placed inside the lines Bler~1950- dI! 92b-4 e show similar
tion Th = 0.3 nite suspension loop on in a lozenge shape. All but one of the circle perforations go dI! hatching 92b-4 show a„d similar d'0tted
499 the back through the entire seal. c¡rde M hQ|es hatching ш onaround a„d sea|s

°P 945
24 492 945 = Slate darkJ'Circle
Th = 0.6 Slate Q1C'ay®y„
, pendicular darkquadrant
lines; each Circle ,is™ed
thensinœly
d,v,dedlncisHed W lines;
into 9 by YENEpcircle
et a( each
2000a:Jsfldivkied
23.2 into then 4 by d,v,ded intersecting into 9 per- Je|| Kurdui Trenches
A-1 red Knot çjj.jiigçj very finely incised lines radiating from the center.
Rounded suspen-

25 oc „СО/1 1684 ?PJ 2463 Th = 0.18 Quartz, co- Circle r. , Si°" at №e l0°P iS Ь"*Т '"Cised d®Sign' -T,3" CenÍral flat,ened circle surrounded by g |yc C0NTENS0N (DE)
25 oc 1684 „СО/1 2463 D = 10g ra|co|¿red Circle r. , at №e form У'^пМсговГ363 6П 1973: 28' fi9' 13' Upper right

n q
¿b 9R лллъ ¿ó¿b 9^9« n Th = 0.46 q serpenti- ®rPen ť '"e / urcie Suspension loop around a 'dotted circle' central drill hole. Redrilled all the
¿b 9R лллъ ¿ó¿b D = 145 serpenti- urcie broken, face worn way through from the front and worn through the central drill

Op. I L =
27 1087 19
A-3 Th =
Less than half of
Op. I L=1.39
... «« л
л Quartzite,
. .. , « Incised
. .. 0
design:
sea
horizontal
, remains, ' top
lines
of
overlie intersecting diago-
« , . r , . j- u ii* Arpachiyah, A
A
...
... ..A1
Mallowan
Mallowan
..A1 ,
,

28 1821 2774 ... W = 0.8 «« ... . Circle? 0 sea , remains, . . ' top , nals , to . form r triangles a , placed . j- in alternating u rows, end ii* to end 1935. rl 50-17. сл л-г
A-2 Th = 0 53 reddlSh ... . loop , broken, . . hole , or base to base triangles a placed in alternating rows, 1935. flg. 50-17. сл л-г

Ol
94R4 Ol w i _ = 1 1 ®rpen erPen ť '"e / Circle, has a chip at one around a central 'x' mark off the center of the seal. Each Cf. Domuztepe, fig. 5: 12 for a similar
w Th~-n? = 1 erPen notched end, shows traces quadrant is then filled with fine hatching perpendicular to the design structure

Mers

Op. II Th-пла
30 353 863 Th-п
A-1 -ни ~
Incised

Opj = Serpentine/ „. , Traces of string through Unes the piece^Each then bisected petal .central is lightly heavier incised incised with 5 or line, 6 Sab¡ д y Leye| DulsTERMAATi
311681 2n4®7 A-3 nA-3
D =n=D2.2= оо2.2о Serpentine/ Serpenti-worn
о Serpenti- .. notched notched „. C!rc'8'
and heavily thus ,the
wear wornis ofandanquite
effect angled
18-petal thusThethesuspension
rosette. Unes effect
. » • then is bisected of an 18-petal by a .central rosette. heavier The incised line, Sab¡ д y » Leye| ч • F21i DulsTERMAATi ¡mpressions
"dp" ni 6 used loop is raised in the center and tapered at both ends and y'
Incised de
Op. II L = 1.5 S
32 137 702 W =
A-1 Th = 0
~ .. . . - . . . . . . . . .. . . r .. See seal impression fig. 7: 1 for a
Op. ~ II .. L= . 1.8 Serpentine/ . - Incised design: horizontal . . .
33 140 702 W = 1.6 Serpenti- Triangle Good seal, vertical on th
A-1 Th = 2.8 nite sion loop, meant to be worn point up. fig 76
Lower right corner

^ -.«oc ЬГ 1 «о Quartz? _ . . is chipped off, incised design: a vertical line that divides the field in 2 over- Wickede Л/
34 ^ 1085 -.«oc A-1 A-1
Л , Tü=n9iЛTh ,= 0.59
Th«о Quartz?
= 0.59 green green
a Tnan9le _ . a. stnng it wear it
gests was sug-
was wornworn
incised lrregular9Hnes.
a a design: a vertical line that divides the field in 2 over- Wickede (von), Л/..Л 1990. .QQn. fig. 175.

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010

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172 E. Carter

Fig. 6 - Type
4, Trianglu

Fig. 8
1-2, B

Fig. 7 - Misc
two impressi
3, Sealing frag
4, Sealing fra

Paléor

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey ( ca 5755-5450 ВС) 173

no no* D,msr Materíal "ÏVP® Condition Description Compa

Incised design: 1 'thumb and three' Sabi Abyad, Level 6, fig. 5.16-5 sim
Q I L = 2 fingers have crosshatched incisions lar shaped (3 'fingers' plus thumb but
1 171 540 W = 1.1 Serpentine/ Pendant, Good on palm side (11x5), on back of hand larger); Arpachiyah, TT6 impressions,
A 3 Th = 0.2 Serpentini "hand" possible indication of nails. 'Fingers' are WICKEDE (VON), 1990: figs. 54-59 have
parallel, 'thumb' at angle. Suspension slightly different shape but are similar in

Op л |_=12 Stone, Incised design: central incision with

2 303 848 W = 1 1 unidentified, Pendant, Good smaller incised lines going off at an an- Arpachiyah, TT6 impression, Wicke
A-1 Th = 0 ' 5 turquoise "foot" gle-herringbone pattern, one end ap- (VON), 1990: 64 is somewhat similar.

Semi-circular,
pentini with o
Od I L = 2 04 min9 3 sub-rectan9u,ar face (possibly a
3 1822 2719 W = 099 Serpentine/ Pendant, ^ 00 . foot?) with one end slightly wider than Yarim Tepe II, Lower Ha
2719 A-2 Th W = = 099 1 11 Serpentinite "foot" ^ 00 the other; hole pierced in the rounded PERT and Munchaev, 199
raised back side. Design on flat face
consists of rather haphazardly incised

Triangular face, round

Good, hole edges, triangula
Op. I L= 1.86 0 .. « 0 . . in small end up. Central line divides field in 2. 2 ho- A ... .4а11Л1.,а.. .
4 719 1766 W = 1.5 SerPentlnrte 0 .. « 0 tnan9|e íí . . shows tra- rizontal and 2 vertical lines divide the ^fhJya^ 1935: A ... "3- 50-1. 1Mallowan .4а11Л1.,а.. and . RosE'
A-3 Th = 0.62 SerPentlnrte tnan9|e ees o, string lower part of each side into 4 roughly 1935: "3- 50-1.
wear square blocks. 2 angled lines score

" L
Op. I 1-8 of sealing, top carries 2 partial im-
2607 L = 3.06 , - . - . pressions of a roughly triangular-shape ^ f c л „ x
1 2021 A-3 W=1.60 пае Triangle Fragmentary stamp seal with 11 hor
"dp" Th = 0.91 clay ning from the point down and 11 vertical s

On i i _ a 70 Franmi»ntan/ Fra9ment near the end of rounded

2 1691 2454 On iAW-1.95
A-30 tu _ 70
A ^Un?ked
on Square?
0 clay
tu Th
^1Franmi»ntan/
^ v= end faint
^ shows
impre^' v ov°idsealin9
1 .20centra on 1cross
end showsand
sion
centra (b"«a?).
linking
... . . . .
Impression
a si-
a
andseal.
on seal. Cf. Domuztepe fig. 5: 12 for similar
delines ... around . the . . edges. .

л . Sealing with design made by a sub-rec-

3 o 191 1CH *7« JÍA L = 2.80 p. . * c 0 ragmen ary, tangUjar
3 o 191 1CH *7« W = 0.80 F,redclay p. . * Square? c 0 faintimpres- rad
A-3 sion
string impres
Sealing showi
Ol L = 2 01 wearing a triangular-shaped skirt that
>. -ело о Ol for, ш L = 2 01 , , 0 «i- * ends just below the knees bending a over
4 >. -ело 1692 2469 о W ш = 1.57 Fired , clay , Square? 0 «i- Fragmentary * . ., 0 ... .. , 0 . . . /u a . u.
A9 Th = n R4 table? . ., 0 with ... a stick? .. , 0 in . . his/her . /u right . u.
hand, part of the left hand may be va-

Dt Lot Dimensions Mater|a| туре Condition Description Comparanda

no. no.

Op. I , , 01 . ~u. . . , Carved design: a textile?; 10 (preser-

1, 1, 717
717 717
7171704
1704™A-3
L,™= ==4.90
3®03®0 , Gypsum
Gypsum traPez°'dal
traPez°'dal Block Bottom
center. 01 . Chipped,
and a~u. center.
ved) ro'w .by
Bottom
yf 7 broken
shorter. ,small
and near ved) ro'wstrokes;
rectangles by yf 7■small rectangles
a framed fringeframed by
» on by
„ . „ Th = 2.20 in section sides well smoothed .. , . ■ »
dp . „ the .. , long edges. .

777 2 716 OPJ" 1087 ^=3Д° W = 3.20 Shale ~ Block B1 , Half of seal, face only or Carved knots design: stylized some bucrania k,nd (?) of Juda¡d Дт BRAIDW00D and
2 716 1087 W = 3.20 Shale Block B1 , or knots representing some k,nd of BraidwOOD, ' 1960: fig. a 66-6,7.
L = 3 84
Op. II ш = 2 74 Unknown, Excised design: 3 grooves sepa- Sabi Abyad, Level 6, DuiSTERMAAT,
3 444 886 Th = ~ 0 ' 62 Serpentine possibly Fragmentary rate 3 raised wavy lines, backside is 1996: fig. 5.3-type C. 3.1, Neolithic, im-
A-1 ~ ' round smoothed. pressions only.

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010

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174 E. Carter

Fig. 9 - Se
the s same
Domuzte

Fig. 10 - T
2a-b, cf. fi
6; 6a-b , cf

Paléori

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The Glyptic of the Middle-Late Halaf Period at Domuztepe, Turkey ( ca 5755-5450 ВС) 175

Fig. 11 - Painted Halaf ceramics showing geometric designs. 1, Open form vessel base with hatched and dotted
cross-hatched shoulder design; 3-4, Incised sherds with overlying painted decoration imitating basketry; 5, Jar
design; 6-7, Sherds with hatched and dotted lozenge designs; 8, White-painted sherd with hatched lozenge design

Fig. 12 - Hypothetical reduction sequence showing

steps in the production of geometric seals.

Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 159-177 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010

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 176 E. Carter

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Sabi The Seals and Sealings. In: AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (ed.), Tell
Abyad, Syria. Paléorient 22,2 : 17-44. Sabi Abiyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement: 339-401. Istanbul:
ARUZ J. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.

1992 The Stamp Seals from Tell Esh Sheikh. Anatolian Studies ENGLUND
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BRAIDWOOD R.J. and BRAIDWOOD L.S. ESIN U.

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