ფიზიკის საფუძვლები PDF

devid holidei
robert rezniki
jerli uolkeri
fizikis
safuZvlebi
ილიას სახელმწიფო
უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
2010
ფიზიკის საფუძვლები დევიდ ჰოლიდეი, რობერტ რეზნიკი, ჯერლი უოლკერი
Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker
ვერც ერთი სხვა წიგნი ვერ შეედრება ჰოლიდეის, რეზნიკისა და უოლკერის ‘ფიზიკის
საფუძვლების’ ოცდაათწლიან წარმატებას ბაზარზე! სახალისო, ადვილად გასაგები
სტილი ფიზიკის საფუძვლიან გაგებას გვთავაზობს და მკითხველს ამ
კონცეპტუალური ცოდნის რაოდენობრივი ამოცანების ამოხსნისას გამოყენებაში
ეხმარება. გამოცემა უკანასკნელი 100 წლის განმავლობაში ფიზიკის განვითარებას
მოიცავს. სახელმძღვანელო თეორიული შინაარსისა და სახალისო პრაქტიკის
უნიკალური კომბინაციაა. 2002 წელს ამერიკის ფიზიკოსთა საზოგადოებამ ‘ფიზიკის
საფუძვლები მე-20 საუკუნის გამორჩეულ სახელმძღვანელოდ დაასახელა.
წიგნის თარგმანი დაფინანსდა საქართველოს მეცნიერებისა და განათლების სამინისტროს პროგრამით

- ’საუნივერსიტეტო სახელმძღვანელოების განვითარება’. წიგნი მომზადდა ილიას სახელმწიფო
უნივერსიტეტის მიერ.
ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა

ქაქუცა ჩოლოყაშვილის 3/5, თბილისი, 0162, საქართველო
Ilia State University Press
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
sarCevi
nawili I Tavi 5. Zala da moZraoba................................131
Tavi 1. erTeulTa sistema..................................9 5.1. ra aris fizika?.......................................................131
1.1. ra aris fizika?...........................................................9 5.2. niutonis meqanika...................................................131
1.2. sidideebis gazomva....................................................9 5.3. niutonis pirveli kanoni.....................................132
1.3. erTeulebis saerTaSoriso sistema...................10 5.4. Zala............................................................................132
1.4. erTeulTa Secvla....................................................11 5.5. masa.............................................................................134
1.5. sigrZe..........................................................................13 5.6. niutonis meore kanoni.........................................135
5.7. zogierTi konkretuli Zala...............................139
1.6. dro...............................................................................14
5.8. niutonis mesame kanoni.........................................144
1.7. masa...............................................................................17
5.9. niutonis kanonebis gamoyeneba..........................145
mimoxilva da Sejameba....................................................18
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................152
amocanebi............................................................................18
SEekiTxvebi........................................................................153
Tavi 2. wrfivi moZraoba....................................26
amocanebi..........................................................................155
2.1. ra aris fizika?.........................................................26
2.2 moZraoba......................................................................26 Tavi 6. Zala da moZraoba................................168
2.3. mdebareoba da gadaadgileba................................27 6.1. ra aris fizika?.......................................................168
2.4. saSualo manZili da saSualo siCqare.................28 6.2. xaxuni.........................................................................168
2.5. myisi manZili da myisi siCqare .............................31 6.3. xaxunis Tvisebebi...................................................170
2.6. aCqareba.......................................................................33 6.4. wevis Zala da saboloo siCqare..........................174
2.7. Tanabari aCqareba: gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva...35 6.5. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba..................................177
2.8. kidev erTxel Tanabari aCqarebis Sesaxeb.........38 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................183
2.9. Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba..............................39 SekiTxvebi........................................................................184
2.10. grafikuli integrali moZraobis SeswavlaSi...42 amocanebi..........................................................................185
mimoxilva da Sejameba....................................................44 Tavi 7. kinetikuri energia da muSaoba......199
SekiTxvebi .........................................................................45 7.1. ra aris fizika?.......................................................199
amocanebi . ........................................................................ 46 7.2. ra aris energia?.....................................................199
Tavi 3. veqtorebi.................................................60 7.3. kinetikuri energia................................................200
3.1. ra aris fizika?.........................................................60 7.4. muSaoba......................................................................201
3.2. veqtorebi da skalarebi.........................................60 7.5. muSaoba da kinetikuri energia..........................201
3.3. veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba......................61 7.6. mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
3.4. veqtorebis komponentebi......................................64 muSaoba......................................................................205
3.5. erTeulovani veqtorebi........................................68 7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
3.6. veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebis muSaoba......................................................................209
saSualebiT.................................................................69 7.8. cvladi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.....212
3.7. veqtorebi da fizikis kanonebi............................73 7.9. simZlavre.................................................................216
3.8. veqtorebis gamravleba..........................................73 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................218
mimoxilva da Sejameba....................................................78 SekiTxvebi........................................................................219
SekiTxvebi..........................................................................79 amocanebi..........................................................................220
amocanebi............................................................................80
Tavi 8. potenciuri energia da energiis
Tavi 4. organzomilebiani da Senaxva.....................................................231
samganzomilebiani moZraoba...........88 8.1. ra aris fizika?.......................................................231
4.1. ra aris fizika?.........................................................88 8.2. muSaoba da potenciuri energia........................232
4.2. mdebareoba da gadaadgileba................................88 8.3. Semnaxveli Zalebis traeqtoriisgan
4.3. saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare........................91 damoukidebloba.....................................................233
4.4. saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba....................94 8.4. potenciuri energiis mniSvnelobebis
4.5. Wurvisebri moZraoba..............................................96 gansazRvra...............................................................235
4.6. Wurvisebri moZraobis analizi............................98 8.5. meqanikuri energiis Senaxva................................237
4.7. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba..................................104 8.6. potenciuri energiis grafikis wakiTxva........242
4.8. erTganzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba......106 8.7. gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli
4.9. organzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba........108 muSaoba.......................................................................245
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................110 8.8. energiis Senaxva......................................................248
SekiTxvebi........................................................................111 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................253

SekiTxvebi........................................................................254
amocanebi..........................................................................113
amocanebi..........................................................................256
Tavi 9. masis centri da impulsi..................275 10.7. brunviTi inerciis gamoTvla...........................336
9.1. ra aris fizika?.......................................................275 10.8. mabruni momenti...................................................340
9.2. masis centri............................................................276 10.9. niutonis meore kanoni brunvisTvis..............342
9.3. niutonis meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa 10.10. muSaoba da brunvis kinetikuri energia .....345
sistemisTvis............................................................280 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................349
9.4. impulsi.....................................................................284 SekiTxvebi........................................................................350
9.5. nivTier wertilTa sistemis impulsi...............285 amocanebi..........................................................................352
9.6. Sejaxeba da impulsi..............................................285
9.7. impulsis mudmivoba...............................................289 Tavi 11. gorva, mabruni momenti da
9.8. impulsi da kinetikuri energia Sejaxebebis kuTxuri impulsi...............................367
dros...........................................................................293 11.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................367
9.9. araelastiuri Sejaxebebi erT 11.2. gorva, rogorc gadataniTi moZraobis da
ganzomilebaSi.........................................................293 brunvis gaerTianeba............................................368
9.10. elastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomilebaSi..297 11.3. gorvis kinetikuri energia...............................368
9.11. Sejaxebebi or ganzomilebaSi...........................300 11.4. gorvis Zalebi........................................................370
9.12. cvladi masis mqone sistemebi: raketa...........301 11.5. io-io........................................................................373
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................303 11.6. mabruni momentis xelaxla ganxilva...............374
SekiTxvebi........................................................................304 11.7. kuTxuri impulsi..................................................376
amocanebi..........................................................................307 11.8. niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri forma.......379
11.9. nivTier wertilTa sistemis kuTxuri
Tavi 10. brunva....................................................324
impulsi....................................................................381
10.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................324
11.10. fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi
10.2. brunvis parametrebi...........................................324
myari sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi....................382
10.3. arian Tu ara kuTxuri sidideebi
11.11. kuTxuri impulsis mudmivoba.........................385
veqtorebi?.............................................................329
11.12. giroskopis precesia.........................................390
10.4. brunva Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebiT..............330
10.5. wrfivi da kuTxuri cvladebis erTmaneTTan
kiTxvebi............................................................................392
dakavSireba............................................................332
10.6. brunvis kinetikuri energia..............................335 amocanebi..........................................................................394
nawili II
Tavi 12. wonasworoba da elastiuroba.....406 14.5. wnevis gazomva.......................................................482
12.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................406 14.6. paskalis principi................................................483
12.2. wonasworoba..........................................................346 14.7. arqimedes principi..............................................485
12.3. wonasworobisTvis saWiro pirobebi...............408 14.8. moZravi idealuri siTxeebi..............................488
12.4. mizidulobis centri..........................................409 14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba.......................................489
12.5. statikuri wonasworobis ramdenime 14.10. bernulis gantoleba........................................491
magaliTi.................................................................411 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................496
12.6. statikurad ganusazRvreli kiTxvebi............................................................................497
konstruqcia.........................................................417 amocanebi..........................................................................498
12.7. elastiuroba.........................................................419
Tavi 15. rxevebi..................................................510
15.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................510
kiTxvebi............................................................................424
15.2. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba.........................510
amocanebi..........................................................................425
15.3. Zalis kanoni martivi harmoniuli
Tavi 13. miziduloba.........................................439 moZraobisTvis.......................................................514
13.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................439 15.4. energia martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi.........516
13.2. niutonis mizidulobis kanoni.........................440 15.5. kuTxuri martivi harmoniuli
13.3. miziduloba da zeddebis principi.................442 oscilatori...........................................................518
13.4. miziduloba dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos...444 15.6. qanqarebi.................................................................519
13.5. miziduloba dedamiwis SigniT.........................447 15.7. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba da
13.6. mizidulobis potenciuli energia.................449 erTgvarovani wriuli moZraoba.......................524
13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi: kepleris 15.8. milevadi martivi harmoniuli moZraoba......525
kanonebi....................................................................453 15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da rezonansi.....................527
13.8. Tanamgzavrebi: orbitebi da energia..............457 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................528
13.9. ainStaini da miziduloba..................................459 SekiTxvebi........................................................................529
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................461 amocanebi..........................................................................531
SekiTxvebi........................................................................462
Tavi 16. talRebi...............................................544
amocanebi..........................................................................464
16.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................544
Tavi 14. siTxeebi................................................476 16.2. talRebis saxeobebi.............................................545
14.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................476 16.3. ganivi da gaswvrivi talRebi.............................545
14.2. ra aris siTxe?.......................................................476 16.4. talRis sigrZe da sixSire.................................547
14.3. simkvrive da wneva.................................................477 16.5. moZravi talRis siCqare.....................................550
14.4. siTxeebi uZrav mdgomareobaSi.........................479 16.6. talRis siCqare daWimul Tokze......................553
16.7. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRis energia da 18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis
simZlavre.................................................................555 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi.............................640
16.8. talRis gantoleba..............................................557 18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqanizmebi........................642
16.9. talRebis superpoziciis principi................559 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................647
16.10. talRebis interferencia...............................560 SekiTxvebi........................................................................649
16.11. veqtorebi.............................................................563 amocanebi..........................................................................650
16.12. mdgari talRebi..................................................564
16.13. mdgari talRebi da rezonansi........................567 Tavi 19. airebis kinetikuri Teoria............ 661
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................569 19.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................661
SekiTxvebi........................................................................571 19.2. avogadros ricxvi................................................662
amocanebi..........................................................................572 19.3. idealuri airebi...................................................662
19.4. wneva, temperatura da saSualo kvadratuli
Tavi 17. talRebi............................................... 583 siCqare......................................................................666
17.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................583 19.5. winsvliTi kinetikuri energia.........................668
17.2. bgeris talRebi....................................................584 19.6. saSualo Tavisufali garbeni...........................669
17.3. bgeris siCqare.......................................................584 19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ganawileba.............671
17.4. moZravi bgeriTi talRebi..................................587 19.8. idealuri airis moluri kuTri
17.5. interferencia......................................................590 siTbotevadoba.......................................................674
17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis done...................592 19.9. Tavisuflebis xarisxis da moluri kuTri
17.7. musikaluri bgerebis wyaroebi........................596 siTbotevadoba.......................................................678
17.8. ritmebi....................................................................598 19.10. miniSneba qvantur Teoriaze...........................680
17.9. dopleris efeqti.................................................600 19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi
17.10. zebgeriTi siCqareebi, dartymiTi gafarToeba.............................................................681
talRebi...................................................................604 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................685
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................605 SekiTxvebi........................................................................686
SekiTxvebi........................................................................607 amocanebi..........................................................................687
amocanebi..........................................................................608
Tavi 20. entropia da Termodinamikis
Tavi 18. temperatura, siTbo da meore kanoni........................................696
Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni ...............622 20.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................696
18.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................622 20.2. Seuqcevadi procesebi da entropia................696
18.2. temperatura..........................................................623 20.3. entropiis cvlileba...........................................697
18.3. Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni....................623 20.4. Termodinamikis meore kanoni...........................703
18.4. temperaturis gazomva.......................................624 20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: Zravebi............704
18.5. celsiusis da farengeitis Skalebi................626 20.6. entropia realur samyaroSi: macivrebi........709
18.6. Tburi gafarToeba...............................................628 20.7. realuri Zravebis margi qmedebis
18.7. temperatura da siTbo.......................................631 koeficientebi........................................................711
18.8. myari sxeulebis da siTxeebis mier siTbos 20.8. entropiis statistikuri ganxilva.................712
STanTqma...................................................................632 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................716
18.9. kidev erTxel siTbosa da muSaobis SekiTxvebi........................................................................717
Sesaxeb.......................................................................637 amocanebi..........................................................................718
18.10. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni....................639
nawili III
Tavi 21. eleqtruli muxti.............................727 22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamowveuli
21.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................727 eleqtruli veli...................................................759
21.2. eleqtruli muxti................................................728 22.7. damuxtuli diskos Sedegad warmoqmnili
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi............................729 eleqtruli veli...................................................764
21.4. kulonis kanoni.....................................................732 22.8. wertilovani muxti eleqtrul velSi...........765
21.5. muxti kvantirdeba...............................................738 22.9. dipoli eleqtrul velSi..................................767
21.6. muxti inaxeba.........................................................739 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................770
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................740 SekiTxvebi........................................................................771
SekiTxvebi........................................................................741 amocanebi..........................................................................773
amocanebi..........................................................................743
Tavi 23. gausis kanoni......................................783
Tavi 22. eleqtruli velebi......................... 7451 23.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................783
23.2. nakadi.......................................................................784
22.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................751
23.3. nakadi eleqtrul velSi.....................................785
22.2. eleqtruli veli..................................................752
23.4. gausis kanoni.........................................................787
22.3. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi...........................753
23.5. gausis kanoni da kulonis kanoni.....................789
22.4. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli
23.6. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtari.................791
eleqtruli veli...................................................755
23.7. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: cilindruli
22.5. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli
simetria...................................................................794
eleqtruli veli...................................................757
23.8. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: planaruli Tavi 27. wredebi..................................................909
simetria...................................................................795 27.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................909
23.9. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sferuli 27.2. àmotumbuli~ muxtebi.......................................909
simetria...................................................................798 27.3. muSaoba, energia da emZ.......................................910
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................800 27.4. denis gamoTvla erTkonturian wredSi.........912
SekiTxvebi........................................................................800 27.5. sxva erTkonturiani wredebi............................914
amocanebi..........................................................................802 27.6. or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba.....915
27.7. mravalkonturiani wredebi..............................919
Tavi 24. eleqtruli potenciali................812 27.8. ampermetri da voltmetri................................925
24.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................812 27.9. RC wredebi.............................................................926
24.2. eleqtruli potenciuri energia....................812 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................930
24.3. eleqtruli potenciali....................................814 SekiTxvebi........................................................................931
24.4. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi.............................816 amocanebi..........................................................................933
24.5. potencialis gamoTvla velis
saSualebiT..............................................................817 Tavi 28. magnituri velebi..............................946
24.6. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli 28.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................946
potenciali.............................................................819 28.2. ra warmoqmnis magnitur vels?.........................947
24.7. wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT gamowveuli 28.3. -s gansazRvreba.................................................947
potenciali.............................................................821 28.4. mkveTi velebi: eleqtronis aRmoCena.............951
24.8. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli 28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis efeqti............................953
potenciali.............................................................822 28.6. wriulad moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki.........956
24.9. muxtebis uwyveti ganawilebiT gamowveuli 28.7. ciklotroni da sinqrotroni..........................960
potenciali.............................................................824 28.8. denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi magnituri
24.10. velis gamoTvla potencialis Zala...........................................................................962
saSualebiT..............................................................826 28.9. brunvis momenti denis konturze...................965
24.11. wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli 28.10. magnituri dipolis impulsi...........................967
potenciuri energia.............................................828 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................969
24.12. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris SekiTxvebi........................................................................970
potenciali.............................................................830 amocanebi..........................................................................971
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................832 Tavi 29. deniT gamowveuli magnituri
SekiTxvebi........................................................................833 veli.................................................................982
amocanebi..........................................................................835 29.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................982
Tavi 25. tevadoba...............................................848 29.2. deniT gamowveuli magnituri velis
25.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................848 gamoTvla.................................................................983
25.2. tevadoba.................................................................849 29.3. or paralelur dens Soris moqmedi Zala......989
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla...........................................851 29.4. amperis kanoni.......................................................991
25.4. mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri 29.5. solenoidebi da toroidebi.............................995
kondensatorebi.....................................................855 29.6. denis gamtari koWa, rogorc magnituri
25.5. eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia................860 dipoli......................................................................998
25.6. kondensatori dieleqtrikTan erTad...........863 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1000
25.7. dieleqtrikebi: atomisturi Sexeduleba.....865 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1001
25.8. dieleqtrikebi da gausis kanoni.....................866 amocanebi........................................................................1003
Tavi 30. induqcia da induqciuroba.........1015
SekiTxvebi........................................................................870
30.1 .ra aris fizika?...................................................1015
amocanebi..........................................................................871
30.2. ori eqsperimenti................................................1016
Tavi 26. deni da winaRoba................................881 30.3. faradeis induqciis kanoni.............................1016
26.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................881 30.4. lencis kanoni......................................................1019
26.2. eleqtruli deni...................................................882 30.5. induqcia da energiis gadacema......................1023
26.3. denis simkvrive.....................................................884 30.6. inducirebuli eleqtruli velebi...............1027
26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba.............................887 30.7. induqtorebi da induqciuroba.....................1031
26.5. omis kanoni.............................................................891 30.8. TviTinduqciuroba...........................................1033
26.6. omis kanonis mikroskopuli ganxilva............893 30.9. RL wredebi..............................................................1034
26.7. simZlavre eleqtrul wredebSi.......................895 30.10. magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia...............1038
26.8. naxevargamtarebi.................................................896 30.11. magnituri velis energiis simkvrive..........1039
26.9. supergamtarebi....................................................898 30.12. urTierTinduqcia...........................................1041
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................899 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1044
SekiTxvebi........................................................................900 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1045
amocanebi..........................................................................901 amocanebi........................................................................1047
Tavi 31. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da Tavi 32. maqsvelis gantolebebi: materiis
cvladi deni...............................................1060 magnetizmi.........................................................1093
31.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1060 32.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1093
31.2. LLC rxevebi xarisxobrivad...............................1060 32.2. gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis.......1094
31.3. eleqtrul-meqanikuri analogia...................1064 32.3. aRZruli magnituri velebi............................1096
31.4. LLC rxevebi raodenobrivad..............................1064 32.4. gadanacvlebis deni ..........................................1099
31.5. milevadi rxevebi RLC wredSi.........................1067 32.5. maqsvelis gantolebebi....................................1101
31.6. cvladi deni.........................................................1069 32.6. magnitebi..............................................................1102
31.7. iZulebiTi rxevebi.............................................1070 32.7. magnetizmi da eleqtronebi............................1103
31.8. sami martivi wredi.............................................1070 32.8. magnituri masalebi...........................................1108
31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi....................................1077 32.9. diamagnetizmi.....................................................1108
31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis wredebSi..............1081 32.10. paramagnetizmi.................................................1110
31.11. transformatorebi.........................................1084 32.11. feromagnetizmi................................................1112
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1088 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1117
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1089 kiTxvebi..........................................................................1119
amocanebi........................................................................1090 amocanebi........................................................................1121
nawili IV
Tavi 33. eleqtromagnituri talRebi......1138 35.8. mixelsonis interferometri.........................1249
33.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1138 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1250
33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela......................................1138 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1251
33.3. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa..............1140 amocanebi........................................................................1253
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa..............1143
Tavi 36. difraqcia..........................................1267
33.5. energiis gadatana da pointingis
36.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1267
veqtori..................................................................1146
36.2. difraqcia da sinaTlis talRuri buneba...1268
33.6. gamosxivebis wneva .............................................1149
36.3. erTi xvreliT difraqcia: minimumis
33.7. polarizacia........................................................1152
mdebareobis dadgena..........................................1269
33.8. arekvla da gardatexa.......................................1156
36.4. xarisxobrivi intensivoba erTi xvreliT
33.9. sruli Sida arekvla..........................................1162
difraqciaSi..........................................................1273
33.10. polarizacia arekvliT..................................1164
36.5. raodenobrivi intensivoba erTi xvreliT
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1165
difraqciaSi..........................................................1274
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1166
36.6. wriuli xvreliT difraqcia...........................1277
amocanebi........................................................................1168
36.7. ori xvreliT difraqcia..................................1280
Tavi 34. gamosaxulebebi...............................1183 36.8. difraqciuli meseri.........................................1283
34.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1183 36.9. mesrebi: dispersia da
34.2. gamosaxulebis ori tipi...................................1185 gadawyvetunarianoba.........................................1288
34.3. brtyeli sarkeebi...............................................1187 36.10. rentgenis sxivebis difraqcia.....................1290
34.4. sferuli sarkeebi..............................................1189 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1293
34.5. gamosaxuleba sferul sarkeSi.......................1193 kiTxvebi..........................................................................1294
34.6. sferuli gardamtexi zedapirebi..................1188 amocanebi........................................................................1295
34.7. Txeli linzebi....................................................1196
Tavi 37. fardobiTobis Teoria..................1308
34.8. optikuri xelsawyoebi......................................1202
37.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1308
34.9. sami mtkicebuleba.............................................1206
37.2. postulatebi ......................................................1309
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1208
37.3. movlenis gazomva...............................................1310
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1209
37.4. erTdroulobis fardobiToba.......................1312
amocanebi........................................................................1211
37.5. drois fardobiToba.........................................1313
Tavi 35. interferencia.................................1225 37.6. sigrZis farTobiToba......................................1319
35.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1225 37.7. lorencis gardaqmna.........................................1322
35.2. sinaTle, rogorc talRa.................................1226 37.8. lorencis formulebis zogierTi Sedegi..1324
35.3. difraqcia............................................................1231 37.9. siCqareebis fardobiToba...............................1326
35.4. iangis interferenciis eqsperimenti...........1231 37.10. dopleris efeqti sinaTlisTvis.................1327
35.5. Tanmimdevruloba..............................................1236 37.11. axali Sexeduleba impulsze.........................1331
35.6. daZabuloba ori xvreliT 37.12. axali Sexeduleba energiaze........................1332
interferenciaSi.................................................1237 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1337
35.7. interferencia Txeli fenebidan..................1241 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1339
amocanebi........................................................................1340

erTeulTa sistema 1
1885 wlis ivnisSi GrdiloeT naxevarsferos caze adreuli RamiT Txeli,
molurjo-movercxlisfro Rrublebi gamoGnda. momdevno aTwleulebSi
aseTi Rrublebi kidev ramdenjerme SeamGnies. ukanasknel wlebSi maT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad vxedavT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom dedamiwis
atmosferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba.
rogor anaTebs mze am Rrublebs daisis Semdeg?
pasuxs am TavSi SeityobT
1.1 ra aris fizika?
mecniereba sxvadasxva sidideebis gazomvasa da Sedarebas efuZneba. amisTvis garkveuli

wesebi gvWirdeba. aseve gvWirdeba eqsperimentebi, romlebiTac am sidideebis erTeulebs da-
vadgenT. fizikis erT-erTi amocana swored am eqsperimentebis dagegmva da ganxorcielebaa.
magaliTad, fizikosebi cdiloben zezusti saaTis Seqmnas, raTa nebismieri dro an drois
Sualedi zustad iqnas dadgenili. ai, erT-erTi magaliTi imisa, Tu risTvisaa saWiro zusti
saaTebi: maT gareSe ver imuSavebda mdebareobis dadgenis msoflio sistema GPS, romelsac
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs msoflio navigaciisTvis.
1.2 sidideebis gazomva
fizikis gacnoba imis SeswavliT iwyeba, Tu rogor izomeba sxvadasxva sidideebi, maga
liTad: sigrZe, dro, masa, temperatura, wneva da denis Zala.
TiToeul fizikur sidides Tavisi zomis erTeuli aqvs, romelsac etalonTan vadarebT.
zomis erTeuli sididis raodenobrivad gamoxatvis saSualebaa. magaliTad, sigrZis er-
Teulia metri (m). etaloni sididis zustad erT erTeuls Seesabameba. SemdgomSi vnaxavT,
rom sigrZis erTeulis etaloni, romlis sigrZe zustad erTi metris tolia, aris manZili,
9
10 Tavi 1 erTeulTa sistema
romelsac sinaTle gaivlis vakuumSi drois garkveul monakveTSi. zomis erTeuli da misi eta
loni CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi nebismieri gziT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT. Tumca, es ise unda
gavakeToT, rom am erTeulis mizanSewonilebasa da moxerxebulobas msoflios yvela mecnie
ri daeTanxmos.
mas Semdeg, rac etaloni, magaliTad, sigrZis etaloni ganvsazRvreT, unda SevimuSavoT
procedura, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba etalonis saSualebiT nebismieri sigrZis gamox-
atva, wyalbadis atomis diametri iqneba es, skeitbordis RerZis sigrZe Tu manZili romelime
varskvlavamde. sigrZis gazomvis erT-erT aseT proceduras uzrunvelyofs saxazavi, ro-
melic sizustiT sigrZis etalons uaxlovdeba. Tumca Cveni gazomvebis didi nawili advili
Sesasrulebeli ar iqneba. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, atomis radiusisa da or varskvlavs So-
ris manZilis saxazaviT gazomva.
fizikuri sidideebis didi raodenobis gamo maTi organizeba sakmaod rTulia. sabedni-
erod, yvela maTgani ar aris damoukidebeli. magaliTad, siCqare manZilisa da drois far-
dobaa. amitom, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, virCevT mxolod mcire raodenobis fizikur si-
dideebs, magaliTad, manZilsa da dros, da ganvsazRvravT etalonebs am sidideebisTvis.
Semdeg am sabaziso sidideebisa da maTi etalonebis (e.w. sabaziso etalonebis) safuZvelze
ganvsazRvravT sxva fizikur sidideebsac.
sabaziso etalonebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da ucvleli. Tu manZilis etalons gansaz-
RvravT, rogorc manZils adamianis cxvirsa da saCvenebeli TiTis wvers Soris, es etaloni
namdvilad xelmisawvdomi, Tumca sxvadasxva adamianisTvis sxvadasxvanairi iqneba. mecnie
reba maqsimalur sizustes moiTxovs, magram gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda davuTmoT ucv-
lelobasac. amis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas sabaziso etalonis aslebi, romlebic yvela msurveli
saTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba.
1.3 erTeulebis saerTaSoriso sistema

1971 wels zoma-wonis me-14 saerTaSoriso konferenciaze dadginda Svidi sabaziso si-
dide, romlebic erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemis (SemoklebiT SI) safuZvels Seadgens. 1.1
cxrilSi naCvenebia sami ZiriTadi sididis – sigrZis, masisa da drois erTeulebi, romlebsac
wignis pirvel TavebSi gamoviyenebT.
SI sistemis bevri Sedgenili erTeuli am sabaziso erTeulebiT ganisazRvreba. magali-
Tad, simZlavris erTeuli vati (vt) ganisazRvreba masis, sigrZis da drois erTeulebiT, ra-
sac me-7 TavSi gavecnobiT.
1 vati = 1 vt = 1kg·m2/w3 (1.1)
cxrili 1.1 simboloebis es jgufi ase ikiTxeba:

SI sistemis ZiriTadi sidideebis erTeulebi kilogram metr kvadrati wam kubze.
Zalian didi da Zalian mcire sidi
sidide erTeulis erTeulis deebis gamosaxatavad viyenebT ricx-
saxeli simbolo vebis eqsponencialuri gamoxat-
manZili metri m vis meTods, romelic 10-is xarisxebs
dro wami wm efuZneba. am meTodis mixedviT,
masa kilogrami kg
3560000000 m = 3,56 × 109 m (1.2)
xolo
0,000000492 m = 4,92 × 10-7 m (1.3)
1.4 erTeulTa Secvla 11
am meTods kompiuterebSi zogjer sxvagvari
cxrili 1.2
saxe aqvs, magaliTad 3,56E9 da 4,92E–7, sadac E
SI sistemis erTeulebis prefiqsebi
àTis xarisxs~ niSnavs. zog kalkulatorze E-c ki
gamotovebulia.
xarisxi prefiqsi a simbolo
Zalian did da Zalian patara ricxvebze muSao-
bis kidev ufro gasamartiveblad gamoiyeneba pre- 10 24
iota- YY
1021 zeta- Z
fiqsebi, romlebic 1-2 cxrilSia mocemuli. ro-
10 18
eqsa- E
gorc xedavT, TiToeuli prefiqsi 10-is romelime
10 15
peta- P
xarisxs warmoadgens. SI sistemis erTeulisTvis
1012 tera- T
prefiqsis mierTeba am erTeulis Sesabamis sidi-
109 giga- G (g)
deze gamravlebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, denis
106 mega- M (mg)
simZlavris konkretuli sidide SegviZlia ase war-
103 kilo- k (k)
movadginoT:
102 heqto- h
10 1
deka- da
1,27×109 vati = 1,27 gigavati = 1,27 gvt (1.4)
10–1 deci- d (p)
10–2 santi- c (s)
xolo drois konkretuli monakveTi – ase:
10–3 mili- m (m)
10–6 mikro- μ (mk)
2,35×10-9 wami = 2,35 nanowami = 2,35 nwm (1.5)
10 –9
nano- n (n)
10–12 piko- p (p)
zogierT prefiqss albaT ukve kargad icnobT
10–15 femto- f
iseTi erTeulebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa mi- 10–18 ato- a
limetri, santimetri, kilogrami da megabaiti. 10–21 zepto- z
10–24 ioqto- y
a
muqi SriftiT mocemulia yvelaze
xSirad gamoyenebuli prefiqsebi da
maTi simboloebi qarTulad
1.4 erTeulTa Secvla
xSirad gvWirdeba im erTeulis Secvla, romliTac gamoxatulia esa Tu is konkretuli

fizikuri sidide. amas jaWvuri gadayvanis meTodiT vakeTebT. am meTodis mixedviT, sawyis
sidides vamravlebT gadayvanis koeficientze, anu sidideTa fardobaze, romelic erTis
tolia. magaliTad, 1 wT da 60 wm drois erTi da igive monakveTebia, amitom
1 wT = 1 da 60 wm = 1.
60 wm 1 wT
amgvarad, wiladebi 1wT/60wm da 60wm/1wT SeiZleba gadayvanis koeficientebad gamoviye-
noT. es tolobebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda davweroT ase: 1/60 = 1 an 60 = 1. yvela ricxvs
Sesabamis erTeuli unda eweros.
imis gamo, rom nebismieri sididis erTze gamravleba Sedegs ar cvlis, gadayvanis koefi-
cientebis gamoyeneba SegviZlia nebismier, CvenTvis saWiro dros. jaWvuri gadayvanis dros
koeficientebi arasasurveli erTeulebis gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, 2 wuTis
wamebSi gadayvanisTvis:
60 wm
2 wT = (2 wT) (1) = (2 wT) = 120 wm (1.6)
1 wT
Tu gadayvanis koeficientis Semotanis Sedegad arasasurveli erTeuli ar gabaTilda, ma-

Sin koeficienti unda SecvaloT da xelaxla scadoT. gadayvanis dros erTeulebi imave alge-
brul kanonebs emorCileba, rasac cvladebi da ricxvebi.
danarTSi mocemulia gadayvanis koeficientebi SI sistemasa da erTeulTa sxva sistemebs,

maT Soris, aSS-Si moqmed erTeulTa sistemas Soris. Tumca es koeficientebi mocemulia ara
wiladis, aramed tolobis saxiT, magaliTad, `1 wT = 60 wm~. qvemoT moyvanili amocana aseTi
wiladis miRebis magaliTia.
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 1.1

Zv.w. 490 wels, saberZneTis sparseTze amoxsna: jaWvuri gadayvanis meTodis mi
gamarjvebis Sesatyobineblad, fidipide ma xedviT, gamoviyenoT iseTi gadayvanis koe
raTonidan aTenamde sirbiliT mivida. misi ficientebi, rom arasasurveli erTeulebi
siCqare saaTSi daaxloebiT 23 raidi iyo. ra gabaTildes:
idi manZilis ZvelberZnuli erTeulia, ise-
23 raidi 4 stadiumi 6 pleTroni
23 raidi/sT =
ve, rogorc stadiumi da pleTroni. 1 raidSi h 1 raidi 1 stadiumi
4 stadiumia, xolo 1 stadiumSi _ 6 pleTro- 30,8 m 1 km 1h
×
ni. Tanamedrove erTeulebSi 1 pleTroni 1 pleTroni 1000 m 3600 w
30,8 m-is tolia. gamoTvale fidipides siC- = 4,7227 × 10–3 km/wm ≈ 4,7 × 10–3 km/wm
qare km/wm-ebSi.
(pasuxi)

krani axlad daWerili qaSayis asawyavi amoxsna: D danarTidan viciT, rom 1 litri =
Zveli britanuli erTeulia. 1 krani 170,464 1000 sm3. imisTvis, rom kuburi santimetrebi
litr Tevzs anu daaxloebiT 750 qaSays ud kubur kovidoebSi gadaviyvanoT, santime-
rida. davuSvaT, britanelTa gemi, romlis trebisa da kovidoebis fardoba kubSi unda
gembanzec 1255 krani Tevzia, saudis ara- aviyvanoT. amgvarad, miviRebT:
beTis sabaJoze dgas, sadac Tavisi nadav-
1255 krani
li kubur kovidoebSi unda warmoadginos. 3
kovido sigrZis arabuli erTeulia, 1 kovi- = (1255 krani) 170.474 l 1000 sm3 1 kovido
1 krani 1l 48.26 sm
do = 48,26 sm. ra unda daweron britanelebma
sabaJo deklaraciaSi? = 1.903 × 103 kovido 3.
(pasuxi)
amocanis amoxsnis taqtika

taqtika 1: mniSvnelovani cifrebi da aTwiladebi
Tu 1.1 amocanaSi pasuxi damrgvalebis ga- mxolod minimaluri raodenobaa mocemuli

reSe gamoiTvale, maSin Sens kalkulatorze (Tumca zogjer SenarCunebulia erTi damate-
gamoCndeboda ricxvi 4,72266666667×10-3. ric biTi mniSvnelovani cifri). roca ukiduresi
xvis aseTi sizuste gamousadegaria, amitom marcxena mosacilebeli cifri 5-is tolia an
pasuxi 4,7×10 -3
km/wm-mde davamrgvaleT. ase 5-ze metia, ukanaskneli SenarCunebuli cifri
rom, siCqare 23 raidi/wm SI sistemaSi gaday- erTiT izrdeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki
vanisas ori niSniT gamoixateba, romlebsac ucvleli rCeba. magaliTad, 11,3516 damrgval-
mniSvnelovani cifrebi ewodeba. ase rom, deba, rogorc 11,4, xolo 11,3279 – rogorc
Cveni pasuxi or mniSvnelovan ciframde davam- 11,3 (amocanebis pasuxebSi tolobis niSnad
rgvaleT. am wignSi gamoTvlebis Sedegi xSirad viyenebT “=” da ara “≈” simbolos, maSinac ki,
damrgvalebulia da mniSvnelovani cifrebis roca pasuxi damrgvalebulia).
1.5 sigrZe 13
rodesac amocanaSi mocemulia ricxvi sxvagan ar gaakeToT.
3,15 an 3,15×10 , mniSvnelovani cifrebis ra-
3
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda agverios
odenoba aSkaraa, magram rogoria es raode- mniSvnelovani cifrebi da aTwiladebi.
noba ricxvSi 3000? aris Tu ara es raodenoba ganvixiloT sidideebi 35,6 mm; 3,56 mm da
erTis toli (3×103)? an iqneb aq oTxi mniS- 0,00356 mm. samive ricxvSi mniSvnelovani ci-
vnelovani cifria (3,000×10 )? am wignSi da-
3
frebis raodenoba samis tolia, magram mZi-
vuSviT, rom aseT ricxvebSi yvela nuli mniS- mis Semdeg arsebuli niSnebis raodenoba, Se-
vnelovania, Tumca girCevT, aseTi daSveba sabamisad, erTs, ors da xuTs udris.
1.5 sigrZe
1792 wels safrangeTis axlad gamocxadebul respublikaSi SemoiRes erTeulTa axali
sistema. am sistemis qvakuTxedi iyo metri, romelic ganisazRvra, rogorc CrdiloeT polu-
sidan ekvatoramde manZilis erTi meaTedmemilionedi. mogvianebiT, praqtikuli mosazrebebis
gamo, es etaloni Seicvala da metri ganisazRvra, rogorc manZili or xazs Soris, romlebic
amoWrilia platinsa da iridi- cxrili 1.3
umis Senadnobisgan damzadebul zogierTi miaxloebiTi manZili
Zelakze. es metris etaloni
safrangeTSi, zoma-wonis saer- sidide sigrZe metrebSi
TaSoriso biuroSi inaxeba. misi manZili pirvel galaqtikebamde 2×1026
zusti aslebi mTeli msoflios
manZili andromedas galaqtikamde 2×1022
standartizaciis laborato-
manZili uaxloes varskvlav
riebSi daagzavnes.am aslebis 4×1016
proqsima centavramde
anu meoradi etalonebis
manZili plutonamde 6×1012
safuZvelze Seqmnes sxva, kidev
ufro xelmisawvdomi etalone- dedamiwis radiusi 6×106
bi, ase rom, yvela Tanamedrove mwverval everestis simaRle 9×103
sazomi xelsawyo grZeli da am gverdis sisqe 1×10-4
rTuli jaWviT metris etalons tipuri virusis sigrZe 1×10-8
ukavSirdeba.
wyalbadis atomis radiusi 5×10-11
mecnierebisa da teqnikis
protonis radiusi 1×10-15
ganviTareba TandaTan ufro
zust etalons iTxovda. 1960
wels metrisTvis SemuSavda axali, sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze dafuZnebuli etaloni. am et-
alonis mixedviT, metri gazganmuxtvis kameraSi kripton-86-is izotopis mier gamosxivebuli
narinjisfer-wiTeli talRis sirZeze zustad 1650763,73-jer metia. es rTuli ricxvi ise iqna
arCeuli, rom axali etaloni ZvelTan maqsimalurad axlos yofiliyo.
1983 wels sizusteze moTxovnam iseT dones miaRwia, rom mas kripton-86-is etalonic ve-
Rar akmayofilebda. amitom imave wels mecnierebma Zalian Tamami nabiji gadadges. metri gan-
isazRvra, rogorc sinaTlis mier ganvlili manZili drois konkretul monakveTSi. zomisa da
wonis me-17 saerTaSoriso konferenciaze damtkicda:
`metri aris 1/299792458 wamSi sinaTlis mier

vakuumSi ganvlili manZili.~
drois es monakveTi ise iqna arCeuli, rom sinaTlis siCqared miCneuli iyo:
C = 299 792 458 m/wm.
sinaTlis siCqaris gazomva sakmaod didi sizustiTaa SesaZlebeli, amitom sinaTlis siC-
qaris gansazRvrul sidided miCneva da misi gamoyeneba metris gansazRvrisTvis sakmaod
gonivruli gadawyvetileba iyo.
1.3 cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva manZili da sigrZei, samyaros saplanetaTaSoriso sivr-
ciT dawyebuli da umciresi sagnebiT damTavrebuli.

taqtika 2 : sididis TAanrigi
sididis Tanrigi aris aTis xarisxi, ro gis mixedviT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi A sididis
desac ricxvi mocemulia eqsponencialu uaxloesi Tanrigia 4, xolo B-si – 5. aseTi
ri gamoxatvis meTodiT. magaliTad, Tu Sefaseba miRebulia, rodesac gamoTvlebis
A=2,3×104 da B=7,8×104, maSin A da B meoTxe dros zusti monacemebi cnobili ar aris an
Tanrigis ricxvebia. Znelad sapovnelia. magaliTi mocemulia amo
inJinrebi da mecnierebi gamoTvlebis canis amoxsnis 1.3 nimuSSi.
Sedegebs xSirad afaseben uaxloesi Tanri-

msoflios udidesi Zafis burTis radiu- vebs, iqneba:
si 2 m-ia. risi tolia burTSi Zafis mTliani
V = (ganivkveTis farTobi)× (sigrZe)=d 2 L
sigrZe sididis uaxloesi Tanrigis Tvalsaz-
es sidide daaxloebiT burTis mocu-
risiT?
amoxsna: ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia bur- lobis tolia, romelic 4/3πR3 formuliT
Ti davSaloT da ise gavigoT Zafis sigrZe, gamoiTvleba, Tumca, vinaidan π daaxloebiT
magram es did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da Tan sams udris, es gamosaxuleba SegviZlia ga-
burTis Semqmnelsac gavanawyenebT. vinaidan vamartivoT da davweroT 4R3. ase rom, mivi-
mxolod uaxloesi Tanrigi gvWirdeba, ami- RebT:
tom nebismieri saWiro sididis daaxloebiT d 2L = 4R3
gamoTvla SegviZlia. an
4 R3 4(2 m)3
davuSvaT, burTi sferuli formisaa da L= =
misi radiusi R = 2 m. burTSi moTavsebuli
d2 (4 × 10–3 m)2
Zafi ar aris mWidrod Sekruli (e.i. Zafebs = 2 × 106 m ≈ 106 m = 103 km.
Soris gvaqvs uricxvi RriWo). es RriWoebi (pasuxi)
rom gaviTvaliswinoT, davuSvaT, rom Zafis (rogorc xedavT, aseTi martivi gamoTv-
ganivkveTi kvadratia da misi gverdis sigrZe lisTvis kalkulatori ar gvWirdeba). uax-
d = 4 mm ganivkveTis d 2 farTobiT da L sigrZ- loesi Tanrigis mixedviT, burTi daaxloe-
iT, mTliani moculoba, romelsac Zafi ika- biT 1000 km sigrZis Zafs Seicavs!
1.6 dro
dros ori aspeqti aqvs. samoqalaqo da, zogjer, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, drois codna
imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom movlenebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT davalagoT. seriozuli sa-
1.6 dro 15
mecniero muSaobisas gvainteresebs, ramden xans grZeldeba konkretuli movlena. maSasadame,
drois nebismieri etaloni or SekiTxvas unda pasuxobdes: `rodis moxda?~ da `ra drois man-
Zilze?~. 1.4 cxrilSi drois zogierTi monakveTia mocemuli.
cxrili 1.4
drois zogierTi miaxloebiTi monakveTi
drois Sualedi
sidide
wamebSi
protonis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba (savaraudo) 1×1039
samyaros asaki 5×1017
xeofsis piramidis asaki 1×1011
adamianis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 2×109
dRis xangrZlivoba 9×104
dro adamianis or guliscemas Soris 8×10-1
miu-mezonis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 2×10-6
sinaTlis umoklesi impulsi 1×10-16
yvelaze aramyari nawilakis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 1×10-23
plankis droa 1×10-43
a
es aris dro didi afeTqebis Semdeg, romlidan moyolebuli SesaZlebelia
fizikis CvenTvis cnobili kanonebis gamoyeneba.
nebismieri ganmeorebadi movlena SeiZleba miCneul

iqnas drois etalonad. magaliTad, saukuneebis manZilze
dRis xangrZlivobis ganmsazRvrelad dedamiwis brunvis
princips iyenebdnen. 1.1 suraTze naCvenebia dedamiwis
brunvis principze Seqmnili kvarcis saaTi. kvarcis saa
Ti, romelSic kvarcis rgoli mudmivad irxeva, dedamiwis
brunvis mixedviTaa dagraduirebuli. aseTi saaTebi la
boratoriebSi gamoiyeneba drois gasazomad. Tumca, maTi
sizuste ar aris iseTi, rogorsac Tanamedrove samecnie
ro da sainJinro teqnologiebi moiTxovs.
drois ukeTesi etalonis dadgenisTvis Seiqmna ato
muri saaTi. is moTavsebulia amerikis kolorados Statis
qalaq bulderis etalonebisa da teqnologiebis nacio-
nalur institutSi (NIST) da miCneulia universaluri
globaluri drois (UTC) etalonad aSS-Si. misi droiTi
signalebi ismis mokletalRovan radiosadgurebSi (WWV sur. 1.1 rodesac 1792 wels metru-
da WWVH) da telefonSi (303-499-7111). drois signalebi li sistema SemoiRes, saaTi Tavidan
gansazRvres, ise, rom dReSi 10 saa-
(da drosTan dakavSirebuli sxva informacia) mocemulia,
Ti yofiliyo. es idea xalxma Znelad
agreTve, aSS-is sazRvao observatoriis veb-saitze http:// aRiqva, amitom am saaTis Semqmneli
tycho.usno.navy.mil/time.html (saaTis zustad gasasworeblad Wkvianurad moiqca da patara cifer-
blatic daamata, romelic, Cveu-
unda gaiTvaliswino dro, romelic am signalebis Cvenamde
lebriv, 12-saaTian dros aCvenebda.
mosaRwevad aris saWiro). aCvenebs Tu ara es ori ciferblati
1.2 suraTze naCvenebia 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze erTsa da imave dros?
dRis xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba ceziumis atomuri saaTis mixedviT. aq naCvenebi cvaleba-

doba sezonuri da ganmeorebadia. mas mTvaris zemoqmedeba da Zlieri qarebi iwvevs.
1967 wels zoma-wonis me-13 konferenciaze ceziumis saaTze dayrdnobiT damtkicda wamis
etaloni:
èrTi wami aris dro, romelic sWirdeba cezium-133-is atomis mier gamosxivebuli
sinaTlis talRas 9 192 631 770 rxevis Sesasruleblad.~
atomuri saaTebi Zalian stabiluria. ori aseTi saaTis maCvenebels Soris sxvaoba 1 wamze
meti rom gaxdes, amisaTvis daaxloebiT 6000 welia saWiro. Tumca es sizustec ki uferuldeba
Tanamedrove saaTebis sizustesTan SedarebiT – 1 wm cdomileba 1×1018 wm-Si (anu daaxloebiT
3×1010 weliwadSi).
realur xangrZlivobebs Soris (mwm)

gansxvaveba dRis 24-saaTian da
sur. 1.2 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi dRis

xangrZlivobis cvlileba. aRsaniSna-
via, rom vertikaluri RerZis sigrZe
mxolod 3 mwm-ia (0,003 wm).

am Tavis dasawyisSi fotoze gamosaxu- a.S. meTani atmosferoSi did simaRleze adis
li Rrublebi pirvelad 1883 wels kunZul da qimiur cvlilebas ganicdis, rac mezosf-
krakatauze (wynari okeanis samxreT-aR- eruli Rrublebis formirebisTvis saWiro
mosavleTiT, iavasTan axlos) vulkanis amo- wylis molekulebisa da yinulis nawilakebis
frqvevis Semdeg gamoCnda. amofrqveva imde- raodenobis zrdas iwvevs.
nad Zlieri iyo, rom ferfli mezosferos mezosferuli Rrublebi mzis Casvlis
(atmosferos civi fena stratosferos ze- Semdeg moCans, vinaidan atmosferos mziT
viT) miswvda. iq dagrovili wyali ferflTan ganaTebul zeda fenebSia. dRisiT maT ver
erTad gaiyina da gaCnda nawilakebi, romleb- vxedavT, radgan atmosferos qveda fene-
mac pirveli aseTi Rrublebi Seqmna. mas Sem- bi ufro mkveTradaa ganaTebuli da maTi
deg Rrublebi xSirad Cndeba ara vulkanebis
A da B wertilebSi dacemuli
amofrqvevis, aramed atmosferoSi meTanis mzis ukanaskneli sxivebi
raodenobis zrdis gamo, rac, Tavis mxriv, Rrublebi
gamowveulia mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT,

nagavsayrelebiT, gamonabolqvi gazebiT da
sur. 1.3. mzis ukanaskneli sxivi A wertils ecema. mas Sem-

deg, rac mze θ kuTxiT mobrundeba, sxivi damkvirveblidan
dedamiwis
H simaRleze myof Rrubels ecema. meti sicxadisaTvis su- centri
raTze H simaRle H da θ kuTxe gadidebulia.
1.7 masa 17
garCeva SeuZlebelia. Tu Rrublebi mzis Cas-
vlidan 38 wuTSi gamoCnda da Semdeg swrafad θ kuTxe aris, agreTve, kuTxe dedamiwis
gauCinarda, ra simaRlezea isini dedamiwis A da B wertilebSi dedamiwis r radiusebs
zedapiridan? Soris. suraTze mocemulia marTkuTxa sam-
kuTxedi, romlis kaTetia r, xolo hipot-
amoxsna: 1.3 suraTze naCvenebia damkvir enuza – r+H. trigonometriidan viciT, rom
vebeli, romelic dedamiwis zedapiris A kuTxis kosinusi
r
wertilSi imyofeba da mezosferuli Rru- cos θ = (1-7)
blebidan H manZiliT aris daSorebuli. mzis r+H
ukanaskneli sxivebi A wertilSi ecema. mzis C danarTSi vxedavT, rom dedamiwis ra-
Casvlidan 38 wuTis Semdeg sxivebi, romlebic diusi r = 6,37×106 m. CavsvaT radiusisa da
mezosferul Rrublebs anaTebs, dedamiwis kuTxis es mniSvnelobebi 1.7 formulaSi. mi-
zedapirs B wertilSi ecema. viRebT
6.37 × 10 6 m
1.3 suraTze mzis sxivebis am or trae- cos 9,5° =
(6.37 × 10 6 m) + H
qtorias Soris kuTxea θ. es is kuTxea, rom-
liTac mze dedamiwis mimarT gadaadgilda 38 saidanac
wuTis ganmavlobaSi. sruli dRis manZilze H = 8,86 × 104 m ≈ 89 km (pasuxi)
(daaxloebiT 24sT), mze dedamiwis mimarT
gadaadgildeba 360°-iT, maSasadame t = 38 wuT Rrublebis gamoCenis gaxSireba imaze
Si mze gadaadgildeba kuTxiT metyvelebs, rom ukanaskneli aTwleulebis
manZilze dedamiwis zedapirze meTanis ra-
1 sT 360° odenobis zrdam mezosferozec ki moaxdina
θ = (38 wT) = 9,5°.
60 wT 24 sT gavlena.
1.7 masa
kilogramis etaloni
cxrili 1.5
SI sistemis masis etaloni – platina- zogierTi miaxloebiTi masebi
iridiumis cilindri (sur. 1.4) inaxeba
parizis zoma-wonis saerTaSoriso bi- sxeuli masa
kilogramebSi
uroSi da sayovelTao SeTanxmebiT aRi-
arebulia 1 kilogrami masis etalonad.
CvenTvis cnobili samyaro 1×1053
Cveni galaqtika 2×1041
masis etalonis zusti aslebi dagzavnil-
mze 2×1030
ia sxvadasxva qveynebis standartizaciis
mTvare 7×1022
laboratoriebSi. nebismieri sxeulis
asteroidi erosi 5×1015
masa am etalonTan SedarebiT ganisaz-
patara mTa 1×1012
Rvreba. 1.5 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi
saokeano laineri 7×107
sxeulis masa kilogramebSi.
spilo 5×103
kilogramis etalonis amerikuli as
yurZeni 3×10-3
li inaxeba NIST-is sacavSi. weliwadSi
mtvris nawilaki 7×10-10
erTxel mas sxva aslebis Sesamowmeblad
penicilinis molekula 5×10-17
iyeneben. 1889 wlis Semdeg etaloni or-
uranis atomi 4×10-25
jer waiRes safrangeTSi pirvelad etal- protoni 2×10-27
onTan Sesadareblad. eleqtroni 9×10-31
sur. 1.4. 1 kg masis saerTaSoriso etaloni – 3,9 sm simaRlisa da diametris

platina-iridiumis cilindri.
masis meore etaloni
atomebis masebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba ufro zustad Sei-

Zleba, vidre kilogramis etalonTan. amis gamo arsebobs masis
meore etaloni. es aris naxSirbad-12-is atomi, romelic saer-
TaSoriso SeTanxmebiT miCneulia 12 atomuri masis erTeulad
(u). kavSiri or etalons Soris aseTia: 1 u = 1,66 054 02×10-27 kg,
sadac aTwiladis bolo ori cifris cdomileba ±10-is tolia. mecnierebs SeuZliaT maR-
ali sizustiT gansazRvron sxva atomebis masa naxSirbad-12-is atomis masis saSualebiT. sam-
wuxarod, aseTi sizuste dRemde miuRwevelia masis ufro gavrcelebuli erTeulebis, maga
liTad, kilogramis SemTxvevaSi.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
sidideebi fizikaSi. fizika efuZneba erTeulTa Secvla. erTeulTa Secv-

fizikuri sidideebis gazomvas. garkveuli la xdeba jaWvuri gadayvanis meTodiT. am
fizikuri sidideebi miCneulia sabazisod SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi monacemebi mravldeba
(magaliTad, sigrZe, dro da masa), gansazRv gadayvanis specialur koeficientebze da
rulia yvela maTganis etaloni da mocemu- saTanado algebruli gamoTvlebis Sedegad
lia zomis erTeuli (magaliTad metri, wami miiReba sasurveli erTeulebi.
da kilogrami). sxva fizikuri sidideebi gan-
sigrZe. metri gansazRvrulia, rogorc
isazRvreba sabaziso sidideebis, maTi eta
sinaTlis mier ganvlili manZili drois zus-
lonebisa da erTeulebis meSveobiT.
tad dadgenil SualedSi.
SI sistemis erTeulebi. am wignSi
dro. wami gansazRvrulia atomuri
ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia erTeulTa saer-
(cezium-133) wyaros mier gamosxivebuli
TaSoriso (SI) sistemis erTeulebi. 1.1
cxrilSi mocemuli fizikuri sidideebi sinaTlis talRis rxevebis mixedviT. atomur
gamoiyeneba pirvel sam TavSi. sabaziso saaTze naCvenebi zusti dro mTels msofli-
sideebisTvis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT oSi igzavneba radiosignalebis saxiT.
dadgenilia xelmisawvdomi da ucvleli et- masa. kilogrami gansazRvrulia pariz-
alonebi. es etalonebi gamoiyeneba rogorc Si Senaxuli platina-iridiumis etalonis
ZiriTadi, aseve meoradi sidideebis gazom- mixedviT. atomuri masStabis gazomvebis
vis dros. 1.2 cxrilSi mocemuli mecnieruli Casatareblad gamoiyeneba naxSirbad-12-is
Canawerebi da prefiqsebi gamoiyeneba gazom- atomis safuZvelze gansazRvruli atomuri
vis Sedegis Caweris gasamartiveblad. masa.
amocanebi
SSM – amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions Manual-Si.

WWW – amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
ILW – Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday.
• – ••• – wertilebis raodenoba amocanis sirTules gviCvenebs.
19
Tavi 1-5 sigrZe
•1 doRis dros cxenebma 4 farlongi sm-iT gadaadgilda, risi tolia es gadaadg-

sigrZis trasa unda gairbinon. ra sigrZisaa ileba a) pikebSi da b) pointebSi?
trasa a) rodebSi da b) CeinebSi? (1 farlon- •5 dedamiwis sferos radiusi daax-
gi = 201,168 m, 1 rodi = 5,0292 m da 1 Ceini = loebiT 6,37×106 metria. ra iqneba misi:
20,117 m) SSM WWW. a) garSemoweriloba kilometrebSi? b) far-
•2 grai Zveli inglisuri sigrZis erTeu- Tobi kvadratul kilometrebSi? g) mocu-
lia da lainis 1/10-s udris. lainic Zveli loba kubur kilometrebSi? SSM.
inglisuri sigrZis erTeulia da udris dui- •• 6 erTeulebis gadayvana iolad

mis 1/12-s. sagamomcemlo saqmeSi sigrZis er- SeiZleba kalkulatorisa Tu kompiuteris
Teulad gamoiyeneba pointi, romelic, Tavis daxmarebiT, magram D danarTSi mocemuli
mxriv, duimis 1/72-ia. gadaiyvane 0,5 grai2 gadayvanis cxrilis gamoyeneba mainc unda
farTobi kvadratul pointebSi (pointi2). SegveZlos. 1.6 cxrilSi mocemulia mocu-
•3 mikrometrs (1 mkm) xSirad mikrons lobis erTeulebis Zveli espanuri sistema.
uwodeben. a) ramdeni mikronia 1 km-Si? 2) ram- 1 fanega = 55,501 dm3. cxrilis Sesavsebad, ra
deni santimetria 1 mkm-Si? g) ramdeni mikro- ricxvebi (sami mniSvnelovani cifriT) unda
nia 1 iardSi ? * iqnas Setanili a) kahizis svetSi,
•4 am wignis beWdvisas simboloebs Soris b) fanegas svetSi, g) kvartilas svetSi da
manZili gamoiTvales pointebsa da pikebSi. d) almudes svetSi? gamosaxe 7 almude e) me
12 pointi = 1 pikas, xolo 6 pika = 1 duims**. dioebSi; v) kahizebSi da z) kubur santime-
Tu gverdis koreqtirebis dros simbolo 0,8 trebSi (sm3).
cxrili 1.6
amocana 6
kahizi fanega kvartila almude medio

1 kahizi 1 12 48 144 288
1 fanega 1 4 12 24
1 kvartila 1 3 6
1 almude 1 2
1 medio 1
•• 7 antarqtika 2000km radiusis mqone es erTeuli 1962 wlis kursdamTavrebulis,

naxevarwrea (sur. 1.5). misi yinulis safaris oliver rid smut umcrosis simaRlis to-
saSualo sisqe lia. swored misi sxeuliT gazomes misma amx-
2000 km
3000 m-ia. ram- anagebma xidis sigrZe, Tan gzad 1 smutis sig-
3000 m rZis monakveTebi moniSnes. mas Semdeg, yovel
den kubur san-
timetr yinuls or weliwadSi erTxel studentebi am niSnebs
Seicavs antarqtika (dedamiwis zedapiris ganaaxleben xolme, rogorc wesi, gadat-
amozneqiloba ugulebelyofilia). SSM. virTuli saavtomobilo moZraobis dros,
•• 8 mdinare Carlzze agebuli harvard- roca policia maT xels ver SeuSlis. (poli-
is xidi, romelic miCiganis teqnologiis cia albaT imitom iyo ukmayofilo, rom
institutis Senobas studentur sacxovre- smuti SI sistemis erTeuli ar aris, Tumca,
belTan akavSirebs, 364,4 smuti sigrZisaa. rogorc Cans, dRes am erTeulis arsebobas
*
1 iardi ≈ 0,914 m
**
1 duimi ≈ 25,4×10–3 m = 2,54 sm
isic Seegua). 1.6 suraTze naCvenebia smutebSi (S), uilebSi (W) da zeldebSi (Z) gazomili sami
paraleluri xazi. gamoxate 50 smuti a) uilebSi da b) zeldebSi.
•• 9 amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
0 32 212
Si inJiner-hidroteqnikosebi wylis
S
0 258 moculobis sazom erTeulad xSirad
W
60 216 iyeneben akr-futs. akr-futi ganisaz-
Z Rvreba, rogorc im wylis moculoba,
sur. 1.6 amocana 8.
romelic 1 akr miwas 1 fut simaRleze
dafaravs. kokipirulma wvimam 26km farTobis qalaqi 30 wuTSi 2 duimiT datbora. gamoTvale
2
qalaqSi wylis moculoba akr-futebSi. ILW.
Tavi 1-6 dro
•10 leqciis xangrZlivoba (50wT) daax- mikrosaukuneSi? b) ipove procentuli sxva

loebiT 1 mikrosaukunea. a) ramdeni wuTia oba Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:
faqtobrivi – miaxloebiTi
procentuli sxvaoba = 100,
faqtobrivi
•11 fortnaiti (fourteen nights – ToTx- gaizarda. gamoTvale misi zrdis tempi mik-
meti Rame) inglisuri drois sazomi erTeu- rometr/wamebSi.
lia da 2 kviras udris. drois es monakveTi, •13 laboratoriaSi xuT saaTs amow-
Tu mas sasiamovno sazogadoebaSi atareb, meben. ramdenime dRis manZilze, zustad
TavisTavad, sasiamovnoa, magram usiamovno SuadRisas, romlis dadgomasac WWV drois
kompaniaSi mikrowamebis mtanjvel wyebad signali gvauwyebs, saaTebi cxrilSi moce-
iqceva. ramdeni mikrowamia fortnaitSi? mul dros aCvenebs. daalage saaTebi maRa-
•12 yvelaze swrafad mzardi mcenare li sizustidan yvelaze dabal sizustemde.
hesperoika uiplei 14 dReSi 3,7 metriT daamtkice Seni arCevani. SSM.
saaTi kv. orS. samS. oTx. xuT. par. Sab.

A 12:36:40 12:36:56 12:37:12 12:37:27 12:37:44 12:37:59 12:38:14
B 11:59:59 12:00:02 11:59:57 12:00:07 12:00:02 11:59:56 12:00:03
C 15:50:45 15:51:43 15:52:41 15:53:39 15:54:37 15:55:35 15:56:33
D 12:03:59 12:02:52 12:01:45 12:00:38 11:59:31 11:58:24 11:57:17
E 12:03:59 12:02:49 12:01:54 12:01:52 12:01:32 12:01:22 12:01:12
•14 1883 wlamde amerikis SeerTebuli – 10 saaTisgan, erTi saaTi – 100 wuTisagan,
Statebis yvela qalaqs sakuTari, adgilo- xolo erTi wuTi – 100 wamisagan. risi tolia
brivi dro hqonda. dRes mogzaurebi saaTebs a) franguli aTobiTi kviris Sefardeba eta-
mxolod maSin asworeben, rodesac gansx- lonur kvirasTan? b) franguli aTobiTi wu-
vaveba 1 saaTi an metia. daaxloebiT grZedis Tis Sefardeba etalonur wuTTan?
ramdeni gradusi unda gaiaro, rom saaTis •16 drois etalonebi dafuZnebulia
gasworeba 1 saaTiT mogixdes? (dedamiwa 24 atomur saaTze. momavali etaloni, sa-
saaTSi 360°-ian bruns asrulebs.) varaudod, dafuZnebuli iqneba mbrunav
•15 safrangeTis revoluciidan 10 wlis neitronul varskvlavebze – pulsarebze.
Semdeg safrangeTis xelisuflebam drois zogierTi pulsari, romlis brunvis siC-
ZiriTad sazomebad daadgina aTis jeradebi: qare Zalian stabiluria, yoveli Semobrune-
erTi kvira Sedgeboda 10 dRisagan, erTi dRe bisas dedamiwaze radiosignals gzavnis.
21
magaliTad, pulsari PSR 1937+21 yovel •21 dedamiwis masa 5,98×1024 kilogramia.
1,55780644887275±3 mwm-Si erTxel Semobrun- dedamiwis Semadgeneli atomebis saSualo
deba. a) ramden bruns gaakeTebs es pulsari masaa 40 u. ramdeni atomia dedamiwaSi?
7 dReSi? b) ra dro dasWirdeba mas milioni •22 SuSis boTlis damzadebis rekordi
brunis gasakeTeblad? 1992 wels niu-jersis Statis qalaq melvilSi
•• 17 sami cifruli saaTi, A, B da C, sx- damyarda. boTlis moculoba 193 aSS galoni
vadasxva tempSi muSaobs da sxvadasxva dros iyo. a) ramdeniT naklebia es moculoba 1
aCvenebs. 1.7 suraTze mocemulia saaTebis milion sm3-ze? b) Tu boTls wyliT aavseben
Cvenebebi (magaliTad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi 1,8 g/wT siCqariT, ra dro dasWirdeba boT-
B aCvenebs 25 wm-s, xolo C – 92 wm-s). Tu A lis avsebas? 1 kuburi metri moculobis wy-
saaTze or movlenas Soris dro 600 wm-ia, ra lis masa 1000 kilogramia.
dro iqneba am movlenebs Soris a) B saaTze •23 1 kuburi santimetri moculobis
da b) C saaTze? g) rodesac A saaTi aCvenebs rkinis masa 7,87 gramia, xolo rkinis atomis
400 wm-s, ras aCvenebs B saaTi? d) rodesac masa – 9,27×10-26 kg. Tu atomebi sferulia da
C saaTi aCvenebs 15 wm-s, ras aCvenebs B saa- mWidrod ganlagebuli, maSin a) risi tolia
Ti? (dros nulovan wertilamde uaryofiTi rkinis atomis moculoba? b) ra manZilia
Cveneba mianiWe). gverdigverd ganlagebuli atomebis cen-
312 512 trebs Soris?
A (wm)
25.0 125 200 290 ••24 erTi kuburi santimetri Rrubeli
B (wm) Seicavs 50-dan 500-mde wylis wveTs, TiToeu-
92.0 142
C (wm) lis radiusi 10 mkm-ia. a) ramdeni kuburi
sur. 1.7 amocana 17. santimetri wyalia 3 km simaRlis da 1 km ra-
•••18 dedamiwis brunvis TandaTano- diusis cilindruli formis RrubelSi? b)
biT Senelebis gamo yoveli momdevno dRis ramden erTlitrian boTls aavsebs es wya-
xangrZlivoba izrdeba: yoveli saukunis li? g) erTi kuburi metri moculobis wylis
ukanaskneli dRe 1 mwm-iT ufro grZelia, masa 1000 kilogramia. ra masa aqvs RrubelSi
vidre saukunis dasawyisSi. 20 saukunis man- Semaval wyals?
Zilze sul ra droiT gaizarda dRis xangr-
Zlivoba? damatebiTi amocanebi
25 Zveli inglisuri sabavSvo leqsi am-
Tavi 1-7 masa bobs: `patara mis mafeti Camojda da xaWos
Wama daiwyo. oboba movida da gverdiT miu-
•19 a) davuSvaT, wylis kuburi santime-
jda...~ oboba Camojda ara xaWos gulisTvis,
tris masa zustad 1 gramia. gamoTvale wy-
aramed imitom, rom mis mafets Tan hqonda 11
lis erTi kuburi metris masa kilogramebSi;
tafeti gamomSrali buzebis maragi. 1 tafe-
b) davuSvaT, wyliT savse 5700m3 moculo-
ti = 2 peki = 0,5 imperiuli buSeli, xolo 1
bis rezervuaris daclas 10 saaTi sWirdeba.
imperiuli buSeli = 36,3687 litri (L). risi
risi tolia wylis masis Semcirebis siCqare
tolia mis mafetis mwerebis maragi a) pekeb-
kilogram/wamebSi?
Si, b) imperiul buSelebSi da g) litrebSi?
•20 oqros kuburi santimetris masa
26 atomur molSi 6,02×1023 atomia. daax-
19,32 gramia. oqro yvelaze rbili liTonia
loebiT ramdeni moli atomia did Sinaur ka-
da SeiZleba misi furceliviT gabrtyeleba
taSi? wyalbadis, Jangbadis da naxSirbadis
an boWkosaviT gawelva. a) Tu 27,63 gr oqros-
atomebis masebia Sesabamisad 1 u, 16 u da 12
gan gavakeTebT 1 mkm sisqis furcels, risi
u.
toli iqneba misi farTobi? b) Tu imave ra-
27 Zvelsa da axals, didsa da mcires So-
odenobis oqrosgan gavakeTebT 2,5 mkm radi-
ris kontrastis dasanaxad waikiTxe Semdegi:
usis cilindruli formis boWkos, ra iqneba
Zveli inglisis soflebSi 1 haidi (100 da 120
boWkos sigrZe?
akrs Soris) iyo miwis farTobi, romelic erTeulebi gamoiyeneboda. ramdenime maT-
daakmayofilebda 1 guTnis mqone 1 ojaxs (1 gani mocemulia 1.7 cxrilSi. cxrilis Ses-
akri = 4047 m2). 1 vapenteiki farTobis miwa avsebad ra ricxvebi (meaTasedis sizustiT)
daakmayofilebda 100 aseT ojaxs. kvantur unda Caiweros a) veis svetSi, b) Caldronis
fizikaSi birTvis ganivi kveTis farTobi svetSi, g) begis svetSi, d) potlis svetSi,
izomeba barnebSi, sadac 1 barni = 1×10 -28 2
m . e) gilis svetSi. 1 begi = 0,1091 m3. Zvel ing-
risi tolia 25 vapenteikis fardoba 11 barn- lisur moTxrobaSi jadoqari saZagel siTx-
sTan? es 1,5 Caldroni moculobis qvabSi xarSavs.
28 metruli sistemis SemoRebamde aSS- ras udris es moculoba m3-Si?
Si siTxis moculobis sxvadasxva sazomi
cxrili 1. 7
amocana 28
vei Caldroni begi potli gili
1 vei = 1 10/9 40/3 640 120 240

1 Caldroni =
1 begi =
1 potli =
1 gili =
29 turistma manqana inglisSi SeiZina da desertis kovzi raodenobis bulioni. Sem-

aSS-Si miemgzavreba. manqanis instruqciaSi deg xelTaTmanebiT daacalkeve WinWris
naTqvamia, rom swor gzaze manqana 40 milSi Reroebi, sanam 0,5 kvarti ar dagrCeba. Re-
erT galon sawvavs moixmars. turisti ver roebi bulionSi Cayare da daamate 1 magidis
mixvda, rom inglisuri galoni amerikulis- kovzi moxarSuli brinji da 1 marilis kovzi
gan gansxvavdeba: marili. aduRe 15 wuTis manZilze~. cxril-
1 inglisuri galoni = 4,5459631 litri Si mocemulia Zvel britanul da amerikul
1 amerikuli galoni = 3,7853060 litri. sazomebs Soris sxvaobebi. siTxeebisTvis
1 britanuli Cais kovzi = 1 amerikul Cais
750 milis* manZilze (aSS-Si) a) ramdeni
kovzs. mSrali saWmelisTvis 1 britanuli
galoni sawvavi dasWirdeba manqanas am tur-
Cais kovzi = 2 amerikul Cais kovzs, xolo 1
istis azriT? b) ramdeni galoni dasWirdeba
britanuli kvarti = 1 amerikul kvarts. ram-
manqanas sinamdvileSi?
deni a) bulioni, b) WinWris Rero, g) brinji
30 Zveli inglisuri receptebis wignSi
da d) marilia saWiro am receptiT amerikul
mocemulia WinWris supis recepti: moxarSe
sazomebSi?
1 sauzmis Wiqa, plius 1 Cais Wiqa, plius 1
Zveli inglisuri erTeulebi amerikuli erTeulebi

Cais kovzi = 2 marilis kovzi magidis kovzi = 3 Cais kovzi
desertis kovzi = 2 Cais kovzi naxevari Wiqa = 8 magidis kovzi
magidis kovzi = 2 desertis kovzi Wiqa = 2 naxevari Wiqa
Cais Wiqa = 8 magidis kovzi
sauzmis Wiqa = 2 Cais Wiqa
31 Zvel xelnawerSi naTqvamia, rom mefe bels gaaCnda 3 akri mosaxnavi miwa da piru-
arturis mmarTvelobis dros miwismflo- tyvisTvis damatebiTi farTobi, 25 perCi
*
1 mili = 1,609 km
23
4 perCze. risi toli iyo mTeli farTobi kvadratuli futis SeRebva SeiZleba. a) ga-
a) Zvel erTeulebSi – rudzebSi da b) Taname- mosaxe es sidide m2/litrebiT. b) gamosaxe es
2
drove erTeulebSi – m -ebSi? am SemTxvevaSi, sidide SI sistemis erTeulebiT (ixile dan-
1 akri = 40×4 perCi, 1 rudi = 40×1 perCi,
*
arTebi A da D). g) rogori iqneba sawyisi raode-
xolo 1 perCi = 16,5 futi**. nobis sididis Sebrunebuli mniSvneloba?
32 XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis aSS-Si d) ra fizikuri mniSvneloba aqvs mas?
gamoiyeneboda ori tipis bareli. vaSlis 36 warmoidgine, rom ekvatorTan axlos
bareli 7056 kuburi duimis toli iyo, xolo plaJze wevxar da wammzoms rTav, raTa mzis
StoSis*** bareli – 5826 kuburi duimisa. Tu Casvlamde darCenili dro daiTvalo. amis
vaWari StoSis 20 barel saqonels mihyidis Semdeg dgebi, ris Sedegadac Seni Tvalebi
klients, romelsac hgonia, rom saqonels H=1,70 m simaRleze aRmoCndeba, da kvlav elo-
vaSlis barelebSi yidulobs, ra gansxvaveba debi mzis wveris gauCinarebas. Tu gasuli
iqneba saqonlis raodenobebs Soris li- dro t = 11,1 wm, risi tolia dedamiwis r ra-
trebSi? diusi? (miniSneba: ixile amocanis amoxsnis
33 kaliforniis plaJis qviSis marcvle- nimuSi 1.4).
bi daaxloebiT 50 mkm radiusis sferoebia da 37 kordi aris moWrili xe-tyis mocu-
siliciumis orJangisgan Sedgeba. 1 m3 moculoba da 8 futi sigrZis, 4 futi siganisa da
lobis siliciumis orJangis kubis masa 2600 4 futi simaRlis xe-tyis moculobis tolia.
kg-ia. ra masis qviSis marcvlebs eqneba zeda- ramdeni kordia 1m3-Si?
piris iseTive farTobi (cal-calke sfer- 38 iaponiis tradiciuli sigrZis sazomi
oebis farTobebis jami), romelic 1 m wibos erTeulia keni (1 keni = 1,97 m). risi tolia
mqone kubis zedapiris farTobis tolia? a) kvadratuli kenis Sefardeba kvadratul
34 amerikuli Tojinas saxli namdvili metrTan da b) kuburi kenis Sefardeba ku-
saxlis 1/12-ia, xolo miniaturuli saxli bur metrTan? risi tolia 5 keni siRrmisa da
(kidev ufro patara saxli, romelic Tojinis 3 keni radiusis cilindruli formis wylis
saxlSi eteva) namdvili saxlis 1/144-ia. da- WurWlis moculoba g) kubur kenebSi da d) ku
vuSvaT, namdvili saxlis (sur. 1.8) sigrZe bur metrebSi?
20 m-ia, sigane – 12 m, simaRle – 6 m, xolo 39 wyrTa uZvelesi sazomi erTeulia da
daxrili Weris simaRle – 3 m. risi tolia utoldeba mzomelis idayvidan Sua TiTis
a) Tojinas saxlis da b) miniaturuli saxlis wveramde manZils. davuSvaT, rom es sidide
moculobebi kubur metrebSi? 43-dan 53 sm-mde icvleba, da warmovidgi-
noT, rom uZveles naxatze asaxulia 9 wyrTa
sigrZisa da 2 wyrTa diametris cilindruli
boZi. rogori iqneba minimaluri da maqsima
3.0 m
luri sidideebi, Sesabamisad, a) cilindris
sigrZisa metrebSi, b) cilindris sigrZisa
milimetrebSi da g) cilindris moculobisa
6.0 m
kubur metrebSi?
20 m
40 wylis erTi molekula (H2O) Seicavs
wyalbadis or da Jangbadis erT atoms. wyal
sur. 1.8 amocana 34. badis atomis masaa daaxloebiT 1 u, xolo
Jangbadis atomis masa – daaxloebiT 16 u.
35 erT-erTi saxeobis saRebavis aRwera- a) ra iqneba wylis erTi molekulis masa ki-
Si weria, rom am saRebavis erTi galoniT 460 logramebSi? b) wylis ramdeni molekulaa
*
1 akri = 4040 m2 ***
StoSi – tanmorCili buCqbalaxa mcenare. isxams wiTeli feris wvrilsa da
**
1 futi ≈ 30,48 sm mJave nayofs. ixmareba sakvebad, saWmlis Sesakazmad. samurabed, wvnisa da
sirofis dasamzadeblad (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, tomi VII).
dedamiwis wylebSi, Tu maTi mTliani masa minis WurWelSi asxamen, romlis zomebia
1,4×10 kg-ia?
21
40 sm × 40 sm × 30 sm. WurWeli pirTamde unda
41 zRvaosnobaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba mo iyos savse. Rvinis SeZena SeiZleba cxrilSi
culobis sazomi erTeuli – tona. Tumca misi mocemuli zomis boTlebSi. rac ufro didia
gamoyeneba garkveul sifrTxiles moiTxovs, boTli, miT ufro iafi jdeba Rvino. mini
vinaidan arsebobs tonis, sul cota, sami maluri fasis misaRebad, a) ra zomis da ram-
nairsaxeoba: gadaadgilebis tona 7 bare- deni boTli unda iqnas SeZenili? rodesac
li moculobis tolia, tvirTis tona – 8 WurWeli gaivseba, ramdeni Rvino darCeba
bareli moculobisa, xolo registris tona b) standartul boTlebSi da g) litrebSi.
– 20 bareli moculobisa. bareli moculo- 1 standartuli boTli
bis kidev erTi sazomi erTeulia da udris 1 magnumi = 2 standartuli boTli
0,1415 m3. davuSvaT, tvirTis SekveTaSi weria 1 ieroboami = 4 standartuli boTli
`73 tona M&M kanfeti” da Tqven darwmunebuli 1 reoboami = 6 standartuli boTli
xarT, rom SemkveTi `tonaSi~ moculobas gu- 1 maTusala = 8 standartuli boTli
lisxmobs (nacvlad wonisa an masisa, rogorc 1 salmanazari = 12 standartuli boTli
es me-5 TavSia). Tu SemkveTi sinamdvileSi 1 balTazari = 16 standartuli boTli
gadaadgilebis tonas gulisxmobda, ramden = 11,356 l
zedmet amerikul buSel kanfets CatvirTav 1 nabuqodonosori = 20 standartuli
gemSi SecdomiT, Tu SekveTaSi warmoidgen boTli.
a) 73 tvirTis tonas da b) 73 registris
46 politikuri partiis yrilobisTvis
tonas? (1m3 = 28,378 amerikuli buSeli.)
produqtebis SeZenisas SecdomiT SeukveTe
42 malaiziaSi adgilobrivi sazomiT 28,9
wynari okeanis saSualo zomis xamanwkebi
pikuli wonis xari iyide. 1 pikuli udris 100
(erT amerikul pintaSi 8-12 cali), atlantis
jins, 1 jini – 16 tahils, 1 tahili – 10 Ciss da
okeanis saSualo zomis xamanwkebis nacvlad
1 Cisi – 10 hunas. 1 huna 0,3779 gramis tolia.
(pintaSi 26-38 cali). xamanwkiT savse WurW-
Tu am xaris saxlSi wayvanas da ojaxis gancvi-
lis zomebia 1m × 12 sm × 20 sm, xolo ameri-
frebas ganizraxav, ramdeni kilogrami masa
kuli pinta 0,4732 litris tolia. ramdeni
unda Cawero tvirTis deklaraciaSi?
xamanwkiT naklebi SegikveTavs?
43 drois tradiciuli sazomi erTeu
47 astronomiuli erTeuli (AU) aris
lebi, magaliTad, dRis an weliwadis xan
dedamiwasa da mzes Soris saSualo manZili
grZlivoba, dafuZnebulia astronomiul
– 1,5 × 108 km. sinaTlis siCqarea 3 × 108 m/wm.
dakvirvebebze. Tumca, tibetSi SeiZleba ada
gamoxate sinaTlis siCqare astronomiul
mianze dafuZnebuli drois sazomi erTeu-
erTeul/wuTebSi.
lis naxvac, sadac dibugi aris CasunTqva-
48 ra masis wyali movida wvimis dros
amosunTqvas Soris saSualo dro. gamoTvale
qalaqSi me-9 amocanaSi? erTi kuburi metri
dibugebis raodenoba erT dReSi.
wylis masaa 1×103 kg.
44 brZaneba miiRe, rom Seni gemiT 24,5
49 am TavSi mocemuli monacemebis gamo
mili gacuro aRmosavleTisken, sadac me-
yenebiT gansazRvre 1 kg wyalbadis miRebi-
kobreebis gemi CaiZira. Tumca, rodesac
sTvis saWiro wyalbadis atomebis raodeno-
im adgilas Seni myvinTavebi gemis nasaxsac
ba. wyalbadis atomis masaa 1 u.
ver aRmoaCnen, mixvdebi, rom curvis man-
50 Saqris natexis gverdis sigrZea 1 sm.
ZilSi igulisxmeboda 24,5 sazRvao mili da
Sen rom gqondes kubis formis yuTi, ro
ara Cveulebrivi mili. gamoiyene D danarTSi
melSic 1 moli Saqris kubebi iqneba, rogori
mocemuli sigrZeebis cxrili, raTa gamoT-
iqneba am kubis gverdis sigrZe? (erTi moli =
valo, ramdeni kilometriT xar daSorebuli
6,02 × 1023 erTeuls).
mekobreTa gemidan.
51 dietaze myofma adamianma SeiZleba
45 qorwilebis dros Rvinos Tlili
kviraSi 2,3 kg daiklos. gamoxate masis da-
25
kargvis tempi miligram/wamebSi, TiTqos 56 miwis farTobis gasazomad xSirad
dietaze myofi yovel wams daklebul masas gamoiyeneben heqtars, romelic 104 m2-ia.
grZnobdes. qvanaxSiris Ria karieri yovelwliurad 75
52 marcvleul/Roris Sefardeba finan heqtar miwas moixmars 26 metris siRrmeze.
suri terminia da Rorebis bazarze gamoiye ra moculobis miwa (kubur kilometrebSi)
neba. is ukavSirdeba Roris Senaxvis xarjebs gadaiyreba am dros?
am Roris gasayidad gamoyvanamde. marcv- 57 astronomiuli erTeuli (AU) deda
leul/Roris Sefardeba ganisazRvreba, ro- miwidan mzemde saSualo manZilis – 92,9 × 106
gorc 1460 slagis masis Roris sabazro fasis milis tolia. parseki (pc) aris manZili, rom-
Sefardeba erTi amerikuli buSeli marcvlis toli ferdebisa da 1 sekundis toli
leulis sabazro fasTan. amerikuli buSeli kuTxis mqone tolferda samkuTxedis fuZe
35,238 litris tolia. Tu marcvleul/Roris 1 AU-s tolia (sur. 1.9). sinaTlis weliwadi
Sefardeba bazarze 5,7-ia, ra iqneba metrul aris manZili, romelsac sinaTle 1 weliwad-
erTeulebSi 1-kilogrami Roris fasis Se- Si gaivlis 186000 mili/wm siCqariT. gamoxa
fardeba 1 litri marcvleulis fasTan? te manZili dedamiwasa da mzes Soris a) par
(miniSneba: ixile masaTa cxrili D danarTSi). sekebSi da b) sinaTlis weliwadebSi.
53 saxlis Sida kibis erTi safexuris 1 sekundis toli kuTxis mqone
tolferda samkuTxedi
simaRle 19 sm-ia, xolo sigane – 23 sm. in- 1 pc
Jinrebi irwmunebian, rom safexurebi ufro 1 AU
1 pc
usafrTxo gaxdeba, Tu maTi sigane 28 sm
iqneba. Tu kibis simaRle sul 4,57 m, rogor
58 a) mikroskopul fizikaSi zogjer
gaizrdeba mTlianad kibis sigrZe, Tu axali
gamoiyeneba drois sazomi erTeuli – Seiki.
siganis safexurebs gavukeTebT?
erTi Seiki 10–8 wamis tolia. ra ufro metia
54 Zlieri wvimis dros mTis ferdobi,
– wamSi Seiki Tu weliwadSi wami? b) adamiani
romlis sigane 2,5 kilometria, sigrZe – 0,8 km
daaxloebiT 106 weliwadia arsebobs, samyaro
da sisqe – 2m, mewyris saxiT velze Camocur-
ki 1010 wlisaa. Tu samyaros asaks ganvsaz-
deba da Tanabrad vrceldeba 0,4 km × 0,4 km
RvravT, rogorc `samyaros 1 dRes~, romelic
zomebis velze. erTi kuburi metri talaxis
Sedgeba `samyaros wamebisgan~, zustad ise,
masaa 1900 kg. ra masis talaxi Camova 4m2 far-
rogorc Cveulebrivi dRe Sedgeba Cveu-
Tobze?
lebrivi wamebisgan, maSin ramdeni samyaros
55 Sen unda moamzado sadili meqsikuri wamis win gaCnda adamiani?
saWmlis 400 moyvarulis TavyrilobisTvis.
59 mzis dabnelebis dros mzes mTlianad
recepti moiTxovs erT adamianze 2 ialape-
mTvare faravs. davuSvaT, mzemde manZili 400-
nos wiwakas, Tumca Sen mxolod habaneros wi-
jer metia mTvaremde manZilze. a) ipove mzis
wakebi gaqvs. wiwakis sicxare izomeba skovi-
diametris fardoba mTvaris diametrTan.
lis sicxaris erTeulebSi (SHU). saSualod,
b) ipove mzis moculobis fardoba mTvaris
erTi ialapenos wiwakis sicxarea 4000 SHU,
moculobasTan. g) daiWire patara moneta ise,
xolo habaneros wiwakisa – 300000 SHU. sa-
rom mTvare mTlianad dafaros, da gazome
surveli sicxaris misaRwevad, ramdeni haba-
Seni Tvalsawieris kuTxe, romelsac es mo-
neros wiwakiT unda Secvalo ialapenos wi-
neta faravs. am sididesa da dedamiwasa da
wakebi 400 adamianisTvis sadilis mozadebis
mTvares Soris manZilze (3,8 × 105 km) dayrd-
dros?
nobiT ipove mTvaris diametri.
2 wrfivi moZraoba
xSirad avtrokatastrofis dros erT manqanas meore uknidan ejaxeba.

aTwleulebis manZilze inJinrebi da medikosebi cdiloben axsnan, ra
iwvevs aseTi Sejaxebisas wina manqanaSi mjdomis kisris dazianebas. gasuli
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi daaskvnes, rom dazianebas iwvevs Tavis uecari
gadavardna savarZlis zemodan, rodesac manqana mkveTri biZgiT win
gadaadgildeba. am aRmoGenis Semdeg manqanebSi GaamontaJes savarZlis
Tavmisadeblebi, magram aman Sejaxebebis dros kisris dazianebebis
raodenoba didad ver Seamcira.
ra iwvevs sinamdvileSi am dazianebebs?
2.1 ra aris fizika?

fizikis erT-erTi amocana sxeulis moZraobis Seswavlaa, magaliTad, imisa, Tu ra siC-
qariT moZraobs da ra manZils gadis is drois mocemul monakveTSi. avtoinJinrebi aqtiurad
iyeneben fizikas, vinaidan misi meSveobiT adgenen manqanebis maxasiaTeblebs Sejibrebamde da
Sejibris dros. geologebi fizikas iyeneben teqtonuri baqnebis moZraobis Seswavlisa da am
gziT miwisZvrebis winaswari prognozirebisaTvis. medikosebs fizika sWirdebaT pacientebis
sisxlis mimoqcevis suraTis Sesaqmnelad, rodesac nawilobriv daxSuli arteriis diagnozs
svamen. avtomoyvarulebi fizikis saSualebiT igeben, rogor unda Seanelon avtomobili,
rodesac radiolokatori gafrTxilebas iZleva. arsebobs uamravi sxva magaliTic. am TavSi
SeviswavliT sxeulebis (avtomobilebis, teqtonuri baqnebis, sisxlis ujredisa an sxva sx-
eulebis) moZraobas wrfis gaswvriv. aseT moZraobas erTganzomilebiani anu wrfivi moZ-
raoba ewodeba.
2.2 moZraoba
samyaroSi yvelaferi moZraobs. erTi SexedviT uZravi sagnebic ki, magaliTad, gza, dedami-
wis brunvasTan erTad moZraobs. dedamiwa mzis garSemo moZraobs, mze _ irmis naxtomis
galaqtikis garSemo, da TviT es galaqtikac moZraobs sxva galaqtikebis mimarT. moZraobebis
klasifikacia da Sedareba (e.w. kinematika) xSirad sakmaod rTulia. ras vzomavT da rogor
vadarebT erTmaneTs?
26
2.3 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba 27
vidre pasuxis gacemas SeecdebodeT, ganvixiloT moZraobis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, rom-
lebic sam punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
1. moZraoba xdeba mxolod wrfis gaswvriv. wrfe SeiZleba iyos vertikaluri (magali-
Tad, qvis vardna), horizontaluri (magaliTad, manqanis moZraoba trasaze) an iribi,
magram is aucileblad wrfe unda iyos.
2. moZraobas Zalebi iwvevs, magram am sakiTxs me-5 TavSi ganvixilavT. am TavSi ki Sevexe-
biT mxolod moZraobasa da cvlilebebs moZraobis dros. aCqardeba Tu Seneldeba sxe-
uli, gaCerdeba Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT wava? Tu moZraoba icvleba, ra dro
sWirdeba am cvlilebas?
3. moZravi sxeuli an nawilakia (igulisxmeba umciresi sxeuli, magaliTad, eleqtroni)
an sxeulia, romelic nawilakiviT moZraobs (anu misi yvela nawili moZraobs erTnai-
rad da erTi mimarTulebiT). magaliTad, rodesac Rori bavSvebis saTamaSo moedanze
Semorbis, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc nawilakiviT moZravi, xolo mori, romelic
mdinares moyveba – ara, vinaidan misi sxvadasxva wertilebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
moZraobs.
2.3 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba
sagnis mdebareobis gansazRvra niSnavs dadebiTi mimarTuleba

misi poziciis povnas raime aTvlis wertilis
mimarT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 2.1 sura-
uaryofiTi mimarTuleba
Tze gamosaxuli x RerZis saTave (anu nulo-
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
vani wertili). RerZze ricxvebis (koordi-
xm
natebis) zrdis mimarTulebas dadebiTi saTave
ewodeba (suraTze _ marjvniv), xolo sawi- sur. 2.1 mdebareoba ganisazRvreba RerZze, romelzec
naaRmdego mimarTulebas _ uaryofiTi. aRniSnulia sigrZis erTeulebi (am SemTxvevaSi metre-
magaliTad, sxeulis koordinati SeiZle- bi). RerZis saxeli (aq x) yovelTvis iwereba dadebiT
mxares.
ba iyos x = 5 m, rac imas niSnavs, rom is aTv-
lis wertilidan 5 metriTaa daSorebuli dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. Tu x = –5 m, ese igi, sxeuli
imave manZilzea aTvlis wertilidan, oRond uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. RerZze –5 m koordi-
nati naklebia, vidre –1 m koordinati, xolo orive naklebia, vidre +5 m koordinati. `pliu-
sis” dawera saWiro ar aris, magram `minusi” yovelTvis unda iyos naCvenebi.
x1-dan x2-ze gadasvlas Δx gadaadgileba ewodeba, sadac
Δx = x2 – x1 (2.1)
(Δ berZnuli aso “deltaa” da sididis cvlilebas aRniSnavs, rac sididis saboloo da saw
yisi mniSvnelobebis sxvaobis tolia). rodesac 2.1 formulaSi x1 da x2-is nacvlad ricxvebi
Caismeba, dadebiTi mimarTulebis gadaadgileba yovelTvis dadebiTi ricxvi iqneba, xolo
uaryofiTi mimarTulebisa – uaryofiTi. magaliTad, _ Tu wertili gadaadgildeba x1 = 5 m-
dan x2 = 12 m-sken, maSin Δx = 12 – 5 = +7. dadebiTi Sedegi aRniSnavs moZraobis dadebiT mimar-
Tulebas. Tu wertili moZraobs x1 = 5 m-dan x2 = 1 m-sken, maSin Δx = 1 – 5 = – 4. uaryofiTi Sede-
gi niSnavs, rom moZraoba uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT xdeba.
realuri ganvlili manZili gadaadgilebis sididesTan kavSirSi ar aris, vinaidan gadaadg-
ileba moicavs mxolod sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebs. magaliTad, Tu wertili moZraobs x
= 5 m-dan x2 = 200 m-sken da Semdeg ukan brundeba (x = 5 m), gadaadgileba gzis dasawyisidan
dasasrulamde iqneba Δx = 5 – 5 = 0.
gadaadgilebisTvis “pliusis” miniWebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs, xolo minus niSani yo-
28 Tavi 2 wrfivi moZraoba
velTvis unda iyos naCvenebi. Tu gadaadgilebis niSans
+1 (da, maSasadame, mimarTulebas) ugulebelvyofT, maSin

dagvrCeba mxolod gadaadgilebis ricxviTi (anu ab-
-1 0 1 2 3 4 soluturi) mniSvneloba. magaliTad gadaadgilebis
Δ x = –4 ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 4.
gadaadgileba veqtoruli sididis magaliTia.
veqtoruli ewodeba sidides, romelsac ricxviTi mniS-
x (t)
vnelobis garda aqvs mimarTulebac. veqtorebs ufro
sur. 2.2. x(t) grafiki zRarbisTvis, dawvrilebiT me-3 TavSi SeviswavliT, amJamad ki mxo
romelic uZravad dgas x = – 2 m wer- lod imis gageba gvWirdeba, rom gadaadgilebas ori
tilSi. x-is mniSvneloba nebismieri t maxasiaTebeli aqvs: 1) ricxviTi mniSvneloba, romelic
droisTvis erTi da igivea.
aris manZili sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebs Soris, da
2) mimarTuleba sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebs Soris,
romelic SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas “plius” an “minus” niSniT, Tu moZraoba erTi wrfis gas-
wvriv xdeba.
qvemoT xedavT sakontrolo wertils, romlis msgavsic am wignSi bevri

SegxvdebaT. TiToeuli sakontrolo wertili Seicavs erT an met kiTxvas,
romelze pasuxis gacemac garkveul msjelobas an gamoTvlas moiTxovs. sa-
kontrolo wertili swrafad amowmebs, ramdenad kargad gaiazre ganxiluli
sakiTxi. pasuxebi mocemulia wignis bolos.
sakontrolo wertili 1 . mocemulia x RerZze sawyisi da saboloo mdebareobebis sami

wyvili. romeli wyvilebi gvaZlevs uaryofiT gadaadgilebas?
a) –3 m, +5 m; b) –3 m, –7 m; g) 7 m, –3 m
x (m)
2.4 s aSualo siCqare da saSualo

manZili
x (t)
mdebareobis aRweris optimaluri formaa x mde
bareobis warmodgena t drois funqciad – x(t) (Ca t (wm)
naweri x(t) niSnavs funqcias da ara x-is namravls
t-ze). amis martivi magaliTia 2.2 suraTze naCvene-
bi mdebareobis x(t) funqcia uZravi zRarbisTvis
(romelsac ganvixilavT, rogorc nawilaks) drois
7-wamian monakveTSi. zRarbis mdebareoba ucvlelia, mdebareoba t=0
x = – 2 m.
2.3 (a) suraTi ufro sainteresoa, vinaidan masze (a)
moZraobaa naCvenebi. zRarbi t = 0 momentSi imyofeba
xm
x = –5 poziciaze, moZraobs saTavis (x = 0) mimar-
TulebiT, saTaves gaivlis t = 3 momentSi da x-is 0 3 4 t (wm)
ufro maRali dadebiTi mniSvnelobebisken miiwevs. (b)
sur. 2.3 (b) asaxavs zRarbis wrfiv moZraobas, rac sur. 2.3 . a) zRarbis moZraobis x(t) grafiki
daaxloebiT isaa, rasac Cven davinaxavT. 2.3 (a) sura- da masTan dakavSirebuli traeqtoria. b) x
RerZis qvemoT mocemuli skala gviCvenebs
Tze mocemuli grafiki ufro abstraqtulia da ara
im momentebs, rodesac zRarbi x-is
hgavs imas, rac realurad Cans, samagierod, informa- sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs aRwevs.
ciiT ufro mdidaria. masze zRarbis siswrafec Cans.
2.4 saSualo siCqare da saSualo manZili 29
sityvas “siswrafe” ramdenime sidide ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi maTgania saSualo siCqare vsaS.
es aris Δx gadaadgilebis Sefardeba Δt drois Sualedze, romelSic gadaadgileba moxda:
∆x x2 – x1
νsaS = ∆t
= t2 – t1
(2.2)
mocemuli Canaweri niSnavs, rom t1 droSi zRarbis mdebareoba aris x1, xolo t2 droSi _
x2. vsaS-s erTeulia metri wamSi (m/wm). amocanebis amoxsnisas sxva erTeulebic SeiZleba Segvx-
vdes, Tumca forma manZili/dro yovelTvis daculi iqneba.
x-is t-sadmi damokidebulebis grafikze vsaS aris im xazis daxriloba, romelic x(t) grafi-
kis or wertils akavSirebs. erTi wertili Seesabameba x2-s da t2-s, meore wertili _ x1-s da
t1-s. gadaadgilebis msgavsad, vsaS-s gaaCnia rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimarTule-
ba (e.i. veqtoruli sididea). misi ricx-
viTi mniSvneloba daxrilobis sididea.
dadebiTi vsaS (da daxriloba) gveubneba, ν = am xazis daxriloba
saS
rom xazi mimarTulia zeviT da marjvniv, ∆x

uaryofiTi _ qveviT da marjvniv. saSua-
= ∆t
lo siCqares yovelTvis igive niSani aqvs,
rac gadaadgilebas, vinaidan Δt 2.2 for- t = (s)
mulaSi yovelTvis dadebiTia.
sur. 2.4 gviCvenebs, rogor vipovoT
vsaS drois SualedisTvis t =1 wm-dan t =4
wm-mde. gavavlebT swor xazs, romelic
akavSirebs mdebareobis grafikis wer-
tils drois am monakveTis dasawyisSi da Δx = 2m – (–4 m) = 6m
x = (t)
mdebareobis grafikis wertils am mon-
akveTis dasasruls. Semdeg vipoviT swo-
ri xazis daxrilobas Δx/Δt. drois moce-
mul monakveTSi saSualo siCqare tolia Δt = 4s – 1s = 3s
6m
νsaS = = 2 m/wm sur. 2.4 saSualo siCqaris gamoTvla t = 1 wm-sa da t = 4 wm-s
3 wm Soris. saSualo siCqare im xazis daxrilobaa, romelic x(t)
grafikis Sesabamis wertilebs akavSirebs.
ssaS saSualo siCqare wertilis moZ-
raobis siCqaris aRweris kidev erTi saSualebaa. Tu saSualo siCqare vsaS wertilis Δx gadaadg-
ilebas ukavSirdeba, saSualo manZili ssaS ukavSirdeba mTlian ganvlil manZils (magaliTad,
ganvlili metrebis raodenobas) mimarTulebis damoukideblad. anu
mTliani gavlili manZili
ssaS = (2.3)
Δt
vinaidan ssaS saSualo siCqares mimarTulebas ar gviCvenebs, mas arc algebruli niSani aqvs.
zogjer ssaS da vsaS erTmaneTis tolia (niSans Tu ar CavTvliT). Tumca, rogorc amocanis amox-
snis 2.1 nimuSSi vnaxavT, rodesac sxeuli orjer gadis erTi da imave gzas, ssaS da vsaS erTmane-
Tisgan sakmaod gansxvavdeba.
Zveli satvirTo manqana swor gzaze Si 2 kilometri fexiT iare benzingasamarTi

70 km/sT siCqariT migyavs. 8,4 km-is gavlis sadguris sapovnelad.
Semdeg manqanas benzini gauTavda da gaCerda. a) risi tolia Seni mTliani gadaadgileba
amis gamo daaxloebiT 30 wuTis ganmavloba- mgzavrobis dawyebidan sadguramde?
amoxsna: davuSvaT, rom moZraoba xdeba x `sadguri~. rogorc viciT, saSualo siC-
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, saTavidan qare am ori wertilis SemaerTebeli
(x1=0) sadguramde, romlis mdebareoba unda xazis daxrilobis tolia. vsaS aris Δx-is
iyos x2= 8,4 + 2 = 10,4 km. x RerZze Seni Δx (Δx  = 10,4 km) fardoba Δt-ze (Δt=0,62 sT), anu
gadaadgilebis gamosaTvlelad meore pozi- gvaZlevs vsaS = 16,8 km/sT.
cias pirveli unda gamoaklo. 2.1 formuli-
dan gvaqvs: d) warmoidgine, rom benzinis Casasxme-
Δx=x2 – x1 = 10,4 – 0 = 10,4 (pasuxi) lad, fulis gadasaxdelad da ukan fexiT
maSasadame, mTliani gadaadgileba x Rer- dasabruneblad damatebiT 45 wuTi dagWir-
Zis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT iqneba 10,4 km. da. risi tolia saSualo siCqare mgzavrobis
b) risi tolia Δt drois Sualedi mgzav- dawyebidan benziniT manqanamde dabrune-
robis dawyebidan sadgurze misvlamde? bamde?
amoxsna: ukve viciT, rom fexiT siarulis amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSic saSualo siCqa
dro iyo Δtfex= 0,50 sT, magram ar viciT manqa- re tolia mTliani ganvlili manZilis Se
niT mgzavrobis dro Δtman. samagierod, viciT, fardebisa im drosTan, rac am manZilis
rom manqaniT mgzavrobisas Δxman gadaadgile- gavlas daWirda. mTliani manZili tolia
baa 8,4 km, xolo saSualo siCqare (vsaS.manq.) – 8,4 + 2 + 2 = 12,4 km-isa, mTliani dro ki
70 km/sT. gamoviyenoT formula 2.2. saSualo – 0,12 + 0,5 + 0,75 = 1,37 sT-isa. maSasadame,
siCqare gamoiTvleba manqaniT mgzavrobisas formula 2.3 gvaZlevs
gadaadgilebis SefardebiT Sesabamis drois

monakveTTan: 12,4 km
SsaS = = 0.12 km/sT (pasuxi)
∆xmanq. 1,37 sT
vsaS.manq. =
∆t manq.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom:
∆xmanq. 8.4 km
∆t manq. = ν = = 0.12 sT satvirTo manqana gaCerda
saS.manq. 70 km/sT b.g. sadguri
i
fexiT siarul
ase rom,
mdebareoba (km)
∆t = ∆tmanq. + ∆tfex.
uli
siar iT
= 0.12 sT + 0.5 sT = 0.62 sT (pasuxi) ∆x(=10,4 km)

an
manq
g) risi tolia Seni saSualo siCqare (vsaS)

mgzavrobis dawyebidan sadgurze misvlamde?
∆t(=10,4 km)
ipove pasuxi ricxobrivad da grafikulad.
dro (sT)
amoxsna: aq mTavari kvlav 2.2 formulaa:
mgzavrobis mTliani vsaS mTliani gadaadg-
sur. 2.5. `manqaniT siaruliT~ da `fexiT siaru
ilebisa (10,4) da mTliani drois Sualedis liT~ aRniSnuli xazebi, manqanis tarebis da
fexiT siarulisas mdebareobis droze damo
fardobis tolia:
kidebulebis grafikebia. aTvlis wertilisa da
vsaS = ∆x = 10.4 km
benzingasamarTi sadguris damakavSirebeli xa-
zis daxriloba mTliani mgzavrobis saSualo
∆t 0.62 sT siCqarea.
= 16.8 km/sT ≈ 17 km/sT (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 2 mocemul amo-
grafikulad vsaS-is sapovnelad Tav- canaSi davuSvaT, rom satvirTo manqana-
dapirvelad avagoT x(t) funqciis grafi- Si benzinis Casxmis Semdeg x1 wertilSi
ki, rogorc es naCvenebia 2.5 suraTze, sa- 35 km/sT siCqariT dabrundi. ras udris
dac sawyisi da saboloo wertilebia, Seni saSualo siCqare mTeli mgzavrobisa-
Sesabamisad, aTvlis saTave da wertili vis?
2.5 myisi siCqare 31
taqtika 1 : gaiziare Tu ara amocana? 3: aris Tu ara Seni pasuxi

taqtika
amosaxsneli amocana xSirad Zalian io- safuZvliani?
lia da mas, ubralod, ver vigebT. saukeTeso aqvs Tu ara azri Sens pasuxs? iqneb me-
testi amis gasagebad Semdegi kiTxvaa: Segi- tismetad grZeli an metismetad moklea?
Zlia Tu ara amocanis pirobebis aRwera? niSani sworia? erTeulebi? magaliTad, amo-
Camowere monacemebi da gamoiyene mo- canis amoxsnis 2.1 nimuSis (g) nawilSi swori
cemuli paragrafis simboloebi (amocanis pasuxia 17 km/sT. Tu miiReb 0,00017 km/sT-s,
amoxsnis 2.1 nimuSSi monacemebis saSualebiT –17 km/sT-s, 17 km/wm-s an 17000 km/sT-s, unda
SegiZlia Δx ipovo gadaadgileba (a) nawilSi mixvde, rom raRaca arasworad gaakeTe. Sec-
da Sesabamisi Δt drois Sualedi (b) nawilSi. domis mizezi SeiZleba iyos amoxsnis meTo-
gansazRvre ucnobi da misi simbolo (amoca- di, araswori gamoTvlebi an kalkulatorze
nis (g) nawilSi sapovnia vsaS saSualo siCqare). ricxvebis araswori akrefa.
Semdeg ipove kavSiri ucnobsa da monacemebs
Soris (kavSiris amsaxveli formulaa 2.2, ro- taqtika 4: grafikis wakiTxva
melic saSualo siCqares gansazRvravs). 2.2, 2.3a, 2.4 da 2.5 suraTebze mocemuli
grafikebis wakiTxva advilad unda SeZlo.
taqtika 2: sworia Tu ara erTeulebi? yvela grafikSi horizontalur RerZze t
dro gadaiTvleba, romelic marjvena mimar-
darwmundi, rom ricxvebis formulebSi
TulebiT izrdeba. vertikalur RerZze ga-
Casmis dros swor erTeulebs iyeneb. amoca-
daiTvleba moZravi wertilis x mdebareoba.
nis amoxsnis 2.1 nimuSSi aseTi erTeulebia
am RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba zemoTaa.
kilometri (manZilisTvis), saaTi (drois
yovelTvis daimaxsovre erTeulebi (wame-
monakveTisTvis) da kilometr/saaTi (siCqa-
bi Tu wuTebi, metrebi Tu kilometrebi),
risTvis). zogjer SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes am
romelSic cvladebia mocemuli.
erTeulebis sxva erTeulebSi gadayvana.
2.5 myisi siCqare

Tqven ukve ixileT sagnis moZraobis siswrafis aRweris ori gza: saSualo siCqare ssaS (speed)
da saSualo veqtoruli siCqare vsaS (velocity). orive maTgani Δt drois SualedSi izomeba. Tumca
sxeulis moZraobis siCqares ukeTesad aRwers ν myisi siCqare (an ubralod siCqare), romel-
ic gviCvenebs, ra siCqariT moZraobs sxeuli drois mocemul momentSi.
myisi siCqare miiReba saSualo siCqaridan, rodesac Δt drois monakveTi 0-s uaxlovdeba.
vinaidan Δt mcirdeba, saSualo siCqare uaxlovdeba zRvrul mniSvnelobas, rac swored am mo-
mentSi siCqaris tolia: ∆x dx
ν = lim = (2.4)
∆t→0 ∆t dt
am formulaSi ν myisi siCqaris ori maxasiaTebeli Cans: 1) ν aris siCqare, romli-
Tac wertilis x mdebareoba icvleba drois mocemul momentSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom ν aris
x-is warmoebuli t-Ti; 2) ν nebismier momentSi aris sxeulis mdebareobis grafikis daxrilo-
ba im wertilSi, romelic am moments Seesabameba. siCqare veqtoruli sididea da, maSasadame,
mimarTulebac aqvs.
speed* aris velocity**-is ricxviTi mniSvneloba. es niSnavs, rom speed aris velocity, oRond
mimarTulebisa da algebruli niSnis gareSe (yuradRebiT unda iyoT, speed da velocity erTma-
neTisgan zogjer sakmaod gansxvavdeba). roca velocity aris +5 m/wm da –5 m/wm, speed orive Sem-
TxvevaSi aris 5 m/wm. manqanis spidometri gviCveebs speed-s da ara velocity-s (mas mimarTulebis
gansazRvra ar SeuZlia).
*
speed [spı:d] – siCqare (mxolod ricxviTi mniSvneloba)
**
velocity [vilositi] – siCqare (rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, ise mimarTuleba)

2.6 a suraTze mocemulia liftis kabinis RerZs zemoTaa). sur. 2.6 a gviCvenebs, rom x
moZraobis x(t) grafiki. Tavdapirvelad lif- marTlac izrdeba 20 m-iT am SualedSi. asea
ti uZravia, Semdeg moZraobs maRla (x RerZis Tu ise, sur. 2.6 b ar gvauwyebs x-is mniSvnelo-
dadebiTi mimarTuleba) da Cerdeba. aage ν (t) bebs Sualedis dasawyisSi da boloSi. amisT-
grafiki. vis gvWirdeba damatebiTi informacia, ro-
goricaa x-is mniSvneloba raime momentSi.
amoxsna: rogorc viciT, mocemul momen-
tSi siCqare x(t) grafikis daxrilobis to- x
lia. x(t) grafikis daxriloba da, maSasadame, d
siCqare, 0 wm-dan 1 wm-mde da 9 wm-dan zeviT c
nuls udris, vinaidan liftis kabina gaCere-
mdebareoba (m)
bulia. bc intervalSi daxriloba mudmivia
da ar udris nuls, vinaidan liftis kabina x(t)-s daxriloba ∆x
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. aqedan gamom- x = 4 m

t = 3 wm
dinare, x(t) wrfis daxrilobas gamoviTvliT b
Semdegnairad: a ∆t
t
∆x 24 m - 4.0 m
=ν= = + 4.0 m/wm dro (wm)
∆t 8.0 wm – 3.0 wm a)
Seneleba
v
“pliusi” niSnavs, rom liftis kabina
dadebiTi x mimarTulebiT moZraobs. es Su- b c
aledebi (sadac ν=0-s da ν=4 m/wm-s) gamosax- ν(t)-s daxriloba

siCqare (m/wm)
ulia 2.6 b suraTze. aqve unda iTqvas, rom,

vinaidan liftis kabina jer moZraobas
iwyebs, Semdeg ki neldeba da Cerdeba, amitom
ν icvleba, rogorc es naCvenebia SualedebSi a d
1 wm-dan 3 wm-mde da 8wm-dan 9wm-mde. maSasa- t
dame, 2.6 b suraTze ufro zusti grafikia

dro (wm)
mocemuli (2.6 g suraTi ganxilulia 2.6 b)
qveTavSi). a
rodesac gvaqvs iseTi grafiki, rogoric

aCqareba (m/wm2)
2.6 b suraTzea mocemuli, SegviZlia “ukan a b c d

davbrundeT”, raTa Sesabamisi x(t) grafiki t
migveRo (sur. 2.6 a). Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi

ver gavigebT sxvadasxva dros x-is sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobebs, vinaidan ν(t) grafiki mxolod
x-is cvlilebas asaxavs. drois nebismier Su-
aledSi x-is aseTi cvlilebis sapovnelad g)
saWiroa gamoiTvalos ν(t) grafikiT miRebu-
li figuris farTobi am SualedisTvis. mag- sur. 2.6 a) x(t) grafiki liftis kabinisTvis, romelic
aliTad, 3 wm-dan 8 wm-mde, rodesac liftis moZraobs maRla, x RerZis gaswvriv; b) ν(t) grafi-
ki liftis kabinisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom es aris
kabinas 4 m/wm siCqare hqonda, x-is cvlileba
x(t) grafikis warmoebuli (ν = dx/dt); g) a(t) grafiki
iyo liftis kabinisTvis. es aris ν(t) grafikis warmoebu-
Δ x = (4 m/wm) (8 wm – 3 wm) = +20 m. li (a = dν/dt). grafiks qvemoT figurebi gviCvenebs,
(farTobi dadebiTia vinaidan ν(t) grafiki t ras igrZnobs mgzavris sxeuli aCqarebebis dros.
2.6 aCqareba 33

x RerZze moZravi wertilis mdebareoba ν = 0 + 9,2 – (3)(2.1)t2 = 9,2 – 6,3t2. (2-6)
mocemulia formuliT:
Arodesac t = 3,5 wm,
x = 7.8 + 9.2t – 2.1t 3 (2.5)
x izomeba metrebSi, xolo t wamebSi. ras ν = 9,2 – (6,3)(3,5)2 = – 68 m/wm (Apasuxi)
udris siCqare, rodesac t = 3,5 wm-s? siCqare rodesac t = 3,5 wm, wertili moZraobs x-is
mudmivia Tu icvleba? uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 68 m/wm siCqariT.
vinaidan t sidide Sedis 2.6 formulaSi, ami-
amoxsna: simartivisTvis 2.5 formulidan tom ν siCqare damokidebulia t-ze da drois
erTeulebi amoRebulia, Tumca, Tu gsurT, mixedviT icvleba.
SegiZliaT koeficientebis nacvlad daw-
eroT 7,8 m, 9,2 m/wm da –2,1 m/wm3. unda gaviT-
sakontrolo wertili 3 qvemoT mocemu
li formulebi gvaZlevs wertilis x(t)
valiswinoT, rom siCqare aris x(t) mdebareo-
mdebareobas oTx SemTxvevaSi (yovel for
bis funqciis pirveli xarisxis warmoebuli.
mulaSi x izomeba metrebSi, t – wamebSi,
aqedan gamomdinare, vwerT:
t>0): (1) x = 3t – 2; (2) x = –4t2 – 2; (3) x = 2/t 2
dx d da (4) x = –2. a) romel SemTxvevaSia wer-
ν = dt = dt (7.8 + 9.2t – 2.1t ),
3
tilis ν siCqare mudmivi? b) romel SemTx-

saidanac gamomdinareobs
vevaSia ν x-is uaryofiTi mimarTulebis?
2.6 aCqareba
rodesac wertilis siCqare icvleba, amboben, rom wertili ganicdis aCqarebas (anu Cqa-
rdeba). RerZis gaswvriv moZraobis dros asaS (saSualo aCqareba) Δt drois SualedSi tolia:
ν2 - ν1 ∆ν
asaS = = (2-7)
t2 - t1 ∆t
sadac ν1 aris wertilis siCqare t1 droSi da ν2 – t2 droSi. myisi aCqareba (an ubralod aCqareba)
aris siCqaris warmoebuli droiT:
dν (2-8)
a=
dt
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wertilis aCqareba nebismier momentSi aris tempi, romliTac siC-
qare am momentSi icvleba. grafikulad, aCqareba nebismier wertilSi aris ν(t) grafikis daxri-
loba am wertilSi.
SegviZlia SevaerToT formulebi 2.8 da 2.4 da davweroT
dν d dx d 2x
= a= = (2-9)
dt dt dt dt 2
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wertilis aCqareba nebismier momentSi aris misi x(t) mdebareobis
meore xarisxis warmoebuli droiT.
aCqarebis erTeulia m/wm2. amocanebSi SeiZleba SegxvdeT sxva erTeulebi, magram forma
manZili/dro2 daculi iqneba. aCqarebas gaaCnia rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimar-
Tuleba (e.i. veqtoruli sididea). misi algebruli niSani aRniSnavs x RerZis gaswvriv mimar-
Tulebas, rogorc es iyo gadaadgilebisa da siCqaris SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs, rom dadebiTi
mniSvnelobis aCqareba mimarTulia RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, xolo uaryofiTi mniSvn-
elobisa – uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT.
2.6 g suraTze mocemulia aCqarebis grafiki liftisa, romlis moZraobac ganxiluli
iyo amocanis 2.2 nimuSSi. Seadare a(t) grafiki ν(t) grafiks. yoveli wertili a(t) grafikze
gviCvenebs ν(t) grafikis warmoebuls (daxrilobas) Sesabamis momentSi. rodesac ν mudmivia
(0 an 4 m/wm-is SemTxvevaSi), warmoebuli da, maSasadame, aCqareba nulis tolia. rodesac lift-
is kabina moZraobas iwyebs, ν(t) grafiks aqvs dadebiTi warmoebuli (daxriloba dadebiTia),
rac niSnavs, rom a(t) dadebiTia. rodesac liftis kabina Cerdeba, ν(t) grafikis warmoebuli da
daxriloba uaryofiTia da, maSasadame, a(t)-c uaryofiTia.
amis Semdeg Seadare ν(t) grafikis daxrilobebi aCqarebis or periodSi. liftis Senelebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli daxriloba ufro cicaboa, vinaidan gaCerebas orjer ufro naklebi dro
dasWirda, vidre siCqaris matebas. cicabo daxriloba niSnavs, rom Senelebis ricxviTi mniSvn-
eloba ufro maRalia, vidre aCqarebisa, rogorc es naCvenebia 2.6 g suraTze.
sur. 2.7. polkovniki j.p. stapi Cqa is, rasac liftis kabinaSi igrZnob, zemoT mocemul
rosnul kameraSi, rodesac is aRw-
suraTzea naCvenebi. rodesac kabina aCqardeba, geCveneba,
evs Zalian maRal siCqares da Sem-
deg wrafadve muxruWdeba. TiTqos zevidan gawvebian, xolo rodesac kabina damuxru-
Webas iwyebs, iseTi grZnoba giCndeba, TiTqos zeviT geqa-
Cebian. am mdgomareobebs Soris ki bevrs arafers igrZnob.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Seni sxeuli reagirebs aCqarebaze da ara siCqareze. rodesac 90 km/sT
siCqariT moZrav manqanaSi an 900 km/sT-iT mfrinav TviTmfrinavSi xar, Seni sxeuli moZrao-
bas ver grZnobs. Tumca, Tu manqana an TviTmfrinavi swrafad Seicvlis siCqares, maSin araTu
mkveTrad igrZnob, aramed SegeSindeba kidec. gasarTob atraqcionebze mZafri SegrZnebebi
swored siCqaris swrafi cvlilebiTaa gamowveuli. ufro saintereso magaliTi mocemulia 2.7
suraTze, rodesac Cqarosnuli kamera swrafad aaCqares da Semdeg mkveTrad daamuxruWes.
didi aCqarebebi zogjer gamoisaxeba g erTeulebSi:
1 g = 9,8 m/wm2 (2.10)
(g aris dedamiwaze Tavisufali vardnisas sxeulis aCqareba. amas ganvixilavT 2.9 TavSi).
atraqcion `rusul mTebze~ SeiZleba ganicado aCqareba daaxloebiT 29 m/wm2-mde, rac namd-
vilad amarTlebs am atraqcionis Rirebulebas.
taqtika 5 : aCqarebis niSani

zogadad, aCqarebis niSans aramecnieruli Tu sxeulis siCqarisa da aCqarebis niSnebi
mniSvneloba aqvs: dadebiTi aCqareba niSnavs, erTnairia, maSin siCqare izrdeba (matulobs
rom sxeulis siswrafe imatebs, xolo uar ricxviTi mniSvneloba). Tu niSnebi sxvadasx-
yofiTi aCqareba niSnavs, rom siCqare klebu- vaa – siCqaris sidide mcirdeba mcirdeba.
lobs (sxeulis moZraoba neldeba). Tumca, am
wignSi aCqarebis niSani mimarTulebas aRniS- sakontrolo wertili 4 vombati* moZ-
navs da ara siCqaris klebas an matebas. raobs x RerZis gaswvriv. ipove aCqarebis
magaliTad, Tu manqana, romlis sawyisi niSani, Tu is moZraobs: a) dadebiTi mimar-
siCqarea ν = –25 m/wm, damuxruWda da gaCerda TulebiT da siCqare izrdeba; b) dadebi-
5 wamSi, maSin asaS = + 5 m/wm2. aCqareba dadebi- Ti mimarTulebiT da siCqare mcirdeba;
Tia, Tumca manqanis siCqarem daiklo. mizezi g) uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da siCqare
niSnebs Soris gansxvavebaa: aCqarebis mimar- izrdeba; d) uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da
Tuleba siCqaris sawinaaRmdegoa. siCqare mcirdeba.
niSnebis gagebis swori gza aseTia:
*
vombati – CanTosani cxoveli. gavrcelebulia av
straliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
2.7 TanabaraCqarebuli moZraoba: gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva 35

wertilis mdebareobis cvlileba (sur. 2.1) qariT, anu x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTule-
mocemulia formuliT biT. wertilis aCqarebaa a(0) = 0, vinaidan siC-
x = 4 – 27t + t 3 qare ar icvleba.
a) ipove wertilis siCqarisa da aCqarebis fun- rodesac 0 < t < 3, wertils kvlav uaryo
qciebi – ν(t) da a(t). fiTi siCqare aqvs da, maSasadame, uaryofiTi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Tumca, aCqareba
amoxsna: ν(t) siCqaris funqciis misaRebad
aRar aris 0-is toli, vinaidan izrdeba da
vpoulobT x(t) funqciis warmoebuls droiT.
dadebiTia. siCqarisa da aCqarebis niSnebi
Cvens SemTxvevaSi
urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, maSasadame, werti-
ν = –27 + 3t2 (pasuxi)
lis moZraoba neldeba.
a(t) aCqarebis funqciis misaRebad vpou-
marTlac, rogorc ukve viciT, rodesac
lobT ν(t) siCqaris funqciis warmoebuls
t = 3 wm, wertili Cerdeba. rogorc vxedavT 2.1
droiT, rac gvaZlevs:
suraTze, am dros wertili maqsimalurad aris
a = +6 t (pasuxi)
daSorebuli aTvlis wertilidan marcxniv.
b) arsebobs Tu ara dro, rodesac ν = 0-s?
Tu x(t) gamosaxulebaSi CavsvamT t = 3 wm, mivi-
amoxsna: ν(t) = 0-is Casma mogvcems RebT, rom wertilis pozicia aris x = – 50 m.
0 = –27 + 3t2, aqedan gamomdinare, t = ± 3 wm. misi aCqareba kvlav dadebiTia.
g) aRwere wertilis moZraoba t ≥ 0-sTvis. rodesac t > 3, wertili marjvniv moZra
obs. misi aCqareba dadebiTia da izrdeba. siC-
amoxsna: SeviswavloT x(t), ν(t) da a(t) fun-
qare axla ukve dadebiTia da misi ricxviTi
qciebi. rodesac t = 0, wertili imyofeba x(0) =
mniSvnelobac izrdeba.
+ 4 m wertilSi da moZraobs ν(0) = –27 m/wm siC-
2.7 TanabaraCqarebuli moZraoba: gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva
mravali saxis moZraobis dros aCqareba sruliad an TiTq- ,m
mis Tanabaria. magaliTad, SegiZlia manqanis aCqareba daax-

mdebareoba
loebiT Tanabari tempiT, rodesac SuqniSanze wiTels mwvane

cvlis. Seni moZraobis, siCqarisa da aCqarebis grafikebi
2.8 suraTze mocemuli grafikebis msgavsi iqneba (gaiTval- daxriloba icvleba
iswine, rom 2.8 g suraTze a(t) Tanabaria, risTvisac, 2.8 b su- , wm
a)
raTze ν(t)-s unda hqondes Tanabari daxriloba). mogvianebiT,
Tu manqanas daamuxruWeb, aCqareba aseve SeiZleba daaxloe-
biT Tanabari iyos.
siCqare
msgavsi SemTxvevebi imdenad xSiria, rom gamoyvanil iqna

formulebis specialuri jgufi. am formulebis miRebis
daxriloba = a
erT-erTi meTodi naCvenebia am TavSi, xolo meore meTodi
mocemulia Semdeg TavSi. orive Tavis wakiTxvisas da saSinao b)
davalebebis Sesrulebisas gaiTvaliswine, rom es formule-
aCqareba
sur. 2.8 a) TanabaraCqarebulad moZravi wertilis mdebareoba x(t); b) wer-

tilis siCqare ν(t) – mocemuli x(t) grafikis TiToeul wertilSi daxri- daxriloba = 0
lobis Sesabamisad; g) wertilis aCqareba (Tanabari), tolia ν(t) grafikis
(mudmivi) daxrilobisa. g)
bi gamosadegia mxolod Tanabari aCqarebis dros (an situaciebSi, rodesac aCqarebis mniSvn-
eloba miaxloebulia TanabarTan).
rodesac aCqareba Tanabaria, saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba erTmaneTis tolia. amis
gamo formula 2.7 SegiZlia Semdegnairad SevcvaloT:
ν - ν0
a = asaS = t - 0
aq ν0 aris siCqare, rodesac t = 0, xolo ν – siCqare nebismieri momdevno t-sTvis. Cven Segvi-
Zlia es formula gadavweroT, rogorc
ν = ν0 +at. (2.11)
Sesamowmeblad gaiTvaliswineT, rom rodesac t = 0, ν = ν0. Semdgomi SemowmebisTvis ga-
vawarmooT 2.11 toloba. miviRebT: dν/dt = a, rac a-s gansazRvrebaa. 2.8 b suraTze naCvenebia
formula 2.11-is ν(t) funqciis grafiki. funqcia wrfivia da, maSasadame, grafikic wrfea.
aseTive xerxiT SegviZlia gadavweroT formula 2.2 (aRniSvnebSi mcireodeni cvlile
bebiT): x – x0
vsaS =
t–0
saidanac viRebT:
x = x0 + vsaS t , (2.12)
sadac x0 wertilis mdebareobaa t = 0 momentSi, xolo vsaS – saSualo siCqare drois rome-
lime monakveTSi (vTqvaT, t = 0-sa da romelime momdevno t-s Soris).
formula 2.11-Si mocemuli siCqaris wrfivi funqciisTvis, saSualo siCqare drois nebis-
mier monakveTSi (vTqvaT, t = 0-sa da romelime momdevno t-s Soris) aris sawyis siCqaresa (ν0) da
drois monakveTis bolos wertilis siCqaris (ν) saSualo mniSvneloba. t = 0-dan t-mde saSualo
siCqare iqneba 1 (ν + ν).
vsaS  = (2.13)
2 0
formula 2.11-is marjvena nawilis gardaqmnis Sedegad viRebT:

1
vsaS  = ν0 + 2 at (2.14)
formula 2.14-is 2.12-Si CasmiT miviRebT:
x – x0 = ν0t + 1 at 2 (2.15)
2
Sesamowmeblad gaiTvaliswineT, rom t = 0 momentSi x = x0. amasTan, formula 2.15-is gawar-
moeba gvaZlevs 2.11-s, rac asec unda iyos. 2.8a suraTze mocemulia formula 2.15-is grafiki.
funqcia kvadratulia da amitom es grafiki mrudia.
formulebi 2.11 da 2.15 TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis ZiriTadi formulebia. maTi
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia Tanabar aCqarebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri amocanis amosax-
snelad. amasTanave, SegviZlia gamoviyvanoT sxva formulebi, romlebic gamosadegi iqneba
garkveul specifikur situaciebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanabar aCqarebasTan dakavSirebul
amocanebSi SeiZleba Sediodes 5-mde sidide – x – x0 , ν, t, a da ν0 . Cveulebriv, erT-erTi sidide
aseT amocanaSi ar monawileobs, arc cnobili da arc ucnobi sididis saxiT. amitom, gvaqvs
sami mocemuli sidide da unda movZebnoT meoTxe.
formulebSi 2.11 da 2.15 oTxi aseTi sididea, Tumca es oTxeuli erTnairi rodia. formu-
la 2.11-Si ar gvaqvs gadaadgileba x – x0, formula 2.15-Si – siCqare ν. es formulebi SegviZlia
SevaerToT sami gziT, raTa gamoviyvanoT sami damatebiTi formula, romelTagan TiToeuli
Seicavs sxvadasxva àrarsebul cvlads~. pirvel rigSi gamovricxoT t:
ν2 = ν 20 + 2a(x – x0) (2.16)
es formula gamosadegia, roca ar viciT t da mis povnas arc gvTxoven. meore rigSi gamovr-
icxoT a aCqareba, raTa miviRoT formula, sadac a ara gvaqvs:
x – x0 = 1 (ν0 + ν)t (2.17)
2
dasasruls, gamovricxoT ν0:
2.7 TanabaraCqarebuli moZraoba: gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva 37
x – x0 = νt – 1 at 2 (2.18)
2
yuradReba miaqcieT am formulasa da formula 2.15-s Soris arsebul mcire gansxvavebas.
erTi Seicavs sawyis siCqares ν0-s, xolo meore – ν siCqares t droSi.
cxrili 2.1 2.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia Ta

TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis formulebi * nabari aCqarebiT moZraobis
ZiriTadi formulebi (2.11 da
formulis ararsebuli 2.15) da maTgan miRebuli sxva
formula
Nnomeri cvladi
formulebi. TanabaraCqarebul
2-11 ν = ν0 + at x - x0 moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli
1 2
2-15 x – x 0 = ν 0t + 2 at ν martivi amocanis amosaxsnelad
ν = ν0 + 2a(x – x0)
2 2 SegiZlia gamoiyeno am siaSi
2-16 t
mocemuli formulebi (Tu sia
2-17 x – x0 = 12 (v + v0)t a Tan gaqvs). airCie formula,
1 2 romelSic ucnobi sidide amo-
2-18 x – x0 = vt – 2 at ν0
canaSi sapovneli cvladia.
* sanam cxrilSi mocemul formulebs gamoiyeneb, darwmundi, rom aC- ufro martivia daimaxsovro
qareba marTlac Tanabaria formulebi 2.11 da 2.15 da
gamoiyeno isini, rodesac dag-
Wirdeba. magaliTi mocemulia
amocanis amoxsnis 2.5 nimuSSi.
sakontrolo wertili 5 mocemuli formulebi gansazRvravs wertilis x(t) mdebareobas

oTx SemTxvevaSi: 1) x = 3t – 4; 2) x = –5t3 + 4t2 + 6; 3) x = 2/t2 – 4/t; 4) x = 5t2 – 3. romel SemTxvevas
Seesabameba 2.1 cxrilis formulebi?
policiis danaxvisas sakuTar porSes formulisTvis.

amuxruWeb 100 km/sT siCqaridan 80 km/sT-mde t ucnobis gamosaricxad gamoviyenoT
TanabaraCqarebulad da am dros 88 m-s ga- formula 2.11 da davweroT:
dixar. ν–ν (2.19)
t= a 0
a) risi tolia aCqareba?
Tu am gamosaxulebas CavsvamT 2.15 for-
amoxsna: warmovidginoT, rom moZraoba mulaSi, miviRebT:
2
xdeba x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. si-
x - x0 = ν0 ν - ν0 + 1 a ν - ν0
martivisTvis, damuxruWebis dawyebis mde- a 2 a
bareobad miviCnioT x0, xolo drod t = 0. CavsvaT cnobili sidieebi da gamoviT-
unda gavixsenoT, rom Tanabari aCqarebis valoT a:
dros manqanis aCqareba SeiZleba davukav-
ν2 - ν 20 (22,22 m/wm)2 - (27,78 m/wm)2
SiroT siCqares da gadaadgilebas ZiriTadi a= =
2(x – x0) 2(88 m)
formulebis saSualebiT (2.11 da 2.15). sawyi- = - 1.58 m/wm2 (pasuxi)
si siCqare ν0 = 100 km/sT = 27,78 m/wm, gadaadg-
ileba x–x0=88 m-s, xolo siCqare Senelebis gaiTvaliswine, rom a-s gamosaTvlelad
Semdeg ν = 80,0km/sT = 22,22 m/wm. ar viciT a SegveZlo formula 2.16-is gamoyeneba, vi-
aCqareba da t dro, romelic saWiroa orive naidan t ucnobi am formulaSi ara gvaqvs.
b) ra dro dasWirda siCqaris mocemuli Tu siCqares gadaaWarbe da Semdeg misi

sididiT Semcirebas? Semcireba scade, gaxsovdes, rom policiels
amoxsna: ukve viciT a da SegviZlia gamovi uamravi dro rCeba Seni siCqaris gasazomad.
yenoT formula 2.19 t-s mosaZebnad:
ν–ν 22,22 m/wm - 27,78 m/wm
t= a 0 =
- 1,58 m/wm2
= 3,519 wm ≈ 3,52 wm (pasuxi)
taqtika 6: Seamowme erTeulebi
siCqare aris manZili Sefardebuli dro- Teulebis Sesamowmeblad gaiTvaliswine,

sTan, xolo aCqareba – manZili Sefarde- rom x-isa da x0-is ganzomileba aris manZili,
buli drois kvadratTan. nebismier formu- ν0t-s – (manZili/dro) · t (dro), rac Sekvecis
1
laSi yvela erTeuli erTnairi unda iyos. Semdeg aseve manZilia. 2 at2-s ganzomilebaa
roca formulaSi eWvi gepareba, erTeulebi (manZili/dro2) (dro2), rac aseve manZilia.
Seamowme. maSasadame formula sworia.
1
formula 2.15-Si (x – x0= ν0t +  2 at2) er-
2.8 kidev erTxel TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis Sesaxeb

2.1 cxrilSi pirveli ori formula ZiriTadia da maTgan gamomdinareobs danarCeni. es
ori formula SeiZleba miviRoT aCqarebis integraliT, im pirobiT, rom a mudmivia. formula
2.11-is misaRebad gadavweroT aCqarebis gansazRvreba (2.8), rogorc
dν = adt
Semdeg davweroT ganusazRvreli integrali orive mxares:
dν = a dt
vinaidan a aCqareba mudmivia (Tanabaria), misi gamotana integralidan SeiZleba. Semdeg mi-
viRebT
dν = a dt
an ν = at + C (2.20)
integrirebis C mudmivas gamosaTvlelad, davuSvaT, rom t = 0 da am momentSi ν = ν0. Cavs-
vaT es mniSvnelobebi formula 2.20-Si, miviRebT ν0 = (a)(0) + C = C
CavsvaT es formula 2.20-Si da miviRebT formula 2.11-s.
formula 2.15-is misaRebad gadavweroT siCqaris gansazRvreba (formula 2.4), rogorc
dx=νdt
orive mxares davweroT ganusazRvreli integrali:
dx = ν dt
zogadad, ν ar aris mudmivi, ase rom, misi gamotana integralidan ar SeiZleba. Tumca, ν-s
Secvla SegviZlia formula 2.11-iT:
dx = (ν0 + at) dt
vinaidan ν0 da a aCqareba mudmivia, formula SeiZleba gadaiweros aseTi saxiT:

2.9 Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba 39
dx = ν0 dt + a t dt
integralis aReba mogvcems

x = ν0t + 1 at 2 + C´, (2.21)
2
sadac C´ integrebis kidev erTi mudmivaa. t = 0 momentSi x = x0. CavsvaT es mniSvnelobebi
formula 2.21 da miviRebT x0 = C´. formula 2.21-Si C’ SevcvaloT x0-iT, miviRebT formula
2.15-s.
2.9 Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba
Tu odesme raime sagani maRla agigdia an zevidan qve-

viT Camogigdia, SeniSnavdi, rom vardnisas sxeulis aC-
qareba Tanabaria. am aCqarebas Tavisufali vardnis
aCqareba ewodeba da misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba warmod-
genilia g simboloTi. aCqareba ar aris damokidebuli sxe-
ulis iseT maxasiaTeblebze, rogoricaa masa, simkvrive an
forma. is Tanabaria nebismier i sxeulisTvis.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebis ori magaliTi moce-
mulia 2.9 suraTze. aq gamosaxulia vaSlisa da bumbulis
stroboskopuri fotoebi. vinaidan es sxeulebi miwaze
ecema, amitom maTi aCqareba orive SemTxvevaSi g-s tolia.
maSasadame, maTi siCqare erTi da imave tempiT imatebs da
miwaze orive erTdroulad ecema.
g-s mniSvneloba mcirediT icvleba sxvadasxva ganedsa
da simaRleze. dedamiwis Sua ganedebze g zRvis doneze
udris 9,8 m/wm2-s. am wignSi mocemuli amocanebis amoxsni-
sas swored es ricxvi unda gamoviyenoT, Tu raime special-
uri miniSneba ar arsebobs.
sur. 2.9 bumbuli da vaSli vakuumSi
2.1 cxrilSi mocemuli TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis
Tavisuflad vardeba Tanabari g
formulebi gamosadegia dedamiwis zedapirze Tavisufa- aCqarebiT. aCqareba zrdis manZils,
li vardnis SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs, rom isini miesadageba yovel momdevno gamosaxulebebs So-
ris. haeris ararsebobis pirobebSi
vertikalurad moZrav (maRla an dabla) sagans, rodesac
bumbuli da vaSli Zirs erTdrou-
haeris zemoqmedeba ugulebelyofilia. gaiTvaliswine, lad daecema.
rom Tavisufali vardnisTvis: 1) moZraobis mimarTulebe-
bi y vertikaluri RerZis gaswvrivaa x RerZis nacvlad (es mniSvnelovania momdevno TavebSi,
rodesac horizontaluri da vertikaluri moZraoba erToblivad ganixileba); 2) Tavisufali
vardnis aCqareba uaryofiTia da mimarTulia qveviT dedamiwis centrisaken. maSasadame, for-
mulebSi gveqneba – g.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad aris a = g = – 9,8 m/wm2,

xolo misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris g = 9,8 m/wm2.
warmoidgine, rom pomidori maRla aisrole sawyisi (dadebiTi) siCqariT ν0 da Semdeg

isev daiWire. Tavisufali vardnis dros (xelis gaSvebidan daWeramde) pomidoris moZraobas
miesadageba 2.1 cxrilis formulebi. aCqareba yovelTvis udris –9,8 m/wm2-s, uaryofiTia da
qveviT mimarTuli. samagierod siCqare icvleba, rogorc es asaxulia formulebSi 2.11 da 2.16.
maRla moZraobis dros pomidvris dadebiTi siCqaris ricxviTi mniSvneloba mcirdeba, vidre
0-s ar miaRwevs. vinaidan pomidori am dros Cerdeba, amitom es misi maqsimaluri simaRlea.
daSvebis dros siCqaris (axla ukve uaryofiTi) ricxviTi mniSvneloba izrdeba.

1993 wlis 26 seqtembers deiv mandei ven- Zils gadioda TiToeul wamSi. gansazRvre
tilaciiT aRWurvili rkinis sferoTi ni- misi mdebareoba yoveli wamis Semdeg.
agaras CanCqerSi daeSva da 48 m simaRlidan
gadmoxta. davuSvaT, rom misi sawyisi siCqa-
re 0-is toli iyo da ugulebelvyoT burTze
haeris zemoqmedeba dacemis dros.
a) ramden xans gagrZelda mandeis vardna
wylis zedapiris miRwevamde?
amoxsna: unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom man-

deis daSveba Tavisufali vardna iyo, maSas-
adame, aq 2.1 cxrilis formulebi gamog-
vadgeba. gavavloT y RerZi mandeis vardnis
traeqtoriis gaswvriv, y = 0 iyos sawyisi
wertili, xolo dadebiTi mimarTuleba iyos
zeviT (sur. 2.10). am RerZis gaswvriv aCqareba
aris a = – g, xolo wylis zedapiria simaRle
y = – 48 m (y uaryofiTia, vinaidan (y = 0)-saT-
avis qvemoTaa). davuSvaT, rom vardna daiwyo
sur. 2.10 Tavisuflad vardnili sxeulis mde-
t = 0 mometSi sawyisi ν0 = 0 siCqariT. bareoba, siCqare da aCqareba. am SemTxvevaSi sxeuli
2.1 cxrilidan avirCevT formula 2.15- rkinis sferoa, romelsac deiv mandei marTavs nia
s (oRond x-is nacvlad y cvladiT), vinaidan garas CanCqerze.
is saWiro t dros Seicavs da masSi Semavali

cvladebis mniSvnelobebic viciT. miviRebT: amoxsna: kvlav viyenebT formula 2.15-s,
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi rig-rigobiT CavsvamT
y - y0 = ν0t - 1 gt 2,
2 mniSvnelobebs t = 1, 2, 3 wm-s da vipoviT
- 48 m - 0 = 0t - 1 (9.8 m/wm2)t 2,
2 mandeis y mdebareobebs. Sedegebi naCvenebia
2.10 suraTze.
t 2 = 48/4,9,
da g) ra siCqariT moZraobda mandei, rode-
t = 3,1 wm (pasuxi) sac wylis zedapirs miaRwia?
aRsaniSnavia, rom mandeis gadaadgileba
y – y0 uaryofiTi sididea, vinaidan mandei amoxsna: sawyisi monacemebiT siCqaris
qveviT moZraobs anu miemarTeba y RerZis sapovnelad gadavweroT formula 2.16 y cv-
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. agreTve SevniS- ladebiT da CavsvaT CvenTvis cnobili si-

noT, rom 48/4,9-s aqvs ori kvadratuli fes- dideebi:
vi: 3,1 da -3,1. Cven avirCieT dadebiTi fesvi, ν2 = ν 02 - 2g (y - y0 ) = 0 - (2) (9.8 m/wm2) (- 48 m),
vinaidan mandei wylis zedapirs namdvilad ase rom,
ν = - 30.67 m/wm ≈ - 31 m/wm = - 110 km/sT
t = 0 momentSi vardnis dawyebis Semdeg aRw-
evs. (pasuxi)
b) mandeim SeZlo daeTvala Tavisufali uaryofiTi fesvi im mizeziT avirCieT,
vardnis sami wami, magram ver dainaxa ra man- rom siCqares uaryofiTi mimarTuleba aqvs.
2.9 Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba 41
d) ra siCqariT moZraobda mandei yovel = 0 - (9.8 m/wm2 (1.0 wm) = - 9.8 m/wm. (pasuxi)
wams? grZnobda Tu ara is siCqaris zrdas? sxva Sedegebi naCvenebia 2.10 suraTze.
mandei Tavisufali vardnis procesSi
amoxsna: sawyisi monacemebiT siCqareebis iyo da siCqaris zrdas ver grZnobda, vinaid-
sapovnelad, amocanis b) nawilSi miRebuli an aCqareba yovelTvis iyo -9,8 m/wm2. Tumca
mdebareobebis mniSvnelobaTa gamoyenebis mandeim mkveTrad igrZno wyalze dacema,
gareSe, davuSvaT, rom formula 2.11-Si radgan aCqareba uecrad Seicvala (mandei ga-
a = –g, da rig-rigobiT CavsvaT t-s mniSvn- darCa, magram didi jarimis gadaxda mouxda
elobebi t = 1, 2 da 3 wm. magaliTad: daudevari qmedebisTvis).
ν = ν0 - gt

2.11 suraTze beisbolis momwodebeli Tu droebiT ugulebelvyofT erTeu-
burTs isvris 12 m/wm siCqariT y RerZis gas- lebs (im pirobiT, rom isini sworia), Segvi-
wvriv. Zlia davweroT:
a) ra dro dasWirdeba burTs maqsimal- 4,9t2 – 12t + 5 = 0
uri simaRlis misaRwevad?
kvadratuli gantolebis amoxsna gva-
amoxsna: burTs asrolidan ukan (xelSi)
Zlevs
dabrunebamde aqvs Tavisufali vardnis aC-
t = 0,53 wm da t = 1,9 wm (pasuxi)
qareba a = – g. vinaidan aCqareba Tanabaria,
aseTi momenti oria! es namdvilad ar
amitom am moZraobas 2.1 cxrili Seesabameba.
aris gasakviri, vinaidan burTi orjer gaiv-
isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ν siCqare
lis y = 5 m wertils, erTxel zeviT, meored
maqsimalur simaRleze nulis toli unda
ki qveviT moZraobisas.
iyos. ase rom, viciT ν, a da sawyisi siCqare
ν0 = 12 m/wm, da veZebT t dros, risTvisac viy-
burTi
enebT formula 2.11-s, romelic oTx cvlads
Seicavs.
ν - ν0 0 - 12 m/wm umaRles
t= = = 1.2 wm (pasuxi)
a - 9.8 m/wm 2 wertilSi
b) risi tolia burTis frenis maqsimal-
uri simaRle?
amoxsna: burTis gaSvebis wertilad aviRoT vardnis dros

y0 = 0. davweroT formula 2.16 y cvladebiT, zeviT moZraobis a = – g, speed
CavsvaT y – y0 = y da ν = 0 (maqsimalur simaR- dros a = – g, izrdeba. xolo
speed mcirdeba, velocity metad
leze) da vipovoT y. miviRebT:
xolo velocity uaryofiTi xdeba.
2 naklebad
ν2 - ν0 0 - (12 m/wm)
y= = = 7.3 m (pasuxi) dadebiTi
2a 2(- 9.8 m/wm2)
xdeba.
g) ra dro dasWirdeba burTs gaSvebis ad-
gilidan 5m-is misaRwevad?
amoxsna: viciT ν0 , a = –g da gadaadgileba

y – y0 = 5 m. vinaidan unda vipovoT t, amitom
avirCioT formula 2.15. gadavweroT y-sTvis
da CavsvaT y0 = 0, miviRebT: sur. 2.11. beisbolis momwodebeli burTs
haerSi isvris. Tavisufali vardnis for-
y = ν0t - 1 gt 2, mulebi gamosadegia rogorc zemoT, aseve
2
an qvemoT moZravi sagnebisTvis, xolo haeris
5.0 m = (12 m/wm)t - (1 )(9.8 m/wm2)t 2 zemoqmedeba SeiZleba ugulvebelvyoT.
2
sakontrolo wertili 6 a) mocemul amocanaSi, ra iqneba burTis gadaadgilebis niSani

zemoT asvlis dros, gaSvebidan umaRles wertilamde? b) ra iqneba es niSani vardnis dros,
umaRlesi wertilidan gaSvebis wertilamde? g) ra iqneba burTis aCqareba umaRles wer-
tilSi?
es yovelTvis asea da ar aris damokidebuli

taqtika 7 : “minus” niSnebis mniSvneloba
sxeulis mdebareobaze, siswrafesa da
2.6 da 2.7amocanebSi SemoviReT vertikal-
mimarTulebaze. 2.7 amocanaSi burTis aCqareba
uri RerZi y da misi zeda mimarTuleba dadebi-
uaryofiTia (qveviTaa mimarTuli) rogorc
Tad avirCieT. Semdeg y RerZis aTvlis saTaved
zeviT, ise qveviT moZraobis dros.
y = 0 wertili aviReT. 2.6 amocanaSi aTvlis
wertili vardnis dawyebis wertili, xolo 2.7
taqtika 8: moulodneli pasuxebi
amocanaSi – beisbolis burTis momwodeblis
maTematika xSirad iZleva moulodnel
xeli. y-is uaryofiTi mniSvneloba niSnavs,
pasuxebs, rogorc moxda, magaliTad, 2.7 g
rom sxeuli imyofeba aTvlis wertils qvemoT.
amocanaSi. Tu miiRe ufro meti pasuxi, vidre
uaryofiTi siCqare niSnavs, rom sxeuli moZ-
elodi, nu uaryof im pasuxebs, romelic,
raobs y RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT anu
erTi SexedviT, Seusabamoa. yuradRebiT
qveviT. es yovelTvis asea, ganurCevlad imisa,
gamoikvlie maTi fizikuri mniSvnelobe-
sad mdebareobs sxeuli.
bi. Tu Seni cvladi droa, misi uaryofiTi
aCqarebas uaryofiTs virCevT (–9,8m/wm2),
mniSvnelobac ki SeiZleba raimes niSnavdes.
rodesac amocana sxeulebis vardnas Seexeba.
uaryofiTi dro, ubralod, aris dro t = 0 mo-
uaryofiTi aCqareba niSnavs, rom drois
mentamde, rodesac drois aTvla daiwyo.
msvlelobasTan erTad sxeulis velocity
naklebad dadebiTi an metad uaryofiTi xdeba.
2.10 grafikuli integrali moZraobis SeswavlaSi
rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs sxeulis aCqarebis droze damokidebulebis grafiki, misi inte-
grirebiT SegviZlia vipovoT sxeulis siCqare drois nebismier momentSi. vinaidan a aCqareba
ganisazRvreba, rogorc dv , amitom
dt t1
ν1 - ν0 = a dt (2.22)
t0
gamosaxulebis marjvena mxare gansazRvruli integralia (gvaZlevs ricxviT Sedegs da

ara funqcias), ν0 aris siCqare t0 momentSi, xolo ν1 - siCqare t1 momentSi. gansazRvruli inte-
grali SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT a(t) grafikidan, rogorc es 2.12 a suraTzea. kerZod:
t1 aCqarebis mrudiTa da t0-dan t1-mde
a dt = drois RerZiT SemosazRruli (2.23)
t0 figuris farTobi
Tu aCqarebis erTeulia 1 m/wm2, xolo droisa – 1 wm, maSin farTobis sidide grafikze iqneba
(1 m/wm2) (1 wm) = 1 m/wm, rac, arsebiTad, siCqaris erTeulia. rodesac aCqarebis grafiki drois
RerZs zemoTaa, farTobi dadebiTia, xolo rodesac aCqarebis grafiki drois RerZs qvemoTaa
– uaryofiTi.
2.10 grafikuli integrali moZraobis SeswavlaSi 43
analogiurad, vinaidan ν siCqare ganisazRvreba, a farTobi
ν = dx/dt, amitom
t1
x1 - x0 = v dt, (2.24)
t0
sadac x0 aris mdebareoba t0 momentSi, xolo x1 – t1 mo-
t
t0 t1 a)
mentSi. formula 2.24-is marjvena mxares gansazRvruli
integrali SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT ν(t) grafikidan, ro- ν
gorc es naCvenebia 2.12 b suraTze. kerZod:
farTobi
t1 farTobi siCqaris mrudsa da
v dt = drois RerZs Soris t -dan t -mde (2.25)
t0 0 1
t
t0 t1 b)
Tu siCqaris erTeulia 1 m/wm, xolo droisa - 1 wm,
farTobis sidide grafikze iqneba sur. 2.12. farTobi grafiksa da hor-
(1 m/wm) (1 wm) = 1 m, izontalur drois RerZs Soris t0-
rac, arsebiTad, manZilisa da gadaadgilebis erTeu- dan t1-mde naCvenebia: a) a aCqarebis t
lia. farTobi dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi, ganisazRvreba droze damokidebulebis grafikisT-
iseve, rogorc 2.12 a suraTze mocemuli a(t) grafikisT- vis; b) ν siCqaris t droze damokidebu-
lis grafikisTvis.
vis aRvwereT.

zurgidan Sejaxebis dros kisris dazi
aCqareba (m/wm2)
anebis Seswavlis mizniT moxalise qamriT

Tavi
miabes manqanaSi, romelsac Sejaxebis simu-
laciisTvis uknidan daejaxa 10,5 km/sT-iT mkerdi
moZravi meore manqana. 2.13 a suraTze moce-
mulia moxalisis mkerdisa da Tavis aCqare-
ba Sejaxebis dros, romelic t = 0 momentSi dro, mwm
(a)
daiwyo. mkerdis aCqareba savarZlis zurgma
a
40 mwm-iT Seayovna, xolo Tavis aCqareba kidev
70 mwm-s Semdeg daiwyo. rogori iyo mkerdis
siCqare, rodesac Tavma aCqareba daiwyo? B C (b)
A
t
amoxsna: SegviZlia gamovTvaloT sxeulis
siCqare nebismier momentSi, Tu vipoviT far- sur. 2.13. a) moxalisisa Tavis da mkerdisa(t) fun-
Tobs mkerdis aCqarebis a(t) grafikze. viciT, qciis grafiki uknidan Sejaxebis simulaciis dros;
b) grafiksa da drois RerZs Soris figuris farTobis
rom t0 = 0 momentSi mkerdis sawyisi siCqa-
gamoTvla.
re ν0 = 0. unda gavigoT sxeulis ν1 siCqare
t1 = 110 mwm dros anu im momentSi, roca Tavi simartivisTvis grafiksa da RerZs Soris
aCqarebas iwyebs. miRebuli figura sam nawilad davyoT (sur.
SevaerToT formulebi 2.22 da 2.23 da 2.13 b). pirvel nawils (0-dan 40 mwm-mde) far-
davweroT Tobi ar gaaCnia:
( farTobi aCqarebis grafiksa da
ν1 – ν0 =  drois RerZs Soris t0-dan t1-mde ) (2.26) farTobi A = 0
meore nawils, 40-dan 100 mwm-mde, sam-
kuTxedis forma aqvs, romlis farTobia
1
farTobi B = 2 (0,060 wm)(50 m/wm2) anu ν1 = 2 m/wm = 7,2 km/sT (pasuxi)
= 1,5 m/wm Tavis moZraobis dawyebisas mkerds ukve
mesame nawils, 100-dan 110 mwm-mde, marT- aqvs 7,2 km/sT siCqare. mecnierebi amtkice-
kuTxedis forma aqvs, romlis farTobia ben, rom uknidan Sejaxebis dros siCqareeb-
farTobi C = (0,010 wm)(50 m/wm2) = 0,5 m/wm Si swored es gansxvaveba iwvevs kisris da-
am mniSvnelobebisa da ν0-is 2.26 formu- zianebas. Tavis ukan gadavardna mogvianebiT
laSi CasmiT miviRebT: xdeba da, rom ara savarZlis Tavmisadeblebi,
ν1 – 0 = 0 + 1,5 m/wm + 0,5 m/wm, dazianeba ufro mZime iqneboda.
mdebareoba. wertilis x mdebareoba damokidebulia am monakveTSi wertilis mier

aTvlis saTavis mimarT am wertilis ganla- ganvlil manZilze:
gebaze metyvelebs. mdebareoba dadebiTi mTliani manZili
ssaS = (2.3)
an uaryofiTia imis mixedviT, Tu saTavis ∆t
romel mxares imyofeba wertili. mdebareoba myisi siCqare. moZravi wertilis ν myi-
0-is tolia, Tu wertili aTvlis saTavezea. si siCqare (an, ubralod, siCqare) aris
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebaa saTavidan ∆x dx
ν = lim = (2.4)
dadebiTi ricxvebis zrdadi mimarTuleba, ∆t→0 ∆t dt
xolo uaryofiTi mimarTuleba _ sawinaaR- sadac Δx da Δt gansazRvrulia formuliT
mdego mimarTuleba. 2.2. myisi siCqare (konkretul momentSi) aris
gadaadgileba. wertilis Δx gadaadg- x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafikis daxri-
ileba aris mdebareobis cvlileba loba. speed aris myisi siCqaris ricxviTi
Δx = x2 _ x1 (2.1) mniSvneloba.
gadaadgileba veqtoruli sididea. is saSualo aCqareba. saSualo aCqareba
dadebiTia, Tu wertili x RerZis dadebiTi tolia siCqaris Δν cvlilebis Sefardebisa
mimarTulebiT gadaadgilda, da uaryofi- Δt drois monakveTTan:
Tia, Tu wertili uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT ∆ν
asaS = (2.7)
gadaadgilda. ∆t
saSualo siCqare. (velocity) rodesac algebruli niSani asaS-s mimarTulebas

wertilis mdebareoba icvleba x1-dan x2-mde gviCvenebs.
drois Δt=t2–t1 monakveTSi, misi saSualo siC- myisi aCqareba. a myisi aCqareba aris
qare aris: ν(t) siCqaris pirveli xarisxis warmoebuli
∆x x2 – x1
νsaS = = (2-2) da x(t) mdebareobis meore xarisxis warmoe
∆t t2 – t1 buli d 2x
a = dν = 2 (2.8, 2.9)
νsaS-s niSani asaxavs moZraobis mimarTu dt dt
lebas (νsaS veqtoruli sididea). saSualo ν-s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikze a aC-
siCqare ar aris damokidebuli wertilis qareba nebismier t momentSi aris grafikis
mier ganvlil manZilze, is damokidebulia daxriloba am momentis Sesabamis wertilSi.
sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebze. Tanabari aCqareba. 2.1 cxrilSi moce-
x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafikze sa muli xuTi formula aRwers wertilis Tana-
Sualo siCqare Δt drois monakveTSi aris baraCqarebul moZraobas:
daxrili swori xazi, romelic am Sualedis ν = ν0 + at, (2.11)
sawyisi da saboloo momentebis Sesabamis x – x0 = ν0t + 12 at2, (2.15)
wertilebs erTmaneTTan akvSirebs. ν2 = ν02 + 2a(x – x0), (2.16)
saSualosiCqare (speed). wertilis ssaS x - x0 = 12 (ν0 + ν)t, (2.17)
1 2
saSualo siCqare (speed) drois Δt monakveTSi x – x0 = νt - 2 at . (2.18)
45
es formulebi gamousadegaria, rodesac aC- aRniSvnebSi Segvaqvs ori cvlileba: 1) moZ-
qareba Tanabari ar aris. raobas mivmarTavT vertikaluri y RerZis
Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba. gaswvriv; 2) a-s CavanacvlebT – g -iT, sadac
wrfivi TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis maga- g aris Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebis ricx-
liTia sagnis Tavisufali vardna dedamiwis viTi mniSvneloba. dedamiwis zedapirTan ax-
zedapirisken. TanabaraCqarebuli moZrao- los g = 9,8 m/wm2.
bis formulebi am moZraobas aRwers, magram
SekiTxvebi
1. 2.14 suraTze naCvenebia sxeulis moZ-

raobis oTxi traeqtoria sawyisidan sabo-
loo wertilamde drois erTsa da imave mon-
akveTSi. es traeqtoriebi erTmaneTisgan
Tanabrad dacilebul paralelul xazebs
kveTs. daalage traeqtoriebi: a) vsaS mixed-
viT; b) ssaS -s mixedviT dididan mcireze.
2. 2.15 suraTze mocemulia wertilis mde-
bareobis t droze damokidebulebis grafiki.
a) ra iqneba wertilis mdebareobis niSani, sur. 2.14 kiTxva 1.
rodesac t = 0? b) wertilis siCqare dadebi- x

Tia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia, rode-
sac t = 1 wm? g) rodesac t = 2 wm? d) rodesac
t = 3 wm? e) ramdenjer iqneba wertili x = 0
t (s)
mdebareobaSi?
3. 2.16 suraTze naCvenebia RerZis gas-
wvriv moZravi wertilis siCqare. wertili
1 grafikze yvelaze maRlaa, xolo wertili
4 _ yvelaze dabla, wertilebi 2 da 6 erTsa
da imave simaRlezea. ra mimarTulebiT xde-
sur. 2.15 kiTxva 2.
ba moZraoba t = 0-is dros? b) wertil 4-Si?
g) eqvsi danomrili wertilidan romelSi
v
icvleba moZraobis mimarTuleba? d) daal-
age eqvsi wertili aCqarebis ricxviTi mniS-
vnelobis klebadobis mixedviT.
4. mocemuli formulebi gvaZlevs wer- t
tilis ν (t) siCqares oTx SemTxvevaSi: a) ν = 3;
b) ν = 4t2 + 2t – 6; g) ν = 3t – 4; d) ν = 5t2 – 3.
romel SemTxvevas Seesabameba 2.1 cxrilis sur. 2.16 kiTxva 3.
formulebi?
5. 2.17 suraTze mandarini maRla aagdes d) mandarinis Δν siCqaris cvlilebis mixed-
sami Tanabari zomis fanjris gavliT. daal- viT.
age fanjrebi: a) maTSi mandarinis saSualo 6. rodesac t = 0, x RerZis gaswvriv moZ-
siCqaris (ssaS) mixedviT; b) maTi gavlis drois ravi wertilis mdebareobaa x = –20 m. wer-
mixedviT; g) maTi gavlis dros mandarinis tilis ν0 sawyisi siCqaris (t0 momentSi) da a
aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT; Tanabari aCqarebis niSnebia: 1) +, +; 2) +, –;
3) –, +; 4) –, – . CamoTvlilTagan cxisTvis (gra v

romel variantSi: a) gaCerdeba fikebi A da B, A B
wertili myisierad? b) gada- C, D da E, da
kveTs aTvlis saTaves? g) ar ga- aseve F da G pa
dakveTs aTvlis saTaves? ralelurebia). 0 t
7. lurji manqanis (80 km/sT) 9. rodesac
mZRoli ucbad xedavs, rom wi- t = 0 da x = 0,
Tel manqanas (60 km/sT) ejaxeba. uZravi lurji C
Sejaxebis Tavidan asacile- manqana iwyebs
D
blad, ra maqsimaluri siCqare TanabaraCqare
unda hqondes lurj manqanas, bul moZraobas G F E
rodesac wiTel manqanas miuax- 2 m/wm aCqare-
2
sur. 2.18 kiTxva 8.
lovdeba? biT x RerZis
8. warmoidgine, rom xidis moa- dadebiTi mi-
jirze gadayudebuls kvercxi sur. 2.17 marTulebiT. rodesac t = 2 wm-s, imave mi-
gagivarda (sawyisi siCqare nu- kiTxva 5. marTulebiT moZravi wiTeli manqana Cauv-
lis tolia), xolo meore kver- lis x = 0 wertils 8 m/wm siCqariT da 3 m/wm2
cxi ganzrax isrole. 2.18 suraTis romel Tanabari aCqarebiT. formulebis romeli
grafikebzea gamosaxuli ν(t) siCqare: a) ga- wyvili unda amoixsnas imis gasagebad, rodis
vardnili kvercxisTvis; b) nasroli kver- gaaswrebs wiTeli manqana lurjs?
amocanebi
SSM – amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions Manual-Si.

www – amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
ILW – Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday.
• – ••• – wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs amocanis sirTules
ramdenime amocanaSi davalebuli gaqvs mde- (`vazrovneb, ese igi swrafad mivdivar!~).
bareobis, siCqarisa da aCqarebis droze 2001 wels, sem uitingemma haberis rekordi
damokidebulebis grafikis ageba. rogorc daamxo (mis siCqares 19km/sT-iT gadaaWarba).
wesi, ubralo monaxazebi sakmarisia, Tu naT- ra droSi gaiara uitingemma 200 m manZili?
lad Cans wrfivi funqciebi da mrudebi. Tu • 3 avtomobili 40 km-s gadis 30 km/sT
kompiuteri da grafikuli kalkulatori siCqariT. Semdeg imave mimarTulebiT kidev
gaqvs, SegiZlia grafikebis asagebad gamoiy- 40km-s gadis 60 km/sT siCqariT. a) ras udris
eno. avtomobilis saSualo siCqare 80 km-is gav-
Tavi 2-4 saSualo velocity (vsaS) da saSua- lis Semdeg? (dauSvi, rom is dadebiTi x
lo speed (ssaS). mimarTulebiT moZraobs); b) ras udris sa-
• 1 Zlieri ceminebisas Tvali 0,5 wm-iT ix- Sualo siCqare? g) aage x-is t-ze damokideb-
uWeba. Tu ceminebis dros manqanas 90km/sT siC- ulebis grafiki da aCvene, rogor vipovoT
qariT marTav, ra manZils gaivli am droSi? grafikze saSualo siCqare. SSM WWW
• 2 1992 wels velosipedis siCqaris • 4 manqana adis borcvze 40km/sT siC-

rekordi ekuTvnoda kris habers. misi dro qariT da Semdeg ukan brundeba 60km/sT siC-
200 m-ze iyo 6,509 wami, razec haberma aseTi qariT. gamoTvale mTliani mgzavrobis saSu-
komentari gaakeTa: `Cogito ergo zoom!” alo siCqare (ssaS).
47
• 5 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi sxeulis mde- meti iyo pirveli bilikis L1 sigrZeze. ramde-
bareoba mocemulia formuliT x = 3t – 4t2+ t3, nad didi unda iyos L2 – L1, raTa davaskvnaT,
sadac x izomeba metrebSi, t – wamebSi. ipove rom pirveli morbenali ufro swrafia? ILW.
sxeulis mdebareoba t-s mocemuli mniSvn- • • 10 ori matarebeli 30km/sT siCqariT
elobebisTvis: a) 1wm; b) 2wm; g) 3wm; d) 4wm; moZraobs erTmaneTisken. rodesac matareb-
e) ra iqneba sxeulis gadaadgileba t = 0-sa da lebs Soris manZili 60km-ia, 60km/sT-iT moZ-
t = 4 wm-s Soris? v) ra iqneba sxeulis saSualo ravi Citi erTi matareblis win frindeba,
siCqare t = 2 wm-dan t = 4 wm-mde? z) aage x-is t- meorisken mifrinavs da, roca meores miaR-
ze damokidebulis grafiki, rodesac 0 ≤ t ≤ 4, wevs, isev ukan brundeba (warmodgena ara
da aCvene, rogor SeiZleba am grafikiT vipo- gvaqvs, ratom unda moiqces Citi ase). ra man-
voT v)-s pasuxi. SSM Zils gaivlis Citi, sanam matareblebi erTma-
• 6 gamoTvale Seni saSualo siCqare mo- neTs daejaxebian?
cemul or SemTxvevaSi: a) miseirnob 73,2 m-is • • 11 san-antoniodan hiustonisken man-
manZilze 1,22 m/wm siCqariT da Semdeg garb- qaniT miemgzavrebi. drois naxevars moZraob
ixar 73,2 m-s 3,05m/wm siCqariT; b) 1 wT-is gan- 55km/sT siCqariT, xolo meore naxevars –
mavlobaSi miseirnob 1,22m/wm siCqariT da 90km/sT siCqariT. ukan dabrunebisas naxevar
Semdeg 1wT-is ganmavlobaSi garbixar 3,05m/wm manZils gadixar 55km/sT siCqariT, xolo
siCqariT; g) aage x-is t-ze damokidebulebis meore naxevars – 90km/sT siCqariT. risi tolia
grafiki da aCvene, rogor unda iqnas napovni Seni saSualo siCqaris ricxviTi mniSvneloba:
saSualo siCqare am grafikze. a) san-antoniodan hiustonamde? b) hiustoni-
• 7 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi werti- dan san-antoniomde? g) mTeli mgzavrobis
lis mdebareobis x(t) funqciaa x = 4 – 6t2, manZilze? d) ras udris Seni saSualo veq-
sadac x izomeba metrebSi, xolo t – wamebSi. toruli siCqare (velocity) mTeli mgzavrobis
a) ra dros da b) sad gaCerdeba wertili? ra manZilze? e) aage x-is t-ze damokidebulebis
g) uaryofiT momentSi da d) dadebiT momentSi grafiki a)-sTvis, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
gaivlis wertili aTvlis saTaves? e) aage x-is moZraoba x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT xdeba.
t-ze damokidebulebis grafiki –5 wm-dan +5 grafikze aCvene, rogor unda vipovoT saSua-
wm-mde; v) x(t) grafikis marjvniv dasaZravad lo veqtoruli siCqare (velocity).
unda SevitanoT +20 t Tu –20 t dro? z) Setana
gazrdis Tu Seamcirebs x-is im mniSvnelobas, Tavi 2-5 myisi siCqare
rodesac wertili Cerdeba? • 12 a) Tu wertilis mdebareoba mocemu-
• • 8 intervius asaRebad unda gaemgzav lia formuliT x = 4 – 12t + 3t2 (sadac t izo
ro sxva qalaqSi 300km-ian Cqarosnul tra meba wamebSi, xolo x – metrebSi), risi tolia
saze. interviu daniSnulia 11:15-ze. Sen geg- siCqare, rodesac t = 1 wm? b) x-is dadebiTi
mav 100km/sT siCqariT moZraobas, amitom Tu uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs wer-
saxlidan gadixar 8:00-ze. pirveli 100km-is tili? g) risi tolia misi siCqare am dros?;
manZilze midixar 100km/sT siCqariT, magram d) siCqare izrdeba Tu mcirdeba? (Semdegi ori
samSeneblo samuSaoebis gamo iZulebuli xar, kiTxvis pasuxis gacema scade gamoTvlebis
Semdegi 40km gaiaro 40km/sT siCqariT. ra min- gareSe) e) arsebobs Tu ara momenti, rodesac
imaluri siCqariT moZraoba dagWirdeba dar- siCqare nulis tolia? Tu arsebobs, daasax-
Cenil manZilze, interviuze rom ar dagagvi- ele; v) arsebobs Tu ara momenti t = 3 wm-is
andes? Semdeg, rodesac wertili x-is uaryofiTi
• • 9 1 km manZilze Sejibrebisas pirvel mimarTulebiT moZraobs? Tu arsebobs, daas-
bilikze morbenali sportsmeni ufro swra axele.
fad garbis (2wuTi da 27,95 wami), vidre meore ••13 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi werti
bilikze morbenali (2 wuTi da 28,15 wami). Tum- lis mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT
ca, meore bilikis L2 sigrZe SeiZleba odnav x = 9,75 + 1,5t 3 , sadac t mocemulia wameb-
Si, xolo x _ santimetrebSi. gamoTvale tolia g) νsaS da d) asaS t = 3 wT-dan t = 9 wT-

a) saSualo siCqare t = 2 wm-dan t = 3 wm- mde? e) aage x-is t-ze da ν-s t-ze damokideb-
mde; b) myisi siCqare, rodesac t = 2 wm; ulebis grafikebi, gansazRvre, rogor unda
g) myisi siCqare, rodesac t = 3 wm; d) myisi miviRoT a)-s pasuxi d)-dan grafikis saSu-
siCqare, rodesac t = 2,5 wm; e) myisi siCqare, alebiT.
rodesac wertili imyofeba sawyisi da sab- • • 19 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi wertilis
oloo mdebareobebs Soris, t = 2wm da t = 3 wm; mdebareoba, x = ct2_ bt3 formulis Tanaxmad,
v) aage x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafiki da damokidebulia droze, sadac x metrebSia,
aCvene pasuxebi grafikulad. xolo t wamebSi. ra iqneba erTeulebi: a) mud-
miva c-sTvis da b) mudmiva b-sTvis? davuSvaT
Tavi 2-6 aCqareba maTi ricxobrivi mniSvnelobebia, Sesabam-
• 14 a) Tu wertilis mdebareoba mocemu- isad, 3 da 2. g) ra dros miaRwevs wertili
lia formuliT x = 20 t – 5t 3 (sadac x metreb- maqsimalur dadebiT x mdebareobas? 0-dan
Sia, xolo t wamebSi), aris Tu ara wertilis 4 wm-mde monakveTSi d) ra manZils gaivlis
siCqare nulis toli? Tu aris, rodis? b) ro- wertili da e) risi toli iqneba misi gadaadg-
dis aris wertilis aCqareba nulis toli? ileba? ipove wertilis siCqare Semdeg mo-
g) drois romel SualedSi (dadebiTSi Tu mentebSi: v) 1 wm; z) 2 wm; T) 3 wm da i) 4 wm. ipove
uaryofiTSi) aris a aCqareba nulis toli? wertilis aCqareba Semdeg momentebSi: k) 1 wm;
d) dadebiTi? e) aage grafikebi x(t), ν(t) da a(t). l) 2 wm; m) 3 wm da n) 4 wm. SSM WWW.
• 15 garkveul momentSi wertilis siCqa-

re iyo 18 m/wm x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, Tavi 2-7 Tanabari aCqareba: gansakuT
2,4 wm-is Semdeg ki misi siCqare gaxda 30 m/wm rebuli SemTxveva.
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. ras udris • 20 miu-mezoni (elementaruli nawilaki)
wertilis saSualo aCqareba drois am mon- moZraobs 5×106 m/wm siCqariT da Semdeg nel-
akveTSi? SSM deba 1,25×1014 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. a) ra manZils
• 16 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi eleqtro- gaivlis miu-mezoni gaCerebamde? b) aage x-is
nis mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT t-ze da ν-s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikebi
x = 16te–t , sadac t wamebSi izomeba. ra manZil- miu-mezonisTvis.
iT iqneba eleqtroni daSorebuli aTvlis • 21 eleqtroni moZraobs TanabarCqare-
wertilidan gaCerebis momentSi? bulad +3,2 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. garkveul momen-
• 17 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi wer- tSi misi siCqarea +9,6 m/wm. ras udris siCqa-
tilis mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT re: a) 2,5 wm-iT adre da b) 2,5 wm-iT gvian?
x = 12 t – 2t , sadac x metrebSia, xolo t wameb-
2 3
• 22 mSral gzaze karg manqanas SeuZlia
Si. gansazRvre wertilis: a) mdebareoba, daamuxruWos 4,92 m/wm2 Tanabari aCqarebiT.
b) siCqare da g) aCqareba, rodesac t = 3 wm; a) ra dro dasWirdeba 24,6 m/wm siCqariT moZ-
d) ra maqsimalur dadebiT koordinats mi- rav manqanas gasaCereblad? b) ra manZils
aRwevs wertili da e) ra dros? v) ra maqsim- gaivlis am dros manqana? g) aage x-is t-ze da
alur dadebiT siCqares miaRwevs wertili da ν-s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikebi.
z) ra dros? T) ras udris wertilis aCqareba, • 23 davuSvaT, kosmosuri xomaldi moZ-
rodesac wertili ar moZraobs (t gansxvave- raobs Tanabari aCqarebiT 9,8 m/wm2, rac fre-
bulia nulisgan); i) gansazRvre wertilis sanis dros normaluri gravitaciis iluzias
Sualo siCqare t = 0-dan da t = 3 wm-mde. qmnis. a) Tu xomaldi moZraobas daiwyebs
• 18 t = 0-dan t = 5 wT-mde kaci dgas, uZravi mdgomareobidan, ra dro dasWird-
t = 5 wT-dan t = 10 wT-mde ki moZraobs eba mas sinaTlis siCqaris (3 × 108 m/wm) erTi
wrfivad mudmivi siCqariT 2,2 m/wm. risi to- meaTedis misaRwevad? b) ra manZils gaivlis
lia: a) misi νsaS saSualo siCqare da b) asaS sa- am drois ganmavlobaSi? SSM.?
Sualo aCqareba t = 2 wT-dan t = 8 wT-mde? risi • 24 eleqtroavtomobili uZravi mdgo-
49
mareobidan 2m/wm2 Tanabari aCqarebiT moZ- lazeruli Tofi mainc gaigebs). b) aage x-is
raobas iwyebs, aRwevs 20 m/wm siCqares, Semdeg t-ze da ν-s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikebi
ki TanabarSenelebulad Cerdeba 1 m/wm2-iT. a) SenelebisTvis.
ra dro gavida moZraobis dawyebidan gaCere- • 29 liftis mTliani samoZrao manZilia
bamde? b) ra manZils gaivlis avtomobili 190 m, maqsimaluri siCqare _ 305 m/wT, xolo
dawyebidan gaCerebamde? aCqareba _ 1,22 m/wm2. a) ra manZils gaivlis
• 25 ν0=1,5 × 105 m/wm sawyisi siCqaris mqone lifti maqsimaluri siCqaris miRwevamde?
eleqtroni Sedis L = 1 sm-is sigrZis kamera- b) ra dro dasWirdeba 190 m-is SeuCereblad
Si, sadac eleqtrulad aCqardeba ν = 5,7 × 10 6
gavlas? ILW.
m/wm-mde (sur. 2.19). ras udris misi aCqareba, • • 30 manqana moZraobs x RerZis gaswvr-
romelic Tanabradaa miCneuli? (msgavsi iv 900 m-is manZilze. moZraobas iwyebs x = 0
procesi mimdinareobs Zvel televizoreb- wertilSi da amTavrebs x = 900 wertilSi.
Si). SSM. distanciis pirvel meoTxedSi manqanis aC-
qarebaa +2,25 m/wm2, darCenil manZilze ki
Tanabari moZraobis aCqarebis
monakveTi monakveTi –0,75m/wm2. risi tolia: a) 900 m-is gavlis
dro? b) maqsimaluri siCqare? g) aage x mde-
bareobis, ν siCqarisa da a aCqarebis t-ze
eleqtronis damokidebulebis grafikebi.
moZraobis • • 31 2.20 sura- x (m)
wiri
Tze naCvenebia x Re-
rZis gaswvriv Tana-
baraCqarebulad
moZravi wertilis
maRali Zabvis
wyaro moZraoba. ras udris
wertilis aCqarebis t (s)
sur. 2.19 amocana 25 a) ricxviTi mniSvn-
eloba da b) mimar-
• 26 siCqaris msoflio rekordi ekuT- Tuleba? sur. 2.20 amocana 31
vnis polkovnik jon p. staps, romelmac 1954 • • 32 warmoid-
wlis martSi reaqtiuli Zravis mqone manqan- gine, rom manqana migyavs da mobiluri tele-
iT 1020km/sT siCqares miaRwia. manqana 1,4wm- foniT emociurad saubrob, am dros ki Sens
Si gaCerda (ix. sur. 2.7). ramdeni g-s toli aC- win 25 m-is daSorebiT policiis manqana mid-
qareba ganicada pilotma gaCerebisas? is. Senc da policiac 110km/sT siCqariT moZ
• 27 56 km/sT siCqariT moZravi manqana 24 raobT. telefoniT laparakis gamo polici-
m-iT iyo daSorebuli barieridan, rodesac is manqana 2 wm-is ganmavlobaSi ver SeamCnie.
mZRolma daamuxruWa. manqana bariers 2 wm-is am 2 wamis dawyebisas policielma uecrad
Semdeg Seaskda. a) rogoria Sejaxebamde man- daamuxruWa 5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. a) ra manZili
qanis Tanabari aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvn- iqneba or manqanas Soris, roca policias
eloba? b) ra siCqare aqvs manqanas Sejaxebis SeamCnev? warmoidgine, rom kidev 0,4 wm dag-
dros? SSM ILW Wirda xifaTis gasaazreblad da amis Semdeg
• 28 Seni manqanis muxruWebs SeuZlia daamuxruWe. b) Tu Senc 5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT
Tanabrad Seanelos moZraoba 5,2 m/wm2-iT. daamuxruWe, rogori iqneba Seni siCqare,
a) Tu midixar 137 km/sT siCqariT da uecrad rodesac policiis manqanas daejaxebi?
patruli dainaxe, ra minimaluri dro dag- • • 33 manqanebi A da B erTi da imave mimar-
Wirdeba siCqaris 90 km/sT limitamde Sesam- TulebiT moZraobs. A manqanis x mdebareoba
cireblad? (pasuxSi Cans, rom damuxruWebas 0-dan 7 wm-mde monakveTSi mocemulia 2.21
azri ara aqvs, vinaidan siCqares radari an suraTze. rodesac t = 0, B manqana imyofeba
x = 0 wertilSi, moZraobs 12 m/wm siCqariTa da

da uaryofiTi Tanabari aCqarebiT aBB. a) ras
unda udrides aB, raTa manqanebi erTmaneTis
gverdiT aRmoCndnen, rodesac t = 4 wm? b) aB-
v (m/wm)
s am mniSvnelobisas ramdenjer aRmoCndeba t (s)
manqanebi erTmaneTis gverdiT? g) aage x mde-
bareobis t droze damokidebulebis grafiki
B manqanisTvis. ramdenjer aRmoCndeba manqa-
nebi gverdigverd, Tu aBB aCqarebis ricxviTi sur. 2.22 amocana 35
mniSvneloba d) metia da e) naklebia a) kiTx- • • 36 2.23 suraTze, wiTeli da mwvane man-
vis pasuxze? qana erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraobs
x RerZis paralelurad. rodesac t = 0, wi-
Teli manqana xwT = 0 wertilSia, xolo mwvane
- xmw = 200 m wertilSi. Tu wiTeli manqana
moZraobs 20 km/sT mudmivi siCqariT, manqa-
nebi erTmaneTs Cauvlian x = 44,5 m wertilSi,
x (m)
xolo Tu 40km/sT mudmivi siCqariT, maSin x =

76,6 m wertilSi. risi tolia mwvane manqanis:
a) sawyisi siCqare da b) aCqareba?
t (wm)
sur. 2.21 amocana 33

• • 34 a) Tu metros matareblis mgza-
vrebisTvis maqsimaluri dasaSvebi aCqarebaa • • • 37 Cqari samgzavro matarebeli moZ-
1,34m/wm , xolo metros sadgurebi ganlageb-
2 raobs 161 km/sT siCqariT. uecrad memanqanem
ulia 806 m-is daSorebiT, ras udris matare- SeniSna, rom mis liandagze SecdomiT gver-
blis maqsimaluri siCqare sadgurebs Soris? didan amave mimarTulebiT moZravi lokomo-
b) ras udris sadgurebs Soris mogzaurobis tivi Semovida da misgan D = 676 m manZilzea.
dro? g) Tu matarebeli yovel sadgurze lokomotivi moZraobs 29 km/sT siCqariT.
Cerdeba 20 wm-is ganmavlobaSi, ras udris swrafi matareblis memanqanem saswrafod
matareblis maqsimaluri saSualo siCqare daamuxruWa. a) ras unda udrides Tanabari
erTi sadguridan meoremde? d) aage x, ν da a- Senelebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba Sejaxebis
s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikebi gaCerebi- Tavidan asacileblad? b) warmoidgine, rom
dan gaCerebamde. memanqane imyofeba x = 0 wertilze da t = 0,
• • 35 ori matareblis memanqaneebma ue- rodesac pirvelad dainaxavs lokomotivs.
crad SeniSnes, rom maTi matareblebi erT- aage x(t) grafikebi lokomotivisa da swrafi
maneTis Semxvedrad moZraobs. 2.22 suraTze matareblisTvis, rodesac Sejaxeba Tavidan
mocemulia matareblebis ν siCqareebi, ro- iqneba da ar iqneba acilebuli.
gorc drois funqciebi Senelebis dros. me-
manqaneebma matareblebis Seneleba daiwyes,
rodesac maT Soris manZili 200 m iyo. ro-
gori iqneba matareblebs Soris manZili ga- swrafi
Cerebis Semdeg? matarebeli lokomotivi

51
Tavi 2-9 Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba
• 38 xuligani 30m simaRlis Senobis sax-
uravidan qvas isvris 12 m/wm sawyisi siCqa-
y
riT. a) ra dro dasWirdeba qvas Zirs dacem-
isTvis? b) ra siCqare eqneba qvas dacemisas?
• 39 samSeneblo moedanze qanCsaWeri gad-
movarda da miwas 24 m/wm siCqariT daeca. a) ra t (wm)
simaRlidan Camovarda qanCsaWeri? b) ramden sur. 2.25 amocana 45
xans ecemoda? g) aage qanCsaWeris y-is, ν-s • • 46 2.26 suraTze naCvenebia y RerZis
da a-s t droze damokidebulebis grafikebi. gaswvriv maRla asrolili burTis ν siCqa-
SSM ris y simaRleze damokidebulebis grafiki.
• 40 wvimis wveTebi miwaze 1700 m simaR- yAA simaRleze siCqarea νA, xolo yBB simaRleze
leze myofi Rrublidan ecema. a) rom ara – 1/3 νA. ras udris νA siCqare?
haeris winaaRmdegoba, ra siswrafe eqneboda
wveTebs miwaze dacemisas? b) usafrTxo iqne- v
boda Tu ara wvimis dros gareT gasvla?
• 41 a) ra siCqariT unda iqnas burTi
dedamiwis zedapiridan asrolili, 50 m si- 1 ν
3 A
maRles rom miaRwios? b) ramden xans iqneba
burTi haerSi? g) aage y-is, ν-s da a-s t droze
yB
damokidebulebis grafikebi. pirvel or yA
grafikze aCvene dro, rodesac burTi 50 m-s
miaRwevs. SSM WWW
• 42 SeSinebuli maCvi haerSi axta da
pirvel 0,2 wm-Si 0,544 m simaRles miaRwia. • • 47 gasaRebi gadmovarda 45 m simaRlis
a) ras udris maCvis sawyisi siCqare? b) ras xididan da mudmivi siCqariT moZrav navze
udris siCqare 0,544 m simaRleze? g) ra si- daeca. gasaRebis gadmovardnis momentSi
maRleze axteba maCvi? navi dacemis adgils 12 m-iT iyo daSorebu-
• 43 cxeli haeriT savse burTi 12 m/wm li. risi tolia navis siCqare? SSM ILW
siCqariT zeviT adis da dedamiwidan 80 m si- • • 48 uzarmazari sahaero burTi maRla

maRleze iqidan yuTi vardeba. a) ra dro das- adis 19,6 m/wm siCqariT. am dros masze mi-
Wirdeba yuTs Zirs dasavardnad? b) ra siC- magrebuli instrumentebis yuTi mowydeba
qariT daecema is miwaze? SSM

da miwaze vardeba. 2.27 suraTze mocemulia
• 44 50 m simaRlis xididan WanWiki Cam- yuTis vertikaluri siCqaris damokideb-
ovarda. a) ra droSi gaivlis WanWiki dacemis uleba droze vardnis dasawyisidan miwaze
ukanasknel 20%-s? rogori iqneba misi siC- dacemamde. a) burTidan mowyvetis wertili-
qare, b) rodesac iwyebs dacemis ukanasknel dan ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs yuTi?
20%-s, da g) rodesac miwas miaRwevs? b) dedamiwidan ra manZilzea daSorebuli
• 45 t = 0 momentSi xididan trasaze pir mowyvetis wertili?
veli vaSli Camovarda, mogvianebiT ki imave v

simaRlidan meore vaSli isroles. 2.25 su-
raTze mocemulia vardnis dros vaSlebis
y mdebareobebis droze damokidebulebis t (wm)
grafikebi. daaxloebiT ra siCqariT isroles
meore vaSli?

•• 49 sveli Tixis burTi miwaze 15 m simaR- ra dro dasWirdeba moTamaSes: a) naxtomis

lidan ecema. miwasTan Sexeba burTis srul zeda 15 sm-is gasavlelad da b) qveda 15 sm-is
gaCerebamde 20 mwm grZeldeba. a) ras udris gasavlelad?
burTis saSualo aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvn- ••• 57 saxuravidan Camovardnil rkinis burTs
eloba im periodSi, rodesac is miwas exeba? 0,125 wm dasWirda fanjaramde mosaRwevad
(burTi warmoidgine, rogorc wertili); da drois am monakveTSi 1,2 m gaiara. Semdeg
b) saiT aris mimarTuli saSualo aCqareba burTi trotuarze daeca da kvlav fanjris
– zeviT Tu qveviT? SSM win axta, rasac 0,125 wm moandoma. davuSvaT,
•• 50 qva miwidan vertikalurad aisroles rom axtoma dacemis zusti analogia. dro,
t = 0 momentSi. 1,5 wm-is Semdeg qvam maRali romelic burTma fanjris qvemoT gaatara,
koSkis wvers Cauara da kidev erTi wamis Sem- 2 wm-is tolia. ra simaRlisaa Senoba?
deg umaRles wertils miaRwia. ra simaRl- •• 58 Soreuli mzis
isaa koSki? sistemis erT-erTi
•• 51 CogburTis burTi xarisxis Sesamowme- planetis zedapir-
blad 4 m simaRlidan iatakze daagdes. burTi idan burTi ver
(m)
2 m simaRleze axta. burTi iataks 12 mwm-is tikalurad aisro
y
ganmavlobaSi exeboda. a) risi tolia Sexebis les. 2.28 suraTze
periodSi saSualo aCqarebis ricxviTi mniS- naCvenebia y-is t-ze
vneloba? b) zeviTaa saSualo aCqareba mimar- damokidebulebis
t (wm)
Tuli Tu qveviT? SSM. grafiki burTisT-
•• 52 43,9 m simaRlis xididan mdinareSi qva vis, sadac y bur-
Caagdes. 1 wamis Semdeg kidev erTi qva is- Tis avardnis simaRlea, xolo burTis gaS-
roles vertikalurad qveviT. orive qva vebis momentSi t = 0. ras udris a) planetaze
mdinareSi erTdroulad Cavarda. a) risi Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba da b) burTis
tolia meore qvis sawyisi siCqare? b) aage sawyisi siCqare?
siCqaris droze damokidebulebis grafiki
TiToeuli qvisTvis. nulovani dro miiCnie Tavi 2-10 grafikuli integrireba
pirveli qvis vardnis dawyebis drod. moZraobis Seswavlisas
•• 53 onkanidan wyali 200 sm-iT daSorebul • 59 amocanis 2.8 nimuSSi Tavis maqsimal-
iatakze wveTavs. wveTebi drois Tanabar Su- uri aCqarebis dros, risi tolia: a) Tavis da
aledebSi ecema da, amasTan, pirveli wveTi b) mkerdis siCqare?
iataks maSin exeba, rodesac meoTxe wveTi •• 60 karatistis muSti dartymisas moZra
vardnas iwyebs. pirveli wveTis dacemisas obas iwyebs welidan da swrafad win var-
ra manZiliT aris daSorebuli a) meore da b) deba mxris srulad gaSlamde. 2.29 suraTze
mesame wveTi onkanidan? naCvenebia muStis ν(t) siCqare. ra manZilze
•• 54 sagani h simaRlidan ecema. manZilis gadaadgilda muSti: a) rodesac t = 50 mwm da
naxevars is 1 wm-Si gadis. ipove: a) vardnis b) rodesac muStma maqsimalur siCqares mi-
dro da b) simaRle. g) axseni, ratomaa dauS- aRwia?
vebeli kvadratuli gamosaxulebidan miRe-
buli t-s mniSvneloba.
•• 55 mTvlemare kata uecrad yvavilis qo-
v (m/wm)
Tans xedavs, romelic Ria fanjris miRma jer

zeviT adis, Semdeg ki qveviT Camodis. qo-
Tani 0,5 wm-is ganmavlobaSi moCans, fanjris
simaRlea 2 m. ra manZiliT ascdeba fanjris
zeda mxares yvavilis qoTani? t (mwm)
••• 56 kalaTburTeli 76 sm simaRleze axta. sur. 2.29 amocana 60

53
65 t = 0 momentSi kldeze mcocavs uecrad
soli Camouvarda. garkveuli xnis Semdeg
v (m/wm) kldeze 10 m-iT maRla myofma misma part-
niorma soli Tavad Camoagdo. 2.32 sura-
Tze mocemulia solebis y mdebareobebis
damokidebuleba t droze. ra siCqariTaa nas-
t (wm) roli meore soli?
• • 61 ra manZils gaivlis 16 wamSi morbenali,

romlis siCqaris droze damokidebulebis
grafiki mocemulia 2.30 suraTze?
y
• • 62 rodesac fexburTeli Camowodebul
burTs Tavs urtyams, Tavis aCqareba SeiZle-
ba sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyos. 2.31 suraTze
naCvenebia fexburTelis Tavis a(t) aCqareba, t (wm)
SiSveli da qudiani TavisTvis. ra gansxvave-
baa SiSveli da qudiani Tavebis siCqareebs
Soris, rodesac t = 7 mwm?
66 videoTamaSSi wertili daprogramebu-
lia ekranze gadaadgilebisTvis x = 9t – 0,75t3
SiSveli Tavi formulis Sesabamisad, sadac x aris ekranis
2
marcxena kididan daSoreba santimetrebSi,

(m/wm)
qudiani Tavi xolo t mocemulia wamebSi. rodesac werti-

a
li miaRwevs ekranis kides (x = 0 an x =15 sm), t

nulis toli xdeba da wertili kvlav iwyebs
t (mwm) x(t)-s Sesabamisad moZraobas. a) dawyebidan
sur. 2.31 amocana 62 ra droSi gaCerdeba wertili? b) x-is ra
mniSvnelobisTvis moxdeba es? g) ras udris
damatebiTi amocanebi
am dros wertilis aCqareba (rogoria misi
63 SuqniSanze mwvane Suqis anTebisas, avto- niSani)? d) marcxniv Tu marjvniv moZraobs
mobili iwyebs TanabaraCqarebul moZraobas wertili gaCerebamde? e) gaCerebis Semdeg?
2,2 m/wm aCqarebiT. am dros mas 9,5 m/wm mud-
2
v) ra dros miaRwevs wertili pirvelad ekra-
mivi siCqariT moZravi satvirTo manqana ew- nis kides (t > 0)?
eva da uswrebs. a) SuqniSnidan ra manZilze 67 Senobis saxuravidan qva vertikalurad
daeweva avtomobili satviTo manqanas? b) ra aisroles. qvam maqsimalur simaRles 1,6 wm-
siCqare eqneba am dros avtomobils? is Semdeg miaRwia. vardnis dros qva Senobas
64 72 km/sT siCqariT moZravi wiTeli matare- ascda da 6 wm-Si miwaze daeca. SI sistemaSi: a)
beli da 144km/sT siCqariT moZravi mwvane ra siCqariT aisroles qva? b) Senobis saxur-
matarebeli erTmaneTis Semxvedri mimar- avidan ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwia qvam?
TulebiT midian. rodesac matareblebs So- g) ra simaRlisaa Senoba?
ris manZili 950 m-ia, TiToeuli memanqane 68 TanabaraCqarebulad moZravma manqanam
meore matarebels SeniSnavs da amuxruWebs. or wertils Soris 60 m manZili 6 wamSi da-
matareblebi muxruWdebian 1 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. fara. meore wertilis gavlisas manqanis
moxdeba Tu ara Sejaxeba? Tu moxdeba, ipove siCqare iyo 15 m/wm. a) ras udrida manqanis
wiTeli da mwvane matareblebis siCqare Se- siCqare pirvel wertilSi? b) risi tolia aC-
jaxebis dros. Tu ara, ipove matareblebs qarebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba? g) pirveli
Soris manZili gaCerebis dros. wertilidan ra manZilis daSorebiT iyo man-
qana gaCerebuli? d) aage x-is t-ze da ν-s t-ze 73 200 km/sT siCqariT moZravi manqanis
damokidebulebis grafikebi. gaCereba SesaZlebelia 170 m-Si. davuSvaT,
69 yinulmWreli mudmivi siCqariT aR- aCqareba Tanabaria. ipove misi ricxviTi mniS-
mosavleTisken miemarTeboda, rodesac ue- vneloba a) SI sistemaSi da b) g erTeulebSi.
carma qarma mas Tanabari aCqareba mianiWa g) ra Tmux droa saWiro dasamuxruWeblad?
3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi. 2.33 suraTze naCvenebia Seni reaqciis droa 400 mwm, romelic gWird-
x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafiki, sadac eba, raTa situacia aRiqva, fexi muxruWis
t = 0 aris momenti, rodesac qarma daubera, pedals daado da daamuxruWo.
xolo x RerZi mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken. 74 sportis saxeoba, romelSic burTi
a) risi tolia yinulmWrelis aCqareba 3 wm-is yvelaze swrafad moZraobs, jei-alaia. bur-
ganmavlobaSi? b) risi tolia yinulmWrelis Tis siCqare 303 km/sT-s aRwevs. Tu jei-al-
siCqare 3-wamian monakveTSi? g) Tu aCqareba ais moTamaSe, romelsac burTi uaxlovdeba,
Tanabari rCeba kidev 3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi, Zalauneburad Tvals daxuWavs 100 mwm-is
ra manZils gaivlis yinulmWreli am meore 3- ganmavlobaSi, ra manZils gaivlis am droSi
wamian monakveTSi? burTi?
75 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi wertilis
aCqarebaa a = 5t, sadac t mocemulia wamebSi,
xolo a - m/wm2-ebSi. rodesac t = 2 wm, wer-
tilis siCqarea +17 m/wm. ras udris siCqare,
x (m)
rodesac t = 4 wm?
76 plekoptera frTebs Zlierad ver
iqnevs da amitom am mwers frena ar SeuZlia.
t (wm)
magram, rodesac wylis zedapirze imyofeba,
sur. 2.33 amocana 69 is frTebs haerSi swevs da gemiviT micuravs.
warmoidgine, rom plekoptera mudmivi siC-
70 qva Camovarda 100 m simaRlis kldidan. qariT moZraobs garkveuli sigrZis swor xa-
ra dro dasWirdeba qvas a) pirveli 50 m-is da zze. ialqaniviT gaSlili frTebiT am manZi-
b) bolo 50 m-is gasavlelad? lis gavlas 7,1 wm sWirdeba, xolo dakecili
71 SuqniSanze yviTeli Suqi ainTo. Seni frTebiT _ 25 wami. a) risi tolia fardoba
manqanis siCqare zustad siCqaris daSvebuli νgaSlili/νdakecili? b) ra droSi gaivlis
zRvris, ν0= 55 km/sT-s tolia. Seni manqanis mweri pirvel 2 m-s gaSlili da dakecili
Senelebisas AaCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvnelo- frTebiT?
ba 5,18 m/wm2-is tolia. Seni reaqciis dro 77 aSS-s nacionaluri satransporto
damuxruWebis dawyebamde T = 0,75 wm-s udris. usafrTxoebis sabWos mier sahaero katas
SuqniSanze wiTeli sinaTlis anTebis dros trofis kvlevisas yvelaze mniSvnelovania
xazis gadakveTis Tavidan asacileblad, TviTmfrinavis frenis Sesaxeb informaciis
unda ganagrZo 55 km/sT-iT moZraoba Tu Camwerze ganTavsebuli informacia. am Cam-
unda daamuxruWo, rodesac xazamde manZili wers `Savi yuTi~ ewodeba, miuxedavad imisa,
da yviTeli Suqis anTebis xangrZlivoba aris rom forToxlisferia. Camwerma unda gauZ-
a) 40 m da 2,8 wm; b) 32m da 1,8wm? los katastrofas 3400 g aCqarebis dros 6,5
72 matareblis ori sadguri erTmane- mwm-is ganmavlobaSi. Tu aseTi katastrofis
Tisgan 1100 m manZilzea. Tu matarebeli dros Camwersa da TviTmfrinavs nulovani
distanciis pirvel naxevarze aCqardeba siCqare aqvs drois monakveTis dasasruls,
+1,2 m/wm -iT da meore naxevarze Seneldeba
2
rogori iqneba maTi siCqare Sualedis dawye-
–1,2 m/wm -iT, risi toli iqneba a) mgzavrobis
2
bisas?
dro da b) maqsimaluri siCqare? aage x-is, ν-s 78 2.34 suraTze mocemulia wrfivad
da a-s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikebi. moZravi wertilis x-is t-ze damokidebulebis
55
grafiki. a) risi tolia wertilis saSualo 82 2.35 suraTze mocemulia x RerZis gas-
siCqare 0-dan 4,5 wm-mde? b) risi tolia wer- wvriv moZravi wertilis a aCqarebis t droze
tilis myisi siCqare t = 4,5 wm momentSi? g) damokidebulebis grafiki. rodesac t = 0,
risi tolia wertilis saSualo aCqareba 0- wertilis koordinatia 4 m, xolo siCqare –
dan 4,5 wm-mde? d) risi tolia wertilis myisi 2 m/wm. a) ra siCqare eqneba wertils, rodesac
aCqareba t = 4,5 wm momentSi? t = 2 wm? b) dawere gamosaxuleba ν(t)-sTvis
(m/wm-ebSi), romelic gamosadegi iqneba Su-
aledisTvis 2 ≤ t ≤ 4.
(m)
a (m/wm 2)
x
t (wm)
t (wm)
79 sxeulis mdebareoba mocemulia for- 83 matarebelma moZraoba daiwyo Tana-

muliT x = 2 t 3 , sadac x izomeba metrebSi, baraCqarebulad. garkveuli drois ganma-
xolo t – wamebSi. ipove a) saSualo siCqare vlobaSi matarebeli midioda 30 m/wm siC-
da b) saSualo aCqareba t = 1-dan t = 2 wm-mde. qariT, xolo Semdeg 160 m 50 m/wm siCqariT
Semdeg ipove g) ν myisi siCqare da d) a myisi gaiara. gamoTvale a) aCqareba, b) 160 m-is gav-
aCqareba, rodesac t = 1 wm. amis Semdeg ipove lis dro, g) 30 m/wm siCqaris miRwevis dro da
e) ν da v) a, rodesac t=2 wm. z) Seadare myisi da d) manZili, romelic matarebelma gaiara uZ-
saSualo mniSvnelobebi da TiToeul SemTx- raobis mdgomareobidan 30 m/wm siCqaris miR-
vevaSi axseni, ratom aris erTi meoreze meti. wevamde. e) aage x-is t-ze da ν-s t-ze damokide-
T) aage x-is t-ze da ν-s t-ze damokidebulebis bulebis grafikebi.
grafikebi da aCvene maTze a)-s pasuxi. 84 120 m simaRlis Senobis bolo sarTul-
80 tyviis burTi 5,2 m simaRlis tram- ze gaCerebuli carieli liftis bagiri gaw-
plinidan tbaSi Cavarda. is wyals garkveuli yda. a) ra siCqariT daecema lifti miwaze?
siCqariT daeca da fskerzec imave Tanabari b) ramden xans gagrZeldeba vardna? g) rogo-
siCqariT CaiZira. burTma fskers Camovard- ri iqneba liftis siCqare, rodesac naxevar
nidan 4,8 wm-Si miaRwia. a) ra siRrmisaa tba? gzas gaivlis? d) ra dro dasWirdeba gzis
gamoTvale burTis saSualo siCqaris b) ricx- pirveli naxevris gavlas?
viTi mniSvneloba da g) mimarTuleba (maRla 85 reaqtiulZraviani manqana, romelic

Tu dabla). davuSvaT, tbaSi wyali daaSres. swor gzaze moZraobs, gamoiyeneba adamian-
tramplinidan Camovardnili burTi fsker- ebze didi aCqarebis zemoqmedebis Seswavlis
ze kvlav 4,8 wm-Si ecema. gamoTvale burTis mizniT. aseTi manqana 1,8 wm-Si 1600 km/sT siC-
sawyisi siCqaris d) ricxviTi mniSvneloba da qares aRwevs. gamoTvale a) aCqareba g-s er-
e) mimarTuleba. TeulebSi da b) ganvlili manZili.
81 1977 wlis 26 ianvridan 1983 wlis 18 se- 86 sprinteris maqsimaluri siCqarea 11

qtembramde britanelma jorj miganma fexiT m/wm. Tu sprinteri TanabaraCqarebul moZ-
gaiara 30600 kilometri uSuaiadan (samxre- raobas daiwyebs, maqsimalur siCqares 12 m-is
Ti amerikis ukiduresi samxreTi wertili) gavlis Semdeg miaRwevs da am siCqares 100 m-
pradhous yuremde (aliaska). ramden m/wm-s iani trasis bolomde inarCunebs. a) ra droSi
udris misi saSualo siCqare? gaivlis sprinteri 100 m-s? b) drois gasaum-
jobeseblad sprinteri cdilobs maqsimal- ze. Semdeg megobari muyaos xels gauSvebs,
uri siCqaris miRwevis manZili Seamciros. xolo Seni amocanaa _ is rac SeiZleba male
risi toli unda iyos es manZili, rom man daiWiro. niSani im adgilze, romliTac muy-
trasa 10 wm-Si dafaros? aos daiWer, reaqciis dros gaCvenebs. a) mar-
87 sportuli avtomobili 60 km/sT siCqa- cxena wertilidan ra manZilze moaTavsebdi
res 5,4 wm-Si aRwevs. a) ra aCqarebiT moZrao- 50 m/wm niSans? ra manZilze ganalagebdi niS-
bs avtomobili am periodSi? b) Tu aCqareba nebs b) 100 g) 150, d) 200 da e) 250 mwm? (mag-
Tanabaria, ra manZils gaivlis 5,4 wm-Si? g) ra aliTad, iqneboda Tu ara 100 mwm niSani Savi
dro dasWirdeba avtomobils 0,25 km-is gas- wertilidan 2-jer ufro Sors, vidre 50 mwm
avlelad, Tu aCqareba a)-Si miRebuli mniSvn- niSani?).
elobis tolia. reaqciis dro (mwm)
88 wertili moZraobas iwyebs aTvlis
saTavidan t = 0 momentSi da gadaadgildeba
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. siCqaris
droze damokidebulebis grafiki mocemu-
lia 2.36 suraTze. a) ra aris wertilis koor-
dinati, rodesac t = 5 wm? b) ra siCqare aqvs
91 60 m simaRlis Senobis saxuravidan qva
wertils, rodesac t = 5 wm? g) ra aCqarebiT
Camovarda. miwidan ra simaRleze imyofeba
moZraobs wertili, rodesac t = 5 wm? d) ra
qva davardnamde 1,2 wm-iT adre?
saSualo siCqare aqvs wertils t = 1-dan t = 5
92 36,6 m simaRlis Senobis saxuravidan
wm-mde? e) ra saSualo aCqareba aqvs wertils
burTi vertikalurad Camoagdes. burTma mi-
drois am monakveTSi?
widan 12,2 m simaRleze myof fanjaras Camog-
debidan 2 wm-is Semdeg Cauara. ra siCqare aqvs
burTs, rodesac fanjaras Cauvlis?
93 Jongliori burTebs H simaRleze is-
v (m/wm )
vris. ra simaRleze unda aisrolos Jongli-

orma burTebi, rom isini haerSi orjer ufro
didxans iyvnen?
94 ori margaliti erTi da imave simaR-
t (wm) lidan Tavisuflad ecema 1 wm-is SualediT.
pirveli margalitis vardnis dawyebidan
ramden xanSi iqneba margalitebs Soris 10 m
manZili?
89 qva vertikalurad aisroles. zeviT 95 manqanis dasamuxruWeblad jer si

frenis dros qvam A wertils ν siCqariT Cau- tuaciis gasaazrebeli dro gWirdeba, ris
Semdegac manqana Tanabrad Senelebulad
ara, xolo B wertils, romelic A-ze 3 m-iT
ν Cerdeba. warmoidgine, rom pirveli fazis
maRlaa _ siCqariT. gamoTvale a) ν siCqare
2 ganmavlobaSi (damuxruWebis dawyebamde)
da b) qvis mier miRweuli maqsimaluri simaR-
manqanam 56,7 m gaiara sawyisi 80,5 km/sT siC-
le.
qariT, xolo meore fazis ganmavlobaSi –
90 2.37 suraTze naCvenebia adamianis
reaqciis drois gasazomi martivi xelsawyo. 24,2 m sawyisi 48,3 km/sT siCqariT. gamoTvale
xelsawyo ubralo muyaoa, romelzec gamo- a) Seni reaqciis dro da b) aCqarebis ricxvi-
saxulia skala da ori Savi wertili. mego- Ti mniSvneloba.
bars muyao vertikalurad uWiravs ise, rom 96 Tu beisbolis momwodebeli burTs 160
misi cera da saCvenebeli TiTebi marjvena km/sT siCqariT isvris horizontalurad, ra
wertils exeba, xolo Seni cera da saCvenebe- dro dasWirdeba burTs 18,4 m-iT daSorebul
li TiTebi damiznebulia marcxena wertil- bazamde misaRwevad?

57
97 x RerZis gaswvriv protonis moZrao- 102 Tvalis daxamxameba daaxloebiT 100
bis formulaa x = 50t+10t2, sadac x metrebSi mwm-is manZilze grZeldeba. ra manZils gaiv-
izomeba, xolo t – wamebSi. gamoTvale a) pro- lis gamanadgurebli “mig-25” pilotis Tva-
tonis saSualo siCqare moZraobis pirveli lis daxamxamebaSi, Tu misi saSualo siCqarea
3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi; b) protonis myisi siC- 3400 km/sT?
qare, rodesac t = 3 wm, da g) protonis myisi 103 ra dro moiges niu-iorkis gasasv-
aCqareba, rodesac t = 3 wm. d) aage x-is t-ze lelidan bufalos Sesasvlelamde 700 km-ian
damokidebulebis grafiki da aCvene, rogor monakveTze avtomobilistebma, roca niu-
SeiZleba am grafikze a)-s pasuxis povna. iorkis avtostradaze siCqaris zRvari 55
e) grafikze aCvene b)-s pasuxi; v) aage ν-s t-ze ml/sT-dan 65 ml/sT-mde gazardes?
damokidebulebis grafiki da masze aCvene 104 motocikleti moZraobda 30 m/wm
g)-s pasuxi. siCqariT, rodesac mZRolma daamuxruWa.
98 1,2 m sigrZis lulis mqone Tofidan damuxruWebis dawyebidan 3 wamSi siCqare 15
gasrolili tyviis siCqare 640 m/wm-ia. dauS- m/wm-mde Semcirda. ra manZils gaivlis mo-
vi, rom aCqareba Tanabaria, da gamoTvale tocikleti damuxruWebis dawyebidan ga-
dro, romelsac tyvia gaatarebs lulaSi gas- Cerebamde?
rolis Semdeg. 105 paraSutisti TviTmfrinavidan xte-
99 2.38 suraTze mocemulia x RerZis ba da 50 metrs Tavisuflad vardeba. Semdeg
gaswvriv moZravi wertilis a aCqarebis t-ze paraSuti ixsneba da Senelebisas aCqareba
damokidebulebis grafiki. rodesac t = –2 wm, 2 m/wm2-is tolia. paraSutisti miwaze 3 m/wm
wertilis siCqarea 7 m/wm. gamoTvale werti- siCqariT ecema. a) ramden xans imyofeba para-
lis siCqare, rodesac t = 6 wm. Sutisti haerSi? b) ra simaRleze daiwyo
vardna?
a (m/wm2) 106 piloti horizontalurad mifri-
navs 1300 km/sT siCqariT dedamiwidan 35 m-
is simaRleze (h = 35). magram t = 0 momentSi
dedamiwis zedapiris daxrilobaa θ = 4,3°.
Tu piloti TviTmfrinavis mimarTulebas ar
Secvlis, ra t momentSi Seejaxeba dedamiwas?
t (wm)
θ
h

100 maRaros urika gorakze 20 km/sT
siCqariT avida da iqidan 35 km/sT siCqariT 107 rodesac mZRoli manqanas mkveTrad
Camovida (urikis gorakis Tavze yofnis dro amuxruWebs, gaCerebis manZili gamoiTvle-
ugulebelyofilia). gamoTvale urikis saSu- ba `reaqciis manZilisa~ da `damuxruWebis
alo siCqare mTliani mgzavrobis manZilze. manZilis~ SejamebiT. `reaqciis manZili~
101 1889 wels iubulporSi (indoeTi) ba- aris sawyisi siCqarisa da mZRolis reaqciis
giris gadaqaCvis Sejibri 2 saaTsa da 41 wuTs drois namravli. cxrilSi mocemulia tipi-
gagrZelda. gamarjvebulma gundma bagiris uri ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi. a) ra reaqciis
centri 3,7 m-iT gadaaadgila. gamoTvale Se- dro aqvs mZRols? b) ra manZilis Semdeg gaC-
jibris dros bagiris centris saSualo siC- erdeba manqana, Tu misi sawyisi siCqarea 25
qare sm/wT-ebSi. m/wm?
tempSi da b) ra iqneba saSualo siCqaris

sawyisi reaqci- damuxru- gaCerebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba m/wm-ebSi? Tu gundi
siCqare is man- Webis man- manZili TiToeul tempSi gadis 8 m manZils, g) ra dro
(m/wm) Zili (m) Zili (m) (m)
dasWirdeba TiToeul temps da d) ra iqneba
10 7,5 5 12,5 saSualo siCqaris ricxviTi mniSvneloba
20 15 20 35 m/wm-ebSi?
30 22,5 45 67,5 114 motociklisti Cqardeba horizonta-
lur swor trasaze. trasis 6 Tanabar, 10 m-iT
daSorebul monakveTebze damontaJebulia
108 Saflbordis (samagido TamaSi) dis-
boZebi, romlebzec motociklistis moZrao-
ki kiis dartymis Sedegad Tanabrad aCqarde-
bis dro izomeba. cxrilSi mocemulia erTi
ba da 1,8 m-is manZilze 6 m/wm siCqares aRwevs.
cdis Sedegebi. a) ipove, ras udris TiToeu-
am dros diski iwyebs Tanabarad Senelebas
li d manZili t-s mimarT da motociklis a aC-
2,5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT da Cerdeba. a) ra dro gava
qareba. b) cxrilis monacemebis gamoyenebiT
diskis aCqarebidan gaCerebamde? b) ra man-
aage d -s t2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki.
Zils gaivlis diski?
g) ipove motociklistis aCqarebis ricxviTi
109 aRmosavleTiT mimarTuli x RerZis
mniSvneloba.
gaswvriv moZrav motociklets aqvs aCqareba
a = (6,1–12t) m/wm2, drois 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 SualedSi. boZis nomeri 1 2 3 4 5 6
rodesac t = 0, motociklis siCqare da mde-
ganvlili
bareoba, Sesabamisad, aris 2,7 m/wm da 7,3 m.
manZili (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50
a) ra maqsimalur siCqares miaRwevs moto-
cikleti? b) ra manZils gaivlis motocikle- dro (wm) 0 1,63 2,33 2,83 3,31 3,79
ti t = 0-dan t = 6 wm-mde?
110 msxverplze Tavdasxmisas Cxriala
115 inglisis nacionalur fizikur la
gvelis Tavis aCqarebaa 50 m/wm2. Tu manqanis
boratoriaSi Tavisufali vardnis g aCqa-
aCqarebac igivea, ra droSi miaRwevs manqana
rebis gazomvisTvis vakuumur kameraSi minis
100 km/sT siCqares?
burTi maRla aisroles. 2.40 suraTze ΔTdab
111 giganturma avialainerma afrenisT-
aris burTis mdebareobis or wertils So-
vis 360km/sT siCqares unda miaRwios. ra min-
ris droiTi intervali konkretul dabal
imaluri Tanabari aCqarebaa saWiro 1,8 km-is
simaRleze, xolo ΔT maR – droiTi intervali
sigrZis asafreni zolidan afrenisTvis?
konkretul maRal doneze, H aris manZili am
112 avtomobilis mZRolma 0,5 wamSi
or simaRles Soris. daamtkice, rom
siCqares Tanabarad moumata 25 km/sT-dan
55 km/sT-mde. motociklistma ki _ 0,5 wamSi g = 8H .
2
∆Tdab – ∆T2maR
0-dan 30 km/sT-mde. gamoTvale a) manqanis aC-
qareba da b) motociklis aCqareba.
113 merilendSi saomari wvrTnebisas
gamarTuli Sejibris dros maspinZelTa
∆T maR
simaRle
gundi mimdevrobiT oTx tempSi moZraobs: a) H

swrafad (120 nabiji wuTSi, 30 duimi nabijSi),
2) swrafad da naxevari nabijiT (120 nabiji ∆T dab
wuTSi, 15 duimi nabijSi), 3) ormagi tempiT dro
(180 nabiji wuTSi, 36 duimi nabijSi), 4) or- sur. 2.40 amocana 115
magi tempiT da naxevari nabijiT (180 nabiji
wuTSi, 18 duimi nabijSi). Tu gundi TiToeul
116 NASA-s uwonadobis kvlevis centr-
tempSi moZraobs 5 wm-is ganmavlobaSi, a) ra
Si 145 m simaRlis koSki dgas. es aris carie-
manZils (metrebSi) gaivlis gundi TiToeul
59
li vertikaluri Senoba, romelSic SeiZleba 117 h simaRlidan ν0 sawyisi siCqariT
1 m diametris sferos Camogdeba. a) ra drois burTi vertikalurad dabla isroles. a) ra
manZilze iqneba sfero Tavisufali vardnis siCqare eqneba burTs miwaze dacemis dros?
mdgomareobaSi? b) rogori iqneba sferos b) ra droSi miaRwevs burTi miwas? ra iqneba
siCqare, rodesac is koSkis fskerze arsebul pasuxebi g) a)-sTvis da d) b)-sTvis, Tu burTs
damWer mowyobilobas miaRwevs? g) daWeris imave simaRlidan da imave siCqariT maRla
Semdeg, sfero neldeba 25 g uaryofiTi aCqa- aisvrian? sanam formulebs dawer, moifiqre,
rebiT da bolos Cerdeba. ra manZils gaivlis g)-s da d)-s pasuxebi meti iqneba a)-sa da b)-s
sfero Senelebis dros? pasuxebze, naklebi Tu toli.
3 veqtorebi
udabnos WianWvela saharis udabnoSi cxovrobs. budidan sakvebis mosaZeb

nad gamosuli WianWvela SemTxveviTi traeqtoriiT moZraobs, rogorc es
suraTzea naGvenebi. aseTi traeqtoriiT WianWvela udabnos qviSaze zog
jer 500 m-ze met manZilsac gadis, magram rogorc ki ukan dabrunebas
ganizraxavs, yovelgvari orientiris gareSe pirdapir saxlisken mirbis.
rogor agnebs udabnoSi budisken gzas WianWvela niSnebis gareSe?
3.1 ra aris fizika?
fizikaSi gvxvdeba uamravi sidide, romelTac aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba da mimarTuleba.

maSasadame, am sidideebis asaxvisTvis saWiroa specialuri maTematikuri ena – veqtorebis ena.
es ena gamoiyeneba inJineriaSi, mecnierebasa da yoveldRiur saubarSic _ ki. Tu odesme vin-
mesTvis giTqvams: `xuT korpuss rom gascdebi, marcxniv Seuxvie~, maSin swored veqtorebis
ena gamogiyenebia. zRvaosnoba mTlianad veqtorebzea dafuZnebuli. fizikosebi da inJinrebi
veqtorebs iyeneben brunvisa da magnituri Zalebis aRwerisTvis. am TavSi yuradRebas gavamax-
vilebT mxolod veqtorebis enaze.
3.2 veqtorebi da skalarebi
swori xazze moZrav wertils SeiZleba hqondes ori mimarTuleba. SegviZlia erTi mi-
marTulebiT moZraoba dadebiTad miviCnioT, meore mimarTulebiT moZraoba ki – uaryofiT-
ad. magram, samganzomilebian sivrceSi moZravi wertilis mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad `plius~
an `minus~ niSani sakmarisi aRar aris. saWiroa veqtoris gamoyeneba.
veqtors aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba da mimarTuleba. veqtori emorCileba masze moq-
medebis garkveul wesebs, romlebsac am TavSi ganvixilavT. veqtorul sidides aqvs ro-
gorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimarTuleba da, maSasadame, SeiZleba gamovsaxoT veqto-
ris saxiT. veqtoruli fizikuri sidideebia gadaadgileba, siCqare da aCqareba. am wignSi kidev
bevr veqtorul sidides gavecnobiT, amitom maTTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebebis wesebis Ses-
wavla momdevno TavebSi Zalian dagexmarebaT.
60
3.3 veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba 61
zogierT fizikur sidides, magaliTad, temperatu- B´´
ras, wnevas, energias, masas da dros, mimarTuleba ar
gaaCnia. aseT sidideebs skalaruls uwodeben da maT
Cveulebrivi algebris kanonebs miusadageben. skalaru- A´´ B
li sidide gamoisaxeba ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT da niSniT B´
(magaliTad, temperatura - 400 F). (a)
umartivesi veqtoruli sididea gadaadgileba anu A
mdebareobis cvlileba. veqtors, romelic gadaadgile- A´
bas gamosaxavs, gadaadgilebis veqtors uwodeben B

(arsebobs agreTve siCqaris da aCqarebis veqtorebi).
roca wertilis mdebareoba icvleba A-dan B-ze (sur. 3.1 (b)
a), gadaadgilebas gamovsaxavT am wertilebis SemaerTe- A
beli mimarTuli isriT. isari veqtoris grafikuli gamo- sur. 3.1 a) samive isars Tanabari sigrZe
saxulebaa. veqtoris simbolos, am wignSi mocemuli sxva da mimarTuleba aqvs, maSasadame, samive
tipis isrebisgan gamosarCevad, aqvs samkuTxedis formis erTsa da imave gadaadgilebas asaxavs.
b) ori wertilis SemaerTebeli samive
isari. xazi gadaadgilebis erTsa da imave veq-
3.1 a suraTze isrebs A-dan B-mde, A´-dan B´-mde da A´´- tors Seesabameba.
dan B´´-mde erTnairi sidide da mimarTuleba aqvs. maSasa-
dame, es gadaadgilebis erTnairi veqtorebia da aRwers wertilis mdebareobis erTnair cv-
lilebas. veqtoris gadaadgilebisas misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba ar icvleba, Tu misi sigrZe
da mimarTuleba ar Seicvala.
gadaadgilebis veqtori wertilis moZraobis realur traeqtorias ar gviCvenebs. magali-
Tad, 3.1 b suraTze A da B wertilebis SemaerTebeli gadaadgile-bis samive wiri imave veq-
tors Seesabameba, romelsac 3.1 asuraTze vxedavT. gadaadgilebis veqtori mxolod moZrao-
bis saboloo Sedegs asaxavs da ara Tavad moZraobas.
3.3 veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba

davuSvaT, rogorc 3.2a suraTze naCvenebi, wertili moZraobs A-dan B-sken da Semdeg B-dan
C-sken. sruli gadaadgilebis asaxva (traeqtorias mniSvneloba ara aqvs) SeiZleba AB da BC
gadaadgilebis veqtorebis saSualebiT. am ori gadaadgilebis jami aris gadaadgileba A-dan
C-mde. AC-s vuwodebT AB da BC veqtorebis jams (an Sedegs). es Cveulebrivi algebruli
jami ar aris.
3.2b suraTze 3.2a suraTidan gadavitaneT veqtorebi B
namdvili
da aRvniSneT Tavze patara isriani simboloTi, rogori- traeqtoria
(a)
caa, magaliTad, . Tu gvsurs veqtoris mxolod ricx-
viTi mniSvnelobis Cveneba (niSnisa da mimarTulebis ga- A C
reSe), viyenebT ubralod simboloebs, magaliTad a, b, s sruli gadaadgileba
veqtorebis jamia
da a.S. Tavze isriani simbolo asaxavs veqtoris orive
Tvisebas – sididesa da mimarTulebas.
3.2b suraTze naCvenebi sami veqtoris urTierT-
damokidebuleba SeiZleba gamoisaxos veqtoruli for- (b)
muliT
= + , (3.1)
sur. 3.2 a) AC veqtori AB da BC veq-
torebis jamia. b) igive veqtorebi sxva
rac imas niSnavs, rom veqtori da veqtorebis
saxelebiT.
62 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
jamia. 3.1 formulaSi `+~ niSans da sityvebs `jami~

veqtorebis
jami da `mimateba~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvs,
dasawyisi
+ vinaidan gulisxmobs ricxviT mniSvnelobasac da
dasasruli
+ mimarTulebasac.
3.2 suraTze naCvenebia organzomilebiani da
veqtorebis geometriuli Sekrebis procedura.
sur. 3.3. da veqtorebis Sekreba SeiZleba 1) daxaze SenTvis saWiro masStabis veqtori.
orive TanmimdevrobiT. ix. formula 3.2.
2) daxaze aseTive masStabis veqtori ise, rom
misi saTave veqtoris bolos emTxveodes.
3) veqtoruli jami aris veqtori, romelic gaivleba -s saTavidan -s bolomde.
veqtorTa Sekrebas ori Tviseba aqvs: 1) Sekrebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSvnelobas ar aqvs. -s
+ +
+
+
+
+
(
(
+
+
)
)
sur. 3.4 a , b da c veqtorebis Sekrebisas maTi nebismieri mimdevrobiT dalageba
SeiZleba. ixile formula 3.3.
da -s Sekreba gvaZlevs imave Sedegs, rasac -s da -s Sekreba (sur. 3.3). maSasadame,
+ = + (gadanacvlebadobis kanoni) (3.2)
2) rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs orze meti veqtori, maTi Sekreba nebismieri TanmimdevrobiT
SeiZleba. maSasadame, Tu gvinda , da veqtorebis Sekreba, SegviZlia jer da SevkriboT
da maT jams mivumatoT , an jer da SevkriboT da mere mivumatoT . Sedegi orive SemTx-
vevaSi erTi da igive iqneba, rogorc es 3.4 suraTzea naCvenebi.
( + )+ = +( + ) (uRlebadobis kanoni) (3.3)
veqtor – -s aqvs -s Tanabari sidide, magram sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba (sur. 3.5). 3.5
suraTze naCvenebi ori veqtoris Sekreba mogvcems
+ (– ) = 0
maSasadame, – -s damateba igivea, rac -s gamokleba. veqtorTa am Tvisebas viyenebT

veqtorebs Soris sxvaobis dasadgenad: Tu = – , maSin
= – = +(– ) (veqtorebis gamokleba) (3.4)
anu veqtorebis sxvaoba veqtorisa da – veqtoris SekrebiT vipoveT. 3.6 suraTze

igive moqmedeba naCvenebia geometriulad.
iseve, rogorc algebraSi, veqtoris simbolos ga-
datana gamosaxulebis erTi mxaridan meoreze daSvebu-
lia, magram saWiroa niSnis Secvla. magaliTad, Tu gvaqvs
–
formula 3.4 da gvWirdeba -s povna, SeiZleba daiweros
sur. 3.5 veqtorebsda – Tanabari si-
dide da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimar-
+ = an = + .
Tuleba aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod gadaadgilebis veq-
3.3 veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba 63
– –
= –
(a)
sur. 3.6 a) veqtorebi , da – . b) -sTvis veqtoris (b)

gamosaklebad veqtors – veqtors vumatebT.
torebi ganvixileT, Sekrebisa da gamoklebis wesebi saerToa yvela tipis veqtorisTvis, iqne-
ba es siCqare, aCqareba Tu raime sxva veqtoruli sidide. Tumca, dasaSvebia mxolod erTi tipis
veqtorebis Sekreba. magaliTad, SegviZlia SevkriboT ori gadadgileba, ori siCqare, magram
gadaadgilebisa da siCqaris Sekreba yovelgvar azrsaa moklebuli. es igivea, rom SevkriboT
21 wami da 12 metri.
sakontrolo wertili 1 . da gadaadgilebebis sidideebia 3 m da 4 m, xolo

= + . da -s mimarTulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogori iqneba: a) -s maqsi-
maluri SesaZlo sidide da b) minimaluri SesaZlo sidide?

sportuli orientirebis gakve
Tilze Seni mizania banakidan rac
–
SeiZleba Sors wasvla, risTvisac
–
mxolod sami wrfivi gadaadgilebis 30°
= + –
ufleba gaqvs. SegiZlia nebismieri
(b)
TanmimdevrobiT gamoiyeno Semdegi
–
gadaadgilebebi: masStabi km-Si
(a) 0 1 2
a) , 2 km aRmosavleTiT;
sur. 3.7. a) gadaadgilebis veqtorebi. maTgan
b) , 2 km, 30° Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT;
mxolod sami unda gamoviyenoT. b) banakidan Seni da-
g) , 1 km dasavleTiT. SegiZlia Secvalo Soreba udidesi iqneba, Tu nebismieri Tanmimdevro-
biT SeaerTeb , da – veqtorebs.
– -Ti, ki – -Ti. rogoria is maqsimaluri
manZili, romliTac SegiZlia banaks daSorde
dide banakidan daSorebis manZilia.
mesame gadaadgilebis dasasruls?
irkveva, rom d manZili udidesi iqneba , da
amoxsna: gavavloT veqtorebi , , , –
– veqtorebisTvis. veqtorebis dalageba ne-
da – , rogorc naCvenebia 3.7a suraTze. amis
bismieri TanmimdevrobiT SegviZlia, vinaid-
Semdeg furcelze gadavaadgiloT sami veq-
an jami ar Seicvleba. 3.7b suraTze naCvenebi
tori da ise davalagoT, rom erTis saTave
TanmimdevrobisTvis veqtorebis jami iqneba
emTxveodes meoris bolos. vipovoT am veq-
= + + (– )
torebis jami. pirveli veqtoris saTave
emTxveva banakis mdebareobas, xolo mesame 3.7 a suraTze naCvenebi masStabis gamoy-
veqtoris bolo – gaCerebis wertils. jam- enebiT vzomavT veqtorebis jamis d sigrZes:
uri veqtori gaivleba pirveli veqtoris sa- d = 4,8 k (pasuxi)
Tavidan mesame veqtoris bolomde. misi d si-
64 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
y y
y y θ
θ θ
(g)
x x
x x
(a) (b)
sur. 3.8. a) veqtoris ax da ay komponentebi. b) veqtoris gadaadgilebisas komponentebi ar icvleba, Tu veq-

toris sidide da mimarTuleba ucvlelia. g) komponentebi Seadgens marTkuTxa samkuTxedis kaTetebs, romlis
hipotenuza veqtoris sididis tolia.
3.4 veqtorebis komponentebi

veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba sakmaod damRlelia. arsebobs amis ufro martivi da
zusti meTodi, romelic veqtorebis marTkuTxa koordinatTa sistemaSi ganlagebas moiTxovs.
x da y RerZebi, rogorc wesi, sibrtyeze ixazeba, ise, rogorc es 3.8a suraTzea naCvenebi. z Re-
rZi gamodis koordinatTa saTavidan, Tumca amjerad mas ugulebelvyofT da mxolod organ-
zomilebian veqtorebs ganvixilavT.
veqtoris komponenti aris veqtoris gegmili RerZze. magaliTad, 3.8 a suraTze ax aris
veqtoris komponenti x RerZze, xolo ay –  veqtoris komponenti y RerZze. RerZze veqtoris
gegmilis sapovnelad am veqtoris boloebidan RerZze perpendikularul xazebs davuSvebT.
x RerZze veqtoris gegmili aris x komponenti, xolo y RerZze –y komponenti. komponentebis
povnis process veqtoris dagegmileba ewodeba.
veqtoris komponents igive mimarTuleba aqvs (RerZis gaswvriv), rac Tavad veqtors. 3.8
suraTze ax da ay dadebiTia, vinaidan veqtori mimarTulia orive RerZis dadebiTi mimar-
TulebiT. Tu veqtors SemovabrunebT, maSin orive komponenti uaryofiTi gaxdeba. 3.9 su-
raTze b veqtoris dagegmileba mogvcems dadebiT bx komponents da uaryofiT by komponents.
sazogadod, veqtors aqvs sami komponenti, Tumca 3.8 a suraTis SemTxvevaSi, z RerZze misi
komponenti nulis tolia. 3.8 a da b suraTebze Cans, rom Tu veqtors mimarTulebis Secvlis
gareSe gadavaadgilebT, misi komponentebi ar Seicvleba.
3.8a suraTze veqtoris komponentebis povna SeiZleba trigonometris daxmarebiT:
ax = a cos θ da ay= a sin θ , (3.5)

sadac θ aris kuTxe veqtorsa da x RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris, xolo a aris
veqtoris sidide. 3.8 g suraTze Cans, rom veqtori
bx = 7 m
da misi komponentebi x da y RerZebze marTkuTxa sam-
θ
kuTxeds qmnis. suraTze aseve Cans, rom komponentebis
saSualebiT SeiZleba veqtoris ageba, Tu komponentebs
ise davalagebT, rom erTis saTave meores bolos daem-
by = –5 m
Txves, Semdeg ki avagebT marTkuTxa samkuTxeds, rom-

lis hipotenuza erTi komponentis saTavidan meoris
bolosken mimarTuli veqtori iqneba.
koordinatTa RerZebze veqtoris dagegmilebis
sur. 3.9. veqtoris komponenti x Semdeg SeiZleba misi komponentebis gamoyeneba Tavad
RerZze dadebiTia, xolo y RerZze _ veqtoris nacvlad. magaliTad, 3.8 a suraTze naCvenebi
uaryofiTi.
3.4 veqtorebis komponentebi 65
veqtori moicema (srulad ganisazRvreba) a-Ti da θ-Ti. imave veqtoris asaxva ax da ay kom-
ponentebis saSualebiTac SeiZleba. monacemebis orive wyvili erTsa da imave informacias
Seicavs. Tu veqtori mocemuli gvaqvs komponenturi saxiT (ax da ay) da gvsurs misi aRniSvna
sidide-kuTxuri saxiT (a da θ ), viyenebT Semdeg formulebs:
ay
a = √ ax2 + ay2 da tg θ = a (3.6)
x
ufro zogad, samganzomilebian SemTxvevaSi, veqtoris mosacemad gvWirdeba sidide da

ori kuTxe (vTqvaT, a, θ da φ) an sami komponenti (ax, ay da az).
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebi meTodebidan, romelia swori

x da y RerZebis komponentebidan veqtoris asagebad?
y y y
ax ax ax
x x x
ay ay ay
(a) (b) (g)
y y y
ax ax
x x x
ay ay
ay
ax
(d) (e) (v)

y
patara TviTmfrinavi Rrublian dRes
aeroportidan afrinda. amis Semdeg TviT 200 P
mfrinavi SeniSnes aqedan 215 km-Si, rodesac
is Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT
mifrinavda 22° kuTxiT. ramdeni kilome- 22°
manZili (km)
triT CrdiloeTiT da ramdeni kilometriT

m
5k
100
samxreTiT iyo TviTmfrinavi aeroportidan
21
am momentSi?
amoxsna: amocanaSi mocemulia veqtoris si-

dide (215 km) da kuTxe (22° Crdilo-aRmosav- θ
leTiT). unda vipovoT veqtoris komponen- 0 x
0 100
tebi. avagoT xy koordinatTa sistema, sadac manZili (km)
da x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba aRmosav-

leTi iqneba, xolo y RerZisa – CrdiloeTi sur. 3.10. TviTmfrinavi aeroportidan frindeba da
garkveuli drois Semdeg P wertils aRwevs.
(sur. 3.10). simartivisTvis, aTvlis saTave
66 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
aeroportis mdebareobas davamTxvioT. TviT dy = d sin θ = (215 km) (sin 68°)

mfrinavis gadaadgileba _ veqtori aer = 199 km ≈ 200 km, (pasuxi)
Tebs aTvlis saTavesa da im wertils, sadac
sadac θ = 68° (= 90° – 22°):
TviTmfrinavi dainaxes. veqtoris kompo-
maSasadame, TviTmfrinavi aRmosavleTiT 81
nentebis sapovnelad, gamoviyenoT formula
km-iT, xolo CrdiloeTiT 200 km-iT aris daSo-
3.5,
rebuli aeroportidan.
dx = d cos θ = (215 km)(cos 68°) = 81 km (pasuxi)

ori aTwleulis manZilze mRvimeebis mkv- zeviT
levarTa jgufebi eZebdnen gzas kentukiSi
Cr.
mdebare flint rijis gamoqvabulTa siste-
2,6 km
das. aRm.
masa da mamontis gamoqvabuls Soris. rode-
dasasruli dasawyisi
sac, sabolood, es gza aRmoaCines, gamoqvab-
ulebis erTiani sistema msoflios yvelaze 25 m qveviT
grZel gamoqvabulad aRiares (200 km-ze meti samx.
sigrZis). gzis maZieblebma uricxv gadasasv- (a)
lelebze xoxviTa da mokuntuli siaruliT
dasasruli zeviT
gaiares 2,6km dasavleTiT, 3,9 km samxreTiT
da 25 m zeviT. risi tolia maTi gadaadgileba d
0,025 km
dasawyisidan dasasrulamde? θ
amoxsna: mocemuli gvaqvs samganzomilebiani dh
veqtoris komponentebi da gvWirdeba veq-
toris ricxviTi mniSvneloba da ori kuTxe, qveviT
raTa veqtoris mimarTuleba ganvsazRvroT. (b)
Tavdapirvelad komponentebi gamovsaxoT, sur. 3.11 a) mRvimeebis mkvlevarTa jgufis mTliani

rogorc 3.11a suraTzea naCvenebi. horizon- gadaadgilebis komponentebi da maTi horizontaluri
gadaadgileba dh. b) gverdiTi xedi, romelic aCvenebs
taluri komponentebi (2,6 km dasavleTiT da
dh-s da jgufis mTliani gadaadgilebis veqtors.
3,9km samxreTiT) marTkuTxa samkuTxedis ka-
Tetebs qmnis. mkvlevrebis horizontaluri
gadaadgileba samkuTxedis hipotenuzaa da
gamosayeneblad, 3.11a suraTs SevxedoT
misi dh sigrZe gamoiTvleba piTagoras Teo-
Crdilo-dasavleTidan. miviRebT 3.11b su-
remis saSualebiT:
raTs, romelzec vertikaluri komponenti
dh = √ (2.6 km)2 + (3.9 km)2 = 4.69 km.
da dh horizontaluri gadaadgileba kidev
3.11a suraTze naCveneb samkuTxedze vxedavT, erT marTkuTxa samkuTxeds qmnis. amjerad,
rom horizontaluri gadaadgileba mimar- mkvlevrebis mTliani gadaadgileba samkuT
Tulia samxreT-dasavleTisken θh kuTxiT, xedis hipotenuzas emTxveva, romlis d sig-
romelic gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad: rZe gamoiTvleba formuliT:
d = √(4.69 km)2 + (0.025 km)2 = 4.69 km
3,9 km
tg θh = 2,6 km ≈ 4.7 km. (pasuxi)
cxrilidan, θh = 56° (pasuxi) gadaadgileba mimarTulia horizon

mTliani gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis sa taluri gadaadgilebidan zeviT, θ kuTxiT.
povnelad saWiro ori kuTxidan erTi vipo cxrilidan θ = 0.3°. (pasuxi)
veT. maSasadame, mkvlevrebis gadaadgilebis veq-
vertikaluri komponentis (25 m = 0,025 km) toris sididea 4,7km, xolo mimarTuleba
3.4 veqtorebis komponentebi 67
– 56° kuTxiT samxreT-dasavleTiT da 0,3° ba gamoqvabulidan gasasvlelis sapovnelad.
kuTxiT zeviT. saerTo vertikaluri moZ- maT mier ganvlili gzis traeqtoria mniS-
raoba horizontalur moZraobasTan Sedare- vnelovnad gansxvavdeba gadaadgilebis veq-
biT umniSvneloa. Tumca, es ar iyo didi nug- torisgan, romelic ubralod swori xazia
eSi mkvlevrebisTvis, romelTac mravaljer sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebs Soris.
mouwiaT maRla acoceba da dabla Camococe-

Tad, 3.13 suraTis SemTxvevaSi am codniT
taqtika 1: kuTxeebi gradusebsa da
SegiZliaT daadginoT, aris Tu ara kalku-
radianebSi
latorze miRebuli Sedegi swori. sxvadasxva
kuTxe x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis
meoTxedebSi funqciebis niSnebis codnac
mimarT dadebiTia, Tu saaTis isris moZ
sakmaod gamosadegia.
raobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT izo
meba da uaryofiTia, Tu izomeba saaTis isris taqtika 3: Sebrunebuli trigonomet-
moZraobis mimarTulebiT. magaliTad, 210° riuli funqciebi
da –150° erTi da igive kuTxea.
kuTxeebi izomeba radianebSic. am ori Sebrunebuli funqciebis (sin–1, cos–1 da
erTeulis dasakavSireblad gaixsene, rom tg–1) SemTxvevaSi, kalkulatorze miRebuli
Sekruli wre 360° da 2π radiania. magaliTad, pasuxis garda arsebobs sxva SesaZlebeli
pasuxic, romelsac kalkulatori ar iTv-
40°-is radianebSi gadasayvanad, daiwereba
lis. 3.13 suraTze mocemulia Sebrunebuli
2π rad trigonometriuli funqciebis Sedegebis
40° = 0,7 rad
360° diapazoni kalkulatorisTvis. magaliTad,
sin–10,5 asocirdeba kuTxeebTan 30° (romelic
taqtika 2: trigonometriuli funqcie-
kalkulatorze moCans, vinaidan is Sedis
bi
mis diapazonSi) da 150°. orive mniSvnelobis
aucileblad dagWirdebaT ZiriTadi tri
gonometriuli funqciebis – sinusis, kosi- gasagebad 3.13 a suraTze gaavle horizonta-
nusisa da tangensis gansazRvrebebis codna, luri xazi 0,5-is gaswvriv da daakvirdi, sad
vinaidan isini xSirad gamoiyeneba mecniere- kveTs is sinusis funqcias.
baSi. 3.12 suraTze naCvenebia am funqciebis rogor ganvasxvavoT swori pasuxi? swori
gansazRvrebebi, sadac samkuTxedis gverde- pasuxi isaa, romelic yovel konkretul
bi aRniSvnebis gareSea. SemTxvevaSi ufro gonivruli gveCveneba.
aucilebelia, agreTve, imis codna, Tu magaliTad, ganvixiloT θh kuTxis gamoT-

rogor icvleba trigonometriuli funqci vlis procesi amocanis 3.3 nimuSSi, sadac
ebi kuTxis cvlilebasTan erTad. magali- tg θh = 3,9/2,6 = 1,5. kalkulatorze tg–1 1,5-is
θ kuTxis mopirdapire kaTeti

sin θ = hipotenuza hipotenuza
θ kuTxis mopirdapire
kaTeti
θ kuTxis mimdebare kaTeti
θ
cos θ = hipotenuza
θ kuTxis mimdebare
θ kuTxis mopirdapire kaTeti kaTeti
tg θ =
θ kuTxis mimdebare kaTeti
sur. 3.12 trigonometriuli funqciebis gansazRvrisTvis gamoyenebuli samkuTxedi.

ixile, agreTve, danarTi E.
68 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
+1
sin
- 900 0 900 1800 2700 3600
-1 +1
cos
(a) - 900 0 900 1800 2700 3600

-1
+2 tg (b)
+1
(g)
- 900 0 900 1800 2700 3600
-1
sur. 3.13 sami saWiro funqcia. kalkulatoris ga-
moTvlis diapazoni Sebrunebuli trigonometriuli
-2
funqciebisTvis naCvenebia grafi-kebis gamuqebuli
nawiliT.
gamoTvla gvaZlevs Sedegs θh = 56°, magram θh reTve formula 3.6 tg θ-sTvis gamosadegia
= 236°(=180°+56°) kuTxis tangensi aseve 1,5- mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kuTxe izomeba
ia. romeli pasuxia swori? fizikuri situ- x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT.
aciidan gamomdinare (sur. 3.11a) 56° sworia, raime sxva mimarTulebisadmi kuTxis gazom-
xolo 236° – aSkarad araswori. vis SemTxvevaSi 3.5 formulaSi trigonome-

triuli funqciebi unda Seicvalos, xolo
taqtika 4: veqtorebis kuTxeebis formula 3.6-Si wiladi unda Sebrundes. bev-
gazomva rad iolia kuTxis gazomva x RerZis dadebiTi
3.5 formulebi cos θ-sa da sin θ-sTvis, ag mimarTulebis mimarT.
3.5 erTEulovani veqtorebi

erTeulovani veqtoris sidide 1-is tolia da romelime konkretul mimarTulebas mi-
aniSnebs. erTeulovan veqtors ar gaaCnia ganzomileba da erTeuli. misi erTaderTi daniS-
nuleba mimarTulebis Cvenebaa. x, y da z RerZebis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mqone erTeulo-
vani veqtorebi aRiniSneba , da simboloebiT, sadac ` ^ ~ niSani gamoiyeneba isris nacvlad
(sur. 3.14). 3.14 suraTze RerZebis ganlagebas marjvena koordinatTa sistemas uwode-
ben. es sistema aseTived rCeba RerZebis Tanabrad Semo- y
brunebis SemTxvevaSi. am wignSi mxolod mxolod mar-
jvena koordinatTa sistemebs viyenebT.
erTeulovani veqtorebi Zalian sasargebloa sxva
veqtorebis asaxvisTvis. magaliTad, 3.8 da 3.9 suraTe-
x
bze veqtorebi da SeiZleba gamoisaxos, rogorc
= ax  + ay  (3 .7 )
z
da = bx  + by  (3.8)
sur. 3.14. , da erTeulovani veqtore-
es ori formula ilustrirebulia 3.15 suraTze. bi asaxavs mimarTulebebs marjvena koor-
dinatTa sistemaze.
sidideebs ax da ay uwodeben veqtoris veqtorul
3.6 veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebis saSualebiT 69
komponentebs. ax da ay skalaruli sidideebia da veqtoris skalaruli komponentebi (an
ubralod komponentebi) ewodeba.
magaliTad, amocanis 3.3 nimuSSi erTeulovan veqtorebSi gamovsaxoT mRvimeebis mkvleva-
rebis gadaadgileba. Tavdapirvelad 3.11a suraTis mixedviT avagoT 3.14 suraTze naCvenebi
koordinatTa sistema. Semdeg , da mivmarToT, Sesabamisad, aRmosavleTisken, zeviT da
samxreTisken. maSasadame, mogzaurobis dasawyisidan dasasrulamde gadaadgileba erTeu-
lovani veqtorebis saSualebiT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:
= –(2,6 km) + (0,025 km) +(3,9km) (3.9)
aq –(2,6km) x RerZze veqtoris dx komponentia, xolo – (2,6 km) – dx komponenti.
3.6 veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebis saSualebiT

veqtorebis Sekreba SesaZlebelia geometriulad, naxazis saSualebiT. veqtorebi aseve
ikribeba zogierTi tipis kalkulatorzec. Sekrebis mesame gza gulisxmobs maTi komponen-
tebis Sekrebas RerZebis mixedviT, rasac axla SeviswavliT.
Tavdapirvelad, ganvixiloT toloba
=  +  , (3.10)
romelic ambobs, rom veqtori igivea, rac  +  veqtori. maSasadame, veqtoris TiToeu-
 +  veqtoris Sesabamisi komponentis toli:
li komponenti unda iyos
rx = ax + bx (3.11)
ry = ay + by (3.12)
rz = az + bz. (3.13)
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ori veqtori erTmaneTis tolia, Tu maTi Sesabamisi komponentebi to-
lia. formulebi 3.10-3.13 gvauwyebs, rom da veqtorebis Sesakrebad: 1) veqtorebi unda
davSaloT skalarul komponentebad; 2) SevkriboT es komponentebi, raTa jamuri veqtoris
komponentebi miviRoT, da 3) gavaerTianoT veqtoris komponentebi Tavad veqtoris mis-
aRebad. mesame etapze SegviZlia gadavwyvitoT, erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi (rogorc
formula 3.9-Si) gamovsaxoT veqtori Tu sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi (amocanis 3.3 nimuSis pa-
suxi).
veqtorebis komponentebiT Sekrebis procedura gamosadegia veqtorebis gamoklebis SemTx-
vevaSic. gavixsenoT, rom gamokleba = – SeiZleba gadaiweros, rogorc mimateba
= + (– ). gamoklebis mizniT, da – SevkriboT komponentebis saSualebiT, miviRebT:
dx= ax – bx , dy= ay – by da dz= az – bz , sadac  = dx + dy + dz .

y
y bx
θ 0 x
d
ay 
θ
x b sur. 3.15
0
ax a) veqtoris komponentebi;
by 
(a) (b) b) veqtoris komponentebi.
70 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
sakontrolo wertili 3. a) mocemul suraTze ra iqneba y

1
-is da 2
-is komponentebis niSani x RerZze? b) ra iqneba d2
1
-is da 2
-is komponentebis niSani y RerZze? g) ra iqneba
1
+ 2
-is komponentebis niSnebi x da y RerZebze? d1
0
x

3.16 a suraTze naCvenebia sami veqtori: y
3
= (4,2 m) – (1,5 m)
2
= (–1,6 m) + (2,9 m)
1
da = (–3,7 m)
x
ra iqneba veqtorTa jami , romelic asevea -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
suraTze naCvenebi? -1
amoxsna: sami veqtoris Sekreba SesaZlebelia -2

RerZebze maTi komponentebis saSualebiT. x
-3
RerZisTvis SevkriboT , da veqtorebis
x komponentebi, raTa miviRoT jamuri veq-
(a)
toris x komponenti:
rx= ax+ bx+ cx= 4,2 m –1,6 m + 0 =2,6 m.
aseve moviqceT y RerZisTvis:
y
2.6
ry = ay+ by+ cy = –1,5 m + 2,9 m – 3,7 m = – 2,3 m. x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
gavaerTianoT es komponentebi veq -1
toris Casawerad erTeulovani veqtorebis -2.3
-2
saSualebiT:
-3
= (2,6 m) – (2,3 m) (pasuxi)
(b)
sadac (2,6 m) aris veqtoris komponenti x
sur. 3.16. veqtori aris danarCeni sami veqtoris
RerZze, xolo -(2,3 m) - y RerZze. 3.16 b sura-
jami.
Tze naCvenebia veqtoris komponentebis dal-
agebis erTi meTodi veqtoris misaRebad.
xolo kuTxe (x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTule
Cvens kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema aseve Sesa-
bisadmi)
Zlebelia, Tu gavigebT veqtoris ricxviT
-2,3 m
mniSvnelobas da kuTxes. 3.6 formulidan ga- θ = tg–1 (2,6 m) = – 41°, (pasuxi)
momdinare, ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa
`minus~ niSani gvauwyebs, rom kuTxe saaTis is-
r = √ (2,6
m) + (–2,3 m)
2 2 (pasuxi) ris moZraobis mimarTulebiT izomeba.
≈ 3,5 m

eqsperimentebiT dadginda, rom am Tavis raxavs, RerZebis gaswvriv gadaadgilebebs
dasawyisSi suraTze gamosaxuli udabnos Seajamebs da gansazRvravs veqtors, ro-
WianWvela moZraobis traeqtorias Tavis melic pirdapir budisken aris mimarTuli.
gonebaSi arsebul koordinatTa sistemaSi magaliTisTvis miviCnioT, rom WianWvela
avlebs. rodesac budeSi dabrunebas ganiz- xy koordinatTa sistemaSi 3.17a suraTze
3.6 veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebis saSualebiT 71
naCvenebi mimarTulebebiT xuTjer garbis y
6 sm-s. mexuTe garbenis bolos, ra iqneba Wian-
dasasruli
Wvelas mTliani gadaadgilebis veqtoris j 3
sidide da kuTxe? ra iqneba WianWvelas sabo
loo mdebareobis da saxlis damakavSirebeli 5 120° 150° 2
30°
veqtoris sidide da kuTxe? 30°
saxli
saxli
x
amoxsna: amocanis amoxsnis gza sami nawilis- 4 1
gan Sedgeba. Tavdapirvelad, j

gadaadgi
(a)
lebis gasagebad unda SevajamoT xuTi ga
daadgilebis veqtori: y
dasasr.
j= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5. j
3.8 sm
Semdeg gamovTvaloT x komponentebis jami: x
8.2 sm saxli
dj, x = d1x + d2x+ d3x + d4x + d5x , (3-14) (b)
da y komponentebis jami:
dasasr. y
dj, y = d1y + d2y + d3y + d4y + d5y . (3-15) saxli
bolos avagoT mTliani veqtori x da y x

saxli
komponentebisgan.
(g)
formula 3.14-is gamosaTvlelad, viy-
enebT 3.5 formulas: sur. 3.17. a) xuTi garbenis saZiebeli traeqtoria;
b) j veqtori da misi x da y komponentebi. g) saxli
d 1x = (6 sm) cos 0° = + 6 sm saxlTan damakavSirebeli veqtori.
d 2x = (6 sm) cos 150° = – 5,2 sm

d 3x = (6 sm) cos 180ο = –6 sm
d 4x = (6 sm) cos (–120ο) = –3 sm 3.17b suraTze mocemulia j
veqtori da
misi x da y komponentebi. komponentebis sa-
d 5x = (6 sm) cos 90ο = 0.
SualebiT j
veqtoris sididisa da kuTxis
amis Semdeg 3.14 formula mogvcems:
gasagebad gamoviyenoT formula 3.6. veqto-
dj, x = + 6 sm + (–5,2 sm) + (–6 sm) ris sidide tolia:
+ (–3 sm) + 0 = –8,2 sm j = √d j,x + d j,y
2 2
analogiurad vafasebT xuTi veqtoris = √ (-8.2 sm)2 + (3.8 sm)2 = 9,0 sm.
y komponentebs 35. formulis daxmarebiT. kuTxis gasagebad (x RerZis dadebiTi
Sedegebi 3.1 cxrilSia mocemuli. am Sede- mimarTulebis mimarT) aviRoT Sebrunebuli
gebis 3.15 formulaSi CasmiT viRebT: tangensi:
dj, y = + 3,8 sm dj, y
θ = tg–1
dj, x
cxrili 3.1 = tg–1
3,8 sm
–8.2 sm = – 24.86°
dx (sm) dy (sm)
1 + 6.0 0 SeniSvna: gaixsene amocanebis amoxsnis me-3

2 - 5.2 + 3.0 taqtika, sadac vTqviT, rom Sebrunebuli
3 - 6.0 0 tangensis gamoTvlisas kalkulatorma Sei-
4 - 3.0 - 5.2
Zleba swori pasuxi ar mogvces. –24,86° niS-
5 0 + 6.0
mTliani - 8.2 + 3.8
navs, rom mTliani veqtori x y koordi-
72 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
natTa sistemis meoTxe meoTxedSia. magram,

j-is toli sidide aqvs da sawinaaRmdego
komponentebidan veqtoris agebis Semdeg
mimarTuleba (sur. 3.17g). j-is sawinaaRm-
(sur. 3.17b) davinaxavT, rom veqtori me-
j dego mimarTulebisTvis kuTxe ukve gvaqvs
ore meoTxedSia. maSasadame, kalkulatoris
(– 24,86° ≈ – 25°). maSasadame j-is sidide da
pasuxi unda gavasworoT 180°-is damatebiT:
kuTxe tolia:
θ = –24,86° + 180° = 155,14° ≈ 155°
WianWvelis gadaadgilebis sidide da saxli
= 9 sm – 25° kuTxiT (pasuxi)
j
kuTxe tolia: udabnos WianWvela, romelic 500 m-ze met
dj = 9 sm 155° kuTxiT (pasuxi) manZils gadis, uamrav gansxvavebul gadaadg-

ilebas Seasrulebs, magram bolos mainc uSec-
veqtors, romelic mimarTu-
domod gamoiTvlis j-is (am Tavis wakiTxvis
saxli
lia WianWvelas mdebareobidan budisken,
gareSec).

am amocanaSi mocemuli veqtorebis Sek B cos 0° = 22 cos (–47°) + 17 cos φ (3.17)
reba kalkulatoris saSualebiT SeuZlebe- B-s povna ar SegviZlia, vinaidan φ-jer
lia. sami veqtori akmayofilebs pirobas: kidev ucnobia.
B=A+C (3.16) axla formula 3.16 gamovsaxoT y kompo-
A -s ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 22 erTeuli, nentebis saSualebiT
xolo kuTxe x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis By = Ay + Cy
mimarT _ – 47° (saaTis isris moZraobis gamovTvaloT y komponentebi 3.5 for
mimarTulebiT). C -s ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa mulis saSualebiT da CavsvaT cnobili mona-
17 erTeuli, xolo kuTxe x RerZis dadebi- cemebi, miviRebT:
Ti mimarTulebis mimarT _ φ (saaTis isris B sin 0° = 22 sin (– 47°) + 17 sin φ ,
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT). B saidanac gamomdinareobs:
mimarTulia x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTule- 0 = 22 sin (– 47°) + 17 sin φ
biT. ras udris B -s sidide? φ-s amoxsna gvaZlevs:
amoxsna: am SekiTxvaze pasuxs kalkula-
φ = – sin–1 22 sin (– 47°) = 71,17°
torze gamoTvliT ver gavcemT, vinaidan ar 17
viciT C -s φ kuTxe. samagierod, 3.16 formu- CavsvaT es Sedegi 3.17 formulaSi da mi-
la SegviZlia CavweroT x da y RerZebze veq- viRebT:
toris komponentebis saSualebiT. vinaidan B = 20,5 erTeuls (pasuxi)
B mimarTulia x RerZis gaswvriv, virCevT am daakvirdiT meTods, romelic am amoca-
RerZs da vwerT nis amoxsnisas gamoviyeneT: rodesac x kom-
Bx = Ax + Cx ponentebze vatarebdiT moqmedebebs, Segvx-
vda ori ucnobi – CvenTvis saintereso B da
Semdeg TiToeuli x komponenti gamovsa
CvenTvis uintereso φ. Semdeg moqmedebebi
xoT 3.5 formulis saSualebiT da CavsvaT
CavatareT y komponentebze da gamovTva-
CvenTvis cnobili monacemebi, miviRebT:
leT φ, Semdeg isev x RerZs davubrundiT da
gamovTvaleT B.
3.7 veqtorebi da fizikis kanonebi 73
3.7 veqtorebi da fizikis kanonebi
am wignis nebismier suraTze mocemul koordinatTa siste-

maSi x da y RerZebi wignis kideebis paraleluria. maSasadame
veqtoris ax da ay komponentebic kideebis paraleluria (sur.
3.18 a). RerZebis mimarTulebis gansazRvris erTaderTi mizezi (a)
simartivea da aq sxva raime dafaruli azri ar arsebobs. Segvi-
Zlia 3.18b suraTze mocemuli RerZebis (da ara veqtoris)
Semobruneba φ kuTxiT, ris Semdegac komponentebs axali mniSvn-
elobebi eqnebaT. vuwodoT am mniSvnelobebs x
´ da ´. vinaidan
y
φ-s sidide usasrulo ricxvTa simravlea, aseve usasruloa
veqtoris komponentebis wyvilTa mniSvnelobebi. φ
romelia komponentebis `swori~ wyvili? nebismieri, vinaidan (b)

TiToeuli wyvili erTsa da imave veqtors gansxvavebulad aR-
sur. 3.18 a) veqtori da misi kompo-
wers. yvela wyvili erTnairi sididisa da mimarTulebis mqone
nentebi. b) igive veqtori koordinat-
veqtors qmnis. 3.18 suraTze gvaqvs: Ta sistemis RerZebis φ kuTxiT Semo-
brunebis Semdeg.
(3.18)
da θ = θ´ + φ. (3.19)
es imas niSnavs, rom koordinatTa sistemis arCevanSi sruli Tavisufleba gvaqvs, vinaidan
veqtorebs Soris kavSiri (magaliTad, veqtorebis Sekreba 3.1 formuliT) ar aris damokidebu-
li aTvlis saTavis mdebareobaze an koordinatTa sistemis RerZebis mimarTulebaze. igive Se-
exeba sxva fizikur sidideebs Soris kavSirebs: arc erTi maTgani ar aris damokidebuli koor-
dinatTa sistemis arCevaze. am yvelafers daumateT veqtorebis enis ubraloeba da simdidre
da mixvdebiT, ratom gamoisaxeba fizikis kanonebi TiTqmis yovelTvis am enaze. magaliTad,
mxolod 3.10 formulas SeuZlia warmoadginos sami (an meti) damokidebuleba, magaliTad,
formulebi 3.11, 3.12 da 3.13.
3.8 veqtorebis gamravleba*

veqtorebis gamravlebis sami meTodi arsebobs, magram arc erTi ar aris Cveulebrivi al-
gebruli gamravlebis analogiuri. am Tavis wakiTxvisas gaiTvaliswine, rom kalkulatori
veqtorebis gamravlebaSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dagexmareba,
Tu gamravlebis ZiriTad wesebs gaigeb.
veqtoris gamravleba skalarze

veqtoris s skalarze gamravleba gvaZlevs axal veqtors. am veqtoris sidide  veqto-
ris sididisa da s-is absoluturi mniSvnelobis namravlia. misi mimarTuleba emTxveva -s
mimarTulebas, Tu s dadebiTia, da sawinaaRmdegoa, Tu s uaryofiTia. -s s-ze gayofisTvis
-s vamravlebT 1/s-ze.
* am masalas mxolod mogvianebiT (me-7 da me-11 TavebSi) gamoviyenebT, amitom Tqven maswavlebels SeuZlia am
qveTavis Seswavla im droisTvis gadados.
74 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
veqtoris veqtorze gamravleba

veqtoris veqtorze gamravlebis ori gza arsebobs. erTi gza gvaZlevs skalars (skalarul
namravls), xolo meore _ axal veqtors (veqtorul namravls). studentebi gamravlebis am
or meTods xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven, amitom yuradRebiT gaiazre gansxvaveba maT Soris.
skalaruli namravli
da veqtorebis skalaruli namravli (sur.
3.19) iwereba rogorc · da ganisazRvreba Sem- φ
degnairad:
· = ab cos φ, (3.20) (a)
sadac a aris veqtoris ricxviTi mniSvneloba,

-s komponenti -s
b– veqtoris ricxviTi mniSvneloba, xolo φ – mimarTulebis gaswvriv
kuTxe da veqtorebs Soris (ufro zustad, udris a cos φ-s.
maT mimarTulebebs Soris). arsebobs ori aseTi

φ
kuTxe: φ da 360° – φ. 3.20 formulaSi orives gam-
oyeneba SeiZleba, vinaidan maTi kosinusebi erT- -s komponenti -s mimar-
Tulebis gaswvriv udris
maneTis tolia.
b cos φ-s.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 3.20 formulis marjvena (b)
mxares mxolod skalarebia (maT Soris cos φ). ma-
sur. 3.19. a) veqtorebida , maT Soris φ kuTx-
Sasadame, formulis marcxnivac · skalaruli iT. b) TiToeul veqtors aqvs komponenti meore
sididea. veqtoris mimarTulebis gaswvriv.
skalaruli namravli ori sididis namrav-

lia. erTi sididea erT-erTi veqtoris ricxviTi mniSvneloba, xolo meore – meore veqtoris
pirveli veqtoris mimarTulebis gaswvriv skalaruli komponenti. magaliTad, 3.19b suraTze
-s skalaruli komponenti -s mimarTulebis gaswvriv aris a cos φ. am komponents -s bolo-
dan -ze daSvebuli perpendikulari gansazRvravs. aseve, -s komponenti -s mimarTulebis
gaswvriv aris  cos φ.
roca or veqtors Soris φ kuTxe aris 0°, erTi veqtoris komponenti meoris
gaswvrivaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, veqtorebis skalaruli namravli maqsim-
aluria. Tu φ = 90°, maSin erTi veqtoris komponenti meoris gaswvriv nulia da ska-
laruli namravli nulis tolia.
formula 3.20 SeiZleba davweroT Semdegnairad:

· = (a cos φ (b) = (a) (b cos φ) (3.21)
gadanacvlebadobis kanons skalaruli namravlisTvis aseTi saxe aqvs:
· = ·  .
rodesac ori veqtori warmodgenilia erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT, maTi skalaruli nam-
ravli daiwereba Semdegnairad:
· = (ax  + ay + az ) · (bx + by +bz ) (3.22)

SesaZlebelia am formulis gavrcobac jufTebadobis kanonis mixedviT: Tu pirveli veqto-
ris TiToeul komponents gavamravlebT meore veqtoris TiToeul komponentze, miviRebT:
· = ax bx + ay by + azbz (3.23)
3.8 veqtorebis gamravleba* 75
sakontrolo wertili 4. C da D veqtorebis sidideebia, Sesabamisad, 3 erTeuli da 4

erTeuli. ras udris C -s da D -s mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxe, Tu C  · D tolia a) nulis,
b) 12 erTeulis da g) –12 erTeulis?

risi tolia φ kuTxe  = 3  – 4 -sa da veqtoruli saxiT warmovadgenT da gamoviy-
 = –2  + 3 -s Soris? enebT jufTebadobis kanons:
amoxsna: unda iTqvas, rom aq mocemuli bev- · = (3 – 4 )(–2 + 3 ) =

ri moqmedebis Sesruleba kalkulatoriTac
SeiZleba, magram Tu gsurT ukeTesad Seiswav-
= 3 (–2 ) + 3 (+3 ) + (– 4 )(–2 )+(– 4 )(+3 ).
loT skalaruli namravli, kalkulators nu Semdeg formula 3.20 gamoviyenoT bolo
gamoiyenebT. gamosaxulebis TiToeuli wevrisTvis. pirve-
ori veqtoris mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe li wevrisTvis erTeulovan veqtorebs Soris
skalaruli namravlis gansazRvrebaSi Sedis kuTxea 0°, sxva wevrebisTvis ki aris 90°. mi-
(formula 3.20): viRebT:
· = ab cos φ (3.24) · = (–6)(1) + (9)(0) + (8)(0) – (12)(0) = – 6.
am formulaSi, a aris veqtoris sidide,
CavsvaT es ricxvi da formulebis 3.25 da 3.26
anu
Sedegebi 3.24 formulaSi, miviRebT:
a = √32 + (–4)2 = 5, (3.25)
– 6 = (5)(3,61) cos φ.
xolo b aris veqtoris sidide
ase rom,
b = √(–2) + 3 = 3,61.
2 2
(3.26)
–6
φ = cos–1 = 109° ≈ 110°.
SegviZlia calke gamovTvaloT formula 3.24- (5)(3,61)
is marcxena mxare, Tu veqtorebs erTeulovan- (pasuxi)
veqtoruli namravli
da veqtorebis veqtoruli namravli iwereba, rogorc
 ×  da aris veqtori, romlis sidide:
c = ab sin φ , (3.27)
sadac φ aris da -s Soris umciresi kuTxe (mcire kuTxes imi-
tom viyenebT, rom sin φ da sin(360° – φ) algebruli niSniT gansx- φ
vavdeba).
(a)
Tu da paraleluria an antiparaleluria, maSin
× =0.
× -s absoluturi sidide, romelic asec Sei-
Zleba daiweros   ×    , maqsimaluria, Tu da erTmaneTis φ
perpendikularulia.
sur. 3.20. marjvena xelis wesis ilustracia veqtorebis namravlisTvis.

(a) marjvena xelis TiTebiT veqtori veqtorSi gadaitaneT. gawvdili cera
TiTi aCvenebs =  ×  veqtoris mimarTulebas. b) naCvenebia, rom  ×  da  × 
(b)
erTmaneTis sapirispiroa.
76 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
veqtoris mimarTuleba -s da -s Semcveli sibrtyis perpendikularulia. 3.20a sura-

Tze naCvenebia, rogor ganvsazRvroT = × -s mimarTuleba e.w. marjvena xelis wesiT.
da veqtorebi mimarTulebis Seucvlelad ganalage ise, rom saerTo saTavidan gamodiod-
nen. Semdeg warmoidgine xazi, romelic veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia. warmoid-
gine, rom es xazi marjvena xeliT giWiravs ise, rom TiTebi veqtoridan veqtorisken iyos
mimarTuli am veqtorebs Soris arsebuli umciresi kuTxiT. gaSlili ceri veqtoris mimar-
Tulebas aCvenebs.
veqtoruli gamravlebis dros Tanmimdevroba mniSvnelovania. 3.20 b suraTze  =   ×  -s
mimarTulebas marjvena xelis wesiT vsazRvravT. gaSlili ceri mimarTulia wina SemTxvevis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, maSasadame ´ = –   . es niSnavs, rom
× = – ( × ) (3.28)
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gadanacvlebadobis kanoni veqtoruli namravlisTvis ar moqmedebs.

erTeulovan-veqtoruli Canaweris SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs
× = (ax + ay + az ) × (bx + by + bz ) (3.29)
frCxilebis gaxsna SegviZlia jufTebadobis kanonis mixedviT. es imas niSnavs, rom pirve-
li veqtoris TiToeuli komponenti veqtorulad unda gamravldes meore veqtoris TiToeul
komponentze. erTeuli veqtorebis veqtoruli namravlebi mocemulia E danarTSi (ix. `veq-
torebis namravlebi~). magaliTad, 3.29 formulis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
ax × bx = ax bx ( ×  ) = 0
vinaidan ori erTeuli veqtori, da paraleluria, amitom maTi veqtoruli namravli

nulis tolia. aseve gveqneba
ax × by  = ax by ( ×  ) = ax by 
×  sididis gamosaTvlelad gamoviyeneT formula 3.27 (veqtorebs -s da -s aqvT erTeu-

li sidide da maT Soris kuTxea 90°). ×  -is mimarTulebis sapovnelad gamoviyeneT marjvena
xelis wesi da davadgineT, rom is mimarTulia z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT (maSasadame
-s mimarTulebiT).
3.29 formulaSi frCxilebis gaxsna mogvcems:
× = (ay bz – by az) + (az bx – bz ax) + (ax by – bx ay) (3.30)
veqtoruli namravlis gamoTvla, agreTve, SesaZlebelia determinantis (rogorc naC

venebia E danarTSi) an kalkulatoris gamoyenebiT.
imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara xyz koordinatTa sistema marjvena sistema,  ×   =  veqto
ruli namravlisTvis gamoiyene marjvena xelis wesi. Tu gaSlili ceri z RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiTaa, maSin es sistema marjvenaa.
sakontrolo wertili 5. C da D veqtorebis sidideebia Sesabamisad, 3 da 4 erTeuli. ra

iqneba C -s da D -s mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxe, Tu am veqtorebis veqtoruli namravli
C  × D aris 1) nuli da 2) 12 erTeuli?
77

3.21 suraTze veqtori xy sibrtyeSi Zevs,
misi sididea 18 erTeuli, xolo daxriloba
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT _
250°. veqtoris sididea 12 erTeuli, xolo
mimarTuleba z RerZis dadebiT mimarTule-
bas emTxveva. rogori iqneba veqtoruli nam-
ravli = × ?
amoxsna: rodesac ori veqtori mocemulia
sidide-kuTxuri saxiT, maT veqtorul nam-
sur. 3.21. veqtori (xy sibrtyeSi)   da  veqtorebis
ravls vpoulobT 3.27 formulis saSuale- veqtoruli namravlia.
biT:
c = ab sin φ = (18)(12)(sin 90°) = 216 (pasuxi) Tuli. gaSlili ceri gviCvenebs veqtoris
aseTi Canaweris dros ori veqtoris mimarTulebas. maSasadame, rogorc suraTzea
veqtoruli namravlis mimarTulebas vpou naCvenebi, Zevs xy sibrtyeze. imis gamo, rom
lobT marjvena xelis wesiT. 3.21 suraTze misi mimarTuleba -s perpendikularulia,
warmoidgine, rom Seni marjvena xeli da kuTxe iqneba
veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia, 250° – 90° = 160° (pasuxi)
xolo TiTebi veqtoridan -skenaa mimar- x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi.

Tu  = 3  – 4 da  = –2  + 3 , ra iqneba jvena xelis wesiT. aq pirveli wevrisTvis or
= × ? veqtors Soris φ kuTxe nulis tolia. danar-
amoxsna: rodesac ori veqtori mocemulia Ceni wevrebisTvis φ = 90°. vipovoT:
erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT, maTi veq- = –6(0) + 9(– ) + 8(– ) – 12

toruli namravlis povna SeiZleba uRleba- = –12  – 9  – 8 (pasuxi)
dobis kanonis gamoyenebiT. es niSnavs, rom
SegviZlia davweroT: veqtori da veqtorebis perpendi-
= (3  – 4 )×(–2  + 3 ) kularulia. amis damtkiceba SeiZleba, Tu
= 3 ×(–2 ) + 3 ×3 + (–4 )×(–2 ) + (–4 )×3 . vaCvenebT, rom  ·   = 0 da  ·   = 0. es niS-
navs, rom veqtoris komponenti -s an -s
Semdeg TiToeul wevrs gamoviTvliT 3.27
mimarTulebis gaswvriv ar arsebobs.
formuliT da mimarTulebas vipoviT mar-
taqtika 5: veqtorul namravlTan 2) marjvena xelis wesis arasworad gamoyeneba,

dakavSirebuli gavrcelebuli Sec- rodesac xelSi kalkulatori an fanqari uWi-
domebi. ravT. 3) zogjer namravlis pirvel veqtors
veqtoruli namravlis povnis dros gavrcele ver mimarTaven meore veqtorisken, vinaidan
bulia ramdenime Secdoma: 1) rodesac veq- es xelis saSinel daZabvas moiTxovs. zogjer
torebi suraTze mocemulia ise, rom er- igive xdeba, rodesac veqtors warmosaxviT
Tis saTave meores bolos emTxveva, maT abruneben marjvena xelis gamoyenebis nacv-
sworad ar alageben. Tqven gonebaSi unda ga- lad. 4) marjvena koordinatTa sistemasTan
nalagoT (ukeTesia gadaxazoT) veqtorebi dakavSirebiT Secdoma xdeba, rodesac gavi-
ise, rom saerTo saTavidan gamodiodnen, ma- wydeba, rogor aago aseTi sistema (ixile sur.
gram ar unda SecvaloT maTi mimarTuleba. 3.14).
78 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
skalarebi da veqtorebi. skalarebs, mag- toruli komponentebi, xolo ax, ay da az – ska-
aliTad temperaturas, mxolod ricxviTi laruli komponentebi.
mniSvneloba aqvs. isini ganisazRvreba ricx-
veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebiT. veq
viTi erTeuliT (10°C) da emorCileba Cveu-
torebis komponenturi formiT Sesakrebad,
lebrivi ariTmetikisa da algebris kanonebs.
viyenebT wesebs:
veqtorebs, magaliTad, gadaadgilebas,
ricxviTi mniSvnelobac aqvs da mimarTule- rx = ax + bx , ry = ay + by , rz = az + bz (3.11- 3.13)
bac (5 m, CrdiloeTiT). isini veqtoruli al- aq da Sesakrebi veqtorebia, xolo – veq-
gebris kanonebs emorCileba. torTa jami.
veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba. veqtorebi da fizikuri kanonebi. nebi-
da veqtorebis geometriulad Sesakrebad smieri fizikuri mdgomareoba, romelic
saWiroa isini ise davalagoT, rom erTis sa- veqtorebs Seexeba, SeiZleba gamoisaxos
Tave meoris bolos emTxveodes. pirveli veq- bevr SesaZlo koordinatTa sistemaSi. Cveu-
toris saTavisa da meore veqtoris bolos lebriv, virCevT umartives koordinatTa
damakavSirebeli veqtori aris am veqtor- sistemas. Tumca, veqtorul sidideebs So-
Ta jami. -s rom gamovakloT, amisTvis ris kavSiri da fizikuri kanonebi ar aris
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT SevabrunoT damokidebuli Cvens mier arCeul koordi-
– -s misaRebad. Semdeg – davumatoT -s. natTa sistemaze.
veqtorebis Sekreba emorCileba gadanacv-
lebadobisa da uRlebadobis kanonebs. skalaris namravli veqtorze. s ska-
larisa da veqtoris namravli axali veqto-
veqtoris komponentebi. nebismieri or- ria, romlis sididea sν. mimarTuleba emTx-
ganzomilebiani veqtoris ax da ay skalaru- veva -s, Tu s dadebiTia, da sawinaaRmdegoa,
li komponentebi koordinatTa RerZebis Tu s uaryofiTia. -s s-ze gasayofad -s vam-
gaswvriv moiZebneba veqtoris boloebidan ravlebT 1/s-ze.
koordinatTa RerZebze perpendikularebis
daSvebiT. komponentebi moicema formule- skalaruli namravli. da veqtorebis
biT: skalaruli namravli iwereba ase:  ·  b da
ax = a cos θ da ay = a sin θ , (3.5) skalaruli sididea, romelic moicema for-
sadac θ aris kuTxe x RerZis dadebiT mimar- muliT:
Tulebasa da veqtoris mimarTulebas  ·  = ab cos φ, (3.20)
Soris. komponentis algebruli niSani mis sadac φ aris kuTxe -sa da -s mimarTule-
mimarTulebas aCvenebs Sesabamisi RerZis bebs Soris. skalaruli namravli aris erTi
mimarT. komponentebis saSualebiT SesaZle- veqtoris sididisa da am veqtoris mimar-
belia veqtoris sididisa da mimarTulebis Tulebaze meore veqtoris skalaruli kom-
dadgena: ponentis namravli.
ay erTelovan-veqtorul CanawerSi:
a = √ ax2 + ay2 da tg θ = a (3.6)
x
· = (ax +ay +az )·(bx +by +bz ) (3.22)
erTeulovan-veqtoruli Canaweri. er- SegviZlia am formulis gavrcoba uRleba-
Teulovani veqtorebis , da -s sidideebi dobis kanonis gamoyenebiT. aRsaniSnavia,
erTis tolia, xolo mimarTulia, Sesabam- rom  ·  =  · .
isad, marjvena koordinatTa sistemis x, y da
z RerZebis dadebiT mimarTulebas emTxveva. veqtoruli namravli. ori da veqto-
veqtoris Cawera erTeulovani veqtorebis ris veqtoruli namravli iwereba ase:  · 
saSualebiT SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT: da aris veqtori, romlis sididea:
c = ab sin φ, (3.27)
= ax + ay  + az  (3.7)
sadac φ aris -sa da -s mimarTulebebs So-
sadac ax , ay da az aris veqtoris veq-
79
veqtorul CanawerSi
ris umciresi kuTxe. -s mimarTuleba da
veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia  ×   = (ax  + ay  + az )×(bx  + by  + bz ) (3.29)
da ganisazRvreba marjvena xelis wesiT,
am gamosaxulebis gavrcobac SeiZleba uRle
rogorc naCvenebia 3.20 suraTze. daimaxs-
badobis kanonis gamoyenebiT.
ovre, rom  ×   = –(  ×  ). erTeulovan-
SekiTxvebi
1 floridis universitetis golfis gundma 5 Tu  =  +   –  , aris Tu ara

unda iTamaSos mdeloze, romlis SuagulSi a)  + (– ) =  + (– );
àligatoris ormoa~ amoTxrili. 3.22 su-
b)  = (– ) +   +  da
raTze naCvenebia golfis moednis zedxedi
xy koordinatTa sistemaSi. gundis wevrebma g)  + (– ) =  + ?
burTi unda Caagdon xvrelSi, romlis koor- 6 3.23 suraTze naCvenebi ori veqtori Zevs
dinatebia (8 m, 12 m). magram burTis Cagdebis xy sibrtyeSi. ra niSnebi eqneba x da y kompo-
ufleba aqvT mxolod qvemoT mocemuli nentebs a) 1 +  2-sTvis, b) 1 –  2-sTvis da
gadaadgilebebis erTxel an metjer gamoy- g) 2 –  1-sTvis?
enebiT: y
1 
= (8 m)  + (6 m) , 2
 = (6 m) , 3
= (8 m)
àligatoris ormos~ koordinatebia (8 m, 6 m).
2
Tu gundis romelime wevri burTs am ormoSi x
Caagdebs an ormoze gadaatarebs, es moTamaSe
avtomaturad gadaecema floridis Statis
universitets – mTavar mters. gadaadgile- 1
sur. 3. 23. KkiTxva 6.
bebis ra mimdevroba unda gamoiyenos univer-
sitetis gundis wevrma, rom burTi ormoSi ar
Cauvardes? 7 3.24 suraTze naCvenebi RerZebis romeli
y ganlagebaa marjvena koordinatTa sistema?
rogorc wesi, RerZis simbolo mis dadebiT
mimarTulebas aRniSnavs.
ormo
z x
àligatoris
ormos~
sur. 3.22
kiTxva 1. x x y
x
2 SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ori veqtoris si- y z z
y
dideebis jami am veqtorebis jamis sididis
(a) (b) (g)
toli iyos? Tu ara, maSin ratom? Tu ki, maSin
x z
rodis?
x
3 3.2 formulaSi vxedavT, rom da veq-
torebis Sekreba emorCileba gadanacvleba- z y y
dobis kanons. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom  –   =
 –  ? z x
y
4 gamosaxe da veqtorebi ise, rom
(d) (e) (v)
a)  +   =  da a + b = c;
b)  +   =   –  ;
g)  +   =  da a2 + b2 = c2.

80 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
8 Tu  ·  =  · , aris Tu ara da erT- 10 3.26 suraTze naCvenebia veqtori da

maneTis toli? sxva oTxi veqtori, romelTac Tanabari
sidide da sxvadasxva mimarTuleba aqvT. a) am
9 Tu  = q(  +  ) da aris -s perpendi-
oTxi veqtoridan romelTa skalaruli nam-
kularuli, maSin rogori mimarTule-ba eqne-
ravlia -ze erTmaneTis toli? b) romlis
ba -s 3.25 suraTze naCveneb sam mdgomareo- -ze skalaruli namravlia uaryofiTi?
baSi, rodesac q mudmiva a) dadebiTia da
b) uaryofiTia?
y y θ
θ θ
θ
x x x

z z z
(1) (2) (3)
amocanebi
θ = 30°. gansazRvre veqtoris: a) x komponen-

SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
Manual-Si. ti da b) y komponenti.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze •5 gemma unda gacuros 120 km CrdiloeTis
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mimarTulebiT. moulodnelma qariSxalma
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.com/ gemi sawyisi wertilidan 100 km-iT aRmosav-
college/halliday.
leTiT gadaanacvla. a) ra manZili da b) ra
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs
amocanis sirTules mimarTulebiT unda gacuros gemma daniS-
nulebis adgilamde misaRwevad?
qveTavi 3-4. veqtoris komponentebi •6 3.28 suraTze mZime meqanizmi 12,5 m
•1 ras udris xy sibrtyeze mdebare veq- (d = 12,5) manZilze aacures 20°-iT daxril
toris a) x komponenti da b) y komponenti, Tu ficarze (θ = 20°). a) sawyisi mdebareo-
misi mimarTulebaa 250° x RerZis dadebiTi bidan ra simaRleze aacures meqanizmi?
mimarTulebis mimarT, saaTis isris sawinaaR- b) horizontalurad ra manZilze gadaad
mdego mimarTulebiT, xolo sididea 7,3 m? gilda igi?
•2 mocemuli kuTxeebi gamosaxe radianebSi:

a) 20°, b) 50°, g) 100°. mocemuli kuTxeebi ga-
daiyvane gradusebSi: d) 0,33 radiani, e) 2,1
radiani, v) 7,7 radiani.
•3 veqtoris x komponentia –25 m, xolo y

komponentia +40 m. a) risi tolia veqtoris
θ
sidide? b) ras udris kuTxe veqtorsa da
x RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris? SSM. sur. 3. 28. KkiTxva 6.
•4 3.27 suraTze y
••7 oTaxis zomebia 3 m (simaRle) × 3,70 m
gadaadgilebis veqtori
× 4,3 m. buzi frenas erTi kuTxidan iwyebs,
xy sibrtyeSi Zevs. misi
θ Semoifrens oTaxis garSemo da Cerdeba di-
sididea 15 m, kuTxe ki x
agonalurad mopirdapire kuTxeSi. a) risi
81
tolia misi gadaadgilebis sidide? SeiZleba (30, 40), (bx , –70), (–20, cy), (–80,–70). oTxi gar-
Tu ara misi traeqtoriis sigrZe b) naklebi benis mTliani gadaadgilebis xy komponente-
iyos gadaadgilebis sidideze? g) meti iyos bia (–140, –20). risi tolia a) bx da b) cy? risi
gadaadgilebis sidideze? d) toli iyos tolia mTliani gadaadgilebis g) sidide da
gadaadgilebis sididisa? e) airCie Sesabamisi d) kuTxe (x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis
koordinatTa sistema da gamosaxe gadaadg- mimarT)?
ilebis veqtoris komponentebi erTeulovan-
•14 gvaqvs ori veqtori,  =(3m) +(4m) da b =
veqtoruli saxiT. v) Tu buzi frenis nacv-
(5 m) +(-2 m) . warmoadgine  + b : a) erTeulo-
lad fexiT dadis, gamoTvale traeqtoriis
van-veqtoruli saxiT, ipove misi b) sidide da
umoklesi SesaZlebeli sigrZe (miniSneba: am
g) kuTxe ( -s mimarT). axla warmoadgine b –
kiTxvaze pasuxi gamoTvlis gareSe SeiZleba
d) erTeulovan veqtoruli saxiT da ipove
gaices. oTaxi yuTs hgavs. gaSale misi kedle-
misi e) sidide da v) kuTxe.
bi da sibrtyeze ganalage). SSM WWW.
qveTavi 3-5. veqtoris Sekreba kompo-
•15 mocemulia ori veqtori:
nentebiT = (4 m) – (3 m) +(1 m)
•8 adamiani fexiT midis mocemuli marSru da = (–1 m) +(1 m) +(4 m)
tiT: 3,1 km CrdiloeTiT, Semdeg 2,4 km dasav- erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT warmoadgine:
leTiT, bolos ki 5,2 km samxreTiT. a) aage a) + , b) – b da g) mesame veqtori, rom-
veqtorebi am moZraobisTvis. b) ra manZilze lisTvisac  –   + c  = 0. SSM.
da g) ra mimarTulebiT gafrindeboda Citi
•16 Sen akeTeb oTx wrfiv moZraobas brtyel
wrfivad imave sawyisi wertilidan imave sab-
zedapirze. moZraobas iwyeb xy koordinatTa
oloo wertilamde.
sistemis aTvlis saTavidan da amTavreb wer-
•9 adamianma ganizraxa mivides 3,4 km-iT da- tilSi (–140m, 30m). moZraobebis x da y kompo-
Sorebul adgilze, romelic 35° Crdilo-aR- nentebia (metrebSi): 20 da 60, bx da –70, –20 da
mosavleTiT mdebareobs. amisTvis man unda cy , –60 da –70. risi tolia a) bx komponenti
gaiaros Crdilo-samxreTiT an aRmosavleT- da b) cy komponenti? gamoTvale mTliani
dasavleTiT mimarTuli quCebi. ra minimal- gadaadgilebis g) sidide da d) kuTxe (x Rer-
uri manZilis gavlis Semdeg miaRwevs is dan- Zis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT).
iSnulebis adgils? •17 , da veqtorebidan TiToeulis si-
•10 manqana gadis 50 km-s aRmosavleTiT, Sem- didea 50 m da TiToeuli xy sibrtyeSi Zevs. x
deg 30 km-s CrdiloeTiT, bolos ki 25 km-s 30° RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT maTi
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. aage veqtorebi da kuTxeebia, Sesabamisad, 30°, 195° da 215°. ga-
gansazRvre manqanis mTliani gadaadgilebis moTvale +  + -s: a) sidide da b) kuTxe. ga-
a) sidide da b) kuTxe. moTvale  –   +  -s: g) sidide da d) kuTxe.
•11 a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra gamoTvale veqtoris: e) sidide da v) kuTxe,

romlisTvisac ( +  ) – ( + ) = 0. ILW.
iqneba jami + , Tu = (4 m) + (3 m) da  =
(–13 m) +(7 m) ? gamoTvale + -s b) sidide •18 + = jamSi veqtoris sididea 12
da g) mimarTuleba. SSM. m, xolo daxriloba x RerZis dadebiTi mi-
marTulebis mimarT aris 40°, saaTis isris
•12 da gadaadgilebebis komponentebia
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
c x = 7 , 4 , c y = – 3 , 8 , c z =   – 6 , 1 ; d x= 4 , 4 , d y = – 2 ,
veqtoris sididea 15 m, xolo daxrilo-
dz = 3,3. moZebne jamuri veqtoris a) x, b) y
ba x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebis mi-
da g) z komponentebi.
marT 20° saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRm-
•13 texasuri mziT Sewuxebuli WianWvela xy dego mimarTulebiT. ras udris veqtoris
sibrtyeze darbis. oTxi mimdevrobiTi garbe- a) sidide da b) daxriloba (x RerZis dadebiTi
nis x da y komponentebi santimetrebSi aseTia: mimarTulebis mimarT)?
82 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
pirveli xoWos axali mdebareobis adgilze?

•19 3.29 suraTze da veqtorebi Tana-
bari sididisaa — 10 m, xolo maTi kuTxeebia ••24 bazaze dabrunebis dros mkvlevari
θ1 = 30° da θ2 = 105°. moZebne jamuri veqto- TovaSi moyva (Tova imdenad Zlieria, rom mi-
ris a) x da b) y komponentebi, g) -is sidide wis da zecis garCevac ki SeuZlebelia). mkvl-
da d) kuTxe x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis evari apirebda 5,6 km-is gavlas CrdiloeTiT,
mimarT. SSM ILW WWW. magram, rodesac amindi gamokeTda, aRmoaCi-
y na, rom 7,8 km gaiara Crdilo-aRmosavleTi-
dan 50° kuTxiT. a) ra manZilze da b) ra mimar-
TulebiT unda imoZraos mkvlevarma bazaze
θ2 dasabruneblad?
•••25 a) 3.30 suraTze a gverdis sigrZis

kubi erTi kuTxiT exeba xyz koordinatTa
sistemis aTvlis saTaves. diagonali aris
θ1
0 x xazi, romelic erT kuTxes akavSirebs meo-
sur. 3. 29. KkiTxva 19. resTan centris gavliT. erTeulovan-veq-
•20 a) risi tolia qvemoT mocemuli oTxi torul CanawerSi, ra iqneba sxeulis di-
veqtoris jami erTeulovan-veqtoru- agonali kuTxidan, romlis koordinatebia
li saxiT? risi tolia am jamis b) sidide, a) (0,0,0), b) (a, 0, 0), g) (0, a, 0) da d) (a,a,0)?
g) kuTxe gradusebSi da d) kuTxe radianeb- e) gamoTvale kuTxeebi diagonalsa da mimde-
Si? bare gverdebs Soris. v) gansazRvre sxeulis
: 6 m + 0,9 radiani : 5 m — 75° diagonalis sigrZe a-s mimarT. SSM.
: 4 m + 1,2 radiani : 6 m — 210° z
•21 Wadrakis figurebi gadaadgildeba kvad-

ratebze, romelTa gverdebi 1,0 sm-ia. mxedari
gadaadgileba Semdegi gziT: a) ori kvadrati
a
win, erTi kvadrati marjvniv; 2) ori kvadrati
marcxniv, erTi kvadrati win; 3) ori kvadrati y
win, erTi kvadrati marcxniv. rogori iqneba a
a
mxedris mTliani gadaadgilebis a) sidide da
b) kuTxe (wina mimarTulebis mimarT) am sami x
svlis zedized gakeTebis Semdeg?
qveTavi 3-8. veqtorebi da fizikis
••22 A oazisi B oazisidan aRmosavleTiT
kanonebi
25 km manZilzea. aqlemi moZraobas iwyebs A
• 26 3.31 suraTze 17 m sididis veqto-
oazisidan, gadis 24km-s samxreT-aRmosav-
ri mimarTulia x RerZis dadebiTi mimar-
leTidan 15° kuTxiT, Semdeg ki 8km-s Crdil-
oeTiT. ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli aqlemi B y
y´
oazisidan?
••23 ori xoWo erTi wertilidan iwyebs sir-

ay
bils. pirveli xoWo garbis 0,5 m-s aRmosav-
x´
leTiT, Semdeg ki 0,8 m-s Crdilo-aRmosav-
leTidan 30° kuTxiT. meore xoWoc akeTebs y´
x´
or garbens da pirvelad 1,6 m-s garbis Crdi- θ´
θ
lo-aRmosavleTidan 40° kuTxiT. rogori

x
unda iyos xoWos meore garbenis a) sidide da 0 ax
θ´
b) mimarTuleba, Tu is unda dasruldes
83
Tulebisadmi θ = 56° kuTxiT saaTis isris y
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. rogori iqne-
ba veqtoris a) ax da b) ay komponentebi? meore
koordinatTa sistema pirvelis mimarT
daxrilia θ´ = 18° kuTxiT. rogori iqneba
g) ax´ da d) ay´ komponentebi am koordinatTa
sistemaSi?
θ
qveTavi 3-8. veqtorebis gamravleba
x
•27 da veqtorebi xy sibrtyeze Zevs. maTi sur. 3. 32. KkiTxva 35.
sidideebia 4,5 da 7,3 erTeuli, xolo kuTx-

eebi _ 320° da 85° x RerZis dadebiTi mi- kuTxea θ = 30°. rogori iqneba veqtoris a) x
marTulebis mimarT saaTis isris moZraobis da b) y komponentebi? rogori iqneba veqto-
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. rogori iqne- ris g) x da d) y komponentebi? rogori iqneba
ba a)  ·  -isa da b)  ×  -is mniSvnelobebi? veqtoris e) x da v) y komponentebi?
•28 mocemulia ori veqtori:  =3 +5 Tu = p + q , rogori iqneba z) p-s da T) q-s
da  = 2  + 4 . moZebne a)  ×  , b)  ·  , mniSvnelobebi?
g) ( + ) ·  da d) -s komponenti -s gas- ••36 mimebis Sexvedrisas, pirveli mimis
wvriv (miniSneba: d)-sTvis ganixile formula gadaadgilebaa =(4m) +(5m) ,
1
xolo me-
3.20 da sur. 3.19). orisa – =(–3m) +(4m) . gamoTvale a)
2 1
× 2
,
•29 mocemulia sami veqtori:  = 3  + 3  – 2 , b) 1 
·  2
, g) ( 1
+ 2
)· 2
da d) 1
komponenti
 = –1  – 4  + 2 da  = 2  + 2  + 1 . moZebne 2
-is mimarTulebis gaswvriv. (miniSneba:
a)  · (  ×  ), b)  · ( b  +  ) da g)  × (  +  ). d)-sTvis ixile formula 3.20 da sur. 3.19).
•30 Tu =3 –2 +4 da =–5 +2 – , risi damatebiTi amocanebi

1 2
tolia ( 1
+ 2
)·( 1
×4 2
)? 37 kldis nawevi ewodeba bzars, rom-
••31 or mocemul veqtors Soris kuTxis lis ori mopirdapire mxare warsul-
gamosaTvlelad gamoiyene skalaruli nam- Si erTmaneTis mimarT wanacvlda. 3.33
ravlis gansazRvreba  ·   = ab cos θ da is suraTze A da B wertilebi wanacvle-
faqti, rom  ·   = axbx + ayby+azbz.  = 3  +  bamde erTmaneTs emTxveoda. gadaadg-
+3  + 3 da = 2  +   + 3 SSM ILW WWW. ileba AB wanacvlebis mTlian sibrtyezea.
1 
AB-s horizontaluri komponenti aris AC
••32 namravlSi  = q  ×  , q = 2,  = 2  + 
horizontaluri wanacvleba. AB-s komponen-
+4  + 6 da  = 4  – 20  + 12 , Tu Bx = By ,
ti, romelic wanacvlebis sibrtyis qvemoTaa
rogori saxe eqneba veqtors erTeulovan-
mimarTuli, aris AD siRrmiseuli wanacvle-
veqtorul CanawerSi?
ba. a) gamoTvale AB mTliani gadaadgilebis
••33 veqtoris sididea 6 erTeuli,
veqtorisa – 7 erTeuli, amasTan,  ·   = 14.
rogori iqneba kuTxe -sa da -s mimarTule-
horizontaluri
bebs Soris? wanacvleba
••34 mocemuli sami veqtorisTvis, risi

toli iqneba 3  · (2 × )?
 = 2  + 3  – 4 siRrmi-
seuli
 = –3  + 4  + 2  = 7  – 8

wanacv- φ
leba
••35 3.32 suraTze mocemuli veqtorebis wanacvlebis

sibrtye
sidideebia: a = 3 m, b = 4 m, c = 10 m, xolo
84 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
sidide, Tu AC = 22 m, xolo AD = 17 m. b) Tu 43 3.35 suraTze mocemuli veqtorebisTvis

wanacvlebis sibrtye horizontis mimarT ga- a = 4, b = 3 da c = 5. gamoTvale a)  ·  ,
daixara φ = 52° kuTxiT, rogori iqneba AB-s b)  ·  da g) · .
vertikaluri komponenti? y
38 da veqtorebis komponentebia: ax= 3,2,

ay = 1,6, bx = 0,5, by = 4,5. a) gamoTvale kuTxe
-sa da -s mimarTulebebs Soris. xy sibr-
tyeze Zevs -s perpendikularuli ori veq- x
tori, romelTagan TioToeulis sididea 5 m.
veqtors aqvs dadebiTi x komponenti, xolo sur. 3. 35. Kamocanebi 43 da 44.
veqtors – uaryofiTi x komponenti. rogo-

44 3.35 suraTze mocemuli veqtorebisTvis
ri iqneba veqtoris b) x da g) y komponentebi
a = 4, b = 3 da c = 5. gamoTvale  ×  -s a) si-
da veqtoris d) x da e) y komponentebi?
dide da b) mimarTuleba. gamoTvale  × 
P
-s g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba. gamoTvale
× -s e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba (z RerZi
ar aris naCvenebi).
P
45 10 erTeulis sididis veqtori da 6 er-
t1 momenti t2 momenti Teuli sididis veqtori erTmaneTisgan
sur. 3. 34. KkiTxva 39. gansxvavdeba 60°-iT. ipove a) am veqtorebis
skalaruli namravli da b)  ×  veqtoruli
39 45 sm radiusis borbali horizontalur
namravlis sidide.
zedapirze migoravs (sur. 3.34). t1 momentSi
46 -s sididea 12 m, xolo kuTxe RerZis
borblis P wertili zedapirs exeba. t2 mo-
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi _ 60° saaTis is-
mentSi borbali naxevrad Semobrundeba. ro-
ris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
gori iqneba P-s gadaadgilebis a) sidide da
b) kuTxe (zedapiris mimarT)? koordinatTa imave sistemaSi  = (12 m) +
+ (8m) . koordinatTa sistema aTvlis saTa-
40 momitinge Tavisi plakatiT moZrao-
vis garSemo SemovabrunoT saaTis isris moZ-
bas iwyebs xyz koordinatTa sistemaSi xy si-
raobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT 20°
brtyeze. is gadis 40 m-s x RerZis uaryofiTi
kuTxiT. miviRebT xý´ koordinatTa siste-
mimarTulebiT, Semdeg 20 m-s marjvniv, per-
mas. rogori iqneba axal sistemaSi a) da
pendikularuli traeqtoriiT, bolos ki
b) veqtorebi erTeulovan-veqtorul
25 m-s zeviT, wyalsaqaCi koSkis mimarTule-
CanawerSi?
biT. a) rogori iqneba plakatis mTliani
47 ialqniani navi eris tbis amerikuli na-
gadaadgileba erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaw-
piridan kanaduri napiris im wertilisken
erSi? b) momitingem plakati wyalsaqaC koSk-
Tan daagdo. rogori iqneba plakatis sruli micuravs, romelic CrdiloeTiT 90 km-zea.
gadaadgilebis sidide misi moZraobis da- Tumca, mezRvauri Cerdeba sawyisi wertili-
sawyisidan dasasrulamde? dan 50 km-iT aRmosavleTiT. a) ra manZili da

b) ra mimarTulebiT unda gascuros mezRvau-
41 Tu -s davumatebT -s, miviRebT 6 + .
rma daniSnulebis adgilze misaRwevad?
Tu -s gamovaklebT -s, miviRebT –4 + 7 .
risi tolia -s sidide? 48 ipove mocemuli oTxi veqtoris jami
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi, misi
42 Tu B -s davumatebT =3 +4 -s, miviRebT
b) sidide da g) +x-Tan kuTxe.
veqtoris sididisa da y RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebis veqtors. risi tolia -s si P : 10 m, +x-dan 25° saaTis isris moZraobis
dide? sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT

85
Q : 10 m, +y-dan 10° saaTis isris moZraobis a) ·  , b) ×  da g) kuTxe -sa da -s
1  2 1  2 1 2
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT Soris?
R : 8 m, –y-dan 20° saaTis isris moZraobis 53 mocemuli gvaqvs sami gadaadgileba me-
mimarTulebiT trebSi:
S : 90 m, –y-dan 40° saaTis isris moZraobis =4 +5 –6
1
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
2
=–1 +2 +3 da
49 mocemulia ori veqtori: =4 +3 +2
3
= (4 m) -(3 m) da  = (6 m) +(8 m) a) rogori iqneba = –  +  ?
1  2  3
ras udris veqtoris a) sidide da b) rogori iqneba kuTxe -sa da z RerZis dadeb-
b) kuTxe ( -sadmi)? ras udris veqtoris iT mimarTulebas Soris? g) risi tolia -is
1
g) sidide da d) kuTxe? ras udris + -s komponenti -is mimarTulebis gaswvriv?
2
e) sidide da v) kuTxe? ras udris – -s d) risi tolia -is komponenti, romelic
1
z) sidide da T) kuTxe? ras udris  –  -s -is mimarTulebis perpendikularulia
2
i) sidide da k) kuTxe? l) rogori iqneba kuTxe da -isa da -is sibrtyezea? (miniSneba:
1 2
 –  -s – -s mimarTulebebs Soris? g)-sTvis gaiTvaliswine formula 3.20 da sur.
50 cecxlovani WianWvela piknikis teri- 3.19; d)-sTvis gaiTvaliswine formula 3.27).
toriaze cxeli sousis mosaZebnad midis 54 da veqtorebi xy sibrtyeze Zevs.
da horizontalur zedapirze akeTebs sam
-s sididea 8, xolo kuTxe aris 130°.
gadaadgilebas:  = 0,4 m samxreT-dasavle-
1 -s komponentebia Bx= -7,72 da By= -9,2.
TiT, 2
 = 0,5 m aRmosavleTiT, da 3 = 0,6 m gamoTvale kuTxeebi y RerZis uaryofiT
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 60°-iT. x RerZis mimarTulebas da (a) -s mimarTulebas
dadebiTi mimarTuleba iyos aRmosavle- Soris, (b)  ×  -s mimarTulebas Soris,
Ti, xolo y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba
g) × (  + 3 ) mimarTulebas Soris.
– CrdiloeTi. rogori iqneba 1
-is a) x da
55 da veqtorebi xy sibrtyeze Zevs. -s
b) y komponentebi? 2
-is g) x da d) y komponen-
sididea 8.00, xolo kuTxe – 130°. -s kom-
tebi? -is e) x da v) y komponentebi? rogo-
3
ponentebia Bx = –7,72 da By = –9,2. (a) ipove
ri iqneba WianWvelas sruli gadaadgilebis
z) x komponenti, T) y komponenti, i) sidide
5  ·  . rogori iqneba 4  × 3 (b) erTeu-
lovan-veqtorul CanawerSi da (g) sidide-
da k) mimarTuleba? Tu WianWvela pirdapir
kuTxur CanawerSi sferuli koordinatebiT
sawyis wertils daubrundeba, l) ra manZilze
da m) ra mimarTulebiT unda imoZraos? (ixile sur. 3.36)? (d) ipove kuTxe -sa da
4  × 3 -is mimarTulebebs Soris (miniSneba:
51 qali gadis 250 m-s Crdilo-aRmosavle
dafiqrdi, sanam gamoTvlebs daiwyeb). rogo-
TiT 30°-iT, Semdeg ki 175 m-s aRmosavle-
TiT. gamoTvale qalis sruli gadaadgilebis z
a) sidide da b) kuTxe. g) gamoTvale mis mier
ganvlili manZili. d) ra ufro metia, ganvli-
li manZili Tu gadaadgilebis sidide? SSM.
52 1
gadaadgileba Zevs yz sibrtyeze, φ
y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi 63°
kuTxiTaa daxrili, aqvs dadebiTi z komponen-
y
ti da 4,5 m sidide. 2
gadaadgileba Zevs xz
sibrtyeze, x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebi- θ
sadmi 30° kuTxiTaa daxrili, aqvs dadebiTi

z komponenti da 1,4 m sidide. rogori iqneba
x sur. 3. 36. Kamocama 55.
86 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
ri iqneba  × 3 (e) erTeulovan-veqtorul lia  +  -s (a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba?

CanawerSi da (v) sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi risi tolia  –  -s g) sidide da d) mimar-
sferuli koordinatebiT? Tuleba? TiToeuli kombinaciisTvis aage
56 veqtori mimarTulia y RerZis uar veqtoruli diagrama.

1
yofiTi mimarTulebiT, xolo 2
veqtori 63 golfis moTamaSe burTs xvrelSi sam
– x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. ra mimar dartymaSi agdebs. pirveli dartyma burTs
Tuleba eqneba (a) /(–4)-s? ro- /4-s da (b) gadaaadgilebs 3,66 m CrdiloeTiT, meore
2 1
gori iqneba namravlis sidide (g) 1 ·  2-sTvis dartyma – 1,83 m samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,
da d) 1 · ( 2/4)-sTvis? rogori iqneba Sede- xolo mesame dartyma – 0,91 m samxreT-dasav-
gad miRebuli veqtoris mimarTuleba (e) 1×  leTiT. risi tolia erTi dartymiT burTis
-sTvis da (v) 2 ×  1-sTvis? rogori iqneba Casagdebad saWiro gadaadgilebis (a) sidide
2
veqtoruli namravlis sidide (z) (e)-Si da (T) da (b) mimarTuleba?
(v)-Si? rogori iqneba 1 

× ( 2
/4)-is (i) sidide 64 wertili sibrtyeze samjer gadaad
da (k) mimarTuleba? gildeba: 1 – 4 m samxreT-dasavleTiT, Sem-
57 veqtori mimarTulia samxreTiT da misi deg  – 5 m aRmosavleTiT da bolos

2 3
sididea 3 m. ras udris 5 veqtoris (a) sidide – 6 m Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 60°-iT. airCie
da (b) mimarTuleba? ras udris –2 veqtoris koordinatTa sistema, sadac y RerZi aCvenebs
(g) sidide da (d) mimarTuleba? CrdiloeTs, xolo x RerZi – aRmosavleTs.
risi tolia -is (a) x komponenti da (b) y
58 Tu 1 
+ 2 
= 5 3
, 1 
– 2 
= 3 3
da 3
=2 +4 1
komponenti? risi tolia 2
-is (g) x kompo-
maSin rogori iqneba (a) 1
da (b) 2
erTeulo-
nenti da d) y komponenti? risi tolia 3
-is
van veqtorul CanawerSi?
(e) x komponenti da (v) y komponenti? risi
59 gamoTvale mocemuli oTxi veqtoris tolia wertilis mTliani gadaadgilebis
jami a) erTeulovan veqtorul CanawerSi, (z) x komponenti, (T) y komponenti, (i) sidide
misi b) sidide da g) kuTxe. da (k) mimarTuleba? Tu wertili sawyis mde-
 = (2 m)  + (3 m) bareobaSi brundeba, maSin (l) ra manZili
: 4 m, +65° unda gaiaros da (m) ra mimarTulebiT unda
imoZraos?
 = (–4 m)  – (6 m)
65 veqtori yz sibrtyeze Zevs, y RerZis
: 5m, –235°
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi daxrilia 63°-iT,
60 x RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli veqtori
aqvs dadebiTi z komponenti da 3,2 erTeulis
unda davumatoT 7.0 m sididis veqtors. toli sidide. veqtori Zevs xz sibrtyeze, x
jami gvaZlevs mesame veqtors, romelic mi-
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi 48° kuTx-
marTulia y RerZis gaswvriv da misi sidide
iTaa daxrili, aqvs dadebiTi z komponenti da
3-jer metia -s sidideze. rogori iqneba -s
1,4 erTeulis toli sidide. ipove (a)  ·  ,
sidide?
(b)  ×  da (g) kuTxe -s da -s Soris.
61 sami veqtori mocemulia metrebSi:
66 (a) erTeulovan-veqtorul Cana
1
=3 +3 +2 werSi rogori iqneba  =   –   +  , Tu
=–2 –4 +2  
= 5  + 4 – 6 ,  = –2  + 2 + 3 da
2
=2 +3 +1 = 4  + 3 + 2 (b) gamoTvale kuTxe -sa

3
da z RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris.
ipove Sedegebi: (a) · (
1  2 
+  3
),
(g) rogori iqneba -s komponenti -s mimar-
(b) 1 
· ( 2 
×  3
), (g ) 1 
× ( 2 
+  3
). Tulebis gaswvriv? (d) ra iqneba -s kompo-
62 5 m sididis veqtori mimarTulia nenti -s perpendikularulad, magram -sa
samxreTiT. 4 m sididis veqtori mimarTu- da -s sibrtyeze? (miniSneba: (g)-sTvis ixile
lia Crdilo-dasavleTidan 35°-iT. risi to-
87
formula 3.2 da sur. 3.19. (d)-sTvis ixile adgilebis veqtorebi mTliani gadaadgilebis
formula 3.27). Semdegi sidideebis misaRebad: (a) 7 m, (b) 1 m da
(g) 5 m.
67 8 m sididis veqtori emateba veqtors,
romelic x RerZis gaswvriv aris mimarTuli. 75 bostonis centrSi banki gaZarcves (ixile
am ori veqtoris jami gvaZlevs axal veqtors, ruka 3.37 suraTze). policiisgan Tavis dasaR-
wevad mZarcvelebi TviTmfrinaviT gafrind-
romelic y RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da
nen da Seasrules sami frena: 32 km samxreTiT
aqvs -ze orjer meti sidide. risi tolia
dasavleTis mimarT 45°-iT, 53 km dasavleTiT
-s sidide?
CrdiloeTis mimarT 64°-iT da 26 km samxreT-
68 ganvixiloT x RerZis dadebiTi mimar-
aRmosavleTiT 18°-iT. mesame gadafrenis
Tulebis veqtori, y RerZis dadebiTi bolos mZarcvelebi daakaves. romel qalaq-
mimarTulebis veqtori da d skalari. ro- Si moxda es? (ruqaze gadaadgilebebis Ses-
gori iqneba /d-s mimarTuleba, Tu d (a) da akrebad gamoiyene geometriuli meTodi).
debiTia da (b) uaryofiTia? risi tolia
bostoni da misi
(g)  ·  -s da (d)  ·  /d-s sidide? ra mimar- Semogareni
Tuleba eqneba veqtors (e)  ×  da (v) × ?
salemi
(z) rogori iqneba veqtoruli namravlis si-
voburni
dide (e)-Si? rogori iqneba  ·  /d-s T) sidide leqsingtoni
da (i) mimarTuleba, Tu d dadebiTia? arlingtoni banki
medfordi
69 veqtoris sididea 2,5 m, xolo mimar valthami
Tuleba – CrdiloeTi. risi tolia 4 -s niutoni
bostoni
(a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba? risi tolia bruklini
velisli
3 -s (g) sidide da (d) mimarTuleba?
70 kaci seirnobas iwyebs xyz koordinatTa dedhami quinsi
sistemis saTavidan. xy sibrtye horizonta-

veimousi
luria, xolo x RerZi mimarTulia aRmosav-
uolpoli
leTisken. kacma gaiara 1000 m aRmosavle-
TiT, Semdeg 2000 m CrdiloeTiT, bolos ki
sur. 3. 37. Kamocana 75.
erTcentiani moneta 500 m simaRlis kldidan
gadauvarda. (a) erTeulovan-veqtorul Cana 76 a) aCvene, rom  · (  ×  a ) nulis to-
werSi, risi tolia erTcentiani monetis ga lia nebismieri da veqtorisTvis.
daadgileba kacis moZraobis dawyebidan
b) risi tolia  × (  ×  ) sidide, Tu -sa da
dacemamde? (b) rodesac kaci aTvlis saT-
-s mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxea φ?
avesTan brundeba, risi tolia misi mTliani
gadaadgilebis sidide? 77 aCvene, rom da veqtorebsa da wiTel
71 moZebne a gverdis sigrZis kubSi diago- xazs Soris moqceuli samkuTxedis (sur. 3.38)
nalebis TiToeul wyvils Soris kuTxe. ixile farTobia 1 |  ×  |.
2
amocana 25.
72 Tu  –   = 2 ,  +   = 4 da  = 3  + 4 , ma-
Sin risi tolia (a) da (b) ? φ
73 davuSvaT, mimarTulia aRmosavleTis
ken, – CrdiloeTisken, xolo – zeviT. risi sur. 3. 38. Kamocana 77.
78 aCvene, rom formula 3.29 gardaiqmneba
tolia namravlebis (a) (  ·  ) (b) (– ) · (– ) da
3.30-ad.
(g)  · (– ) sidide? saiTaa mimarTuli namrav-
79 aCvene, rom formula 3.22 daiyvaneba
lebi (d)  ×  , (e) (– ) · (– ) da (v) (– ) × (– )?
3.23-ze.
74 ganixileba 3 m da 4 m sididis ori gadaadg-
ileba. aCvene, rogor unda dajgufdes gada
4 organzomilebiani da
samganzomilebiani
moZraoba
robi niveli `didi kanionis~ erTi napiridan meoreze gadaxta da mo-

tocikliT xtomis gasaocari rekordi daamyara _ 68 metri. robi, ra
Tqma unda, kanionis meore napirze daSvebas eswrafoda da sulac ar
undoda, rom Tundac umciresi Secdomis gamo kanionis fskerze aRmoGe-
niliyo.
rogor unda gansazRvros motocikliT mxtomelma naxtomis sawyisi siCqare?
pasuxs am TavSi SeityobT.
4.1 ra aris fizika?

am TavSi ganvagrZobT fizikis im nawilis Seswavlas, romelic moZraobas Seexeba, Tumca
amjerad ganvixilavT or an samganzomilebian moZraobas. magaliTad, medicinis mkvlevrebi
da aviainJinrebi did yuradRebas uTmoben or da samganzomilebian brunviT moZraobebs,
romlebic pilotebs sahaero brZolebSi sWirdebaT (moZraobis romeli parametrebi gam-
oiwvevs pilotis mier gonebis dakargvas?). sportuli inJinrebisTvis mTavaria, magali-
Tad, kalaTburTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (rodesac moTamaSe samquliani xazidan ty-
orcnis, ra siCqariT da kuTxiT unda gafrindes burTi, raTa kalaTSi moxvdes?).
samganzomilebiani moZraoba ioli gasaazrebeli ar aris. magaliTad, manqanas trasaze
albaT kargad marTavT (erTganzomilebiani moZraoba), magram asafren bilikze TviTm-
frinavis dasma (samganzomilebiani moZraoba) varjiSis gareSe Zalian gagiWirdebaT.
organzomilebiani da samganzomilebiani moZraobis Seswavlas mdebareobiT da gadaadg-
ilebiT viwyebT.
4.2 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba
wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvra mdebareobis veqtoriT xdeba. mdebareobis veqto-

ri CvenTvis cnobil mdebareobas (Cveulebriv, koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis saTaves) am
88
4.2 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba 89
wertilTan akavSirebs. erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaw- y
erSi veqtori iqneba:
(2 m)
(-3m)
= x  + y + z , (4 .1 ) (5 m) x
0
sadac x , y da z  -is veqtoruli komponentebia,
xolo x, y da z koeficientebi – -is skalaruli kom-
ponentebi.
x, y da z koeficientebi gviCvenebs wertilis mde- z
bareobas koordinatTa RerZebis gaswvriv da aTvlis sur. 4.1 wertilis mdebareobis veq-
saTavis mimarT, anu wertils gaaCnia marTkuTxa koor- tori aris wertilis veqtoruli kom-
ponentebis jami.
dinatebi (x,y,z). magaliTad, 4.1 suraTze naCvenebia
wertili mdebareobis veqtoriT:
= (–3m)  + (2m)  + (5m)
da marTkuTxa koordinatebiT (-3m, 2m, 5m). x RerZis gaswvriv wertili 3 metriTaa
daSorebuli aTvlis saTavidan (– ) mimarTulebiT. y RerZis gaswvriv wertili 2 metriTaa
daSorebuli aTvlis saTavidan + mimarTulebiT. z RerZis gaswvriv wertili 5 metriTaa
daSorebuli aTvlis saTavidan + mimarTulebiT.
wertilis moZraobasTan erTad misi mdebareobis veqtori ise icvleba, rom am wer-
tils yovelTvis aTvlis saTavesTan akavSirebs. Tu mdebareobis veqtori drois garkveul
monakveTSi Seicvala 1
-dan 2
-ze, maSin wertilis D  gadaadgileba drois am monakveTSi
iqneba:
D r  = 2
–  1. (4.2)
4.1 formulis erTeulovan-veqtoruli Canaweris gamoyenebis Sedegad es gadaadgileba

Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
D  = (x2  + y2  + z2  ) – (x1  + y1  + z1  )
an D  = (x2 – x1)  + (y2 – y1)  + (z2 – z1)  , (4 .3 )
sadac (x1,y1,z1) koordinatebi Seesabameba 1

mdebareobis veqtors, xolo (x2,y2,z2) koor-
dinatebi – 2
mdebareobis veqtors. gadaadgilebis Cawera aseve SeiZleba, Tu (x2 _ x1)-is
nacvlad CavsvamT Δx-s, (y2 – y1)-is nacvlad Δy-s da (z2 – z1)-is nacvlad Δz-s:
D 1
 = Dx  + Dy  + Dz . (4.4)

4.2 suraTze wertilis sawyisi mdebareobis y
veqtoria
1
= (–3 m)  + (2 m)  + (5 m) , 0
x
xolo momdevno mdebareobis: 1
2
2
= (9 m)  + (2 m)  + (8 m) .
D
rogori iqneba wertilis D gadaadgileba
-dan -mde? z
1 2
sur. 4.2 D  = 2
– 1 gadaadgilebis veqtori
1
veqtoris bolos aerTebs 2 veqtoris bo-
amoxsna: D gadaadgileba miiReba 2
sab- losTan.
90 Tavi 4 organzomilebiani da samganzomilebiani moZraoba
oloo mdebareobis veqtoridan 1

-is gamo
sakontrolo wertili 1. a) Tu Ramura
klebiT:
(–2m, 4m, –3m) wertilidan frindeba da
D  = 2
–  1
(6m, –2m, –3m) wertilSi gadadis, ro-
= [9–(–3)]  + [2 – 2] + [8 – 5]   gori iqneba misi D  gadaadgileba er
Teulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi? b) aris
= (12 m)  + (3 m)   (pasuxi)
Tu ara D  koordinatTa romelime si-
gadaadgilebis veqtori xz sibrtyeze Zevs, brtyis paraleluri? Tu aris, maSin
vinaidan y komponenti ara gvaqvs. es faqti romeli sibrtyis?
ricxobriv SedegSi ufro kargad Cans, vi-
dre 4.2 suraTze.

kurdReli garbis avtosadgomze, ro amoxsna: 4.5 da 4.6 formulebis Tanaxmad,
melzec, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, kurdRlis mdebareobis x da y koordi-
koordinatTa RerZebia gavlebuli. kurd- natebi mdebareobis veqtoris skalaruli
Rlis mdebareobis koordinatebi, rogorc komponentebia. maSasadame, SegviZlia davw-
t drois funqcia, mocemulia formulebiT: eroT:
x = – 0,31 t2 + 7,2t + 28 (4.5) (t) = x(t)  + y(t) (4.7)
da y = 0,22 t2 – 9,1t + 30 (4.6) ( -is nacvlad (t)-s imis gamo davwereT,

rom komponentebi da, maSasadame, -ic t
t izomeba wamebSi, xolo x da y _ metrebSi.
drois funqciaa).
a) rodesac t = 15 wm, rogori iqneba kur- rodesac t = 15 wm, skalaruli kompo
dRlis mdebareobis veqtori erTeulo- nentebia:
van-veqtorul CanawerSi da sidide-kuTxur
CanawerSi?
x = (–0,31) (15)2 + (7,2) (15) + 28 = 66
y
m ym
40 40
t = 0 wm
20 20
0 -41 0
x m xm
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
-20 5 wm
-20
-40
r
-40 10 wm
-60 -60 15 wm
25 wm
(a) 20 wm (b)
sur. 4.3 a) kurdRlis mdebareobis veqtori, rodesac t =15 wm. -is skalaruli komponentebi naCvenebia
RerZebis gaswvriv. b) kurdRlis traeqtoria da misi mdebareobebi t-s xuTi mniSvnelobisTvis.
4.3 saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare 91
da y = (0,22) (15)2 – (9,1) (15) +30 = – 57 -is komponentebis niSnebis Seswavlam
gvaCvena, rom sasurveli kuTxe meo-
maSasadame, rodesac t = 15 wm,
Txe meoTxedSia, maSasadame 139°–180° =
(t) = (66 m)  – (57 m) , (pasuxi) – 41°).
rac gamosaxulia 4.3a suraTze. b) aage kurdRlis traeqtoriis grafi-
-is sididisa da daxrilobis gamo ki t = 0-dan t = 25 wm-mde.
saTvlelad gamoviyenoT veqtoruli amoxsna: t-s ramdenime mniSvnelobisT-
kalkulatori an 3.6 formulis Tanax- vis SegviZlia a) nawils davubrun-
mad davweroT: deT da avagoT grafiki. 3.4.b suraTze
r= = asaxulia grafiki t-s xuTi mniSvnelo-
= 87 m, (pasuxi) bisTvis. aseve SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
grafikuli kalkulatori da avagoT
y (–57 m) parametruli anu y-is x-ze damokideb-
da θ = tg–1 = tg–1 = – 41° (pasuxi)
x 66 m ulebis grafiki, romlis koordinatebi
(miuxedavad imisa, rom kuTxeebis 139° drois funqciebis saxiT mocemulia 4.5
da –41° tangensebi erTmaneTis tolia, da 4.6 formulebiT.
4.3 saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare
rodesac wertili moZraobs erTi adgilidan meorisken, SeiZleba misi siCqaris gageba
dagvWirdes. rogorc me-2 TavSi vTqviT, siCqares ori sidide asaxavs: saSualo siCqare da
myisi siCqare. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi es sidideebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc veqtorebi
da gamoviyenoT veqtoruli Canaweri.
Tu wertili D  gadaadgilebas asrulebs Δt drois SualedSi, maSin misi saS saSualo
siCqarea:
gadaadgileba
saSualo siCqare =
drois Sualedi

D
anu saS = Δt (4.8)
es formula gvauwyebs, rom saS-s (veqtori 4.8 formulis marcxena mxares) mimar-
Tuleba unda daemTxves D -is mimarTulebas (veqtori formulis marjvena mxares). 4.4
formulis gamoyenebiT 4.8 formula SeiZleba ase davweroT:
saS =
Dx  + Dy  + Dz = Dx + Dy   + Dz (4.9)
Δt Δt Δt Δt
magaliTad, Tu wertili amocanis 4.1 nimuSSi sawyisi mdebareobidan momdevno mde-

bareobamde misvlas 2 wams andomebs, maSin misi saSualo siCqare iqneba:
D (12 m)  + (3 m)
saS = Δt = = (6 m/wm)  + (1,5 m/wm)
2 wm
anu saSualo siCqaris (veqtoruli sididis) komponentebia 6 m/wm x RerZis gaswvriv da
1,5 m/wm z RerZis gaswvriv.
Cveulebriv, rodesac wertilis siCqareze vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT wertilis myis
siCqares garkveul momentSi. aris sidide, romelsac saS zRvrulad uaxlovdeba, rode-
sac Δt intervali 0-mde mcirdeba. SegviZlia davweroT warmoebulis saxiT:
d
= . (4.10)
dt
4.4 suraTze naCvenebia xy sibrtyeze moZravi werti-

y
lis traeqtoria. rodesac wertili gadaadgildeba
mxebi marjvniv, misi mdebareobis veqtori marjvnivaa mimar-
1
Tuli. Δt intervalSi mdebareobis veqtori icvleba
2
1
D -dan -mde da wertilis gadaadgilebaa D .
1 2
2 traeqtoria wertilis myisi siCqaris sapovnelad, magaliTad, t1 mo-

0 x mentSi (rodesac wertili imyofeba pozicia 1-Si), Δt in-
sur. 4.4 wertilis D gadaadgileba Δt tervals nulamde vamcirebT. am dros sami movlena xdeba:
intervalSi, t1 momentSi 1
mdebareo- 1) 2
mdebareobis veqtori 4.4 suraTze moZraobs
bis veqtoridan t2 momentSi 2 mdebare-
1
-sken ise, rom D mcirdeba nulamde. 2) D /Δt-s (da,
obis veqtoramde. pozicia 1-Si werti-
lis traeqtoriis mxebia naCvenebi. maSasadame, saS-s) mimarTuleba uaxlovdeba werti-
lis 1 poziciaze traeqtoriis mxebis mimarTulebas).
3) saS saSualo siCqare uaxlovdeba myis siCqares t1 momentSi.
roca Δt → 0, gveqneba saS → , da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saS iRebs mxebis mi-
marTulebas, maSasadame, -sac igive mimarTuleba aqvs:
wertilis myisi siCqaris mimarTuleba yovelTvis traeqtoriis mxebia konkre-

tul momentSi.
sami ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi igivea: yovelTvis wertilis traeqtoriis mxebia.

4.10 formulis erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT dasawerad 4.1 formulidan CavsvaT .
d
=  (x +y +z ) = dx + dy   + dz
dt dt dt dt
es formula SeiZleba ase gamartivdes:
= vx + vy  + vz  , (4.11)

sadac -s skalaruli komponentebia:
dx dx dz
vx =  , v =  da vz =  . (4.12)
dt y dt dt
magaliTad, dx/dt aris -s skalaruli komponenti x RerZis gaswvriv. maSasadame, -s ska-

laruli komponentebis povna -is skalaruli komponentebis diferencirebiT SegviZlia.
4.5 suraTze naCvenebia siCqaris veqtori da misi
y
x da y skalaruli komponentebi. gaiTvaliswine, rom
mxebi
aris wertilis traeqtoriis mxebi konkretul mo-
vy mentSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mdebareobis veqtori (4.1-
vx 4.4 suraTebi) aris isari, romelic akavSirebs erT
mdebareobas (àq~) meoresTan (ìq~). siCqaris veqtori
traeqtoria mdebareobebs ar akavSirebs, is ufro wertilis moZ-
0 x raobis myis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs, misi sigrZe ki
sur. 4.5 wertilis siCqare skalaru- siCqaris sidides asaxavs.
li komponentebiT.
4.3 saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare 93
sakontrolo wertili 2
suraTze naCvenebia wertilis moZ- y
raobis wriuli traeqtoria. Tu wertilis myisi siCqa-
rea = (2 m/wm) – (2 m/wm) , romel meoTxedSia wertili am
momentSi, Tu is wris garSemo moZraobs a) saaTis isris x
moZraobis mimarTulebiT da b) saaTis isris moZrao-
bis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? orive SemTxvevisTvis
grafikze gaavle veqtori.

y (m )
amocanis 4.2 nimuSSi naxsenebi kurdRl-
isTvis erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi da
40
sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi ipove siCqare,
rodesac t =15 wm.
amoxsna: amocanis amoxsna ori na

20
wilisgan Sedgeba: 1) kurdRlis siCqaris
povna SegviZlia, Tu Tavdapirvelad mis
komponentebs vipoviT; 2) am komponentebis 0
x (m )
povna SesaZlebelia kurdRlis mdebareobis 20 40 60 80
veqtoris komponentebis gawarmoebiT. 4.12

formul-is vx nawilSi 4.5-is CasmiT mivi-
-20
RebT -s x komponents:
dx d
vx =  =  (–0,31t2 + 7,2t + 28)
dt dt -40
= –0,62t + 7,2. (4.13)
rodesac t = 15 wm, vx = –2,1 m/wm. aseTive gziT
vipoviT y komponents: -60
x
dy d -130 o
vy =  =   (0,22t2 – 9,1t + 30)
dt dt
= 0,44t – 9,1. (4.14) sur. 4.6 kurdRlis siCqare, rodesac t = 15 wm. si
Cqaris veqtori kurdRlis mdebareobis mxebia am mo
rodesac t = 15 wm, vy = –2,5 m/wm. amis Semdeg
mentSi. aqve naCvenebia -s skalaruli komponentebi.
4.11 formula mogvcems:
= (–2,1 m/wm) + (–2,5 m/wm)  (pasuxi)

vy (–2,5 m/wm)
rogorc 4.6 suraTzea naCvenebi, aris da θ = tg–1 = tg–1
vx (–2,1 m/wm)
kurdRlis moZraobis traeqtoriis mxebi da
igive mimarTuleba aqvs, rogoric kurdRl- = tg–1 1,19 = – 130° (pasuxi)
is siCqares, rodesac t = 15 wm. (miuxedavad imisa, rom 50° da –130° kuTx-

-s sididisa da kuTxis gamosaTvlelad eebis tangensebi tolia, siCqaris kompo-
gamoviyenoT veqtoruli kalkulatori an nentebis niSnebis gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom
formula 3.6: sasurveli kuTxe mesame meoTxedSia, maSa-
v= = sadame 50° – 180° = –130°.
= 3,3 m/wm. (pasuxi)

4.4. saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba
rodesac wertilis siCqare Δt intervalSi icvleba -dan

1
-mde, misi
2 saS saSualo aC-
qareba am SualedSi iqneba:
siCqaris cvlileba
saSualo siCqare =
drois Sualedi
– Δv
anu = 2 1
= (4.15)
saS
Δt Δt .
Tu Δt-s romelime momentisTvis 0-s mivuaxlovebT, maSin am momentSi saS zRvrulad
uaxlovdeba myis aCqarebas (an ubralod aCqarebas), anu
d
= . (4.16)
dt
Tu siCqaris sidide an mimarTuleba (an orive erTad) icvleba, wertils aucileblad

unda hqondes aCqareba.
4.16 formulis Cawera erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiTac SeiZleba, Tu -s nacvlad
CavsvamT 4.11 formulas:
d
= dt (vx +vy +vz )
dv dv dv
= dtx + dty   + dtz
es gadaiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
= ax +ay +az , (4.17)
sadac -s skalaruli komponentebia:
dvx dvy dvz

ax =  , ay = 
dt da az =  dt (4.18)
dt
y maSasadame, -s skalaruli komponentebis povna

-s skalaruli komponentebis diferencirebiT Sei-
ax Zleba.
4.7 suraTze naCvenebia aCqarebis veqtori da
ay
misi skalaruli komponentebi or ganzomilebaSi moZ-
traeqtoria
ravi wertilisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom 4.7 suraTze
O x
aCqarebis veqtori mdebareobebs ar akavSirebs. is mx-
sur. 4.7. wertilis aCqareba da olod wertilis aCqarebis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs,
misi skalaruli komponentebi. misi sigrZe ki aCqarebis sidides asaxavs.

ipove amocanis amoxsnis 4.2 da 4.3 ni- amoxsna: amocanis amoxsna ori nawilisgan
muSebSi naxsenebi kurdRlis aCqareba, Sedgeba: 1) kurdRlis aCqarebas vipoviT,
rodesac t = 15 wm. pasuxi Cawere erTeulo- Tu Tavdapirvelad aCqarebis komponentebs
van-veqtoruli da sidide-kuTxuri saxiT. gavigebT; 2) am komponentebis povna Sesa-
4.4. saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba 95
Zlebelia kurdRlis siCqaris komponente- y (m )
bis gawarmoebiT. 4.18 formulis ax nawilis 40

formula 4.13-Si CasmiT miviRebT aCqare-
bis x komponents:
dv d
ax =  dtx =  dt (–0,62t + 7,2) = –0,62 m/wm2. 20
aseTive gziT vipoviT y komponents:

dv d 0 x (m )
ay =  dty =  dt (0,44t – 9,1) = 0,44 m/wm2. 20 40 60 80
rogorc vxedavT, aCqareba droSi ar icvle-

ba (Tanabaria), vinaidan t drois cvladi arc -20
erTi komponentis formulaSi ar gamoCnda.

amis Semdeg formula 4.17 mogvcems:
-40
= (–0,62 m/wm2) + (0,44 m/wm2) , (pasuxi)
a 145 o
rac 4.8 suraTzea naCvenebi kurdRlis moZ-
raobis traeqtoriasTan erTad. x
-60
-s sididisa da kuTxis gamosaTvlelad
gamoviyenoT veqtoruli kalkulatori an
formula 3.6. sididisTvis gveqneba: sur. 4.8 kurdRlis a aCqareba, rodesac t = 15 wm.
kurdRels traeqtoriis yvela wertilSi erTi da
a= = igive aCqareba aqvs.
= 0,76 m/wm2 (pasuxi)

xolo kuTxe iqneba:
ay 0,44 m/wm
θ = tg–1 = tg
–1
= – 35°
ax (–0,62) m/wm
sakontrolo wertili 3. mocemulia
kalkulatorze naCvenebi kuTxe gva xy sibrtyeze moZravi hokeis Saibis
uwyebs, rom 4.8 suraTze mimarTulia mar- mdebareobis (metrebSi) aRwerebi:
jvniv da qveviT. magram komponentebidan
1) x = –3t2 + 4t – 2 da y = 6t2 – 4t
viciT, rom mimarTuli unda iyos marcx-
2) x = –3t2 – 4t da y = –5t2 + 6
niv da zeviT. im kuTxis sapovnelad, rom-
lis tangensi –35°-is tangensis toli iqneba, 3) = 2t2   – (4t + 3)
–35°-s davumatoT 180°. miviRebT: 4)  = (4t3 – 2t)   + 3
–35° + 180° = 145° (pasuxi) TiToeuli aRwerisTvis gansazRvre,
es pasuxi ar ewinaaRmdegeba -s kom aris Tu ara Saibis aCqarebis x da
ponentebs. gaiTvaliswine, rom -s si- y komponentebi mudmivi da aris Tu
dide da mimarTuleba emTxveva kurdRlis ara aCqareba Tanabari.
gadaadgilebas, vinaidan aCqareba Tana
baria.

wertilis siCqarea = –2   + 4 . rodesac da sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi, rodesac
0 
2
t = 0, is iwyebs a = 3 m/wm TanabaraCqare- t = 5 wm?
bul moZraobas x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTu amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad SevniSnoT, rom
lebisadmi θ = 130° kuTxiT. rogori iqneba mocemuli gvaqvs xy sibrtyeze organzo
wertilis siCqare erTeulovan-veqtorul milebiani moZraoba. amocanis amoxsna ori
nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) vinaidan aCqareba vy = 4 m/wm + (2,3 m/wm2) (5 wm) = 15,5 m/wm.
Tanabaria, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT formu-
maSasadame, rodesac t = 5 wm, damrgvalebis
la 2.11 (v = v0 + at); 2) vinaidan formula
Semdeg
2.11 miesadageba mxolod wrfiv moZraobas,
is unda gamoviyenoT x da y RerZebisadmi = (–12 m/wm) + (16 m/wm) . (pasuxi)
paraleluri moZraobebisTvis cal-calke. veqtoruli kalkulatoris an 3.6 formu-

anu, vx da vy siCqaris komponentebi unda vi- lis gamoyenebiT vipoviT -s sididesa da
povoT formulebidan: kuTxes:
vx = v0x  + ax t da vy = v0y  + ax t
v= = 19,4 m/wm ≈ 19 m/wm (pasuxi)
am formulebSi v0x  (= –2 m/wm) da v0y ( = 4 m/wm)- vy
da θ = tg–1 = 127° ≈ 130° (pasuxi)
is x da y komponentebia, xolo ax da ay – vx
-s komponentebi. ax-isa da ay-is sa- Seamowme, ra pasuxs mogcems kalkulato-
povnelad veqtoruli kalkulatoris sa- ri, 127°-s Tu –53°-s. axla aage veqtori
SualebiT davagegmiloT an gamoviyenoT Tavisi komponentebiT, raTa naxo, romeli
formula 3.5: kuTxea swori.
ax = a cos θ = (3 m/wm )(cos 130°) = –1,93 m/wm2
2
sakontrolo wertili 4. mawanwa-
ay = a sin θ = (3 m/wm2) (sin 130°) = 2,3 m/wm2
las mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT:
rodesac es mniSvnelobebi Caismeba vx da
 = (4t3 – 2t)  + 3 , sadac metrebSia,
vy formulebSi, miviRebT, rom, rodesac
xolo t wamebSi. rogori unda iyos koe-
t = 5 wm, ficientebis: 4, –2 da 3 erTeulebi?
vx = – 2 m/wm + (–1,93 m/wm2) (5 wm) = –11,65 m/wm
4.5 Wurvisebri moZraoba
am TavSi ganvixilavT organzomilebi-

ani moZraobis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas.
wertili vertikalur sibrtyeze moZraobs
garkveuli 0
siCqariT da misi aCqareba qve-
moT mimarTuli Tavisufali vardnis aC-
qarebaa. aseT wertils ewodeba Wurvi (rac
imas niSnavs, rom wertili isroles), xolo
mis moZraobas – Wurvisebri moZraoba. sur. 4.9 myari zedapiridan asxletili Cogbur-
Wurvi SeiZleba iyos CogburTis (sur. 4.9.) an Tis burTis stroboskopuli foto. Sejaxebebs So-
beisbolis burTi, magram ara TviTmfrinavi ris burTi Wurvisebr moZraobas asrulebs.
an ixvi. Cveni mizania aseTi moZraobis gaana-

lizeba 4.2-4.4 qveTavebSi mocemuli organzomilebiani moZraobis aRweris daxmarebiT.
vuSvebT, rom haeri Wurvze zegavlenas ar axdens.
4-10 suraTze (gaanalizebulia Semdeg qveTavSi) naCvenebia sxeulis traeqtoria haeris
zemoqmedebis gareSe. sxeuli gauSves 0
sawyisi siCqariT, romelic asec SeiZleba daiwe-
ros:
0
= v0x  + v0y (4.19)
0x
da 0y
komponentebis povna SesaZlebelia, Tu viciT θ0 kuTxe 0
-sa da x RerZis
dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris:
4.5 Wurvisebri moZraoba 97
v0x = v0 cos θ0 da v0y = v0 sin θ0 (4.20)
organzomilebiani moZraobis dros, sxeulis mdebareobis veqtori da siCqaris veq-

tori mudmivad icvleba, magram aCqarebis veqtori ucvlelia da yovelTvis mimarTulia
vertikalurad qveviT. sxeuls horizontaluri aCqareba ara aqvs.
Wurvisebri moZraoba, magaliTad, 4.9 da 4.10 suraTebze, sakmaod rTuli Cans, magram
arsebobs erTi aspeqti, romelic mas sakmaod amartivebs (dadgenilia eqsperimentebis
Sedegad):
Wurvis moZraobisas horizontaluri da vertikaluri moZraoba erTmaneTisgan

damoukidebelia anu arc erTi ar axdens gavlenas meoreze.
es Tviseba saSualebas gvaZlevs, davSaloT organzomilebiani moZraobis amocana or

erTganzomilebian moZraobad – erTi iqneba horizontaluri moZraoba (nulovani aCqare-
biT), xolo meore iqneba vertikaluri moZraoba (TanabaraCqarebuli, qveviT mimarTuli
aCqarebiT). qvemoT mocemulia ori eqsperimenti, romliTac mtkicdeba, rom horizontal-
uri da vertikaluri moZraobebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelia.
golfis ori burTi

4.11 suraTze naCvenebia golfis ori burTis stroboskopuli foto. erTs ubralod
xeli gauSves, meore ki horizontalurad gaisroles. golfis orive burTi vertikalurad
TanabaraCqarebulad moZraobs g aCqarebiT da erTsa da imave manZils gadis drois tol
sur. 4.10. Wurvis traeqtoria wertilidan x0 = 0

da y0 = 0, 0 sawyisi siCqariT. Wurvis traeqtoriaze
naCvenebia sawyisi da momdevno siCqareebi komponen-
tebTan erTad. rogorc vxedavT, horizontaluri siCqa-
ris komponenti mudmivia, xolo vertikaluri siCqaris
komponenti icvleba. R aris horizontaluri manZili, sur. 4.11. erT burTs xeli gauSves, xolo
romelic Wurvma gaiara gasrolis wertilis simaRlis meore horizontalurad marjvniv gaisroles.
miRwevamde. maTi vertikaluri moZraobebi erTnairia.
monakveTSi. is, rom erTi burTi vardnis dawyebamde horizontalurad moZraobs, ar ax-
dens gavlenas mis vertikalur moZraobaze, anu horizontaluri da vertikaluri moZrao-
bebi erTmaneTze ar aris damokidebuli.
mSvenieri gasamxneveli studentebisTvis

4.12 suraTs fizikis bevri leqcia gamoucocx-
m lebia. aq gamosaxulia patara mili G, romlidanac
ro
g 0 sulis SeberviT burTs isvrian. samiznea M magnitze
ia
r iy o
to l Camokidebuli yuTi da Tofic pirdapir maszea dam-
e aq fi
o iznebuli. eqsperimenti isea dagegmili, rom, rogorc
tr y
ki milidan burTi gamoityorcneba, yuTi agnits mow-
ydeba.
g (Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba) rom nulis toli
yofiliyo, burTi 4.12 suraTze naCvenebi wrfivi trae-
sur. 4.12. nasroli burTi Camovard-
qtoriiT gadaadgildeboda, xolo yuTi erT adgilze
nil yuTs yovelTvis xvdeba. TiToeuli
gadis h manZils im adgilidan, sadac ilivlivebda haerSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi burTi aucile-
Sexvdebodnen, Tavisufali vardnis aC- blad moxvdeboda yuTs.
qareba rom ar arsebobdes. asea Tu ise, g ar aris nulis toli, magram burTi
mainc xvdeba yuTs! rogorc 4.12 suraTze moCans, burTis frenis ganmavlobaSi burTic
da yuTic „nulovani g-s“ Sesabamisi poziciidan Tanabar h manZils gadian. rac ufro Zli-
erad uberavs Tofs demonstratori, miT ufro didia burTis sawyisi siCqare, miT ufro
naklebia frenis dro da h-is sididec mcirea.
4.6 Wurvisebri moZraobis analizi

axla mzad varT gavaanalizoT Wurvisebri moZraoba horizontalurad da ver
tikalurad.
horizontaluri moZraoba
rogorc 4.13 suraTze Cans, horizontaluri aCqarebis arqonis gamo Wurvis siCqaris vx
komponenti mTeli moZraobis manZilze ucvlelia da v0x sawyisi sididis tolia. nebismier
t momentSi Wurvis x – x0 horizontaluri gadaadgileba
sawyisi x0 mdebareobidan mocemulia formuliT 2.15.
vinaidan a = 0, amitom es formula SeiZleba daiweros
Semdegi saxiT:
x – x0 = v0x t
rogorc viciT, v0x = v0 cosθ0, amitom gveqneba:
x – x0 = (v0 cosθ0)t (4.21)
sur. 4.13. skeitbordistis siCqaris vertikaluri komponenti icv-

leba, magram horizontaluri komponenti, romelic skeitbordis
siCqares emTxveva, ucvlelia. amis Sedegad skeitbordi sports-
menis qvemoT rCeba da am ukanasknels masze daxtomis saSualeba
aqvs.
4.6 Wurvisebri moZraobis analizi 99
vertikaluri moZraoba
Tavisuflad vardnili sxeulis vertikaluri moZraoba 2.9 qveTavSi ganvixileT. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, rom am dros aCqareba Tanabaria. maSasadame, 2.1 cxrilis formulebi
gamogvadgeba. a-s nacvlad davweroT – g, x ki SevcvaloT y-iT. magaliTad, formula
2.15-sTvis miviRebT:
y – y0 = v0yt –  12  gt2 = (v0 sin θ0)t – 12  gt2 (4.22)
aq sawyisi vertikaluri siCqaris v0y komponenti Canacvlebulia v0 sin θ0-iT. analogiurad

gardaiqmneba formulebi 2.11 da 2.16:
vy = v0 sin θ0 – gt (4.23)
da vy2 = (v0 sin θ0)2 – 2g(y – y0). (4.24)
rogorc 4.10 suraTze da 4.23 formulaSi Cans, vertikaluri siCqaris komponenti ise icv-
leba, TiTqos burTi vertikalurad maRla aisroles. is mimarTulia maRla da misi sidide
nuls uaxlovdeba traeqtoriis umaRles wertilamde. amis Semdeg, vertikaluri siCqaris
komponenti mimarTulebas icvlis da misi sididec drois mixedviT izrdeba.
traeqtoriis gantoleba
Wurvis traeqtoriis gantolebis gamoyvana SesaZlebelia, Tu 4.21 da 4.22 formu-

lebSi gamovricxavT t cvlads. 4.21 formulidan gavigoT t da CavsvaT 4.22-Si. mcireodeni
gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT:
gx2
y = (tg θ0)x – (traeqtoria) (4.25).
2(v0 cos θ0)2
es formula 4.10 suraTze naCvenebi traeqtoriis gantolebaa. simartivisTvis da-

vuSvaT, rom 4.21 da 4.22 formulebSi x0 = 0 da y0 = 0. vinaidan g, θ0 da v0 mudmivebia, 4.25
formula miiRebs aseT saxes: y = ax + bx2, sadac a da b mudmivebia. miviReT parabolis
formula, maSasadame, traeqtoria parabolaa.
y
cxrili 4.1
II ori burTis traeqtoria a
I
v0
traeqtoria I traeqtoria II
(haerSi) (vakuumSi)
60o areali (frenis siSore) 98,5 m 177 m

x
maqsimaluri simaRle 53 m 76,8 m
sur. 4.14 (I) burTis frenis traeqtoria
haeris winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT. (II) frenis dro 6,6w m 7,9 wm
am TavSi ganxiluli meTodebiT gamoTvlili a
ixile sur. 4.14. gasrolis kuTxea 60°, xolo sawyisi siCqare
burTis frenis traeqtoria vakuumSi. Sesabam-
_ 44,7m/wm.
isi monacemebisTvis ixile cxrili 4.1.
horizontaluri areali
rogorc 4.10 suraTze naCvenebi, Wurvis R horizontaluri areali aris Wurvis mier
ganvlili manZili sawyis simaRleze dabrunebamde. R arealis sapovnelad, 4.21 formu-
laSi CavsvaT x – x0 = R, xolo 4.22-Si – y – y0 = 0. miviRebT:
R = (v0 cos θ0)t da 0 = (v0 sin θ0)t – 12  gt2
formulebSi t-s gamoricxva mogvcems:
2v02
R= sin θ0 cos θ0
g
Tu gavixsenebT, rom sin 2θ0 = 2 sin θ0 cos θ0 (ixile danarTi E), miviRebT:

v02
R= sin 2θ0 (4.26)
g
yuradRebiT: es formula ar gvaZlevs Wurvis mier ganvlil horizontalur manZils,
rodesac saboloo simaRle ar emTxveva sawyis (srolis) simaRles.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 4.26 formulaSi R maqsimaluri iqneba, rodesac sin 2θ0 = 1, anu
2θ0 = 90°, ese igi θ0 = 45°.
R horizontaluri areali maqsimaluria srolis 45° kuTxisTvis.
haeris zemoqmedeba
aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom Wurvis moZraobaze haeri zemoqmedebas ar axdens. Tumca,
gamoTvlebsa da Wurvis realur moZraobas Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba sakmaod didi iyos,
vinaidan haeri moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, 4.14 suraTze naCvenebia burTis
frenis ori traeqtoria, rodesac burTi moZraobas iwyebs 60° kuTxiT da 44,7 m/wm sawyisi
siCqariT. traeqtoria I gamoTvlilia haerSi frenis realur pirobebTan miaxloebiT.
traeqtoria II ki burTis vakuumSi frenis traeqtoriaa.
sakontrolo wertili 5. burTi moednis farglebs gareT gaisroles. ra mou-

va frenis dros (haeris zemoqmedeba ugulvebelyavi) mis a) horizontalur da
b) vertikalur komponentebs? ra iqneba misi aCqarebis g) horizontaluri da d) ver-
tikaluri komponentebi, zeviT moZraobis, qveviT moZraobisa da frenis umaRlesi
wertilis miRwevis dros?

4.15 suraTze maSveli TviTmfrinavi
y
mifrinavs 198km/sT (55m/wm) siCqariT da
sazRvao katastrofis msxverplisgan 500 m 0
x
simaRleze imyofeba. pilots surs maSveli
0
kafsulis CaSveba msxverplTan rac SeiZle- tr
φ ae
qt
ba axlos. or
mx ia
ed
h ve
lo
sur. 4.15. TviTmfrinavi, romelic horizontalurad bi
sa
mifrinavs Tanabari siCqariT, agdebs gadamrCenel kap- re
sulas. kapsulis vardnisas misi horizontaluri siC-
qaris komponenti rCeba TviTmfrinavis siCqaris toli. x
θ
(a) rogori φ kuTxiT unda iyos TviTmfri- –500 m = (55 m/wm)(sin0°)t –  12 (9,8 m/wm)t 2
navi msxverplis mimarT, rodesac piloti
t-s amoxsna mogvcems t = 10,1 wm. am Sedegis
kapsulas gadaagdebs?
4.28 formulaSi CasmiT miviRebT:
amoxsna: gadagdebis Semdeg kafsula Wur- x – 0 = (55 m/wm)(cos0°)(10,1 wm)
vi xdeba. maSasadame, misi horizontaluri
anu x = 555,5 m
da vertikaluri moZraoba erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebelia da SesaZlebelia maTi cal- Semdeg formula 4.27 mogvcems:L
calke ganxilva (kafsulis namdvili traeq-
555,5 m
toria ar gvWirdeba). 4.15 suraTze naCven- φ = tg–1 = 48° (pasuxi)
500 m
ebia koordinatTa sistema, romlis aTvlis
saTave kapsulis gadagdebis wertilia. (b) wyalze dacemis dros, rogori iqneba
rogorc vxedavT, φ moicema formuliT: kafsulis siCqare erTeulovan-veqtorul

x da sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi?
φ = tg–1 , (4.27)
h amoxsna: kafsulis horizontaluri da ver
sadac x aris msxverplis (da wyalze dace-
tikaluri moZraobebi erTmaneTisgan damo
muli kafsulis) horizontaluri koor-
ukidebelia.
dinati, xolo h – TviTmfrinavis frenis
vx horizontaluri komponenti ar icvleba
simaRle. simaRle 500 m-ia, maSasadame φ-s
da v0x = v0 cos θ0 sawyisi mniSvnelobis tol-
sapovnelad mxolod x gvWirdeba. x-is pov-
ia, vinaidan horizontaluri aCqareba ara
na SesaZlebelia 4.21 formulaiT: gvaqvs. maSasadame, rodesac kafsula wy-
x – x0 = (v0 cos θ0)t (4.28) alze daecema:
vinaidan aTvlis saTave kapsulis gadag- vx = v0 cos θ0 = (55 m/wm)(cos 0°) = 55 m/wm.
debis wertilia, amitom x0 = 0. kafsula vy vertikaluri komponenti icvleba sawyisi
gadaagdes, ar usvriaT, amitom misi sawyi v0y = v0 sin θ0 mniSvnelobidan, vinaidan verti-
si 0
siCqare TviTmfrinavis siCqaris to- kaluri aCqareba arsebobs. 4.23 formulisa
lia. maSasadame, sawyisi siCqarea v0= 55 m/wm, da kafsulis dacemis t = 10.1 wm drois gam-
xolo kuTxe θ0 = 0° (x RerZis dadebiTi mi oyenebiT gavigebT rom, rodesac kafsula
marTulebisadmi). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, wyalze ecema,
kafsulis gadagdebidan wyalze dacemamde
gasuli t dro ar viciT. vy = v0 sin θ0 – gt
t-s sapovnelad ganvixiloT vertikal- = (55 m/wm)(sin 0°) – (9,8 m/wm2)(10,1 wm)
uri moZraoba da, kerZod, formula 4.22: = –99 m/wm.
maSasadame, wyalze dacemis dros kaf-
y – y0 = (v0 sin θ0 t) – 12 gt2 (4.29)
sulis siCqare iqneba:
aq kafsulis vertikaluri gadaadgileba
v = (55 m/wm) – (99 m/wm) (pasuxi)
y – y0 = – 500 m (uaryofiTi niSani kafsulis
formula 3.6-is an veqtoruli kalkula
qvemoT moZraobas asaxavs). 4.29 formulaSi
toris gamoyenebiT vipovoT -s sidide da
am da sxva cnobili sidideebis CasmiT mi-
kuTxe:
viRebT:
v = 113 m/wm da θ = –60,9° (pasuxi)

4.16 suraTze naCvenebia mekobreTa xomaldi, a) horizontaluri xazidan ra θ0 kuTxiT
romelic kunZulze mdgari cixesimagridan unda gaisrolon Wurvi, gems rom moxvdes?
560 m manZilzea. qvemexi, romelic zRvis amoxsna: cxadia, qvemexis Wurvs Wurvise-
doneze dgas, Wurvebs v0 = 82 m/wm sawyisi bri moZraobis formulebi Seesabameba. Cven
siCqariT isvris.
gvWirdeba srolis θ0 kuTxesTan dakavSire-

buli formula, rodesac tyvia horizonta-
lurad gadaadgildeba qvemexidan xomald-
isken.
vinaidan qvemexi da gemi erT simaRleze
arian, amitom areali iqneba horizontalu
ri gadaadgileba. Cven SegviZlia srolis θ0
kuTxe R arealTan davakavSiroT 4.26 for-
mulis saSualebiT: m
2v02 sur. 4.16 aseT manZilze gems Wurvi ori kuTxiT

R= sin 2θ0 , (4.30)
g gasrolis SemTxvevaSi moxvdeba.
rac mogvcems:
gR –1 (9,8 m/wm )(560 m)

2
2θ0 = sin–1 2 = sin
v0 (82 m/wm)2 b) ra manZilze unda daSordes meko-
breebis gemi zarbazans, rom Wurvi ar mox-
= sin–1 0,816. (4.31)
vdes?
sin–1 Sebrunebul funqcias ori pasuxi amoxsna: rogorc ukve viciT, Wurvis gas-
aqvs. erT maTgans (am SemTxvevaSi 54,7°) rolis maqsimaluri areali Seesabameba 45°
kalkulatori aCvenebs. meore pasuxis gas-
kuTxes. 4.30 formulaSi θ0 = 45° kuTxis Cas-
agebad es kuTxe 180°-s gamovakloT da mi- miT miviRebT:
viRebT 125,3°-s. maSasadame, formula 4.31 2v02 (82 m/wm)2
R= sin 2θ0 = sin (2×40°)
mogvcems: g 9,8 m/wm2
= 686 m ≈ 690 m. (pasuxi)
θ0 = 12 (54,7°) ≈ 27°   (pasuxi)
roca gemi nel-nela kunZuls Sordeba,
da θ0 = 12 (125,3°) ≈ 63° (pasuxi) srolis orive kuTxe θ0 = 45° kuTxes uax-
cixesimagris komendants SeuZlia zarbazani lovdeba. am kuTxis dros gemi 690 m man-
am ori kuTxiT awios da Wurvi mekobreebis Zilze iqneba. amaze ufro Sors gems aRa-
gems moartyas (Tu haeri ar SeuSlis!) raferi emuqreba.

4.17a suraTze naCvenebia 2002 wels dasaSvebi
asafreni
jeison renis mier damyarebuli mo- tramplini tramplini
tocikliT xtomis rekordi. asax-

tomi tramplinebis simaRlea H = 3 m,
kuTxe θR = 12°, xolo maT Soris
manZili D = 77 m. davuSvaT, rom
motociklisti meore tramplinis
SuagulSi daeSva. haeris zemoqmede-
ba ugulebelvyoT. gamoTvale moto-
ciklistis siswrafe pirveli tram-
plinidan gadaxtomis dros.
amoxsna: reni da misi motocikli sur. 4.17 a) asafreni da dasaSvebi tramplinebi. afrenis
Wurvia. Tu maT ganvixilavT, ro- sawyisi ;
0
b) afrenis siCqaris 0 (θ0 kuTxisas) x komponentia
gorc erT wertils, maSin SegviZlia v0 cos θ0, xolod y komponenti _ v0 sin θ0; g) daSvebis wer-
tili tramplinis SuagulSia.
gamoviyenoT Wurvis formulebi.
gadaxtoma. xy koordinatTa sistema dro. vinaidan horizontalur RerZze jer-
ise gavavloT, rom aTvlis saTave pirveli jerobiT verafers mivaRwieT, amitom ver-
tramplinis Zirs daemTxvas. renis koordi- tikalur RerZze gadavideT. 4.22 formula
natebi naxtomis dawyebisas (rodesac t = 0) v0-s akavSirebs y – y0 gadaadgilebasTan:
iqneba x0 = 0 da y0 = H = 3 m. θ0 gadaxtomis
y – y0 = (v0 sin θ0)t – 12 gt2 (4.33)
kuTxe tramplinis θR daxrilobis toli
iqneba (sur. 4.17b): θ0 = θR = 12°. 1,5 m – 3 m = (v0 sin 12°)t – 12 (9,8 m/wm2)t2.
daSveba. 4.17g suraTze tramplinis sig-
kvlav dabrkolebas mivadeqiT, vinaidan t-s
rZe L marTkuTxa samkuTxedis hipotenu-
gareSe v0-s ver gavigebT. Tumca, rogorc
zas qmnis. reni tramplinis SuagulSi anu
vxedavT, 4.32 da 4.33 formulebSi ucnobTa
wverodan L/2 manZilze wertilSi daeSva.
erTi da igive wyvilia: v0 (sasurveli) da t
SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom daSvebis wertili
(arasasurveli). maSasadame formula 4.32-
mdebareobs tramplinis H simaRlisa da
is t-sTvis amoxsna SesaZlebelia:
d horizontaluri sigrZis SuagulSi, ma-
Sasadame, daSvebis wertilis vertikaluri x – x0
t=
v0 cos θ0
koordinatia
H 3m Semdeg CavsvaT es Sedegi 4.33 formu-
y= = = 1,5 m laSi da gamovricxoT t:
2 2
daSvebis wertilis x horizontaluri
koordinatis sapovnelad gamovTvaloT
y – y0 = (v0 sin θ0) ( x – x0
) (
v0 cos θ0
– 1g
2
x – x0
v0 cos θ0 ) 2
g(x – x0)2
dasaSvebi tramplinis horizontaluri sig- = (x – x0) tg θ0 – ,
2(v0 cos θ0)2
rZe:
H 3m sadac gamoviyeneT igiveoba: tg θ0 = (sinθ0)/
d= = = 14,11 m
tg θR tg 12° (cos θ0). CavsvaT cnobili monacemebi da mi-
Semdeg vipovoT horizontaluri koordi- viRebT:
nati:
1,5 m – 3 m = (84,1 m)(tg 12°)
d 14,11 m (9,8 m/wm2)(84,1 m)2
x = D + = 77 m + = 84,1 m –
2 2 2
2 v0 (cos 12°)2
v0 gadaxtomis siCqaris povna. x – x0 gadaadg-
anu v0 = 43,2 m/wm ≈ 156 km/sT (pasuxi)
ilebis da v0-is dasakavSireblad viyenebT
4.21 formulas: napiridan aseTi siswrafiT gadaxtoma al-
x – x0 = (v0 cos θ0)t (4.32) baT sulisSemZvrelia. magram renis 156 km/

sT-ze meti siCqare dasWirda meore napir-
84,1 m – 0 = (v0 cos 12°)t. ze dasaxtomad, vinaidan haeri mas da mo-
v0-sTvis formulis amoxsna SeuZlebelia, tocikls mniSvnelovnad Seanelebda.
radgan ar viciT renis haerSi yofnis t
taqtika 1 : algebra ricxvebis nacvlad

damrgvalebasa da sxva cdomilebebis- amomxsnelebi swored ase iqcevian. pirvel
gan Tavis dasazRvevad amocanebi algebru- TavebSi vamjobineT amocanebi nawil-nawil
lad amoxseniT da ricxvebi mxolod bolos amogvexsna, raTa ufro kargad Cawvdomod-
CasviT. amocanebis amoxsnis 4.6 da 4.8 ni- iT maT mimdinareobas. SemdegSi met yur-
muSebSi es sakmaod advilia da gamocdili adRebas algebras davuTmobT.
4.7. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba
wertilis moZraobas Tanabari wriuli moZraoba

ewodeba, roca wertili wrewirze an wrewiris rkalze
moZraobs Tanabari siCqariT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
siCqare ar icvleba, wertils gaaCnia aCqareba. es
SeiZleba gagvikvirdes, vinaidan aCqareba (siCqaris
cvlileba) warmogvidgenia, rogorc siCqaris zrda an
kleba. Tumca, gaixseneT, rom siCqare veqtoria da
sur. 4.18. saaTis isris moZraobis sawi-
ara skalari. maSasadame, maSinac ki, roca siCqare naaRmdego mimarTulebiT Tanabarwriu-
mxolod mimarTulebas icvlis, aCqareba mainc arse- lad moZravi wertilis siCqarisa da
aCqarebis veqtorebi. maTi sidide ucv-
bobs. zustad ase xdeba Tanabari wriuli moZraobis lelia, mimarTuleba ki mudmivad icv-
leba.
dros.
4.18 suraTze naCvenebia siCqarisa da aCqarebis veqtorebs Soris kavSiri Tanabari
wriuli moZraobis sxvadasxva periodebSi. orive veqtoris sidide moZraobis dros mud-
mivia, magram maTi mimarTulebebi icvleba. siCqare yovelTvis wrewiris mxebia moZrao-
bis mimarTulebiT. aCqareba ki yovelTvis mimarTulia wrewiris centrisken. amis gamo,
Tanabar wriul moZraobasTan dakavSirebul aCqarebas centriskenul aCqarebas uwodeben.
rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, aCqarebis sididea:
v2
a= (centriskenuli aCqareba), (4.34)
r
sadac r wrewiris radiusia, xolo ν – wertilis siCqare.
garda amisa, am aCqarebis mqone wertili wrewiris garSemo srul bruns asrulebs anu
2πr manZils gadis Semdeg droSi:
2πr
T= (periodi) (4.35)
v
T-s brunvis periodi an, ubralod, periodi ewodeba. esaa dro, romelic wertils
sWirdeba erTi sruli brunis gasakeTeblad.
4-34 formulis damtkiceba

Tanabari wriuli moZraobisas aCqarebis sididisa da mimarTulebis sapovnelad gan-
vixiloT sur. 4.19. 4.19a suraTze p wertili Tanabari ν siCqariT moZraobs r radiusis
mqone wrewirze. mocemul momentSi p-s koordinatebia xp da yp.
4.3 qveTavidan gavixsenoT, rom moZravi wertilis siCqare misi traeqtoriis mxebia.
4.19a suraTze es niSnavs, rom siCqare wertilis mdebareobaze gavlebuli radiusis per-
pendikularulia. maSin θ kuTxe -sa da p wertilze gavlebul vertikals Soris r radiussa
da x RerZs Soris θ kuTxis tolia.
-s skalaruli komponentebi 4.19b suraTzea naCvenebi. maTi saSualebiT SeiZleba
Semdegi saxiT Caiweros:
= vx + vy = (–v sin θ) + (v cos θ) (4.36)

4.7. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba 105
y y y
v
θ θ vy
ax
r
vx
yp a ay
θ φ
x x x
xp
sur. 4.19. p wertili wreze moZraobs saaTis isris sawinaaRmego mimarTulebiT. (a) misi mdebareoba da siC-
qare mocemul momentSi. (b) siCqare da misi komponentebi. (g) wertilis aCqareba da misi komponentebi.
axla, 4.19 suraTze mocemuli marTkuTxa samkuTxedis gamoyenebiT, sin θ SevcvaloT

yp/r-iT, xolo cos θ – xp /r-iT, gveqneba:
= – p
vy
r ( ) ( )+
vxp
r
. (4.37)
p wertilis aCqarebis sapovnelad es formula gavawarmooT drois mimarT. vinaidan

ν siCqare da r radiusi droSi ar icvleba, miviRebT:

d
= dt = –(v dyp
r dt ) ( +
v dxp
r dt ) . (4.38)
axla gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yp-s cvlilebis tempi dyp /dt siCqaris νy komponentis to-
lia. analogiurad, dxp /dt = νx . 4.19b suraTidan vxedavT, rom νx = –ν sin θ da νy = ν cos θ.
CavsvaT es yvelaferi 4.38 formulaSi da miviRebT:
= – ( v2
r
cos θ ) ( + –
v2
r
sin θ ) . (4.39)
4.19g suraTze es veqtori da misi komponentebia naCvenebi. 3.60 formulis Tanaxmad,

miviRebT:
v2 v2 v2
a= =   = = ,
r r r
risi damtkicebac gvindoda. -s mimarTulebis sapovnelad unda vipovoT φ kuTxe:
ay –(v2/r) sin θ
tg φ = = = tg θ.
ax –(v2/r) cos θ
maSasadame, φ = θ. es niSnavs, rom mimarTulia 4.19a suraTze naCvenebi r radiusis gas-

wvriv wrewiris centris mimarTulebiT. swored amis damtkiceba gvindoda.
sakontrolo wertili 6. sxeuli Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs wriulad xy

sibrtyeze, romlis aTvlis saTave wrewiris centrs emTxveva. rodesac sxe-
uli imyofeba x = – 2 m wertilze, misi siCqarea –(4 m/wm) . gamoTvale sxeulis
a) siCqare da b) aCqareba, rodesac is imyofeba y = 2 m wertilSi.

samxedro reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis aCqareba g-ebSi, Tu F- 22 mifrinavs ν =
pilotebi garkveul diskomforts ga 2500 km/sT (694 m/wm) siCqariT wreze, rom-
nicdian mkveTrad moxvevis dros. aseT lis radiusia r = 5,8 km?
dros pilotis sxeuli ganicdis cen-
amoxsna: miuxedavad imisa, rom wriul
triskenul aCqarebas, Tavi ki mimarTulia
traeqtoriaze moZraobisas pilotis siCqa-
mrudis centrisken. tvinSi sisxlis wneva
ris sidide mudmivia, siCqaris mimarTulebis
mcirdeba, rac tvinis funqciis dakargvas
cvlilebis gamo warmoiqmneba centrisken-
iwvevs.
uli aCqareba, romlis sidide mocemulia
pilotis gasafrTxileblad ramdenime
4.34 formulis saSualebiT:
niSani arsebobs. rodesac centriskenuli
v2 (694 m/wm)2
aCqarebaa 2g an 3g, piloti Tavs damZime- a= = = 83 m/wm2 = 8,5g (pasuxi)
r 5800 m
bulad grZnobs. 4g-s dros pilotis mxed-
Tu uyuradRebo piloti sahaero brZo-
veloba Sav-TeTri xdeba da mniSvnelovnad
lis dros TviTmfrinavs mkveTrad Semoa-
izRudeba. Tu aCqarebam kidev moimata,
brunebs, is momentalurad gadava g-LOC
mxedveloba qreba da piloti gonebas kar-
mdgomareobaSi da ver SeniSnavs gamafrTx-
gavs. am mdgomareobas g-LOC anu `g-Ti
ilebel signalebs.
gamowveuli gonebis dakargva~ ewodeba.
rogori iqneba pilotis centriskenuli
4.8 erTganzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba
warmoidgine, rom xedav ixvs, romelic CrdiloeTiT mifrinavs 30 km/sT siCqariT.

meore ixvisTvis, romelic imave siCqariT mifrinavs CrdiloeTiT, is uZravia. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, wertilis siCqare damokidebulia damkvirveblis aTvlis sistemaze. Cve-
ni miznebidan gamomdinare, aTvlis sistema fizikuri obieqtia, romelsac koordinatTa
sistemas vukavSirebT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi es obieqti miwaa. magaliTad, sagzao niSan-
ze miTiTebuli daSvebuli siCqare yovelTvis gazomilia miwis mimarT. policiis oficris
mimarT siCqare sxvadasxva iqneba, vinaidan policieli siCqaris gazomvis dros imoZravebs.
warmoidgine, rom aleqsi (4.20 suraTze A
y y sistemis aTvlis saTaveSi) gaCerebulia trasis
ganapiras da P manqanis (wertilis) swrafad
CarCo A moZraobas akvirdeba. barbara (B sistemis aTv-
CarCo B lis saTaveSi) trasaze mudmivi siCqariT midis
P da isic P manqanas uyurebs. davuSvaT, orive
maTgani adgens manqanis mdebareobas mocemul
xPB
BA momentSi. 4.20 suraTze vxedavT, rom:
x
x
xBA xPA = xPB + xBA xPA = xPB + xBA (4.40)
es formula ase ikiTxeba: `P-s koordi-

sur. 4.20. aleqsi (naxazi A) da barbara (naxazi B) nati A-s mimarT (xPA) tolia P-s koordinats
P manqanas adevneben Tvals. B da P gansxvavebuli
siCqariT moZraoben orive naxazisTvis saerTo x
B-s mimarT xPB mimatebuli B-s koordinati A-s
RerZis gaswvriv. grafikze gamosaxul momentSi mimarT (xBA)~. wakiTxvisas yuradReba miiqcieT
xBA aris B-s koordinatebi A naxazze. B naxazze indeqsebs.
P-s koordinatebia xPB. A naxazze koordinatebi
xPA = xPB + xBA . 4.40 formulis drois mimarT gawarmoebiT
miviRebT:
4.8 erTganzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba 107
d d d
dt (xPA) = dt (xPB) + dt (xBA).
an (vinaidan ν = dx/dt):
vPA = vPB + vBA (4.41)
es formula ase ikiTxeba: `P-s siCqare A-s mimarT vPA tolia P-s siCqares B-s mimarT
vPB mimatebuli B-s siCqare A-s mimarT vBA ~. vBA aris B sistemis siCqare A-s mimarT (vinaidan
moZraoba erTi RerZis gaswvrivaa, SegviZlia siCqaris komponentebi am RerZis gaswvriv
gamoviyenoT 4.41 formulaSi da ugulebelvyoT veqtoris isrebi).
Cven mxolod im sistemebs ganvixilavT, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari siC-
qariT moZraobs. am SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom barbara (sistema B) aleqsis (sistema A)
mimarT moZraobs vBA mudmivi siCqariT. asea Tu ise, P manqanas (moZravi wertili) SeuZlia
Secvalos siCqare da mimarTuleba (anu aCqardes).
barbarasa da aleqsis mimarT P-s aCqarebis dasakavSireblad, 4.41 formulaSi gavawar-
mooT dro:
d d d
dt (vPA) = dt (vPB) + dt (vBA).
vinaidan vBA mudmivia, amitom formulis bolo wevri nulis tolia da gveqneba:
aPA = aPB . (4.42)
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT:
sxvadasxva aTvlis sistemis damkvirveblebi, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT mud-

mivi siCqariT moZraoben, miiReben moZravi wertilis erTsa da imave aCqarebas.
sakontrolo wertili 7. cxrilSi mocemulia bar-

mdgoma-
barasa da P manqanis siCqareebi (km/sT-ebSi) sam reoba νBA νPA νPB
mdgomareobaSi. ras udris cxrilSi gamotovebuli (a) + 50 + 50
sidideebi da rogor icvleba manZili barbarasa (b) + 30 + 40
da P manqanas Soris? (g) + 60 – 20

4.20 suraTze davuSvaT, rom barbaras anu _ 78km/sT = vPB + 52 km/sT
siCqare aleqsis mimarT mudmivia, vBA = 52 km/ maSasadame,
sT, xolo P manqana moZraobs x RerZis
vPB = _ 130km/sT (pasuxi)
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT.
Tu P-s barbaras manqanaze TokiT mivabam-
(a) Tu aleqsisTvis P manqanis siCqare
diT, 130 km/sT siCqareze Tokis kvanZi gaix-
vPA = – 78 km/sT, rogori iqneba vPB siCqare
sneboda da ori manqana gancalkevdeboda.
barbarasTvis?
(b) Tu P manqana amuxruWebs aleqsis mimarT
amoxsna: A aTvlis sistema davukavSiroT
(maSasadame, miwis mimarT) t = 10 wm-is ganma-
aleqss, xolo B aTvlis sistema – barba-
vlobaSi Tanabari aCqarebiT, rogori iqneba
ras. vinaidan es ori aTvlis sistema erT-
misi aPA aCqareba aleqsis mimarT?
maneTis mimarT Tanabrad moZraobs erTi
RerZis gaswvriv, amitom SegviZlia gamov- amoxsna: aleqsis mimarT P manqanis aCqarebis
iyenoT formula 4.41, raTa vPB davukav- gamosaTvlelad unda gamoviyenoT aleqsis
SiroT vPA-sa da vBA-s: mimarT manqanis siCqare. vinaidan aCqareba
vPA = vPB + vBA Tanabaria, amitom viyenebT 2.11 formulas
(ν = ν0 + at), raTa aCqareba davakavSiroT P-s viciT P-s sawyisi siCqare barbaras mimarT
sawyis da saboloo siCqaresTan. P-s sawyisi (νPB = –130 km/sT). P-s saboloo siCqare bar-
siCqare aleqsis mimarT aris vPA = – 78 km/sT, baras mimarT aris –52km/sT (gaCerebuli
xolo saboloo siCqarea 0. maSasadame, 2.11 manqanis siCqare moZravi barbaras mimarT).
formula gvaZlevs: maSasadame, kvlav 2.11 formulis Tanaxmad:
v – v0 0 – (–78 km/sT) 1 m/wm

aPA = = v – v0 –52 km/sT – (–130 km/sT) 1 m/wm
t 10 wm 3,6 km/sT aPB = =
t 10 wm 3,6 km/sT
(g) rogori iqneba damuxruWebis dros P es Sedegi winaswar SegveZlo gvewinas-
manqanis aCqareba barbaras mimarT aPB? warmetyvela. vinaidan aleqsi da barbara
amoxsna: barbaras mimarT P-s aCqarebis erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari siCqariT moZ-
gamosaTvlelad unda gamoviyenoT barbaras raoben, amitom maT mimarT manqanis aCqa-
mimarT manqanis siCqareebi. (a) nawilidan reba erTnairi iqneba.
4.9 organzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba
axla erTganzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraobidan gadavdivarT organzomilebian (da

samganzomilebian) moZraobaze. 4.21 suraTze Cveni ori damkvirvebeli P moZrav wertils
uyurebs A da B aTvlis sistemebis aTvlis saTaveebidan. amasobaSi B Tanabari siCqariT
vBA moZraobs A-s mimarT (am ori sistemis Sesabamisi RerZebi erTmaneTis paraleluria).
4.21 suraTze moZraobis erTi konkretuli momentia naCvenebi. am momentSi
B-s aTvlis saTavis mdebareobis veqtori A-s aTvlis saTavis mimarT aris . amis garda,
P wertilis mdebareobis veqtori A-s aTvlis saTavis mimarT aris , xolo B-s aTvlis
saTavis mimarT _ . Tu am sam mdebareobis veqtors ise davalagebT, rom erTis saTave
meores bolos daemTxves, maSin veqtorebs Soris damyardeba Semdegi kavSiri:
= + . (4.43)
am formulis drois mimarT gawarmoebiT SesaZlebelia damkvirveblebis mimarT P

wertilis da siCqareebis dakavSireba:
y = + . (4.44)
P
y am tolobis gawarmoebiT ki erTmaneTs
davukavSirebT damkvirveblebis mimarT P
wertilis da aCqarebas. Tumca, vinaidan
mudmivia, amitom misi warmoebuli drois
mimarT nulis tolia. maSasadame, miviRebT:
x
aTvlis sistema AB = (4.45)
x iseve, rogorc erTganzomilebiani moZ-

aTvlis sistema AA
raobisTvis, aqac arsebobs Semdegi wesi: sx-
sur. 4.21. B sistemas A sistemis mimarT aqvs vadasxva aTvlis sistemebis damkvirveblebis
Tanabari organzomilebiani siCqare . B-s mde- mimarT, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT Tana-
bareobis veqtori A-s mimarT aris . P wertilis
mdebareobis veqtori A-s mimarT aris , xolo bari siCqariT moZraoben, moZravi wertilis
B-s mimarT – . aCqareba erTnairi iqneba.
4.9 organzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba 109
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 4.1 1

4.22a suraTze TviTmfrinavi aRmosav- Crd
leTisken unda gafrindes, piloti ki mas
samxreT-aRmosavleTisken mimarTavs, said-
anac Crdilo-aRmosavleTis Zlieri qari
uberavs. TviTmfrinavis siCqare qaris aRm
θ
mimarT 215 km/sT-is tolia da mimarTulia
(a) 20 o
samxreTiT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebasTan
θ kuTxiT. qaris siCqare miwis mimarT
aris 65 km/sT da mimarTulia 20° Crdilo-
aRmosavleTisken. rogori iqneba miwis y
mimarT TviTmfrinavis siCqaris sidide θ
da θ kuTxe?
x
amoxsna: es situacia 4.21 suraTis msgav- (b)
sia. aq P moZravi wertili TviTmfrinavia,

sur. 4.22. aRmosavleTisken gasafrenad TviTmfri-
A sistema dakavSirebulia miwasTan (davar- navis pilotma qaris mimarTuleba unda gaiTval-
qvaT mas G), xolo B sistema dakavSire- iswinos.
bulia qarTan (davarqvaT mas W). saWiroa

veqtoruli diagramis ageba, rogorc 4.21
suraTzea naCvenebi. Tumca, amjerad siCqa- an 0 = –(215 km/sT) sin θ + (65 km/sT)(cos 20°).
ris sam veqtors gamoviyenebT. θ-s amoxsna mogvcems:
Tavdapirvelad davweroT veqtorebis dama-
(65 km/sT)(cos 20°)
kavSirebeli winadadeba: θ = sin–1 = 16,5° (pasuxi)
215 km/sT
TviTmfrinavis TviTmfrinavis
qaris siCqare
siCqare
=
siCqare
+ miwis mimarT aseTive xerxiT x komponentebisTvis vipo-
miwis mimarT qaris mimarT
(PG) (PW) (WG) viT:
es kavSiri SeiZleba gamoisaxos 4.22 b vPG,x = vPW,x + vWG,x
suraTis msgavsad, xolo veqtorulad mas vinaidan x RerZis paraleluria, ami-
aseTi saxe eqneba: tom vPG,x komponenti vPG sididis tolia.
= + (4.46) CavsvaT es aRniSvna da kuTxe θ = 16,5°, gve
CvenTvis ucnobia pirveli veqtoris si- qneba:
dide da meore veqtoris mimarTuleba. ori vPG = (215 km/sT)(cos 16,5°) + (65 km/sT)(sin 20°)

ucnobis gamo veqtorul kalkulatorze = 228 km/sT (pasuxi)
4.46 formulis amoxsna SeuZlebelia. amis
nacvlad 4.22 b suraTis koordinatTa sis sakontrolo wertili 8. davuSvaT,
temaze veqtorebi komponentebad unda dav piloti TviTmfrinavs aRmosavleTisken
SaloT da Semdeg amovxsnaT formula 4.46 abrunebs siCqaris cvlilebis gareSe.
TiToeuli RerZisTvis (ixile qveTavi 3.6). gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive dar-
y komponentebisTvis vipoviT: Ceba Semdegi sidideebi: a) vPG,y ; b) vPG,x ;
vPG,y = vPW,y + vWG,y g) vPG? (pasuxis gacema gamoTvlebis ga-
reSec SeiZleba).
mdebareobis veqtori. wertilis mde- romelsac myisi aCqareba ewodeba:

bareoba koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis sa- d
= . (4.16)
Tavis mimarT moicema mdebareobis veqto- dt
riT. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi: erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi:
= x  + y + z , (4.1) = ax +ay +az , (4.17)
aq x , y da z veqtoris veqtoruli kompo- sadac ax = dνx /dt, ay = dνy /dt da az = dνz /dt.
nentebia, xolo x, y da z – skalaruli kom- Wurvisebri moZraoba. Wurvisebri

ponentebi (da, aseve, wertilis koordinate- ewodeba 0
sawyisi siCqariT gasrolili
bi). mdebareobis veqtors aRwers sidide da wertilis moZraobas. frenis dros werti-
erTi an ori mimarTulebis kuTxe, an misi lis horizontaluri aCqareba nulis tolia,
veqtoruli an skalaruli komponentebi. xolo vertikaluri aCqareba Tavisufali
gadaadgileba. Tu wertili ise moZraobs, vardnis –g aCqarebaa (zeda mimarTuleba
rom misi mdebareobis veqtori icvleba aRebulia dadebiTad). Tu 0

gamoisaxeba ν0
1
sididiTa da θ0 kuTxiT, maSin horizonta-
-iT, maSin wertilis D gadaadgileba iqne-
2
luri x RerZis da vertikaluri y RerZis
ba:
gaswvriv wertilis moZraobis formulebi
D  = 2
–  1. (4.2)
Semdegnairi iqneba:
gadaadgileba asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
x – x0 = (v0 cos θ0)t (4.21)
D  = (x2 – x1)  + (y2 – y1)  + (z2 – z1)  (4.3)
y – y0 = (v0 sin θ0)t – 12 gt2 (4.22)
= Dx  + Dy  + Dz (4.4)
saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare. Tu wer- vy = v0 sin θ0 – gt (4.23)
tilis gadaadgilebaa Δt drois monakveTSi
vy2 = (v0 sin θ0)2 – 2g(y – y0). (4.24)
aris D , maSin misi saS siCqare drois am
monakveTSi iqneba: Wurvisebri moZraobis dros wertilis
D traeqtoria paraboluria da gamoiTvleba
(4.8) =
Δt saS
formuliT:
Tu 4.8 formulaSi Δt nuls uaxlovdeba, ma- gx2
y = (tg θ0)x – (4.25)
Sin aRwevs zRvars, romelsac siCqare an 2(v0 cos θ0)2
saS
myisi siCqare ewodeba: roca 4.21 da 4.24 formulebSi x0 da y0 nu-

d lis tolia. wertilis R horizontaluri
= (4.10)
dt areali aris horizontaluri manZili gas-
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi gveqneba: rolis adgilidan im adgilamde, romelzec
wertili gasrolis simaRleze brundeba
= vx + vy + vz , (4.11)
v02
R= sin 2θ0 , (4.26)
sadac νx = dx/dt, νy = dy/dt da νz = dz/dt. myisi g
siCqare yovelTvis wertilis traeqtoriis Tanabari wriuli moZraoba. rodesac wer-
mxebia mocemul momentSi. tili ν Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs r ra-
saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba. diusis mqone wrewirze an rkalze, es Tana-
Tu wertilis siCqare Δt drois monakveTSi bari wriuli moZraobaa da misi aCqarebis
icvleba -dan -Ti, maSin misi saSualo aC- sididea:
1 2
qareba am periodSi iqneba: v2
a= , (4.34)
– r
Δv
saS = 2
Δt
1
= Δt .
(4.15)
mimarTulia wrewiris an rkalis centrisken
Tu 4.15 formulaSi Δt nuls uaxlovdeba, da mas centriskenuli aCqareba ewodeba.
maSin saS aRwevs zRvrul mniSvnelobas, erTi sruli wris Semosawerad daxarjuli
111
dro gamoiTvleba formuliT: sistemis damkvirveblisa da B sistemis dam-
2πr kvirveblisTvis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.
T= (4.35)
v am or siCqares Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
T-s brunvis periodi an ubralod periodi ,
= + (4.44)
ewodeba.
sadac aris B-s siCqare A-s mimarT. orive
fardobiTi moZraoba. rodesac A da B aTv-
damkvirveblis mimarT wertilis aCqareba
lis sistemebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari
erTnairia:
siCqariT moZraobs, P wertilis siCqare A
= (4.45)
SekiTxvebi
1 4.23 suraTze naCvenebia wertilis i sawy- zedapirs ar ecema. daalage mdgomareobebi
isi da f saboloo mdebareobebi. rogori Wurvebis saboloo siCqareebis klebadobis
iqneba wertilis (a) sawyisi mdebareobis mixedviT.
veqtori i
da (b) saboloo mdebareobis veq-
tori f
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
(g) D gadaadgilebis x komponenti?
y
3m
2m i (a) (b) (g)
1m sur. 4.25. SekiTxva 4.
x
4m
4m
5 vapirebT miwidan raketis gasrolas erT-
5m
erTi mocemuli sawyisi siCqaris veqtoriT:
3m f
(1) 0
 = 20 + 70 , (2) 0
 = –20 + 70 ,
3m
sur. 4.23 SekiTxva 1. (3) 0

 = 20 – 70 , (4) 0
 = –20 – 70 .
Cvens koordinatTa sistema x miwis donezea,
2 4.24 suraTze xolo y zeviT izrdeba. a) daalage veqtore-
naCvenebia saWm- bi Wurvis gaSvebis siCqareebis klebadobis
lis maZiebeli mixedviT; b) daalage veqtorebi Wurvebis
skunsis moZrao- a i b c frenis drois klebadobis mixedviT.
bis traeqtoria i 6 xilis namcx-
y
sawyisi wertili- vars erTaderTi
dan. skunss erTi sargebeli Sur-
duliT srola- 2
da igive T dro sur. 4.24 SekiTxva 2.
sWirdeba traeqtoriaze aRniSnul yovel Si varjiSisas 1

wertilamde misaRwevad. daalage a, b da moaqvs. 4.26 su-
c wertilebi skunsis saSualo siCqareebis raTze naCvene-
bi grafiki 1 θ
sididis klebadobis mixedviT. A B
asaxavs gasro-
3 garkveul momentSi burTis siCqarea sur. 4.26 SekiTxva 6.
lili namcxvr-
 = 25 – 4,9 (x RerZi horizontaluria, y
is y simaRles da θ kuTxes frenis dros
mimarTulia zeviT, izomeba m/wm-ebSi). gai-
siCqarisa da aCqarebis veqtorebs Soris.
ara Tu ara burTma frenis umaRlesi wer-
(a) grafikze asoebiT aRniSnuli romeli
tili?
wertili Seesabameba namcxvris miwaze da-
4 4.25 suraTze naCvenebia miwidan (erTi da cemis adgils? (b) grafiki 2 asaxavs srolis
imave simaRlidan) erTnairi sawyisi siCqar-
imave sawyis siCqares, magram sxva kuTxes.
iTa da kuTxiT nasroli identuri Wurvebis
gasrolis adgilidan ufro Sors daecema
sami mdgomareoba. Wurvebi erTsa da imave
namcxvari amjerad Tu ufro axlos?
7 350 km/sT siCqariT horizonta- taluri siCqaris komponentebis mixedviT

lurad mfrinavma TviTmfrinavma pa- da (d) sawyisi siCqaris mixedviT.
ketebiT saWmlis maragi Camoyara. 10 burTi mi- R
paketebze haeris zemoqmedeba ugulebel- wis donidan
yofilia. rogori iqneba paketebis sawyisi garkveuli saw b
(a) vertikaluri da (b) horizonta- yisi siCqariT a
luri siCqaris komponentebi? (g) rogo- isroles. 4.29 c
ri iqneba siCqaris horizontaluri suraTze na
θ0
komponenti yuTis miwaze dacemamde? Cvenebia bur
Tis R arealis sur. 4.29 SekiTxva 10.
(d) TviTmfrinavis siCqare rom yofiliyo
450 km/sT, meti iqneboda vardnis dro, na- cvlileba θ0 gasrolis kuTxis mixedviT.
klebi Tu igive? grafikze aRniSnuli wertilebi didi-
8 4.27 suraTze mandarini isroles 1, 2 dan mciremde daalage (a) burTis frenis
da 3 fanjrebis gavliT. fanjrebis zomebi mTliani drois mixedviT, (b) maqsimalur
identuria da vertikaluradac Tanabrad simaRleze burTis siCqaris mixedviT.
aris daSorebuli. daalage fanjrebi (a) 11 4.30 suraTze 1
maTi avlis drois mixedviT da (b) am momen- naCvenebia oTxi
traeqtoria (nax- 2
tSi mandarinis saSualo siCqaris mixedviT,
dididan mcireze. evarwreebi an me
amis Semdeg mandarini Cauvlis 4, 5 da 6 oTxedi wreebi), 3
fanjrebs, romelTa zomebi identuria, ma- romelTac gadis
gram romlebic vertikalurad araTanabar matarebeli Ta 4
manZilebzea ganlagebuli. daalage es fan- nabari siCqariT
jrebi (g) maTi Cavlis drois mixedviT da moZraobisas. daa
(d) am momentSi mandarinis saSualo siCqa- lage traeqtori
ris mixedviT, dididan mcireze. ebi dididan sur. 4.30 SekiTxva 11.
mciremde matareblis aCqarebis sididis
mixedviT.
y
12 4.31 sura-
3 4
Tze P wertili
Tanabarwri- P
2 5 ulad moZrao-
θ
bs. moZrao- x
bis centri xy
1 6
koordinatTa
sistemis aT-
vlis saTavea.
sur. 4.27 SekiTxva 8.
a) θ-s ra mniS- sur. 4.31 SekiTxva 12.
9 4.28 suraTze naCvenebia miwis doni- vnelobebi-
dan dartymuli burTis sami traeqto- sTvis iqneba mdebareobis veqtoris ry ver-
ria. ugulebelyavi haeris zemoqmedeba da tikaluri komponenti udidesi? b) θ-s ra
dididan mciremde daalage traeqtoriebi mniSvnelobebisTvis iqneba wertilis siCqa-
(a) frenis drois ris νy vertikaluri komponenti udidesi? g)
y
mixedviT, (b) θ-s ra mniSvnelobebisTvis iqneba wertilis
sawyisi verti- aCqarebis ay vertikaluri komponenti udide-
kaluri siCqaris si?
komponentebis 1 2 3 13 (a) SesaZlebelia Tu ara aCqareba Tanabari
x
mixedviT, (g) siCqariT moZraobis dros? SesaZlebelia Tu
sur. 4.28 SekiTxva 9.
sawyisi horizon- ara rkalis Semowera (b) nulovani aCqarebiT
113
amocanebi
• 5 60 km/sT Tanabari siCqariT moZravi

Manual-Si. matarebeli 40 wuTis manZilze aRmosav-
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze leTisken, Semdegi 20 wuTis manZilze
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 50°-iT, bolos
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. ki 50 wuTi dasavleTisken moZraobs.
com/college/halliday.
rogori iqneba mTeli mgzavrobis man-
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs
• – ••• Zilze matareblis saSualo siCqaris
amocanis sirTules
(a) sidide da (b) kuTxe? SSM
da (b) aCqarebis Tanabari sididiT?
•6 eleqtronis mdebareoba mocemulia
qveTavi 4-2. mdebareoba da gadaadg-
formuliT: D  = 3t  – 4t  + 22
t wameb-
ileba
Sia, xolo _ metrebSi. (a) rogori iqneba
•1 eleqtronis mdebareobis veqto- eleqtronis (t) siCqare erTeulovan-veq-
ria  = (5 m)  – (3 m)  – (2 m) . a) ipove -is
torul CanawerSi? rodesac t = 2 wm, ro-
sidide. b) aage veqtori marjvena koor-
gori iqneba -s (b) erTeulovan-veqtoruli
dinatTa sistemaSi.
Canaweri, (g) sidide da d) x RerZis dadebi-
•2 sazamTros koordinatebia: x = –5 m, Ti mimarTulebisadmi kuTxe?
y = 8 m da z = 0 m. ipove mdebareobis
•7 ionis sawyisi mdebareobis veqtoria
veqtoris a) erTeulovan-veqtoru-
 = 5   – 6  + 2 . 10 wamis Semdeg  = –2  + 
li Canaweri, b) sidide da g) x RerZis
8  – 2 . rogori iqneba am 10 wamis ganma-
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi kuTxe.
vlobaSi saS
erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaw-
d) aage veqtori marjvena koordinat-
erSi?
Ta sistemaSi. Tu sazamTro gadaitanes
••8 TviTmfrinavi 45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
wertilSi (3 m, 0, 0), rogori iqneba misi
483 km-s aRmosavleTiT mifrinavs A qa-
gadaadgilebis e) erTeulovan-veqto
laqidan B qalaqisken, Semdeg ki 1,5 sT-is
ruli Canaweri, v) sidide da z) x-is
ganmavlobaSi B qalaqidan C qalaqisken mi-
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi kuTxe?
frinavs 966 km-s samxreTiT. rogori iqneba
•3 pozitronis gadaadgileba = 2   D mTeli frenisTvis TviTmfrinavis gadaadg-
– 3  + 6 mTavrdeba  = 3  – 4 mdebareo- ilebis (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba? ro-
bis veqtoriT. rogori iyo pozitro- gori iqneba saSualo siCqaris (g) sidide
nis sawyisi mdebareobis veqtori? da (d) mimarTuleba? (e) rogori iqneba sa-
••4 kedlis saaTis wuTebis maCvene- Sualo manZili?
beli isari wveridan RerZamde daax- qveTavi 4.4. saSualo aCqareba da my-
loebiT 10 sm sigrZisaa. isris wveris isi aCqareba
gadaadgilebis veqtoris kuTxe da si- •9 wertilis moZraobisas mdebareobis (me-
dide unda ganisazRvros drois sam Su- trebSi) droze (wamebSi) damokidebulebis
aledSi. ra iqneba veqtoris a) sidide funqciaa  =   + 4t 2  + t . dawere gamosaxule-
da b) kuTxe TxuTmeti wuTidan naxevar bebi (a) siCqarisTvis da (b) aCqarebisTvis,
saaTamde? rogori iqneba veqtoris rogorc drois funqciebi. SSM
g) sidide da d) kuTxe Semdegi naxevari • 10 garkveul momentSi velosipedisti
saaTis ganmavlobaSi? rogori iqneba parkis flagStokidan aRmosavleTiT 40 m-
veqtoris e) sidide da v) kuTxe Sem- is manZilze imyofeba da samxreTisken moZ-
degi erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi? raobs 10 m/wm siCqariT. 30 wamis Semdeg ve-
losipedisti flagStokidan CrdiloeTiT
qveTavi 4-3. saSualo siCqare da myisi
siCqare 40 m-is manZilzea da aRmosavleTisken moZ-
raobs 10 m/wm siCqariT. 30-wamian SualedSi desac A wertili y RerZs Cauvlis, B wer-
rogori iqneba velosipedistis gadaadg- tili aTvlis saTavidan moZraobas iwyebs
ilebis (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba? ro- nulovani sawyisi siCqariT da  = 0,4 m/
gori iqneba saSualo siCqaris (g) sidide da wm2 Tanabari aCqarebiT. -sa da y RerZis
(d) mimarTuleba? rogori iqneba saSualo dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris ra θ kuTxe
aCqarebis (e) sidide da (v) mimarTuleba?
y
••11 xy sibrtyeze moZravi wertilis
mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT: =
(2t – 5t)  + (6 – 7t ) ,
3    4
izomeba metrebSi, A
xolo t – wamebSi. erTeulovan-veqtorul
CanawerSi, gamoTvale (a) , (b) da (g) , θ
rodesac t = 2 wm. (d) rogori iqneba kuTxe x
RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasa da wertilis
traeqtoriis mxebs Soris, rodesac t = 2 wm? B x
sur. 4.32 amocana 16.
••12 zomieri qari xy horizontalur sibr-
tyeze moZrav kenWs  = (5 m/wm2)  + (7 m/wm2) gamoiwvevs Sejaxebas?
Tanabar aCqarebas aniWebs. rodesac t = 0, qveTavi 4-6. Wurvisebri moZraoba
kenWis siCqarea (4 m/wm) . ras udris ken-
• 17 brtyeli zedapiridan 45 m simaRleze
Wis siCqaris (a) sidide da (b) kuTxe, ro
mdebare Tofidan tyvia horizontalurad
desac is gadaadgildeba 12  m-iT x RerZis
isroles 250 m/wm siCqariT. (a) ra drois
paralelurad?
ganmavlobaSi iqneba tyvia haerSi? (b) gasr-
••13 urika xy horizontalur sibrtyeze
olis adgilidan horizontalurad ra man-
moZraobs ax = 4 m/wm da ay = –2 m/wm2 aCqare-
Zilze daecema tyvia miwaze? (g) ras udris
bis komponentebiT. misi sawyisi siCqaris
tyviis siCqaris vertikaluri komponenti
komponentebia v0x = 8 m/wm da v0y = 12 m/wm.
miwaze dacemis dros?
rogori iqneba urikis siCqare erTeulovan-
veqtorul CanawerSi, rodesac is udides y
•18 1991 wels tokioSi, mZleosanTa msof
koordinats miaRwevs? lio Cempionatze maik paueli 8,95 m-ze

gadaxta da bob bimonis mier damyarebuli
••14 xy sibrtyeze moZravi wertilis
da 23 wlis manZilze xeluxlebeli rekordi
siCqare mocemulia formuliT: xy
5 sm-iT gaaumjobesa. pauelis gadaxtomis
= (6t – 4t2)  + 8 . m/wm-ebSi izomeba, xolo
siCqare 9,5 m/wm iyo (daaxloebiT sprint-
t (>0) – wamebSi. (a) risi tolia aCqareba,
eris siCqare), xolo tokioSi g = 9,8 m/wm2.
rodesac t = 3 wm? b) rodis aris (Tu aris)
ramdenad mcirea pauelis horizontaluri
aCqareba nulis toli? (g) rodis aris (Tu
areali imave siCqariT gasrolili werti-
aris) siCqare nulis toli? (d) rodis aris
lis maqsimalur horizontalur arealze?
(Tu aris) siCqare 10 m/wm-is toli?
•• 15 aTvlis saTavidan wertili moZrao-

•19 burTi miwidan haerSi aisroles.
9,1 m-is simaRleze misi siCqarea = (7,6  
bas iwyebs = 3 m/wm siCqariT da = (–1  
+ 6,1 ) m/wm, mimarTulia horizontalu-
– 0,5 ) m/wm2 Tanabari aCqarebiT. rodesac
wertili udides x koordinats miaRwevs,
rad, xolo – zeviT. (a) ra maqsimalur si-
maRles miaRwevs burTi? (b) ra horizonta-
rogori iqneba misi (a) siCqare da (b) mde-
lur manZils gaivlis burTi? risi tolia
bareobis veqtori? SSM ILW
miwaze dacemis momentSi burTis siCqaris
•••16 4.32 suraTze A wertili y = 30 m
(g) sidide da (d) kuTxe (horizontis mi-
wrfis gaswvriv da x RerZis paralelurad
marT)?
ν = 3 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs. ro
• 20 patara burTi 1,2 m simaRlis magidis
115
kidesTan migorda da Camovarda. is magidis wm sawyisi siCqariT da horizontidan 40°
kididan 1,52 m horizontalur manZilze kuTxiT. risi tolia srolis adgilidan
daeca. (a) ramden xans iyo burTi haerSi? gadaadgilebis (a) horizontaluri da
(b) ras udrida misi siCqare magididan gad- (b) vertikaluri komponentebi, rodesac t
movardnis dros? = 1,1 wm? gamoTvale igive komponentebi,
•21 isari horizontalurad isroles 10 m/wm rodesac t = 1,8 wm da t = 5 wm.
sawyisi siCqariT P wertilisken (samizne). •• 25 myvinTavi wylis zedapiridan 10 m
0,19 wamis Semdeg isari kidis Q wertils mox- simaRlis platformis kididan 2 m/wm siC-
vda zustad P-s qvemoT. (a) risi tolia PQ qariT gadmoxta. (a) kididan ra horizon-
manZili? (b) ra manZilze ascda mizans isa-
talur manZilze iqneba myvinTavi 0,8 wm-is
ri?
Semdeg? (b) wylis zedapiridan ra verti-
• 22 4.33 suraTze qva h simaRlis kldis- kalur manZilze iqneba am momentSi myvin-
ken gaisroles 42 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT da Tavi? (g) kididan ra horizontalur man-
horizontisadmi θ0 = 60° kuTxiT. qva A wer- Zilze Seexeba myvinTavi wyals? SSM WWW
tilSi daeca gasrolidan 5,5 wamis Semdeg.
••26 matCis dros CogburTeli burTs 23,6
ipove (a) kldis h simaRle, (b) qvis siCqare
m/wm siCqariT awvdis. burTis centri ra-
dacemamde da (g) qvis maqsimaluri H si-
ketas horizontalurad scildeba kor-
tis zedapiridan 2,37 m-is simaRleze. bade
12 m-is moSorebiTaa da 0,9 m simaRlisaa.
H rodesac burTi bades miaRwevs, (a) gadaax-
A
teba Tu ara mas da (b) rogori iqneba manZi-
θ0 h li burTis centrsa da badis zeda nawils
Soris? davuSvaT, burTi imave siCqariT
moawodes, magram burTi raketas amjerad
horizontidan 5° kuTxiT mocilda. rode-
sac burTi bades miaRwevs, (g) gadaaxteba
maRle miwidan.
Tu ara mas da (d) ra manZili iqneba burTis
•23 TviTmfrinavis siCqarea 290 km/sT,
centrsa da badis zeda nawils Soris?
xolo daxriloba horizontis mimarT _
θ = 30°. piloti TviTmfrinavidan radaris •• 27 Tanabari siCqariT moZravi TviTm-
frinavi vertikalidan 53° kuTxiT gadaix-
satyuaras agdebs (sur. 4.34). horizontal-
uri manZili satyuaras gaSvebis adgilidan ara da 730 m simaRlidan Wurvi gaisrola.
davardnis adgilamde d = 700 m-ia. (a) ram- 5 wamis Semdeg Wurvi miwaze daeca. (a) risi
den xans imyofeba satyuara haerSi? (b) ra tolia TviTmfrinavis siCqare? (b) horizon-
talurad ra manZils gaivlis Wurvi frenis
dros? rogori iqneba Wurvis siCqaris (g)
θ
horizontaluri da (d) vertikaluri kom-
ponentebi miwaze dacemis dros? SSM
•• 28 fexburTis burTi dartymis Semdeg

moZraobs 19,5 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT da
miwidan 45°–iani kuTxiT. dartymis wer-
d
tilidan dartymis mimarTulebiT 55 m-is
moSorebiT myofi moTamaSe burTis dasax-
vedrad gamorbis. rogori unda iyos misi
saSualo siCqare, rom burTs miwaze da-
simaRlidan gauSves satyuara? ILW vardnis dros Seexos?
•24 t = 0 momentSi qva gaisroles 20 m/
••29 Wurvis sawyisi siCqare xuTjer me- roles. 1,5 wm-is Semdeg burTi miwaze dae-
tia, vidre misi siCqare maqsimalur simaR- ca, Senobidan d = 25 m manZilze da hori-
leze. ipove srolis θ0 kuTxe. zontidan θ = 60° kuTxiT. (a) gamoTvale h
••30 burTi kedlisken isroles 25 m/wm (miniSneba: erTi gzaa moZraobis ukan `gad-
axveva~, rogorc videofirze). risi tolia
siCqariT da horizontidan θ0 = 40° kuTxiT
burTis srolis siCqaris (b) sidide da (g)
(sur. 4.35). burTis srolis wertilidan
kuTxe horizontalis mimarT? (d) kuTxe
kedlamde manZilia d = 22 m. (a) srolis wer-
horizontis qveviT aris Tu zeviT?
tilidan ra simaRleze daejaxeba burTi
kedels? rogori iqneba kedelze moxvedris •• 34 golfis burTi miwaze ecema. misi
dros misi siCqaris (b) horizontaluri da siCqaris droze damokidebulebis grafi-
(g) vertikaluri komponentebi? (d) kedelze ki naCvenebia 4.37 suraTze. t = 0 momentSi
dajaxebis momentSi gavlili eqneba Tu ara burTi miwaze ecema. (a) horizontalurad
burTs traeqtoriis umaRlesi wertili? ra manZils gaivlis burTi miwaze dace-
mamde? (b) miwidan ra maqsimalur simaRles
miaRwevs burTi?
31
29
θ0
ν (m/wm) 27
25
d
23
21
19
0 1 2 3 4 5
t (wm)
••31 SaSxana, romelic tyviebs 460 m/wm siC-
qariT isvris, 45,7 m-iT daSorebul samiznes sur. 4.37 amocana 34.
daumiznes. Tu samiznis centri SaSxanis si-

maRlezea, maSin samiznidan ra simaRleze •• 35 4.38 suraTze burTi 10 m/wm siC-
unda iyos damiznebuli SaSxanis lula, rom qariT da horizontisadmi 50° kuTxiT is-
tyvia zustad centrSi moxvdes? SSM roles. srolis adgili aRmarTis ZirSia,
••32 beisbolisti burTs horizontalu- romlis horizontaluri sigrZea d1 = 6 m,
rad awvdis 161 km/sT siCqariT. momgerie- xolo simaRle d2 = 3,60 m. (a) burTi aRmar-
Tis Tavze daecema Tu aRmarTze? rodesac
beli misgan 18,3 m manZilzea. a) ra dro
daecema, rogori iqneba srolis wertili-
dasWirdeba burTs manZilis pirveli nax-
dan gadaadgilebis (b) sidide da (g) kuTxe?
evris gasavlelad? b) meore naxevris gas-
avlelad? g) rogoria burTis Tavisufali
vardnis manZili frenis pirvel naxevarSi?
burTi 0 d2
d) meore naxevarSi? e) ratom aris erTma-
neTis toli g) da d) sidideebi? d1
••33 4.36 suraTze h simaRlis saxuravis sur. 4.38 amocana 35.
marcxena napiridan burTi marcxniv gais-
••36 4.39 suraTze burTi h = 20 m simaRlis
saxuravze aisroles. 4 wamSi burTi saxur-
h
avze daeca. dacemamde burTsa da saxuravs
θ
Soris kuTxe iyo θ = 60°. (a) moZebne burTis
mier ganvlili horizontaluri d manZili
d
sur. 4.36 amocana 33. (ixile 33-e amocanis miniSneba). rogori
117
iqneba burTis sawyisi siCqaris (b) sidide siCqariT unda isrolon. 4.41 suraTze
da (g) kuTxe (horizontis mimarT)? naCvenebia R areali dartymis θ0 kuTxes-
Tan SedarebiT. θ0-is sidide burTis frenis
dros gansazRvravs. tmax iyos frenis maqsi-
θ
maluri dro. risi tolia burTis umciresi
siCqare frenis dros, Tu θ0 isea SerCeuli,
h
rom frenis dro 0,5 tmax-is tolia?
200
d
R (m)
100
••37 momgeriebeli Camowodebul
burTs maSin urtyams, rodesac bur-
Tis centri miwidan 1,22 m simaRlezea. θ0
burTi miwidan 45° kuTxiT mifrinavs. sur. 4.41. amocana 40.
am dartymis Sedegad, burTis horizon-
taluri areali (dartymis simaRleze •••41 burTi 1,52 m/wm siCqariT horizon-
dabrunebisas) 107 m-ia. (a) gadalaxavs talurad migoravs kibis napirisken. safex-
Tu ara burTi 7,32 m simaRlis kedels, urebis simaRle da sigane 20,3 sm-ia. romel
romelic dartymis adgilidan 97,5 m-is safexurs daecema pirvelad burTi? SSM
moSorebiTaa? (b) rogori iqneba ked- •••42 gasrolidan 2 wamis Semdeg Wurvis
lis zeda nawilsa da burTis centrs horizontaluri gadaadgilebaa 40 m, xolo
Soris manZili, rodesac burTi kedels vertikaluri – 53 m. risi tolia Wurvis
miuaxlovdeba? SSM WWW sawyisi siCqaris (a) horizontaluri da (b)
•••38 burTi miwis donidan unda is- vertikaluri komponentebi? (g) miwidan
rolon x m-iT daSorebuli kedlisken maqsimaluri simaRlis miRwevis momentSi
(sur. 4.40a). 4.40b suraTze naCvenebia horizontalurad ra manZilze gadaadgil-
burTis kedelze moxvedris νy siCqa- da Wurvi gasrolis wertilidan?
ris y komponenti, rogorc x manZilis •••43 4.42 suraTze beisbolis burTs
funqcia. ras udris dartymis kuTxe? daartyes h = 1 m simaRlidan da Semdeg imave
5 simaRleze daiWires. burTi mifrinavs ked-
y lis gaswvriv. dartymidan 1 wamis Semdeg
νy (m/wm)
0 burTi ascdeba kedlis wvers da 4 wamis

x 10 20
Semdeg Camoscdeba, rodesac kedlis gas-
(a)
wvriv D = 50 m manZils gaivlis. (a) ra hor-
-5
x (m) izontaluri manZili gaiara burTma dar-
sur. 4.40 amocana 38. (b)
tymidan daWeramde? ra iqneba dartymis
Semdeg burTis siCqaris (b) sidide da (g)
•••39 fexburTels burTis darty-
kuTxe (horizontis mimarT)? (d) ra simaR-
ma SeuZlia 25 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT.
lisaa kedeli?
risi tolia (a) umciresi da (b) udide-
si kuTxeebi, romlebiTac karidan 50 R
m-is daSorebiT mdgomma fexburTelma
burTs unda daartyas, rom miwidan 3,44
h h
m-is simaRlis karis CarCoSi goli gai-
tanos? SSM sur. 4.42 amocana 43.
•••40 burTi miwis donidan garkveuli

qveTavi 4-7. Tanabarwriuli moZraoba mimarTulebas emTxveva. risi tolia wriu-

li traeqtoriis centris a) x da b) y koor-
• 44 risi tolia 10 m/wm siCqariT moZravi
dinatebi?
sprinteris aCqarebis sidide, rodesac is
25 m radiusis mosaxvevs gairbens? •• 51 t1 = 2 wm momentSi saaTis isris moZ-
raobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT wriu-
•45 15 m radiusis èSmakis borbali~ hor-
lad moZravi wertilis aCqarebaa (6 m/wm2) +
izontaluri RerZis garSemo yovel wuTSi
+ (4 m/wm2) . wertili Tanabrad moZraobs.
5 bruns akeTebs. risi tolia (a) moZraobis
t2 = 5 wm momentSi misi aCqarebaa (4 m/wm2) +
periodi? risi tolia umaRles wertilSi
centriskenuli aCqarebis (b) sidide da (g)
+ (–6 m/wm2) . risi tolia wertilis moZraobis
traeqtoriis radiusi?
mimarTuleba? risi tolia yvelaze dabal
wertilSi centriskenuli aCqarebis (d) si- •• 52 wertili Tanabrad moZraobs wreze,
dide da (e) mimarTuleba? ILW romelic horizontalur xy sibrtyeSi mde-

bareobs. erT momentSi, (4 m, 4 m) wertil-
• 46 centriskenuli aCqarebis moyvaruli
Si yofnisas, misi siCqarea –5 m/wm, xolo
Tanabarwriulad moZraobs. periodi T = 2 wm da
aCqareba +12,5 m/wm2. risi tolia wriuli
r = 3 m. t1 momentSi misi aCqarebaa = (6 m/wm2)  
traeqtoriis centris a) x da b) y koor-
+ (–4 m/wm2) ) m/wm2 risi tolia am momentSi
dinatebi?
a) ·  da b) ×  ?
•••53 biWuna qvas atrialebs 1,5 m radiu-
• 47 kaci karuselSi vertikaluri RerZis sis wreze, miwidan 2 m simaRleze. uecrad
garSemo Tanabari siCqariT brunavs. siCqa- Zafi wydeba, qva horizontalurad mifri-
re aris 3,66 m/wm, xolo centriskenuli aCqa- navs da 10 m manZilis gavlis Semdeg miwaze
reba 1,83 m/wm2. mdebareobis veqtori kacs ecema. risi tolia wriuli moZraobisas
brunvis RerZTan aerTebs. a) risi tolia qvis centriskenuli aCqareba? SSM WWW
-is sidide? saiT aris mimarTuli , rode- •••54 kata karuselze zis, romelic Tana-
sac mimarTulia b) aRmosavleTisken da g)
barwriul moZraobas asrulebs. t1 = 2 wm mo-
samxreTisken?
mentSi katis siCqare xy horizontalur
•48 ventilatori wuTSi 1200 bruns asru- koordinatTa sistemaSi aris 1
= (3 m/wm)
lebs. ganvixiloT 0,15 m radiusis ventila- + (4 m/wm) . t2 = 5 wm momentSi katis siCqarea
toris frTis wveri. (a) ra manZils gaivlis 2
= (–3 m/wm) + (–4 m/wm) . risi tolia (a)
is erTi brunis dros? rogoria misi (b) katis centriskenuli aCqareba da (b) katis
siCqare da (g) aCqareba? (d) risi tolia saSualo aCqareba t2 – t1 drois monakveTSi?
brunvis periodi? qveTavi 4-8. erTganzomilebiani far-
•• 49 qalis CanTa da safule karuselze dobiTi moZraoba
Tanabarwriulad moZraobs, Sesabamisad 2 m •55 dasavleTisken 20km/sT-iT moZravi man-
da 3 m radiusiT. isini centridan erT xa- qanidan kinooperatori pikapze 30 km/sT-iT
zze mdebareobs. erT momentSi CanTis aCqa- ufro swrafad morbenal gepards firze
rebaa (2 m/wm2) + (4 m/wm2) . amave momentSi da iRebs. uecrad gepardi Cerdeba, aRmosavle-
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi, rogori Tisken brundeba da misi traeqtoriis max-
iqneba safulis aCqareba? loblad mdgari jgufis erT-erTi wevris
•• 50 wertili Tanabarwriulad moZraobs mimarT 45 km/sT siCqariT garbis. gepardis
horizontalur xy koordinatTa sistemaSi. siCqaris cvlilebas 2 wami dasWirda. risi
t1 = 4 wm momentSi is imyofeba (5 m, 6 m) adg- tolia operatoris mimarT gepardis aCqa-
ilze, aqvs (3 m/wm) siCqare da aCqareba x rebis (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba. risi
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. rodesac tolia jgufis aRelvebuli wevris mimarT
t2 = 10 wm, misi siCqarea (–3 m/wm) , xolo gepardis aCqarebis (g) sidide da (d) mimar-
aCqarebis mimarTuleba y RerZis dadebiT Tuleba?
119
• 56 navi mdinaris dinebis sawinaaRmdego mi- imave dros gadis. A xomaldi 24 kvanZs gadis
marTulebiT (x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTule- Crdilo-dasavleTisken, xolo B xomaldi
ba) mdinaris dinebis mimarT 14 km/sT siC- _ 28 kvanZs 40° samxreT-dasavleTisken. (1
qariT micuravs. wyali miwis mimarT 9 km/sT kvanZi = saaTSi 1 zRvis mili; ixile danar-
siCqariT miedineba. risi tolia miwis mimarT Ti D). risi tolia A xomaldis B-s mimarT
navis siCqaris (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba? siCqaris (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba? (g)
navze mdgomi bavSvi win da ukan dadis navis ra drois Semdeg daSordebian xomaldebi
mimarT 6 km/sT siCqariT. risi tolia miwis erTmaneTs 160 sazRvao miliT? (d) rogori
mimarT bavSvis siCqaris (g) sidide da (d) mi- iqneba am dros B-s mdebareobis mimarTule-
marTuleba? ba A-s mimarT? SSM ILW
•• 57 saeWvo garegnobis kaci moZravi bi- ••62 TviTmfrinavma 15 wuTi ifrina 42 km/
likis erTi bolodan meorisken garbis 2,5 sT siCqaris qarSi, romelic aRmosavleTidan
wm-is ganmavlobaSi. usafrTxoebis agentis 20°-iT samxreTiT uberavs. amJamad TviTm-
gamoCenis Semdeg kaci isev sawyisi werti- frinavi qalaqis Tavzea, sawyisi wertili-
lisken mirbis 10 wm-is ganmavlobaSi. risi dan CrdiloeTiT 55 km manZilze. risi to-
tolia kacis siCqaris Sefardeba bilikis lia TviTmfrinavis siCqare haeris mimarT?
siCqaresTan? ••63 matarebeli wvimaSi moZraobs 30 m/wm
qveTavi 4-9. organzomilebiani far- (miwis mimarT) siCqariT samxreTisken. wvima
dobiTi moZraoba qars samxreTisken miaqvs. TiToeuli wvi-
mis wveTis traeqtoria vertikalidan 70°
•58 ragbis moTamaSe burTTan erTad mowi-
kuTxiTaa daxrili miwaze mdgomi uZravi
naaRmdegisken mirbis x RerZis dadebiTi
damkvirveblis mimarT. matarebelze myofi
mimarTulebiT. moTamaSes TanagundelisT-
damkvirveblisTvis wvimis wveTebi verti-
vis burTis gadawodeba manamde SeuZlia,
kalurad ecema. gansazRvre miwis mimarT
sanam mindvris mimarT burTis siCqares
wvimis wveTebis siCqare. SSM
dadebiTi x komponenti ara aqvs. davuSvaT,
moTamaSe garbis 4 m/wm siCqariT mindvris ••64 4.43 suraTze mocemul zedxedze P
mimarT da burTs Tanagundels awvdis sa- da B jipi moZraobs wrfivad brtyel zeda-
kuTari Tavis mimarT siCqariT. Tu -s pirze da Cauvlian uZrav A mesazRvres.
sididea 6 m/wm, rogori iqneba pasis umci- mesazRvris mimarT B-s siCqarea 20 m/wm,
resi kuTxe wesebis darRvevis gareSe? xolo kuTxe θ2 = 30°. mesazRvris mimarT P-
s Tanabari aCqarebaa 0,4 m/wm2, xolo kuTxe
•59 Tovlis fifqebi miwaze ecema 8 m/wm
Tanabari siCqariT. vertikalidan ra kuTx-
θ1 = 60°. garkveul momentSi P-s siCqarea
iT Cans fifqebis dacema swor gzaze 50 km/

40 m/wm. risi tolia am momentSi B-s mimarT
sT-iT moZravi manqanis mZRolisTvis? SSM
P-s siCqaris (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba?
risi tolia B-s mimarT P-s aCqarebis (g)
••60 msubuqi TviTmfrinavi 500 km/sT siC-
sidide da (d) mimarTuleba?
qariT mifrinavs. daniSnulebis adgili
zustad CrdiloeTiTaa 800 km-is manZilze,
•••65 A xomaldi imyofeba B xomaldidan
CrdiloeTiT 4km manZilze da aRmosavle-
magram piloti xvdeba, rom TviTmfrinavi
TiT 2,5 km manZilze. A-s siCqarea 22 km/sT
CrdiloeTidan 20° kuTxiT aRmosavleTisken
unda mimarTos, raTa pirdapir daniSnulebis samxreTiT, xolo B-s siCqarea 40 km/sT 37°
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. (a) risi tolia A-s
adgilisken gafrindes. 2 saaTis Semdeg
siCqare B-s mimarT erTeulovan-veqtorul
TviTmfrinavi daniSnulebis adgils aRwevs.
CanawerSi, Tu mimarTulia aRmosavle-
risi tolia qaris siCqaris (a) sidide da (b)
Tisken? (b) dawere B-s mimarT A-s mdebare-
mimarTuleba?
obis gamosaxuleba ( -sa da -s saSualebiT),
••61 A da B xomaldebi portidan erTsa da
rogorc t drois funqcia, sadac roca t = 0, mavlobaSi. am momentSi (a) ra manZilze xar
xomaldebi imyofebian zemoT aRweril mde- sawyisi wertilidan? (b) moZraobis sawyisi
bareobebze. (g) ra droSia xomaldebs So- mimarTulebisadmi ra mimarTulebiT xar?
ris daSoreba umciresi? (d) risi tolia 68 sikvdilis farda. liTonis didi aster-
umciresi daSoreba? oidi dedamiwaze ecema da miwaSi uzarma-
Crd
zar kraters amoTxris. dacemis wertili-
P aRm
dan caSi didi siCqariT da did manZilze
A qvebi amoifrqeva. cxrilSi mocemulia 5

θ1
θ2 amofrqveuli qvis siCqare da kuTxe hori-
zontis mimarT (aris sxva qvebic, sxva siCqa-
B riTa da kuTxiT). davuSvaT, Sen xar x = 20 km
sur. 4.43 amocana 64. wertilSi, rodesac asteroidi dedamiwas
••• 66 200 m siganis mdinare 1,1 m/wm siCqa- ejaxeba t = 0 momentSi da x = 0 wertilSi
riT aRmosavleTisken miedineba junglebis (sur. 4.44). (a) rodesac t = 20 wm, rogori
gavliT. tyidan patara mindorze gamosul iqneba Seni mimarTulebiT gamosrolili
mkvlevars unda mdinaris samxreT napiri- qvebis (A-dan E-mde) x da y koordinatebi?
dan kateriT gadavides meore napirze. kat- (b) aRniSne es wertilebi da maTze mrudi
eri mdinaris mimarT 4 m/wm Tanabari siC- gaavle, romelSic Sesuli iqneba sxva siC-
qariT moZraobs. CrdiloeT napirze aris qariTa da kuTxiT amotyorcnili qvebic.
meore mindori, romelic samxreT napiris grafikma unda mogces warmodgena, ras
dainaxav, rodesac qvebi mogiaxlovdeba, da
mindvris mopirdapire wertilidan 82 km-
ras xedavdnen dinozavrebi, rodesac uxs-
iT aris daSorebuli dinebis sawiaaRmdego
ovar dros asteroidi dedamiwas Seejaxa.
mimarTulebiT. (a) ra mimarTulebiT unda
waiyvanos kateri mkvlevarma, raTa pirda- qvebi siCqare (m/wm) kuTxe (gradusi)
pir CrdiloeT napiris mindors miadges? A 520 14
(b) ra dro dasWirdeba katers mdinaris B 630 16
gadasakveTad da mindvramde misasvlelad? C 750 18
damatebiTi amocanebi D 870 20

E 1000 22
67 Sen politologebma mogitaces (vinaid-
an ganucxade, rom politologia namdvili y
mecniereba ar aris). miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tvalebi akruli gaqvs, SegiZlia gansaz-
Rvro maTi manqanis siCqare (Zravis xmau-
riT), mgzavrobis dro (wamebis daTvliT)
x
da moZraobis mimarTuleba (moxvevebis
0 10 20
damaxsovrebiT). Seni varaudiT, wagiyvanes
Semdegi kursiT: 50 km/sT-iT 2 wuTis gan- sur. 4.44 amocana 68.
mavlobaSi, Seuxvies 90° marjvniv, 20 km/

69 burTi unda tyorcno 12 m/wm siCqariT
sT-iT iares 4 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Seux-
da moartya srolis adgilidan h = 5 m si-
vies 90° marjvniv, 20 km/sT-iT iares 60
maRleze myof samiznes (sur. 4.45 a). mizan-
wamis ganmavlobaSi, Seuxvies 90° marcxniv,
Tan miRwevisas burTs horizontaluri siC-
50 km/sT-iT iares 60 wamis ganmavlobaSi, qare unda hqondes. (a) horizontidan ra
Seuxvies 90° marjvniv, 20 km/sT-iT iares 2 θ kuTxiT unda tyorcno burTi? (b) risi
wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Seuxvies 90° marcxniv tolia horizontaluri manZili tyorcnis
da, bolos, 50 km/sT-iT iares 30 wamis gan- adgilsa da samiznes Soris? (g) risi tolia
121
burTis siCqare samiznis miRwevis dros? wertilisken (t = 5 wT), Semdeg C wertil-
mizani isken (t = 10 wT), bolos ki D wertilisken
(t = 15 wT). dafiqrdi ciyvis saSualo siC-
qareebze A wertilidan TiToeul werti-
lamde. am sami saSualo siCqaridan, rogori
h
iqneba umciresis (a) sidide da (b) kuTxe?
θ rogori iqneba udidesis (g) sidide da (d)
kuTxe?
72 4.48 suraTze naCvenebia skunsis moZ-
sur. 4.45 amocana 69. raobis traeqtoria, i sawyisi wertilidan
f saboloo wertilamde. kuTxeebia: θ1 = 30°,
70 4.46 suraTze talaxis belti wriulad
θ2 = 50° da θ3 = 80°. manZilebia: d1 = 5 m, d2 =
moZraobs 20 sm radiusis borbalze, ro-
8 m da d3 = 12 m. risi tolia skunsis mTliani
melic saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimar-
gadaadgilebis (a) sidide da (b) kuTxe?
TulebiT brunavs. borblis brunvis pe-
y
riodia 5 m/wm (borbali warmovidginoT
saaTis ciberblatis saxiT). rodesac bor- d2
θ3
balze beltis mdebareoba Seesabameba saaTis
d3 θ2
ciferblatze patara isris mdebareobas xuT
d1
saaTze, belti mis zedapirs moswydeba h =
x
i
1,2 m simaRlidan, kedlidan d = 2,5 m da-
SorebiT. ra simaRleze moxvdeba kedels
f
belti?
borbali 73 wertili Tanabrad moZraobs wrewirze

xy koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis saTavis
garSemo, saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTule-
talaxi h
biT, 7 wm periodiT. erT momentSi misi mde-
d bareobis veqtori (aTvlis saTavidan) aris

sur. 4.46 amocana 70. = (2 m) – (3 m) . risi tolia am momentSi
wertilis siCqare erTeulovan-veqtorul
71 4.47 suraTze naCvenebia miwaze moZravi
CanawerSi?
ciyvis traeqtoria: A wertilidan (t = 0) B
74 4.49 suraTze burTi miwidan verti-
y (m) kalurad aisroles v0 = 7 m/wm sawyisi siC-
50 qariT. amavdroulad, samSeneblo liftis
D
kabina miwidan zemoT iwyebs moZraobas vc =
3 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT. ra maqsimalur si-
25 maRles miaRwevs burTi (a) miwis mimarT da
(b) kabinis mimarT? ra tempiT icvleba bur-
0 x (m)
c
25 50
A C
-25
0
burTi
B
-50
sur. 4.47 amocana 71. sur. 4.49 amocana 74.
Tis siCqare (g) miwis mimarT da (d) kabinis romliTac Wurvi mizans moxvdeba?
mimarT? 78 mdebareobis veqtori = 5t  + (et + ft2)
75 4.50a suraTze ciga Tanabrad moZraobs wertilis mdebareobas gansazRvravs, ro
x-is uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da vs siCqa- gorc t drois funqcias. veqtori izomeba
riT. am dros cigidan Tovlis gunda is- metrebSi, xolo t – wamebSi. e da f koefici-
roles cigis mimarT 0
 = v0x + v0y siCqa- entebi mudmivebia. 4.52 suraTze naCvenebia
riT. rodesac gunda miwaze ecema, misi wertilis moZra
40o
gadaadgileba Δxmiwa izomeba miwis mimarT obis mimarTule
(srolis adgilidan davardnis adgilamde). bis θ kuTxe, ro-
4.50 b suraTze Δxmiwa mocemulia, rogorc vs- gorc drois
is funqcia. davuSvaT, gunda daaxloebiT funqcia (θ izo
θ
srolis simaRleze daeca. risi tolia (a) meba x RerZis 0o
10 20
v0x-is da (b) v0y-is sidideebi? cigis mimarT dadebiTi mimar

gundis Δxciga gadaadgilebis gazomvac Ses- Tulebisadmi).
aZlebelia. davuSvaT, cigis siCqare gun- gamoTvale a) a -40o
dis srolis dros ar icvleba. risi tolia koeficienti da t (wm)
Δxciga-s, rodesac vs aris (g) 5 m/wm da (d) 15 b) f koeficienti, sur. 4.52 amocana 78.
m/wm? erTeulebis ga
40 TvaliswinebiT.
y
gunda 79 qals mdore wyalSi niCbis mosma SeuZlia
ciga 6,4 km/sT siCqariT, magram amJamad 6,4 km si-
Δ x miwa (m)
x ganis mdinareSi imyofeba, romelic 3,2 km/sT

0
(a) 10 20 siCqariT miedineba. davuSvaT, mimarTulia
mdinaris erTi napiridan meoresken, xolo
– mdinaris dinebis mimarTulebiT. Tu qali
-40 niCbebs usvams da moZraobs wrfivad saw-
v s (m/wm) yisi wertilis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT,
(b) maSin (a) -sadmi ra kuTxiT unda mimarTos
sur. 4.50 amocana 75. qalma navi da (b) ra dro dasWirdeba? (g)
ra dro dasWirdeba qals, Tu is 3,2 km-iT
76 xy sibrtyeze moZravi wertilis aCqarebaa mdinares dauyveba da Semdeg dabrundeba
= 3t  + 4t  , sadac izomeba m/wm -Si, xolo 2
sawyis wertilSi? (d) ra dro dasWirdeba,
t – wamebSi. rodesac t = 0, wertilis mdebare- Tu 3,2 km-s gacuravs mdinarebis dinebis
obis veqtoria = (20 m) + (40 m) , xolo siC- sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT da Semdeg
qare = (5m/wm) + (2 m/wm) . rodesac t = 4 wm, dabrundeba sawyis wertilSi? e) -sadmi ra
risi tolia a) wertilis mdebareobis veq- kuTxiT unda mimarTos navi qalma meore
tori erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi da napirze umokles droSi gadasasvlelad?
b) kuTxe x RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasa da (v) risi tolia es dro?
wertilis moZraobis mimarTulebas Soris? 80 vulkanis amofrqvevis dros krateri-
77 Wurvi R = 20 m moSorebiT miwaze ganla- dan myari qanis natexebi, e.w. vulkanuri
gebul samiznes esroles v0 = 30 m/wm sawyisi bombebi amoifrqveva. 4.53 suraTze iaponia-
siCqariT, rogorc maRali traeqtoria Si fuZaiamas mTis ganivkveTia naCvenebi. (a)
es 4.51 xuraTzea dabali
ra sawyisi siCqariT unda amovardes bombi
naCvenebi. risi traeqtoria A gamosasvlelidan horizontisadmi θ = 35o
tolia srolis (a)
0
kuTxiT, raTa vulkanis B wertilSi daeces,
0
umciresi da (b) Tu vertikaluri manZili h = 3,3 km, xolo
udidesi kuTxe,
R
A-dan B-mde horizontaluri – d = 9,4 km. ha-
123
miaRwevs r maqsimalur sidides? (d) rogori
A θ0 iqneba es sidide da srolis adgilidan ra
manZilze iqneba qva (e) horizontalurad
h da (v) vertikalurad? rodesac θ0 = 80°, (z)
rodis miaRwevs r maqsimalur sidides? (T)
d B rogori iqneba es sidide da srolis adgi-
lidan ra manZilze iqneba qva (i) horizon-
sur. 4.53 amocana 80. talurad da (k) vertikalurad?
eris zemoqmedeba bombis moZraobaze ug- 84 CrdiloeT naxevarsferos zomier ganede-

ulebelyavi. (b) risi toli iqneba bombis bze grZeli gadafrenebis dros aRmosav-
frenis dro? (g) gazrdis Tu Seamcirebs leTiT mimarTuli haeris nakadi TviTm-
haeris zemoqmedeba (a) kiTxvis pasuxs? frinavis siCqareze gavlenas axdens. Tu
81 A oazisi B oazisidan dasavleTisken 90 piloti haeris mimarT garkveul siCqares
km manZilzea. aqlemi A oazisidan gadis da ganaviTarebs, dedamiwis mimarT siCqare

ufro metia, roca frena haeris dinebis
50 saaTis ganmavlobaSi 75 km gaivlis 37°
mimarTulebiTaa, da naklebia, roca haeris
kuTxiT Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. Semdegi 35
dinebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTaa. da-
saaTis ganmavlobaSi aqlemi 65 km-s gaivlis
vuSvaT, TviTmfrinavi 4000 km-iT daSore-
samxreTiT, Semdeg ki 5 saaTs isvenebs. risi
bul qalaqebs Soris win da ukan mifrinavs.
tolia aqlemis gadaadilebis (a) sidide da
marSrutis pirveli naxevari haeris dinebis
(b) mimarTuleba A-s mimarT? A oazisidan
mimarTulebiTaa, xolo meore naxevari –
gamosvlidan dasvenebis bolomde risi to-
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. kompiuteri
lia aqlemis saSualo siCqaris (g) sidide
pilots urCevs, haeris mimarT 1000 km/sT
da (d) mimarTuleba? (e) misi saSualo siC-
siCqariT ifrinos, romlisTvisac wina da
qare? aqlemma ukanasknelad wyali A oazis-
ukana frenebis xangrZlivobebs Soris gan-
Si dalia da maqsimum 120 saaTi aqvs, raTa B
sxvaveba 70 wuTi iqneba. haeris nakadis ra
oazisSi dalios. Tu aqlemi B-s droulad
siCqares iTvaliswinebs kompiuteri?
miaRwevs, risi toli iqneba dasvenebis Sem-
deg misi saSualo siCqaris (v) sidide da
85 4.54 suraTze radiolokaciurma sadgur-
ma aRmoaCina aRmosavleTidan momavali
(z) mimarTuleba?
TviTmfrinavi. Tavdapirveli dakvirvebiT,
82 rodesac didi varskvlavi zeaxal var-
skvlavad anu `supernovad~ gardaiqmneba,
TviTmfrinavi sadguridan d1 = 360 m man-
misi birTvi imdenad da ise ikumSeba, rom is Zilze da θ1 = 40° kuTxiT imyofeba. Semdeg
sadgursa da TviTmfrinavs Soris kuTxe
20 km radiusis neitronis varskvlavi xdeba.
Tu neitronis varskvlavi wamSi erT bruns ∆θ = 123°-iT Seicvala, xolo manZili d2 =
akeTebs, maSin (a) risi tolia varskvlavis 490 m gaxda. rogori iqneba am drois ganma-
ekvatorze mdebare wertilis siCqare da (b) vlobaSi TviTmfrinavis gadaadgilebis (a)
risi tolia wertilis centriskenuli aCqa- sidide da (b) mimarTuleba?
rebis sidide? (g) Tu neitronis varskvlavi TviTmfrinavi
ufro swrafad brunavs, (a)-s da (b)-s pa-
suxebi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba? Δθ
d2 d1
83 t = 0 momentSi qva miwidan isroles 16 m/wm
sawyisi siCqariT da θ0 kuTxiT. warmoidgine das θ1 aRm
gasrolis adgilidan qvisken mimarTuli

mdebareobis veqtori. aage mdebareobis
radari
veqtoris r sididis grafiki, Tu (a) θ0 = 40°
da (b) θ0 = 80°. rodesac θ0 = 40°, (g) rodis
86 ori trasa erTmaneTs kveTs, rogorc es wrewirze moZravi eleqtronis aCqarebaa

4.55 suraTzea naCvenebi. mocemul momentSi 3×1014 m/wm2. (a) risi tolia eleqtronis
P policiis manqana imyofeba gadakveTis siCqare, Tu wris radiusia 15 sm? (b) risi
adgilidan dP = 800 m manZilze da moZraobs tolia brunvis periodi?
vP = 80 km/sT siCqariT. M manqana gadakveTis 90 200 m siganis mdinare aRmosavleTisken
adgilidan dM  = 600 m manZilze imyofeba da miedineba 2 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT. wylis
moZraobs vM = 60 km/sT siCqariT. (a) risi mimarT 8 m/wm siCqaris mqone navi mdinaris
tolia M manqanis siCqare P manqanis mimarT samxreT napiridan miemarTeba 30° kuTxiT
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi? (b) 4.55 Crdilo-dasavleTiT. risi tolia miwis
suraTze naCvenebi momentisTvis, risi to- mimarT navis siCqaris (a) sidide da (b)
lia kuTxe (a)-Si napovn siCqaresa da ori mimarTuleba? (g) ra dro dasWirdeba navs
mZRolis Tvalsawiers Soris? (g) Tu orive mdinaris gadasakveTad?
manqana siCqares SeinarCunebs, gadakveTas-
91 amocanis 4.7 b nimuSSi qvemexi Wurvs 686 m
Tan miaxloebisas Seicvleba Tu ara (a) da
horizontalur manZilze isvris. zarbazani
(b) kiTxvis pasuxebi?
zRvis doneze dgas da horizontidan 45°-
y
iTaa daxrili. ramdeniT gaizrdeba Wurvis
frenis horizontaluri manZili, Tu qve-
M
mexs 30 m-iT maRla ganvalagebT?
92 protonis sawyisi mdebareobis veqto-

ria = 5 – 6 + 2 , xolo momdevno mde-
vM bareobis veqtori – = –2 + 6 + 2 .
dM
(a) rogori iqneba protonis gadaadgilebis
P
vP
veqtori? (b) romeli sibrtyis parale-
x luria es veqtori?
93 (a) Tu eleqtroni horizontalurad

dP
isroles 3×106 m/wm siCqariT, ra manZilze
daecema is horizontalurad 1 m-is gavlis
Semdeg?
87 SaSxana horizontalurad damiznebu-
lia 30 m-iT daSorebul samizneze. tyvia
94 Wurvis siCqare miwidan maqsimalur si-
samiznes xvdeba damiznebis adgilidan maRleze 10 m/wm-ia. (a) risi tolia Wurvis
siCqare maqsimaluri simaRlis miRwevamde
1,9 sm-iT qveviT. risi tolia (a) tyviis
frenis dro da (b) misi siCqare SaSxanidan 1 wm-iT adre? (b) risi tolia Wurvis siC-
gamosvlis dros? qare maqsimaluri simaRlis miRwevidan
1 wm-is Semdeg? Tu maqsimaluri simaRlis
88 swrafi franguli matarebeli 216 km/
wertilia x = 0 da y = 0, xolo siCqaris
sT siCqariT moZraobs. (a) Tu matarebeli
mimarTuleba x RerZis dadebiT mimarTule-
am dros wriulad moZraobs, xolo mgza-
bas emTxveva, maSin risi tolia maqsimaluri
vrebisTvis dasaSvebia 0,05 g-mde aCqareba,
simaRlis miRwevamde 1 wm-iT adre Wurvis
risi tolia traeqtoriis mrudis umciresi
mdebareobis (g) x da d) y koordinati? risi
radiusi? (b) ra siCqariT unda Semouaros
tolia Wurvis (e) x da v) y koordinati
matarebelma 1 km radiusis mruds, raTa
maqsimaluri simaRlis miRwevidan 1 wm-is
aCqarebis limiti ar daarRvios?
Semdeg?
89 magnituri vels SeuZlia damuxtuli
95 protonis sawyisi siCqarea =4 –2 +3 ,
nawilakis wriuli moZraoba gamoiwvios.
xolo 4 wamis Semdeg =–2 –2 +5 (m/wm-ebSi).
davuSvaT, konkretul magnitur velSi
am oTxi wamis ganmavlobaSi risi tolia
125
(a) protonis aCqareba erTeulovan-veq- Tulebad aiRe aRmosavleTi. risi tolia 3
saS
torul CanawerSi? (b) risi tolia wamis srialis Semdeg kurdRlis a) siCqare
saS-s si-
dide da (g) da x RerZis dadebiT da b) mdebareoba erTeulovan-veqtorul
saS-sa
mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe? CanawerSi?
96 P wertili Tanabari siCqariT moZrao- 99 wertili moZraobas iwyebs aTvlis saTavi-

bs r = 3 m radiusis wreze (sur. 4.56) da dan t = 0 momentSi 8 m/wm siCqariT da xy si-
brtyeze Tanabari (4  + 2 ) m/wm2 aCqarebiT
erT bruns 20 wamSi asrulebs. wertili O-s
moZraobs. rodesac wertilis x koordina-
Cauvlis t = 0 momentSi. qvemoT mocemuli
tia 29 m, risi tolia (a) y koordinati da
veqtorebi gamosaxe sidide-kuTxur Canaw-
(b) siCqare?
erSi (kuTxe aRebulia x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebisadmi). ipove O-s mimarT wer- 100 3,5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi sahaero buS-
tilis mdebareobis veqtori, Semdeg t mo- ti afrenis wertils Sordeba 21,5 km-iT
mentebSi: (a) 5 wm, b) 7,5 wm da (g) 10 wm. (d) CrdiloeTiT, 9,7 km-iT aRmosavleTiT da
ipove wertilis gadaadgileba mexuTe wamis 2,88 km-iT vertikalurad zeviT. moZebne (a)
dasasrulidan meaTe wamis dasasrulamde burTis saSualo siCqare da (b) kuTxe sa-
5-wamian SualedSi. am SualedisTvis ipove Sualo siCqaresa da horizonts Soris.
(e) P wertilis saSualo siCqare da siCqare 101 TviTmfrinavi miwis mimarT aRmosavle-
Sualedis (v) dasawyisSi da (z) dasasrulSi.
Tisken mifrinavs 20 km/sT siCqariT samxre-
amis Semdeg ipove wertilis aCqareba in-
Tisken mqrolav qarSi. Tu qaris gareSe
tervalis (T) dasawyisSi da (i) dasasrulSi.
TviTmfrinavis siCqarea 70 km/sT, risi to-
y
lia TviTmfrinavis siCqare miwis mimarT?
102 wriul bilikze morbenali sprinteris

r siCqarea 9,2 m/wm, xolo centriskenuli aC-
P
qarebaa 3,8 m/wm2. risi tolia (a) bilikis
radiusi da (b) wriuli moZraobis peri-
odi?
103 burTi horizontalurad isroles 20
x
0 m simaRlidan. misi miwaze dacemis siCqare
3-jer metia sawyis siCqareze. risi tolia
sawyisi siCqare?
97 yinulmWreli gayinuli tbis zedapirze 104 1×109 sm/wm sawyisi horizontaluri
qaris mier miniWebuli Tanabari aCqarebiT siCqaris mqone eleqtroni liTonis or
moZraobs. garkveul momentSi yinulmWre- horizontalur damuxtul firfitas Soris
lis siCqarea (6,3 – 8,42 ) m/wm. sami wamis moZraobs. eleqtroni gaivlis 2 sm horizon-
Semdeg qaris Cadgomis gamo yinulmWreli talur manZils firfitebis mimarT 1×1017
Cerdeba. risi tolia yinulmWrelis saSua- sm/wm2 aCqarebiT. risi tolia (a) dro, ro-
lo aCqareba am samwamian SualedSi? melic eleqtrons dasWirdeba 2 sm-is gas-
98 aRmosavleTisken 6 m/wm siCqariT morbe- avlelad? (b) risi tolia am droSi ganv-
nali kurdReli umniSvnelo xaxunis mqone lili vertikaluri manZili? risi tolia
yinulze aRmoCndeba. yinulze srialis am firfitebidan gamosvlamde eleqtronis
dros qari kurdRels 1,4 m/wm 2
aCqarebas siCqaris (g) horizontaluri da (d) verti-
aniWebs CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. airCie kaluri komponentebi?
koordinatTa sistema, romlis aTvlis saT- 105 Wurvi 30 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT hori-
ave yinulze kurdRlis sawyis mdebareobas zontisadmi 60° kuTxiT isroles. risi to-
daemTxveva, xolo x RerZis dadebiT mimar- lia srolidan 2 wamis Semdeg siCqaris (a)
sidide da (b) kuTxe? (g) horizontidan trasis Tavze imyofeba. miwaze myofi dam-
maRlaa Tu dablaa es kuTxe? risi to- kvirvebeli pilots gadascems, rom uber-
lia srolidan 5 wamis Semdeg siCqaris (d) avs 70 mili/sT siCqaris qari, magram qaris
sidide da (e) mimarTuleba? (v) horizonti- mimarTulebas ar eubneba. piloti amCnevs,
dan maRlaa Tu dablaa kuTxe? rom, qaris miuxedavad, TviTmfrinavs 1 saa-
106 softbolis momwodebeli burTs mi- Tis ganmavlobaSi trasis Tavze 135 milis
widan 3.0 futis simaRlidan isvris. bur- gavla SeuZlia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mi-
Tis mdebareobis stroboskopuli grafiki wis mimarT siCqare qaris drosac igivea. (a)
mocemulia 4.57 suraTze. monacemebi asaxu- ra mimarTulebiT uberavs qari? (b) saiTken
lia 0,25 wamis intervalSi, xolo burTi aris TviTmfrinavi mimarTuli?
gaisroles t = 0 momentSi. (a) risi tolia 110 qalTa frenburTSi bade miwidan
burTis sawyisi siCqare? (b) risi tolia 2,24 m-is imaRlezea, xolo moednis zomebia
burTis siCqare miwis donidan maqsimaluri 9 m×9 m badis TiToeul mxares. Cawodebisas
simaRlis miRwevisas? (g) risi tolia maqsi- moTamaSe burTs artyams miwidan 3 m simaR-
maluri simaRle? leze da badidan horizontalurad 8 m-is
10 daSorebiT. Tu burTis sawyisi siCqare
horizontaluria, maSin (a) ra minimaluri
siCqare unda hqondes burTs, rom bades
y (futi)
5
gadaafrindes? (b) ra maqsimaluri siCqare
unda hqondes burTs, rom moednis meore
naxevris ukana xazs ar gascdes?
0 10 20 30 40
x (futi)
111 4.58 suraTze B
naCvenebia xy koor- y
dinatTa sistemaSi
moZravi wertilis
107 aeroportis grZel derefanSi mgza-
wrfivi traeqto- A
vrebis gadasayvanad eskalatori muSaobs.
ria. wertili uZra- x
lari eskalatoris gamoyenebis nacvlad
vi mdgomareobidan sur. 4.58 amocana 111.
derefans 150 wm-Si fexiT gadis. karli,
Cqardeba Δt1 drois
romelic eskalatorze dgas, imave manZils
SualedSi. aCqareba Tanabaria. A wertilis
70 wamSi gadis. mo eskalatorze dgas da
koordinatebia (4 m, 6 m), xolo B wertilisa
Tan fexiTac midis. ra dro dasWirdeba mos
– (12 m, 18 m). (a) risi tolia aCqarebis kom-
derefnis gasavlelad? dauSvi, rom lari
ponentebis Sefardeba ay /ax? (b) risi to-
da mo erTi da imave siCqariT dadian.
lia wertilis koordinatebi, Tu moZraoba
108 fexburTelma burTs ise daartya, rom
grZeldeba kidev erT Δt1 drois SualedSi?
burTma haerSi 4,5 wami ifrina da 46 m-is
moSorebiT daeca. Tu burTi fexburTelis 112 sateliti dedamiwis zedapiridan 640 km
fexs miwidan 150 sm-is simaRleze mowyda, simaRleze wriul orbitaze moZraobs 98.0-
risi toli unda iyos burTis sawyisi siC- wuTiani periodiT. risi tolia satelitis
qaris a) sidide da b) kuTxe (horizontis (a) siCqare da (b) centriskenuli aCqareba?
mimarT)? 113 xy sibrtyeze moZravi wertilis mde-

109 niu-hemfSiris Statis policia TviT- bareoba mocemulia formuliT: = 2t + 2sin
mfrinavs trasaze moZraobis siCqaris kon- [(π/4 rad/wm)t] , sadac metrebSia, xolo t _
trolisTvis iyenebs. davuSvaT, erT-erTi wamebSi. a) gamoTvale wertilis mdebareo-
TviTmfrinavis siCqare uqaro amindSi 135 bis x da y komponentebi, rodesac t = 0,
mili/sT-ia. es TviTmfrinavi Crdilo- 1, 2, 3 da 4 wm. aage xy sibrtyeze wertilis
eTisken ise mifrinavs, rom yovelTvis traeqtoria 0 ≤  t  ≤ 4 wm SualedSi. (b) ga-
127
10
moTvale wertilis siCqaris komponentebi,
rodesac t =1, 2 da 3 wm. (a) nawilSi wertil-
is traeqtoriis grafikze gaavle siCqaris
veqtorebi da aCvene, rom siCqare wertilis 5
traeqtoriis mxebia da wertilis moZrao-

bis mimarTuleba aqvs. (g) gamoTvale wer-
tilis aCqarebis komponentebi, rodesac t =
1, 2 da 3 wm. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
114 golfis moTamaSe burTs 43 m/wm sawyisi
siCqariT da horizontisadmi 30o kuTxiT gaisroles. 4.59 suraTze naCvenebia tyviis
urtyams borcvidan. burTi horizontalu- mdebareobebis stroboskopuli grafiki.
rad 180 m manZilze mdebare sanaosno arxSi mdebareobebis gansazRvra xdeba 0,5-wamian
vardeba. davuSvaT, arxs swori zedapiri intervalSi, xolo tyviis gasrolis droa
aqvs. (a) arxidan ra simaRlidan daartyes t = 0. (a) risi tolia tyviis sawyisi siCqare
burTi? (b) risi tolia burTis siswrafe erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi? (b) risi
arxSi Cavardnis dros? tolia planetaze Tavisufali vardnis aCqa-
115 kosmonavti 5 m radiusis centrifugaSi reba? (g) srolidan ra drois Semdeg daece-
brunavs. a) risi tolia kosmonavtis siC- ma tyvia miwaze? (d) Tu analogiuri gasro-
qare, Tu centriskenuli aCqarebaa 7 g? b) la dedamiwis zedapiridan ganxorcielda,
wuTSi ramdeni brunis gakeTebaa saWiro am ra drois Semdeg Camovardeba tyvia?
aCqarebis misaRwevad? g) risi tolia brun- 120 sawyis momentSi (t = 0) deltaplani mi-
vis periodi? widan 7,5 m simaRleze imyofeba, moZraobs
116 (a) risi tolia dedamiwis ekvatorze 8 m/wm siCqariT, horizontidan 30° kuTxiT.
sxeulis centriskenuli aCqareba, romelic deltaplanis aCqarebaa 1 m/wm2 da mimar-
dedamiwis brunviTaa gamowveuli? (b) ro- Tulia vertikalurad zeviT. (a) dawere y-is
gori unda iyos dedamiwis brunvis peri- zrdis formula, rogorc t drois funq-
odi ekvatorze myofi sxeulisTvis, raTa cia. (b) formulis gamoyenebiT gansazRvre
mas mieniWos 9,8 m/wm2 centriskenuli aC- t, rodesac y = 0 (miwis zedapiri). (g) axseni,
qareba? ratom aqvs (b) kiTxvas ori pasuxi. rome-
117 uWero lifti zeviT moZraobs 10 m/wm lia maTgan is dro, rac deltaplans miwaze
Tanabari siCqariT. liftSi myofi biWi iat- dasajdomad dasWirdeba? (d) ra horizon-
akidan 2 m simaRlidan burTs zeviT isvris, talur manZils gaivlis deltaplani t = 0-
rodesac lifti miwidan 28 m simaRleze sa da miwaze dajdomis moments Soris? e)
imyofeba. liftis mimarT burTis siCqarea imave sawyisi mdebareobisa da siCqarisT-
20 m/wm. (a) miwidan ra maqsimalur simaRles vis, ra Tanabari moZraoba gamoiwvevs del-
miaRwevs burTi? (b) ra dro dasWirdeba taplanis miwaze dajdomas nulovani siCqa-
burTs liftis iatakze dasavardnad? riT? pasuxi gaeci erTeulovan veqtorul
118 adamiani 15 m sigrZis gaCerebul es- CanawerSi. mimarTulia horizontalurad,
kalatorze 90 wamSi adis, moZrav eskala- xolo _ vertikalurad.
torze ki uZravad mdgomi imave manZils 60 121 deteqtiur moTxrobaSi sxeuli Seno-
wamSi faravs. ra dro dasWirdeba adamians bidan 4,6 m manZilze da Ria fanjridan 24
moZrav eskalatorze fexiT asasvlelad? m-is qvemoT ipoves. (a) davuSvaT, msxverpli
damokidebulia Tu ara pasuxi eskalato- fanjridan horizontalurad gadmovarda.
ris sigrZeze? risi toli iyo sxeulis sawyisi siCqare?
119 moqmedeba xdeba mzis sistemis Soreul (b) SemTxveviTia Tu ara sikvdili? axseni
planetaze. tyvia miwidan 2 m simaRlidan Seni pasuxi.
122 beisbolis moTamaSes surs burTi 124 blad? (g) imave grafikze, aRniSne matare-
futiT daSorebul pirvel bazas miawvdi- blisa da manqanis mdebareobebis cvlileba
nos. misi saukeTeso srolis siCqarea 85 drois mixedviT.
mili/sT. (a) Tu moTamaSe burTs miwidan 124 sawyisi wertilidan wylis velo-
3 futis simaRlidan horizontalurad is- sipediT tbaSi micurav. Tavdapirvelad,
vris, pirveli bazidan ra manZilze daecema moZraob 30° Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT.
burTi miwaze? (b) igive sawyisi simaRlidan 1. gazarde siCqare 0,4 m/wm2 aCqarebiT 6
ra kuTxiT unda isrolos moTamaSem bur- wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
Ti, raTa sxva moTamaSem is miwidan 3 fut 2. am siCqariT imoZrave 8 wamis ganmavloba-
simaRleze daiWiros? (g) rogori iqneba Si.
frenis dro am SemTxvevaSi? 3. Semdeg 0,4 m/wm2-iT Seneldi 6 wamis gan-
123 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yovel- mavlobaSi.
wliurad avtomobilisa da matareblis Se-
amis Semdeg miemarTebi dasavleTisken. Sem-
jaxebis 4000 SemTxveva xdeba. umetesoba
deg ki:
maSin xdeba, rodesac avtomobilis mZRoli
4. gazarde siCqare 0,4 m/wm2 aCqarebiT 5
SeniSnavs momaval matarebels da cdilobs,
wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
liandagze matareblis mosvlamde gadaiar-
os (sakmaod suleluri gadawyvetilebaa).
5. am siCqariT imoZrave 10 wamis ganmav-
lobaSi.
ganvixiloTY Semdegi situacia: am 4000-dan
erT-erTi mZRoli trasis perpendikularu-
6. Semdeg 0,4 m/wm2-iT Seneldi gaCere-
bamde.
lad momaval matarebels SeniSnavs da
fiqrobs, rom matareblis siCqare misi man- sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi, risi tolia sa-
qanis siCqaris tolia da 30 m/wm-s udris. Sualo siCqare wertilidan mTeli moZ-
matarebelic da manqanac gadakveTis adgils raobis ganmavlobaSi?
uaxlovdebian (sur. 4.60). manqanis mZRoli 125 garkveul momentSi Citebis sabanaos
gadawyvets, rom, Tu manqanas 1,5 m/wm2-iT mimarT peplis mdebareobis veqtoria =
aaCqarebs, maSin pirveli gadakveTs lian- (2 m) + (3 m) + (1 m) . 40 wamis Semdeg pep-
dags. gadawyvetilebis miRebis momentSi elas mdebareobis veqtoria = (3 m) + (1 m)
manqanisa da matareblis daSoreba gadakve- + (2 m) . gamoTvale (Tu es SesaZlebelia)
Tis adgilamde 40 m-ia. manqanis sigrZea 5 m, (a) gadaadgileba erTeulovan-veqtorul
xolo matareblis sigane _ 3 m. (a) moxdeba CanawerSi, (b) gadaadgilebis sidide, (g)
Tu ara Sejaxeba? (b) Tu ara, ra droiT saSualo siCqare erTeulovan-veqtorul
gaaswrebs manqana matarebels? Tu ki, ra CanawerSi, (d) 40 wamis ganmavlobaSi peplis
droa saWiro Sejaxebis Tavidan asacile- frenis saSualo manZili.
126 t = 0 momentSi kldidan burTi isroles.
burTis sawyisi siCqarea 15 m/wm, xolo kuTxe
horizonts qvemoT 20°. rodesac t = 2,3 wm,
matarebeli
risi tolia burTis (a) horizontaluri da
(b) vertikaluri gadaadgileba?
127 beisbolis burTs miwidan daartyes.
burTma maqsimalur simaRles dartymidan
3 wamis Semdeg miaRwia. 2,5 wamis Semdeg
burTi dartymis adgilidan 97,5 m manZilze
manqana
aRmarTul kedels gadaafrinda. davuSvaT,
miwis zedapiri brtyelia. (a) miwidan ra
sur. 4.60 amocana 123. maqsimalur simaRles miaRwia burTma? (b)
129
ra simaRlisaa barieri? (g) barieridan ra
manZilze daecema burTi miwas?
128 vivaraudoT, rom kosmosuri sakvlevi
raketa 20 g aCqarebas uZlebs. (a) rogori
iqneba Semobrunebis minimaluri radiusi
aseTi raketisTvis, Tu is sinaTlis siC-
qaris erTi meaTediT moZraobs? (b) aseTi
siCqariT moZraobisas ra dro dasWirdeba
raketas 90°-iT SemobrunebisTvis?
129 manqana 12 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT wri-
ulad moZraobs. garkveul momentSi manqa-
nis aCqarebaa 3 m/wm2 aRmosavleTisken. ro- Caagdos? horizontaluri manZilebia d1 = 1
gori iqneba am momentSi manqanis daSoreba futi da d2 = 14 futi, xolo simaRleebia
da mimarTuleba wrewiris centridan, Tu h1 = 7 futi da h2 = 10 futi.
manqana moZraobs (a) saaTis isris moZrao- 133 vertmfreni brtyeli zedapiridan 9,5 m-
bis mimarTulebiT da (b) saaTis isris moZ- is simaRleze wrfivad mifrinavs 6,2 m/wm
raobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? siCqariT. iqidan agdeben pakets vertmfre-
130 golfis moTamaSe burTebs 20 m daSo- nis mimarT 12 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT da misi
rebis vertikalur kedels esvris da cdi- moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. (a)
lobs kedelze daxatul 30 sm diametris moZebne paketis sawyisi siCqare dedamiwis
wiTel rgolSi moaxvedros. samiznis cen- mimarT. (b) rogori iqneba horizontaluri
tri miwidan daaxloebiT 1.2 m simaRlezea. manZili vertmfrensa da pakets Soris, rode-
erTi cdisas, burTi moZraobs 15 m/wm sac paketi miwaze daecema? (g) rogori kuTxe
sawyisi siCqariT, horizontis mimarT 35° iqneba paketis siCqaris veqtorsa da dedami-
kuTxiT da kedels rgolis centrze gama- was Soris, rodesac paketi miwaze daecema?
val vertikalur xazze xvdeba. (a) ra dro 134 kinofilmebSi msaxiobebi haerSi var-
dasWirdeba burTs kedelTan misaRwevad? debian afeTqebis, motocikliT Sejaxebis,
(b) moxvdeba Tu ara burTi wiTel rgols tornados da bevri sxva ramis gamo. sinamd-
(gansazRvre rgolis centramde manZili)? vileSi, msaxiobebs haerSi agdebs sahaero
(g) risi tolia burTis siCqare kedelze tramplini, romelic Sedgeba liTonis daf-
moxvedrisas? (d) gaiara Tu ara burTma isa da SekumSuli haeris pnevaturi cilin-
traeqtoriis umaRlesi wertili kedelze drebisgan. rodesac msaxiobi dafas Seexeba,
moxvedramde? eleqtroCamrTveli irTveba, haeri awveba
131 Wurvis areali ara mxolod v0-sa da θ0-zea mxars, romelic dafas zeviT aagdebs. g-
damokidebuli, aramed Tavisufali vardnis ebSi moZebne msaxiobis saSualo aCqareba
aCqarebis g sididezec, romelic adgilm- Semdeg situaciebSi: a) aCqareba grZeldeba
debareobasTan erTad icvleba. 1936 wels 0,25 wamis ganmavlobaSi, msaxiobi isroles
berlinis olimpiur TamaSebze, sadac g = patara rkalze horizontidan 30° kuTx-
9,8128 m/wm2, jesi ouensma sigrZeze xtomis iT, xolo misi arealia 4 m. b) aCqareba
msoflio rekordi daamyara – 8,09 m v0-is da grZeldeba 0,29 wamis ganmavlobaSi, msax-
θ-is imave sidideebis pirobebSi, ramdenad iobi isroles did rkalze horizontidan
gansxvavebuli iqneboda ouensis rekordi 45° kuTxiT, xolod misi arealia 12 m.
1956 wels, melburnSi, sadac g=9,7999 m/wm2? 135 bostonis stadionze beisbolis burTi
132 ra sawyisi siCqariT unda tyorcnos `saxlidan~ 0,762 m simaRlidan isroles.
4.61 suraTze kalaTburTelma burTi hori- burTis sawyisi siCqarea 33,53 m/wm da is
zontisadmi θ0 = 55o kuTxiT, raTa kalaTSi horizonts zemoT 55° kuTxiTaa mimarTuli.
dartymidan 5 wamis Semdeg burTi unda ga- SaSxanidan. tyviam manqanis gverdebSi gai-
dascdes 11,28m simaRlis Soreul kedels. ara da, rogorc manqanidan moCans, Sesvlis
(a) gamoTvale manZili `saxlsa~ da kedels da gasvlis xvrelebi zustad erTmaneTis
Soris. (b) vertikaluri manZili, romliTac mopirdapirea. liandagis mimarT ra mimar-
burTi kedels gadaaxteba. `saxlis~ mimarT TulebiT isroles tyvia? davuSvaT, manqa-
burTis (g) horizontaluri da (d) verti- naSi Sevardnis Semdeg tyviam mimarTuleba
kaluri gadaadgilebebi kedelze gadaxto- ar Seicvala da misi siCqare Semcirda 20%-
mamde 0,5 wamiT adre. iT. davuSvaT, ν1 = 85 km/sT da ν2 = 650 m/wm.
136 xis satvirTo vagoni swor liandagze (ratom ar aris saWiro satvirTo vagonis
moZraobs ν1 siCqariT. am dros snaiperi mas siganis codna?)
tyvias esvris (ν2 siCqariT) didi simZlavris
Zala da moZraoba 5
aviamzididan afrenisas mZlavri ZravebiT aRWurvil reaqtiul
TviTmfrinavs aviamzidis gembanze damontaJebuli sasroli meqanizmi
win ubiZgebs. amis Sedegad miRebuli didi aGqarebis gamo TviTmfrinavi
afrenisTvis saWiro siGqares mokle droSi aRwevs. samagierod, gembanidan
afrenis dros aseTi aGqareba pilots ubiZgebs, TviTmfrinavis cxviri
mkveTrad qveviT daxaros. pilotebs am impulsis ugulebelyofas aswavlian,
magram zogjer TviTmfrinavi mainc pirdapir okeaneSi vardeba.
romeli fizikuri movlenebi iwvevs am saSiSi impulsis gaCenas?
5.1. ra aris fizika?

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fizikis erTi nawili moZraobasa da am dros sxeulis aCqarebas (siCqaris
cvlilebas) Seiswavlis. fizika Seiswavlis agreTve sxeulis aCqarebis gamomwvev mizezsac. es
mizezi aris Zala, romelic, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, sxeuls ubiZgebs. vambobT, rom Zala sxeulze
moqmedebs da amiT siCqares ucvlis. magaliTad, sportuli avtomobilis aCqarebisas mis ukana
saburavze amaCqarebeli Zala moqmedebs. rodesac sportuli TamaSisas erTi gundis Tavdamsxmeli
meore gundis mcvels miwaze anarcxebs, am dros Tavdamsxmeli mcvelze moqmedebs ZaliT, romelic
mcvels ukan mimarTul aCqarebas aniWebs. rodesac avtomanqana satelefono boZs ejaxeba, Zala,
romliTac boZi manqanaze moqmedebs, mis gaCerebas iwvevs. samecniero, sainJinro, iuridiuli
da samedicino Jurnalebi savsea statiebiT sxeulebze, maT Soris adamianebze moqmedi Zalebis
Sesaxeb.
5.2. niutonis meqanika

Zalasa da mis mier gamowveul aCqarebas Soris kavSiri pirvelad isaak niutonma (1642-1727)
aRmoaCina. fizikis im nawils, romelic am kavSirs Seiswavlis, niutonis meqanika ewodeba. Cven
yuradRebas moZraobis sam ZiriTad kanonze gamavaxvilebT.
niutonis meqanika yovelTvis ar gamodgeba. Tu urTierTmoqmedi sxeulebis siCqare Zalian
maRalia, maSin niutonis meqanikas ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria enacvleba, romelic
nebismieri siCqarisTvis gamosadegia. Tu urTierTmoqmedi sxeulebi atomuri struqturisaa
(magaliTad, eleqtronebi atomSi), maSin niutonis meqanikas kvanturi meqanika cvlis. Tanamedrove
fizikosebi niutonis meqanikas am ori yovlismomcveli Teoriis kerZo SemTxvevad ganixilaven.
131
132 Tavi 5 Zala da moZraoba
Tumca, es sakmaod mniSvnelovani SemTxvevaa, vinaidan is bevr rames miesadageba, Zalian

mcire (TiTqmis atomuri struqturis) sxeulebiT dawyebuli da astronomiuli sxeulebiT
(galaqtikebiTa da galaqtikaTa jgufebiT) damTavrebuli.
5.3. niutonis pirveli kanoni

vidre niutoni meqanikis kanonebs Camoayalibebda, miiCnevdnen, rom sxeuls Tanabari siCqariT
moZraobis SenarCunebisTvis garkveuli zemoqmedeba, `Zala~ sWirdeba. aseve fiqrobdnen, rom
uZravi sxeuli Tavis `bunebriv mdgomareobaSi~ imyofeboda. egonaT, rom sxeulis Tanabari
siCqariT moZraobisTvis saWiroa mudmivi biZgi, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki is moZraobas `bunebrivad~
Sewyvets.
es mosazrebebi sakmaod racionaluri iyo. Tu hokeis Saibas xis zedapirze gaacureb, is
Seneldeba da Semdeg gaCerdeba. Tu gsurs Saibam Tanabari siCqariT imoZraos, amisTvis mas
periodulad unda ubiZgo.
hokeis Saiba ufro Sors wava, Tu mas sacigurao moednis yinulis zedapirze gavacurebT.
SegiZlia warmoidgino ufro grZeli da xaxunisgan Tavisufali zedapiri, romelzec Saiba Znelad
Seneldeba da Zalian Sors gasrialdeba.
am dakvirvebebis Semdeg SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sxeuli Tanabari siCqariT imoZravebs, Tu
masze Zala ar moqmedebs. am daskvnas mivyavarT niutonis pirvel kanonamde:
niutonis pirveli kanoni: Tu sxeulze Zala ar moqmedebs, maSin misi siCqare ar

Seicvleba, e.i. sxeuli ver aCqardeba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, roca sxeuli uZravia, is uZravad rCeba, xolo roca moZraobs,
moZraobas imave siCqariT ganagrZobs (imave sididiT da imave mimarTulebiT).
5.4. Zala
axla Zalis erTeuli unda ganvsazRvroT. ukve viciT, rom
Zalas sxeulis aCqarebis gamowveva SeuZlia. maSasadame, Zalis
erTeuls ganvsazRvravT aCqarebiT, romelsac Zala 1 kg masis
sxeuls aniWebs (sur. 1.4.).
sxeuls horizontalur, xaxunisgan Tavisufal magidaze
movaTavsebT da marjvnidan ise vubiZgebT, rom 1 m/wm2 aCqareba  
sur. 5.1. F Zala 1 kg masis sxeuls a
mivaniWoT. amis Semdeg vambobT, rom 1 kg masis sxeulze aCqarebas aniWebs.
moqmedi Zala 1 niutoni (n) sididisaa.
SegviZlia amave sxeulze 2 n ZaliT vimoqmedoT, anu ise vubiZgoT, rom 2 m/wm2 aCqareba
mivaniWoT, da a.S. maSasadame, Tu standartuli sxeuli 1 kg masisaa da a sididis aCqareba aqvs,
maSin viciT, rom masze F Zala moqmedebs da am Zalis sidide (niutonebSi) aCqarebis sididis tolia
(m/wm2).
Zala mis mier miniWebuli aCqarebiT izomeba. Tumca, aCqareba veqtoruli sididea, e.i. sidide
da mimarTuleba aqvs. aris Tu ara Zala veqtoruli sidide? Zalas mimarTulebas iolad mivaniWebT
(ubralod aCqarebis mimarTulebas mivusadagebT), magram es sakmarisi ar aris. eqsperimentiT
unda dadgindes, rom Zala veqtoruli sididea. aseTi eqsperimenti ukve Catarda: Zala namdvilad
5.4. Zala 133
veqtoruli sididea, mas aqvs sidide da mimarTuleba da maTi Sekreba xdeba me-3 TavSi moyvanili
veqtoruli Sekrebis wesebiT.
rodesac sxeulze ori an meti Zala moqmedebs, veqtoruli SekrebiT jamuri Zalis anu Zalebis
tolqmedis povna SegviZlia. jamuri Zalis sididisa da mimarTulebis mqone erTi Zala sxeulze
imave zemoqmedebas axdens, rasac cal-calke moqmedi es Zalebi erTad. am movlenas Zalebis
zeddebis principi ewodeba. samyaro sakmaod ucnauri iqneboda, Tu Sen da Seni megobari 1 kg
masis sxeuls erTi mimarTulebiT ubiZgebdiT, TiToeuli 1 n ZaliT, da jamuri Zala rogorRac
14 n gaxdeboda.

am wignSi Zala veqtoruli simboloTia ( F ) warmodgenili, xolo tolqmedi _ simboloTi.
iseve, rogorc sxva veqtorebs, Zalisa da tolqmedis veqtorebsac aqvs komponentebi
koordinatTa RerZebis gaswvriv. rodesac Zalebi mxolod erTi RerZis gaswvriv moqmedebs, isini
erTkomponentiani Zalebia. am SemTxvevaSi Zalis simbolos isari SegviZlia movxsnaT da RerZebis
gaswvriv Zalis mimarTulebis saCveneblad `+~ da `–~ niSnebi gamoviyenoT.
5.3 qveTavSi mocemuli formulirebis nacvlad, niutonis pirveli kanoni tolqmedi Zalis
gamoyenebiT ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
niutonis pirveli kanoni: Tu sxeulze tolqmedi Zala ar moqmedebs ( = 0), maSin misi
siCqare ar Seicvleba, e.i. sxeuli ver aCqardeba.
sxeulze ramdenime Zala SeiZleba moqmedebdes, magram Tu tolqmedi Zala nulis tolia,
sxeuls aCqareba ar eqneba.
aTvlis inerciuli sistemebi

niutonis pirveli kanoni aTvlis yvela sistemas ar miesadageba, magram yovelTvis SegviZlia
iseTi aTvlis sistemebis moZebna, romelSic es kanoni samarTliani iqneba (iseve, rogorc
niutonis meqanikis danarCeni nawili). aseT sistemebs aTvlis inerciuli sistemebi an, ubralod,
inerciuli sistemebi ewodeba.
aTvlis inerciuli sistemaSi niutonis yvela kanoni samarTliania.
magaliTad, dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa, Tu

dedamiwis brunvas ugulebelvyofT.
es daSveba maSin gamodgeba, rodesac hokeis Saibas yinulis
mokle zolze vasrialebT. am SemTxvevaSi Saiba niutonis
kanonebs emorCileba. magram, davuSvaT, rom Saiba CrdiloeT
polusidan did manZilze gavacureT (sur. 5.2a). Tu Saibis
moZraobas kosmosSi mdebare uZravi sistemidan davakvirdebiT,
maSin Saiba samxreTisken wrfivad moZraobs, vinaidan CrdiloeT
polusis garSemo dedamiwis brunva Saibis qveS yinuls ubralod
asrialebs. Tu Saibas miwidan davakvirdebiT, maSin misi
traeqtoria wrfivi ar iqneba. imis gamo, rom dedamiwis siCqare,
romelic aRmosavleTiskenaa mimarTuli, miT metia, rac ufro
samxreTiTaa Saiba, miwaze uZravad myof damkvirvebels eCveneba,
sur. 5.2. a) kosmosis uZravi wer
rom Siaba dasavleTisken moZraobs (sur. 5.2b). Saibis gadaxra tilidan danaxuli, CrdiloeT
polusidan mosriale Saibis moZra
niutonis kanoniT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed imiT, rom obis traeqtoria. dedamiwa brunavs
Saibas moZravi aTvlis sistemidan vakvirdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTisken. b) dedamiwidan
danaxuli Saibis moZraobis tra
dedamiwa aTvlis arainerciuli sistemaa. eqtoria.
am wignSi vuSvebT, rom dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa da Zalebs da aCqarebebs swored
am sistemis mimarT vzomavT. Tu gazomvebi Catarda, magaliTad, dedamiwis mimarT aCqarebuli
liftis kabinaSi, maSin gazomvebi Catarebula aTvlis arainerciul sistemaSi da Sedegebic
sakmaod ucnauri iqneba. amis magaliTs amocanis amoxsnis 5.8 nimuSSi vnaxavT.
 
sakontrolo wertili 1. eqvsidan romel suraTzea F1 da F2 veqtorebis Sekreba sworad
naCvenebi, ise, rom miviRoT mesame veqtori, romelic tolqmedi iqneba?
(a) (b) (g) (d) (e) (v)
5.5. masa
yoveldRiuri yofa gviCvenebs, rom mocemuli Zala sxvadasxva sxeuls sxvadasxva sididis
aCqarebas aniWebs. beisbolisa da keglis burTebi iatakze daawyve da orives erTi ZaliT daartyi.
Sedegi winaswar ici: beisbolis burTi keglis burTze did aCqarebas SeiZens SeiZens. aCqarebebs
Soris gansxvaveba masebs Soris gansxvavebiTaa gamowveuli. ra aris masa?
SegviZlia ramdenime eqsperimentiT vaCvenoT, Tu rogor unda gavzomoT masa aTvlis inerciul
sistemaSi. pirvel eqsperimentSi Zala m0 = 1 kg masis sxeuls movdoT. davuSvaT, sxeuli 1 m/wm2-iT
aCqarda. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sxeulze 1 n Zala moqmedebs.
Semdeg igive Zala ucnobi masis meore X sxeuls movdoT. davuSvaT, es X sxeuli 0,25 m/wm2-iT
aCqarda. ukve viciT, rom naklebi masis mqone beisbolis burTi ufro did aCqarebas iZens, vidre
meti masis mqone keglis burTi, rodesac maTze erTi da igive Zala moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
mivdivarT Semdeg daskvnamde: ori sxeulis masebis Sefardeba maTi aCqarebebis Sebrunebuli
Sefardebis tolia, rodesac am sxeulebze erTi da igive Zalaa modebuli. X sxeulisa da 1 kg masis
sxeulisTvis gveqneba:
mx a0
m0 = ax .
mx-is amoxsna mogvcems:
a 1.0 m/w2
mx = m0 a0 = (1 kg) = 4 kg.
x 0.25 m/w2
Cveni daskvna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia swori, Tu is Zalis sididis Secvlis SemTxvevaSic samar-
Tliania. magaliTad, 1 kg masis sxeuls 8 n Zala movdeT da miviReT 8 m/wm2 aCqareba. igive Zala X
sxeuls movdeT da miviReT 2 m/wm2 aCqareba. Cveni daskvnis Tanaxmad:
a 8.0 m/w2
mx = m0 a0 = (1 kg) = 4 kg.
x 2.0 m/w2
es pasuxi pirveli eqsperimentis Sedegs ar ewinaaRmdegeba. rodesac bevri eqsperimenti erTsa
da imave Sedegs gvaZlevs, es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni daskvna saimedo da samarTliania nebismieri
sxeulis masis dasadgenad.
Cveni eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom masa sxeulis Sinagani maxasiaTebelia anu isaa, rac
sxeuls bunebrivad aqvs. igive eqsperimentebi aCvenebs, rom masa skalaruli sididea. Tumca kvlav
upasuxod rCeba kiTxva: `ra aris masa?~
vinaidan sityva `masa~ yoveldRiur saubarSi xSirad gamoiyeneba, albaT is ukve intuiciurad
gvesmis. ra aris masa _ sxeulis zoma, wona Tu simkvrive? arc erTi, Tumca sxeulis es
maxasiaTebelebi masaSi xSirad erevaT. mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom sxeulis masa aris
maxasiaTebeli, romelic sxeulze moqmed Zalas am moqmedebis Sedegad miRebul aCqarebasTan
akavSirebs. masas sxva gansazRvreba ara aqvs. masis fizikurad SegrZneba mxolod sxeulis
aCqarebisas SeiZleba, magaliTad, rodesac beisbolis an keglis burTs urtyam.
5.6. niutonis meore kanoni 135
5.6. niutonis meore kanoni

aqamde ganxiluli yvela gansazRvreba, eqsperimenti da dakvirveba SeiZleba Sejamdes erTi
winadadebiT:
niutonis meore kanoni: sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi sxeulis masisa da misi
aCqarebis namravlis tolia.
formulis saxiT gveqneba:

 
Fnet = ma (niutonis meore kanoni) (5.1)

formula martivia, magram is frTxilad unda gamoviyenoT. pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRvros
sxeuli, romlisTvisac viyenebT am formulas. Semdeg unda davrwmundeT, rom jamur veqtorSi
mxolod am da ara romelime sxva sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi Sedis. magaliTad, ragbiSi burTisTvis
brZolisas Senze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi Seni sxeulis mier miRebuli biZgebi da dartymebia
da ara _ sxva moTamaSeze Sens mier miyenebuli dartymebi.
sxva veqtoruli formulebis msgavsad, 5.1 formulac sami komponenturi formulis
eqvivalenturia. xyz koordinatTa sistemis TiToeuli RerZisTvis gveqneba:
Ft,x= max , Ft,y= may da Ft,z = maz (5.2)
TiToeuli formula tolqmedi Zalis komponentebs Sesabamisi RerZebis gaswvriv mimarTul

aCqarebasTan akavSirebs. magaliTad, pirveli formula gvauwyebs, rom yvela Zalis komponentebis
jami x RerZis gaswvriv sxeulis aCqarebis x komponents ax iwvevs, xolo y da z mimarTulebebiT
aCqareba ara gvaqvs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ax aCqarebis komponenti sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis x
komponentebis jamiTaa gamowveuli. zogadad:L
mocemuli RerZis gaswvriv aCqarebis komponenti Zalebis aseTive komponentebis

jamiTaa gamowveuli da ara _ sxva komponentebiT.
5.1 formulis Tanaxmad, Tu sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia, maSin sxeulis

aCqareba a =0. roca sxeuli uZrav mdgomareobaSia, uZravadve rCeba; roca moZraobs, moZraobas
Tanabari siCqariT ganagrZobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs
da am mdgomareobas wonasworuli ewodeba. aseve amboben, rom Zalebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs, magram
termini `gabaTileba~ ar aris zusti, vinaidan es ar niSnavs, rom Zalebi aRar arsebobs. yvela Zala
sxeulze kvlav moqmedebs.
cxrili 5.1
erTeulebi niutonis meore kanonSi (formulebi 5.1 da 5.2)
sistema Zala masa aCqareba
SI niutoni (n) kilogrami (kg) m/wm2
CGSa dini grami (g) sm/wm2
britanulib girvanqa (lb) slagi futi/wm2

a
1 dini = 1 g⋅sm/wm2
b
1 girvanqa = 1 slagi⋅futi/wm2
SI erTeulebSi, 5.1 formulis Tanaxmad:

1 n = (1 kg)(1 m/wm2) = 1 kg⋅m/wm2 (5.3)
Zalis zogierTi erTeuli sxva erTeulTa sistemebSi mocemulia 5.1 cxrilsa da D danarTSi.
niutonis meore kanonis daxmarebiT amocanebis amosaxsnelad xSirad Tavisufali sxeulis
grafiks vxazavT. am grafikze mxolod is sxeulia gamosaxuli, romelze moqmed Zalebsac
vkribavT. zogjer maswavleblebi Tavad sxeulis daxatvas arCeven, magram adgilis ekonomiis
mizniT am TavebSi sxeuls wertilis saxiT gamovsaxavT. sxeulze moqmedi TiToeuli Zala
veqtoriT gamoisaxeba, romlis saTave am sxeulzea. viyenebT, agreTve, koordinatTa sistemas,
xolo sxeulis aCqareba zogjer veqtoris isriTaa naCvenebi.
sistema erTi an meti sxeulisgan Sedgeba da nebismier Zalas, romelic am sxeulebze sistemis
garedan moqmedebs, gare Zala ewodeba. Tu sistemis Semadgeneli sxeulebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli, maSin sistema SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc erTi mTliani sxeuli da masze
moqmedi tolqmedi yvela gare Zalis jamis toli iqneba (Sida Zalebs anu sistemis sxeulebs
Soris moqmed Zalebs ugulebelvyofT). magaliTad, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli lokomotivi da
vagoni erT sistemas qmnis. roca lokomotivs buqsiriT ewevian, buqsirze modebuli Zala mTel
sistemaze moqmedebs. iseve, rogorc erTi sxeulisTvis, SegviZlia sistemaze moqmedi tolqmedi
 gare Zalac

sistemis aCqarebas davukavSiroT. es xdeba niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad _
Fnet = ma , sadac m mTliani sistemis masaa.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze


mdebare sxeulze moqmedi ori horizontaluri Zala. Tu sxeulze F3 mesame

horizontaluri Zalac moqmedebs, risi tolia F3 -is
sidide da mimarTuleba, rodesac sxeuli a) uZravia da
b) marcxniv moZraobs 5 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT?

5.3a-5.3g suraTebze xaxunisgan Tavisufal
yinulze x RerZis gaswvriv erT ganzomilebaSi
moZrav Saibaze erTi an ori Zala moqmedebs.
  (a) (b) (g)
Saibis masaa m = 0,2 kg. F1 da F2 Zalebi RerZis
Saiba
gaswvrivaa mimarTuli
 da maTi sidideebia
F1 = 4 n da F2 = 2 n. F3 Zala θ = 30° kuTxiTaa
mimarTuli da misi sididea F3=1 n. risi tolia (d) (e) (v)
Saibis aCqareba TiToeul mdgomareobaSi? sur. 5.3. a)-g) am sam mdgomareobaSi Zalebi x RerZis
amoxsna: TiToeul mdgomareobaSi, niutonis gaswvriv moZrav Saibaze moqmedeben. d)-v) Tavisufali
  
meore kanonis F(net = ma ) saSualebiT a sxeulis grafikebi.
aCqareba Saibaze moqmed Zalebis tolqmeds

5.3d suraTisTvis, sadac mxolod erTi
SegviZlia davukavSiroT. Tumca, vinaidan
horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs, formula 5.4
moZraoba mxolod x RerZis gaswvriv xdeba,
mogvcems:
SegviZlia yoveli mdgomareoba gavamartivoT
F1 = max
da niutonis meore kanoni mxolod x
CvenTvis cnobili monacemebis CasmiT
komponentebisTvis davweroT:
miviRebT:
Ft,x=max (5.4) F1 4n
ax = = = 20 m/w2 (pasuxi)
m 0.2 kg
5.3d-5.3v suraTebze mocemulia Tavisufali
dadebiTi pasuxi imas niSnavs, rom aCqarebas x
sxeulis grafiki sam mdgomareobaSi. Saiba
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba aqvs.
aRniSnulia wertiliT.
5.6. niutonis meore kanoni 137
5.3e suraTze Saibaze ori horizontaluri
 F3,x–F2 F cosθ–F2
ax = = 3,x
Zala moqmedebs. F1 modebulia x-is dadebiTi m m

mimarTulebiT, xolo F2 _ uaryofiTi (1 n)(cos 30ο) - 2 n
= 0.2 kg = –5,7 m/w2 (pasuxi)
mimarTulebiT. am SemTxvevaSi formula 5.4
maSasadame, tolqmedi Zala Saibas x RerZis
mogvcems:
uaryofiTi mimarTulebis aCqarebas aniWebs.
F 1 –F 2 =ma x
CvenTvis cnobili monacemebis CasmiT
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze
miviRebT
F 1 –F 2 4n–2n gamosaxulia zevidan danaxuli oTxi
ax = = = 10 m/w2 (pasuxi)
m 0.2 kg mdgomareoba, sadac ori Zala xaxunisgan
maSasadame, tolqmedi Zala Saibas x RerZis Tavisufal zedapirze sxeuls aCqarebas
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT aCqarebs. aniWebs. daalage mdgomareobebi a) blokze

5.3v suraTze, F3 Saibis aCqarebis gaswvriv moqmedi tolqmedi Zalis sididisa da b) blokis
ar aris mimarTuli. aCqarebis gaswvriv aCqarebis klebadobis mixedviT.

mxolod F3,x komponentia mimarTuli ( F3
Zala organzomilebiania, Tumca moZraoba
mxolod erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). maSasadame,
formula 5.4 daiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
F3,x – F2 = max
suraTidan vxedavT, rom F 3,x  = F 3  cos θ. aCqa-
rebis amoxsna da F3,x-is Casma mogvcems:

5.4a suraTze 2 kg namcxvris qila xaxunis
gan Tavisufal horizontalur zedapirze

3 m/wm2-iT Cqardeba a veqtoris mimarTulebiT.
aCqareba gamowveulia sami horizontaluri
Zalis moqmedebiT, romelTagan mxolod oria
 
naCvenebi: F1 -is sididea10 n, xolo F2 -isa –
20 n. risi tolia mesame F3 Zala erTeulovan-
veqtorul da sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi?
amoxsna: qilaze moqmedi tolqmedi

sami Zalis jamis tolia da a aCqarebasTan
niutonis

meore kanoniTaa dakavSirebuli
F(net = ma ). maSasadame,
    sur. 5.4. a) samidan ori Zala, romlebic namcxvris
 
F1 + F2 + F3 = ma , qilaze moqmedeben da mas a aCqarebas aniWeben. F3 ar
  
Cans. b) ma , - F1 da - F2 veqtorebis dalageba F3 -is
rac mogvcems: mosaZebnad.
   

F3 = ma - F1 - F2 (5.5)
am amocanaSi yvelaferi or ganzomilebaSi Seikribos, rogorc es 5.4b suraTzea naCvenebi.

xdeba, maSasadame, 5.5 formulis marjvena Sekreba SeiZleba veqtoruli kalkulatoris
mxares veqtoruli sidideebis nacvlad saSualebiT moxdes, vinaidan samive veqtoris

ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis CasmiT
  F3 -s ver sidide da kuTxe viciT. asea Tu ise, am

vipovniT. amitom ma , – F1 ( F1 -is Sebrunebuli) SemTxvevaSi 5.5 formulis marjvena mxares
 
da – F2 ( F2 -is Sebrunebuli) veqtorulad unda komponentebis saSualebiT gamovTvliT, jer x
RerZis gaswvriv, Semdeg ki y RerZis gaswvriv. maSasadame, erTeulovan-veqtorul Cana

x RerZis gaswvriv gvaqvs: werSi gveqneba:
F3,x = max – F1,x – F2,x
= m(a cos50°)–F1cos(–150°)–F2cos90°.
cnobili monacemebis CasmiT vipoviT: (pasuxi)
F3,x=(2 kg)(3 m/wm2)cos50°–(10 n)cos(–150°) 

F3 -is sididisa da kuTxis gasagebad
–(20 n)cos90° = SegviZlia veqtoruli kalkulatori gamo
=12,5 n. viyenoT. sididisa da kuTxis (x RerZis dadebiTi
aseTive meTodiT vpoulobT y komponen
mimarTulebisadmi) dadgena 3.6 formulis
tsac:
saSualebiTac SeiZleba:
F 3,y= may – F 1,y – F 2,y
= m(asin50°)–F 1sin(–150°)–F2sin90°=
= (2kg)(3 m/wm2)sin50°–(10n)sin(–150°)
– (20n)sin90° = da (pasuxi)
= –10,4 n.

bagiris qaCvis SejibrSi aleqsi, beti da
Carlzi avtomobilis saburavs 5.5a suraTze aleqsi
li
naCvenebi kuTxeebiT eqaCebian. saburavi, sami Car
Zalis moqmedebis miuxedavad,
 uZravia. aleqsi
saburavs 220 n sididis FA ZaliT
 eqaCeba, ferso
xolo
 Carlzi _ 170 n sididis FC ZaliT.
FC -s mimarTuleba
 naCvenebi ar aris. risi
F
tolia betis B Zalis sidide? beti
amoxsna: vinaidan sami Zala saburavs
 (b)
aCqarebas ar aniWebs, amitom a =0 (anu Zalebi
erTmaneTs awonasworebs). SegviZlia niutonis (a)
 
meore kanonis daxmarebiTF(net = ma ) es aCqareba
sur. 5.5 a) sami adamiani eqaCeba saburavs.
saburavze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmeds b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki saburavisTvis.
davukavSiroT. niutonis meore kanoni ase
daiwereba:

an 
(5.6) saSualebiT. vinaidan FB mimarTulia y RerZis
5.5b suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali gaswriv, virCevT am RerZs da vwerT:
sxeulis grafiki, romelzec koordinatTa F By  = –FAy  – F Cy

sistemis aTvlis saTave saburavs davamTxvieT,
  komponentebis kuTxeebis gansazRvriT da
xolo Fc -s kuTxe f asoTi aRvniSneT. FA -sTvis 133° (=180°–47°) kuTxis gamoyenebiT

 gvinda FB -s sididis gageba.  viciT miviRebT:
FA -s sidide da kuTxe, agreTve Fc -s mxolod F Bsin(–90°)=–FAsin133°–FCsinf
sidide. maSasadame, 5.6 formulis orive mxares
monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
ucnobebi gvaqvs da veqtorul kalkulatorze
–F B=–(220 n )(sin133°)–(170 n )sinf (5.7)
mas ver amovxsniT. amis nacvlad, formula 5.6
magram φ kuTxe jer kidev ar viciT.
unda gadavweroT x an y RerZis komponentebis
5.7 zogierTi konkretuli Zala 139
φ kuTxis povnas SevZlebT, Tu 5.6 formulas 0 = – (220 n)(cos133°) – (170 n) cosφ
x RerZisTvis gadavwerT, rogorc: xolo
F Bx = –FAx – F Cx
φ
Semdeg gveqneba:
FBcos(–90°) = –FAcos133° – FCcosφ am pasuxis 5.7 formulaSi Casma mogvcems:
rac mogvcems: FB = 241 n (pasuxi)
taqtika 1: ganzomilebebi da veqtorebi xom amocanis amoxsnis unari dabadebidan ar

mogyolia.
bevri studenti ver acnobierebs imas, rom
moqmedeba erT ganzomilebaSi ar xdeba, da es
taqtika 3: ori tipis naxazi
Secdoma wignze muSaobis procesSi Tan sdevs.
amoxsnisas SeiZleba ori naxazi dagWirdes.
Zalebis tolqmedis misaRebad am Zalebis
pirveli _ mdgomareobis uxeSi eskizia.
sidideebis ubralod mimateba an gamokleba
rodesac Zalebs xazav, TiToeuli Zalis
ar SeiZleba, Tu isini erTi da imave RerZis
veqtoris saTave sxeulis zedapirs an centrs
gaswvriv araa mimarTuli. sxva SemTxvevaSi
daamTxvie. meore naxazi Tavisufali sxeulis
unda gamoiyenoT veqtoruli Sekreba,
grafikia, sadac sxeuli wertilis an martivi
veqtoruli kalkulatoriT an RerZebis
figuris saxiTaa warmodgenili. TiToeuli
gaswvriv komponentebis povniT, rogorc es
Zalis veqtoris saTave am wertils an figuras
amocanis amoxsnis 5.2 nimuSSia gakeTebuli.
daamTxvie.
taqtika 2:
ZalebTan dakavSirebuli
taqtika 4: romelia Seni sistema?
amocanebis wakiTxva
Tu niutonis meore kanons iyeneb, unda icode,
amocanis piroba ramdenjerme waikiTxe, raTa
romel sxeuls an sistemas miusadageb. amocanis
kargad gaiazro mocemuli mdgomareoba,
amoxsnis 5.1 nimuSSi es sxeuli hokeis Saibaa (da
monacemebi da isic, Tu ras moiTxovs Sengan
ara yinuli), amocanis amoxsnis 5.2 nimuSSi _
amocana. Tu ukve ici, ras Seexeba amocana,
namcxvris qila, amocanis amoxsnis 5.3 nimuSSi
magram ver xvdebi, ra unda gaakeTo, maSin
ki _ saburavi (da ara adamianebi).
amocana gverdze gadade da saswavlo teqsti
gadaikiTxe. Tu niutonis meore kanoni kargad
taqtika 5: RerZebi gonivrulad airCie
ver gaige, es Tavi kidev waikiTxe. Seiswavle
amocanis amoxsnis 5.3 nimuSSi uamravi Sroma
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi da daimaxsovre,
davzogeT, roca koordinatTa RerZebi ise
rom fizikis amocanebis amoxsnas varjiSi
ganvalageT, rom y RerZi erT-erT
 Zalis
sWirdeba (iseve, rogorc manqanis SekeTebas
an kompiuteruli sqemebis daproeqtebas). Sen
mimarTulebas daemTxva (y RerZi FB Zalas).
5.7 zogierTi konkretuli Zala

mizidulobis Zala
 anu gravitacia
sxeulze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zala anu gravitacia is Zalaa, romelic meore sxeuliskenaa
mimarTuli. wina TavebSi ar gagvirkvevia am Zalis buneba da ganvixilavdiT iseT situaciebs, sadac

meore sxeuli dedamiwa iyo. Tumca, rodesac vlaparakobT sxeulze moqmed Fg mizidulobis
Zalaze, vgulisxmobT Zalas, romelic sxeuls dedamiwis centris mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs anu
mimarTulia qveviT. momavalSi davuSvebT, rom dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa.
roca m masis sxeuli Tavisufali vardnis g aCqarebiT Tavisuflad ecema, haeris zemoqmedebas

ugulebelvyofT da sxeulze moqmed erTaderT Zalad Fg mizidulobis Zalas miviCnevT.
qveviT mimarTuli mizidulobis Zala da aCqareba SegviZlia erTmaneTs niutonis meore kanonis
 
( F = ma ) saSualebiT davukavSiroT. vertikalur y RerZs sxeulis moZraobis traeqtoriis
gaswvriv gavavlebT da zeda mimarTulebas dadebiTad miviCnevT. am RerZisTvis niutonis meore
kanoni Semdeg saxes miiRebs: Ft ,y = may . Cvens SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
–Fg = m(–g)
an Fg = mg (5.8)
anu mizidulobis Zala mg namravlis tolia.
imave sididis mqone mizidulobis Zala sxeulze maSinac moqmedebs, rodesac is Tavisuflad
ki ar vardeba, aramed, magaliTad, magidaze devs an magidaze moZraobs (mizidulobis Zalis
gasaqrobad dedamiwa unda gauCinardes).
veqtorul formaSi niutonis meore kanoni mizidulobis ZalisTvis ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
, (5.9)
sadac ˆj aris zeda mimarTulebis mimaniSnebeli erTeulovani veqtori y RerZisTvis, xolo g _

Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba (veqtoruli saxiT), romelic qveviTaa mimarTuli.
wona
sxeulis wona W im tolqmedi Zalis sididea, romelic
sxeulis Tavisufali vardnis SesaCerebladaa saWiro.
magaliTad, miwaze dgomis dros burTis xeliT dasaWerad
unda warmoqmna zeviT mimarTuli Zala, romelic sxeulze
moqmed mizidulobis Zalas gaawonasworebs. davuSvaT,
mizidulobis Zalaa 2 n, maSin zeviT mimarTuli Zala
2 n unda iyos, da burTis W wonac 2 niutoni iqneba. am
SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom burTi 2 niutons iwonis.
3 n wonis burTis gaCerebas ufro didi Zala – 3 n
sur. 5.6. tolmxariani saswori. rodesac
dasWirdeba. amis mizezi ufro didi (3 n) mizidulobis
saswori gawonasworebulia, asawon
Zalaa. am SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom meore burTi pirvelze sxeulze moqmedi mizidulobis
gL
mZimea. Zala (marcxena TefSze) da miTiTebul
sxeulebze (marjvena TefSze) moqmedi
axla ki modiT situacia ganvazogadoT. ganvixiloT
 mTliani mizidulobis Zala tolia.
sxeuli, romlis a aCqareba dedamiwis mimarT nulis tolia. gR
amgvarad, asawoni sxeulis mL masa da
dedamiwas miviCnevT aTvlis inerciul sistemad. sxeulze miTiTebuli sxeulebis mTliani mR masa
 tolia.
moqmedebs ori Zala: qveviT mimarTuli Fg mizidulobis
Zala da misi gamawonasworebeli W sididis Zala. vertikaluri y RerZisTvis, romlis zeda
mimarTuleba dadebiTadaa miCneuli, niutonis meore kanoni Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba daiweros:
F t ,y =ma y
Cvens magaliTSi es iqneba:
W–F g =m·0 (5.10)
anu W=F g (wona, rodesac dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa) (5.11)
es toloba gvauwyebs, rom:
sxeulis W wona sxeulze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zalis sididis tolia.
5.8 formulaSi Fg-s nacvlad W-is CasmiT miviRebT:

W=mg (wona) (5.12)
es formula sxeulis wonas masasTan akavSirebs.
sxeulis awonva misi wonis gazomvas niSnavs. sxeuls
vdebT Tanabarmxriani sasworis erT-erT TefSze (sur.
5.6), xolo cnobili masis mqone sawonebs meoreze vawyobT,
sanam wonasworoba ar damyardeba (sanam orive mxares
moqmedi mizidulobis Zala erTmaneTis toli ar gaxdeba).
am SemTxvevaSi sasworis TefSebis masebi tolia da vigebT
sxeulis masas. Tu wonasworobis adgilze g-s mniSvneloba
viciT, sxeulis wonas 5.12 formulis saSualebiT vipoviT.
sxeulis awonva SesaZlebelia zambariani sasworiTac
(sur. 5.7). sxeuli zambaras gaWimavs da masis an wonis
sur. 5.7. zambariani skala (dagra erTeulebiT dagraduirebuli skalis gaswvriv maCvenebels
duirebuli zambara). misi Cveneba TefSze gadaadgilebs (aSS-Si sasworebis umetesoba am principiT
mdebare sxeulis wonis proporciulia.
Tu miTiTebulia wonis erTeuli, muSaobs da dagraduirebulia Zalis girvanqebSi). roca
skala wonas uCvenebs. Tu, piriqiT, saswors masis erTeulebi aqvs, Cveneba mxolod maSin iqneba
miTiTebulia masis erTeuli, maSin skala
sxeulis wonas uCvenebs im SemTxvevaSi, swori, Tu g-s mniSvneloba sasworis damzadebis adgilsa
Tu g-s mniSvneloba skalis gamoyenebis da awonvis adgilze erTnairia.
adgilmdebareobaSi igivea, rac skalis
dayofis adgilmdebareobaSi. sxeulis awonva maSin xdeba, rodesac sxeuli
vertikalurad dedamiwis mimarT ar Cqardeba. magaliTad,
awonva SesaZlebelia saabazanoSi an swraf matarebelSi. magram, Tu aCqarebul eskalatorze
awonvas gadawyvet, maSin Cveneba Seni namdvilis wonisgan gansxvavebuli iqneba. aseT gazomvas
moCvenebiTi ewodeba.
yuradRebiT: sxeulis wona masa ar aris. wona Zalis sididea da masasTan 2.15 formuliTaa
dakavSirebuli. Tu sxeuls gadaitan wertilSi, sadac g gansxvavebulia, maSin misi masa (Sinagani
maxasiaTebeli) ucvleli darCeba, wona ki Seicvleba. magaliTad, 7,2 kg masis keglis burTis wona
dedamiwaze 71 niutonia, mTvareze ki _ mxolod 12 n. masa dedamiwazec da mTvarezec erTnairia,
magram mTvareze Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa 1,7 m/wm2.
drekadobis Zala
leibze dgomisas dedamiwa qveviT geqaCeba, Sen ki mainc
uZrav mdgomareobaSi xar. amis mizezi leibia, romelic Sens
fexebs qvemoT deformirdeba da maRla gibiZgebs. aseve, roca
iatakze dgaxar, is deformideba (SeikumSeba an CaiRuneba) da
zeviT gibiZgebs. erTi SexedviT myari betonis iatakic ki aseve
iqceva (Tu is dedamiwaze myarad ar aris damagrebuli, bevri
adamianis dgomisas is SeiZleba Catydes kidec). 
leibidan an iatakidan Senze moqmed Zalas FN drekadobis
Zala ewodeba. iatakidan Senze moqmedi drekadobis Zala sur. 5.8. a) magidaze dadebuli uZravi
iatakis perpendikularulia. sxeuli
 magidis perpendikularuli
FN drekadobis Zalis moqmedebas

rodesac sxeuli zedapirs awveba, zedapiri (erTi SexedviT
ganicdis. b) Tavisufali sxeulis
myaric ki) deformirdeba da sxeulze FN drekadobis ZaliT grafiki am sxeulisTvis.
moqmedebs, romelic zedapiris perpendikularulia. 
5.8a suraTze amis magaliTia naCvenebi. m masis sxeuli magidas awveba da mis deformacias Fg
mizidulobis Zalis gavleniT axdens. magida sxeulze FN drekadobis ZaliT moqmedebs.
 
5.8b
suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki. sxeulze vertikalurad moqmedebs g da FN
F
Zalebi. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi niutonis meore kanoni zeviT mimarTuli y RerZis pirobebSi
(Ft,y=may) Semdegi saxiT daiwereba:
F N– F g= m a y
5.8 formulidan Fg-s nacvlad CavsvaT mg, miviRebT:

F N –mg=ma y
maSin drekadobis Zala iqneba:
F N =mg+ma y =m(g+a y ) (5.13)
magidis an sxeulis nebismieri vertikaluri ay aCqarebis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, moZrav
liftSi), Tu magida da sxeuli dedamiwis mimarT aCqarebas ar ganicdis, maSin ay=0 da formula
5.13 gvaZlevs:
FN=mg (5.14)

sakontrolo wertili 4. 5.8 suraTze FN drekadobis Zala mg-ze metia, naklebia Tu
tolia, rodesac sxeuli da magida liftiT zeviT moZraobs a) Tanabari siCqariT da b) zrdadi
siCqariT?
xaxuni
Tu sxeuls zedapirze gavasrialebT an gasrialebas
SevecdebiT, sxeulsa da zedapirs Soris winaaRmdegoba
gaCndeba (am winaaRmdegobas ufro dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi

ganvixilavT). es winaaRmdegoba erTi f ZaliTaa warmodgenili
da mas xaxunis Zala an, ubralod, xaxuni ewodeba. es Zala sur. 5.9. f xaxunis Zala zedapirze
 
mimarTulia zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobis sawinaaRmdego sxeulis srials ewinaaRmdegeba.
mimarTulebiT (sur. 5.9). situaciis gasamartiveblad xaxuns
zogjer ugulebelyofen (da amboben, rom zedapiri xaxunisgan Tavisufalia).
daWimuloba
 an sxva msgavsi sagani) mimagrebulia sxeulze da Zlierad iWimeba,
rodesac Toki (Zafi, kabeli
amiT sxeulze moqmedebs T ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia sxeulidan gareT da Tokis gaswvriv
(sur. 5.10a). am Zalas xSirad daWimulobis Zalas uwodeben, vinaidan Toki daWimulia. Tokis
daWimuloba sxeulze moqmedi T Zalis sididea. magaliTad, Tu Tokidan sxeulze moqmedi Zalaa
T=50 n, maSin Tokis daWimulobac 50 n yofila.
vuSvebT, rom Tokis masa nulovania (anu misi masa sxeulis masasTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa),
Tavad Toki ki araelastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi Toki ubralod or sxeuls akavSirebs. is orive
sxeulze erTi da imave T ZaliT moqmedebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac sxeulebi da Toki
(a) (b) (g)


sur. 5.10. a) Toki daWimulia. Tu misi masa umniSvneloa, Toki sxeulsa da xelze T ZaliT moqmedebs, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac Toki uwono da xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokzea Semoxveuli, rogorc b) da g) SemTxvevebSi.
aCqarebiT moZraobs an Toki umniSvnelo masis, xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokzea (suraTebi 5.10b
da g) Semoxveuli. aseT bloks sxeulebTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo masa da xaxuni aqvs. Tu Toki
blokze naxevradaa Semoxveuli (rogorc 5.10g suraTze), maSin Tokidan blokze moqmedi Zalis
tolqmedia 2T.
sakontrolo wertili 5. 5.10g suraTze Tokze dakidebuli sxeulis wonaa 75 n. amaze

metia, naklebia Tu tolia T, rodesac sxeuli zeviT moZraobs a) Tanabari siCqariT, b) mzardi
siCqariT da g) klebadi siCqariT?
taqtika 6: drekadobis Zala oRond misi mimarTuleba ucvleli unda

formula 5.14 sxeulze moqmedi drekadobis darCes.
 magaliTad, 5.8a suraTze SesaZlebelia
ZalisTvis  mxolod maSinaa gamosadegi, FN ise gadavaadgiloT, rom misi saTave
rodesac FN mimarTulia zeviT da sxeulis sxeulsa
 da magidas Soris sazRvars daemTxves.
vertikaluri aCqareba nulis tolia. FN -is arasworad gamosaxvis albaToba

maSasadame, am formulas FN -is sxva yvelaze naklebia, Tu mis saTaves sxeulis
mimarTulebebis da vertikaluri aCqarebis kideze an Tavad sxeulSi (rogorc naCvenebia)
arsebobis dros ar viyenebT. mis nacvlad movaTavsebT. kidev ufro ukeTesia Tavisufali
niutonis meore kanonisgan FN -is axali sxeulis
 grafikis ageba (sur. 5.8b), rodesac
formula unda gamoviyvanoT. FN -is saTave sxeulis amsaxvel wertils an

SegviZlia suraTze FN gadavaadgiloT, gamosaxulebas emTxveva.

afrenis iluzia. adamianis mier vertikalis damajerebelia, amitom pilots eCveneba, rom
SegrZneba vizualur niSnebsa da Sida yurSi TviTmfrinavi gembanidan mkveTrad maRla
ganlagebul vestibularul sistemas efuZ aweuli cxviriT frindeba. specialuri wvrTnis
neba. es sistema siTxeSi moTavsebuli pa gareSe piloti Seecdeba TviTmfrinavis cxviri
tara bususebisgan Sedgeba. rodesac Tavi daxaros da pirdapir okeaneSi aRmoCndeba.

sworad giWiravs, bususebis mimarTuleba Fg davuSvaT, piloti Tanabar horizontalur
mizidulobis Zalas emTxveva da sistema tvins aCqarebas ganicdis da afrenis 85 m/wm siCqares
atyobinebs, rom Tavi sworad giWiravs. rodesac 90 m manZilze aRwevs. risi tolia pilotisTvis
Tavs raime φ kuTxiT ukan gadaxri, bususebi moCvenebiTi daxris φ kuTxe?
gadaixreba da sistema tvins gadaxris Taobaze amoxsna: saWiroa im wrfis φ daxrilobis
acnobebs. es bususebi aseve gadaixreba, Tu gageba, romelzec mdebareobs veqtori.
hor j

Zalis moqmedebiT horizontalurad aCqardebi. j aris pilotze moqmedi vertikaluri Fg
am SemTxvevaSi tvinisTvis gagzavnili mcdari mizidulobis Zalisa da zurgidan moqmedi
signali ambobs, rom Tavi ukanaa gadaxrili da horizontaluri hor
Zalebis jami. φ kuTxis
veqtorTa jamis j =  g +  hor
mimarTulebas povna SesaZlebelia, Tu veqtorebs 5.11b
emTxveva (sur. 5.11a). miuxedavad amisa, am mcdar suraTis mixedviT davalagebT da Semdeg
signals goneba ugulebelyofs, Tu Tvalebi davwerT:
xedavs, rom Tavi gadaxrili ar aris, rogorc,
tgφ
magaliTad, manqaniT aCqarebis SemTxvevaSi.
aviamzidis gembanidan swrafad afrenili
piloti vizualur niSnebs RamiT ver
an φ (5.15)
xedavs. gadaxris iluzia sakmaod Zlieri da
niutonis meore kanonis saSualebiT Sesa 

Zlebelia Fhor modebuli Zalisa da pilotis ax
a
moCvenebiTi
aCqarebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba: Fhor=max, gadaxra
sadac m pilotis masaa. vinaidan aCqareba φ

hor
Tanabaria, amitom ax-is sapovnelad SegviZlia x x

2.1 cxrilis formulebi gamoviyenoT. cnobilia φ j
g
sawyisi siCqare (ν0=0), saboloo siCqare g j
(νx= 85m/wm) da gadaadgileba (x–x 0 =90 m), Sesaba

hor
2
misad, viyenebT 2.16 formulas (ν2= ν 0 +2a(x–x0))
sur. 5.11. a) marjvniv mimarTuli hor Zala pilotze
da vwerT: afrenis drosaa modebuli. pilots eCveneba, rom Tavi
(85 m/wm)2 = 02 + 2ax(90 m) wyvetili zolis gaswvriv gadaixara. b) veqtorebis
jami j (=  g +  hor) vertikalisadmi φ kuTxiTaa dax
anu a x = 40,1 m/wm2.
rili.
niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad, Fhor= m(40
m/wm2). CavsvaT es Sedegi da Fg=m(9,8 m/wm2) 5.15
formulaSi, miviRebT:
gadaxris iluzia eqmneba anu eCveneba, rom
φ (pasuxi)
TviTmfrinavis cxviri 76°-iT aiwia. am
maSasadame, aviamzidis gembanze TviT iluziam pilots SeiZleba afrenis Semdeg
mfrinavis aCqarebisas pilots 76°-iT ukan TviTmfrinavis cxviris 76°-iT daxra aiZulos.
5.8. niutonis mesame kanoni

amboben, ori sxeuli urTierTqmedebs, rodesac es sxeulebi erTmaneTs ubiZgebs an eqaCeba,
anu TiToeuli sxeuli meoreze ZaliT moqmedebs. magaliTad, roca B wigns C yuTs miayudeb (sur.
5.12a), wigni da yuTi urTierTqmedeben. yuTi wignze BC
horizontaluri ZaliT moqmedebs, xolo
wigni yuTze _ CB
horizontaluri ZaliT. Zalebis wyvili naCvenebia 5.12b suraTze.
niutonis mesame kanoni: ori sxeuli urTierTqmedebs ZalebiT, romlebic sididiT

erTmaneTis tolia, xolo mimarTulebiT _ sawinaaRmdego.
wignisa da yuTiTvis es kanoni skalarulad ase SeiZleba

B wigni C yuTi
Caiweros:
FBC = FCB (Tanabari sidideebia)
xolo veqtorulad:
= –
BC CB
(Tanabari sidideebi d a sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebi)
“minus” niSani gvamcnobs, rom am veqtorebs urTierT-

sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba aqvT. or sxeulze moqmed Zalebs
sur. 5.12. a) B wigni miyudebulia
mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvili SeiZleba vuwodoT. rodesac C yuTze. b) (yuTidan wignze)
BC
ori sxeuli erTmaneTze moqmedebs, am dros aucileblad da (wignidan yuTze) Zalebs
CB
arsebobs mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvili. wignica da yuTic 5.12a Tanabari sidide da sawinaaRmdego
suraTze uZravia, magram mesame kanoni maTi moZraobisa da mimarTuleba aqvs.
aCqarebis SemTxvevaSic imoqmedebda.

kidev erTi magaliTis saxiT mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvilebi 5.13a suraTze naCvenebi nesvisTvis
ganvixiloT, romelic miwaze dadgmul magidaze Zevs. nesvi magidaze da dedamiwaze moqmedebs
(amjerad mocemuli gvaqvs sami sxeuli, romelTa urTierTqmedeba unda SeviswavloT).
5.9. niutonis kanonebis gamoyeneba 145
Tavdapirvelad yuradReba gavamaxviloT nesvze moqmed
nesvi C
Zalebze (sur. 5.13b). CT
aris magidis mxridan nesvze moqmedi
drekadobis Zala, xolo _ nesvze moqmedi dedamiwis
CE magida T
mizidulobis Zala. aris Tu ara es Zalebi mesame kanonis ZalTa
wyvili? ara, vinaidan isini or sxeulze ki ara, aramed erTze –
dedamiwa E
nesvze moqmedebs.
mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvilis sapovnelad yuradReba unda (a)
gamavaxviloT ara nesvze, aramed nesvsa da sxva sxeuls Soris
urTierTqmedebaze. nesvi-dedamiwis urTierTqmedebisas (sur. magidis perpendikularuli Zala
5.13g) dedamiwa nesvze CE

mizidulobis ZaliT moqmedebs,
gravitaciuli Zala
xolo nesvi dedamiwaze _ EC
mizidulobis ZaliT. aris Tu ara
es Zalebi mesame kanoni ZalTa wyvili? aris, vinaidan isini or (b)
sxeuls Soris moqmedebs. maSasadame, niutonis mesame kanonis

Tanaxmad: nesvi
CE
= – EC
(dedamiwa-nesvis urTierTqmedeba)
magida-nesvis urTierTqmedebaSi magida nesvze CT dre

kadobis ZaliT moqmedebs, xolo nesvi magidaze _ TC
dre
kadobis ZaliT (sur. 5.13d). es Zalebic mesame kanonis ZalTa
wyvilia da, maSasadame:L dedamiwa
CT = – TC
(nesvi-magidis urTierTqmedeba)
(g)
sakontrolo wertili 6. davuSvaT, 5.13 suraTze

naCvenebi nesvi da magida moTavsebulia liftis kabinaSi,
romelic zeda mimarTulebiT Cqardeba. a) gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba TC
-s da CT -s sidideebi?
(d)
b) aris Tu ara es ori Zala kvlav Tanabari sididisa da
sur. 5.13. a) nesvi miwaze dadgmuli
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis? g) gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba
magidaze devs. b) nesvze moqmedi
Tu igive darCeba CE -s da EC -s sidideebi? d) aris Tu ara
Zalebia CT da CE . g) mesame kanonis
es ori Zala kvlav Tanabari sididisa da sawinaaRmdego ZalTa wyvili nesvisa da dedamiwis
mimarTulebis? urTierTqmedebisas. d) mesame ka
nonis ZalTa wyvili nesvisa da ma
gidis urTierTqmedebisas.
5.9. niutonis kanonebis gamoyeneba

am Tavis danarCeni nawili amocanis nimuSebisgan Sedgeba. dawvrilebiT unda Seiswavlo isini
da daakvirde ara mxolod pasuxebs, aramed amocanis amoxsnis procedurebsac. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania mdgomareobis gadatana Tavisufali sxeulis grafikze ise, rom niutonis
kanonebis gamoyeneba SeiZlebodes. amocanis amoxsnis pirveli nimuSi ukiduresad detalurad
aris gadmocemuli da kiTxva-pasuxis meTods iyenebs.

5.14 suraTze naCvenebia M=3,3 kg masis 2. Toki H Camokidebul sxeuls igive T sididis
S sxeuli (mosriale sxeuli). is xaxunisgan ZaliT zeviT eqaCeba. es Zala H sxeulis
Tavisufal horizontalur zedapirze mo Tavisufal vardnas ewinaaRmdegeba.
Zraobs da meore H sxeulTan (Camokidebuli 3. dedamiwa S mosriale sxeuls qveviT eqaCeba

sxeuli) xaxunisgan Tavisufal m=2,1 kg masis Fg S mizidulobis ZaliT, romlis sididea Mg.
blokze Semoxveuli TokiTaa dakavSirebuli.
4. dedamiwa H Camokidebul sxeuls qveviT eqa
Tokisa da blokis masebi sxeulebis masebTan 
Ceba Fg H mizidulobis ZaliT, romlis sididea
SedarebiT umniSvneloa. H Camokidebuli sxe
mg.
uli S mosriale sxeulis marjvniv aCqarebis 
5. magida S sxeulze FN drekadobis ZaliT
dros qveviT Cadis. gamoTvale a) S sxeulis
moqmedebs.
aCqareba, b) H sxeulis aCqareba da g) Tokis
daWimuloba. arsebobs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
S mosriale faqtori. Cven davuSviT, rom Toki ar iWimeba
sxeuli
anu Tu drois garkveul monakveTSi H sxeuli
1 mm-iT qveviT Cadis, drois imave monakveTSi
S sxeuli 1 mm-iT marjvniv gadaadgileba. es
niSnavs, rom sxeulebi erTdroulad moZraobs
xaxunisgan
Tavisufali da Tanabari a aCqareba aqvT.
zedapiri H Camoki
debuli SekiTxva: rogori klasifikacia mivaniWo
sxeuli
amocanas? unda mimaniSnos Tu ara man fizikis
romelime kanonze?
sur. 5.14. M masis S sxeuli blokze Semoxveuli TokiT

diax. es amocana Seexeba Zalebs, masebsa da
aCqarebebs. maSasadame, is unda migvaniSnebdes
m masis H sxeulTan aris dakavSirebuli.  
Fnet
niutonis meore kanonze, = ma .
SekiTxva: raSi mdgomareobs amocanis arsi?
SekiTxva: Tu am amocanaSi niutonis meore
mocemuli gaqvs ori sxeuli – mosriale da
kanons gamoviyeneb, romel sxeuls unda
Camokidebuli, magram maT garda ganvixilavT
mivusadago?
dedamiwasac, romelic orive sxeulze
moqmedebs (dedamiwis gareSe saerTod araferi Cveni yuradReba mipyrobilia or sxeulze
moxdeboda). rogorc 5.15 suraTzea naCvenebi, – mosriale da Camokidebul sxeulebze.
sxeulebze 5 Zala moqmedebs: miuxedavad imisa, rom arcerTi ar aris

wertili, mainc SegviZlia isini aseTebad
1. Toki S mosriale sxeuls T sididis ZaliT
ganvixiloT, vinaidan maTi yvela nawili
marjvniv ubiZgebs.
erTnairad moZraobs. niutonis meore
kanoni TiToeuli sxeulisTvis calke unda
sxeuli S gamoviyenoT.
SekiTxva: blokze ras ityviT?

bloks wertilis saxiT ver warmovadgenT,
vinaidan misi sxvadasxva nawilebi sxvada
sxvanairad moZraobs. brunvis ganxilvis
sxeuli H dros blokze ufro detalurad visaubrebT.
amjerad blokis moqmedebas gamovricxavT
da vuSvebT, rom misi masa sxeulebis masebTan
SedarebiT umniSvneloa. blokis erTaderTi
funqcia Tokis mimarTulebis Secvlaa.
sur. 5.15. 5.14 suraTis or sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi.
  y RerZis gaswvriv aCqareba gvaqvs, amitom
Fnet
SekiTxva: keTili. rogor gamoviyeno = ma
viyenebT 5.16 formulis y nawils (Ft,y=May) da
formula mosriale sxeulisaTvis?
vwerT:
M masis S sxeuli wertilis saxiT warmo
T–F gH=ma y
vadginoT da masze moqmedi yvela Zala
davxatoT, rogorc es 5.16a suraTzea naCvenebi.
FgH-is nacvlad SegviZlia CavsvaT mg, xolo
es iqneba Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki.
ay-is nacvlad –a (a uaryofiTia, vinaidan H
Cqardeba y RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT).
Semdeg gavavloT RerZebi. x RerZi aviRoT
miviRebT:
magidis paralelurad, sxeulis moZraobis
mimarTulebiT.
T–mg=–ma (5.18)
axla gaiTvaliswine, rom 5.17 da 5.18
SekiTxva: gmadlob, magram jer ar giTqvams, formulebi orucnobian (T da a) gantolebaTa
 
rogor gamoviyenoFnet = ma mosriale sxeu sistemas Seadgens. Tu am formulebs erTmaneTs
lisTvis. mxolod is axseni, Tu rogor unda gamovaklebT,amiT T-s gamovricxvaT. a-sTvis
avago Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki. amoxsna ki mogvcems:
 
marTalia. gamosaxulebaFnet = ma veqto
(5.19)
rulia, amitom misi Cawera sami komponentis
saxiT SeiZleba:
Ft,x=Max, Ft,y=May, Ft,z=Maz , (5.16)
sadac Ft,x , Ft,y da Ft,z tolqmedi Zalis
komponentebia sami RerZis gaswvriv. axla
TiToeuli komponentis formula Sesabamisi
mimarTulebisTvis gamoviyenoT. vinaidan S Camokidebuli
mosriale
sxeuli vertikalurad ar Cqardeba, amitom sxeuli S sxeuli H
Ft,y=May gardaiqmneba ase:

F N–F gS= 0 anu F N = F gS
sur. 5.16. a) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki, 5.14
maSasadame, y mimarTulebiT drekadobis suraTis S sxeulisTvis. b) Tavisufali sxeulis
Zalis sidide mizidulobis Zalis sididis grafiki 5.14 suraTis H sxeulisTvis.
tolia.
am gverdis perpendikularuli z mimarTu 5.17 formulaSi am Sedegis CasmiT miviRebT:
lebiT Zala ar moqmedebs.
(5.20)
x mimarTulebiT gvaqvs Zalis mxolod erTi
komponenti – T. amitom, Ft,x=Max gardaiqmneba ricxvebis Casmis Semdeg gveqneba:
ase: 2,1 kg
= 3,3 kg + 2,1 kg (9,8 m/w2)
T=Ma (5.17)
es formula Seicavs or ucnobs – T-sa = 3,8 m/w2 (pasuxi)
da a-s. ase rom, misi amoxsna jerjerobiT (3,3kg)(2,1kg)
da = 3,3 kg + 2,1 kg (9,8 m/w2)
SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad amisa, gavixsenoT,
rom Camokidebul sxeulze araferi ar
= 13 n (pasuxi)
gviTqvams.
SekiTxva: axla ki amocana amoixsna, sworia?
 SekiTxva:

esec marTalia. rogor gamoviyeno
Fnet = ma formula Camokidebuli sxeulisa kargi SekiTxvaa. amocana amoxsnili ar aris,
Tvis? vidre Sedegebis sisworeSi ar davrwmundebiT.
iseve, rogorc S sxeulisTvis. avagoT Tavdapirvelad 5.19 formulas Sexede.
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki H sxeulisTvis, darwmundi, rom tolobis orive mxaris
erTeulebi erTnairia da a aCqareba g-ze
 rogorc
es 5.16b suraTzea naCvenebi. Semdeg
Fnet = ma davSaloT komponentebad. amjerad naklebia. es yovelTvis ase unda iyos, vinaidan
Camokidebuli sxeuli Tavisuflad ar vardeba. kidebuli sxeuli zeviT aCqardeboda.

Toki mas zeviT eqaCeba. pasuxebis Semowmeba aseve SeiZleba, Tu
axla 5.20 formulas Sexede, romelic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT,
SeiZleba Semdegi saxiTac daiweros: rodesac pasuxi winaswar viciT. martivi
magaliTia g = 0-is Casma, TiTqos eqsperimenti
(5.21) kosmosSi mimdinareobdes. am SemTxvevaSi
am gamosaxulebaSi kargad Cans, rom erTeu viciT, rom sxeulebi ar unda moZraobdes,
Tokis boloebze Zalebi ar unda iyos
lebis ganzomileba sworia, vinaidan T-sa da mg-s
modebuli da Tokis daWimulobac ar unda
Zalis erTeulebi aqvs. 5.21 formulaSi agreTve
arsebobdes. miiReba Tu ara aseTi Sedegi
Cans, rom Tokis daWimuloba yovelTvis mg-ze
Cveni formulebiT? diax, miiReba. Tu 5.19 da
naklebia da, maSasadame, yovelTvis naklebia
5.20 formulebSi Casvam g = 0, miiReb a = 0 da
Camokidebul sxeulze moqmed mizidulobis T = 0. SegiZlia mosinjo sxva SemTxvevebic,
Zalaze. es damakmayofilebeli daskvnaa, magaliTad M = 0 da m→∞.
vinaidan, T rom mg-ze meti yofiliyo, Camo

5.17a suraTze M=15 kg masis B samSeneblo amoxsna: modiT, blokidan daviwyoT, vinaidan
bloki mk masis K kvanZze TokiT kidia. Tavis is mxolod erT Tokzea Camokidebuli. 5.17b
mxriv, es Toki ori sxva TokiT Werzea mibmuli. suraTze, Tavisufali sxeulis grafikze

Tokebis masa umniSvneloa, iseve, rogorc gamosaxulia blokze moqmedi Zalebi: Fg
maTze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala blokze (Mg sididis) mizidulobis Zala da Tokidan
moqmed ZalasTan SedarebiT. risi tolia blokze moqmedi T3 Zala. niutonis meore
 
Tokebis daWimuloba? kanonis saSualebiT F(net = ma ) SesaZlebelia
am Zalebis aCqarebasTan dakavSireba. vinaidan
orive Zala vertikaluria, amitom virCevT
kanonis vertikaluri komponentis variants
(Ft,y=may) da vwerT:
T 3 –F g =Ma y .
Fg-s nacvlad Mg-s CasmiT da ay aCqarebis
nacvlad 0-is CasmiT miviRebT:
T 3 –Mg=M·0=0
es niSnavs, rom blokze moqmedi ori Zala
erTmaneTs awonasworebs. M-isa (15kg) da g-s
Casma mogvcems:
T3=147 n (pasuxi)
Semdeg ganvixiloT 5.17g-ze naCvenebi
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki K kvanZisTvis,
sadac kvanZze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala
ugulebelyofilia. SegviZlia kvanZze moqmedi
sami Zala

niutonis meore kanonis saSualebiT
F(net = ma )kvanZis aCqarebas davukavSiroT da
davweroT:
sur. 5.17. a) M masis bloki sami TokiT K kvanZzea    
Camokidebuli. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki blo T1 + T2 + T3 = mk a k .
kisTvis. g) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki kvanZisTvis. 
ak aCqarebis nacvlad 0-is Casma mogvcems:
  

T1 + T2 + T3 = 0
, (5.22)
rac niSnavs, rom kvanZze moqmedi sami Zala 
 152° aris T1 -sa da x-is dadebiT mimarTulebis
erTmaneTs awonasworebs. T3 -is sidide da
  Soris kuTxe).
kuTxe cnobilia, T1 -isa da T2 -is ki mxolod
5.22 formula y RerZisTvis Semdegi saxiT
kuTxeebi viciT. ori ucnobis gamo veqtoruli
gadaiwereba:
kalkulatoris saSualebiT 5.22 formulis
T 1y+T 2y+T 3y=0
amoxsna am ori veqtorisTvis SeuZlebelia.
an T1sin28°+T2sin47°–T3=0
amis nacvlad, 5.22 formula x da y
T3-is adre miRebuli Sedegis Casma mogvcems:
komponentebis saSualebiT gadavweroT. x
RerZisTvis gveqneba: T1sin28°+T2sin47°–147 n = 0 (5.24)
T1x+T2x+T3x=0 formulebis 5.23 da 5.24 cal-calke amoxsna

SeuZlebelia, vinaidan maTSi ori ucnobia,
arsebuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
magram es orucnobiani gantolebaTa sistemaa
–T 1 cos28°+T 2 cos47°+0=0 (5.23)
da misi amoxsna SeiZleba (CasmiT, formulebis
(gamosaxulebis pirveli wevrisTvis alterna mimatebiT an gamoklebiT, formulebis amom
tivac gvaqvs. –T1cos28°-is nacvlad SegviZlia xsneli kalkulatoris saSualebiT). miviRebT:
misi eqvivalenturi T1cos152° davweroT, sadac
T1=104 n da T2=134 n (pasuxi)

5.8 suraTze Tokze damagrebuli 15 kg masis
bloki θ=27° kuTxiT daxril xaxunisgan Tavi
sufal zedapirze uZravadaa gaCerebuli.

T
a) risi tolia Tokidan blokze moqmedi
Zala da zedapiridan blokze moqmedi FN
drekadobis Zala?

amoxsna: es ori Zala da Tokze moqmedi Fg
mizidulobis Zala 5.18b suraTze naCveneb
Tavisufali sxeulis grafikzea mocemuli.
blokze mxolod es sami Zala moqmedebs. niu
 
F(net
tonis meore kanonis saSualebiT = ma ) Zalebs
blokis aCqarebas vukavSirebT da vwerT:
   
T + F N + Fg = ma .

a aCqarebis nacvlad CavsvaT 0, miviRebT:
  
T + F N + Fg = 0 (5.25)

formula gvamcnobs, rom Zalebi erTmaneTs sur. 5.18. a) m masis A bloki Tokze uZravadaa
mibmuli. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki blokisTvis.
awonasworeben. 
g) Fg -is x da y komponentebi. y komponenti mimarTulia
5.25 formulaSi mocemuli gvaqvs ori ucnobi zedapiris Suagulisken, xolo x komponenti – zeda
veqtori, amitom veqtoruli kalkulatoris piris gaswvriv, magram misi daxazva samkuTxedis
gverdis saxiTac SeiZleba (orive gza naCvenebia).
saSualebiT misi amoxsna SeuZlebelia. maSa
sadame, formula komponentebis saxiT unda
gadavweroT. viyenebT koordinatTa sistemas,
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom zedapiris daxris
romlis x RerZi zedapiris paraleluria, 
F
θ kuTxe g -sa da y RerZs Soris kuTxecaa
rogorc es 5.18b
 suraTzea
 naCvenebi. am
(sur. 5.18g). maSin Fgx komponenti aris –Fgsinθ,
SemTxvevaSi FN da T Zalebi RerZebs
romelic tolia –mgsinθ. Fgy komponentisTvis
emTxveva, amitom maTi koordinatebis povna
 gveqneba –mgcosθ.
advilia. Fg Zalis komponentebis sapovnelad,
5.25 formula x komponentisaTvis Caiwereba aCqarebasTan dakavSireba x komponentebisTvis

ase: niutonis meore kanoniT SeiZleba (Ft,x=max).
T+0-mgsinθ=0, miviRebT:
saidanac gamomdinareobs: Fgx = ma
T=mgsinθ anu – mg sin θ = ma,
=(15kg)(9,8m/wm2)(sin27°) rac mogvcems:
=67 n (pasuxi) a = –g sin θ (5.26)
y RerZisTvis 5.25 formula mogvcems: CvenTvis cnobili monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
0+F N –mgcosθ=0 a = – (9,8 m/wm2) (sin27°) = – 4,4 m/wm2 (pasuxi)
anu FN=mgcosθ a aCqarebis sidide Tavisufali vardnis
=(15kg)(9,8m/wm2)(cos27°) aCqarebaze naklebia, vinaidan a aCqarebas

=131 n ≈130 n (pasuxi) mxolod Fg komponenti (zedapiris gaswvriv
mimarTuli) iwvevs.
b) Toki gadavWeriT. aCqardeba Tu ara bloki

daxril zedapirze Camocurebisas? Tu sakontrolo wertili 7. suraTze F
aCqardeba, risi tolia aCqareba? horizontaluri Zala daxril zedapirze
 moTavsebul blokzea modebuli.
amoxsna: Tokis gadaWriT blokze moqmedi T 
Zala gaqreba. y RerZis gaswvriv drekadobis
a) zedapirisadmi perpendikularuli F -is
komponenti Fcosθ-is tolia Tu Fsinθ-isa?
Zala da Fgy komponenti kvlav erTmaneTs 
awonasworebs. asea Tu ise, x RerZis gaswvriv
b) F -is arseboba zedapiridan blokze
moqmed dreka
blokze mxolod Fgx komponenti moqmedebs.
dobis Zalas
vinaidan es komponenti mimarTulia zedapiris
zrdis Tu amci
gaswvriv (x RerZis mimarTulebiT), is zeda
rebs?
pirze blokis aCqarebas gamoiwvevs. Fgx-is a

5.19a suraTze m=72,2 kg masis mgzavri liftSi
sasworze dgas. ganvixilavT sasworis Cvenebas
liftis uZraobisas da zeviT an qveviT
moZraobis dros.
a) gamoTvale sasworis Cveneba kabinis
nebismieri mimarTulebiT moZraobisas.
mgzavri
amoxsna: sasworis
 Cveneba sasworidan
mgzavrze moqmedi FN drekadobis Zalis
toli iqneba. mgzavrze moqmedi erTaderTi

sxva Zala mizidulobis Fg Zalaa, rogorc es (a) (b)
5.19b suraTze mocemul Tavisufali sxeulis
grafikzea naCvenebi. sur. 5.19. a) platformis saswori masze mdgomi
mgzavris wonas an moCvenebiT wonas aCvenebs.
mgzavrze moqmedi Zalebi niutonis meore
   b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki mgzavrisTvis.
kanonis saSualebiTF(net = ma ) mis a aCqarebas grafikze naCvenebia sasworidan mgzavrze moqmedi
 
SegviZlia davukavSiroT. magram gavixsenoT, drekadobis Zala FN da mizidulobis Zala Fg .
rom am kanonis gamoyeneba mxolod aTvlis
inerciuli sistemisTvis SeiZleba. Tu kabina
vinaidan mgzavrze moqmedi orive Zala da
Cqardeba, maSasadame, is aRar aris aTvlis
aCqareba mimarTulia vertikalurad, y RerZis
inerciuli sistema. ase rom, aTvlis inerciul
gaswvriv, rogorc es 5.19b suraTzea naCvenebi,
sistemad virCevT dedamiwas da mgzavris
amitom SegviZlia gamoviyenoT niutonis
aCqarebasac mis mimarT vzomavT.
meore kanoni y komponentisTvis (Ft,y=may) da Cveneba mgzavris wonaze metia. saswori
davweroT: moCvenebiT wonas zomavs, vinaidan gazomva
F N – F g = ma aTvlis arainerciul sistemaSi xdeba. qveda
mimarTulebiT aCqarebisas (zeviT mimarTuli
anu F N = F g + ma (5.27)
siCqaris Semcirebisas an qveviT mimarTuli
formula gvauwyebs, rom sasworis Cveneba anu
siCqaris zrdisas) sasworis Cveneba mgzavris
FN – vertikalur aCqarebazea damokidebuli.
wonaze naklebia.
Fg-s nacvlad mg-s Casma mogvcems:
d) g) SemTxvevaSi zeda mimarTulebiT aCqa
FN = m(g + a) (pasuxi) (5.28)
rebisas risi tolia mgzavrze moqmedi tol
nebismieri a aCqarebisTvis. qmedi Zala Ft da risi tolia liftis kabinis
b) risi tolia sasworis Cveneba, Tu kabina gazomili ap,kab aCqareba? aris Tu ara
 sistemaSi

uZravia an 0,5 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs Fnet = map,kab?
zeviT?
amoxsna: mgzavrze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis
amoxsna: nebismieri Tanabari siCqarisTvis Zalis sidide mgzavris moZraobaze an kabinaze
(maT Soris, nulisTvisac) mgzavris a aCqareba ar aris damokidebuli. ase rom, b) nawilis
nulis tolia. 5.28 formulaSi am da sxva Tanaxmad, Fg=708 n. g) nawilis Tanaxmad, zeviT
mocemuli sidideebis CasmiT miviRebT: mimarTuli aCqarebisas mgzavrze moqmedi
FN=(72,2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2+0)=708 n (pasuxi) drekadobis Zala FN sasworis Cvenebis (939n)
es aris mgzavris wona, romelic mgzavrze tolia. maSasadame, mgzavrze moqmedi Zalebis
moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zalis tolia. tolqmedi zeviT mimarTuli aCqarebisas aris:
g) risi tolia sasworis Cveneba, Tu kabina Ft= FN–Fg = 939 n – 708 n = 231 n (pasuxi)
3,2 m/wm aCqarebiT moZraobs zeviT da 3,2 m/wm -
2 2
magram mgzavris ap,kab aCqareba liftis aTvlis
iT aCqarebiT moZraobs qveviT? sistemis mimarT nulis tolia. maSasadame,
amoxsna: a=3,2 m/wm -isTvis formula 5.28
2 aCqarebuli liftis arainerciul sistemaSi
gvaZlevs: Ft ar aris map,kab-is toli da niutonis meore
kanonis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba.
FN = (72,2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2+3,2 m/wm2)=939 n (pasuxi)
a = –3,2 m/wm2-isTvis formula 5.28 gvaZlevs:
sakontrolo wertili 8. amocanis
FN = (72,2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2–3,2 m/wm2) = 477 n (pasuxi) amoxsnis am nimuSSi rogori iqneba sasworis
zeda mimarTulebiT aCqarebisas (rodesac Cveneba, Tu liftis bagiri gawydeba da
kabinis zeviT mimarTuli siCqare izrdeba an kabina Tavisuflad vardnas daiwyebs?
qveviT mimarTuli siCqare mcirdeba) sasworis

5.20a suraTze 20 n sididis mudmivi
B   B
horizontaluri Zala mA = 4 kg masis A blokze
A A FAB FBA
moqmedebs. A bloki mB = 6 kg masis B bloks x x x
awveba. blokebi x RerZis gaswvriv, xaxunisgan (a) (b) (g)
Tavisufal zedapirze moZraoben.

sur. 5.20. a) A blokze Tanabari horizontaluri
a) risi tolia blokebis aCqareba? Zala moqmedebs. A bloki B bloks awveba.
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT serio 
b) A blokze B blokidan ori horizontaluri Zala,
da F AB moqmedebs.
zuli Secdomis Semcvel amoxsnas, Semdeg
g) B blokze
 A blokidan mxolod erTi horizontaluri
uperspeqtivo amoxsnas da, bolos, swor
Zala, F BA moqmedebs.
amoxsnas.
kidev erTxel x RerZisTvis vwerT:

seriozuli Secdoma: Zala pirdapir A
blokze moqmedebs, amitom niutonis meore F hor = (m A + m B)a
kanonis saSualebiT am Zalas A blokis a axla sworad SevusabameT mA + mB mTliani
aCqarebas vukavSirebT. moZraoba x RerZis masis sistemas. a-s amoxsna da cnobili
gaswvriv xdeba, amitom viyenebT kanons x monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
komponentebisTvis (F t,x=ma x) da vwerT: Fhor 20 n
F hor = m Aa a= = = 2 m/w2 (pasuxi)
mA + mB 4 kg + 6 kg
magram es formula arasworia, vinaidan
maSasadame, sistemisa da TiToeuli blokis
A blokze moqmedi erTaderTi
 Zala ar aris.
aCqarebas x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba aqvs
masze B blokidan F AB Zalac moqmedebs (sur.
da misi sididea 2 m/wm2.
5.20b). 
uperspeqtivo amoxsna: axla F AB Zalac CavTva b) risi tolia A blokidan B blokze moqmedi
loT da kvlav x RerZisTvis davweroT:

F BA horizontaluri Zala (sur. 5.20g)?
Fhor – FAB = mAa amoxsna: B blokze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedis
 aCqarebasTan dakavSireba niutonis meore
(„minus“ niSans F AB-s mimarTulebis aRsa
kanonis saSualebiT SegviZlia. kanons x
niSnavad viyenebT). vinaidan FAB meore ucnobia,
komponentebisTvis vwerT:
amitom a-s gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.
FBA = mBa,
swori amoxsna: -is mimarTulebis gamo es
arsebuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
ori bloki mWidrod dakavSirebul sistemas
FBA = (6 kg)(2 m/wm2) = 12 n (pasuxi)
qmnis. sistemaze moqmedi tolqmedi Zalis 
aCqarebasTan dakavSireba niutonis meore maSasadame, F BA Zala x RerZis dadebiTi mimar
kanonis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. maSasadame, Tuleba aqvs da misi sididea 12 n.
niutonis meqanika. sxeulis siCqare SeiZleba samarTliania, aTvlis inerciuli sistema

Seicvalos (sxeuls SeuZlia aCqardes), ewodeba. aTvlis arainerciul sistemebSi
rodesac masze sxva sxeulebidan erTi an meti niutonis kanonebi ar moqmedebs.
Zala moqmedebs. niutonis meqanika aCqarebebsa
masa. sxeulis masa sxeulis Sinagani maxasia
da Zalebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs.
Tebelia da sxeulis aCqarebas am aCqarebis
Zala. Zala veqtoruli sididea. misi gamomwvev ZalasTan akavSirebs. masa skalaruli
ricxobrivi sidide ganisazRvreba aCqarebiT, sididea.
romelsac is 1 kg masis sxeuls mianiWebs. im
niutonis meore kanoni. m masis sxeulze
Zalis sidide, romelic aseT sxeuls 1 m/wm2  
moqmedi FnetZala
tolqmedi = ma aCqarebas Semdeg
aCqarebas aniWebs, aris 1 n. Zalis mimarTuleba
nairad ukavSirdeba:
mis mier miniWebuli aCqarebis mimarTulebas
 
emTxveva. Zalebze moqmedeba veqtoruli Fnet = ma (5.1)

algebris Tanaxmad xdeba. sxeulze moqmedi am formulis komponenturi versiebia:
Zalebis tolqmedi sxeulze moqmedi yvela
Ft, x=max, Ft, y=may da Ft, z=maz (5.2)
Zalis veqtoruli jamia.
SI sistemis erTeulebSi, niutonis meore
niutonis pirveli kanoni. Tu sxeulze kanonis Tanaxmad,
tolqmedi Zala ar moqmedebs, sxeuli uZravia 1 n = 1 kg · 1 m/wm2
an wrfivad, Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs.
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki aris gamar
aTvlis inerciuli sistemebi. aTvlis tivebuli gamosaxuleba, romelzec mxolod
sistemas, romelSic niutonis kanonebi erTi sxeulia ganxiluli. es sxeuli wertilis
an marTkuTxedis saxiTaa warmodgenili. aseT drekadobis Zala yovelTvis zedapiris
grafikze mocemulia sxeulze moqmedi gare perpendikularulia.
Zalebi, xolo koordinatTa sistemis RerZebi 
f xaxunis Zala sxeulze maSin moqmedebs,
iseTi mimarTulebiTaa gavlebuli, rom rodesac is zedapirze srialebs an srials
amocanis amoxsna gaamartivos. cdilobs. es Zala yovelTvis zedapiris
zogierTi konkretuli Zala. sxeulze moqme paraleluria da mimarTulia moZraobis

di Fg mizidulobis Zala is Zalaa, romliTac sawinaaRmdegod. xaxunisgan Tavisufal
mas sxva sxeuli miizidavs. am wignSi ganxilul zedapirze xaxunis Zala umniSvneloa.
umetes situaciebSi es sxva sxeuli aris rodesac Toki daWimulia, misi TiToeuli
dedamiwa an raime sxva astronomiuli sxeuli. bolo sxeuls miizidavs. es mizidva
dedamiwis SemTxvevaSi mizidulobis Zala mimarTulia Tokis gaswvriv da sxeulis
mimarTulia qveviT, miwisken, romelic aTvlis Tokze mibmis wertilSi iwyeba. masis armqone

inerciul sistemad miiCneva. am daSvebiT, Fg -s Tokis (umniSvnelo masis Tokis) TiToeul
sididea: boloSi am Zalas erTi da igive T sidide aqvs,
Fg=mg (5.8) im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Toki Semoxveulia
sadac m sxeulis masaa, xolo g _ Tavisufali masis armqone, xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokze
vardnis aCqareba. (romelsac umniSvnelo masa aqvs da umniSvnelo
sxeulis W wona zeviT mimarTuli im xaxuni axasiaTebs).
Zalis sididea, romelic sxeulze moqmed niutonis mesame kanoni. Tu C sxeulidan B

mizidulobis Zalas awonasworebs. sxeulis sxeulze F BC Zala 
moqmedebs, maSin arsebobs
wonasa da masas Soris Semdegi kavSiria: B-dan C sxeulze moqmedi F CB Zalac. es
W=mg (5.12) Zalebi sididiT tolia, xolo mimarTulebiT

FN drekadobis ZaliT zedapiri, romelsac sawinaaRmdego:  
sxeuli awveba, am sxeulze moqmedebs. F BC = – F CB
SekiTxvebi
1. 5.21 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi mdgomareoba, Rvre, 5.22 suraT

rodesac Zalebi xaxunisgan Tavisufal ze naCveneb Tavi
zedapirze mdebare blokze moqmedeben. Tu sufali sxeulis
Zalis sidideebi sworadaa arCeuli, maSin grafikze rome
romel mdgomareobaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli li veqtori war
moadgens
a) blokis uZravad yofna da b) blokis moZraoba sauke
Tanabari siCqariT? Tesod a) F1 -s da

b) F2 -s? risi
tolia tolqmedi
sur. 5.22. SekiTxva 2.
Zalis komponenti
g) x RerZis gaswvriv da d) y RerZis gaswvriv?
romeli meoTxedisken mianiSnebs e) tolqmedi
Zalis veqtori da v) namcxvris aCqarebis
veqtori?
3.
sur. 5.21. SekiTxva 1.  5.23  suraTze
F1 da F2 Zalebi

2. ori horizontaluri Zala: F1 =(3n) î –(4n) ˆj moqmedebs yuT

da F2 =–(1n) î –(2n) ˆj , xaxunisgan Tavisufal ze, romelic xa
magidaze moTavsebul namcxvarze moqmedebs. xunisgan Tavisu
kalkulatoris gamoyenebis gareSe gansaz fal zedapirze
 saukeTesod 5.24 suraTze da me-5 SekiTxvaSi
mudmivi siCqariT misrialebs. F1 -is sidi
mocemul mdgomareobebs?
dis cvlilebis gareSe unda SevamciroT θ
kuTxe. yuTis Tanabari
 siCqariT srialis
SesanarCuneblad, F2 -is sidide unda gavzar
doT, SevamciroT Tu SevinarCunoT?

4. t=0 momentSi mudmivi sididis F Zala
kosmosSi x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
moZrav qvaze moqmedebas iwyebs. qva am RerZis
gaswvriv moZraobas ganagrZobs. a) rodesac
t>0, romeli x(t) funqcia SeiZleba asaxavdes
qvis mdebareobas: 1) x=4t–3, 2) x=–4t 2 +6t–3,
3) x=4t 2 +6t–3 ? b) romeli funqciisTvisaa

F qvis moZraobis sawyisi mimarTulebis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli?
5. 5.24 suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali

sxeulis grafiki oTx mdgomareobaSi, sur. 5.25. SekiTxva 6.
rodesac xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze
myof sxeulze ramdenime Zala moqmedebs. 7. 5.26 suraTze oTx mdgomareobaSi naCvenebia

romel mdgomareobaSi eqneba sxeulis a erTi da igive yuTi, romelzec horizontaluri
aCqarebas a) x komponenti da b) y komponenti? Zalebi moqmedebs. daalage mdgomareobebi

g) TiToeul mdgomarobaSi aCvene a -s yuTis aCqarebis klebadobis mixedviT.
mimarTuleba (amisTvis cotaodeni gamoTvlebi
dagWirdeba).
8. 5.27 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi blokisgan

Semdgari “matarebeli”, romelsac
 xaxunisgan
Tavisufal zedapirze F Zala miaTrevs.
 ra
mTliani masa Cqardeba marjvniv a) F ZaliT,
b) me-3 TokiT da g) TokiT 1? d) daalage blokebi
aCqarebis klebadobis mixedviT. e) daalage
Tokebi daWimulobis klebadobis mixedviT
(es SekiTxva 42-e da 45-e amocanebisTvis
mogamzadebs).
6. 5.25 suraTze naCvenebia siCqaris νx(t) sur. 5.27. SekiTxva 8.

komponentis sami grafiki da siCqaris
9. zedapirze mdebare m masis blokze verti
νy(t) komponentis sami grafiki. masStabebi 
daculi ar aris. romeli grafiki Seesabameba
kaluri F Zala moqmedebs. ra mouva zeda
155
 
piridan blokze moqmed FN drekadobis
 Zalas, meoreze moqmedi F 21 ZaliT da g) meoredan
Tu F Zalis sidide izrdeba da F mimarTulia mesameze moqmedi F 32 ZaliT? d) daalage
a) qveviT da b) zeviT? blokebi aCqarebis klebadobis mixedviT.
  
e) daalage F , F 21 da F 32 Zalebi sididis
10. 5.28 suraTze
klebadobis mixedviT, dididan mcireze (es
naCvenebia daxril
SekiTxva 43-e amocanisTvis mogamzadebs).
zedapirze mdebare
blokze moqmedi 12. planeri haerSi x RerZis gaswvriv moZra
F sididis Zalis obs. 5.30 suraTze naCvenebia planeris siCqaris
oTxi SesaZlo mi νx komponenti, rogorc t drois funqcia,
marTuleba. mimar rodesac planerze Fx komponentis mqone Zala
Tulebebi horizontaluri an vertikaluria moqmedebs. TiToeuli drois SualedisTvis
(a da b variantebSi Zala blokis asawevad gansazRvre, dadebiTia Fx, uaryofiTi Tu nu
sakmarisi ar aris). daalage variantebi lis tolia. agreTve gansazRvre, Fx mudmivia,
zedapiridan blokze moqmedi drekadobis izrdeba Tu mcirdeba.
Zalis klebadobis mixedviT.
11. 5.29 suraTze

naCvenebia xaxunis
gan Tavisufal ze
dapirze mdebare
sami bloki, rom
 sur. 5.29. SekiTxva 11.
lebzec F hori
zontaluri Zala
 moqmedebs. ra masa aCqardeba sur. 5.30. SekiTxva 12.
marjvniv a) F ZaliT, b) pirveli blokidan
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions da b) y komponenti? g) risi tolia Zalebis

Manual-Si.
tolqmedi erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday •3. 2 kg masis xorcis saWrel ficarze ori
veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs. ficari gluv
mulia 
com/college/halliday. magidaze, xy sibrtyeze Zevs. erTi Zalaa F1 =
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs =(3n) î +(4n) ˆj . moZebne ficris aCqareba erTeu
amocanis sirTules
lovan-veqtorul CanawerSi, rodesac meore
 
Zalaa a) F2 =(–3n) î +(–4n) ˆj , b) F2 =(–3n) î +(4n) ˆj

qveTavi 5.6. niutonis meore kanoni da g) F2 =(3n) î +(–4n) ˆj .
•1. 3 kg masis sxeulze ori horizontaluri •4. sami kosmonavti, romelTac zurgze Zra
Zala moqmedebs. erTi Zalis sididea 9 n, xolo vebi aqvT damagrebuli, 120 kg masis aste
mimarTuleba _ aRmosavleTiT. meore Zalis roids kosmosuri xo
sididea 8 n, mimarTuleba _ 62° Crdilo- maldisken ubiZgebs.
dasavleTisken. risi tolia sxeulis aCqareba? 5.31 suraTze naCve
•2. 1 kg masis sxeulis aCqarebaa 2m/wm 2 nebia asteroidze moq
da mimarTulia x RerZis dadebiTi mimar medi Zalebi, F1=32 n,
Tulebisadmi 20°kuTxiT. risi tolia sxeulze F2=55 n, F3=41 n. θ1=30°
moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedis a) x komponenti da θ3=60°. risi tolia
sur. 5.31. amocana 4.
asteroidis aCqareba a) erTeulovan veqtorul

CanawerSi? risi tolia aCqarebis b) sidide da
g) x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi kuTxe?
••5. 2 kg masis yuTze

ori Zala moqmedebs,
magram 5.32 suraTze
mxolod erTia naCve
nebi. F1 = 20 n-sTvis
a=12 m/wm2 da θ = 30°.
moZebne meore Zalis sur. 5.32. amocana 5.
a) erTeulovan-
veqtoruli Canaweri, b) sidide da g) x RerZis
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi kuTxe. SSM
••6. 2 kg masis sxeulze sami Zala moqmedebs,


romlebic mas a =–(8m/wm2) î +(6m/wm2) ˆj aniWebs. sur. 5.34. amocana 9.
 
F1 =(30n) î +(16n) ˆj da F2 =(–12n) î +(8n) ˆj .
meore Zexvi gvaqvs da sistema uZravia. risi
moZebne mesame Zala.
tolia sasworis Cveneba? SSM.
••7. ori Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad wertili
 •10. 3 n wonis bloki horizontalur zeda
Tanabari ν =(3m/wm) î –(4m/wm) ˆj siCqariT mo
 pirze uZrav mdgomareobaSia. blokze 1 n ze
Zraobs. erT-erTi Zalaa F1 = (2 n ) î +(–6 n ) ˆj .
viT mimarTuli Zala moqmedebs, romelic
risi tolia meore Zala?
gamowveulia blokze vertikalurad mibmuli
•••8. 4 kg masis disko TokiT. risi tolia blokidan horizontalur
yinulze misrialebs. zedapirze moqmedi Zalis a) sidide da
 
masze F1 da F2 ho b) mimarTuleba?
rizontaluri Zale
•11. 5.35 suraTze oTxi
bi moqmedebs. yinu
disko Tokze kidia.
lze gavlebulia xy
sur. 5.33. amocana 8. Tokis zeda, yvelaze
koordinatTa sistema.
 grZeli nawili xaxu
F1 -is mimarTuleba
nisgan Tavisufal
emTxveva x RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas,
 blokzea Semoxveuli
xolo misi sididea 7 n. F2 Zalis sididea 9 n.
da kedelze 98 n Za
5.33 suraTze naCvenebia diskos siCqaris νx
liT moqmedebs. mok
komponenti, rogorc t drois funqcia. risi
  le nawilebis daWi
tolia kuTxe F1 da F2 Zalebis mimarTulebebs
mulobebia T1=58,8n,
Soris? sur. 5.35. amocana 11.
T2=49n da T3=9,8n.
risi tolia a) A diskos masa, b) B diskos masa,
qveTavi 5.7. zogierTi konkretuli Zala
g) C diskos masa da d) D diskos masa?
•9. a) 11 kg masis Zexvi TokiT zambarian
••12. zogierT mwers Txeli totis qveda
sasworzea Camokidebuli, TviT saswori ki
zedapirze SeuZlia siaruli. davuSvaT, m
Werze meore TokiT kidia (sur. 5.34a). risi
masis mqone aseTi
tolia sasworis Cveneba wonis erTeulebSi?
mweri horizontalur
b) 5.34b suraTze Zexvze da blokze Semoxveulia
totzea Camokidebuli
Toki. sasworis meore mxare kedelze TokiTaa
θ=40° kuTxiT (sur.
mimagrebuli. risi tolia sasworis Cveneba?
5.36). misi eqvsive
g) 5.34g suraTze kedelis nacvlad 11 kg masis
fexi Tanabradaa sur. 5.36. amocana 12.
157
daWimuli da sxeulTan axlos fexis nawilebi •17. raketa TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobisas
horizontaluria. a) risi tolia TiToeuli 1,8 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 1600 km/sT siCqares
wvivis Zvlis daWimulobis fardoba mweris aRwevs. risi tolia am dros tolqmedi Zala?
wonasTan? b) Tu mweri fexebs gaasworebs, SSM.
Zvlebis daWimuloba gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba •18. daWimulobas, romlis drosac ankesis

Tu igive darCeba? Zua wydeba, ankesis `Zalas~ uwodeben. ra
minimaluri `Zala~ sWirdeba ankess, romelmac
qveTavi 5.9. niutonis kanonebis 85 n wonis oraguli 11 sm-is manZilze unda
gamoyeneba SeaCeros, Tu Tevzis sawyisi siCqarea 2,8 m/wm?
•13. davubrundeT 5.18 suraTs. blokis masa CaTvale, rom Seneleba xdeba Tanabrad.
iyos 8,5 kg, xolo θ kuTxe 30°. moZebne a) Tokis •19. `mzis iaxta~ kosmosuri xomaldia didi
daWimuloba da b) blokze moqmedi drekadobis ialqniT, romelsac mzis sinaTle “awveba”.
Zala. g) Tu Toks gadavWriT, moZebne blokis miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi “miwola” Zalian
aCqarebis sidide. SSM WWW. mcirea, is sakmarisia kosmosuri xomaldis
•14. 45 kg masis qali gayinuli tbis zedapirze nela asamoZraveblad mzis sawinaaRmdego
aRmosavleTisken misrialebs da dasavleTisken mimarTulebiT. davuSvaT, kosmosuri xomal
mosriale 90 kg masis kacs ejaxeba. Sejaxebis dis masaa 900 kg, xolo mzis “miwola” _ 20 n.
dros kaci qalze dasavleTisken mimarTuli, a) risi tolia aCqarebis sidide? Tu xomaldi
maqsimum 180 n ZaliT moqmedebs. risi tolia moZraobas uZravi mdgomareobidan iwyebs,
qalidan kacze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zalis maSin b) ra manZils gaivlis 1 dReSi da g) ra
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba? risi tolia siswrafiT imoZravebs?
qalis maqsimaluri aCqarebis g) sidide da d) •20. 53 km/sT siCqariT moZravi manqana xidis
mimarTuleba? risi tolia kacis maqsimaluri moajirs daejaxa. manqanis mgzavrma gzis
aCqarebis e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba? mimarT 65 sm-iT win waiwia da Semdeg gaxsnilma

•15. horizontaluri Fa Zala 2kg masis yuTs damcavma baliSma SeaCera. ra sididis Zala
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze ubiZgebs. (davuSvaT, mudmivi) moqmedebs mgzavris
zedapirze gavlebulia xy koordinatTa sxeulis zeda nawilze, romlis masaa 41 kg?
sistema. 5.37 suraTze mocemulia yuTis x da •21. 712 n wonis mexanZre vertikalur boZze
y komponentebis t droze damokidebulebis 3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT Camocurda. risi tolia

grafiki. risi tolia Fa -s a) sidide da boZidan mexanZreze moqmedi vertikaluri
b) mimarTuleba? Zalis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba (zeviTaa es
Zala mimarTuli Tu qveviT)? ILW.
•22. 1,3×104 n wonis manqana 40 km/sT siCqariT

moZraobs, uecrad muxruWdeba da 15 m-is
gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. davuSvaT, manqanis
SemaCerebeli Zala mudmivia. moZebne a) am
Zalis sidide da b) siCqaris cvlilebisTvis
saWiro dro. Tu sawyisi siCqare orjer
•16. 5.38 suraTze 2 kg masis yuTze moqmedi metia da manqanaze damuxruWebisas igive
ori horizontaluri Zalidan mxolod erTia Zala moqmedebs, maSin ra koeficientebze
(F1=20n) naCvenebi. yuTi x RerZis gaswvriv unda gamravldes g) SeCerebis manZili da
moZraobs. ipove meore Zala erTeulovan- d) SeCerebis dro?
veqtorul CanawerSi, Tu yuTis ax aCqarebaa:
•23. 1,2×107 m/wm siCqaris eleqtroni hori
a) 10 m/wm2, b) 20 m/wm2,
zontalurad moZraobs, masze ki am dros
g) 0, d) –10 m/wm2 da
4,5×10-16 n vertikalurad mimarTuli mudmivi
e) –20 m/wm2. sur. 5.38. amocana 16.
Zala moqmedebs. eleqtronis masaa 9,11×10-31 kg. horizontaluri ZaliT. risi tolia a) cigis
vertikalurad ra manZiliT Seicvlis kurss aCqareba da b) gogonas aCqareba? g) gogonas
eleqtroni 30 mm-is horizontalurad gada sawyisi mdebareobidan ra manZilze Sexvdebian
adgilebis Semdeg? SSM. gogona da ciga erTmaneTs?
•24. 5.39 suraTze ••28. 40 kg masis moTxilamure xaxunisgan

m=100 kg masis xis Tavisufal, horizontisadmi 10° kuTxiT
yuTs xaxunisgan daxril ferdobze eSveba. davuSvaT, moTxi
T a v i s u f a l lamure moZraobs x RerZis uaryofiTi
daxril zedapirze mimarTulebiT. moTxilamureze moqmedebs
 Fx komponentis mqone qaris Zala. risi tolia
(θ=30°) F
horizontaluri sur. 5.39. amocana 24. Fx, Tu moTxilamuris siCqare a) mudmivia,
ZaliT awvebian. b) izrdeba 1 m/wm2 aCqarebiT da b) izrdeba
 2 m/wm2 aCqarebiT?
risi tolia a) F Zalis sidide da b) zedapiridan
yuTze moqmedi Zalis sidide? ••29. bloks xaxunisgan Tavisufal daxril
•25. 820 n wonis tarzani 20 m simaRlis zedapirze ν0=3,5 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT zeviT
kldidan Camokida lianaze, romelic xidan ubiZgeben. zedapiris daxris kuTxea θ=32°.
eSveba vertikalisadmi 22° kuTxiT. davuSvaT, a) ra manZils gaivlis bloki zedapirze?
x RerZi horizontaluria, xolo y RerZi _ b) ra dro dasWirdeba am manZilis gasavlelad?
vertikaluri. tarzanis lianaze dakidebis g) rogori iqneba misi siCqare sawyis wertilSi
momentSi lianis daWimulobaa 760n. risi dabrunebisas? SSM WWW
tolia a) lianidan tarzanze moqmedi Zala ••30. 5 kg masis
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi da risi yuTs xaxunisgan
tolia tolqmedi Zalis (b) erTeulovan- Tavisufal, hori
veqtoruli Canaweri, g) sidide da d) kuTxe zontisadmi θ ku
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi. risi TxiT daxril ze
tolia tarzanis aCqarebis e) sidide da dapirze zeviT
v) kuTxe? sur. 5.41. amocana 30.
ubiZgeben. 5.41
••26. 5.40 suraTze suraTze naCvenebia yuTis siCqaris νx kom
naCvenebia xaxunis ponenti, rogorc t drois funqcia, roca x
gan Tavisufal ma RerZi zustad daxrili sibrtyis gaswvrivaa
gidaze dadebuli mimarTuli. risi tolia zedapiridan yuTze
0,025kg masis li moqmedi drekadobis Zala?
moni da masze mo ••31. 3×10-4 kg masis sfero Tokzea Camoki
qmedi samidan ori sur. 5.40. amocana 26.
debuli. horizontaluri mimarTulebis
horizontaluri msubuqi qari sferos ubiZgebs da Toks

Zala. F1 Zalis sididea 6n, xolo kuTxe θ1=30°. vertikalisadmi 37° kuTxiT gadaxris. moZebne

F2 Zalis sididea 7n, xolo kuTxe θ2=30°. risi a) biZgis Zala da b) Tokis daWimuloba. ILW.
tolia mesame Zala erTeulovan-veqtorul
••32. 50 kg masis moTxilamure sabuqsiro
CanawerSi, Tu limoni a) uZravia, b) moZraobs
 Toks eWideba da horizontisadmi 8° kuT
mudmivi siCqariT ν =(13 î –14 ˆj )m/wm da g) mo
 xiT daxril, xaxunisgan Tavisufali saTxi
Zraobs cvladi siCqariT ν =(13t î –14t ˆj ) m/wm,
lamuro ferdobze adis. risi tolia To
sadac t droa?
kidan moTxilamureze moqmedi F Zala, Tu
••27. 40kg masis gogona da 8,4 kg ciga gayinuli a) moTxilamuris siCqare mudmivia da ν = 2
tbis zedapirze arian, erTmaneTisgan 15 m m/wm, b) ν=2 m/wm da siCqare izrdeba 0,1 m/wm2
manZilze da erTmaneTTan umniSvnelo masis aCqarebiT?
Toki akavSirebT. gogona Tokze moqmedebs 5,2n
159
••33. liftisa da misi tvirTis saerTo moqmedi Zala da
masaa 1600 kg. gamoTvale liftis bagiris d) mexuTedan meoT-
daWimuloba, rodesac qvemoT moZravi lifti, xeze moqmedi Zala.
romlis sawyisi siCqarea 12 m/wm, 42 m-is mudmivi Semdeg gamoTvale
aCqarebiT gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. e) jaWvis amwevi
adamianisgan bolo
••34. lampa 2,4 m/wm2 SenelebiT zeviT moZrav
rgolze moqmedi
liftSi vertikalur Tokzea Camokidebuli. 
F Zala da v) Ti
a) Tu Tokis daWimulobaa 89 n, risi tolia
Toeuli rgolis
lampis masa? b) risi toli iqneba Tokis daWi sur. 5.43. amocana 39.
amaCqarebeli Za
muloba, Tu lifti zeviT imoZravebs 2,4 m/wm2
lebis tolqmedi. SSM.
aCqarebiT?
••40. Zvelad cxenebi arxSi gemebs 5.44 suraTze
••35. 27,8 kn wonis liftis kabina zeviT adis.
naCvenebi xerxiT eqaCebodnen. davuSvaT, cxeni
risi tolia liftis bagiris daWimuloba, Tu
Toks eqaCeba 7900 n ZaliT gemis moZraobis
liftis siCqare a) izrdeba 1,22 m/wm2-iT da
mimarTulebisadmi (x RerZis dadebiTi mi
b) mcirdeba 1,22 m/wm2iT.
marTulebisadmi) θ = 18° kuTxiT. gemis
••36. lifts bagiri maRla eweva. liftisa da masaa 9500 kg, xolo aCqareba _ 0,12 m/wm2.
erTi mgzavris saerTo masaa 2000 kg. mgzavrs risi tolia wylidan gemze moqmedi Zalis
moneta gauvarda da kabinis mimarT 8 m/wm2 a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba (x RerZis dadebiTi
aCqarebiT iatakze daeca. risi tolia bagiris mimarTulebisadmi)?
daWimuloba?
••37. gvaqvs Toki, romelic 387 n-ze meti daWi

mulobisas wydeba. am TokiT 449 n wonis tvirTi
6,1 m simaRlidan miwaze unda Camoitano.
a) tvirTis rogori aCqareba gamoiwvevs Tokis
gawyvetas? b) ra aCqarebiT da ra siCqariT
daecema tvirTi miwaze? ••41. 5.45 suraTze m=5 kg masis bloks xaxunis
gan Tavisufal horizontalur zedapirze
••38. 5.42 suraTze TokiT miaTreven. Tokze F=12 n Zala θ=25°
A da B liftebi kuTxiT moqmedebs. a) risi tolia blokis
mokle bagiriTaa
aCqareba? b) F
gadabmuli da ma
Zalis sidide nel-
Ti amoZraveba A nela izrdeba.
kabinis zeda ba
risi tolia Zala
giriT SeiZleba. A
iatakidan blokis
kabinis masaa 1700 sur. 5.45. amocana 41.
srulad awevis Sem
kg, B kabinisa – deg? g) risi tolia
1300 kg. A kabinis sur. 5.42. amocana 38. blokis aCqareba misi iatakidan srulad awevis
iatakze 12kg masis
momentSi?
yuTi devs. kabinebis damakavSirebuli bagiris
daWimulobaa 1,91×104 n. risi tolia kabinis ••42. 5.46 suraTze TokiT gadabmuli oTxi
iatakidan yuTze moqmedi drekadobis Zala? pingvinia naCvenebi, romelTac xaxunisgan
••39. 5.43 suraTze 0,1 kg masis xuTi rgolisgan

Semdgar jaWvs a=2,5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT vertika
lurad zeviT sweven. gamoTvale a) meore
rgolidan pirvelze moqmedi Zala, b) mesamedan
meoreze moqmedi Zala, g) meoTxedan mesameze sur. 5.46. amocana 42.
Tavisufal yinulze adamiani miaTrevs. sami Semoxveuli. yu

pingvinis masa da ori Tokis daWimuloba Tebis masebia
Semdegia: m1=12kg, m3=15kg, m4=20kg, T2=111n da mA=30kg, mB=40kg
T4=222 n. gamoTvale meore pingvinis masa m2. da mC=10 kg. ro
desac sistema sur. 5.50. amocana 46.
••43. ori bloki
amoZravdeba, a) risi tolia B da C yuTebis
xaxunisgan Tavi
damakavSirebeli Tokis daWimuloba? b) ra
sufal magidaze
manZilze gadaadgileba A yuTi 0,25 wm-Si (im
gverdigverd dgas.
sur. 5.47. amocana 43. daSvebiT, rom is bloks ar miaRwevs)?
rogorc 5.47 su
raTze vxedavT, did blokze horizontaluri ••47. 5.51 suraTze
Zala moqmedebs. a) roca m1=2,3 kg, m2=1,2 kg da naCvenebia xaxuni
F=3,2n, gamoTvale or bloks Soris moqmedi sgan Tavisufal,
Zalis sidide. b) daamtkice, rom Tu imave F umniSvnelo ma
sididis Zala patara blokze sawinaaRmdego sis blokze Semo
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs, maSin or bloks xveuli TokiT
Soris 2,1 n Zalaa modebuli, romlis sidide d a k a v S i r e b u l i
gasxvavdeba a) nawilSi gamoTvlili sididisgan. ori yuTi. am mo
g) axseni am gansxvavebis mizezi. SSM ILW WWW wyobilobas etvu
 dis manqana ewo
••44. 5.48a suraTze A blokze Fa mudmivi
deba. erTi yuTis masaa m1=1,3 kg, meore yuTisa
horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs. A bloki B
– m2=2,8 kg. risi tolia a) yuTebis aCqareba da
bloks 20 n ZaliT horizontalurad marjvniv
 b) Tokis daWimuloba?
awveba. 5.48b suraTze igive Fa Zala B blokze
moqmedebs. amjerad A bloki B bloks 10 n ••48. 85 kg masis kaci 10 m simaRlidan TokiT
ZaliT horizontalurad marjvniv awveba. miwaze Camodis. Toki Semoxveulia xaxunisgan
blokebis saerTo masaa 12 kg. risi tolia Tavisufal blokze da mis meore boloze 65kg

a) 5.48a suraTze maTi aCqarebebi da b) Fa Zalis masis qviSis tomaraa dakidebuli. ra siCqariT
sidide? daecema kaci miwaze?
••49. 10 kg masis
maimuni umniSv
nelo masis mqone
Tokze micocavs.
sur. 5.48. amocana 44. Toki Semoxveulia
••45. 5.49 suraTze sam gadabmul bloks xaxu xaxunisgan Tavi
nisgan Tavisufal zedapirze T3=65n ZaliT sufal totze da
horizontalurad marjvniv miaTreven. mibmulia miwaze
m1=12 kg, m2=24 kg da m3=31 kg. gamoTvale mdgar, 15 kg masis
a) sistemis aCqareba, b) T1 daWimuloba da yuTze (sur. 5.52).
g) T2 daWimuloba. a) ra minimaluri
aCqareba unda
hqondes maimuns, sur. 5.52. amocana 49.
raTa yuTi miwidan
awios? Tu yuTis awevis Semdeg maimuni co
cvas Sewyvets da Toks Camoekideba, risi
••46. 5.50 suraTze sami yuTi TokebiTaa toli iqneba maimunis aCqarebis b) sidide da
gadabmuli. erT-erTi Toki xaxunisgan Tavi g) mimarTuleba? d) risi toli iqneba Tokis
sufal da umniSvnelo masis mqone blokzea daWimuloba? SSM
161
••50. 5.53 suraTze 10 kg. roca yuTebs xels gavuSvebT, risi toli
naCvenebia skam iqneba marjvena Tokis daWimuloba?
ze mjdomare kaci. •••53. M masis sahaero burTi qveviT mimarTuli
skami Camokide a aCqarebiT vertikalurad qveviT eSveba.
bulia umniSvnelo ra masis zedmeti tvirTi unda gadmoagdon
masis mqone Tok burTidan, raTa man zeviT mimarTuli a aCqareba
ze, romelic Se SeiZinos? davuSvaT, rom haeridan moqmedi
moxveulia xaxu zeviT mimarTuli Zala masis Semcirebisas ar
nisgan Tavisufal icvleba. SSM ILW.
blokze, xolo
•••54. 5.56 suraTze naCvenebia m2 = 1 kg masis
misi meore bolo
yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal, θ = 30° kuTxiT
kacs xelSi uWi sur. 5.53. amocana 50.
daxril zedapirze. es yuTi umniSvnelo masis
ravs. kacisa da
TokiT dakavSirebulia m1 = 3 kg masis meore
skamis saerTo masaa 95 kg. ra ZaliT unda
yuTTan, romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal
imoqmedos kacma Tokze, raTa aiwios
horizontalur zedapirze Zevs. bloki
a) Tanabari siCqariT da b) zeviT mimarTuli
xaxunisgan Tavisufalia da umniSvnelo masa
1,3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT? (miniSneba: Tavisufali 
aqvs. a) Tu horizontaluri F Zalis sididea
sxeulis grafiki namdvilad dagexmarebaT).
2,3 n, maSin risi tolia damakavSirebeli Tokis
Tu Tokis marjvena mxare miwamde eSveba da
daWimuloba? b) ra maqsimaluri sididisa
kacis mewyvile Toks qaCavs, ra ZaliT unda 
SeiZleba iyos F Tokis gawydomis gareSe?
imoqmedos mewvilem Tokze, raTa kaci awios
g) Tanabari siCqariT da d) maRla mimarTuli
1,3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT? risi tolia blokis
sistemidan Werze moqmedi Zala e) a) nawilSi,
v) b) nawilSi, z) g) nawilSi da T) d) nawilSi?
••51. m1 = 3,7
kg masis yuTii
xaxunisgan Ta •••55. 5.57 suraTze naCvenebia x RerZis
visufal, θ = 30° gaswvriv moZravi 3 kg masis yinulis blokze
kuTxiT daxril moqmedi Zalis Fx komponenti, rogorc t drois
zedapirze TokiT sur. 5.54. amocana 51. funqcia. t = 0 momentSi bloki RerZis dadebiTi
dakavSirebulia m2  mimarTulebiT 3 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. risi
= 2,3 kg masis vertikalurad dakidul yuTze. tolia blokis a) siCqare da b) moZraobis
Toki Semoxveulia umniSvnelo masis mqone, mimarTuleba, rodesac t = 11 wm?
xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokze (sur. 5.54).
risi tolia a) TiToeuli yuTis aCqareba, b)
dakiduli yuTis aCqarebis mimarTuleba da g)
Tokis daWimuloba?
••52. 5.55 suraTze naCvenebia xaxunisgan

Tavisufal blokebze Semoxveuli TokiT
dakavSirebuli sa
mi yuTi. B yuTi xa sur. 5.57. amocana 55.
xunisgan Tavisufal
•••56. 5.58 suraTze naCvenebia sabagiro
magidaze Zevs. yu
gzis monakveTi. TiToeuli vagonisa da misi
Tebis mA=6
masebia
mgzavrebis dasaSvebi saerTo masaa 2800kg.
kg, mB=8 kg da mC=
bagirze moZrav vagonze moqmedebs Zala meore
kabelidan, romelic pasuxi Zvel sistemas efuZneboda, sadac

TiToeuli vagonis koeficienti 1,77 gamoiyeneboda ara litrebis
Tavzea mimagrebuli. kilogramebSi, aramed litrebis girvanqebSi
davuSvaT, kabelebi gadasayvanad. g) sinamdvileSi ramdeni kilo
daWimulia da θ=35° grami sawvavi iyo TviTmfrinavSi? (garda
kuTxiTaa daxri mocemuli 1,77-isa, koeficientebi oTxi
li. rogori iqneba niSnis sizustiT daamrgvale) d) sinamdvi
gansxvaveba kabe leSi ram-deni damatebiTi sawvavi iyo saWi
lis mezobeli mo ro? e) monrealidan gafrenisas saWiro sa
nakveTebis daWimu wvavis ra procentuli raodenoba hqonda
lobebs Soris, Tu TviTmfrinavs?
TiToeul vagons sur. 5.58. amocana 56. edmontonis gzaze, 7,9 km simaRleze, TviT
maqsimaluri dasa mfrinavs sawvavi gauTavda da vardna daiwyo.
Svebi masa aqvs da 0,81 m/wm aCqarebiT zeviT
2
miuxedavad sawvavis arqonisa, pilotma
moZraobs? imdeni moaxerxa, rom TviTmfrinavi Tanabrad
eSveboda. vinaidan uaxloesi moqmedi aero
damatebiTi amocanebi porti metismetad Soris iyo, pilotma
TviTmfrinavi Zveli aeroportisken mimarTa.
57. erTeulebis ugulebelyofa. fizikis
saubedurod, am aeroportis asafreni biliki
mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi maswavlebeli
manqanebis trasad iyo gadakeTebuli da mis
erTeulebTan yuradRebiT mopyrobas iT
garSemo rkinis jebiri iyo Semovlebuli.
xovs. Tumca, zogierT daudevar students
trasaze daSvebisas TviTmfrinavis wina Sasi
sjera, rom erTeulebi yovelTvis wesrigSia.
motyda da TviTmfrinavi cxviriT trasaze
imedia, realuri cxovrebidan aRebuli
daeca. xaxunma TviTmfrinavi Seanela da
Semdegi magaliTi am aseT midgomaze uars
jebirTan axlos gaaCera. manqanebis mZRolebi
gaTqmevinebs.
da mgzavrebi SeZrwunebulebi uyurebdnen
1983 wlis 23 ivliss aviakompania “ear kanadis”
am sanaxaobas. TviTmfrinavis yvela mgzavri
143-e reisis TviTmfrinavi monrealidan
cocxali gadarCa. am ambis morali aseTia:
edmontonamde xangrZlivi frenisTvis emza
yuradRebiT moepyari erTeulebs.
deboda, rodesac ekipaJma aeroportis mom
saxure personals hkiTxa, ramdeni sawvavi 58. sxeulze 20 n da 35 n ori Zala erTmaneTisgan
iyo TviTmfrinavSi. ekipaJma icoda, rom 80° kuTxiT gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT
frenisTvis saWiro iyo 22300 kg sawvavi. moqmedebs. amis Sedegad miRebuli aCqarebaa 20
maT sawvavis raodenoba kilogramebSi m/wm2. risi tolia sxeulis masa?
icodnen, vinaidan kanada metrul sistemaze 59. x RerZis gaswvriv moZrav 2 kg masis
iyo gadasuli. manamde sawvavi girvanqebSi wertilze am RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli
izomeboda. aeroportis personali sawvavis cvladi Zala moqmedebs. wertilis mdebareoba
raodenobas litrebSi zomavda da amitom mocemulia formuliT x = 3 m + (4 m/wm)t + ct2 –
upasuxa, 7682 litrio. TviTmfrinavSi (2m/wm3)t3, sadac x metrebSia, xolo t _ wamebSi.
sawvavis arsebuli raodenobisa da SesaZlo c koeficienti mudmivaa. rodesac t=3 wm,
dasamatebeli raodenobis gasagebad ekipaJma wertilze x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
aeroports hkiTxa, ra koeficienti iyo 36 n sididis Zala moqmedebs. risi tolia c?
saWiro litrebis kilogramebSi gadasayvanad. 60. M masis A bloks xaxunisgan Tavisufal
pasuxi iyo 1,77 (1,77 kg _ 1 litri). a) ekipaJis horizontalur zedapirze m masis TokiT
varaudiT, ramdeni kilogrami sawvavi iyo miaTreven, rogorc
TviTmfrinavSi? b) ramdeni litri sawvavis es 5.59 suraTzea
damateba moiTxova ekipaJma? naCvenebi. Tokis

saubedurod, aeropoertis TanamSromlebis boloze F hori sur. 5.59. amocana 60.
163
zontaluri Zala moqmedebs. a) daamtkice, d = 1×10–14 m diametris birTvma daatyveva.
rom Toki odnav mainc Caizniqeba. Semdeg neitronze moqmedi Zala Tanabaria. gamoTvale
dauSvi, rom Cazneqa umniSvneloa da moZebne b) am Zalis sidide. neitronis masaa 1,67×10-27 kg.
Tokisa da blokis aCqareba, g) Tokidan blokze
65. 0,2 kg masis Saiba 2 m/wm siCqariT xaxunisgan
moqmedi Zala da d) Tokis daWimuloba mis Sua
Tavisufal hokeis moednis zedapirze aRmo
wertilSi.
savleTisken misrialebs. risi tolia im tol
61. 5.60 suraTze qmedi Zalis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba,
naCvenebia 12 kg sa romelmac Saibaze unda imoqmedos, raTa 0,4 wm
buravi,romelsac intervalSi Saiba dasavleTisken wavides 5 m/
sami, horizonta wm siCqariT? risi tolia tolqmedis g) sidide
lurad gaWimuli, da d) mimarTuleba, Tu Saiba am intervalSi
TokiT eqaCebian. aRmosavleTisken wava 5 m/wm siCqariT?
erT Tokze modebuli Zala (F1=50n)
66. 5.62-e suraTze 4 kg masis A bloki da 6kg
mocemulia. danarCen Tokebze modebulma
masis B bloki umniSvnelo masis ZafiTaa
Zalebma saburavze ise unda imoqmedos, rom 
gadabmuli. A blokze moqmedebs FA =(12n) î
mas, sul cota, a aCqareba mianiWos. risi tolia 
Zala, xolo B blokze _ FB =(24 n) î Zala. risi
a, Tu a) F2=30 n, F3=20 n; b) F2=30 n, F3=10 n;
tolia Zafis daWimuloba?
g) F2=F3=20 n?

62. ucvleli ν = (2 m/wm) î – (7 m/wm) ˆj siCqariT
moZrav wertilze sami Zala moqmedebs. ori
 
Zalaa F1 = (2 n) î + (3 n) ˆj + (–2 n) k̂ da F2 = (–5 n) sur. 5.62. amocana 66.
î + (8 n) ˆj + (–2 n) k̂ . risi tolia mesame Zala?
67. 5.63 suraTze naCvenebia xaxunisgan
63. muSa yuTs TokiT qarxnis iatakze Tavisufal, θ1=30° daxril zedapirze mdebare
miaTrevs (sur. 5.61). muSa Tokze F = 450 n yuTi (m1=3 kg). es yuTi umniSvnelo masis TokiT
ZaliT moqmedebs. Toki horizontalisadmi θ2=60° daxril zedapirze mdebare meore
θ = 38° kuTxiTaa daxrili, xolo iataki yuTze yuTTanaa mibmuli (m2=2 kg). bloki xaxunisgan
f = 125 n ZaliT, moZraobis sawinaaRmdego Tavisufalia da umniSvnelo masa aqvs. risi
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs. gamoTvale yuTis tolia Tokis daWimuloba?
aCqareba, Tu a) misi masaa 310 kg da b) misi wonaa
310 n.
68. 15000 kg masis vertmfreni 4500 kg satvirTo

manqanas 1,4 m/wm2 aCqarebiT swevs. gamoTvale
a) haeridan vertmfrenze moqmedi, zeviT
mimarTuli tolqmedi Zala, b) vertmfrenisa
da satvirTo manqanis damakavSirebeli bagiris
64. birTvi masSi moxvedrili moxetiale daWimuloba.
neitronis gasaCereblad masze Zlieri Sina
69. 52 kg masis cirkis msaxiobi Tokze unda
gani ZaliT moqmedebs. es Zala, romelic
gavides, romelic gawydeba, Tu daWimuloba
birTvebs erTmaneTTan àwebebs~, birTvis
425 n-s gadaaWarbebs. a) ra moxdeba, Tu msaxiobi
gareT daaxloebiT nulis tolia. davuSvaT,
Toks uZravad Camoekideba? b) aCqarebis ra
1,4×107 m/wm siCqariT moZravi neitroni
sididiT aicilebs msaxiobi Tokis gawyvetas?
70. 5.64 suraTze moZraobs. risi tolia a) Tokis daWimuloba da

naCvenebia m = 4 kg b) m2 masa?
masis yuTi, ro
75. 5.66 suraTze
melzec xuTi Zala
m2=1 kg masis yuTze

moqmedebs. Zalebis
12 n sididis F Za
sidideebia: F1=11 n,
la moqmedebs. Za
F2 = 17 n, F2 = 3 n, la θ=37° kuTxiT sur. 5.66. amocana 75.
F4 = 14 n da F5 = 5 n, daxrili sibrtyis
xolo θ4 = 30°. mo
gaswvrivaa mimarTuli. yuTi TokiT iatakze
Zebne yuTis aCqarebis a) erTeulovan-veqto
dadebul m1=3kg masis meore yuTTanaa dakav
ruli Canaweri, b) sidide da g) kuTxe x RerZis
Sirebuli. iataki, sibrtye da bloki xaxunisgan
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi.
Tavisufalia, xolo blokisa da Tokis masa
71. 3 kg masis y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT umniSvneloa. risi tolia Tokis daWimuloba?
3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT moZrav sxeulze ori Zala 76. 100 kg masis yuTi satvirTo liftis iatakze
moqmedebs. Tu erTi Zala x RerZis dadebiTi
Zevs. t=0 momentSi lifti Senobis pirveli
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da aqvs 8 n sidide,
sarTulidan moZraobas iwyebs da 8 wamis Semdeg
maSin risi tolia meore Zalis sidide?
bolo sarTulze adis. 5.67 suraTze naCvenebia
72. warmoidgine sadesanto kosmosuri liftis siCqaris droze damokidebulebis
xomaldi, romelic iupiteris erT-erT grafiki. risi tolia a) liftze moqmedi Zalis
Tanamgzavrs, kalistos uaxlovdeba. Tu misi Fl sidide, b) liftis iatakidan yuTze moqmedi
Zrava gamoimuSavebs zeviT mimarTul 3260 n Zalis mimarTuleba (zeviT Tu qveviT), rodesac
Zalas, maSin xomaldi Tanabari siCqariT eSveba. t = 1,8 wm? risi tolia g) Fl-is sidide da
Tu motori gamoimuSavebs mxolod 2200 n d) mimarTuleba, rodesac t = 4,4 wm? risi
Zalas, maSin xomaldi qveda mimarTulebiT 0,39 tolia e) Fl-is sidide da v) mimarTuleba,
m/wm2-iT Cqardeba. a) risi tolia xomaldis wona rodesac t = 6,8 wm?
kalistos zedapirTan axlos? b) risi tolia
xomaldis masa? g) risi tolia Tavisufali
vardnis aCqareba kalistos zedapirTan
axlos?
73. m1 masis sxeuls

garkveuli Zala
12 m/wm aCqarebas
2
aniWebs, xolo m2 sur. 5.67. amocana 76.

masis sxeuls – 3,3 77. 5.68 suraTze daxril zedapirze mdebare
m/wm2 aCqarebas. ra Tunuqis WurWeli
aCqarebas mianiWebs (m1=1kg) Tunuqis
Zala a) m 2 –m 1 da meore WurWelTanaa
b) m 2 +m 1 masis (m2=2kg) mibmuli.
sxeulebs? bloki xaxunisgan
74. 5.65 suraTze naCvenebia m1=3 kg masis Tavisufalia da
konteineri, romelic m2 masis yuTTan umniSvnelo masa
xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokze Semoxveuli aqvs. zeviT mimar
TokiTaa dakavSirebuli. Tokisa da blokis Tuli F = 6 n Zala
masebi umniSvneloa. rodesac konteineri moqmedebs meore
uZravi mdgomareobidan gamodis, is xaxunisgan WurWelze, ro
Tavisufal zedapirze 1 m/wm 2
aCqarebiT melsac qveviT sur. 5.68. amocana 77.
165
mimarTuli 5,5 m/wm2 aCqareba aqvs. risi tolia a) motociklistze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi
a) Tokis daWimuloba da b) β kuTxe? da b) motociklidan motociklistze moqmedi
Zala?
78. sxeuli liftis Werze damagrebul zam
barian sasworzea Camokidebuli. kabinis 84. rodesac 17 kn wonis avtomobili 3,66 m/wm2-
uZraobis dros saswori 65 n-s aCvenebs. risi iT Cqardeba, risi tolia masze moqmedi Zale
tolia sasworis Cveneba, Tu kabina zeviT bis tolqmedi?
moZraobs a) 7,6 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT?
85. 85 kg masis adamiani paraSutiT xteba da
b) 7,6 m/wm siCqaris 2,4 m/wm2 SenelebiT?
2,5 m/wm2 qveviT mimarTuli aCqarebiT vardeba.
79. 5.6 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis 5.17 paraSutis masaa 5 kg. a) risi tolia haeridan
suraTze me-2 Toksa da Wers Soris kuTxe me- gaxsnil paraSutze moqmedi zeviT mimarTuli
2 Tokis sigrZis cvlilebiT SevcvaloT da Zala? b) risi tolia adamianidan paraSutze
vuwodoT mas θ2 (1-el Toksa da Wers Soris moqmedi qveviT mimarTuli Zala?
kuTxea 28°). a) amocanis am nimuSSi mocemuli
86. 1400 kg masis reaqtiuli Zrava samgzavro
monacemebis safuZvelze aage pirveli Tokis
TviTmfrinavis korpusze mxolod sami
T1 daWimulobis θ2-ze damokidebulebis
WanWikiTaa mimagrebuli (rogorc wesi).
grafiki, rodesac 0°<θ2<90°. daaxloebiT risi
davuSvaT, TiToeul WanWikze datvirTis
tolia T1-is a) maqsimaluri da b) minimaluri
erTi mesamedi modis. a) gamoTvale TiToeul
sidideebi? aris Tu ara es fizikurad
WanWikze moqmedi Zala, rodesac Tvimfrinavi
SesaZlebeli g) maqsimaluri sidide da
gafrenisTvis emzadeba. b) frenis dros
d) minimaluri sidide?
TviTmfrinavze moqmedebs Zala, romelic mas
80. gamoTvale 75 kg masis kosmosur xomald zeviT mimarTul 2,6 m/wm2 aCqarebas aniWebs.
`reinjeris~ wona a) dedamiwaze, b) marsze, gamoTvale TiToeul WanWikze amjerad
sadac g=3,8m/wm , da g) Ria kosmosSi, sadac
2 moqmedi Zala.
g=0. d) risi tolia `reinjeris~ masa TiToeul
87. 12 kg masis javSnosani (cxoveli) sanadirod
mdebareobaSi?
tbis gayinul, xaxunisgan Tavisufal
81. wertili im adgilze, sadac g = 9,8 m/wm2, zedapirze Serbis. javSnosanis sawyisi
22 n-s iwonis. risi tolia wertilis a) wona siCqare, romlis sididea 5 m/wm, mimarTulia x
da b) masa iq, sadac g = 4,9 m/wm2? risi tolia RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. javSnosanis
misi g) wona da d) masa, Tu wertili imyofeba sawyisi mdebareoba aTvlis saTaved miiCnie.
kosmosSi, sadac g = 0? cxoveli yinulze srials iwyebs, roca masze
y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis 17 n Zalis
82. 1,2×106 kg masis kosmosuri xomaldi
qari moqmedebs. erTeulovan-veqtorul
varskvlavebis sistemis mimarT uZrav
CanawerSi, risi tolia javSnosanis a) siCqare
mdgomareobaSia. a) ra aCqareba dasWirdeba
da b) mdebareoba 3 wm srialis Semdeg?
xomaldis 0,1c siCqariT (c sinaTlis siCqarea
da tolia 3×108 m/wm-isa) amoZravebas 88. 50 kg masis mgzavri liftiT moZraobs,
varskvlavebis sistemis mimarT 3 dReSi? romelic pirveli sarTulidan moZraobas
b) risi tolia es aCqareba g-ebSi? g) ra Zalaa iwyebs t=0 momentSi da bolo sarTulze 10 wm-
saWiro am aCqarebisTvis? d) Tu 0,1c siCqaris is Semdeg adis. 5.69 suraTze naCvenebia kabinis
miRwevisas Zravebi gamorTes (siCqare
Tanabaria), ra dro dasWirdeba xomalds 5
sinaTlis Tvis gasavlelad (manZili, romelsac
sinaTle 5 TveSi gaivlis)?
83. motocikli da 65 kg masis motociklisti

3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT horizontisadmi 10° kuTxiT
daxril zedapirze moZraoben. risi tolia
aCqarebis droze damokidebulebis grafiki. 

95. Tu 1 kg masis sxeuli mxolod F1 =(3 n) î +
aCqarebis dadebiTi sidideebi asaxavs mis zeda 
+(4 n) ˆj da F2 =(–2 n) î +(–6 n) ˆj Zalebis zemo
mimarTulebas. rogoria liftis iatakidan
qmedebiT Cqardeba, maSin risi tolia
mgzavrze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zalis a) sidide
tolqmedis a) erTeulovan-veqtoruli Cana
da b) mimarTuleba (zeviT Tu qveviT)? rogoria
weri, b) sidide da g) x RerZis dadebiTi mimar
iatakidan mgzavrze moqmedi minimaluri 
Tulebisadmi kuTxe? risi tolia a -s d) sidide
Zalis g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba? rogoria
da e) kuTxe?
mgzavridan iatakze moqmedi maqsimaluri
Zalis e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba? 96. kosmosuri xomaldi mTvaridan, sadac g=1,6
 m/wm2, vertikalurad frindeba. Tu afrenisas
89. F Zalis moqmedebiT cdilob xaxunisgan
xomaldis aCqarebaa 1 m/wm2, maSin ra sididis
Tavisufal iatakze macivris gadaadgilebas.
 ZaliT moqmedebs xomaldi pilotze, romelic
F an horizontaluria (pirveli SemTxveva),
dedamiwaze 735 n-s iwonis?
an θ kuTxiT daxrili (meore SemTxveva). a) risi
tolia meore SemTxvevis Sesabamisi siCqaris 97. laboratoriul eqsperimentSi Tavda
fardoba pirveli SemTxvevis Sesabamis pirvelad uZravi eleqtroni (masa=9,11×10–31
siCqaresTan, Tu macivars garkveuli t drois kg) 1,5 sm-is manZilze Tanabar aCqarebas
ganmavlobaSi ubiZgeb? b) risi tolia es ganicdis da distanciis dasasruls 6×106 m/wm
fardoba, Tu macivars garkveul d manZilze siCqares aRwevs. risi tolia a) eleqtronis
ubiZgeb? amaCqarebeli Zalis sidide da b) eleqtronis

wona?
90. 1 kg masis sxeuli 4 m/wm2 aCqarebiT x RerZis
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi 160° kuTxiT 98. gamoTvale 1,3×104 kg masis raketis sawyisi,
moZraobs. sxeulze ori Zala moqmedebs. zeviT mimarTuli aCqareba, Tu Zravis mier

erTia F1 =(2,5 n) î +(4,6 n) ˆj . risi tolia meore warmoqmnili sawyisi zeviT mimarTuli Zalis
Zalis a) erTeulovan-veqtoruli Canaweri, (biZgis) sididea 2,6×105 n. ar ugulebelyo
b) sidide da g) kuTxe? raketaze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala.
91. raketisa da misi sasargeblo tvirTis 99. 5.70a suraTze naCvenebia Werze Camo
saerTo masaa 5×104 kg. ra sididisaa Zravis mier kidebuli konstruqcia. is liTonis ori
warmoqmnili Zala (dartyma), rodesac raketa nawilisgan (m1=3,5 kg da m2=4,5 kg) Sedgeba,
a) afrenis adgilis Tavze haerSi `hkidia~ da b) romlebic erTmaneTze umniSvnelo masis
zeviT Cqardeba 20 m/wm2-iT? TokiTaa gadabmuli. risi tolia a) qveda Tokis

daWimuloba da b) zeda Tokis daWimuloba? 5.70b
92. 80 kg masis kaci 0,5 m simaRlis fanjridan
suraTze naCvenebia liTonis sami nawilisgan
ezoSi xteba. gadmoxtomisas is muxlebs ar xris
Semdgari konstruqcia. ori maTganis masaa
da gaCerebisTvis 2 sm sWirdeba. a) risi tolia
m3=4,8 kg da m5=5,5 kg. zeda Tokis daWimulobaa
misi saSualo aCqareba ezos miwis pirvelad
199 n. risi tolia g) qveda Tokis daWimuloba
Sexebidan gaCerebamde? b) ra saSualo Sema
da d) Sua Tokis daWimuloba?
Cerebeli ZaliT moqmedebs Sida ezo?
93. 2 kn wonis motocikli 0-dan 88,5 km/sT-

mde 6 wamSi Cqardeba. risi tolia a) Tanabari
aCqareba da b) aCqarebis gamomwvevis Zalebis
tolqmedi?
94. davuSvaT, 5.14 suraTze sxeulebis masebia 2

kg da 4 kg. a) ra masa unda hqondes Camokidebul
sxeuls, raTa aCqareba maqsimaluri iyos?
(a) (b)
rogori iqneba am SemTxvevaSi b) aCqarebis
sidide da g) Tokis daWimuloba? sur. 5.70. amocana 99.
167
100. 29 kg masis pingvini aRmosavleTisken
6 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da didi farTobis
yinulze Serbis. yinulze curvis dros qari
pingvinze ucvleli sididis da mimarTulebis
ZaliT moqmedebs. 5.71 suraTze naCvenebia
yinulze curvis dros pingvinis mdebareobebi
1-wamian SualedebSi. x RerZis dadebiT
mimarTulebad arCeulia aRmosavleTi. pin
gvini yinuls pirvelad t = 0 momentSi exeba.
rogoria qaris pingvinze moqmedi Zalis
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba?
101. 0,2 kg masis Saiba gayinuli tbis zedapirze

2 m/wm siCqariT aRmosavleTisken micuravs.
risi toli unda iyos 0,5 wamis ganmavlobaSi sur. 5.71. amocana 100.
Saibaze moqmedi saSualo Zalis sidide da
mimarTuleba, raTa Saibis siCqare gaxdes
a) 5 m/wm dasavleTisken da b) 5 m/wm samxre
Tisken?
6 Zala da moZraoba
bolidis usafrTxo moxveva rbolis dros xaxunzea damokidebuli. Zalian
swrafad moZraobis SemTxvevaSi, xaxuni ver asrulebs Tavis funqcias
da bolidi trasaze curdeba. adre mosaxvevSi Sesvlisas mrbolels
Zalian unda Seenelebina bolidi, dResdReobiT ki ukeTesi konstruqciis
Sedegad haeri bolids zemodan awveba da didi siGqaris SemTxvevaSic
mocurebis albaToba mcirea. qvemoT mimarTul biZgs uaryofiTi weva
ewodeba. uaryofiT wevas bolidis zemodan da qvemodan gamavali haeris
nakadi iwvevs. Tanamedrove rbolebSi uaryofiTi weva sakmaod Zlieria.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara amoyiravebuli bolidis Werze gatareba?

mocemul TavSi yuradRebas sami saxeobis Zalas mivapyrobT. esenia xaxunis, wevis da
centriskenuli Zalebi. indianapolis-500-sTvis sarbolo manqanis momzadebisas inJinerma samive
saxeobis Zala unda gaiTvaliswinos. saburavebze moqmedi xaxunis Zala gadamwyvet zegavlenas
axdens manqanis aCqarebaze, rodesac piloti pit-stopidan gamodis an mosaxvevSi Sedis. haeridan
manqanaze moqmedi wevis Zala minumamde unda Semcirdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi manqana bevr
sawvavs moixmars da pit-stopSi Sesvla maleve mouwevs (pit-stopSi 14 wamiT gaCerebac ki pilots
rbolis wagebad SeiZleba daujdes). centriskenul Zalas didi mniSvneloba mosaxvevebSi aqvs
(arasakmarisi centriskenuli Zalis SemTxvevaSi manqana kedels Seejaxeba).
Cvens ganxilvas xaxunis ZalebiT viwyebT.
6.2. xaxuni
xaxuni Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis
gareSe yvela moZravi sagani gaCerdeboda. avtomobilSi moxmarebuli sawvavis 20% Zravasa da
transmisiaSi arsebuli xaxunis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba. meores mxriv, xaxunis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi avtomobili saerTod ver imoZravebda da, ufro metic, fexiT an velosipediT
gadaadgilebac ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ver daviWerdiT fanqars da, Sesabamisad, verc
davwerdiT. WanWikebi da lursmnebi gamousadegarebi gaxdeboda, moqsovili tansacmeli nawil-
nawil daiSleboda da kvanZebic ki TavisiT gaixsneboda.
amjerad Cven SevexebiT mSral, myar zedapirebs Soris moqmed xaxunis Zalebs, rodesac zedapirebi
168
6.2. xaxuni 169
erTmaneTisadmi uZravni arian an mcire siCqariT moZraoben.
CavataroT sami martivi eqsperimenti:
1. wigni grZel, horizontalur zedapirze gavacuroT. rogorc
mosalodnelia, wigni Seneldeba da Semdeg gaCerdeba. es
niSnavs, rom wigns mxebi zedapiris paraleluri da sakuTari
(a)
siCqaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis mqone aCqareba
aqvs. niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, wignze mxebi
zedapiris paraleluri da misi siCqaris sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebis Zala moqmedebs. es aris xaxunis Zala.
moZraoba 2. wigns horizontalurad ubiZgeT, raTa man mxebi zedapiris
(b) ar gvaqvs
gaswvriv mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos. SeiZleba Tu ara Tqveni
Zala wignze moqmedi erTaderTi horizontaluri Zala iyos?
ara, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi wigni aCqardeba. niutonis
meore kanonidan gamomdinare, wignze meore Zala moqmedebs,
romelic Tqveni Zalis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis da
(g)
igive sididisaa. maSasadame, Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs.
wignze moqmedi meore Zala xaxunisaa da is mxebi zedapiris
paraleluria.
3. mZime yuTs horizontalurad ubiZgeT. yuTi ar moZraobs.
(d) niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, yuTze meore Zala
moqmedebs da Tqvens Zalas ewinaaRmdegeba. ufro metic,
es Zala Tqvens sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli da igive
aCqareba sididisaa, radgan Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs. yuTze
moqmedi meore Zala kvlav xaxunis Zalaa. Semdeg scadeT
(e) da yuTs ufro Zlierad ubiZgeT. yuTi kvlav ar moZraobs.
cxadia, xaxunis Zalis sidide Seicvala da Zalebi kvlav
erTmaneTs awonasworebs. amjerad mTeli Tqveni Zala CarTeT
mudmivi saqmeSi. yuTi moZraobas iwyebs. maSasadame, xaxunis Zalas
siCqare
maqsimaluri sidide aqvs da Tu am sidides gadaaWarbebT,
(v)
yuTi amoZravdeba.
6.1 suraTze naCvenebia zemoT aRwerilis msgavsi mdgomareoba.
fs-is maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 
fk miaxloebiT 6.1a suraTze bloki magidaze Zevs da
 Fg mizidulobis Zalas
xaxunis Zalis
mudmivia
FN drekadobis
 Zala awonasworebs. 6.1b suraTze gamosaxul
sidide
blokze F Zala moqmedebs da mas marcxnisken ubiZgebs.


sapasuxod f s xaxunis Zala marjvniskenaa mimarTuli da Zalas
moZraobis 
dasawyisi awonasworebs. f s Zalas statikuri xaxunis Zala ewodeba.
(z) bloki ar moZraobs.
sur. 6.1. a) uZrav blokze moqmedi 6.1g da 6.1d suraTebze naCvenebia, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac Tqven
Zalebi. b)-d)  blokze modebul

gare Zalas f s statikuri xaxunis
mier modebuli Zala izrdeba. Tavdapirvelad f s statikuri
Zala awonasworebs. -is zrdasTan xaxunis Zalis sidide izrdeba da bloki uZravia. rodesac
erTad fs Zalac izrdeba, vidre fs
Tqveni Zala garkveul sidides miaRwevs, bloki marcxnisken
garkveul maqsimalur mniSvnelobas
aCqarebas iwyebs (6.1e). am SemTxvevaSi xaxunis Zala moZraobas
SeiZens. e) amis Semdeg bloki - 
is mimarTulebiT Cqardeba. v) Tu ewinaaRmdegeba da mas f k kinetikuri xaxunis Zala ewodeba.
bloki mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs,
maSin F Zala kvlav im maqsimalur Cveulebriv, moZraobis dros moqmedi kinetikuri xaxunis
mniSvnelobamde Semcirdeba, rome Zalis sidide moZraobis ararsebobis dros moqmedi statikuri
lic blokze iyo modebuli amoZra
vebamde. z) a)-v) movlenebis eqsperi xaxunis Zalis sidideze metia. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu gsurT,
mentuli Sedegebi. rom bloki zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT gadaadgildes, maSin
moZraobis dawyebisas modebuli Zalis sidide unda SeamciroT.

6.1z suraTze naCvenebia eqsperimentis Sedegebi, rodesac
moZraobis dawyebamde blokze modebuli Zala nel-nela
gaizarda. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Zalis Semcireba blokis
(a)
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobisTvis aris saWiro.
xaxunis Zala sxeulebis zedapirebis atomebs Soris moqmedi
Zalebis veqtoruli jamia. Tu gaprialebuli da kargad
gawmendili zedapirebis mqone liTonebs vakuumSi erTmaneTTan
mivaaxlovebT, isini erTmaneTze ar gasrialdeba, vinaidan (b)
erT zedapirze ganlagebuli mravali atomi meore zedapirze sur. 6.2. srialis xaxunis me
ganlagebul mraval atomTan urTierTqmedebs, zedapirebi qanizmi. a) zeda zedapiri qveda
zedapirze marjvnisken misria
wamierad civad SeduRdebian da liTonis erTi naWeri
lebs. b) naCvenebia civi SeduRebis
warmoiqmneba. specialurad gaprialebuli dagraduirebuli ori adgili. SenaduRi nakerebis
Suasadebebis erTmaneTTan miaxloebisas (haerSi), atomebs garRvevisa da moZraobis gagrZe
Soris kontaqti naklebia, magram Suasadebebi erTmaneTs myarad lebisTvis Zalaa saWiro.
ekroba da maTi gancalkeveba mxolod specialuri xelsawyoTi

SeiZleba. Cveulebriv pirobebSi atomTa Soris mWidro kontaqti ar xdeba, vinaidan Zalian
gaprialebuli zedapiris mqone liTonic ki atomur skalaze ar aris idealurad swori. ufro
metic, yoveldRiuri sagnebis zedapirebze Jangis da sxva gamWuWyianeblebis fenebia dadebuli
da civi SeduRebis albaTobac mcirea.
ori Cveulebrivi zedapiris erTmaneTTan miaxloebisas, mxolod SemaRlebuli wertilebi exeba
erTmaneTs. Sexebis realuri, mikroskopuli farTobi xilul, makroskopul farTobze daaxloebiT
104-jer mcirea. miuxedavad amisa, Sexebis bevri wertili mainc ganicdis civ SeduRebas. SeduRebis
Sedegad statikuri xaxuni Cndeba da modebuli Zala zedapirebis erTmaneTze gasrialebas
cdilobs.
rodesac modebuli Zala sakmarisad didia, SenaduRi nakerebi irRveva damoZraobasTan erTad
SemTxveviTi Sexebis adgilebi Cndeba (sur. 6.2). moZraobis sawinaaRmdego fk kinetikuri xaxunis
Zala SemTxveviTi Sexebis mraval adgilze moqmedi Zalebis veqtoruli jamia.
zedapirebs Soris ufro myari kontaqtis dros, civi SeduRebis wertilebis raodenoba metia da

zedapirebis erTmaneTisadmi gacureba met Zalas moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, f s statikuri xaxunis
Zalis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba ufro metia. zedapirebis srialisas wamieri civad SeduRebis

wertilebis raodenoba metia da, maSasadame, f k kinetikuri xaxunis Zalis sididec izrdeba.
xSirad erTi zedapiris meoreze srials, biZgebi axlavs Tan, vinaidan zedapirebi erTmaneTs
ekroba. msgavsi moZraobisas wripinis an RrWialis xma ismis. magaliTad, saburavebis xma mSral
trasaze damuxruWebisas, frCxilebis moZraoba carciT gasvril dafaze an daJanguli karebis
gaReba. ar aris aucilebeli xma arasasiamovno iyos, magaliTad violinos xemis simze gasmac
gamodgeba.
6.3. xaxunis Tvisebebi


eqsperimentis Tanaxmad, rodesac F Zala mSrali da gaupoxavi sxeulis igive mdgomareobaSi
myof zedapirze gasrialebas cdilobs, Sedegad miRebul xaxunis Zalas sami Tviseba aqvs:
 
pirveli Tviseba. Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs, maSin f s statikuri xaxunis Zala da F Zalis
zedapirisadmi paraleluri komponenti erTmaneTs awonasworebs. Zalebi sididiT tolia,
xolo mimarTulebiT urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa.
6.3. xaxunis Tvisebebi 171

meore Tviseba. f s Zalis fs,max maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa:
fs,max=μsFN (6.1)
sadac μs aris statikuri xaxunis koeficienti, xolo FN - zedapiridan sxeulze moqmedi


drekadobis Zala. Tu F Zalis zedapirisadmi paraleluri komponenti fs,max mniSvnelobaze metia,
maSin sxeuli zedapiris gaswvriv srials iwyebs.
mesame Tviseba. Tu sxeuli zedapiris gaswvriv srials iwyebs, xaxunis Zala fk mniSvnelobamde
swrafad mcirdeba:
f k =μ k F N (6.2) 
sadac μk aris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti. amis Semdeg, 6.2 formuliT mocemuli f k
kinetikuri xaxunis Zala moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
xaxunis Zalis meore da mesame TvisebebSi moyvanili FN drekadobis Zalis sidide gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad Zlierad awveba sxeuli zedapirs. niutonis mesame kanonidan gamomdinare, rac ufro

metia dawola, miT ufro metia FN. pirveli da meore Tvisebebi erTaderT F Zalas axasiaTebs,
magram isini sxeulze modebuli ramdenime Zalis tolqmedsac miesadageba. 6.1 da 6.2 formulebis
 
veqtoruli Cawera SeuZlebelia, radgan
 f s da f k Zalebi yovelTvis zedapiris paraleluria da
srials ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo FN drekadobis Zala zedapirisadmi perpendikularulia.
μs da μk koeficientebs erTeuli ar gaaCnia da isini eqsperimentis saSualebiT ganisazRvreba.
maTi mniSvneloba sxeulis da zedapiris maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli da amitom xSirad
moixseniebian windebul `Soris~-Tan erTad. magaliTad: `kvercxsa da tefloniT dafarul patara
qvabs Soris μs-is mniSvnelobaa 0,04, xolo kldeebze sacoc fexsacmelsa da kldes Soris - 1,2~.
vuSvebT, rom μk-is mniSvneloba sxeulis srialis siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris.
sakontrolo wertili 1. bloki zedapirze Zevs. a) ra xaxunis Zala moqmedebs blokze

zedapiridan? b) Tu blokze 5n horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs, magram bloki uZravia,
ra xaxunis Zala moqmedebs blokze? g) Tu blokze moqmedi statikuri xaxunis Zalis fs,max
maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa 10n, imoZravebs Tu ara bloki masze 8n horizontaluri Zalis
modebisas? d) gaeciT igive SekiTxvas pasuxi, Tu blokze modebuli Zalaa 12n. e) ra xaxunis
Zala moqmedebs g) SekiTxvis SemTxvevaSi?

avariuli damuxruWebis dros borblebi ar
brunavs da manqana gzis gaswvriv srialdeba.
saburavis nakuwebi da gzis safaris patara
gamdnari nawilebi kvals toveben da es
(a)
cxadyofs, rom srialis dros civi SeduReba
moxda. 1960 wels, inglisis M1 trasaze,
iaguarma 290 m sigrZis kvali datova da
rekordi daamyara (6.3a suraTi). davuSvaT
μk = 0,6 da damuxruWebis dros manqanis
aCqareba mudmivi iyo. ra siCqariT moZraobda
manqana borblebis gaCerebis momentSi?
amoxsna: vinaidan aCqarebas mudmivad (b)
miviCnevT, 2.1 cxrilSi mocemuli formulebis
gamoyenebiT ν0 sawyisi siCqare SegviZlia sur. 6.3. a) manqana marjvnisken misrialebs da 290m-
is gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. b) Tavisufali sxeulis
davadginoT. modiT 2.16 formulis gamoyeneba
grafiki manqanisTvis
vcadoT da davuSvaT, rom manqana x RerZis 6.2 formulidan gamomdinare, xaxunis Zalis
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobda: sididea fk=μkFN , sadac FN aris gzidan manqanaze
ν 2 =ν 0 2 +2a(x-x 0 )
(6.3) moqmedi drekadobis Zala. vinaidan manqana
Cven ukve viciT, rom x-x0 gadaadgileba 290m- vertikalurad ar Cqardeba, 6.3b suraTidan

ia, saboloo ν siCqared 0-s miviCnevT da ν0-is da niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare
 FN
gamoTvla gvsurs. manqanis a aCqareba CvenTvis Zala manqanaze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zalis
ucnobia. tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, FN=mg.
a-s gamoTvlisTvis gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tu amjerad 6.4 formula a-sTvis amovxsnaT da fk-s
manqanaze haeris moqmedebas ugulvebelvyofT, nacvlad fk=μkFN=μkmg CavsvaT:
maSin a aCqarebas mxolod gzidan manqanaze f μkmg
 a = – mk = –
moqmedi f k kinetikuri xaxunis Zala iwvevs, m = – μkg,
romelic manqanis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod minus niSani asaxavs, rom aCqareba x RerZis
aris mimarTuli (6.3b suraTi). Zalas da uaryofiTi mimarTulebisaa anu siCqaris
aCqarebas Soris kavSiri niutonis meore mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa. amis Semdeg,
kanonis (ft,x=max) saSualebiT Caiwereba: 6.3 formulaSi Sesuli a zemoT miRebuli
–f k =ma (6.4) formuliT SevcvaloT, gavixsenoT, rom ν=0
da ν0-sTvis amovxsnaT:
sadac m aris manqanis masa. minus niSani
kinetikuri xaxunis Zalis mimarTulebas ν0 =
asaxavs.
= 58 m/w = 210 km/sT (pasuxi)

6.4a suraTze gamosaxuli qali m = 75 kg
masis datvirTul marxils horizontalur
zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT miacurebs.
marxilis kavebsa da Tovls Soris μk kinetikuri
xaxunis koeficientia 0,1, xolo φ kuTxea 42°.

a) ra T Zala moqmedebs Tokidan marxilze? φ
amoxsna:
1. vinaidan marxili mudmivi siCqariT (a)
moZraobs, misi aCqareba nulis tolia.


2. aCqarebas Tovlidan marxilze moqmedi f k
kinetikuri xaxunis Zala uSlis xels.
3. marxilis aCqarebisa da masze moqmedi φ
Zalebis dakavSireba niutonis meore
  marxili da tvirTi
kanoniT SeiZleba ( Ft = ma ).
6.4b suraTze naCvenebia marxilze moqmedi

Zalebi, maT SorisFg mizidulobis
 Zala da
Tovlis zedapiridan moqmedi FN drekadobis
(b)
Zala. am ZalebisTvis niutonis meore kanoni

(imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom a =0) gvaZlevs: sur. 6.4. a) qali datvirTul marxils Tovlian
zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT miacurebs;
(6.5)
b) datvirTuli marxilisTvis Tavisufali sxeulis

6.5 formulas pirdapir T -sTvis ver amovxsniT, grafiki.
vinaidan sxva veqtorebi ar viciT. maSasadame,

es formula 6.4b suraTze gamosaxuli x da
6.3. xaxunis Tvisebebi 173
y RerZebis gaswvrivi komponentisTvis unda amoxsna: 6.2 formulidan gamomdinare fk sidide
Caiweros: FNdrekadobis Zalis sididezea damokidebuli.
T x  + 0 + 0 – f k  = 0 maSasadame, SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisTvis
anu FN-sa da T-s Soris kavSiri unda davadginoT.
T cos φ – μ k F N  = 0 (6.6) es kavSiri 6.7 formuliT gamoisaxeba. 6.7
am formulaSi 6.2 formulis gamoyenebiT fk-s formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
nacvlad μkFN CavsviT. y RerZisTvis gveqneba: F N = mg – Tsin φ (6.8)
Ty +F N –F g +0=0 yuradReba miaqcieT, rom T-s gazrdis
anu SemTxvevaSi FN mcirdeba (Tokis moqaCvisas
T sin φ  + F N  – mg = 0, (6.7) Tovlidan marxilze moqmedi maRla mimarTuli
sadac Fg-is nacvlad mg CavsviT. Zala naklebia). vinaidan fk=μkFN , amitom fk
6.6 da 6.7 formulebSi ori ucnobia - T da FN . mcirdeba.
T-s dasadgenad jer 6.6 formula FN-sTvis sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze

unda amovxsnaT da Semdeg miRebuli Sedegi 6.7 gamosaxul yuTze 10 n sididis F1 Zala
formulaSi CavsvaT: moqmedebs, magram yuTi uZravia. amis
μk mg 
T= Semdeg F2 vertikaluri Zala zrdas
cos φ+μksin φ
(0,1)(75kg)(9,8m/w2) iwyebs. vidre yuTi gasrialdeba, a) yuTze
= moqmedi xaxunis Zala, b) zedapiridan
cos42° +(0,1)(sin42°)
yuTze moqmedi drekadobis Zala da g)
= 91 n (pasuxi)
yuTze moqmedi statikuri xaxunis Zalis
b) Tu qali Toks ufro Zlierad eqaCeba da fs,max maqsimaluri mniSvneloba izrdeba,
T Zala 91 n-ze metia, fk xaxunis Zala metia, mcirdeba Tu
naklebia Tu igive? igive rCeba?

6.5a suraTze naCvenebia θ kuTxiT daxrili moneta
wigni da masze uZravad mdebare m masis

moneta. θ kuTxis 13°-mde gazrdisas mone
ta Camosrialebis zRvarzea anu am
kuTxis umniSvnelod gazrdac ki monetis (a)
Camosrialebas gamoiwvevs. risi tolia wignsa
da monetas Soris μs statikuri xaxunis
koeficienti?
amoxsna: wigns rom xaxunisgan Tavisufali

moneta
zedapiri hqondes, moneta nebismieri daxris
SemTxvevaSi Camosrialdeboda, vinaidan
masze mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs. aqedan

gamomdinare, monetaze fs xaxunis Zala
moqmedebs da mis moZraobas xels uSlis.
garda amisa, vinaidan moneta Camosrialebis (b)
zRvarzea, xaxunis Zalis sidide maqsimaluria
sur. 6.5. a) wignze mdebare moneta Camosrialebis
da mimarTulia maRla, wigniszedapiris
zRvarzea. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki mone 
gaswvriv. 6.1 formulidan gamomdinare tisTvis. naCvenebia monetaze moqmedi sami Zala. Fg
fs,max=μsFN , sadac FN aris wignidan monetaze mizidulobis Zala daSlilia x da y RerZebis gaswvriv
komponentebad da maTi mimarTulebebi amocanis
moqmedi drekadobis Zala. zemoTqmuli
amoxsnas amartivebs. Fgsin θ komponenti monetas
gvaZlevs: Camosrialebisken ubiZgebs. Fgcos θ komponenti
fs=fs,max= μsFN , monetas wignze aCerebs.
saidanac viRebT: komponentebisTvis CavweroT. Fg-s nacvlad mg

f CavsvaT da x RerZisTvis miviRebT:
μs= s (6.9)
FN fs + 0 – mg sin θ = 0
am formulis gamoTvlisTvis fs da FN anu
mniSvnelobebi gvesaWiroeba. gavixsenoT, rom fs = mg sin θ (6.11)
moneta Camosrialebis zRvarzea, uZravia da y RerZisTvis gveqneba:

misi a aCqareba nulis tolia. aCqareba da 0 + FN – mg cos θ = 0
monetaze moqmedi Zalebi niutonis meore anu
kanonis saSualebiT SegviZlia erTmaneTTan FN = mg cos θ (6.12)
davakavSiroT. 6.5b suraTze gamosaxulia
6.11 da 6.12 formulebi 6.9 formulaSi CavsvaT
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki monetisTvis
 da miviRebT:
da Cans, rom monetaze f s xaxunis Zala,
  mg sin θ
FN drekadobis Zala da mg sididis Fg μs= , (6.13)
mg cos θ
mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs. niutonis meore
saidanac gamomdinareobs, rom:
kanonidan gamomdinare gvaqvs:
   μs = tg 13° = 0,23 (pasuxi)

f s  +  FN  +  Fg = 0 (6.10)
  μs-is misaRebad θ kuTxis gazomva saWiro ar
fs da FN sidideebis gamoTvlisTvis, 6.10
aris. Tqven SegiZliaT 6.5a suraTze naCvenebi
formula 6.5b suraTze gamosaxuli koor
ori sigrZe gazomoT da Semdeg 6.13 formulaSi
dinatTa sistemis x da y RerZebis gaswvrivi
tg θ-s nacvlad h/d CasvaT.
6.4. wevis Zala da saboloo siCqare

yvelaferi, rasac dineba SeuZlia, siTxea, iqneba es airi
Tu Txevadi nivTiereba. rodesac siTxesa da sxeuls
Soris fardobiTi siCqare arsebobs (sxeuli moZraobs
siTxeSi an siTxe sxeulSi gadis), sxeulze fardobiTi
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego da sxeulisadmi siTxis moZraobis

mimarTulebis D wevis Zala moqmedebs.
Cven ganvixilavT mxolod iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac
siTxe haeria, sxeuli blagvia (beisbolis burTiviT) da
sur. 6.6. moTxilamure ikuzeba,
ara pirwamaxuli (xelSubiviT), xolo fardobiTi moZraoba kvercxis formas iRebs da misi ganivi
imdenad swrafia, rom sxeulis ukan haeri turbulenturi kveTis faqtiuri farTobi mcirdeba,
 rac masze moqmedi haeris wevis Zalis
xdeba. aseT dros D wevis Zala da ν fardobiTi siCqare Semcirebas iwvevs.
erTmaneTs eqsperimentulad gansazRvruli C wevis
koeficientis saSualebiT ukavSirdebian:
D= 1 CρAν 2 , (6.14)
2
sadac ρ aris haeris simkvrive (masa moculobis erTeulze), xolo A - sxeulis ganivi
kveTis faqtiuri farTobi ( siCqaris perpendikularuli ganivi kveTis farTobi). C wevis
koeficientis mniSvneloba 0,4-dan 1-mde meryeobs da mocemuli sxeulisTvis mudmivi ar aris. ν
siCqaris mniSvnelovnad Secvlis dros C-s mniSvnelobac SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tumca Cven amgvar
garTulebebs mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT.
moTxilamureebma kargad ician, rom wevis Zala A-sa da ν2-zea damokidebuli. maRali siCqaris
ganviTarebisTvis moTxilamure `kvercxis formas~ iRebs da A-s Semcirebis Sedegad D-sac
amcirebs.
6.4. wevis Zala da saboloo siCqare 175

rodesac blagvi sxeuli haerSi vardeba, D wevis Zala
maRlaa mimarTuli. misi sidide sxeulis siCqaris zrdasTan

erTad TandaTanobiT izrdeba. maRla mimarTuli
 D Zala
qvemoT mimarTul Fg mizidulobis Zalas ewinaaRmdegoba. am
Zalebis da sxeulis aCqarebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba kvlav
niutonis meore kanoniT SeiZleba, romelic y vertikaluri
RerZisTvis Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
(a) (b) (g) D – Fg = ma , (6.15)
sur. 6.7. haerSi vardnil sxeulze sadac m aris sxeulis masa. 6.7 suraTze Cans, rom xangrZlivi
moqmedi Zalebi a) vardnis dawyebisas vardnis SemTxvevaSi D gautoldeba Fg-s. 6.15 formulidan
da b) odnav mogvianebiT, wevis Zalis gamomdinare es niSnavs, rom a = 0 da sxeulis siCqare aRar
gaCenisas. g) wevis Zala izrdeba da
sxeulze moqmed mizidulobis Zalas
izrdeba. amis Semdeg sxeulis siCqare mudmivia da mas νt
awonasworebs. amis Semdeg sxeuli saboloo siCqare aqvs.
mudmivi siCqariT ecema. νt - s gamoTvlisTvis 6.15 formulaSi a = 0 CavsvaT da 6.14
formulidan D aviRoT:
1 CρAν 2 – Fg = 0
2 t
es formula gvaZlevs:
νt (6.16)
6.1 cxrilSi mocemulia νt -s mniSvnelobebi zogierTi sagnisTvis.
cxrili 6.1
cxrili 6.1. saboloo siCqareebi haerSi
sagani saboloo siCqare (m/wm) manZilis 95% (m)a

tyvia 145 2500
paraSutisti paraSutis gaxsnamde 60 430
beisbolis burTi 42 210
CogburTis burTi 31 115
kalaTburTis burTi 20 47
magidis CogburTis burTi 9 10
wvimis wveTi (1,5 mm radiusis) 7 6
paraSutisti gaxsnili paraSutiT 5 3
a
es aris manZili, romelic sxeulma unda gaiaros saboloo siCqaris 95%-is ganviTarebisTvis.
6.14 formulaze dafuZnebuli gamoTvlebis mixedviT, katam daaxloebiT eqvsi sarTuli

unda ifrinos, raTa saboloo siCqare ganaviTaros. manamde Fg>D da qvemoT mimarTuli Zalis
moqmedebis Sedegad kata Cqardeba. meore paragrafidan gavixsenoT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aCqarebas
grZnobs da ara siCqares. vinaidan katac igives ganicdis, mas eSinia, fexebs da Tavs Sekecavs,
zurgs amozniqavs, A-s amcirebs, xolo νt-s zrdis, rac dazianebis safrTxes ufro realurs xdis.
miuxedavad amisa, xangrZlivi vardnis SemTxvevaSi kata νt siCqares ganaviTarebs, aCqareba qreba
da moSvebuli cxoveli saxsrebSi iSleba (am dros kata ciyvs emsgavseba). am dros A farTobi da
6.14 formulidan gamomdinare D wevac izrdeba. vinaidan D>Fg, kata Senelebas iwyebs da axal,
ufro mcire νt siCqares iZens. saboloo siCqaris Semcireba miwaze daSvebisas dazianebis safrTxes
amcirebs. miwaze daSvebamde kata kvlav kecavs fexebs, raTa dacemisTvis moemzados.
paraSutistebi xSirad Zalian didi simaRlidan xtebian.

1987 wels, paraSutistma gregori robinsonma SeniSna,
rom ufro qvemoT mfrinavi debi viliamsi mesame
paraSutists Seejaxa, goneba dakarga da paraSuts ver
xsnida. 4km simaRlidan momavalma robertsonma Tavi
qvemoT mimarTa, raTa A Semcirebuliyo, xolo qvemoT
mimarTuli siCqare maqsimaluri gamxdariyo. SeiZina
ra 320km/sT saboloo siCqare, man viliamss xeli staca
da gaSlilfrTebiani arwivis forma miiRo, raTa D
gazrdiliyo da viliamsis xelSi daWera SesaZlebeli
sur. 6.8. paraSutisti gaSlilfrTebiani
yofiliyo. dacemamde 10 wamiT adre robertsonma
arwivis formas iRebs, raTa haeris weva
viliamsis paraSuti gaxsna, Semdeg mas xeli gauSva da maqsimaluri gaxdes
dacemamde 10 wamiT adre sakuTari paraSutis gaxsnac
moaswro. ugonod myofma viliamsma sakmaod mZime dazianebebi miiRo, magram gadarCa.

simaRlidan Camovardnili kata 97 km/sT saboloo siCqarea νt0 da νtn, xolo ganivi kveTis
saboloo siCqares iZens, Semdeg saxsrebSi sawyisi da axali farTobia A0 da An, maSin 6.16
iSleba da A ormagdeba. risi toli iqneba axali formula gvaZlevs:
saboloo siCqare?
amoxsna: 6.16 formulis Tanaxmad, katis

saboloo siCqare cxovelis ganivi kveTis A es niSnavs, rom ν tn≈0,7ν to anu axali saboloo
farTobzea damokidebuli. Tu sawyisi da axali siCqare daaxloebiT 68 km/sT-ia.

R = 1,5 mm radiusis wvimis wveTi dedamiwidan 1) Fg=mg, sadac m aris wveTis masa; 2) wvimis
h = 1200 m simaRleze myofi Rrublidan ecema. wveTis moculobaa V=3 πR3 da 3) wveTSi wylis
4
wveTisTvis wevis koeficienti C aris 0,6. simkvrive masaa moculobis erTeulze anu
dauSviT, rom wvimis wveTi sferos formisaa. ρw=m/V. maSasadame:L
wylis ρw simkvrivea 1000 kg/m3, xolo haeris ρa
Fg = Vρwg = 3 πR3ρwg
4
simkvrivea 1,2 kg/m3.
zemoT miRebuli formula, A-s gamosaxuleba
a) risi tolia wveTis saboloo siCqare? da monacemebi 6.16 formulaSi CavsvaT. ρa haeris
amoxsna: wvimis wveTi saboloo νt siCqares simkvrive da ρw wylis simkvrive erTmaneTSi ar
maSin SeiZens, rodesac mizidulobis Zala da avurioT da miviRebT:
haeris wevis Zala erTmaneTs gaawonasworebs
da aCqareba nulis toli gaxdeba. amis
Semdeg, niutonis meore kanonis da wevis
Zalis formulis daxmarebiT νt-s gamoTvla
=
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, magram 6.16 formula
yvelafers amartivebs. = 7,4 m/w ≈ 27 km/sT (pasuxi)
6.16 formulis gamoyenebisTvis wvimis wveTis
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gamoTvlebSi
ganivi kveTis faqtiuri A farTobi da Fg
Rrublis simaRle ar dagvWirvebia. 6.1
mizidulobis Zala gvWirdeba. vinaidan wveTi
cxrilidan gamomdinare, wvimis wveTi saboloo
sferos formisaa, wris A farTobia (πR2),
siCqares ramdenime metris gavlis Semdeg
romlis radiusi sferos radiusis tolia.
iZens.
Fg-s gamoTvlisTvis gamoviyenoT sami faqti:
b) ra siCqare eqneba dacemamde wvimis wveTs
wevis Zalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi?
=153 m/w ≈ 550 km/sT (pasuxi)
amoxsna: Tu vardnisas wevis Zala wveTis
siCqares ar amcirebs, is g Tavisufali
sakontrolo wertili 3. dedamiwis
vardnis aCqarebiT imoZravebs da 2.1 cxrilSi
zedapirTan axlos wvimis didi wveTebis
moyvanili formulebi gamosadegi gaxdeba.
siCqare mcire wveTebis siCqareze metia,
vinaidan viciT, rom aCqareba g-s tolia, sawyisi
naklebia Tu igivea? dauSviT, rom wvimis
siCqare nulia da x–x0 gadaadgileba –h-ia, ν-s
yvela wveTi sferos formisaa da maTi
gamoTvlisTvis 2.16 formula gamoviyenoT:
wevis koeficientebic Tanabaria.
6.5. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba

4.7 paragrafidan gaixseneT, rom rodesac sxeuli wreze (an wriul rkalze moZraobs) ν mudmivi
siCqariT moZraobs, amgvar moZraobas Tanabarwriuli moZraoba ewodeba. am dros sxeuls
centriskenuli (wris centrisken mimarTuli) aCqareba aqvs, romlis sididea:
ν2
a= (centriskenuli aCqareba), (6.17)
R
sadac R aris wris radiusi.
modiT Tanabari wriuli moZraobis ori magaliTi ganvixiloT:
1. moZraoba manqaniT. Tqven manqanis ukana savarZlis centrSi zixarT da manqana swor gzaze
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg mZRoli marcxniv uxvevs da wriul rkals Semowers. am dros
Tqven savarZlis marjvena mxareze gacurdebiT da mTeli mosaxvevis ganmavlobaSi fanjaras
aekrobiT. ra aris amis mizezi?
rodesac manqana wriul rkals Semowers, is Tanabarwriulad moZraobs. es niSnavs, rom manqanas
wris centrisken mimarTuli aCqareba aqvs. niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, aCqarebas
Zala iwvevs. garda amisa, es Zala mimarTulia wris centrisken da maSasadame centriskenulia.
moyvanil magaliTSi centriskenuli Zala gzidan saburavebze moqmedi xaxunis Zalaa.
Tu manqanasTan erTad Tanabar wriul moZraobas ganicdiT, maSin centriskenuli Zala Tqvenzec
moqmedebs. savarZlidan Tqvenze moqmedi xaxunis Zala ar aris sakmarisad didi, raTa manqanasTan
erTad wriulad imoZraoT. aqedan gamomdinare, savarZeli Tqvens qvemoT curdeba da manqanis
marjvena fanjaras ejaxebiT. Semdeg fanjridan miRebuli biZgi saWiro centriskenul Zalas
qmnis da Tqven manqanis Tanabar wriul moZraobas uerTdebiT.
2. dedamiwis garSemo moZraoba. amjerad warmoidgineT, rom kosmosur xomald atlantisis

mgzavri xarT da dedamiwis garSemo moZraobisas kabinaSi tivtivebT. ra aris amis mizezi?
kosmosuri xomaldi da Tqven Tanabar wriul moZraobas asrulebT da wris centrisken mi
marTuli aCqarebebi gaqvT. niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, am aCqarebebs centris
kenuli Zalebi iwveven. amjerad centriskenuli Zala dedamiwidan moqmedi mizidulobaa,
romelic dedamiwis centrisken aris mimarTuli.
orive zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevaSi, Tqven Tanabrwriulad moZraobT da Tqvenze centris

kenuli Zala moqmedebs, Tumca SegrZnebebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia. manqanaSi jdomis dros
fanjaras ekrobiT da Zalas grZnobT, xolo kosmosuri xomaldSi Zalis SegrZneba ar arsebobs.
ratom xdeba ase?
amgvari gansxvaveba ori centriskenuli Zalis bunebiTaa gamowveuli. manqanaSi centriskenuli
Zala Tqveni sxeulis im nawils waubiZgebs, romelic fanjaras ekroba, xolo kosmosur xomaldSi
centriskenuli Zala dedamiwis mizidulobaa da is Tqveni

sxeulis yvela atomze moqmedebs. swored amitom sxeulis
arc erTi nawili masze moqmed Zalas ar SeigrZnobs (amgvar
mdgomareobas ùwonoba~ ewodeba, Tumca dasaxeleba ar
niSnavs, rom dedamiwa Tqvenze ar moqmedebs).
centriskenuli Zalis kidev erTi magaliTi 6.9 suraTzea
naCvenebi. hokeis Saiba ν mudmivi siCqariT wriulad moZraobs
da masze mibmuli Toki wris centrzea damagrebuli.
centriskenuli Zala radialurad centriskenaa mimarTuli sur. 6.9. horizontalur, xaxunisgan
da Tokidan Saibaze moqmedebs. am Zalis gareSe Saiba wrfivad Tavisufal zedapirze R radiusis
wriuli traeqtoriiT da ν mudmivi
gasrialdeboda da wreze ar imoZravebda. siCqariT moZravi hokeis Saibis zed

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom centriskenuli Zala ar xedi. Saibaze Tokidan T centri
aris Zalis axali saxeoba. saxelwodeba ubralod Zalis skenuli Zala moqmedebs, romelic
mimarTulia Saibaze gamavali r ra
mimarTulebas asaxavs. centriskenuli Zala SeiZleba iyos
dialuri RerZis gaswvriv.
xaxunis Zala, mizidulobis Zala, manqanis fanjridan an
Tokidan moqmedi Zala da saerTod nebismieri saxis Zala. yvela SemTxvevaSi:
centriskenuli Zala sxeulis veqtoruli siCqaris da ara skalaruli siCqaris

mimarTulebas cvlis da ase aCqarebs sxeuls.
niutonis meore kanonidan da 6.17 formulidan (a = ν 2 /R) gamomdinare, centriskenuli Zalis F

sididea:
ν2
F=m (centriskenuli Zalis sidide) (6.18)
R
vinaidan ν siCqarea mudmivia, Zalis da aCqarebis sidideebic mudmivebia.

centriskenuli aCqarebis da Zalis mimarTuleba mudmivi ar aris. is sinusoidalurad icvleba
da yovelTvis wris centrisken aris mimarTuli. swored amitom, Zalis da aCqarebis veqtorebs
xSirad gamosaxaven r radialuri RerZis gaswvriv, romelic sxeulTan erTad moZraobs da 6.9
suraTis msgavsad wris centridan sxeulisken aris gadaWimuli. RerZi mimarTulia radiusis
gaswvriv centridan wrewirisaken, xolo aCqarebis da Zalis veqtori radialurad SigniT aris
mimarTuli.

igori saerTaSoriso kosmosuri sadguris (7,6 × 103 m/w)2
=
kosmonavtia. sadguri h = 520 km simaRleze 6,37 × 106 m + 0,52 × 106 m
ν = 7,6 km/wm mudmivi siCqariT dedamiwis = 8,38 m/w2 ≈ 8,4 m/w2 (pasuxi)
garSemo wriul orbitaze moZraobs. igoris m
miRebuli pasuxi igoris yofnis simaRleze
masaa 79 kg.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa. Tu igori
a) risi tolia igoris aCqareba? am simaRleze asvlis Semdeg orbitaze
ar imoZravebs, is dedamiwis centrisken
amoxsna: igori Tanabarwriulad moZraobs da,
vardnas daiwyebs da misi aCqarebis sawyisi
maSasadame, 6.17 formuliT (a = ν2/R) mocemuli
mniSvneloba zemoT miRebuli pasuxis toli
centriskenuli aCqareba aqvs. misi moZraobis
iqneba. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom igori drois
radiusia RE+h, sadac RE aris dedamiwis
nebismier momentSi traeqtoriis mxebis
radiusi (6,37 × 106 m). aqedan gamomdinare:
mimarTulebiTac moZraobs, vardnasTan erTad
ν2 ν2
a= = gverdiTac gadaadgildeba da dedamiwis
R RE + h
garSemo mrud traeqtorias Semowers.
b) ra ZaliT moqmedebs dedamiwa igorze? Fg = ma = (79 kg)(8,38 m/wm2)
= 662 n ≈ 660 n (pasuxi)
amoxsna: Tanabarwriuli moZraobis gamo
Tu igori h = 520 km simaRlis koSkze dadgeba,
igorze centriskenuli Zala moqmedebs. es
 sasworis Cveneba 660 n iqneba, magram orbitaze
Zala dedamiwidan moqmedi Fg mizidulobaa,
moZraobisas saswori da igori Tavisufal
romelic brunvis centrisken (dedamiwis
vardnas erTdroulad ganicdian, kosmonavtis
centrisken) aris mimarTuli. niutonis meore
fexi saswors ar awveba da Sesabamisad Cvenebac
kanonidan gamomdinare, am Zalis sididea:
nulia.

1901 wels Semdgari sacirko warmodgenisas,
alo diavolom rgolis formis trasaze
velosipediT gaiara (sur. 6.10a). davuSvaT
rgoli R=2,7m radiusis wre iyo. ra umciresi ν
siCqare unda hqonoda diavolos rgolis zeda
nawilSi, raTa qvemoT ar Camovardniliyo?
amoxsna: diavolos triuki warmovidginoT,

rogorc nivTieri wertilis Tanabari wriuli
moZraoba rgolSi. aqedan gamomdinare, rgolis
zeda nawilSi nivTier wertils 6.17 formuliT

mocemuli a aCqareba aqvs, romelic rgolis
centrisken aris mimarTuli.
rgolis zeda nawilze yofnisas nivTier
wertilze moqmedi Zalebi 6.10b suraTze
gamosaxul Tavisufali sxeulis grafikzea

Fg mizidulobis Zala
naCvenebi.
 da rgolidan
nivTier wertilze moqmedi FN drekadobis
Zala y RerZis gaswvriv, qvemoTaa mimarTuli.
niutonis meore kanoni y komponentebisTvis
gvaZlevs:
–FN – Fg = m(–a) sur. 6.10. a) diavolos reklama da b) Tavisufali
sxeulis grafiki cirkis msaxiobisTvis.
da –FN – mg = m(–ν2/R) (6.19)
rodesac wertils rgolTan kontaqtis
SenarCunebisTvis saWiro ν umciresi siCqare
aqvs, is rgolidan Camovardnis zRvarzea anu velosipedis masas mniSvneloba ar aqvs,
FN=0. 6.19 formulaSi FN=0 CavsvaT, ν-sTvis Camovardnis Tavidan acilebisTvis mxolod
amovxsnaT da Semdeg cnobili monacemebi zemoT miRebuli siCqaris gadaWarbebaa
SevitanoT: saWiro.

sakontrolo wertili 4. èSmakis bor
= 5,1 m/w (pasuxi) balze” mudmivi siCqariT moZraobisas ra

diavolo winaswar darwmunda, rom misi siCqare  a aCqarebas da Tqvenze
mimarTuleba eqneba
rgolis zeda nawilSi 5,1m/wm-ze meti iqneboda moqmed FN drekadobis Zalas, rodesac
da Camovardnis safrTxe ar daemuqreboda. a) umaRles wertils da b) udables wertils
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom diavolos da misi CauvliT?

atraqcionebis gamobrZmedili moyvarulebic
ki fiTrdebian rotoris gagonebaze, romelic
sakuTari centraluri RerZis garSemo
mrbunavi, didi, carieli cilindria (sur. 6.11).
atraqcionis dawyebamde adamiani cilindris
gverdiTi karidan Sedis da tiloTi dafarul
kedelTan dgeba. karebis CaketvisTanave
cilindri brunvas iwyebs, xolo adamiani,
kedeli da iataki masTan erTad moZraobs.
garkveuli siCqaris ganviTarebis Semdeg iataki
uecrad vardeba, xolo cilindri brunvas
ganagrZobs. gasaocaria, magram adamiani
dacemis nacvlad kedels ekroba, TiTqos sur. 6.11. rotori gasarTob parkSi. naCvenebia

raRac uxilavi Zala akeTebs amas. mogvianebiT adamianze moqmedi Zalebi. centriskenuli Zala FN
drekadobis Zalaa, romliTac kedeli adamianze
iataki Tavis adgilze brundeba da cilindris
moqmedebs.
brunvac neldeba.
davuSvaT adamianis tansacmelsa da tilos Cven gvWirdeba ν siCqare, rodesac adamiani
Soris μs statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,4, dabla Cavardnis zRvarzea.
xolo cilindris R radiusia 2,1 m. Tavdapirvelad adamianze gamavali y verti
kaluri RerZi gavavloT da Semdeg niutonis
a) ra minimaluri ν siCqare unda hqondeT
meore kanoni y komponentebisTvis Semdegi
cilindrsa da adamians, raTa iatakis gamoclis
saxiT CavweroT:
Semdeg adamiani dabla ar Cavardes?
fs – mg = m(0),
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad davsvaT SekiTxva: 
`ra Zala icavs adamians Cavardnisgan da
sadac m aris adamianis masa, xolo mg _ Fg
Zalis sidide. am formulaSi fs-is nacvlad
rogor ukavSirdeba es Zala siCqares, rodesac
adamiani cilindris centraluri RerZis
μsFN maqsimaluri mniSvneloba CavsvaT da
miviRebT:
garSemo wriulad moZraobs?”. am SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad sami faqti moviSvelioT:
μsFN – mg = 0
 mg
1. adamianze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zala anu FN = μ (6.20)
s
mis qvemoT Cagdebas cdilobs, magram
Semdeg adamianze gamavali r radialuri RerZi
am Zalas kedlidan moqmedi da maRla
gavavloT da niutonis meore kanoni am RerZis
mimarTuli xaxunis Zala ewinaaRmdegeba.
gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis CavweroT:
2. Tu adamiani Cavardnis zRvarzea, maRla
mimarTuli Zala μsFN maqsimaluri mniS

– FN = m – ( νR )
2
(6.21)
vnelobis mqone f s statikuri xaxunis FN-is nacvlad 6.20 formulis Casma da ν-sTvis
Zalaa, sadac FN aris cilindridan adamianze amoxsna mogvcems:
moqmedi drekadobis Zala.
3. drekadobis Zala cilindris centraluri
RerZisken horizontaluradaa mimarTuli
= 7,17 m/w ≈ 7,2 m/w (pasuxi)
da, maSasadame, centriskenuli Zalaa, rac
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom pasuxi adamianis
wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs iwvevs.
masaze damokidebuli ar aris da sumoistidan
centriskenuli aCqarebaa a=ν2/R da Zala
dawyebuli patara bavSviT damTavrebuli
wris centriskenaa mimarTuli.
yvelas SeuZlia rotoriT garToba.
b) Tu adamianis masaa 49kg, ra centriskenuli nebis mizezi is aris, rom adamiani aTvlis
Zala moqmedebs masze? arainerciuli sistemaa da am sistemidan
gazomili Zala realuri ar aris.
amoxsna: 6.21 formulis Tanaxmad:
ν2 (7,17 m/w)2
FN = m = (49 kg) 2,1 m sakontrolo wertili 5. Tu rotori
R
≈ 1200 n (pasuxi) Tavdapirvelad arCavardnisTvis saWiro
minimaluri siCqariT moZraobs da Semdeg
es Zala mimarTulia centraluri RerZisken,  
Cqardeba, a) f s -is, b) FN -is da g) fs,max-is
magram adamians iseTi SegrZneba aqvs, TiTqos
mniSvnelobebi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu ar
masze moqmedi Zala radialurad centridan
icvleba?
moSorebiT aris mimarTuli. amgvari SegrZ

6.12a suraTze gamosaxuli, m=600kg masis
bolidi R=100m radiusis wriul, brtyel
trasaze moZraobs. bolidis formisa da masze
damagrebuli frTebis gamo haeri qvemoT

mimarTuli FL uaryofiTi weviT moqmedebs.
saburavebsa da trasas Soris statikuri xaxunis
koeficientia 0,75 (dauSviT, rom oTxive
saburavze moqmedi Zalebi identurebia). (a) (b)
a) Tu bolidi mosaxvevSi mocurebis zRvarzea, sur. 6.12. a) bolidi brtyel, uswormasworo

 trasaze
ν mudmivi siCqariT gadaadgildeba. f s xaxunis Zala r
rodesac misi siCqare 28,6m/wm-s aRwevs, ra
 radialuri RerZis gaswvriv mimarTul centriskenul
sididisaa FL ? Zalas uzrunvelyofs. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki
 bolidisTvis.
amoxsna: Cven FL vertikaluri Zala bolidis
wriul horizontalur moZraobas da im faqts
unda davukavSiroT, rom bolidi mocurebis es Zala simrudis centridan manqanis gavliT
zRvarzea. Tavdapirvelad horizontalur gadaWimuli r radialuri RerZis uaryofiTi
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli oTxi faqti mimarTulebisaa da ν2/R sididis centriskenul
CamovweroT: aCqarebas iwvevs. Zalasa da aCqarebas Soris
1. bolidze centriskenuli Zala moqmedebs, kavSiri r RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis
vinaidan is wriul rkalze moZraobs. es niutonis meore kanonis Caweris saSualebiT
Zala rkalis simrudis centrisken aris davadginoT:
mimarTuli. ( νR )
–fs = m –
2
(6.22)
2. bolidze moqmedi erTaderTi horizon
fs-is nacvlad fs,max=μsFN CavsvaT da miviRebT:
( νR )
taluri Zala trasidan saburavebze moqmedi
2
xaxunis Zalaa. maSasadame, centriskenuli μsFN = m (6.23)
Zala xaxunis Zalaa.
amis Semdeg bolidze moqmedi vertikaluri
3. vinaidan bolidi ar curdeba, xaxunis Zala 
Zalebi ganvixiloT. 6.12b suraTze, FN
f s statikuri xaxunis Zalaa (sur. 6.12a).
drekadobis Zala mimarTulia
 y maRla,
4. bolidi mocurebis zRvarzea, amitom fs 
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisken. Fg = mg

Zalis mniSvnelobaa fs,max=μsFN, sadac FN aris mizidulobis Zala da FL uaryofiTi weva
trasidan bolidze moqmedi drekadobis mimarTula qvemoT. y RerZis gaswvriv bolidis
Zala. aCqareba nulia, amitom y RerZis gaswvrivi
6.12b suraTze komponentebisTvis niutonis meore kanoni ase
 gamosaxul Tavisufali
sxeulis grafikze f s xaxunis Zalaa naCvenebi. SeiZleba Caiweros:
FN – mg – FL = 0 ZAalis Sefardeba ukve miRebul FL wevis Zalaze

anu FN = mg + FL (6.24) (ν=28,6m/wm siCqareze) Semdegia:
FL,90 (90 m/w)2
amjerad SegviZlia ori RerZisTvis miRebuli =
FL (28,6 m/w)2
Sedegi gavaerTianoT. amisTvis 6.23 formulaSi
FN-is nacvlad 6.24 formula CavsvaT da FL- CavsvaT FL=663,7n da FL,90-sTvis amovxsnaT:
sTvis amovxsnaT: FL,90 = 6572 n ≈ 6600 n (pasuxi)
FL = m ( ν2
μsR
–g ) aris Tu ara amgvari uaryofiTi weva sakmarisi
( )
bolidis Werze gatarebisTvis? Tavdapirvelad
(28,6 m/w)2
= (600 kg) – 9,8 m/w2 gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolidze moqmedi
(0,75)(100 m)
mizidulobis Zalaa
= 663,7 n ≈ 660 n (pasuxi)
Fg = mg = (600 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)
b) uaryofiTi wevis FL sidide da wevis Zala =5880 n.
bolidis siCqaris kvadratzea damokidebuli bolidis amotrialebis SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi
(6.14 formula). maSasadame, uaryofiTi weva weva 6600n sididis maRla mimarTuli Zalaa.
metia, rodesac manqana swrafad moZraobs. es Zala 5880n sididis qvemoT mimarTul
ra sididisaa uaryofiTi weva 90m/wm siCqaris mizidulobis Zalas aWarbebs. maSasadame, bo
SemTxvevaSi? lids Teoriulad SeuZlia amotrialebulad
amoxsna: FL proporciulia ν -is. maSasadame,
2 gadaadgileba, Tu misi siCqare daaxloebiT
ν=90m/wm siCqareze FL,90 uaryofiTi wevis 90m/wm-ia (324km/sT).

trasis mosaxveviani nawili yovelTvis
daxrilia, raTa manqana ar mocurdes. mSral
amindSi saburavebsa da gzis safars Soris
moqmedi xaxunis Zala mocurebas xels
uSlis, magram wvimian amindSi xaxunis Zala
SesaZloa umniSvnelo gaxdes da am SemTxvevaSi
(a)
trasis daxra aucilebelia. 6.13a suraTze
gamosaxulia R=190m radiusis wriul, daxril
trasaze ν=20m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZravi m
masis manqana (es manqana sportuli ar aris da
amitom haeridan moqmedi vertikaluri Zala
umniSvneloa). Tu trasidan moqmedi xaxunis
Zala umniSvneloa, ra θ kuTxiT daxraa saWiro
mocurebis Tavidan asacileblad?
(b)
amoxsna: manqana wriuli traeqtoriiT
moZraobs da amitom masze centriskenuli
Zala moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi trasa daxrilia
 sur. 6.13. a) manqana wriul, daxril trasaze ν
da manqanaze moqmedi FN drekadobis Zala mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. daxris kuTxe sicxadis
wris centrisken aris gadaxrili (sur. 6.13b).
 mizniT gadidebulia. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki
aqedan gamomdinare, FN Zalas FNr sididis manqanisTvis. daSvebulia, rom saburavebsa da trasas
Soris moqmedi xaxuni nulia da manqanaze uaryofiTi
centriskenuli komponenti aqvs, romelic r
weva ar moqmedebs. drekadobis Zalis radialurad
radialuri RerZis gaswvriv, SigniTken aris SigniTken mimarTuli (r radialuri RerZis gaswvriv)
mimarTuli. Cven unda davadginoT daxris FNr komponenti saWiro centriskenul Zalas da
radialur aCqarebas uzrunvelyofs.
θ kuTxis sidide, rodesac centriskenuli
komponenti, xaxunis aucileblobis gareSe, xolo y RerZis gaswvriv manqanis aCqareba nulis
manqanas wris formis trasaze Seakavebs. tolia. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,
6.13b suraTidan Cans, rom vertikalsa da
 y RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niuto
FN Zalas Soris kuTxe trasis daxris θ nis meore kanoni aseT saxes iRebs:
kuTxis tolia. maSasasadame, FNr radialuri
FN cos θ – mg = m(0)
komponenti FNsinθ-is tolia. amis Semdeg r
RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis saidanac gamomdinareobs:
meore kanoni Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba: FN cos θ = mg (6.26)
–FN sin θ = m – ( νR )
2
(6.25) miRebuli formula kvlav Seicavs FN
m ucnobebs, magram 6.25 formulis 6.26
da
am formulas θ-sTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan

formulaze gayofa orive ucnobs abaTilebs.
FN da m ucnobia.
amis Semdeg (sin θ)/(cos θ) SevcvaloT tan θ-iT
modiT y RerZis gaswvriv arsebuli Zalebi
da θ-sTvis amovxsnaT:
da aCqareba ganvixiloT. drekadobis Zalis ν2
θ = tg–1
vertikaluri komponentia FN,y = FN cosθ, man gR
qanaze moqmedi mizidulobis Zalis sididea mg, (20 m/w)2
= tg–1 = 12° (pasuxi)
(9,8 m/w2)(190 m)
 swrafad mcirdeba:
xaxuni. rodesac F Zala sxeulis zedapirze
fk = μkFN (6.2)
gasrialebas cdilobs, zedapiridan sxeulze
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. xaxunis Zala zedapiris sadac μk aris kinetikuri xaxunis koefi
paraleluria da srials ewinaaRmdegeba. am cienti.
Zalas sxeulisa da zedapiris Sewebeba iwvevs.
 wevis Zala. rodesac sxeulsa da haers (an
Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs, xaxunis Zala fs
raime sxva siTxes) Soris fardobiTi moZraoba
statikuri xaxunis Zalaa. moZraobis Sem
 arsebobs, sxeulze moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
TxvevaSi xaxunis Zala f k kinetikuri xaxunis 
da siTxis dinebis mimarTulebis
 D wevis Zala
Zalaa.
moqmedebs. D Zala da ν fardobiTi siCqare
erTmaneTs eqpserimentulad gansazRvruli C
xaxunis sami Tviseba:
 wevis koeficientis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba:
1. Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs,
 f s statikuri D = 1 CρAν2, (6.14)
2
xaxunis Zala da F -is zedapirisadmi sadac ρ aris siTxis simkvrive (masa moculobis
paraleluri komponenti tolia, xolo
 erTeulze), xolo A – sxeulis ganivi kveTis
f s Zalis mimarTuleba F-is komponentis faqtiuri farTobi ( siCqaris perpen
sapirispiroa. komponentis zrdisas fs-ic
dikularuli ganivi kveTis farTobi).
izrdeba.
 saboloo siCqare. rodesac blagvi sagani
2. f s Zalis fs,max mniSvnelobaa:
haerSididi xnis ganmavlobaSi vardeba,
 
fs,max = μsFN , (6.1) D wevis Zala da sxeulze moqmedi Fg
sadac μs aris statikuri xaxunis mizidulobis Zala Tanabrdeba. amis Semdeg
koeficienti, xolo FN - drekadobis Zala. sxeuli νt saboloo siCqariT vardeba:

Tu F -is zedapirisadmi paraleluri
νt (6.16)
komponenti fs,max-s aWarbebs, sxeuli
zedapirze moZraobs.
Tanabarwriuli moZraoba. Tu wertili
3. Tu sxeuli zedapirze moZraobs, xaxunis wreze an R radiusis wriul rkalze ν mudmivi
Zalis sidide fk mudmiv mniSvnelobamde siCqariT moZraobs, wertili Tanabrwriulad
 centriskenuli Zala iwvevs:

moZraobs. am SemTxvevaSi wertils a cen
ν2
triskenuli aCqareba aqvs: F=m , (6.18)
 R 
ν2
sadac m aris wertilis masa. a da F
a= (6.17)
R veqtoruli sidideebi wertilis traeqtoriis
centriskenul aCqarebas wertilze moqmedi
simrudis centrisken aris mimarTuli.
SekiTxvebi
1. bloki zedapirze Zevs da masze sam eqspe 5. meoTxe SekiTxvas Tavidan gaeciT pasuxi,
riments atareben, romelTa drosac blokze roca wina variantisgan gansxvavebiT. F Zala
sami sxvadasxva horizontaluri Zala mo maRlaa mimarTuli.
qmedebs. ZalTa sidideebia F1 = 12 n, F2 = 8 n
6. 6.16 suraTze
da F3 = 4 n. arcerT eqsperimentSi bloki
daxrili sibrtyi
moZraobas ar iwyebs. daalageT Zalebi a) zeda
dan moqmedi xaxu-
piridan blokze moqmedi fs statikuri xaxunis
nis Zala m masis
Zalis mixedviT da b) am Zalis fs,max maqsimaluri sur. 6.16. SekiTxva 6.
bloks uZravad
mniSvnelobis mixedviT dididan mcireze. 
aCerebs. amis Semdeg blokze F Zala iwyebs mo
2. 6.14 suraTze qmedebas. am Zalis zrdis dros rogor icvleba
10n sididis hori
 blokze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis sidide da
zontaluri F1 mimarTuleba?
Zala yuTzea mo
sur. 6.14. SekiTxva 2. 7. meeqvse SekiTxvas pasuxi Tavidan gaeciT,
debuli, romelic
 oRond F Zala sapirispirod
amjerad
ar moZraobs. amis Semdeg vertikaluri F2 
 mimarTeT. F -is zrdasTan erTad rogor
Zala iwyebs moqmedebas. a) yuTze moqmedi f s
icvleba blokze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis sidide
xaxunis
 Zala, b) zedapiridan yuTze moqmedi
da mimarTuleba?
FN drekadobis Zala, g) yuTze moqmedi
statikuri xaxunis Zalis fs,max maqsimaluri 8. 1987 wels, orma paraSutistma helouinis*
mniSvneloba izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu ucvleli aRsaniSnavad gogrebi daiWira da ise gadmoxta.
rCeba? d) iwyebs Tu ara yuTi moZraobas? mogvianebiT, ukan momavalma paraSutistma
sakuTari paraSuti gaxsna da gogra xelidan
3. Tu yuTs kedelTan miitanT da xels
gausxlta. gogram daaxloebiT 0,5 km ifrina,
ise miaWerT, rom yuTi ar Camovardes,
saxlis saxuravs daeca, samzareulos
ra mimarTuleba eqneba a) kedlidan yu
 fanjaraSi Sevarda da yvelaferi mosvara.
Tze moqmed fs statikuri
 xaxunis Za
ratom gaeSva xelidan gogra paraSutists
las da b) kedlidan yuTze moqmed FN
gogris da paraSutistis TvalTaxedvidan?
drekadobis Zalas? ufro Zlierad miwo
lis SemTxvevaSi rogor Seicvleba g) fs , 9. 6.17 suraTze 10kg masis firfita xaxunisgan
d) FN da e) fs,max? Tavisufal zedapirze uZravad devs da masze
100n sididis horizontaluri Zala iwyebs
4. 6.15 suraTze
moqmedebs. firfitaze 10kg masis blokia
yuTi uZravia da
moTavsebuli. bloksa da firfitas Soris
horizontalsa da
 μ xaxunis koeficienti ucnobia da bloki
F Zalas Soris sur. 6.15. SekiTxva 4.
θ kuTxe izrdeba.
a) Fx , b) fs , g) FN , d) fs,max izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu
ucvleli rCeba? e) Tu yuTi moZraobs da θ
izrdeba, yuTze moqmedi xaxunis Zala izrdeba,
mcirdeba Tu ucvleli rCeba? *
helouin (Halloween) _ yvela wmindanis dRis wina dRe.
185
SeiZleba gasrialdes. a) mniSvnelobaTa eqtoria R0, 2R0 da 3R0 radiusebis xuTi
ra arealSi SeiZleba moxvdes firfitis af wriuli rkalisgan Sedgeba. daalageT rkalebi
aCqarebis sidide? (miniSneba: mravalricxovani adamianze moqmedi centriskenuli Zalis
gamoTvlebi saWiro ar aris. ubralod mixedviT dididan mcireze.
μ-s ukiduresi mniSvnelobebi ganixileT).
11. eSmakis borbalze mjdomi adamiani zeda,
b) mniSvnelobaTa ra arealSi SeiZleba moxvdes
qveda da Sua mdebareobebs gadis. borbali
blokis ab aCqarebis sidide?
Tanabari tempiT moZraobs. daalageT
10. 6.18 suraTze es sami mdebareoba a) adamianze moqmedi
naCvenebia parkSi centriskenuli aCqarebis, b) adamianze moqmedi
moseirne adamianis jamuri centriskenuli Zalis sididis da g)
traeqtoria. ada adamianze moqmedi drekadobis Zalis sididis
miani mudmivi mixedviT dididan mcireze.
siCqariT moZraobs da misi moZraobis tra
amocanebi

Manual-Si.
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
paragrafi 6.3. xaxunis Tvisebebi

sur. 6.19. amocana 4. ram gadaadgila qva?
•1. WurWelsa da masSi Calagebul kvercxebs kaliforniaSi, `sikvdilis velSi~, qvebi
Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,04. udabnos qviSaze kvals avleben da STabeWdileba
horizontisadmi ra umciresi kuTxe gamoiwvevs rCeba, rom isini gadaadgildebian (sur. 6.19).
WurWlis fskerze kvercxebis gacurebas? wlebis ganmavlobaSi es movlena saidumloebiT
•2. m = 79 kg masis beisbolis moTamaSe meore iyo moculi. erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad
bazaSi misrialebs da 470 n sididis xaxunis Zlieri qarebi wvimisgan darbilebul miwaze
Zalis winaaRmdegobas ganicdis. risi tolia gadaadgilebdnen qvebs da udabnos gaSrobis
moTamaSesa da miwas Soris arsebuli μk Semdeg kvali rCeboda. gazomvis Sedegad
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti? dadginda, rom qvebsa da svel miwas Soris
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti daaxloebiT
•3. sawol oTaxSi 45 kg masis komodi uZravad
0,8-ia. ra horizontalurma Zalam unda
Zevs. komodi gamosawevi ujriTa da tansacmlis
imoqmedos 20 kg masis qvaze, raTa qarisgan
CamosakidiT aris aRWurvili. a) Tu komodsa da
amoZravebulma qvam moZraoba ganagrZos?
iataks Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia
(istoria 35-e amocanaSi grZeldeba).
0,45, ra minimaluri horizontaluri Zalaa
saWiro komodis gadaadgilebisTvis? b) komods •5. adamiani 55 kg masis yuTs 220 n ZaliT
17 kg masis gamosawevi ujra da tansacmlis horizontalurad ubiZgebs. kinetikuri
Camosakidi moxsnes. amjerad ra minimaluri xaxunis koeficientia 0,35. a) ra sididisaa
Zalaa saWiro komodis gadaadgilebisTvis? xaxunis Zala? b) risi tolia yuTis aCqareba?
SSM WWW SSM ILW
•4. idumalebiT moculi moZravi qvebi. •6. vagoni-platforma yuTebiT aris

datvirTuli, romelTa statikuri xaxunis da zedapirs Soris xaxunis koeficientebia

koeficienti zedapirTan aris 0,25. Tu μs = 0,4 da μk = 0,25.gamoTvaleT blokze moqmedi
matarebeli 48 km/sT siCqariT moZraobs, xaxunis Zala, Tu P Zalis sididea a) 8n, b) 10 n da
ra manZilze SeiZleba matarebeli mudmivi g) 12 n.
aCqarebiT ise gaCerdes, rom yuTebi ar
•11. muSam 35 kg masis yuTs 110 n ZaliT
gasrialdnen?
horizontalurad ubiZga. yuTsa da zedapirs

•7. 3,5 kg masis bloks 15n sididis F Zala Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,37.
horizontisadmi θ = 40° kuTxiT ubiZgebs a) risi tolia fs,max? b) amoZravdeba Tu ara yuTi?
(sur. 6.20). bloksa da zedapirs Soris kine g) risi tolia zedapiridan yuTze moqmedi
tikuri xaxunis xaxunis Zala? d) warmoidgineT, rom meore
koeficientia 0,25. muSa yuTs maRla awveba da pirvels exmareba.
gamoTvaleT a) zeda ra umciresi vertikaluri biZgia saWiro,
piridan blokze raTa pirveli muSisgan modebulma 110 n Zalam
moqmedi xaxunis Za yuTi gadaaadgilos? e) Tu meore muSa yuTs
la da b) blokis aC horizontalurad ubiZgebs da ise exmareba
qareba. pirvels, ra umciresi biZgi aamoZravebs yuTs?
•8. 6.21 suraTze •12. 1915 wels, fi

gamosaxulia sria ladelfieli henri
lis moyvaruli sincoski koWebze
Rori, romelic orive xeliT Camo
35° daxris mqone ekida. aRsaniSnavi is
sasrialoze or aris, rom sincoskis
jer met droSi cera TiTebi koWebis
srialdeba, vidre erT mxareze hqonda
mas dasWirdeboda moqceuli, xolo
xaxunisgan Tavisu danarCeni TiTebi -
fali zedapiris mqo meore mxareze (sur.
ne igive sasrialoze. 6.23). sincoskis masa
risi tolia Rorsa sur. 6.21. amocana 8. 79 kg iyo. Tu xelsa
da sasrialos Soris da koWas Soris
arsebuli kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti? statikuri xaxunis
koeficientia 0,7,
•9. Saflbordis TamaSis dros, studentebma
ra umciresi drekadobis Zala moqmedebda
saerTo sacxovreblis koridorSi wignis
TiToeuli cera TiTidan koWaze? (Camokidebis
gadaadgilebisTvis cocxis gamoyeneba
Semdeg sincoski xelebze aiwia da koWebze
gadawyvites. maT 3,5 kg masis wignze 25 n
gadaadgileba daiwyo. Tu ggoniaT, rom es
horizontaluri ZaliT imoqmedes, wignma
Zalian advilia, scadeT da igive gaimeoreT).
0,9 m gaiara da Semdeg 1,6 m/wm siCqare SeiZina.
risi tolia wignsa da iataks Soris arsebuli •13. 68 kg masis yuTze horizontisadmi 15°-iT
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti? daxrili Tokia mobmuli da yuTs zedapirze
miaxoxeben. a) Tu statikuri xaxunis
•10. 2,5kg masis bloki horizontalur
koeficientia 0,5, ra umciresma Zalam unda
zedapirze uZravad Zevs. Semdeg blokze 6n
 imoqmedos Tokidan, raTa yuTi amoZravdes?
sididis F ho
b) Tu μk = 0,35, ra sawyis aCqarebas SeiZens
rizontaluri Zala
 yuTi? SSM
da P vertikaluri
ZalebiT imoqmedes •14. 6.24 suraTze naCvenebia mTis gverdze
(sur. 6.22). bloksa sur. 6.22. amocana 10. gamavali gzis ganivi kveTi. AA´ wrfe sibrtyes
187
asaxavs, ro yuTsa da zedapirs Soris statikuri xaxunis
melzec sriali koeficientia 0,35. a) ra kuTxe unda iyos
SesaZlebelia. gzis horizontalsa da Toks Soris, raTa qviSis
Tavze ganlagebuli udidesi SesaZlo raodenobis gadatana gaxdes
B bloki zeda kldi SesaZlebeli? b) risi tolia yuTisa da qviSis
sgan didi napraliT wona am mdgomareobaSi?
aris gamoyofili
••18. avariis dros A manqana wiTel Suqze
da amitom mxolod bloksa da sibrtyes
gaCerebul B manqanas uknidan Seejaxa. gza
Soris arsebuli xaxuni uSlis xels blokis
gorakze Cadis da misi daxrilobaa θ = 12°.
Camovardnas. blokis masaa 1,8 × 107kg, sibrtyis
manqanebs Soris d = 24 m manZili iyo, rodesac
θ daxris kuTxea 24°, xolo bloksa da sibrtyes
A manqanis mZRolma daiwyo damuxruWeba. A
Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,63.
manqanis siCqare damuxruWebis dawyebisas
a) daamtkiceT, rom bloki ar Camovardeba.
ν = 18 m/wm iyo. ra siCqariT Seejaxa A manqana
b) napralSi wyali Cavida da gaiyina. gayinvis
B-s, Tu kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti iyo
Sedegad gafarToebuli wyali blokze
 a) 0,6 (mSral gzaze) da b) 0,1 (sveli foTlebiT
AA´-s paraleluri F ZaliT moqmedebs.
dafarul gzaze)?
ra minimaluri F Zala gamoiwvevs blokis
Camovardnas?
••15. 5 n wonis

bloks 12n
horizontaluri F
Zala vertikaluri
kedlisken awveba ••19.
 6.28 suraTze gamosaxul 45n wonis blokze
(sur. 6.25). kedelsa da P Zala moqmedebs. bloki horizontalisadmi
bloks Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia θ = 15°-iT daxril
0,6, xolo kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia sibrtyeze uZravad
0,4. davuSvaT bloki Tavdapirvelad uZravia. Zevs. bloksa da
a) amoZravdeba Tu ara bloki? b) risi tolia sibrtyes Soris xa- sur. 6.28. amocana 19.
kedlidan blokze moqmedi Zala erTeulovan- xunis koeficiente-
veqtorul CanawerSi? SSM bia μs = 0,5 da μk = 0,34. ra xaxunis Zala mo
qmedebs sibrtyidan blokze erTeulovan-
••16. 4,1kg masis 
veqtorul CanawerSi, rodesac P aris
blokze 40 n hor
a) (–5 n) , b) (–8n) da g) (–15n) ?
izontaluri Zala
moqmedebs da ze ••20. marxili da masze damjdari pingvini 80 n-s
dapirze gada iwonis. marxili horizontalisadmi θ = 20°-iT
adgilebs. 6.26 daxril sibrtyeze uZravad Zevs (sur. 6.29).
suraTze gamo sur. 6.26. amocana 16. marxilsa da sibrtyes Soris statikuri xaxunis
saxulia blo koeficientia 0,25, xolo kinetikuri xaxunis
kis ν siCqaris t droze damokidebulebis koeficientia 0,15. a) sibrtyis paraleluri

grafiki, rodesac bloki zedapirze ra umciresi F Zalaa saWiro, raTa marxili
gavlebuli x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs. ar Camosrialdes? b) ra umciresi sididis F
risi tolia bloksa da zedapirs Soris Zala aitans marxils
arsebuli kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti? maRla? g) ra F
Zalaa saWiro, raTa
••17. Tavdapirvelad uZravi qviSis yuTi
marxilma mudmivi
Tokis meSveobiT unda gadaaadgilon da Tokis
siCqariT imoZraos
daWimulobam 1100n-s ar unda gadaaWarbos. sur. 6.29. amocana 20.
maRla?
••21. 6.30 suraTze ••25. 3,6 n da 7,2 n wonis ori bloki umniSvnelo
gamosaxuli  B  blo masis TokiTaa gadabmuli da 30°-iT daxril
kis wonaa 711n. sibrtyeze srialebs. msubuq bloksa da sibrtyes
bloksa da magi Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,1,
das Soris stati xolo mZime bloksa da sibrtyes Soris igive
kuri xaxunis koe koeficienti 0,2-ia. davuSvaT msubuqi bloki
ficientia 0,25, θ mZimeze win aris. gamoTvaleT a) blokebis
kuTxea 30°, xolo aCqareba da b) Tokis daWimuloba. SSM
B-sa da kvanZs Soris
••26. 6.34 suraTze gamosaxuli ori yuTi
gabmuli Toki horizontaluria. gamoTvaleT
erTmaneTTan blokze gadakidebuli TokiT
A blokis maqsimaluri wona, romlisTvisac
aris dakavSirebuli. A yuTis masaa 10kg, xolo
sistema uZraobas SeinarCunebs. SSM WWW
A-sa da daxril
••22. 6.31 suraTze gamosaxulia `Ciriouzebis~ sibrtyes Soris
yuTi (mc=1kg) da ùitiebis~ yuTi (mw=3kg). kinetikuri xaxunis

`Ciriouzebis~ yuTze horizontaluri F koeficientia 0,2.
Zala moqmedebs da daxris θ kuTxea
yuTebi aCqarebulad 30°. A yuTi mudmivi
moZraobs. `Ciriuo siCqariT qvemoT
zebis~ yuTze moqme sur. 6.31. amocana 22.
srialdeba. ra masa sur. 6.34. amocana 26 da 27.
di xaxunis Zalaa 2n, aqvs B yuTs?
xolo ùitiebis~ yuTze 4n sididis xaxunis
 ••27. 6.34 suraTze gamosaxuli A yuTi
Zala moqmedebs. Tu F Zalis sididea 12n,
102n-s iwonis, xolo B yuTis wona 32 n-ia.
ra Zala moqmedebs `Ciriouzebis~ yuTidan
A-sa da daxril sibrtyes Soris xaxunis
ùitiebis~ yuTze?
koeficientebia μs = 0,56 da μk = 0,25. θ kuTxea
••23. 6.32 suraTze 40°. risi tolia A yuTis aCqareba erTeulovan-
gamosaxuli sami veqtorul CanawerSi, Tu Tavdapirvelad a) A
bloki 0,5m/wm2 aCqa uZravia, b) daxril sibrtyeze maRla adis da
rebas iZens. pirveli b) qvemoT srialdeba? SSM
blokis masaa M,
sur. 6.32. amocana 23 da 79. ••28. 6.35 suraTze
xolo meore da
gamosaxuli A blo
mesame blokebis masebia 2M. risi tolia meore
kis wonaa 44 n,
bloksa da magidas Soris arsebuli kinetikuri
xolo B bloki
xaxunis koeficienti?
22 n-s iwonis. a) ra
••24. 6.33 suraTze minimaluri wona
gamosaxul sam yuTs unda hqondes C
440 n sididis hori bloks, raTa A ar
zontaluri F Zala gasrialdes? magidasa da A-s Soris statikuri
betonis zedapirze xaxunis koeficientia 0,2. b) davuSvaT C bloki
gadaadgilebs. yuTebis masebia m1=30kg, A-dan aiRes. ra aCqarebas SeiZens A bloki,
m2=10kg da m3=20kg. zedapirsa da TiToeul Tu A-sa da magidas Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
yuTs Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia koeficientia 0,15?
0,7. a) ra F32 Zala moqmedebs mesame yuTidan
••29. 6.36 suraTze
meoreze? b) Tu yuTebi gaprialebul
gamosaxuli ori
zedapirze moZraoben, sadac kinetikuri
bloki (m1 = 16 kg
xaxunis koeficienti 0,7-ze naklebia, F32 Zalis
da M = 88 kg) erT
sidide metia, naklebia Tu ar icvleba? sur. 6.36. amocana 29.
maneTze damagre
189
buli ar aris. blokebs Soris statikuri ••34. davuSvaT 6.14 formula pilotsa da
xaxunis koeficientia 0,38, xolo mo katapultirebad savarZelze moqmed wevis
zrdili bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal ze
 Zalas gvaZlevs, rodesac piloti 1300 km/
dapirzea ganlagebuli. ra minimaluri F sT siCqariT moZravi TviTmfrinavidan
horizontaluri Zalaa saWiro, raTa patara gadmoxteba. savarZlisa da pilotis masa da
bloki dididan ar Camosrialdes? ILW wevis koeficientebi Tanabaria. pilotis
masa Tqven SearCieT, xolo Sesabamisi νt 6.1
•••30. 6.37 suraTze gamosaxuli m1 = 40 kg
cxrilidan aiReT. gamoTvaleT a) pilotze
masis firfita
da savarZelze moqmedi wevis Zala da b) maTi
xaxunisgan Tavi
horizontaluri Seneleba TviTmfrinavidan
sufal zedapirze sur. 6.37. amocana 30.
gadmoxtomis dros.
uZravad Zevs, xo
lo firfitaze m2 = 10 kg masis blokia gan ••35. meoTxe amocanis gagrZeleba. amjerad
lagebuli. bloksa da firfitas Soris 6.14 formula 20 kg masis qvaze moqmed haeris
statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,6, xolo wevis Zalas gvaZlevs. qvas 0,4 m2 farTobis
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,4. blok vertikaluri ganivi kveTi aqvs da misi C wevis

ze 100 n sididis F horizontaluri Zala koeficientia 0,8. haeris simkvrivea 1,21 kg/
moqmedebs. risi tolia a) blokis da b) m3, xolo kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia
firfitis aCqareba erTeulovan-veqtorul 0,8. a) dedamiwis gaswvriv qaris ra V siCqarea
CanawerSi? saWiro, raTa qva moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg ar
gaCerdes? dedamiwis gaswvriv mqrolav qars
•••31. 1000 kg masis navi 90 km/sT siCqariT
dedamiwa anelebs, amitom qaris siCqare xSirad
moZraobs, rodesac misi Zrava gamorTulia.
 10 m simaRleze izomeba. davuSvaT qaris siCqare
wyalsa da navs Soris arsebuli f k xaxunis Zala
dedamiwis gaswvriv siCqaresTan SedarebiT
navis ν siCqaris proporciulia da fk = 70ν,
2-jer metia. b) a) kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis qaris
sadac ν m/wm-ebSia, xolo fk – niutonebSi. ra
ra siCqare gaizomeba Stormis dros? g) aris
droSi Semcirdeba navis siCqare 45 km/sT-mde?
Tu ara es siCqare realuri? (istoria 53-e
SSM
amocanaSi grZeldeba).
paragrafi 6.4. wevis Zala da saboloo
paragrafi 6.5. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba
siCqare
•36. saburavebsa da gzas Soris statikuri
•32. gaSlilfrTebiani arwivis mdgomareobaSi xaxunis koeficientia 0,6 da manqanaze uar
paraSutistis saboloo siCqarea 160 km/sT, yofiTi weva ar moqmedebs. ra siCqaris dros
xolo pikirebis dros igive siCqare 310 km/ iqneba manqana mosrialebis zRvarze, Tu is
sT-s aRwevs. davuSvaT paraSutistis C wevis 30,5 m radiusis rkals Semowers?
koeficienti sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi ar •37. ra umciresi radiusis mqone mosaxvevSi
icvleba. gamoTvaleT orive mdgomareobis SeZlebs Sesvlas velosipedisti, Tu is 29 km/
ganivi kveTis faqtiuri A farTobebis Sefar sT siCqariT moZraobs, saburavebsa da trasas
deba. Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,32
••33. gamoTvaleT 1000 km/sT siCqariT da 10 km da trasa daxrili ar aris? ILW
simaRleze mfrinav reaqtiul TviTmfrinavze •38. bobsleis Sejibris dros iamaikelebis
moqmedi wevis Zalis Sefardeba amis naxevar gundi 7,6 m radiusis mosaxvevSi 96,6 km/sT
siCqareze da simaRleze mfrinav propelerian siCqariT Sedis. gamoTvaleT am gundis aCqareba
TviTmfrinavze moqmed wevis ZalasTan. 10 km g-s erTeulebSi.
simaRleze haeris simkvrivea 0,38 kg/m , xolo 3
•39. kata uZravad gaCerebul atraqcionze
5 km simaRleze – 0,67 kg/m3. davuSvaT, rom Tvlems da atraqcionis centridan 5,4 m
orive TviTmfrinavis ganivi kveTis faqtiuri manZiliT aris daSorebuli. Semdeg atraqcioni
farTobi da, agreTve, C wevis koeficienti CarTes da is yovel 6 wamSi erT srul bruns
erTi da igivea.
akeTebs. ra umciresi statikuri xaxunis Zelakidan kabinaze, Tu kabinis siCqarea

koeficienti unda arsebobdes katasa da ν = 5m/wm? ra g) sididis da d) mimarTulebisaa
atraqcions Soris, raTa kata uZravad darCes? igive Zala, Tu ν = 12 m/wm?
•40. atraqcion `rusuli mTebis~ manqana ••45. 660n wonis studenti èSmakis borbalze~
1200 kg-s iwonis, rodesac mgzavrebiT savsea. zis. umaRles
 wertilSi
savarZlidan
18 m radiusis wriuli borcvis mwvervalze studentze moqmedi FN drekadobis Zala
gavlisas manqanis siCqare ar icvleba. ra 556 n-ia. a) am dros studenti `simsubuqes~

a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs trasidan grZnobs Tu `simZimes”? b) ra sididis FN Zala
manqanaze moqmed drekadobis Zalas borcvis moqmedebs atraqcionis udables wertilSi?
mwvervalze, Tu manqana ν = 11 m/wm siCqariT Tu borblis siCqares gavaormagebT, ra iqneba
moZraobs? ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba aqvs FN sidide g) umaRles da d) udables wertilSi?
drekadobis Zalas, Tu ν = 14 m/wm? SSM ILW
•41. 6.38 suraTze gamosaxuli manqana wriuli ••46. manqana 9,1 m radiusis brtyel mosaxvevSi
formis goraksa da velze mudmivi siCqariT 16 km/sT siCqariT Sedis. vertikalisadmi ra
moZraobs. gorakis mwvervalze, manqanis kuTxes adgens Tavisuflad Camokidebuli
savarZlidan mZRolze moqmedi drekadobis usafrTxoebis Rvedi?
Zala nulis tolia. mZRolis masaa 70 kg.
••47. TviTmfrinavi
ra drekadobis ZaliT imoqmedebs manqanis
horizontalur wre
savarZeli mZRolze, rodesac manqana velis
ze 480km/sT siCqariT
udables wertils gaivlis?
mifrinavs (sur. 6.39).
misi frTebi hori
zontisadmi θ =
40° kuTxiT aris
daxrili. ri sur. 6.39. amocana 47.
si tolia   wris   ra
sur. 6.38. amocana 41. diusi? dauSviT, rom saWiro Zalas frTis
••42. damnaSavisTvis dadevnebuli policiis zedapirisadmi perpendikularuli àerodina
oficeri 300 m radiusis mosaxvevSi 80 km/sT mikuri weva~ uzrunvelyofs. SSM WWW
mudmivi siCqariT Sedis. misi masa 55 kg-ia. ••48. WanWiki viw-
WanWiki
risi tolia oficridan manqanis savarZelze ro, horizonta
moqmedi jamuri Zalis a) sidide da b) kuTxe luri Zelakis erT Zelaki
(vertikalis mimarT)? (miniSneba: ganixileT bolozea damagre
horizontaluri da vertikaluri Zalebi). buli da Zelaki ganaTebis
poziciebi
••43. 80 kg masis adamiani èSmakis borbalze~ meore bolos gar
10 m radiusis vertikalur wreze 6,1 m/wm Semo horizonta sur. 6.40. amocana 48.
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. a) risi tolia lurad brunavs.
moZraobis periodi? ra drekadobis Zala inJineri stroboskopul sanaTs Zelaksa da
moqmedebs savarZlidan adamianze, rodesac WanWiks anaTebs da moZraobas akvirdeba.
savarZeli wriuli traeqtoriis umaRles ganaTebis tempi imgvaria, rom Zelaki da WanWiki
wertils da g) udables wertils gaivlis? erTi sruli Semobrunebis ganmavlobaSi 8-jer
naTdeba (sur. 6.40). ganaTebis tempi wamSi 2000
••44. atraqcionis kabina vertikalur wreze
ganaTebaa. WanWikis masaa 30 g, xolo radiusia
moZraobs. kabina xist Zelakzea damagrebuli.
3,5 sm. ra Zala moqmedebs Zelakidan WanWikze?
manqanis da mgzavrebis saerTo wonaa 5 kn, xolo
wris radiusia 10 m. wris umaRles wertilSi ra ••49. m = 1,5kg masis Saiba xaxunisgan Tavisufal
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebis Zala moqmedebs magidaze r = 20 sm radiusis wreze srialebs
191
da M = 2,5kg masis balansiris masaa 0,04 kg, xolo Tokis
Camokidebul cilin masa umniSvneloa da misi sigrZea L=0,9 m.
drzea damagrebuli. balansiri 0,94 m sigrZis wriul traeqtorias
Toki magidis Sua Semowers. risi tolia a) Tokis daWimuloba da
gulSi gakeTebul b) moZraobis periodi?
xvrelSi gadis
53. me-4 da 35-e amocanebis gagrZeleba.
(sur. 6.41). Saibis ra
amoucnobi movlenis meore axsna imaSi mdgo
siCqaris SemTxvevaSi
mareobs, rom qvebi mxolod maSin moZraobs,
iqneba cilindri sur. 6.41. amocana 49.
rodesac Stormis Sedegad darCenili wya
uZravi? SSM
li yinulis did, Txel firfitad iqceva.
••50. trasis mosaxveviani nawili daxrilia qvebi yinulSi rCeba. Semdeg, rodesac qari
da 60km/sT siCqariT moZraobisTvis aris wamouberavs, yinulze da qvebze moqmedi
gankuTvnili. mosaxvevis radiusia 200m. manqana haeris wevis Zala orives gadaadgilebs
wvimian dRes 40km/sT siCqariT moZraobs. ra da qvebic nakvalevs tovebs. haeris wevis
minimaluri xaxunis koeficienti unda iyos Zala Dice = 4Cice ρAice ν2, sadac Cice aris wevis
saburavebsa da trasas Soris, raTa manqana koeficienti (2×10–3), ρ - haeris simkvrive
mosaxvevSi ar mosrialdes? (davuSvaT, rom (1,21 kg/m3), Aice – yinulis horizontaluri far
manqanaze uaryofiTi weva ar moqmedebs). Tobi da ν – qaris siCqare yinulis gaswvriv.
•••51. 6.42 suraTze davuSvaT yinulis firfitis zomebia
gamosaxuli 1,34  kg 400 m × 500 m × 4 mm, miwasTan misi kinetikuri
masis burTi ver xaxunis koeficientia 0,1 da simkvrivea
tikalur, mbrunav 917 kg/m3. aseve davuSvaT, rom meoTxe
ZelakTan masis ar amocanaSi mocemuli qvebis identuri 100 qva
mqone, L = 1,7 m si yinulSia darCenili. firfitis moZraobis
grZis ori TokiTaa SesanarCuneblad ra siCqaris qaria saWiro
dakavSirebuli. a) firfitasTan axlos da b) 10 m simaRleze?
Zelakze Tokebis g) aris Tu ara realuri miRebuli mniSvnelo
damagrebebs So sur. 6.42. amocana 51. bebi Stormis SemTxvevaSi?
ris manZilia 54. trasis mosaxvevis daproeqteba. Tu
d = 1,7 m. zeda Tokis daWimulobaa 35 n. manqana mosaxvevSi metismetad swrafad
risi tolia a) qveda Tokis daWimuloba,
 Sedis, mocurebis albaToba didia. daxrili
b) Tokidan burTze moqmedi F jamuri Zala da
 mosaxvevis SemTxvevaSi swrafad moZrav
g) burTis siCqare? d) ra mimarTuleba aqvs F manqanaze xaxunis Zala moqmedebs da mocurebas
Zalas? SSM ILW ewinaaRmdegeba. ganvixiloT R = 200 m radiu
damatebiTi amocanebi. sis wriuli mosaxvevi da daxrilobis θ kuT
xe, rodesac saburavebsa da trasas Soris
52. 6.43 suraTze
statikuri xaxunis koeficientia μs . manqana
gamosaxulia konu-
mosaxvevSi 6.13 suraTis msgavsad Sedis.
suri qanqara, ro
a) daadgineT manqanis maqsimaluri νmax siCqaris
mlis balansiri Tok
gamosaxuleba, rodesac manqana mocurebis
zea Camokidebuli
zRvarzea. b) aageT 0°-dan 50°-mde arealSi
da horizontalur
νmax-is θ kuTxeze damokidebulebis grafiki
wreze mudmivi si
μs = 0,6 (mSrali trasa) da μs = 0,5 (sveli an
CqariT moZraobs
yinuliani trasa) koeficientebisTvis. νmax
(balansiris brun
siCqare θ = 10° daxrisTvis da g) μs = 0,6 da
vasTan erTad Toki
d) μs = 0,5 koeficientebisTvis km/sT-ebSi
konuss Semowers).
gamoTvaleT (axla xom xvdebiT ratom xdeba dapiris gapoxva θ1-s gazrdis, Seamcirebs Tu ar
avariebi moyinul gzaze, rodesac mZRolebi Secvlis? d) risi tolia θ1, rodesac μs = 0,6?
safrTxes ar iTvaliswineben?)
59. daudevari
55. 556 n wonis karada iatakze uZravad Zevs. mosamsaxure
 Sva
massa da iataks Soris statikuri xaxunis bris tars F Za
koeficientia 0,68, xolo kinetikuri xaxunis liT awveba. tari
koeficientia 0,56. karadas a) 222 n, b) 334 n, vertikalisadmi   θ
g) 445 n da d) 556 n horizontaluri ZalebiT kuTxes adgens, xo
ubiZgeben. gamoTvaleT iatakidan karadaze lo μs da μk Sva
moqmedi xaxunis Zala TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. brasa da iataks
e) romeli mcdelobis Sedegad daiZvreba Soris statikuri
karada? da kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientebia.
Svabras taris masa ugulebelyaviT da
56. manqana SuadRisas quCazea gaCerebuli,
dauSviT, rom mTeli m masa Svabras bolozea
romelic horizontisadmi 35°-iT daxril
koncentrirebuli. a) Tu Svabra iatakze
gorakze Cadis. am dros quCasa da saburavebs
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs, risi tolia F?
b) daamtkiceT, rom Tu θ kuTxe garkveul θ0
SEebindebisas wvima wamovida, temperatura 
daeca da xaxunis koeficientic Sesabamisad
mniSvnelobaze naklebia, F Zala Svabras
gadaadgilebas ver SeZlebs. gamoTvaleT θ0.
Semcirda. ra procentiT unda Semcirdes
koeficienti, raTa manqanas Camosrialebis 60. Surdulis msroleli 0,01kg masis Sur
safrTxe gauCndes? dulSi 0,25kg masis qvas debs da qvis sasrolad
0,65 m radiusis vertikalur wres akeTebs.
57. 6.44 suraTze
Surdulis gaWimuli Tokis masa umniSvneloa
gamosaxul bloksa
da gawydeba, Tu misi daWimuloba 33 n-s
da 60°-iT daxril
gadaaWarbebs. davuSvaT Surdulis msroleli
sibrtyes Soris
qvis srolis siCqares nel-nela zrdis. a) wris
kinetikuri xaxunis sur. 6.44. amocana 57.
umaRles wertilSi gawydeba Toki Tu udables
koeficientia 0,2.
wertilSi? b) qvis srolis ra siCqareze
ra a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs blokis
gawydeba Toki?
aCqarebas, Tu bloki qvemoT curdeba? ra
g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba aqvs blokis 61. mt = 4 kg masis
aCqarebas, Tu bloki sibrtyeze maRla adis? bloki mb = 5 kg masis
blokze Zevs. zeda
58. 6.45 suraTze
blokis qvedaze ga
gamosaxul m masis
 sasrialeblad (qve
yuTze F Zala mo sur. 6.47. amocana 61.
das daZvris gareSe)
qmedebs da yuTsa
zeda blokze sul mcire 12 n horizontalurma
da zedapirs Soris
sur. 6.45. amocana 58. Zalam unda imoqmedos. blokebi ganla
statikuri xaxunis
gebulebia horizontalur, xaxunisgan Tavi
koeficientia μs. θ kuTxe Tavdapirvelad nu
sufal magidaze (sur. 6.47). gamoTvaleT:
lis tolia, xolo Semdeg ise izrdeba, rom 
Zalis veqtori saaTis isris moZraobis mimar
a) maqsimaluri F horizontaluri Zala,
romliTac qveda blokze unda vimoqmedoT,
TulebiT brunavs. brunvis dros Zalis F
raTa orive bloki erTdroulad amoZravdes
sidide ise icvleba, rom yuTi yovelTvis
da b) Sedegad miRebuli blokebis aCqareba.
gasrialebis zRvarzea. Tu μs = 0,7, a) aageT
F/mg-s θ-ze damokidebulebis grafiki da 62. 6.48 suraTze m1 = 2 kg masis pirveli yuTi
b) gansazRvreT θ1 kuTxe, rodesac es fardoba da m2 = 3kg masis meore yuTi umniSvnelo masis
usasrulo mniSvnelobas uaxlovdeba. g) ze TokiT aris gadabmuli da ar moZraobs. meore
193
yuTi θ = 30° kuTxiT horizontalur zedapirs Soris kinetikuri
daxril, xaxunisgan xaxunis koeficientia 0,2. risi tolia Tokis
T a v i s u f a l daWimuloba?
zedapirzea gan
67. 6.50 suraTze yuTi daxril RarSi
lagebuli. pirvel
sur. 6.48. amocana 62. misrialebs. yuTsa da Rars Soris kinetikuri
yuTsa da horizon
xaxunis koeficientia μk. risi tolia yuTis
talur zedapirs Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
aCqareba μk-s, θ-s da g-s erTeulebSi?
koeficientia 0,25. blokis masa da xaxuni
umniSvneloa. yuTebis amoZravebis Semdeg risi
tolia Tokis daWimuloba?
63. foladis 8kg masis bloki horizontalur

magidaze uZravad devs. bloksa da magidas
Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia sur. 6.50. amocana 67.
0,45. risi tolia blokze moqmedi Zala,
68. 6.51 suraTze
Tu a) horizontalurad mimarTuli, b) ho
gamosaxuli m1 = 1,65
rizontalidan maRla 60°-iT gadaxrili da
kg masis pirveli
g) horizontals qvemoT 60°-iT gadaxrili
yuTi da m2 = 3,3 kg
Zala bloks gacurebis zRvarze aCerebs.
masis meore yuTi
64. konservebiT datvirTuli yuTi daxril sibrtyeze
daRmarTze Casrialda da 0,75 m/wm2 aCqarebiT misrialebs. yuTebi
sabaylos sardafSi Cavarda. daRmarTi masis armqone da sibrtyis paraleluri
horizontalisadmi 40° kuTxes adgens. risi ZelakiT aris gadabmuli. daxris kuTxea 30°.
tolia daRmarTsa da yuTs Soris arsebuli pirvel yuTsa da zedapirs Soris kinetikuri
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti? xaxunis koeficientia μ1 = 0,226, xolo meore
65. aeroportSi tvirTis gadatana eskala yuTsa da sibrtyes Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
toriT xdeba. erT adgilze tvirTi daRmarTze koeficientia μ2 = 0,113. gamoTvaleT a)
Cadis, romelic horizontisadmi 2,5° kuTxes Zelakis daWimuloba da b) yuTebis aCqareba.
adgens. davuSvaT, amgvari mcire daxris g) rogor Seicvleba wina kiTxvebze pasuxi, Tu
dros tvirTi ar srialebs. gansazRvreT yuTebi adgilebs gacvlian?
eskalatoridan 69 n wonis yuTze moqmedi 69. 6.52 suraTze

xaxunis Zala, rodesac yuTi daxril monakveTs gamosaxuli A yu
gadis da eskalatoris siCqarea a) 0 da mudmivi, Tis masaa mA = 4 kg,
b) 0,65 m/wm da mudmivi, g) 0,65 m/wm da 0,2 m/wm2 xolo B yuTis masaa
tempiT zrdadi, d) 0,65 m/wm da 0,2 m/wm2 tempiT mB = 2 kg. B yuTsa
klebadi da e) 0,65 m/wm da 0,57 m/wm tempiT 2
da horizontalur
zrdadi. v) zemoT CamoTvlil romel variantSi sibrtyes Soris
iqneba xaxunis Zala daRmarTis gaswvriv kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia μk = 0,5.
mimarTuli? sibrtyis daxrilobaa 30° da is xaxunisgan
66. 6.49 suraTze Tavisufalia. bloki mxolod yuTebis
gamosaxuli m1 = 2 kg damakavSirebuli Tokis mimarTulebas cvlis.
masis pirveli blo gamoTvaleT a) Tokis daWimuloba da

sur. 6.49. amocana 66. b) yuTebis aCqareba.
ki da m2 = 1 kg ma
sis meore bloki erTmaneTze umniSvnelo 70. studentma ficarsa da yuTs Soris
masis TokiT aris gadabmuli. meore blokze arsebuli kinetikuri da statikuri xaxunis
koeficientebi unda gansazRvros. man yuTi
 n sididis da θ = 35° kuTxiT daxrili
20 
F Zala moqmedebs. TiToeul bloksa da ficarze dado da ficris erTi bolo aswia.
rodesac daxris kuTxem 30°-s miaRwia, yuTi la kedelze da T) qvemoT kedelze? i) ro
4 wamis ganmavlobaSi 2,5 m manZilze mudmivi mel eqsperimentSia xaxunis Zala qvemoT
aCqarebiT Camosrialda. risi tolia a) sta mimarTuli?
tikuri xaxunis koeficienti da b) kinetikuri
75. gzis mSeneblobis adgilze TamaSis
xaxunis koeficienti yuTsa da ficars Soris?
dros bavSvi horizontisadmi 35°-iT daxril
71. 5 kg masis qviT ormoSi Cavarda. Casrialebis ganmavlobaSi
xexaven Weris hori bavSvis aCqarebaa 0,5m/wm2 da misi mimarTuleba
zontalur zedapirs srialis sawinaaRmdegoa. ra kinetikuri xaxu
(sur. 6.53). Tu kine nis koeficienti arsebobs bavSvsa da daxril
tikuri xaxunis koe zedapirs Soris?
ficientia 0,65 da qvaze moqmedi Zala θ = 70°
76. orTqlmavali 25 vagonian matarebels
kuTxiTaa daxrili, ra Zalam unda imoqmedos
swor liandagze aCqarebs. TiToeuli vagonis
qvaze, raTa man mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos?
masaa 5×104kg da yvela maTganze f=250ν xa
72. trasis mosaxveviani monakveTi 60 km/sT si xunis Zala moqmedebs, sadac ν siCqare m/wm-
Cqarezea gaTvlili. davuSvaT, mosaxvevSi Se ebSia, xolo f Zala niutonebSia. rodesac
sul manqanebze uaryofiTi weva ar moqmedebs. matareblis siCqarea 30km/sT, misi aCqareba
a) Tu mosaxvevis radiusia 150 m, ra kuTxiT unda 0,2m/wm2-s aRwevs. a) risi tolia orTqlmavalsa
iyos daxrili trasa? b) trasis dauxrelobis da pirvel vagons Soris jaWvis daWimuloba?
SemTxvevaSi ra minimaluri xaxunis koe b) Tu es daWimuloba orTqlmavalidan
ficienti unda arsebobdes saburavebsa da matarebelze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zalis
trasas Soris, raTa 60 km/sT siCqariT moZravi tolia, ra maqsimaluri siswrafiT SeiZleba
manqanebi mosaxvevSi ar mocurdnen? orTqlmavalma ubiZgos 30km/sT-iT moZrav
matarebels?
73. θ kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze mudmivi
siCqariT mosriale bloks ν0 sawyisi siCqariT 77. 2 g masis moneta horizontaluri mbrunavi
ukan ubiZgeben. a) ra manZils gaivlis sibrtyeze magidis centridan 5 sm manZilze moaTavses,
bloki gaCerebamde? b) gaCerebis Semdeg bloki romelic 3,14 wamSi sam bruns asrulebs. aseT
kvlav Camosrialdeba Tu ara? SekiTxvas pirobebSi moneta ar curavs. risi tolia
argumentirebuli pasuxi gaeciT. monetis a) siCqare, aCqarebis b) sidide da
g) mimarTuleba da monetaze moqmedi xaxunis
74. 6.54 suraTze
Zalis d) sidide da e) mimarTuleba? magidis
22 n wonis bloki
 centridan 10 sm manZilze ganlagebis
60 n sididis F ho
dros moneta mocurebis zRvarzea. v) risi
rizontaluri Za
tolia monetasa da magidas Soris arsebuli
liT vertikalur
statikuri xaxunis koeficienti?
kedelze uZravad
aris gaCerebuli. 78. 6.1 cxrilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT 16
kedelsa da bloks Soris statikuri xaxunis funtiani tyviis diametri daadgineT, Tu
koeficientia 0,55, xolo kinetikuri xa C = 0,49 da haeris simkvrivea 1,2 kg/m3.
xunis koeficientia 0,38. blokze eqvsi eqs
79. 6.32 suraTze pirveli, meore da mesame
perimenti tardeba da masze kedlis pa
blokebi umniSvnelo masis TokebiTaa gada
raleluri da sxvadasxva sididis meore
 bmuli. blokebis amoZravebis Semdeg maTi aCqa
P Zala moqmedebs. am Zalis sidideebi da rebebia 1,5 m/wm2. blokebis masebia m1 = 2 kg,
mimarTulebebia: a) 34 n, maRla, b) 12 n, maRla,
m2 = 4 kg da m3 = 4 kg. ra xaxunis Zala moqmedebs
g) 48 n, maRla, d) 62 n, maRla, e) 10 n, qvemoT,
meore blokze?
v) 18 n, qvemoT. TiToeul eqsperimentSi ra
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs blokze? romel 80. oTxkaciani bobslei (630 kg mTliani masis)
eqsperimentSi gadaadgileba bloki z) maR moZraobas swor trasaze iwyebs. trasis am
195
monakveTis sigrZe 80 m-ia da horizontisadmi mudmivi aCqarebiT misrialebs. yuTis mdeba
10,2° kuTxiT aris daxrili. davuSvaT xaxuni reoba 0,5 wm-is SualediT fiqsirdeba.
da haeris weva bobsleize 62 n mudmivi ZaliT a) ra aCqareba aqvs yuTs? b) Tu yuTi 240 n-s
moqmedebs, romelic daxris paralelurad iwonis, ra sididis kinetikuri xaxunis Zala
da bobsleis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod aris moqmedebs yuTze?
mimarTuli. upasuxeT Semdeg SekiTxvebs:
83. Tovlze dadebuli Txilamuri droTa
a) Tu moZraobis dawyebisas bobsleis siCqarea
ganmavlobaSi Tovls ewebeba, magram mo
6,2 m/wm, ra droSi gaivlis is trasis swor
Zraobis dros Txilamuri Tovls aTbobs da
monakveTs? b) davuSvaT sportsmenebma xaxunis
nawilobriv adnobs, rac kinetikuri xaxunis
da haeris wevis moqmedeba 42 n-mde Seamcires.
koeficients amcirebs da, Sesabamisad,
igive sawyisi siCqaris pirobebSi ra droSi
srials aadvilebs. Txilamuris cviliT
gaivlis bobslei trasis swor monakveTs?
dafarva mas wyalgaumtars xdis da wylis
81. saxli gorakis wverzea aSenebuli, xolo fenasaTan xaxunic mcirdeba. reklamaSi
axlomdebare daRmarTi θ = 45° kuTxes adgens amtkiceben, rom axali saxeobis plastmasis
(sur. 6.55). Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom Txilamuri gansakuTrebulad wyalgaumtaria
es daRmarTi unda Semcires, vinaidan masze da alpebis 200 m-ian saTxilamuro trasas
ganlagebuli miwis zeda fenebi qveda fenebze axali TxilamurebiT 61 wamis nacvlad
curdeba. Tu or amgvar fenas Soris statikuri 42 wamSi dafaravT. gamoTvaleT saSualo
xaxunis koeficientia 0,5, ra umciresi φ daxra aCqareba a) standartuli Txilamurebis da
unda hqondes daRmarTs, raTa miwis Cacureba b) axali Txilamurebis pirobebSi. davuSvaT
Tavidan aviciloT? saTxilamuro trasis daxrilobaa 3°. gamo
TvaleT kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti
g) standartuli TxilamurebisTvis da
d) axali TxilamurebisTvis.
84. risi tolia 6kg masis, 3sm radiusisa da

1,6 wevis koeficientis mqone sferos formis
burTis saboloo siCqare? burTi haerSi
vardeba da haeris simkvriva 1,2 kg/m . 3
sur. 6.55. amocana 81. 85. 1,5kg masis yuTi horizontalurzedapirze

82. yuTebi tvirTisgan dacales da
F =(1,8 t)  n
uZravad Zevs. rodesac t = 0, masze
horizontaluri Zala iwyebs moqmedebs. yuTis
sardafSi daxrili sibrtyis saSualebiT 
Caasriales. 6.56 suraTze gamosaxulia 2,5m
aCqarebaa a  = 0, rodesac 0 ≤ t ≤ 2,8 wm da

simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze Casrialebuli
a  = (1,2t – 2,4)  m/wm2, rodesac t > 2,8 wm. a) risi
tolia yuTsa da zedapirs Soris arsebuli
yuTis gadaadgilebis grafiki. davuSvaT
statikuri xaxunis koeficienti? b) risi
yuTi moZraobas iwyebs, rodesac t = 0 da
tolia yuTsa da zedapirs Soris arsebuli
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti?
86. 26kg masis bavSvi èSmakis borbalis~ 12 m

radiusis vertikalur, wriul traeqtoriaze
5,5 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. ra Zala
moqmedebs bavSvze savarZlidan a) borblis
umaRles wertilSi da b) borblis udables
wertilSi?
87. 10,7 kn wonis da 13,4 m/wm siCqariT moZravi

manqana 61 m radiusis swor (daxris gareSe)
mosaxvevSi Sedis. a) ra xaxunis Zalam unda koeficientebi SeiZleba arsebobdes amocanis

imoqmedos saburavebze, raTa manqanam wriuli pirobidan gamomdinare?
traeqtoria SeinarCunos? b) Tu saburavebsa da
93. 25kg masis skamze horizontisadmi θ kuTxiT
gzas Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia
daxrili 100 n Zala moqmedebs. Tu θ = 0°, risi
0,35, SeZlebs Tu ara manqana mosaxvevSi tolia a) modebuli Zalis Fh horizontaluri
Sesvlas? komponenti da b) iatakidan skamze moqmedi
88. bavSvma kalaTa atraqcionis gare FN drekadobis Zala? Tu θ = 30°, risi tolia
fersoze dado. atraqcionis radiusia 4,6 m g) Fh da d) FN? Tu θ = 60°, risi tolia e) Fh da
da yovel 30 wamSi erT srul bruns akeTebs. v) FN ? amjerad davuSvaT, rom skamsa da iataks
a) ra siCqariT moZraobs ferso? b) ra umciresi Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,42.

rodesac θ aris z) 0°, T) 30° da i) 60°, skami
statikuri xaxunis koeficienti unda
iatakze gasrialdeba Tu adgilze darCeba?
arsebobdes kalaTasa da atraqcions Soris,
raTa kalaTa ar Camovardes? 94. 220 n wonis Cemodani uZravad Zevs.
Cemodansa da iataks Soris statikuri
89. 6.57 suraTze
xaxunis koeficientia 0,41, xolo kinetikuri
manqana gorakze
xaxunis koeficientia 0,32. a) ra minimalurma
adis, romlis gani
horizontalurma Zalam unda imoqmedos
vi kveTi R = 250 m
sur. 6.57. amocana 89. Cemodanze, raTa is daiZras? b) Cemodnis
radiusis wred Se
daZvris Semdeg ra Zalam unda imoqmedos,
gviZlia miviCnioT. ra udidesi siCqariT Sei
raTa man mudmivi siCqare SeinarCunos?
Zleba moZraobdes manqana, raTa gorakis
g) Tu Cemodnis daZvrisas modebuli Zala ar
wverze gzas ar acdes?
Seicvleba, ra aCqareba eqneba Cemodans?
90. gamocdebisgan 95. 40 n wonis bloki horizontisadmi 25°-
ganerviulebuli iT daxril sibrtyeze 0,8 m/wm2 aCqarebiT
studenti 5 kg masis moZraobs. aCqareba mimarTulia aRmarTisken.
bloks 80 n sididis ra kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti arsebobs
da θ = 70° kuTxiT
 bloksa da sibrtyes Soris?
daxrili P ZaliT
96. foladis 11kg masis bloki horizontalur
Werze awveba (sur. 6.58). Tu bloksa da Wers
magidaze uZravad Zevs. bloksa da magidas
Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,4,
ra iqneba blokis aCqareba?
a) ra horizontaluri Zala miiyvans bloks
91. maRaziis gamyidveli 40 kg masis yuTze amoZravebis zRvarze? b) ra 60°-iT maRla
85 n horizontaluri ZaliT moqmedebs. Tav gadaxrili Zala miiyvans bloks amoZravebis
dapirvelad yuTi horizontalur zedapirze zRvarze? g) Tu Zala 60°-iT qvemoT aris
uZravad Zevs. 1,4 m-iT gadaadgilebis Semdeg gadaxrili, ra maqsimaluri sidide SeiZleba
yuTis siCqarea 1 m/wm. risi tolia yuTsa da hqondes mas ise, rom blokma ar imoZraos?
zedapirs Soris moqmedi kinetikuri xaxunis 97. 6.59 suraTze gamosaxul 5kg masis blokze
koeficienti? 50 n sididis horizontaluri F Zala
92. 140 n wonis bavSvi horizontalisadmi 25°- moqmedebs da bloki
iT daxril sasrialoze zis da wonasworobas θ = 37° kuTxiT da

xril sibrtyeze
xelebiT inarCunebs. Camosrialebis Semdeg
maRla adis. bloksa
bavSvis mudmivi aCqarebaa 0,86m/wm2. a) risi
da sibrtyes Soris
tolia sasrialosa da bavSvs Soris arsebuli
kinetikuri xaxunis
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti? b) ra
koeficientia 0,3.
maqsimaluri da minimaluri statikuri xaxunis sur. 6.59. amocana 97.
197
ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa blokis statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,51, xolo
aCqareba? blokis sawyisi siCqarea 4 m/wm. kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,32. Tqven
g) ra manZils gaivlis bloki sibrtyeze? d) am gan yuTze modebuli Zala horizontaluria.
manZilis gavlis Semdeg bloki gaCerdeba Tu a) ra Zala miiyvans yuTs gaxoxebis zRvarze?
ukan Camocurdeba? b) Semdeg ra ZaliT unda waubiZgoT yuTs, raTa
man mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos? g) Tu yuTze
98. vagoni mudmivi siCqariT 470 m radiusis
Tavdapirvelad modebuli Zala ucvlelad
brtyel, horizontalur wreze moZraobs.
moqmedebs, ra iqneba misi aCqareba?
vagoni 51kg masis mgzavrze ZaliT moqmedebs,
romlis horizontaluri da vertikaluri 104. 110 g masis Saiba yinulze srialebs da 15 m-
komponentebi Sesabamisad aris 210n da 500n. is gavlis Semdeg xaxunis Zalis moqmedebiT
a) ra jamuri Zala moqmedebs mgzavrze? b) ra Cerdeba. a) Tu Saibis sawyisi siCqarea 6 m/wm, ra
siCqariT moZraobs vagoni? xaxunis Zala moqmedebs masze? b) risi tolia
Saibasa da yinuls Soris arsebuli xaxunis
99. velosipedisti 9m/wm mudmivi siCqariTY
koeficienti?
25m radiusis wreze moZraobs da velosiped-
Tan erTad misi masaa 85kg. gamoTvaleT 105. saTamaSoebis yuTis wonaa 180 n. yuTsa da
a) gzidan velosipedze moqmedi xaxunis Zala da iataks Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia
b) gzidan velosipedze moqmedi jamuri Zala. 0,42. 6.61 suraTze gamosaxuli bavSvi Tokis
saSualebiT yuTis gadaadgilebas cdilobs.
100. 53sm diametris raketa dabal simaRleze, 
sadac haeris simkvrivea 1,2kg/m3, 250m/wm
a) Tu θ = 42°, ra F ZaliT unda imoqmedos
bavSma Tokze, raTa yuTi moZraobis zRvramde
siCqariT gadaadgildeba. dauSviT, rom C=0,75
mivides? b) dawereT am F Zalis θ kuTxeze
da gamoTvaleT raketaze moqmedi wevis Zala.
damokidebulebis funqciis gamosaxuleba.
101. manqana ν = 94 km/sT maqsimaluri SesaZlo gamoTvaleT g) θ-is mniSvneloba, rodesac
siCqariT R = 220 m radiusis brtyel mosaxvevSi F minimaluria da d) F-is minimaluri
Sedis. ra jamuri Zala moqmedebs m = 85 kg mniSvneloba.
masis mgzavridan manqanis savarZelze?
102. 49 kg masis mTamsvleli napralSi adis

(sur. 6.60). fexsacmelebsa da kldes Soris
statikuri xaxunis
koeficientia
1,2, xolo zurgsa
da kldes Soris
igive koeficienti
0,8-ia. Semdeg sur. 6.61. amocana 105.
mTamsvlelma sax
106. warmoidgineT, rom standartuli kilo
srebi moaduna
gramis masis sagani dedamiwis ekvatorze
da Camovardnis
moaTavses, sadac is dedamiwis brunvis Sedegad
zRvarze mivida. a)
465 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT 6,4×106 m radiusis
aageT Tavisufali
sur. 6.60. amocana 102. wreze moZraobs. a) ra sididis centriskenuli
sxeulis grafiki
Zala imoqmedebs brunvis dros saganze?
mTamsvlelisTvis. b) ra ZaliT awveba
davuSvaT, igive sagani zambarian sasworzea
mTamsvleli kldes? g) misi wonis ra nawils
Camokidebuli da dedamiwis brunvis gareSe
exmareba fexsacmelebze moqmedi xaxunis Zala?
misi wona zustad 9,8 n-ia. b) ras aCvenebs
103. Tqven 165 n wonis yuTi navsayudelisken saswori anu ra sididis Zala moqmedebs
unda gaaxoxialoT. yuTsa da zedapirs Soris sagnidan sasworze?
107. Toki 40 n maqsimalur daWimulobas mudmivi siCqariT horizontalur wreze

uZlebs. bavSvma am Toks 0,37kg masis qva moaba mifrinavs. Tokis meore bolo miwazea
da Tokis meore boloTi qvas 0,91m radiusis damagrebuli. TviTmfrinavi wuTSi 4,4 bruns
vertikalur wreze atrialebs. bavSvi asrulebs da frTebis horizontaluri
qvis siCqares Tokis gawyvetamde zrdis. a) ganlagebis Sedegad haeri TviTmfrinavs
traeqtoriis ra adgilze iqneba qva Tokis vertikalurad maRla awveba. a) risi tolia
gawyvetisas? b) ra iqneba qvis siCqare Tokis TviTmfrinavis aCqareba? b) risi tolia Tokis
gawyvetisas? daWimuloba? g) ra jamuri maRla mimarTuli
(wevis) Zala moqmedebs TviTmfrinavis
108. 0,75kg masis saTamaSo TviTmfrinavi 30m
frTebze?
sigrZis Tokzea gamobmuli da 18m simaRleze
kinetikuri energia da muSaoba 7
mSobiarobis dros qirurgs an anesTeziologs gautkivarebis wamali
pacientis sxeulSi nemsiT Seyavs. nemsis wveri zurgis tvinis garSemo
ganlagebul arxSi arsebul epiduralur sivrceSi unda moxvdes. es
procedura sakmaod xangrZliv praqtikas moiTxovs, raTa eqimi mixvdes Tu
rodis Sevida nemsi epiduralur sivrceSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod
seriozul garTulebebs SeiZleba hqondes adgili. dResdReobiT, eqimebi
gamocdilebas praqtikaSi iZenen, magram momavalSi albaT SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba virtualur modelze varjiSi da mxolod amis Semdeg darTaven
eqims nebas cocxal pacients Seuyvanos ineqcia.
rogor unda aigos virtualuri modeli, raTa eqimma

sworad Caataros epiduraluri procedura?

fizikis erT-erTi fundamentaluri amocana energiis Seswavlaa. marTlac, Cveni civilizacia
energiis miRebasa da efeqturad gamoyenebaze Zalian aris damokidebuli.
magaliTad, yvelam icis, rom nebismieri saxis moZraoba energias saWiroebs. wynar okeaneze
gadafrena, Senobis zeda sarTulze tvirTis atana, kosmosuri xomaldis moZraoba dedamiwis
orbitaze, burTis srola da a.S. energias moiTxovs. energiis miRebasa da gamoyenebaze uzarmazari
resursebi ixarjeba. Tanamedrove omebi swored energoresursebis gamo iwyeba da erT-erTi
mxaris mier resursis Warbad gamoyenebis Sedegad sruldeba kidec. nebismierma adamianma icis
energiis da misi gamoyenebis magaliTebi, magram ras niSnavs termini energia realurad?
7.2. ra aris energia?

energiis cneba Zalze farToa da misi zustad gansazRvra sakmaod rTulia. formalurad energia
aris erTi an meti raodenobis sagnis mdgomareobasTan asocirebuli skalaruli sidide, Tumca
es gansazRvreba metismetad bundovania da Znelad Tu dagvexmareba energiis aRqmaSi.
modiT zemoT moyvanili gansazRvreba odnav ganvavcroT da energiis Seswavlac ase daviwyoT.
energia erTi an meti raodenobis sagnis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli ricxvia. Tu Zala erT-erT
sagans cvlis (magaliTad, amoZravebs), maSin energiis ricxvi icvleba. uricxvi eqsperimentebis
Sedegad mecnierebi mixvdnen, rom Tu energiis ricxvebis miniWebis sqema kargad aris dagegmili,
ricxvebi eqsperimentebis Sedegebis winaswarmetyvelebisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT da, rac
199
200 Tavi 7 kinetikuri energia da muSaoba
ufro mniSvnelovania, SesaZlebeli xdeba meqanizmebis, magaliTad, safreni mowyobilobebis

ageba. mecnierebis warmateba Cveni samyaros erT SesaniSnav Tvisebas efuZneba: energia erTi
saxeobidan meoreSi da erTi sagnidan meoreze gadadis, magram misi mTliani raodenoba ucvlelia
(energia inaxeba). energiis Senaxvis kanonis gamonaklisi aRmoCenili ar aris.
energiis sxvadasxva saxeobebi sxvadasxva saxis sabanko angariSebze Senaxuli fulis amsaxvel
ricxvebad SegviZlia warmovidginoT. arsebobs wesebi, Tu ras niSnavs fulis amsaxveli ricxvi
da rogor icvleba is. fulis raodenoba erTi angariSidan meoreze an erTi sistemidan meoreSi
SegviZlia gadavitanoT, magram mTliani raodenoba yovelTvis inaxeba.
mocemul TavSi aqcents mxolod erTi saxeobis energiaze (kinetikur energiaze) da energiis
gadacemis erT saSualebaze (muSaobaze) gavakeTebT. momdevno TavSi ramdenime saxis energias
ganvixilavT da vnaxavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba energiis Senaxvis kanonis formulebis saxiT Cawera.
7.3. kinetikuri energia

K kinetikuri energia moZrav mdgomareobaSi myof sagnebs axasiaTebs. rac ufro swrafad
moZraobs sagani, miT ufro metia misi kinetikuri energia. rodesac sagani uZravia, misi
kinetikuri energia nulis tolia.
m masis da sinaTlis siCqareze naklebi ν siCqariT moZravi sagnisTvis:
K = 1 mν2 (kinetikuri energia) (7.1)

2
magaliTad, rodesac 3kg masis ixvi 2m/wm siCqariT mifrinavs, misi kinetikuri energiaa 6kg · m2/wm2
anu ixvis moZraoba am ricxviT xasiaTdeba.
SI sistemaSi kinetikuri energiis (da yvela sxva saxeobis energiis) erTeuli joulia (j). es
erTeuli me-19 saukuneSi moRvawe ingliseli mecnieris - jeims preskot joulis sapativcemulod
aris SemoRebuli. 7.1 formulidan gamomdinare jouli masis da siCqaris erTeulebiT
ganisazRvreba:
1 jouli = 1kg · m2/wm2 (7.2)
maSasadame, mfrinavi ixvis kinetikuri energiaa 6 j.

1896 wels, texasis Statis qalaq vakoSi,
uiliam kraSma ori orTqlmavali 6,4km sigrZis
liandagis mopirdapire boloebze gaaCera,
daqoqa da erTmaneTisken mTeli siCqariT
daZra (sur. 7.1). am yvelafers daaxloebiT
30 000 TviTmxilveli Seeswro. aTasobiT ada
miani orTqlmavlebis namsxvrevebma daaziana,
ramdenime daiRupa kidec. davuSvaT TiToeuli
orTqlmavalis wona 1,2×106n iyo da isini
0,26 m/wm2 mudmivi aCqarebiT moZraobdnen.
ra jamuri kinetikuri energia hqonda orive
orTqlmavals Sejaxebamde?
amoxsna: 7.1 formulis saSualebiT TiTo

euli orTqlmavalis kinetikuri energia
SegviZlia gamovTvaloT, magram amisTvis
sur. 7.1. orTqlmavalebis Sejaxebis Sedegi
7.4. muSaoba 201
orTqlmavlebis siCqare Sejaxebamde da maTi TiToeuli orTqlmavalis masis dasadgenad
masa gvWirdeba. vinaidan davuSviT, rom TiTo maTi wonebi g-ze gavyoT:
euli orTqlmavalis aCqareba mudmivia, 2.1 1,2 × 106 n
m= = 1,22 × 105 kg
cxrilis saSualebiT ν siCqareebis gamoTvla 9,8 m/w2
SesaZlebelia. Cven 2.16 formulas virCevT, Semdeg 7.1 formulis saSualebiT orive
radgan ν-s garda yvela mniSvneloba viciT: orTqlmavalis jamur kinetikur energias
gamovTvliT:
ν2 = ν02 + 2a(x – x0),
K = 2(1 mν2) = (1,22 × 105 kg)(40,8 m/wm)2
sadac ν0 = 0 da x – x0 = 3,2 × 103 m (liandagis 2
= 2 × 108 j (pasuxi)
mTliani manZilis naxevari):
miRebuli Sedegi cxadyofs, rom orTql
ν2 = 0 + 2(0,26 m/wm2)(3,2 × 103m)
mavalebis Sejaxeba bombis afeTqebis magvari
anu ν = 40,8 m/wm (daaxloebiT 150 km/sT)
iqneboda.
7.4. muSaoba
Tu saganze ZaliT imoqmedebT da mis siCqares gazrdiT, sagnis kinetikuri energiac gaizrdeba.
aseve, Tu saganze ZaliT imoqmedebT da mis siCqares SeamcirebT, kinetikuri energiac Sesabamisad
Semcirdeba. kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis SefasebisTvis vambobT, rom Zalam energia Tqvenidan
saganze an piriqiT gadaitana.
Zalis saSualebiT energiis gadacemis dros Zala saganze W muSaobas asrulebs. muSaobis
gansazRvreba Semdegia:
W muSaoba aris saganze moqmedi Zalis saSualebiT sagnidan an sagnisTvis gadacemuli

energia. sagnisTvis gadacemuli energia dadebiTi muSaobaa, xolo sagnidan gamosuli
energia - uaryofiTi muSaoba.
maSasadame, `muSaoba~ gadacemuli energiaa, xolo `muSaobis Seasruleba~ - energiis gadacemis

procesi. muSaobis erTeuli energiis erTeulia da muSaoba skalaruli sididea.
termini „gadacema“ sakmaod damabneveli SeiZleba gaxdes. is ar niSnavs, rom raime nivTiereba
saganze gadadis an sagnidan gamodis. energiis gadacema, magaliTad, wylis dinebas, sulac ar
gavs. es ufro bankis erTi angariSidan meoreze fulis eleqtronuli gadatanis msgavsia. erTi
angariSis ricxvi mcirdeba, xolo meorisa izrdeba, sinamdvileSi ki or angariSs Soris araviTari
nivTiereba ar moZraobs.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom sityva `muSaoba~ ar niSnavs fizikurad an gonebrivad Sesrulebul
samuSaos. magaliTad, rodesac kedels Zlierad awvebiT, kunTebis permanentuli daZabvis Sedegad
daiRlebiT anu muSaobT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom Tqvensa da kedels Soris energiis gadacema
xdeba anu kedelze muSaoba sruldeba.
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad W simbolos mxolod muSaobisTvis gamoviyenebT, xolo wonas
misi eqvivalenturi mg simboloTi warmovadgenT.
7.5. muSaoba da kinetikuri energia

muSaobis gamosaxuleba
modiT, ganvixiloT gaxvretili burTula, romelic horizontaluri x RerZis gaswvriv
gadaWimul, xaxunisgan Tavisufal
 mavTulze misrialebs (sur. 7.2). burTulaze mavTulisadmi
φ kuTxiT daxrili, mudmivi F Zala moqmedebs da mas mavTulis gaswvriv aCqarebs. Zalasa da
aCqarebas Soris kavSiris dasadgenad x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore
kanoni CavweroT:
Fx = max , (7.3)

sadac m aris burTulis masa. Zala d gadaadgilebis
gavlis Semdeg burTulis siCqaris 0
sawyis mniSvnelobas
raime sxva mniSvnelobiT cvlis. vinaidan Zala mudmivia,
aCqarebac mudmivia. aqedan gamomdinare, x RerZis gaswvrivi
sur. 7.2.
 mavTulze mosriale burTu komponentebisTvis 2.16 formula SeiZleba Caiweros:
laze d gadaadgilebisadmi
 φ kuTxis
mdgeneli F mudmivi Zala moqmedebs ν 2 = ν02 + 2axd. (7.4)
da mis siCqares 0
-dan -ze cvlis. am formulis ax-sTvis amoxsna, Semdeg 7.3 formulaSi Casma
`kinetikuri energiis sawyao~ burTulis
kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas asaxavs.
da gardaqmnebi mogvcems:
Ki sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa, xolo Kf 1 mν2 – 1 mν02 = Fxd (7.5)
– saboloo kinetikuri energia. 2 2
formulis marcxena mxaris pirveli wevri d gadaadgilebis
bolos burTulis Kf kinetikuri energiaa, xolo meore wevri - Ki kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis
dasawyisSi. 7.5 formulis marcxena mxare gvauwyebs, rom kinetikuri energia Zalis moqmedebiT
Seicvala, xolo formulis marjvena mxaris Tanaxmad es cvlileba Fxd-s tolia. maSasadame, Zalis
mier burTulaze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
W = Fxd (7.6)
Tu Fx da d sidideebi viciT, maSin am formulis gamoyenebiT Zalis mier burTulaze Sesrulebul
W muSaobas gamovTvliT.
moZraobisas Zalis mier saganze Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis mxolod

gadaadgilebis gaswvriv Zalis komponents viyenebT. gadaadgilebis perpendikularuli
Zalis komponenti muSaobas ar asrulebs.
 
7.2 suraTze Cans, rom Fx = F cos φ, sadac φ aris kuTxe d gadaadgilebis mimarTulebasa da F
Zalas Soris. 7.6 formula ufro zogadi saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
W = Fd cos φ (mudmivi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba) (7.7)

 
es formula gamosadegia, Tu F, d da φ sidideebi viciT. vinaidan formulis marjvena mxare F ⋅ d
skalaruli namravlis tolia, amitom:
 
W = F ⋅ d (mudmivi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba), (7.8)

sadac F aris F Zalis mniSvneloba (sidide). 7.8 formula gansakuTrebulad maSin xdeba
 
mosaxerxebeli, rodesac F da d erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi aris mocemuli.
gafrTxileba: 7.6-7.8 formulebis gamoyenebaze ori SezRudva arsebobs: 1) Zala unda iyos
mudmivi anu misi sidide sagnis moZraobis dros ar unda icvlebodes da 2) sagani nivTieri
wertilis magvari unda iyos anu is unda iyos myari da misi yvela nawili erTdroulad moZraobdes.
mocemul TavSi mxolod nivTieri wertilis magvar sagnebs
da mudmivi Zalis SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT.
muSaobis niSani. Zalis mier saganze Sesrulebuli
muSaoba SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi. magaliTad
Tu 7.7 formulaSi φ kuTxe 90°-ze naklebia, maSin cos φ da
Sesabamisad muSaobac dadebiTia. rodesac φ kuTxe 90°-ze
sur. 7.3. sawolebiT rbolis monawile. metia (180°-mde), cosφ da Sesabamisad muSaobac uaryofiTia.
sawoli da misi mgzavri nivTier
wertilad SegviZlia miviCnioT, raTa zemoT miRebul Sedegebs martiv wesamde davyavarT.
monawilis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis niSnis gasagebad Zalis veqtoris gadadaadgilebis
muSaoba gamovTvaloT.
paraleluri komponenti unda ganvixiloT.
7.5. muSaoba da kinetikuri energia 203
Zala dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, rodesac misi veqtoruli komponentis mimarTuleba

gadaadgilebis mimarTulebas emTxveva da uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs, rodesac
veqtoruli komponentis mimarTuleba gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis sapirispiroa.
veqtoruli komponentis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs.
muSaobis erTeulebi. SI sistemaSi muSaobis da kinetikuri energiis erTeuli joulia. 7.6 da

7.7 formulebidan Cans, rom joulis eqvivalenturi erTeulia n · m, xolo britanul sistemaSi
futi · funti. gavSaloT 7.2 formula da miviRebT:
1j = 1kg · m2/wm2 = 1n · m = 0,738 futi · funti (7.9)
ramdenime Zalis mier Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba. rodesac saganze ori an meti Zala moqmedebs,
jamuri muSaoba calkeuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaTa jamis tolia. jamuri muSaoba
ori meTodiT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT: 1) gamovTvaloT TiToeuli Zalis mier
 Sesrulebuli
muSaoba da Semdeg SevkriboT, 2) Tavdapirvelad am Zalebis tolqmedis sidide Ft gamovTvaloT,
 
Semdeg ki 7.7 formulis gamoyenebiT F-is nacvlad Ft CavsvaT, xolo φ-s nacvlad - Ft -sa da d -s
Soris kuTxe.
muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema
7.5 formula burTulis kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas burTulaze Sesrulebul W (=Fxd)

muSaobasTan akavSirebs. nivTieri wertilis magvari sagnebisTvis am formulis ganzogadeba
SesaZlebelia. davuSvaT, ΔK aris sagnis kinetikuri energiis cvlileba, xolo W – masze
Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba. amis Semdeg SegviZlia davweroT:
ΔK = Kf – Ki = W (7.10)
7.10 formulis Tanaxmad:
(
wertilis kinetikuri
energiis cvlileba ) (
=
wertilze Sesrulebuli
jamuri muSaoba ).
7.10 formula asec SeiZleba daiweros:
Kf = Ki + W (7.11)
es formula gvauwyebs:
( kinetikuri energia jamuri

muSaobis Sesrulebis Semdeg ) (
=
kinetikuri energia jamuri
muSaobis Sesrulebamde ) (
=
Sesrulebuli jamuri
muSaoba ).
zemoT moyvanili mtkicebebi muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis saxeliT aris cnobili.

is gamosadegia, rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi muSaobisTvis. Tu wertilze Sesrulebuli
jamuri muSaoba dadebiTia, maSin wertilis kinetikuri energia muSaobis odenobiT izrdeba. Tu
jamuri muSaoba uaryofiTia, maSin wertilis kinetikuri energia muSaobis odenobiT mcirdeba.
magaliTad, Tu wertilis kinetikuri energiaa 5j da mas 2j energia gadaecema, saboloo kinetikuri
energia 7j iqneba. 2 j energiis gamosvlis SemTxvevaSi wertilis saboloo energia 3 j gaxdeba.
sakontrolo wertili 1. wertili x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs. rodesac wertilis siCqare

icvleba a) –3m/wm-dan –2m/wm-mde da b) –2m/wm-dan 2m/wm-mde, misi kinetikuri energia izrdeba,
mcirdeba Tu ar icvleba? g) TiToeul SemTxvevaSi wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia?

ori Spioni 225kg masis seifs d=8,5m manZilze
miacurebs. 001 12n sididis da
Spioni 
horizontalidan qvemoT 30°-iT daxrili F1
ZaliT moqmedebs, xolo 002 Spioni 10n sididis

da horizontalidan zemoT 40°-iT daxrili F2
ZaliT cdilobs seifis mitanas daniSnulebis
adgilamde. moZraobis dros am Zalebis
sidideebi da mimarTulebebi ar icvleba, xolo
seifsa da zedapirs Soris xaxuni ar arsebobs. 
 sur. 7.4. a) ori Spioni seifs d manZilze gadaadgilebs.
F1 da F2 Zalebi
a) ra jamur muSaobas asruleben b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki seifisTvis

seifze d gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi?
mimarTuleba ar icvleba, maT mier Sesru
amoxsna: ori Zalis mier seifze Sesrulebuli
lebuli muSaoba 7.7 formuliT SegviZlia
W jamuri muSaoba calkeuli muSaobebis jamis
gamovTvaloT. mizidulobis Zalis sididea mg
tolia. garda amisa, seifi nivTieri wertilia
da gveqneba:
da Zalebis sidideebi da mimarTulebebi ar
icvleba. maSasadame, muSaobis gamoTvli Wgmgd cos 90° = mgd(0) = 0 (pasuxi)
sTvis 7.7 (W = Fd cos φ) an 7.8 formula (W= da WN = FN d cos 90° = FN d(0) = 0 (pasuxi)
 
F ⋅d ) SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. vinaidan amgvari Sedegis winaswar gamocnoba namdvilad
Zalebis sidideebi da mimarTulebebi viciT, SegveZlo. vinaidan es Zalebi seifis gadaad
7.7 formula ufro mosaxerxebelia. am gilebis perpendikularulad aris mimarTuli,
formulidan da 7.4b suraTze gamosaxuli seifze muSaobas ar asruleben da energiis
Tavisufali
 sxeulis grafikidan gamomdinare gadacema ar xdeba.
F1 Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
g) seifi Tavdapirvelad uZravia. ra iqneba misi
W1 = F1d cos φ1 = (12 n)(8,5 m)(cos 30°) = 88,33 j νf siCqare 8,5 m-is gavlis Semdeg?

F2 Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa: 
amoxsna:
 seifis siCqare icvleba, vinaidan F1
W2 = F2d cos φ2 = (10n)(8,5 m)(cos 40°) = 65,11j da F2 Zalis mier energiis gadacemis dros
maSasadame, jamuri W muSaobaa: misi kinetikuri energia icvleba. siCqaresa da
W = W1 + W2 = 88,33j + 65,11j muSaobas Soris kavSiris dasadgenad 7.10 da 7.1
formulebi gavaerTianoT:
= 153,4j ≈ 153j (pasuxi)
8,5m manZilze gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi W = Kf – Ki = 1 mνf2 – 1 mνi2
2 2
Spionebi seifs 153j energias gadascemen. sawyisi νi siCqare nulis tolia, xolo mTliani
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa 153,4 j. zemoT miRe
b) gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi ra Wg muSaobas
 buli formulis νf-sTvis amoxsna da monacemebis
asrulebs Fg mizidulobis Zala da ra WN
 Casma mogvcems:
muSaobas asrulebs FN drekadobis Zala
seifze?

amoxsna: vinaidan am ori Zalis sidide da
= 1,17 m/w (pasuxi)

yuTi Stormis dros molipul avtosadgomze a) ra muSaobas asrulebs qari yuTis gadaadgi

d = (–3 
 m) manZilze gadaadgildeba da masze lebis dros?
qari F  = (2 n)  + (–6 n) ucvleli ZaliT moq amoxsna: vinaidan yuTi nivTieri wertilia
medebs. 7.5 suraTze gamosaxulia mocemuli da qaris Zalis sidide da mimarTuleba
viTareba da koordinatTa RerZebi. ar icvleba, muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis 7.7
7.6. mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 205

kuri energia d -s bolos?
amoxsna: vinaidan Zala yuTze uaryofiT
muSaobas asrulebs, yuTis kinetikuri energia
  mcirdeba. muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teo
sur. 7.5. d manZilze gadaadgilebisas F ucvleli
Zala anelebs yuTis moZraobas. rema 7.11 formulis saxiT gamoviyenoT da
  miviRebT:
(W = Fd cos φ) an 7.8 (W = F⋅ d ) formula Kf = Ki + W = 10 j + (–6 j) = 4 j (pasuxi)
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. F da d erTeulovan-
kinetikuri energia 4 j-mde Semcirda da yuTic
veqtorul CanawerSi gvaqvs mocemuli, amitom
Senelda.
7.8 formulas virCevT da vwerT:
 
W = F ⋅ d = [(2 n) + (–6 n) ] · [(–3 m) ]. sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze gamo
SesaZlo skalaruli namravlebidan mxolod saxulia oTxi mdgomareoba, romlebSic
 
 ·  ,  ·  da k ⋅ k ar aris nuli toli (ix. E yuTze Zala moqmedebs da yuTi xaxunisgan
damateba). am SemTxvevaSi viRebT: Tavisufal zedapirze d manZils mar
jvnisken gadis. Zalebis sidideebi Tana
W = (2 n)(–3 m) · + (–6 n)(–3 m) ·
baria da maTi mimarTulebebic naCvenebia.
= (–6 j)(1) + 0 = –6 j (pasuxi)
daalageT mdgomareobebi gadaadgilebis
maSasadame, Zala yuTze uaryofiT 6 j muSaobas dros yuTze Sesrulebuli muSaobis mi
asrulebs da yuTis kinetikur energias 6 j-s xedviT dididan mcireze.
aklebs.

b) Tu d gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi yuTis
kinetikuri energiaa 10 j, risi tolia kineti
(a) (b) (g) (d)
7.6. mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba

modiT, mizidulobis Zalis mier saganze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
ganvixiloT. 7.6 suraTze naCvenebia m masis pomidori, romelic
ν0 sawyisi siCqariT da, maSasadame, Ki=1 mν02  kinetikuri

2
energiiT maRla aisroles. maRla asvlisas pomidors Fg
mizidulobis Zala anelebs anu mizidulobis Zala pomidorze
muSaobas asrulebs da kinetikuri energia mcirdeba.
vinaidan pomidori nivTier wertilad SegviZlia CavTvaloT,

d gadaadgilebis dros masze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
 7.7 sur. 7.6. m masis maRla asrolil

pomidorze Fg mizidulobis  Zala
formuliT (W = Fd cos φ) SegviZlia CavweroT. Fg Zalis
moqmedebs da misi siCqare d ga
sididea mg da am Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Wg muSaobaa: daadgilebis dros 0-dan -mde mci
rdeba. kinetikuri energiis sawyao
Wg = mgd cosφ (mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba) (7.12)
  kinetikuri energiis Ki(=1 mν02)-dan
2
maRla asrolili sagnis SemTxvevaSi Fg Zala d gadaadgilebis K (=1 mν2)-mde cvlilebas asaxavs.
f  2
sapirispiro mimarTulebisaa, φ = 180° da gveqneba:
Wg = mgd cos180° = mgd (–1) = –mgd (7.13)
minus niSani gvauwyebs, rom maRla asvlis dros saganze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala sagnis
kinetikur energias mgd raodenobas aklebs da, Sesabamisad, sagani neldeba.  
mas Semdeg rac sagani maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs, is vardnas iwyebs da Fg Zalasa da d
gadaadgilebs Soris φ kuTxe nulis tolia:
Wg= mgd cos 0° = mgd(+1) = +mgd (7.14)

plius niSani gvauwyebs, rom mizidulobis Zala sagnis kinetikur energias mgd raodenobis
energias umatebs. aqedan gamomdinare sagani Cqardeba.
sagnis awevasa da dabla dawevaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
warmovidginoT, rom nivTieri wertilis magvar saganze


F vertikaluri ZaliT vmoqmedebT da mas maRla vwevT.
gadaadgilebis dros Cveni Zala saganze Wa dadebiT muSaobas
asrulebs, xolo mizidulobis Zala - uaryofiT Wg muSaobas.
Cvens mier modebuli Zala sagans energias gadascems, xolo
mizidulobis Zala sagnisTvis energiis warTmevas cdilobs.
7.10 formulidan gamomdinare, energiis gadacemebis Sedegad
sagnis kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlilebaa:
ΔK = Kf – Ki = Wa + Wg , (7.15) 
 F Zala sagans
sur. 7.7. a) modebuli
sadac Kf aris kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis dasasruls, maRla
 wevs. sagnis d gadaadgileba
F mizidulobis Zalisadmi f=180°
xolo K – kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi. igive
i
g
kuTxes adgens. modebuli Zala
formula sagnis dabla dawevis SemTxvevaSic gamosadegia, saganze dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs.

Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mizidulobis Zala sagans energias b) modebuli F Zala sagans dabla 
gadascems, xolo Cvens mier modebuli Zala sagans energias wevs. sagnis d gadaadgileba Fg
mizidulobis Zalisadmi f=0° kuTxes
arTmevs. adgens. modebuli Zala saganze
gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa, rodesac awevamde da awevis uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.
Semdeg sagani uZravia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom wigns
iatakidan Taroze debT. am SemTxvevaSi Kf da Ki kinetikuri energiebi nulis tolia da 7.15
formula Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
Wa + Wg = 0
anu Wa = –Wg (7.16)
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom igive Sedegs miviRebT, Tu kinetikuri energiebi erTmaneTis tolia.
orive SemTxvevaSi miRebuli Sedegi niSnavs, rom modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia anu modebuli Zala sagans
igive raodenobis energias gadascems, rasac mizidulobis Zala sagans arTmevs. 7.12 formulis
gamoyenebiT 7.16 formula ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
Wa  = – mgd cosφ (awevasa da dawevaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba; Kf=Ki) (7.17)

 
sadac φ aris kuTxe Fg -sa da d -s Soris. Tu gadaadgileba vertikalurad zeviT aris mimarTuli
(sur. 7.7a), maSin φ = 180° da modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa mgd. Tu gadaadgileba
vertikalurad qvemoT aris mimarTuli (sur. 7.7b), maSin φ = 0° da modebuli Zalis mier Sesru
lebuli muSaoba –mgd-s utoldeba.
7.16 da 7.17 formulebi nebismier mdgomareobas Seesabameba, rodesac sagans maRla an dabla weven
da awevamde da awevis Semdeg sagani uZravia. formulebi modebuli Zalis sidideze damokidebuli
ar aris. magaliTad, Tu iatakidan Wiqas aiRebT da Tavs zemoT daiWerT, Tqveni Zala awevis dros
mniSvnelovnad Seicvleba. miuxedavad amisa, awevamde da awevis Semdeg Wiqa uZravia da Tqveni
Zalis mier Wiqaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba 7.16 da 7.17 formulebiT gamoiTvleba, sadac mg aris
Wiqis wona, xolo d - awevis manZili.

50-ian wlebSi, pol andersoni uzarmazari platforma 1 sm simaRleze
daaxloebiT
tvirTebis awevaSi legendad iqca (sur. 7.8). awia. platformaze mTlianad 27900 n wonis
erT-erTi misi Sedegi dRemde rekordia. avtomobilis nawilebi da tyviiT savse seifi
anedersoni xis platformis qveS moixara, iyo ganlagebuli.
xelebiT patara taburetebs daeyrdno da
7.6. mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 207
a) tvirTis awevis dros ra muSaoba Seasrula

Fg mizidulobis Zalam tvirTze?
amoxsna: tvirTi erT nivTier wertilad
SegviZlia miviCnioT, vinaidan misi nawilebi
erTdroulad moZraobdnen. amis Semdeg 7.12

formulis (Wg = mgd cosφ) saSualebiT Fg Za
lis mier tvirTze Sesrulebul Wg muSaobas
gamovTvliT. qvemoT mimarTul mizidulobis
Zalasa da zemoT mimarTul gadaadgilebas
Soris φ kuTxea 180°. es da sxva monacemebi 7.12
formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
Wg = mgd cos φ = (27900 n)(0,01 m)(cos180°)
= –280 j (pasuxi) sur. 7.8. pol andersonma platforma da moxaliseebis
jgufi zurgiT awia
b) ra muSaoba Seasrula andersonis mier
modebulma Zalam tvirTis awevaze? Sebrunebulia. 7.16 formula swored amgvar
mdgomareobas asaxavs:
amoxsna: andersonis mier tvirTze modebuli
Zalis gamosaxuleba ar gvaqvs da romc WA = –Wg = +280 j (pasuxi)
gvqondes, misi Zala namdvilad ar iyo miRebuli raodenobis muSaoba skolis gate
mudmivi. aqedan gamomdinare, 7.7 formulaSi nili zurgCanTis iatakidan aRebisTvisac
Zalis sididis Casma da muSaobis gamoTvla ki sakmarisia. maSin ratom iyo andersonis
SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad amisa, viciT, rom Sedegi gasaocari? pasuxi is aris, rom muSaoba
awevamde da awevis Semdeg tvirTi uZravia. da Zala sxvadasxva sidideebia. andersonis
aqedan gamomdinare, andersonis
 Zalis mier miRwevas ar sWirdeboda didi raodenobis
Sesrulebuli WA muSaoba Fg mizidulobis energiis gadacema, samagierod, uzarmazari
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Zala namdvilad aucilebeli iyo.

15kg masis Tavdapirvelad uZrav yuTs Tokis
saSualebiT xaxunisgan Tavisufal daxril
zedapirze d = 5,7 m manZilze gadaaadgileben.
h = 2,5 m simaRleze yuTi Cerdeba (sur. 7.9a). zedapiri

a) ra Wg muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Fg mizi
dulobis Zala gadaadgilebisas?
(a)
amoxsna: Cven SegviZlia yuTi nivTier wer

tilad miviCnioT da Fg Zalis mier masze
Sesrulebuli Wg muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis
7.12 formula (Wg = mgd cos φ) gamoviyenoT

miuxedavad imisa, rom Fg -sa da d -s Soris
φ kuTxe ar viciT. 7.9b suraTze gamosaxulia
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki yuTisTvis da
Cans, rom φ = θ + 90°, sadac θ aris sibrtyis (b)
daxris kuTxe. 7.12 formula gvaZlevs:
sur. 7.9. a) yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal
 daxril
sibrtyeze sibrtyisadmi paraleluri T Zalis moqme
Wg = mgd cos (θ + 90°) = –mgd sin θ (7.18) debiT gadaadgildeba. b)
 Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki
yuTisTvis. naCvenebia d gadaadgilebac.
zemoT miRebuli formulis gamartivebisTvis cvlileba nulis tolia. yuTze Sesrulebuli

trigonometriuli igiveoba gamoviyeneT. jamuri W muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis yuTze
miRebuli Sedegi erTi SexedviT arafers moqmedi samive Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
ar gvaZlevs, vinaidan θ ucnobia, magram 7.9 muSaoba
 unda SevkriboT. a)-dan ukve viciT, rom
suraTze Cans, rom d sin θ = h, sadac h CvenTvis Fg mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Wg
cnobili sididea. amis Semdeg 7.18 formula muSaoba –386j-ia, sibrtyidan yuTze moqmedi

mogvcems: FN drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli

Wg = –mgh (7.19) WN muSaoba nulis tolia, vinaidan FN Zala
gadaadgilebis perpendikularulia. Cven
= –(15 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)(2,5 m) 
mxolod T -s mier Sesrulebuli WT muSaoba
= –386 j (pasuxi)
dagvrCa. muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teo
7.19 formulis Tanaxmad mizidulobis Zalis remis Tanaxmad:
mier Sesrulebuli Wg muSaoba vertikalur
ΔK = WT + Wg + WN
gadaadgilebazea damokidebuli da ara
horizontalur gadaadgilebaze. anu 0 = WT – 368j + 0
da WT = 368 j (pasuxi)
b) ra WT muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Tokidan

moqmedi T Zala gadaadgilebis dros?
sakontrolo wertili 3. davuSvaT, yuTs
amoxsna: 7.7 formulaSi (W = Fd cos φ) F-is
igive h simaRlemde, oRond ufro grZel
nacvlad T-s ver CavsvamT, vinaidan T-s mniS
daxril sibrtyeze vamoZravebT. a) T Zalis
vneloba ar viciT. samagierod SegviZlia yuTi
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba metia, naklebia
nivTier wertilad miviCnioT da mas muSaoba-
Tu ar icvleba?
 b) yuTis moZraobisTvis
kinetikuri energiis Teorema (ΔK = W) mivu
saWiro T Zalis sidide metia, naklebia Tu
sadagoT. awevamde da awevis Semdeg yuTi
ar icvleba?
uZravia, amitom misi kinetikuri energiis ΔK

m=500kg masis lifti νi = 4m/wm siCqariT qvemoT
 
Cadis, gvarli fuWdeba da kabina a = g / 5
mudmivi aCqarebiT vardeba (sur. 7.10a).
a) d = 12m manZilze vardnis

 ganmavlobaSi ra
Wg muSaobas asrulebs Fg mizidulobis Zala
kabinaze?
amoxsna: kabina SegviZlia nivTier wertilad

miviCnioT da Fg Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
Wg muSaoba 7.12 formuliT (Wg = mgd cos φ)
gamovTvaloT.
 7.10b suraTidan Cans, rom Fg
Zalasa da d gadaadgilebas Soris kuTxe 0 -ia. 0
maSasadame, 7.12 formula gvaZlevs:

Wg = mgd cos0° = (500 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)(12m)(1)
= 5,88 × 104 j ≈ 59 kj (pasuxi) (a) (b)
b) 12m-iani vardnis ganmavlobaSi ra WT muSao sur. 7.10. liftis kabina νi siCqariT qvemoT eSveba da
 
bas asrulebs kabinaze liftis
 gvarlis aCqarebas iwyebs. a) kabina d manZils a = g/5 mudmivi
gaswvriv zemoT mimarTuli T Zala? aCqarebiT gadis. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki
kabinisTvis. naCvenebia gadaadgilebac.
amoxsna: 7.7 formulis (W = Fd cosφ) sa
7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 209
SualebiT WT muSaobas gamovTvliT, Tu Sesabamisad, kinetikuri energiac icvleba.
Tavdapirvelad T sididis gamosaxulebas aqedan gamomdinare, 7.16 formula am
miviRebT. am gamosaxulebis miReba y RerZis SemTxvevaSi gamousadegaria.
gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore
g) ra jamuri W muSaoba sruldeba kabinaze
kanonis CaweriT SeiZleba:
vardnis ganmavlobaSi?
T – Fg = ma
amoxsna: jamuri muSaoba kabinaze moqmedi
es formula T-sTvis amovxsnaT, Fg-s nacvlad Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jamia:
mg CavsvaT da miRebuli Sedegi 7.7 formulaSi
W = Wg + WT = 5,88×104 j – 4,7 × 104 j
gadavitanoT:
= 1,18×104 j ≈ 12 kj
WT = Td cos φ = m(a+g)d cos φ
Semdeg qvemoT mimarTuli a aCqarebis nacvlad d) risi tolia kabinis kinetikuri energia
 
–g/5 CavsvaT, xolo T da mg Zalebs Soris φ 12m-iani vardnis dasasruls?
kuTxis nacvlad 180°: amoxsna: kabinis kinetikuri energia icvleba,
( )
g 4 vinaidan masze jamuri muSaoba sruldeba. 7.1
WT = m – + g d cos φ = mgd cos φ
5 5 formulidan gamomdinare, vardnis dasawyisSi
1
4 kinetikuri energiaa Ki= 2 mνi2. amis Semdeg 7.11
= (500 kg)(9,8 m/w2)(12 m) cos 180°
5 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
= –4,7 × 104 j ≈ –47 kj (pasuxi) 1
Kf = Ki + W = mνi2 + W
2
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom WT ar aris Wg-s 1
= (500 kg)(4 m/wm)2 + 1,18×104 j
Sebrunebuli. amis mizezi is aris, rom kabina 2
vardnis dros Cqardeba, misi siCqare da, = 1,58 × 104 j ≈ 16 kj (pasuxi)
7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba

am TavSi cvladi Zalis garkveuli saxeobis, kerZod, drekadobis Zalis anu zambaridan moqmedi
Zalis mier nivTieri wertilis magvar saganze Sesrulebul muSaobas ganvixilavT. bunebaSi
arsebul mraval Zalas drekadobis Zalis magvari maTematikuri forma aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare,
am Zalis Seswavlis dros mravali sxva Zalis bunebas gavigebT.
drekadobis Zala
7.11 suraTze naCvenebia moSvebul mdgomareobaSi myofi zambara anu rodesac zambara SekumSuli
an daWimuli ar aris. zambaris erTi bolo damagrebulia, xolo meore boloze nivTieri wertilis
magvari sagani, magaliTad, blokia mibmuli. Tu bloks marjvniv gavwevT da zambaras davWimavT
(7.11b suraTi), zambara bloks marcxnisken ubiZgebs (vinaidan drekadobis Zala zambaras pirvandel
mdgomareobaSi abrunebs, mas aRmdgen Zalasac uwodeben). Tu bloks marcxnisken vubiZgebT da
zambaras SevkumSavT (7.11g suraTi), zambara bloks marjvnisken ubiZgebs.
zambaraze
 Catarebuli mravali eqsperimentiT gamarTlebulia daSveba, rom zambaridan moqmedi

Fs Zala zambaris Tavisufali bolos d gadaadgilebis proporciulia.

Fs = - k d (hukis kanoni) , (7.20)

sadac Fs aris drekadobis Zala. es formula hukis kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. robert huki
ingliseli mecnieri iyo, romelic me-17 saukuneSi moRvaweobda. 7.20 formulaSi gamoyenebuli
minus niSani gvauwyebs, rom drekadobis Zala yovelTvis zambaris Tavisufali bolos
gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis sapirispiroa. k mudmivas zambaris sixiste ewodeba da igi zambaris
elastiurobis maxasiaTebelia. rac ufro metia k, miT ufro araelastiuria zambara anu miT
ufro meti Zalaa saWiro mocemuli gadaadgilebis misaRwevad. SI sistemaSi k-s erTeulia n/m.
7.11 suraTze x RerZi zambaris sigrZis paraleluradaa

gavlebuli da misi aTvlis saTave (x=0) zambaris Tavisufali
bolos mdebareobas emTxveva, rodesac zambara moSvebulia.
amgvari ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi 7.20 formula Semdegi saxiT
SeiZleba Caiweros:
Fx = – kx (hukis kanoni). (7.21)
wina formulisgan gansxvavebiT, amjerad indeqsia Secvlili.
Tu x dadebiTia (zambara x RerZis marjvniskenaa daWimuli),
Fx uaryofiTia (biZgi marcxniskenaa mimarTuli), xolo Tu
x dadebiTia (zambara marcxniskenaa SekumSuli), maSin Fx
dadebiTia (biZgi marjvniskenaa mimarTuli).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom drekadobis Zala cvalebadia, vinaidan is
zambaris Tavisufali bolos x mdebareobis funqciaa. aqedan
gamomdinare, Fx Zala F(x) simboloTi SegviZlia aRvniSnoT.
aseve yuradReba miaqcieT, rom hukis kanoni Fx-sa da x-s Soris
wrfiv damokidebulebas asaxavs.
sur. 7.11. a) zambara moSvebul
mdgomareobaSi. x RerZis aTvlis

saTave zambaris blokTan mierTebis
drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
bolos emTxveva. b) bloki d
manZilze gadaadgildeba, zambaris
gaWimvis
 sidide x dadebiTia da 7.11a suraTze gamosaxuli blokis moZraobis dros drekadobis
Fs drekadobis ZaliT moqmedebs. Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis ori
g) zambaris SekumSvis sidide x
uaryofiTia da am SemTxvevaSic mniSvnelovani daSvebis gakeTebaa saWiro: 1) zambaras masa ar
aRmdgeni Zala moqmedebs. gaaCnia anu misi masa blokis masasTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa da
2) zambara idealuria anu is hukis kanons zustad emorCileba.
garda amisa, davuSvaT, rom bloksa da zedapirs Soris xaxuni ar arsebobs da bloki nivTieri
wertilis magvari sagania.
Tavdapirvelad bloks vubiZgoT marjvnisken da avamoZraoT. bloki marjvnisken gadaadgildeba,
masze Fx drekadobis Zala muSaobas asrulebs da blokis kinetikuri energia (maSasadame siCqarec)
mcirdeba. 7.7 formulis saSualebiT am muSaobis gamoTvla SeuZlebelia, vinaidan formulaSi
mudmivi Zala unda Sediodes, drekadobis Zala ki cvalebadia.
zambaris mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis dadgenas gamoTvlebi dasWirdeba. modiT blokis sawyisi
mdebareoba xi simboloTi aRvniSnoT, xolo momdevno mdebareoba – xf simboloTi. Semdeg am or
mdebareobas Soris manZili Zalian mcire Δx sigrZis segmentebad davyoT. es segmentebi xi-dan
dawyebuli 1, 2 da a.S. ricxvebiT aRvniSnoT. blokis mier TiToeuli segmentis gavlis dros
drekadobis Zala ar icvleba, vinaidan segmentis zomis simciris gamo x TiTqmis ucvlelia.
aqedan gamomdinare, segmentSi moqmedi Zalis mniSvneloba mudmivad SegviZlia miviCnioT. Zalis
mniSvneloba segmentebis mixedviT iyos Fx1, Fx2 da a.S.
vinaidan TiToeul segmentSi Zala mudmivia, 7.7 formulis saSualebiT TiToeul segmentSi
Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla SesaZlebeli xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, φ = 180° da cos φ = –1. pirvel
segmentSi Sesrulebuli muSaobaa –Fx1 Δx, meore segmentSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba _ –Fx2 Δx da a.S.
zambaris mier Sesrulebuli jamuri Ws muSaoba xi-dan xf-mde am muSaobebis jamis tolia:
 , (7.22)
sadac j aris segmentebis rigiTi nomeri. zRvarSi Δx nulisken miiswrafis da 7.22 formula aseT
saxes iRebs:
. (7.23)
7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 211
7.21 formulidan gamomdinare Fx Zalis sididea kx da gveqneba:
x
= (– 1k)[x2]xf = (– 1k)[x2]xi (– 1 k)(xf2 – xi2 ). (7.24)
2 i 2 2
gadamravlebis Semdeg miviRebT:
Ws = 1 kxi2 – 1 kxf2 (drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba) (7.25)
2 2
drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Ws muSaoba SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, rac
imazea damokidebuli blokidan gamodis energia Tu bloks gadaecema. gafrTxileba: xf saboloo
mdebareoba 7.25 formulis marjvena mxaris meore wevria. aqedan gamomdinare, 7.25 formula
gvauwyebs:
Ws muSaoba dadebiTia, Tu bloki moSvebul mdebareobasTan (x = 0) ufro axlos Cerdeba,

vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo. Ws muSaoba uaryofiTia, Tu bloki x = 0 mdebareobidan
moSorebiT Cerdeba. Tu x = 0 mdebareobidan manZili ucvlelia, maSin Ws muSaoba nulis
tolia.
Tu xi = 0 da saboloo mdebareobaa x, maSin 7.25 formula gvaZlevs:

Ws = – 1 kx2 (drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba) (7.26)
2
modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 

amjerad warmoidgineT, rom bloki x RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba da masze Fa Zala moqmedebas
ganagrZobs. gadaadgilebis dros Cvens mier modebuli Zala blokze Wa muSaobas asrulebs, xolo
drekadobis Zala - Ws muSaobas. energiis gadacemis Sedegad blokis kinetikuri energiis ΔK
cvlilebaa:
ΔK = Kf – Ki = Wa + Ws , (7.27)
sadac Kf aris kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis bolos, xolo Ki - kinetikuri energia
gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi. Tu gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis Semdeg bloki uZravia, maSin Kf
da Ki nulis tolebia da 7.27 formula Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
Wa = –Ws (7.28)
Tu zambaraze mimagrebuli bloki gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis Semdeg uZravia, modebuli
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia.
gafrTxileba: Tu bloki gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis Semdeg moZraobs, maSin zemoT
moyvanili mtkiceba marTebuli ar aris.
sakontrolo wertili 4. 7.11 suraTze gamosaxuli blokis x RerZis gaswvriv sawyisi da saboloo
mdebareobebia: a) –3sm, 2sm; b) 2sm, 3sm da g) –2sm, 2sm. TiToeul mdgomareobaSi drekadobis Zalis
mier blokze Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia?

kanfetebiT savse paketi xaxunisgan Tavisufal amoxsna: rodesac paketi gadaadgildeba,
magidaze devs da zambaris Tavisufal bo drekadobis Zala masze 7.25 an 7.26 formuliT
loze 7.11a suraTis msgavsad aris mibmuli. mocemul muSaobas asrulebs. sawyisi xi koor
x1 = 12 mm koordinatze paketis gaCerebisTvis dinatia 0, xolo saboloo xf kordinatia 17 mm.
marjvnisken moqmedi Fa= 4,9 n Zalaa saWiro. zambaris k sixiste ucnobia.
7.21 formuliT k-s gamoTvla SesaZlebelia.
a) ra muSaobas asrulebs drekadobis Zala
Tu paketi x1 = 12 mm koordinatze uZravad aris
paketze, Tu paketi x = 0 koordinatidan
gaCerebuli, drekadobis Zalam modebuli Zala
x2 = 17 mm koordinatze gadaadgildeba?
unda gaawonasworos. maSasadame, Fx drekadobis amoxsna: amjerad xi = +17mm da xf = –12mm. 7.25

Zala –4,9 n unda iyos. 7.21 formula gvaZlevs: formula gvaZlevs:
F – 4,9 n Ws = 1 kxi2 – 1 kxf2 = 1 k(xi2 – xf2 )
k=– x =– = 408 n/m 2 2 2
x1 12 × 10–3 m
= 1 (408 n/m)[(17 × 10–3 m)2 – (–12 × 10–3 m)2]
rodesac paketi x2=17mm kordinatzea, 7.26 2
formulidan gamomdinareobs:
= 0,03 j = 30 mj (pasuxi)
drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
Ws = – 1 kx22 = – 1 (408 n/m)(17 × 10–3 m)2
2 2
dadebiTia, vinaidan drekadobis Zala xi = +17 mm
= – 0,059 j (pasuxi)
koordinatidan moSvebuli mdgomareobisken
gadaadgilebis dros ufro met dadebiT
b) Semdeg paketi marcxniv gadaadgildeba
muSaobas asrulebs, vidre moSvebuli mdgo
x3 = –12 mm koordinatze. ra muSaobas asrulebs
mareobidan xf = –12 mm koordinatze gadaad
drekadobis Zala paketze am gadaadgilebis
gilebis dros uaryofiTi muSaoba sruldeba.
dros?

7.12 suraTze m = 0,4 kg masis yuTi xaxunisgan
Tavisufal horizontalur zedapirze
ν = 0,5 m/wm siCqariT misrialebs da k = 750 n/m
sixistis zambaras kumSavs. rodesac zambara zedapiri
yuTs aCerebs, ra d manZiliT aris zambara

sur. 7.12. m masis yuTi k sixistis zambarisken
SekumSuli? siCqariT moZraobs.
amoxsna:
1. drekadobis Zalis mier yuTze Sesrulebuli energiis Teorema Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
Ws muSaoba da saWiro d manZili erTmaneTs
Kf – Ki = – 1 kd 2
7.26 formuliT ukavSirdeba (Ws = – 1 kx2), 2
2
sadac d cvlis x-s. Semdeg, mesame punqtSi moyvanili mniSvnelo
2. Ws muSaoba da yuTis kinetikuri energia bebi gaviTvaliswinoT da miviRebT:
erTmaneTs 7.10 formuliT (Kf  – Ki = W) ukav 0 – 1 mν2 = – 1 kd 2

2 2
Sirdeba.
gamartiveba, d-sTvis amoxsna da cnobili mniS
3. yuTis sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa
1 vnelobebis Casma gvaZlevs:
K= mν , xolo saboloo kinetikuri energia
2
2
(gaCerebis momentSi) - nuli.
zemoT CamoTvlili pirveli ori punqti gava
erTianoT da yuTisTvis muSaoba-kinetikuri = 1,2 × 10–2 m = 1,2 sm (pasuxi)
7.8. cvladi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba

erTganzomilebiani analizi
modiT 7.2 suraTze gamosaxul mdgomareobas davubrundeT. amjerad Zala x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebisaa, xolo misi sidide x mdebareobasTan erTad icvleba. burTulis moZraobasTan
erTad muSaobis Semsrulebeli Zalis F(x) sidide icvleba. xolo mimarTuleba ucvleli rCeba da
nebismier mdebareobaSi Zalis sidide ar aris damokidebuli droze.
7.13a suraTze gamosaxulia erTganzomilebiani cvladi Zalis grafiki. Cven unda davadginoT am
Zalis mier nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamosaxuleba, rodesac wertili xi sawyisi
7.8. cvladi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 213
mdebareobidan xf saboloo mdebareobisken gadaadgildeba.
am miznis misaRwevad 7.7 formulas (W = Fd cos φ) ver gamo

viyenebT, vinaidan is mxolod F mudmivi ZalisTvis aris
gamosadegi. modiT 7.13a suraTze gamosaxuli mrudis qveda
areali Δx siganis viwro zolebad davyoT (sur. 7.13b). Δx
sakmarisad mcirea, raTa am SualedSi F(x) Zala mudmivad
miviCnioT. Fj,saS aris F(x)-is saSualo mniSvneloba romeliRac
(a)
j rigis SualedSi da 7.13b suraTis SemTxvevaSi j rigis zolis
simaRlea.
Tu Fj,saS mudmivia, Zalis mier j rigis SualedSi Sesrulebuli
ΔWj muSaobis nazrdi 7.7 formulis saSualebiT miaxloebiT
gamoiTvleba:
ΔWj = Fj,saS Δx (7.29) Fj,saS
7.13b suraTze ΔWj aris j rigis marTkuTxedis farTobi.
nivTieri wertilis xi-dan xf-mde gadaadgilebis dros Zalis
mier Sesrulebuli jamuri W muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis xi-sa da (b)
xf-s Soris ganlagebuli yvelaze zolis farTobi SevkriboT:
. (7.30)
7.30 formula miaxloebiTia, vinaidan marTkuTxa zolebis

mier moxazuli `konturi~ realur F(x) mruds mxolod
uaxlovdeba.
Sedegi realurTan ufro miaxloebuli iqneba Tu zolis
Δx siganes SevamcirebT da raodenobas gavzrdiT (sur.
7.13g). zolis sigane zRvarSi nulisken miiswrafis, zolebis (g)
raodenoba usasrulod didia da ufro zust Sedegs viRebT:
. (7.31)
es zRvari xi da xf zRvrebs Soris F(x) funqciis integrals

niSnavs da 7.31 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
(muSaoba, cvladi Zala). (7.32)
Tu F(x) funqcia cnobilia, maSin mas 7.32 formulaSi CavsvamT,

integrirebis Sesabamis zRvrebs SemovitanT da, integrirebiT (d)
muSaobas gamovTvliT. geometriuli TvalsazrisiT muSaoba
sur. 7.13. a) erTganzomilebiani
aris F(x) mrudsa da x RerZs Soris arealis farTobis toli (xi 
F (x) Zalis x gadaadgilebaze da
da xf zRvrebs Soris, sur. 7.13d). mokidebulebis grafiki. wertili
xi-dan xf-mde gadaadgildeba. b) gra
fikis qveda areali viwro zolebad
samganzomilebiani analizi aris dayofili. g) grafikis qveda
areali kidev ufro viwro zolebad
amjerad ganvixiloT nivTieri wertili, romelzec samganzo
aris dayofili. d) zRvruli Sem
milebiani Zala moqmedebs: Txveva. Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba 7.32 formuliT gamoiTvleba
, (7.33)
da x RerZsa da grafiks Soris ga
sadac Fx , Fy da Fz komponentebi wertilis mdebareobaze muqebuli farTobis (xi-sa da xf-s
Soris) tolia.
aris damokidebuli anu TiToeuli komponenti mdebareobis
funqcia SeiZleba iyos. Cven sami gamartiveba Semogvaqvs: 1) Fx
SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos x-ze, magram ara y-ze an z-ze; 2) Fy
SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos y-ze, magram ara x-ze an z-ze; 3) Fz SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos z-ze,
magram ara x-ze an y-ze. am SemTxvevaSi wertilis gadaadgilebis nazrdi iqneba:
(7.34)
 
dr gadaadgilebis dros wertilze F Zalis mier Sesrulebuli dW muSaobis nazrdi 7.8
formuliT gamoiTvleba:
 
dW = F · dr = Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz (7.35)
ri sawyisi mdebareobidan
 (xi, yi, zi koordinatebi) rf saboloo mdebareobisken (xf ,yf ,zf koordinatebi)
gadaadgilebis dros F Zalis mier wertilze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
(7.36)

Tu F -s mxolod x komponenti aqvs, maSin 7.36 formulaSi y da z wevrebi nulis tolia da formula
7.32 formulamde daiyvaneba.
muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema cvladi Zalis SemTxvevaSi

cvladi Zalis mier nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba erTganzomilebian SemTxvevaSi
7.32 formuliT gamoiTvleba. modiT davrwmundeT, rom gamoTvlili muSaoba marTlac nivTieri
wertilis kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis tolia, rogorc amas muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis
Teorema amtkicebs.
ganvixiloT m masis nivTieri wertili, romelic x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs da masze RerZis
gaswvriv mimarTuli jamuri F(x) Zala moqmedebs. am Zalis mier nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli
muSaoba xi sawyisi mdebareobidan xf saboloo mdebareobamde gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi 7.32
, (7.37)
sadac niutonis meore kanonis gamoyenebiT F(x) Zala ma-iT SevcvaleT. 7.37 formulaSi ma dx
sidide ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
dv
ma dx = m dx (7.38)
dt
gamoTvlis jaWvuri wesidan gamomdinare:
dv dv dx dv
=   =  v , (7.39)
dt dx dt dx
7.38 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
dv
ma dx = m  v dx = mv dv, (7.40)
dx
7.40 formula 7.37 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
= 1 mvf2 – 1 mvi2 (7.41)

2 2
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rodesac cvladi x-dan ν-ze SevcvaleT, aucilebeli gaxda integralis
zRvrebis axali cvladiT gamosaxva. aseve gaiTvaliswineT, rom m mudmivia da misi integrals
gareT gatana SesaZlebelia.
7.41 formulis marjvena mxares gamosaxuli wevrebi kinetikuri energiebia da viRebT:
W = Kf – Ki = ΔK ,
es formula muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremas asaxavs.

7.8. cvladi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 215

epiduraluri proceduris dros, eqimis
mxridan nemsis SeRwevis SegrZneba cvladi
Zalaa, romelmac nemsze unda imoqmedos, Cven xi = 0-dan xf = 0,3 m-mde gadaadgilebis
raTa man qsovilebSi SeaRwios. 7.14a suraTze ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba gvWir
gamosaxulia Zalis F sididis nemsis wveris x deba.
gadaadgilebaze damokidebulebis grafiki. integralis gamoTvla SesaZlebelia, Tu 7.14a
rodesac x 0-dan zrdas iwyebs, kani nemss suraTze gamosaxuli grafikis qveda arealis
ewinaaRmdegeba, magram x = 8 mm mdebareobaze farTobs gamovTvliT:
( )
Zala sakmarisad Zlieria da nemsi kanSi aRwevs. farTobi Zalis grafiksa da
W= x RerZis Soris, xi-dan xf-mde
amis Semdeg saWiro Zala Semcirebas iwyebs.
nemsi zurgis tvinis iogs gakveTs, rodesac Cveni grafiki wrfivi segmentebisgan Sedgeba,
x = 18 mm, xolo rodesac x = 30 mm, nemsi amitom SesaZlebelia, rom grafikis qveda
SedarebiT myar myesSi SeaRwevs da Semdeg areali marTkuTxa da samkuTxa regionebad
nemsis wveri epiduralur sivrceSi xvdeba. davyoT (sur. 7.14b). magaliTad, samkuTxa A
swored am momentSi Zalis sidide mkveTrad regionis farTobia
ecema. damwyebma eqima Zalis gadaadgilebaze
farTobiA=1 (0,008 m)(12 n) = 0,048 n·m = 0,048 j
damokidebulebis Tviseba kargad unda 2
Seiswavlos, raTa mixvdes rodis Sewyvitos mas Semdeg rac yvela dasaTaurebuli regionis
nemsis wveris Seyvana. ra W muSaoba unda farTobs gavigebT, jamuri muSaobis gamoTvla
Seasrulos nemsze modebulma Zalam, raTa ar gagviWirdeba:
nemsis wveri x = 30 mm mdebareobaze anu W = (A-K regionebis farTobebis jami)
epiduralur sivrceSi moxvdes? = 0,048 + 0,024 + 0,012 + 0,036 + 0,009 + 0,001 
amoxsna: cvladi F(x) Zalis mier Sesrulebul + 0,016 + 0,048 + 0,016 + 0,004 + 0,024
muSaobas gamovTvliT, Tu gamoviyenebT 7.32 = 0,238 j (pasuxi)
formulas:
(a) (b)
sur. 7.14. a) epiduraluri proceduris dros nemsis x gadaadgilebaze Zalis F sididis damokidebulebis grafiki.
b) grafiksa da gadaadgilebis RerZs Soris teritoria regionebad aris dayofili, raTa farTobis gamoTvla
SesaZlebeli gaxdes.

 amoxsna: amocanaSi moqmedi Zala cvladia,
F = (3x2 n)  + (4 n) Zala, sadac x metrebSia,
nivTier wertilze moqmedebs da mis kine vinaidan misi Fx komponenti x-is mniSvnelo
tikur energias cvlis. ra muSaoba srul bazea damokidebuli. aqedan gamomdinare,
deba wertilze, rodesac is (2 m, 3 m) koor Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis 7.7 an
dinatebidan (3 m, 0 m) koordinatebze gada 7.8 formulebs ver gamoviyenebT. samagierod
adgildeba? wertilis siCqare izrdeba, mcir SegviZlia 7.36 formula gamoviyenoT:
deba Tu ar icvleba?

dadebiTi Sedegi niSnavs, rom F Zala wertils
= 3[ 1 x3]23 + 4[y]30 = [33 – 23] + 4[0 – 3] energias gadascems. aqedan gamomdinare, wer
3
tilis kinetikuri energia da siCqare izrdeba.
=7j (pasuxi)
7.9. simZlavre
muSam jalambaris saSualebiT agurebi Senobis saxuravze unda aitanos. Cven SegviZlia
jalambaridan tvirTze moqmedi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamovTvaloT, rac tvirTis
awevisTvis aris saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, muSisTvis muSaobis Sesrulebis temps ufro aqvs
mniSvneloba, vidre mis sidides. Cndeba SekiTxva: 5 wuTs waiRebs samuSao Tu mTel kviras?
Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis temps simZlavre ewodeba. Tu Zala Δt droSi W muSaobas
asrulebs, saSualo simZlavrea:
W
PsaS = (saSualo simZlavre) (7.42)
Dt
P myisi simZlavre muSaobis Sesrulebis myisi tempia:
W
P= (myisi simZlavre) (7.43)
Dt
davuSvaT Zalis mier Sesrulebuli W(t) muSaobis droze damokidebulebis funqcia viciT.
magaliTad, t = 3 wm droSi P myisi simZlavris gamoTvlisTvis W(t)-s pirveli rigis warmoebuli
unda gavigoT da Semdeg t = 3 wm drosTvis gamovTvaloT.
SI sistemaSi simZlavris erTeulia j/wm. es
erTeuli Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba da amitom mas
vati (vt) ewodeba. jeims uati cnobili mecnieri iyo,
romelmac orTqlis Zravebis muSaobis tempi Zalian
gazarda da amiT gaiTqva saxeli. britanul sistemaSi
simZlavris erTeulia futi•funti/wm. aseve xSirad
gamoiyeneba cxenis Zalac. erTeulebs Soris Semdegi
urTierTkavSiria:
1 vati = 1vt = 1 j/wm = 0,738 futi · funti/wm (7.44)
da
sur. 7.15. satvirTo avtomobilis Zalis
Sedegad miRebuli simZlavre tvirTze Zalis 1 cxenis Zala = 1cxZ = 550futi · funti/wm
mier muSaobis Sesrulebis tempia
= 746vt (7.45)
7.42 formulaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom muSaoba droisa da simZlavris namravlia. aqedan
gamomdinare:
1 kilovati · sT = 1kvt · sT = (103 vt)(3600 wm) = 3,6 × 106j = 3,6 mgj (7.46)
vati da kvt · sT ZiriTadad eleqtroxelsawyoebTan asocirdeba, Tumca maTi gamoyeneba sxva
xelsawyoebisTvisac SeiZleba. magaliTad, iatakidan wignis aRebisa da magidaze dadebis Semdeg
SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom Tqven 4 × 10-6 kvt•sT muSaoba SeasruleT.
Zalis mier nivTier wertilze muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi am Zalisa da nivTieri wertilis
siCqaris saSualebiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos. wertilisTvis,
 romelic wrfivad moZraobs da
masze am wrfisadmi raime φ kuTxiT mimarTuli mudmivi F Zala moqmedebs, 7.43 formula Semdeg
saxes iRebs:
P=
dW F cos φ dx
dt
=
dt
= F cos φ
dx
dt ( )
anu P = Fν cos φ (7.47)
7.9. simZlavre 217

7.47 formulis marjvena mxare F ·  skalaruli namravlis saxiTac SegviZlia warmovadginoT:

P= F ·  (myisi simZlavre) (7.48)
7.15 suraTze gamosaxuli satvirTo avtomobili drois romeliRac momentSi siCqariT moZrav
  
tvirTze F ZaliT moqmedebs. F -iT gamowveuli myisi simZlavre drois momentSi F -is mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempia da 7.47-7.48 formulebiT gamoiTvleba. xSirad misaRebia gamoTqma:
`satvirTo avtomobilis simZlavre~, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom simZlavre Zalis mier muSaobis
Sesrulebis tempia.
sakontrolo wertili 5. wris centrze damagrebuli Toki blokzea mibmuli da bloki

arwriulad moZraobs. Tokidan blokze moqmedi Zalis Sedegad miRebuli simZlavre
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis toli?


7.16 suraTze naCvenebia yuTze moqmedi
 F1 da
F2 Zala, rodesac yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal
zedapirze Tqvengan marjvniv misrialebs. 2 n xaxunisgan
Tavisufali
sididis F1 Zala horizontaluria, xolo 4 n zedapiri

sididis F2 Zala zedapiridan maRla 60°-iT  
aris gadaxrili. garkveul momentSi yuTis ν sur. 7.16. yuTze moqmedebs ori F1 da F2 Zala,
rodesac yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze
siCqarea 3 m/wm. Tqvengan marjvniv misrialebs. yuTis siCqarea .
a) risi tolia am momentSi yuTze moqmedi

Zalebis Sedegad miRebuli simZlavreebi da nulis tolia. yuTis kinetikuri energia
jamuri simZlavre? icvleba Tu ara jamuri (K = 1 mν2) ar icvleba da misi siCqarec
 mu
2
simZlavre am momentSi? F F
dmivia 3 m/wm-ia. vinaidan 1 da 2 Zalebi
amoxsna: Cven gvWirdeba myisi simZlavre siCqaris msgavsad ar icvleba, 7.48 formulis
da ara saSualo simZlavre drois raime Tanaxmad P1 da P2 simZlavreebic (maSasadame
SualedSi. garda amisa, viciT yuTis siCqare. Pj-ic) ucvlelia.
modiT TiToeuli ZalisTvis 7.47 formula 

gamoviyenoT. F1 Zala siCqarisadmi φ1=180° b) Tu F2 Zalis sididea 6 n, risi tolia jamuri
kuTxes adgens da gveqneba: simZlavre da icvleba Tu ara is?

P1 = F1ν cos φ1 = (2 n)(3 m/wm)cos 180° amoxsna: F2 Zalis Sedegad miRebuli simZlav
= – 6 vt (pasuxi) rea:
miRebuli uaryofiTi Sedegi gvamcnobs, rom
 P2 = F2ν cos φ2 = (6 n)(3 m/wm) cos 60° = 9 vt
F1 Zala yuTs energias 6 j/wm tempiT arTmevs. 
F1 ZaliT gamowveuli simZlavrea P1 = – 6 vt da
F2 Zala siCqarisadmi φ2 = 60° kuTxes adgens
jamuri simZlavrea:
da gveqneba:
P2 = F2ν cos φ2 = (4 n)(3 m/wm) cos 60° Pj = P1 + P2 = –6 vt + 9 vt = 3 vt (pasuxi)
= 6 vt (pasuxi) maSasadame, yuTisTvis energiis gadacemis

dadebiTi Sedegi niSnavs, rom F2 Zala yuTs jamuri tempis mniSvneloba dadebiTia. yuTis
energias 6 j/wm tempiT gadascems. kinetikuri energia da siCqare izrdeba. 7.48
jamuri simZlavre calkeuli simZlavreebis formulis Tanaxmad, siCqaris zrdasTan
jamis tolia: erTad P1 da P2 sidideebic icvleba. aqedan
Pt = P1 + P2 = –6 vt + 6 vt = 0 (pasuxi) gamomdinare, Pj = 3 vt Sedegi mxolod 3 m/wm
siCqaris ganviTarebis momentSi fiqsirdeba.
maSasadame, energiis gadacemis jamuri tempi
kinetikuri energia. m masis da ν siCqariT cvlilebas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:

moZravi wertilis K kinetikuri energiaa: ΔK = Kf – Ki = Wa + Wg (7.15)
K=1 mν2 (kinetikuri energia) (7.1) Tu moZraobis dawyebisa da dasrulebis Semdeg
2
kinetikuri energiebi Tanabaria, 7.15 formula
muSaoba. W muSaoba aris saganze Zalis
aseT saxemde daiyvaneba:
moqmedebis Sedegad sagnidan miRebuli an
sagnisTvis gadacemuli energia. sagnisTvis Wa = –Wg (7.16)
gadacemuli energia dadebiTi muSaobaa, am formulis mixedviT, modebuli Zala igive
xolo sagnidan miRebuli energia - uaryofiTi raodenobis energias gadascems sagans, rasac
muSaoba. mizidulobis Zala arTmevs.

mudmivi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
 mu drekadobis Zala. zambaridan moqmedi Fs
Saoba. F mudmivi Zalis mier d gadaadgilebis drekadobis Zalaa:
dros wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:  
  Fs = – k d (hukis kanoni) , (7.20)
W = Fd cos φ= F ⋅ d (muSaoba, mudmivi Zala) (7.7, 7.8) 
 sadac d aris zambaris Tavisufali bolos
sadac
 φ aris mudmivi kuTxe  F-sa da gadaadgileba moSvebuli mdgomareobidan
d -s Soris. saganze muSaobas F Zalis d gadaa (rodesac zambara SekumSuli an daWimuli ar
dgilebisadmi gaswvrivi komponenti asru aris), xolo k sixistis mudmivaa (zambaris
lebs. rodesac saganze ori an meti Zala elastiurobis sazomi). Tu x RerZi zambaris
moqmedebs, jamuri muSaoba Zalebis mier cal-
 gaswvriv aris gavlebuli da misi aTvlis saTave
calke Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jamia da Ft zambaris Tavisufali bolos mdebareobas
tolqmedi Zalis mier saganze Sesrulebuli emTxveva (moSvebul mdgomareobaSi), maSin 7.20
muSaobis tolia. formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
muSaoba da kinetikuri energia. wertilis Fx = – kx (hukis kanoni) (7.21)
kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlilebasa da wer maSasadame, drekadobis Zala cvladia. is
tilze Sesrulebul jamur W muSaobas Soris zambaris Tavisufali bolos gadaadgi
Semdegi kavSiria: lebasTan erTad icvleba.
ΔK = Kf –Ki =W (muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema) (7.10) drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
sadac Ki aris wertilis sawyisi kinetikuri muSaoba. rodesac sagani zambaris Tavisufal
energia, xolo Kf - kinetikuri energia muSaobis bolozea damagrebuli, drekadobis Zala
Sesrulebis Semdeg. 7.10 formulis gardaqmna xi sawyisi mdebareobidan xf saboloo
gvaZlevs: mdebareobisken gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi
Kf = Ki + W (7.11) saganze Ws muSaobas asrulebs:
mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli  Ws= 1  xi2  – 1  kxf2 (7.25)
2 2
muSaoba. m masis wertilis magvar
 saganze d Tu xi=0 da xf=x, 7.25 formula aseT saxes
gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi Fg mizidulobis iRebs:
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Wg muSaobaa: Ws = – 1  kx2 (7.26)
2
Wf = mgd cos φ (7.12)
  cvladi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli 
sadac φ aris kuTxe Fg -sa da d -s Soris. muSaoba. rodesac saganze moqmedi F
sagnis awevasa da dabla dawevaze Sesru Zala sagnis mdebareobazea damokidebuli,
lebuli muSaoba. modebuli Zalis mier mis mier saganze Sesrulebuli muSaoba ri
sagnis awevis an dawevis dros Sesrulebuli Wa sawyisi mdebareobidan (xi , yi , zi ) rf saboloo
muSaoba mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebul mdebareobamde (xf , yf , zf ) Zalis integrebis
Wg muSaobas da sagnis kinetikuri energiis ΔK saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. Tu davuSvebT, rom
7.9. simZlavre 219
Fx komponenti mxolod x-zea damokidebuli tempia. Tu Δt drois SualedSi Zala W muSaobas
da ara y-ze an z-ze, Fy komponenti mxolod y- asrulebs, drois am SualedSi saSualo
zea damokidebuli da ara x-ze an z-ze, xolo Fz simZlavrea:
komponenti mxolod z-zea damokidebuli da W
PsaS = (7.42)
Dt
ara x-ze an y-ze, Sesrulebuli muSaoba iqneba:
myisi simZlavre muSaobis Sesrulebis myisi
W= (7.36) tempia:
 W
Tu F -s mxolod x komponenti aqvs, maSin 7.36 P= (7.43)
 Dt
formula martivdeba: Tu F Zala sagnis moZraobis mimarTu
(7.32) lebisadmi  φ kuTxes qmnis, myisi simZlavrea:

P = Fν cos φ = F ·  , (7.47, 7.48)
simZlavre. Zalis Sedegad miRebuli simZlavre
saganze Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis sadac aris sagnis myisi siCqare
SekiTxvebi
1. qvemoT moyvanili siCqareebi kinetikuri kidebulebis sami grafiki. romeli grafiki

energiis mixedviT daalageT, romelic am Seesabameba Semdeg mdgomareobebs: a) F1 = F2,
siCqaris dros eqneba wertils: a)  = 4  + 3 , b) F1 > F2, g) F1 < F2?
b)  = –4 +3 , g)  = –3 +4 , d)  = 3 –4 ,
e)  = 5 da v) ν = 5 m/wm da horizontalisadmi
30° kuTxes adgens.
 
2. F mudmivi Zalis mier wrfivi d gadaad
gilebis dros wertilze Sesrulebuli muSa

oba dadebiTia
 Tu uaryofiTia, rodesac a) F
sur. 7.18. SekiTxva 4
-sa da d -s Soris kuTxea 30°, b) igive kuTxea
 
100° da g) F = 2iˆ  – 3
- 3 ˆj da d = –4
-4iˆ? 5. 7.19 suraTze gamosaxul goWs miwaze
Camosrialebis sami arCevani aqvs. samive
3. xaxunisgan Tavisufal yinulze mosriale
variantSi goWi xaxunisgan Tavisufal
Saibaze horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs da
zedapirze unda Camosrialdes. daalageT es
mis siCqares cvlis. 7.17 suraTze gamosaxulia
variantebi mizidulobis Zalis mier goWze
Saibis νi sawyisi siCqare, νf sabolo siCqare
Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT dididan
da siCqaris veqtorebis mimarTuleba sam
mcireze.
mdgomareobaSi. daalageT mdgomareobebi
Zalis mier Saibaze Sesrulebuli muSaobis
mixedviT dididan mcireze.

4. 7.18a suraTze naCvenebia xaxunisgan 6. 7.20 suraTze naCvenebia cvladi Zalis Fx
Tavisufal zedapirze marjvnisken mosriale komponentis (x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentis)
bloki, romelzec ori horizontaluri wertilis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis
Zala moqmedebs. 7.18b suraTze gamosaxulia oTxi grafiki. daalageT grafikebi x = 0 da
blokis K kinetikuri energiis t droze damo
x = x1 mdebareobebs Soris wertilis gada fiki (K kinetikuri energiis t droze da
adgilebis dros Zalis mier Sesrulebuli mu mokidebuleba) 7.21b suraTze gamosaxul
Saobis mixedviT dididan mcireze. romel grafiks Seesabameba?
8. A zambara B zambaraze naklebad elastiuria

(kA>kB). romeli zambaris drekadobis Zala
Seasrulebs ufro met muSaobas Tu a) zambarebi
erTi da igive manZiliT SeikumSa da b) zamba
rebi erTi da igive Zalam SekumSa?
9. talaxis wveTi kldidan Camovarda an

gadmoagdes. 7.22 suraTze gamosaxuli romeli
grafiki (an grafikebi) SeiZleba asaxavdes
talaxis kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas
vardnis ganmavlobaSi?
7. 7.21a suraTze gamosaxulia oTxi mdgo

mareoba, rodesac uZrav blokze horizon
taluri Zala moqmedebs. ZalTa sidideebia
F2 = F4 = 2F1 = 2F3. 7.21b suraTze naCvenebia
igive oTxi mdgomareobisTvis blokis siCqa
ris horizontaluri νx komponenti. a) 7.21b sur. 7.22. SekiTxva 9.
suraTze gamosaxuli romeli grafiki Seesa
10. 7.23 suraTze gamosaxulia Zalis Fx
bameba 7.21a suraTze gamosaxul Zalebs?
komponenti, romelic wertilze moqmedebs.
b) 7.21g suraTze gamosaxuli romeli gra
Tu wertili moZraobas iwyebs x = 0 mde
bareobidan, ra iqneba misi koordinati,
rodesac mas a)
udidesi kinetikuri
(a)
energia, b) udidesi
siCqare da g) nu
lovani siCqare
eqneba? d) ra
m i m a r T u l e b i T
imoZravebs wertili
(b) (g) x = 6 m koordinatis
sur. 7.21. SekiTxva 7. gavlis Semdeg?
amocanebi

Manual-Si. paragrafi 7.3. kinetikuri energia
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday •1. Tu apolos kosmosur xomaldsa da masze
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- damagrebul Saturn V (saturni V) raketas
com/college/halliday. erToblivi masaa 2,9×105 kg da xomaldis
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs siCqarea 11,2 km/wm, ra kinetikuri energia
• – •••
amocanis sirTules eqneba mas?
221
•2. 1972 wlis 10 agvistos, aSS-sa da kanadis
CrdiloeTiT uzarmazarma meteorma gaifrina.
cecxlovani burTi imdenad naTeli iyo, rom
dRis sinaTlezec ki Canda da misi simkveTre
Cveulebrivi meteoris mier datovebul kvals
bevrad aRemateboda (sur. 7.24). meteoris masa
daaxloebiT 4 × 106kg iyo da 15km/wm siCqariT
moZraobda. atmosferoSi vertikalurad Se
svlis SemTxvevaSi meteori dedamiwis ze
dapirs igive siCqariT Seejaxeboda. a) gamo sur. 7.24. amocana 2. meteoris kvali dRisiT
TvaleT SesaZlo vertikaluri Sejaxebis
SemTxvevaSi meteoris kinetikuri energiis
danakargi (joulebSi). b) miRebuli Sedegi paragrafi 7.5. muSaoba da kinetikuri
1 megatona trotilis afeTqebis energiis energia
(4,2 × 1015 j) jeradis saxiT CawereT. g) xiro
•6. 2 kg masis bidoni xy sibrtyeSi moZraobs da
simaSi atomuri bombis afeTqebis energia
masze 5 n sididis erTaderTi Zala moqmedebs.
daaxloebiT 13 kilotona trotilis
bidonis sawyisi siCqarea 4 m/wm x RerZis
afeTqebas udrida. ramdeni atomuri bombis
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, xolo garkveuli
afeTqebis eqvivalenturi iqneboda meteoris
drois Semdeg - 6 m/wm y RerZis dadebiTi
Sejaxeba?
mimarTulebiT. ra muSaobas asrulebs bidonze
•3. protoni (m = 1,67×10–27kg) 3,6×1015m/wm2-iT 5 n Zala am drois ganmavlobaSi?
wrfivad Cqardeba. Tu protonis sawyisi si
•7. moneta xy koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis
Cqarea 2,4×107 m/wm da 3,5 sm manZils gadis,
saTavidan (3 m, 4 m) koordinatebisken xaxu
risi tolia misi a) saboloo siCqare da b) ki
nisgan Tavisufal zedapirze misrialebs da
netikuri energiis nazrdi? SSM
masze mudmivi Zala moqmedebs. Zalis sididea
••4. 1,8×10–2kg masis naxvretiani burTula x 2 n da x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT mavTulze 100° kuTxes adgens saaTis isris moZraobis
moZraobs. rodesac t = 0, burTula x = 0 sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. ra muSaobas
mdebareobas 12 m/wm siCqariT gaivlis da asrulebs Zala monetaze gadaadgilebis
masze mudmivi Zala moqmedebs. 7.25 suraTze dros?
naCvenebia burTulas mdebareoba, rodesac
•8. motivtive
 yinuls wylis dineba napiris
t = 0, 1, 2 da 3 wm. rodesac t = 3 wm, burTula
gaswvriv d  = (15 m)  – (12 m) manZilze gadaad
wamierad Cerdeba. ra kinetikuri energia eqneba
gilebs. wyali yinulze F  = (210 n)  – (150 n)
burTulas t = 10 wm dros?
ZaliT moqmedebs. ra muSaobas asrulebs Zala
yinulze gadaadgilebis dros?
••9. 3 kg masis sxeuli xaxunisgan Tavisufal,

horizontalur zedapirze uZravad Zevs
sur. 7.25. amocana 4. da masze x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis,
mudmivi F horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs.
••5. mama da Svili erTmaneTs sirbilSi
7.26 suraTze naCvenebia sxeulis mdebareobis
ejibrebian. mamis kinetikuri energia Svilis 
stroboskopuli grafiki. F Zala moqmedebas
kinetikuri energiis naxevaria, xolo Svilis
masa mamis masis naxevaria. rodesac mama 1m/wm
siCqares ganaviTarebs, misi kinetikuri energia
Svilisas utoldeba. ra sawyisi siCqareebi aqvT
a) mamas da b) Svils? sur. 7.26. amocana 9.
iwyebs, rodesac t = 0 da sxeulis mdebareoba a) ra jamur mu

0,5 wm-ian SualedebSi
 fiqsirdeba. ra muSaobas Saobas asrulebs
asrulebs F Zala sxeulze 0-dan 2wm-mde sami Zala yuTze ga
SualedSi? daadgilebis gan
mavlobaSi? b) yuTis
••10. 8kg masis sagani
kinetikuri energia
x RerZis dadebiTi
izrdeba Tu mcir
mimarTulebiT mo sur. 7.29. amocana 13.
deba? SSM
Zraobs. rodesac
sxeuli x = 0 mde ••14. 7.30 suraTze
bareobas Cauvlis, sur. 7.27. amocana 10 gamosaxul yuT
masze RerZis ga ze sami horizon
swvriv mimarTuli mudmivi Zala iwyebs taluri (F1, F2 da
moqmedebas. 7.27 suraTze gamosaxulia F3) Zala moqme
K kinetikuri energiis x mdebareobaze debs. yuTi Tav
damokidebulebis grafiki x = 0 da x = 5 m dapirvelad uZravia sur. 7.30. amocana 14.
mdebareobebs Soris. amis Semdeg Zala da Semdeg xaxunisgan
moqmedebas ganagrZobs. ra ν siCqare eqneba Tavisufal zedapirze gadaadgildeba. F1 = 3 n,
sagans, rodesac is x = –3 m mdebareobas ukan F2 = 4 n da F3 = 10 n, xolo naCvenebi kuTxeebia
ubrundeba? θ2 = 50° da θ3 = 35°. ra jamur muSaobas asrulebs
sami Zala yuTze pirveli 4 m-is gavlis dros?
••11. 85 kg masis moTxilamure daRmarTidan
swor trasaze 37 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT gadis. ••15. ucvleli
 mimarTulebis da 12 n sididis
Tu Zala mas 2 m/wm2 aCqarebiT anelebs da Zala d = (2 ˆ
(2i  – 4 + 3kˆ) m gadaadgilebis dros
- 4 ˆj + 3
Semdeg aCerebs, a) ra F sidide aqvs Zalas, wertilze muSaobas asrulebs. ra kuTxea Za
b) ra d manZils gaivlis moTxilamure Senelebis lasa da gadaadgilebas Soris, Tu wertilis
ganmavlobaSi da g) ra W muSaobas asrulebs kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaa a) +30 j da
moTxilamureze Zala? risi tolia d) F, e) d da b) –30 j?
v) W, Tu Senelebisas aCqareba 4 m/wm2-ia? ILW paragrafi 7.6. mizidulobis Zalis mier
••12. WanWikebiT da Sesrulebuli muSaoba
qanCebiT savse yuTi •16. a) 1975 wels, monrealis velodromis
manqanebis saxelos- 360kn wonis saxuravi 10 sm-iT maRla aswies da
noSi, xaxunisgan Ta gaaswores. ra muSaoba Seasrules saxuravze
visufal zedapirze, masze moqmedma Zalebma? b) 1960 wels, flo
x RerZis gaswvriv ridis Statis qalaq tampaSi, dedam Svilze
2 m manZilze gadaad sur. 7.28. amocana 12. dacemuli manqanis erTi mxare maRla aswia.
gildeba. 7.28 su Tu qalma 4000 n-is (manqanis mTliani wonis
raTze naCvenebia mudmivi horizontaluri daaxloebiT 1/4-is) 5 sm simaRleze aweva SeZlo,
Zalis mier yuTze Sesrulebuli W muSaobis ra muSaoba Seasrula misma Zalam manqanaze?
x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis grafiki.
•17. vertmfrens 72 kg masis adamiani okenidan
a) ra sididisaa es Zala? b) Tu yuTis sawyisi
Tokis saSualebiT 15 m simaRleze ayavs.
kinetikuri energiaa 3 j da x RerZis dadebiTi
adamianis aCqarebaa g/10. ra muSaobas asrulebs
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, ra iqneba misi
adamianze a) vertmfrenidan moqmedi Zala da
kinetikuri energia 2 m-is gavlis Semdeg?
b) mizidulobis Zala? vertmfrenSi
••13. 7.29 suraTze gamosaxul yuTze sami Zala Cajdomamde risi tolia adaminis g) kinetikuri
(F1, F2 da F3) moqmedebs da is xaxunisgan energia da d) siCqare? SSM WWW
Tavisufal zedapirze marcxnisken 3 m manZils 
••18. 7.31 suraTze, 20 n sididis Fa hori
gadis. F1 = 5 n, F2 =9 n da F3 = 3 n, kuTxea θ = 60°.
223
zontaluri Zala mi Tokis saSualebiT maRla swevs. samaSvelo
3 kg masis wignze operacia sami stadiisgan Sedgeba da TiToeul
moqmedebs da wigni stadiaze speleologi 10 m vertikalur man-
xaxunisgan Tavi Zils gadis. samaSvelo stadiebi Semdegia:
sufal daxril a) Tavdapirvelad uZravi speleologi 5 
sibrtyeze (θ = m/wm siCqares iZens; b) 5 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT
30°) d = 0,5 m man sur. 7.31. amocana 18.
speleogols maRla sweven; g) speleologis
Zilze adis. a) ra  siCqare nuli xdeba. ra muSaoba sruldeba
jamur muSaobas asrulebs wignze Fa Zala, 80 kg masis speleologze TiToeuli stadiis
mizidulobis Zala da drekadobis Zala ganmavlobaSi?
gadaadgilebis dros? b) Tu gadaadgilebis
•••23. 7.34 suraTze
dasawyisSi wignis kinetikuri energia nulis
gamosaxuli 0,25 kg
tolia, ra iqneba misi siCqare gadaadgilebis
masis bloki 900 kg-
dasasruls?
iani liftis kabi
••19. M masis bloks Tokis saSualebiT naSi Zevs. kabina
g/4 aCqarebiT vertikalurad dabla weven. jer d1 = 2,4 m da
gamoTvaleT a) Tokis Zalis mier blokze Semdeg d2 = 10,5 m manZilze gvarlis saSulebiT
Sesrulebuli muSaoba, b) mizidulobis Zalis vertikalurad maRla adis. a) d1 gadaadgilebis
mier blokze Sesrulebuli muSaoba, g) blokis dros iatakidan blokze moqmedi drekadobis
kinetikuri energia da d) blokis siCqare, Zalaa FN = 3 n. ra muSaobas asrulebs kabinaze
rodesac bloki d manZils gaivlis. SSM gvarlidan moqmedi Zala? b) d2 gadaadgilebis
 dros gvarlidan kabinaze moqmedi mudmivi
••20. 7.32 suraTze, 82 n sididis Fa mudmivi
Zala 92,61 kj muSaobas asrulebs. risi tolia
Zala 3 kg masis yuTze φ = 53° kuTxiT moqmedebs
FN ?
da yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal daxril
sibrtyeze mudmivi paragrafi 7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier
siCqariT maRla Sesrulebuli muSaoba
adis. ra muSaobas •24. zafxulis semestris dros studenturi

asrulebs Fa saerTo sacxovreblis binadrebi erTmaneTs
Zala yuTze, vid didi katapultebiT ebrZvian. katapulta
re yuTi h = 0,15 m fanjris CarCoze damagrebuli miliTaa
vertikalur sur. 7.32. amocana 20 Seqmnili. SeRebili wyliT savse buSti milTan
manZils gaivlis? dakavSirebul CanTaSia moTavsebuli, xolo
 mili oTaxis mTel sigrZezea gadaWimuli.
••21. 7.33 suraTze Fr
davuSvaT mili hukis kanons emorCileba da
gamosaxuli bloki
zambaris sixistea 100 n/m. Tu mils 5 m-iT
θ=50° kuTxiT dax
Wimaven da Semdeg xels uSveben, ra muSaobas
ril sibrtyeze sri
Seasrulebs milidan moqmedi Zala CanTaSi
aldeba da muSa mas-
moTavsebul buStze, vidre mili pirvandel
ze maRla mimarTu-
 mdgomareobas daubrundeba?
li 50 n sididis Fr
ZaliT moqmedebs.
sur. 7.33. amocana 21. •25. 7.11 suraTze gamosaxuli blokis x = – 2 sm
sibrtyeze d = 0,5 m mdebareobaze uZravad gaCerebisTvis masze
manZilis gavlis Semdeg yuTis kinetikuri 80n sididis ZaliT unda vimoqmedoT. Semdeg
energia 80 j-iT izrdeba. ramdeniT ufro bloks nela gadavaadgilebT da zambara-

 meti
Fr Zalis blokis sistema +4 j muSaobas asrulebs.
kinetikuri energia eqneboda yuTs
amis Semdeg bloki kvlav uZravad Cerdeba. ra
ararsebobis pirobebSi?
mdebareobazea bloki? (miniSneba: pasuxi oria).
••22. dazaralebul speleologs maSvelTa raz-
•26. zambara da bloki 7.11 suraTze gamo •••30. 7.11a suraTze gamosaxuli bloki xaxu
saxulis msgavsad aris ganlagebuli. ro nisgan Tavisufal, horizontalur zedapirze
desac bloks x = +4 sm koordinatisken Zevs da zambaris sixistea 50 n/m. Tavdapirve-
gamovwevT, mis gasaCereblad 360 n Zalaa lad zambara moSvebul mdgomareobaSia da
saWiro. Cven bloki x = 11 sm koordinatisken bloki x = 0 mdebareobaze imyofeba. amis Semdeg
gamovwieT da xeli gavuSviT. ra muSaobas 3 n mudmivi sididis Zala bloks x RerZis dadebi
asrulebs zambara blokze, rodesac bloki Ti mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs da zambara blokis
xi = +5 sm koordinatidan a) x = +3 sm, gaCerebamde iWimeba. gaCerebis Semdeg a) ra
b) x = –3 sm, g) x = –5 sm da d) x = –9 sm mdebareobazea bloki, b) ra muSaoba Seasrula
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba? modebulma Zalam blokze da g) ra muSaoba
Seasrula drekadobis Zalam blokze? blokis
••27. 7.35 suraTze
gadaadgilebis dros d) ra mdebareobazea
naCvenebia Fx dreka
blokis kinetikuri energia maqsimaluri da
dobis Zalis x mde
e) risi tolia kinetikuri energiis maqsimaluri
bareobaze damo
mniSvneloba?
kidebulebis gra
fiki 7.11 suraTze paragrafi 7.8. cvladi Zalis mier
sur. 7.35. amocana 27. Sesrulebuli muSaoba
gamosaxuli ganla
gebisTvis. Cven bloki x = 12 sm koordinatisken •31. 10 kg masis
gamovwieT da xeli gavuSviT. ra muSaobas aguri x RerZis
asrulebs zambara blokze, rodesac bloki gaswvriv moZraobs.
xi = +8 sm sawyisi koordinatidan a) x = +5 sm, 7.37 suraTze naCve
b) x = –5 sm, g) x = –8 sm da d) x = –10 sm nebia aguris aCqa
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba? rebis aguris mde
••28. 7.11 suraTze bareobaze damoki
gamosaxuli bloki debulebis grafiki. ra muSaobas asrulebs
x = 0 koordinatidan agurze aCqarebis gamomwvevi Zala x = 0
x = +3 sm koordi koordinatidan x = 8 m koordinatisken
natisken gadavaa gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi? ILW
dgileT da uZravad •32. 5 kg masis blo
gavaCereT. 7.36 su ki xaxunisgan Ta
raTze naCvenebia visufal, hori
Cveni Zalis mier blokze Sesrulebuli mu- zontalur zeda
Saoba. Semdeg bloki x = +5 sm koordinatisken pirze wrfivad
gavwieT da xeli gavuSviT. ra muSaobas moZraobs da masze
Seasrulebs zambara blokze, rodesac bloki Zala moqmedebs.
xi = +5 sm sawyisi koordinatidan a) x = +4 sm, 7.38 suraTze gamosaxulia am Zalis cvlileba
b) x = –2 sm da g) x = –5 sm koordinatisken blokis mdebareobis cvlilebasTan erTad.
gadaadgildeba? ra muSaobas asrulebs Zala, rodesac bloki
••29. 2 kg masis sxeuli x RerZis dadebiTi aTvlis saTavidan x = 8 m koordinatisken
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da masze erTaderTi gadaadgildeba?
Zala moqmedebs, romlis x komponentia •33. wertilze moqmedi Zala x RerZis gaswvrivaa
Fx = –6x n, sadac x metrebSia mocemuli. x = 3m mimarTuli da F = F0(x/x0 – 1) formuliT aris
koordinatze sxeulis siCqarea 8 m/wm. a) ra mocemuli. gamoTvaleT Zalis mier wertilze
iqneba sxeulis siCqare x = 4 m koordinatze? Sesrulebuli muSaoba, rodesac wertili
b) x-is ra dadebiTi mniSvnelobis dros iqneba x = 0 koordinatidan x = 2x0 koordinatisken
sxeulis siCqare 5 m/wm? SSM ILW WWW gadaadgildeba. amisTvis a) aageT F(x) grafiki
225
da muSaoba grafikis mixedviT gamoTvaleT da mibmuli Toki. yuTi
b) moaxdineT F(x) integrireba. SSM WWW xaxunisgan Tavi
sufal, horizon
••34. sardinebiT savse bidoni x = 0,25 m koor
talur zedapirze
dinatidan x = 1,25 m koordinatisken gadaad
moZraobs, romlis
gildeba da masze F = exp(–4x2) Zala moqme sur. 7.40. amocana 39.
gaswvriv x RerZia
debs, sadac x mocemulia metrebSi, xolo F
gavlebuli. Tokis marcxena bolo umniSvnelo
– niutonebSi. ra muSaobas asrulebs bidonze
masis da xaxunis mqone blokzea damagrebuli.
Zala?
bloki h = 1,2 m simaRlezea ganlagebuli da
••35. 3 kg masis nivTieri wertilis magvar yuTi x1 = 3 m koordinatidan x2 = 1 m koor
saganze erTaderTi Zala moqmedebs da sag dinatisken gadaadgildeba. moZraobis gan
nis mdebareobis droze damokidebulebis mavlobaSi Tokis daWimuloba ar icvleba
funqciaa x = 3t – 4t + t , sadac x mocemulia
2  3
25 n-s tolia. gamoTvaleT yuTis kinetikuri
metrebSi, xolo t – wamebSi. ra muSaobas Sea energiis cvlileba moZraobis ganmavlobaSi.
srulebs saganze Zala 0-dan 4 wm-mde drois
paragrafi 7.9. simZlavre
SualedSi?
•40. liftis 3×103kg masis datvirTuli kabina
••36. 1,5 kg masis bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal,
23 wamis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi siCqariT 210 m-
horizontalur zedapirze uZravad aris
iT maRla adis. ra saSualo tempiT asrulebs
ganlagebuli da masze x RerZis gaswvriv
muSaobas gvarlidan moqmedi Zala kabinaze?
mimarTuli horizontaluri Zala iwyebs
moqmedebas. Zala (x) = (2,5 – x2)  n formuliT •41. 100 kg masis bloki 5 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT
gamoisaxeba, sadac x mocemulia metrebSi, horizontalur zedapirze gadaadgildeba da
xolo blokis sawyisi mdebareobaa x = 0. a) masze horizontisadmi 37° kuTxiT daxrili
ra kinetikuri energia eqneba bloks x = 2 m 122 n Zala moqmedebs. ra tempiT asrulebs
koordinatis Cavlisas? b) ra maqsimaluri muSaobas Zala blokze? SSM ILW
kinetikuri energia eqneba bloks x = 0 da x = 2 m •42. moTxilamure Tokis saSualebiT
koordinatebs Soris? xaxunisgan Tavisufal aRmarTze adis. aRmarTi
horizontisadmi 12º kuTxiTaa daxrili. Toki
••37. 7.39 suraTze
aRmarTis paralelurad aris gadaWimuli
naCvenebia 2 kg
da 1 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. 8 m
masis wertilis
manZilis gavlis dros Tokidan moqmedi Zala
aCqareba, rode
 moTxilamureze 900 j muSaobas asrulebs.
sac masze Fa Za sur. 7.39. amocana 37.
a) Tu Toki 2 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT imoZravebs,
la moqmedebs da x = 0 koordinatidan x = 9 m
ra muSaobas Seasrulebs igive manZilis gavlis
koordinatisken gadaaadgilebs. ra muSaoba
dros Tokidan moqmedi Zala moTxilamureze?
Seasrula Zalam wertilze, rodesac wertili
ra tempiT asrulebs muSaobas Tokidan moqmedi
a) x = 4 m, b) x = 7 m da g) x = 9 m koordinats
Zala moTxilamureze, rodesac Toki b) 1 m/wm
miaRwia? ra siCqare aqvs wertils da ra
da g) 2 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs?
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, rodesac is d) x = 4 m,
e) x = 7 m da v) x = 9 m koordinats miaRwevs? •43. 15 kg masis uZrav sxeulze 5 n Zala moq
 medebs. gamoTvaleT Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
••38. F  = (cx – 3x2) Zala wertilze moqmedebs
muSaoba a) pirvel wamSi, b) meore wamSi, g) mesame
da wertili x RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba.
 wamSi da gamoTvaleT d) mesame wamis dasasruls
F Zala niutonebSia mocemuli, x metrebSia,
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli myisi simZlavre. SSM
xolo c mudmivaa. x = 0 koordinatze wertilis
••44. a) garkveul momentSi, nivTieri wertilis
kinetikuri energiaa 20 j, xolo x = 3 m 
magvar saganze F  = (4 n)  – (2 n)  + (9 n) Za
koordinatze _ 11 j. gamoTvaleT c.
la moqmedebs da sagnis siCqarea  = –(2 m/wm)
•••39. 7.40 suraTze naCvenebia yuTi da masze + (4 m/wm) . ra myisi tempiT asrulebs muSaobas
Zala saganze? b) raime sxva momentSi siCqares 7.41 suraTis mixe

mxolod y komponenti aqvs. Tu Zala ar icvleba dviT icvleba.
da myisi simZlavrea –12 vt, ra siCqariT x = 0 koordinatze
moZraobs am dros sagani? sxeulis siCqarea
4 m/wm. a) ra kineti
••45. satvirTo liftis nela moZravi kabinis sur. 7.41. amocana 49.
kuri energia aqvs
masaa 1200 kg da 54 m manZils 3 wuTSi gadis,
sxeuls x = 3 m koordinatze? b) x-is ra
ris Semdegac Cerdeba. liftis sapirwonis
mniSvnelobis dros eqneba sxeuls 8 j
masa mxolod 950 kg-ia, amitom lifts Zrava
kinetikuri energia? g) ra maqsimaluri
esaWiroeba. ra saSualo simZlavre unda uzrun
kinetikuri energia eqneba sxeuls x = 0 da
velyos gvarlidan kabinaze moqmedma Zravis
x = 5 m koordinatebs Soris?
Zalam? SSM
50. 250 g masis bloki
••46. 0,3 kg masis sagani xaxunisgan Tavisufal,
k = 2,5 n/sm sixistis
horizontalur zedapirze srialebs da
vertikalur zam
erTi boloTi horizontalur zambarazea
baraze daeca (sur.
(k = 500n/m) mimagrebuli. zambaris meore bolo
7.42). zambara 12 sm-
fiqsirebulia. wonasworul mdebareobaze
iT SeikumSa da wa
(sadac drekadobis Zala nulis tolia)
mierad gaCerda.
sagnis kinetikuri energiaa 10 j. a) ra tempiT
zambaris SekumSvis sur. 7.42. amocana 50.
asrulebs muSaobas zambara saganze, rodesac
ganmavlobaSi ra mu
sagani wonasworul mdebareobas miaRwevs?
Saobas asrulebs blokze a) mizidulobis Zala
b) ra tempiT asrulebs muSaobas zambara sagan
da b) drekadobis Zala? g) risi tolia blokis
ze, rodesac zambara 0,1 m-iT aris SekumSuli
siCqare zambaraze dacemis momentSi? (xaxuni
da sagani wonasworul mdebareobas Sordeba?
 ugulebelyaviT). d) Tu Sejaxebis siCqares
••47. meqanizms tvirTi di = (0,5 m)  + (0,75 m)   gavaormagebT, ra maqsimalur manZilze
+ (0,2 m) sawyisi mdebareobidan (rodesac SeikumSeba zambara?
t = 0) d f  = (7,5 m)  + (12 m)  + (7,2 m) saboloo
51. 45 kg masis bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal
mdebareobisken (rodesac t = 12 wm) gadaaqvs.
 daxril sibrtyeze srialebs. sibrtyis sigrZea
tvirTze modebuli Zalaa F  = (2 n)  + (4 n)
1,5 m, xolo simaRle – 0,91 m. muSa bloks maRla
+ (6 n) . gamoTvaleT a) meqanizmis Zalis mier
awveba da bloki mudmivi siCqariT srialebs. a)
tvirTze Sesrulebuli muSaoba da b) meqanizmis
gamoTvaleT muSis Zalis sidide. ra muSaobas
Zalis saSualo simZlavre am gadaadgilebis
asrulebs blokze b) muSa, g) mizidulobis Zala,
dros.
 d) zedapiridan blokze moqmedi drekadobis
•••48. 2kg masis moZrav saganze F  = (3 n)  + (7 n) Zala da e) jamuri Zala?
 + (7 n) Zala moqmedebs. sagani d i  = (3 m)  
52. 50 kg masis yuTis xaxunisgan Tavisufal,
– (2 m)  + (5 m) sawyisi mdebareobidan d f =
horizontalur zedapirze gadaadgilebisTvis
–(5 m)  + (4 m)  + (7 m) saboloo mdebareo
muSa yuTze horizontisadmi 20° kuTxiT
bisken 4 wamSi gadaadgildeba. gamoTva
daxrili 210 n sididis ZaliT moqmedebs.
leT: a) Zalis mier saganze Sesrulebuli
3 m-is gavlis ganmavlobaSi ra muSaobas
muSaoba 4 wamis ganmavlobaSi, b) Zalis
asrulebs yuTze a) muSa, b) mizidulobis Zala
Sedegad miRebuli saSualo simZlavre
 da g) zedapiridan yuTze moqmedi drekadobis
drois igive SualedSi da g) kuTxe
 di -sa da
Zala? d) ra mTliani muSaoba sruldeba
d f -s Soris.
yuTze?

damatebiTi amocanebi 53. gaxvretil burTulaze Fa Zala moqmedebs
49. 2 kg masis sxeuli x RerZis gaswvriv da burTula
 swor mavTulze +5 sm manZils
moZraobs da masze moqmedi erTaderTi Zala gadis. Fa Zalas garkveuli fiqsirebuli
227
mniSvneloba aqvs, 
 56. F  = (4 n)  + c Zala wertilze moqmedebs
xolo Fa -sa da
da wertili d  = (3 m)  – (2 m) gadaadgilebas
burTulis gada
asrulebs (wertilze
 sxva Zalebic moqmedebs).
adgilebas Soris φ
risi tolia c, Tu F Zala wertilze a) 0, b) 17 j
kuTxis arCeva Sesa
da g) –18 j muSaobas asrulebs?
Zlebelia. 7.43 su
raTze gamosaxulia 57. 7.46 suraTze naCvenebia xaxunisgan

Fa Zalis mier burTulaze Sesrulebuli W Tavisufal zedapirze marjvnisken mosriale
muSaobis φ-ze damokidebulebis grafiki. ra yuTi. yuTi d = 20 sm manZils gadis da masze sami
muSaobas asrulebs Fa , rodesac φ aris a) 64° Zala moqmedebs. ori Zala horizontaluria da
da b) 147°? maTi sidideebia F1 = 5 n da F2 = 1 n. mesame Zala
θ = 600 kuTxiT dablaa daxrili da misi sididea
54. 7.44a suraTze gamosaxuli 4 kg masis
F3 = 4 n. a) ra jamur muSaobas asrulebs yuTze
bloki, romelzec 2 n Zala moqmedebs. bloki
mizidulobis Zala, drekadobis Zala da
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze marjvniv 1 m
samive modebuli Zala 20 sm gadaadgilebis
manZils gadis, xolo Zala horizontisadmi
ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu yuTis masaa 2 kg da sawyisi
θ kuTxes adgens. daadgineT gadaadgilebis
kinetikuri energiaa 0, ra iqneba misi siCqare
bolos blokis νf siCqaris gamosaxuleba, Tu
gadaadgilebis dasasruls?
blokis sawyisi siCqarea a) 0 da b) 1 m/wm. g) 7.44b
suraTze naCvenebia analogiuri mdgomareoba,
oRond amjerad Zala mimarTulia marcxnisken.
daadgineT 1m-iani gadaadgilebis bolos
blokis νf siCqaris gamosaxuleba. d) aageT νf-s
grafikebi θ kuTxis 0°-90° arealisTvis.


58. x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis F Zala
RerZis gaswvriv moZrav saganze moqmedebs.
Zalis sididea F = 10e –x/2 n, sadac x mocemulia

sur. 7.44. amocana 54. metrebSi. gamoTvaleT F Zalis mier
55. 2 kg masis yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal Sesrulebuli muSaoba x = 0 koordinatidan
zedapirze x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT x = 2 m koordinatamde. a) amisTvis F(x)
moZraobs. t = 0 droidan dawyebuli, qari x grafiki aageT da grafikiTa da sakoordinato
RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT uberavs. RerZebis SemosazRvruli arealis farTobi
7.45 suraTze naCvenebia yuTis x mdebareobis gamoTvaleT. b) muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis
t droze damokidebulebis grafiki. grafikze moaxdineT integrireba.
dayrdnobiT gamoTvaleT yuTis kinetikuri 59. muSa 25kg masis yuTs xaxunisgan Tavisufal
energia, rodesac a) t = 1 wm da b) t = 5 wm. g) ra daxril zedapirze 209 n ZaliT ubiZgebs.
muSaobas asrulebs yuTze qaris Zala t = 1 wm- daxris kuTxe 25°-ia. yuTi 1,5 m manZils gadis.
dan da t = 5 wm-mde SualedSi? ra muSaobas asrulebs am dros yuTze a) muSis
Zala, b) mizidulobis Zala da g) zedapiridan
moqmedi drekadobis Zala? d) ra jamuri
muSaoba sruldeba yuTze?
60.  = (3  + 7  + 7 ) n Zala 2 kg masis saganze


moqmedebs, romelic 4 wamis ganmavlobaSi d i = (3iˆ - 2 ˆj + 5kˆ)

(3  – 2  + 5 ) m sawyisi mdebareobidan d f = (-5iˆ - 4 ˆj + 7 kˆ)
(–5  + 4  + 7 ) m saboloo mdebareobisken gada
adgildeba. gamoTvaleT a) Zalis mier saganze Tokidan blikze Tokis daWimulobaze orjer
Sesrulebuli muSaoba drois am SualedSi, b) meti jamuri Zala moqmedebs).
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo simZlavre
  64. 2 kg masis sagani Tavdapirvelad uZravia,
drois igive SualedSi da g) kuTxe di da d f
Semdeg Tanabrad Cqardeba da 3 wamis gan
veqtorebs Soris.
mavlobaSi 10 m/wm siCqares anviTarebs. a) ra
61. 7.11a suraTze, muSaobas asrulebs saganze misi amaCqarebeli
m masis bloki xa Zala 3 wamis ganmavlobaSi? risi tolia am
xunisgan Tavisu Zalis Sedegad miRebuli myisi simZlavre
fal, horizon b) Sualedis dasasruls da g) Sualedis pirveli
talur zedapir sur. 7.47. amocana 61. naxevris dasasruls?
ze Zevs da hori 
65. ra muSaobas asrulebs F  = (2x n)  + (3 n)
zontaluri zambaris (k sixistis) erT bo 
Zala (x metrebSia), romelic sagans ri  = 
lozea damagrebuli. zambaris meore bolo 
(2m)  +(3m) mdebareobidan r f  = – (4 m)  – (3m)
fiqsirebulia. bloki Tavdapirvelad uZravia
mdebareobaze gadaadgilebs?
(x = 0), xolo Semdeg x RerZis dadebiTi

mimarTulebis F horizontaluri Zalis 66. lifts 660 n wonis 100 mgzavri 60 wamis
moqmedebas ganicdis. 7.47 suraTze naCvenebia ganmavlobaSi 150 m simaRleze mudmivi siCqa
blokis kinetikuri energiis x mdebareobaze riT ahyavs. ra saSualo simZlavre unda uz

damokidebulebis grafiki. a) ra sididisaa F ? runvelyos wevis Zalam?
b) risi tolia k? 67. yuTebi sawyobSi eskalatoris saSualebiT
62. 10 n Zala xy sibrtyeSi moZrav 2 kg masis gadaadgildeba, romelic 0,5 m/wm mudmivi
saganze moqmedebs da x RerZis dadebiT siCqariT moZraobs. erT-erT adgilze eska
mimarTulebasTan (saaTis isris moZraobis latori 2 m sigrZis da horizontisadmi
sawinaaRmdegod) 150° kuTxes adgens. ra 10°-iT daxril aRmarTze adis, Semdeg 2 m-s
muSaobas asrulebs Zala saganze, rodesac horizontalurad moZraobs da sabolood
sagani aTvlis saTavidan im wertilisken 2 m sigrZis da horizontisadmi aseve 10°-
gadaadgildeba, romlis mdebareobis veqtoria iT daxril daRmarTze Cadis. davuSvaT
(2 m)  – (4 m) ? eskalatoriT 2 kg masis yuTi gadaadgildeba
da ar srialebs. ra tempiT asrulebs muSaobas
63. 7.48 suraTze,
eskalatoris Zala yuTze, rodesac yuTi a) aR
Toki xaxunisgan
marTze adis, b) horizontalurad moZraobs da
Tavisufal, masis
g) daRmarTze Cadis?
armqone blokebzea
damagrebuli. erT 68. yinulmWreli xaxunisgan Tavisufal
blokze m = 20 kg ma gayinul tbaze uZravad dgas, rodesac
sis sagania Camokide qari dauberavs. qari aRmosavleTisken
buli, xolo Tokis uberavs da yinulmWrelze200 n ZaliT
Tavisufal boloze moqmedebs. qari yinulmWrels 8 m manZilze

F Zala moqmedebs. wrfivad gadaadgilebs da es wrfe Crdilo-
a) ra sididis unda sur. 7.48. amocana 63. aRmosavleTiT 20° kuTxiTaa mimarTuli. ra

iyos F Zala, raTa kinetikuri energia eqneba yinulmWrels am
sagani mudmivi siCqariT maRla aiwios? b) manZilis gavlis Semdeg?
sagnis 2 sm-iT maRla asawevad ra manZilze unda 69. bavSvi sasrialoze erToba da, rom
gamoiwios Tokis Tavisufali bolo? maRla ar SeSindes, deda iWers. dedidan Svilze
awevis dros ra muSaobas asrulebs saganze 100 n Zala moqmedebs, romelic srialis
g) Tqveni Zala da d) mizidulobis Zala? sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli. bavSvi
(miniSneba: rodesac Toki blokzea Semoxveuli, 1,8 m manZilze srialdeba da misi kinetikuri
229
energia 30 j-iT izrdeba. a) ra muSaobas 72. wertili wrfivad  gadaadgilda

asrulebs bavSvze mizidulobis Zala am drois d  = (8 m)  + c da masze F  = (2 n)  – (4 n)
ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu deda gaiweva, ramdeniT Zalis moqmedebiT (wertilze sxva Zalebic

gaizrdeba bavSvis kinetikuri energia igive moqmedebs). risi tolia c, Tu wertilze F
manZilze Camosrialebis dros? Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba a) nulia,
b) dadebiTia da g) uaryofiTia?
70. 230 kg masis
yuTi L = 12 m si 73. liftis 4500 kg masis kabina maqsimum
grZis Tokze ki 1800 kg masis tvirTs uZlebs. Tu srulad
dia. Tqven yuTs datvirTuli kabina 3,8 m/wm siCqariT maRla

cvladi F ZaliT adis, ra simZlavre unda uzrunvelyos kabinis
ubiZgeT da d = 4 m mamoZravebelma Zalam amgvari siCqaris
manZiliT gverdze SenarCunebisTvis?
gadaadgileT (sur.
74. wertili x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs da
7.49). a) ra sidide
masze RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis Zala
aqvs F Zalas, ro sur. 7.49. amocana 70.
moqmedebs. 7.51 suraTze naCvenebia F Zalis
desac yuTi gadaad
wertilis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis
gilebis saboloo wertils miaRwevs? yuTis
grafiki. F=a/x2, sadac a = 9 n · m2. gamoTvaleT
gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi b) ra jamuri
Zalis mier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba,
muSaoba sruldeba masze, g) ra muSaobas
rodesac wertili x = 1 m koordinatidan
asrulebs yuTze mizidulobis Zala da d) ra
x = 3 m koordinatamde gadaadgildeba.
muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Tokidan moqmedi
a) muSaoba grafikis saSualebiT gamoTvaleT
Zala? e) gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis
da b) muSaoba Zalis funqciis integrebis
Semdeg yuTi uZravia. gamoiyeneT b), g) da
 saSualebiT gamoTvaleT.
d) pasuxebi da Tqveni F Zalis mier yuTze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoTvaleT. v) ratom
ar aris Tqveni Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba horizontaluri gadaadgilebis da
a)-s pasuxis namravlis toli?
71. maCvenebliani zambara milimetrebSi da

graduirebuli skalis gverdiT aris Camo
kidebuli. 7.50 suraTze naCvenebia zambaraze
Camokidebuli sami sxvadasxva yuTi. a) skalis
romel niSnuls miuTiTebs maCvenebeli, ro sur. 7.51. amocana 74.
desac zambaraze yuTi ar kidia? b) risi tolia
75. sagani x RerZis dadebiTi
 mimarTulebiT
mesame yuTis W wona?
misrialebs da masze Fa Zala moqmedebs.
Zala x RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da misi x
komponentia Fax = 9x – 3x2, sadac x mocemulia
mm mm mm
0 0 0 metrebSi, xolo Fax – niutonebSi. sagani
moZraobas x = 0 koordinatidan iwyebs da
30 garkveuli drois mere Cerdeba. a) aageT saganze

40 moqmedi Fa Zalis x-ze damokidebulebis
grafiki. b) romel koordinatzea Sesrulebuli
60 W muSaoba maqsimaluri da g) risi tolia
110 n
muSaobis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? d) romel
240 n koordinatze xdeba muSaoba nulis toli?
sur. 7.50. amocana 71. e) romel koordinatze Cerdeba sagani?
76. ricxviTi integreba. yuTi x RerZis qari mociguraves dasavleTisken ubiZgebs. 7.52
gaswvriv x = 0,15 m koordinatidan x = 1,2 m suraTze naCvenebia mociguravis x mdebareobis
koordinatamde gadaadgildeba da masze t droze damokidebulebis grafiki, sadac
F = exp(–2x2) Zala moqmedebs, sadac x moce t = 0 qaris amovardnis droa, xolo x RerZi
mulia metrebSi, xolo F – niutonebSi. ra aRmosavleTisken aris mimarTuli. a) ra
muSaobas asrulebs Zala yuTze? kinetikuri energia aqvs mociguraves, rodesac
t = 0? b) ra muSaobas asrulebs qaris Zala
77. cxeni urems 40 funti ZaliT eqaCeba. Zala
mociguraveze 0-dan 3wmde drois SualedSi?
horizontidan maRla, 30°-iT aris gadaxrili
da uremi 6mili/sT siCqariT moZraobs. a) ra 79. dedamiwis doneze momxdarma afeTqebam
muSobas asrulebs Zala 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi? Rrmuli datova, romlis diametri afeTqebis
energiis 1 xarisxis proporciulia. 1
b) risi tolia Zalis saSualo simZlavre (cxenis 3
ZalebSi)? megatona trotilis afeTqeba 1 km diametris
Rrmuls tovebs. miCiganSi, huronis tbis
78. 50 kg masis mocigurave xaxunisgan Tavi
fskerze 50km diametris Rrmulia, romelic
sufal gayinul tbaze mudmivi siCqariT
meteoris Sejaxebis Sedegad aris darCenili.
aRmosavleTisken srialebs. uecrad monaberi
risi tolia amgvari Sejaxebis kinetikuri
energia? pasuxi a) megatona trotilis (1
megatona 4,2 × 1015 joulia) da b) xirosimaSi
afeTqebuli bombis (daaxloebiT 13 kilotona
trotilis) energiis saSualebiT gamosaxeT?
(meteoris an kometis Sejaxebam SesaZloa
mniSvnelovnad Secvala dedamiwis klimaturi
pirobebi da, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom
dinozavrebis da sicocxlis sxva formebis
gaqroba gamoiwvia).
80. 1200 kg masis manqana trasaze 120 km/sT

siCqariT moZraobs. risi tolia manqanis
sur. 7.52. amocana 78. kinetikuri energia trasis ganapira mdgomi
adamianis TvalTaxedviT?
potenciuuri energia
da energiis Senaxva
8
kldeze cocvis dros lideri (win mimavali mTamsvleli) meore mTamsvlelze
damagrebuli TokiTaa dazRveuli. Toki erT an met gorgolaWSi (liTonis
rgolSi) gadis, romelsac lideri kedelze amagrebs. gorgolaWebis
upiratesoba is aris, rom Secdomis SemTxvevaSi mTamsvleli yvelaze maRla
damagrebuli gorgolaWidan mxolod garkveul manZilze Gamovardeba.
Tavis mxriv Tokic safrTxes qmnis, vinaidan vardnis dros misi gawyveta
sulac ar aris gamoricxuli. bevri damwyebi mTamsvleli Tvlis, rom riskis
xarisxi qveda gorgolaWidan lideris asvlis simaRlezea damokidebuli.
rac ufro metia es simaRle, miT ufro Zlierad iWimeba Toki da TiTqos
safrTxec metia.
amgvari msjeloba swori ar aris. ratom?

fizikis erT-erTi amocana sxvadasxva saxis
energiis Seswavlaa. energiis erT-erTi zogadi
saxeoba U potenciuri energiaa. teqnikuri
TvalsazrisiT, potenciuri energia saganTa sistemis
mdgomareobasTan (ganlagebasTan) dakavSirebuli
energiaa, rodesac sagnebi erTmaneTze ZalebiT
moqmedeben.
zemoT motanili gansazRvreba yvelasTvis kargad
nacnobi movlenis formaluri daxasiaTebaa. kargi ma–
galiTia elastiuri gvarliT xtoma (sur. 8.1). saganTa
sistema dedamiwisa da mxtomelisgan Sedgeba. saganTa
Soris moqmedi Zala mizidulobis Zalaa. sistemis
mdgomareoba icvleba (dedamiwasa da mxtomels
Soris manZili mcirdeba). mxtomelis moZraobisa
da kinetikuri energiis zrdis SefasebisTvis U
mizidulobis potenciur energias ganvsazRvravT.
es energia saganTa mdgomareobasTan aris dakav
Sirebuli, romlebic erTmaneTs mizidulobis
Zalis saSualebiT izidaven. am SemTxvevaSi, sistema
mxtomeli da dedamiwaa.
sur. 8.1. elastiuri gvarliT mxtomelis
rodesac mxtomeli emzadeba, saganTa sistema gvar- kinetikuri energia Tavisufali vardnis dros
lisa da mxtomelisgan Sedgeba. saganTa Soris izrdeba. Semdeg gvarli iWimeba da mxtomelis
drekadobis Zala moqmedebs. Semdeg sistemis siCqare mcirdeba.
231
232 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
mdgomareoba icvleba (gvarli iWimeba). gvarlis sigrZis zrdisa da mxtomelis kinetikuri

energiis Semcirebis SefasebisTvis U elastiur potenciur energias ganvsazRvravT. es energia
drekadi sagnis (am SemTxvevaSi gvarlis) SekumSvasTan an gaWimvasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
fizika adgens, Tu rogor unda gamoiTvalos sistemis potenciuri energia, raTa energiis Senaxva
da gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli gaxdes. magaliTad, vidre elastiuri gvarliT mxtomeli triuks
ganaxorcielebs, vinmem mizidulobis da elastiuri potenciuri energiebi unda daTvalos, raTa
gvarli sworad SeirCes. zusti gamoTvlebis SemTxvevaSi naxtomi saSiSi ar iqneba.
8.2. muSaoba da potenciuri energia

me-7 TavSi muSaobasa da kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas Soris kavSiri ganvixileT. amjerad
muSaobasa da potenciuri energiis cvlilebas Soris damokidebulebas SeviswavliT.
modiT, pomidori maRla avisroloT (sur. 8.2). ukve
viciT, rom maRla asvlis dros mizidulobis Zalis gravitaciuli Zala gravitaciuli
mier pomidorze Sesrulebuli Wg muSaoba uaryofiTia, uaryofiT muSaobas Zala dadebiTi
asrulebs muSaobas
vinaidan Zala pomidors kinetikur energias arTmevs. asrulebs
Semdeg mizidulobis Zala am energias dedamiwa-pomidvris
sistemis mizidulobis potenciur energias umatebs.
mizidulobis Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad pomidori
neldeba, Cerdeba da vardnas iwyebs. vardnis dros
energiis gadacema piriqiT xdeba. mizidulobis Zalis mier
pomidorze Sesrulebuli Wg energia dadebiTia da Zalas
pomidori-dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
energia pomidvris kinetikur energiaSi gadaaqvs.
sur. 8.2. pomidori maRla aisroles.
orive SemTxvevaSi, mizidulobis potenciuri energiis maRla asvlis dros mizidulobis Zala
ΔU cvlileba mizidulobis Zalis mier pomidorze pomidorze uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs
da misi kinetikuri energia mcirdeba.
Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia:
Camovardnis dros mizidulobis Zala
ΔU = –W (8.1) dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs da pomid
vris kinetikuri energia izrdeba
igive formula 8.3 suraTze gamosaxul bloki-zambaris
sistemas miesadageba. Tu bloks marjvniv vubiZgebT,
drekadobis Zala marcxnisken aris mimarTuli, blokze
uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs da blokis kinetikuri
energia zambara-blokis elastiur potenciur energiaSi
gadadis. bloki neldeba, wamierad Cerdeba da marcxnisken
moZraobas iwyebs, vinaidan drekadobis Zala kvlav
(a)
marcxniskenaa mimarTuli. am dros energiis gadacema
piriqiT xdeba - energia zambara-blokis potenciuri
energiidan blokis kinetikur energiaSi gadadis.
Semnaxveli da araSemnaxveli Zalebi

(b)
modiT, zemoT naxseneb or SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli sur. 8.3. zambaraze mimagrebuli
ZiriTadi faqtebi CamovweroT: bloki x = 0 koordinatidan marjvniv
iwyebs moZraobas. a) marjvniv gada
1. sistema ori an meti sagnisgan Sedgeba.
adgilebis dros drekadobis Zala
2. Zala nivTieri wertilis magvar sagans (pomidors blokze uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.
an bloks) da sistemis danarCen nawils Soris b) x = 0 koordinatisken dabrunebis
dros drekadobis Zala blokze dadebiT
moqmedebs. muSaobas asrulebs.
8.3. Semnaxveli Zalebis traeqtoriisgan damoukidebloba 233
3. rodesac sistemis mdgomareoba icvleba, Zala nivTieri wertilis magvar saganze muSaobas
(vuwodoT mas W1) asrulebs da energia sagnis K kinetikur energiasa da sistemis raime
sxva saxis energias Soris gadaaqvs.
4. rodesac sistemis mdgomareoba sapirispirod icvleba, energiis gadacema piriqiT xdeba
da Zala W2 muSaobas asrulebs.
rodesac W1 = –W2 , sxva saxis energia potenciuri energiaa da Zalas Semnaxveli (konservatiuli)
ewodeba. albaT mixvdiT, rom mizidulobis Zala da drekadobis Zala Semnaxvelia (sxva SemTxvevaSi
mizidulobis da elastiurobis potenciur energiaze ver visaubrebdiT).
sxva saxis Zalebs araSemnaxveli ewodeba. araSemnaxveli Zalis magaliTebia kinetikuri xaxunis
Zala da wevis Zala. modiT, bloki xaxunis mqone zedapirze gavasrialoT. srialis dros zedapiridan
moqmedi kinetikuri xaxunis Zala blokze uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs da kinetikuri energia
siTbur energiaSi gadaaqvs. eqsperimentis Sedegad dgindeba, rom energiis amgvari gadacemis
Sebruneba SeuZlebelia (atomebisa da molekulebis moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli siTburi
energia blokis kinetikur energiaSi ver gadava). aqedan gamomdinare, saxezea sistema (blokisa da
zedapirisgan Semdgari), sistemis nawilebs Soris moqmedi Zala da Zalis mier energiis gadacema,
magram Zala Semnaxveli ar aris. maSasadame, siTburi energia potenciuri energia ar aris.
rodesac nivTieri wertilis magvar saganze mxolod Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs, sagnis
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli amocanebi Zalian martivdeba. momdevno paragrafSi saubari
Semnaxveli Zalebis dadgenaze gveqneba da amgvari amocanebis gamartivebis erT saSualebasac
ganvixilavT.
8.3. Semnaxveli Zalebis traeqtoriisgan damoukidebloba

Zalis Semnaxvelobis an araSemnaxvelobis gansazRvrisTvis Semdegi testi arsebobs. davuSvaT
Zala Caketil traeqtoriaze moZrav wertilze moqmedebs, rodesac wertili erTi mdebareobidan
iwyebs moZraobas da sabolood igive mdebareobas ubrundeba. Zala mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
aris Semnaxveli, Tu mTeli moZraobis ganmavlobaSi nebismier Caketil traeqtoriaze moZravi
wertilisTvis gadacemuli energia nulis tolia:
Semnaxveli Zalis mier nebismier Caketil traeqtoriaze moZrav wertilze Sesrulebuli

jamuri muSaoba nulis tolia.
mizidulobis Zala Caketili traeqtoriis tests abarebs. magaliTi 8.2 suraTze gamosaxuli
pomidoria. pomidori moZraobas ν0 sawyisi siCqariT da 1 mν02 kinetikuri energiiT iwyebs. masze
2
moqmedi mizidulobis Zala pomidors anelebs, aCerebs da Semdeg mis vardnas iwvevs. rodesac
pomidori asrolis wertils ubrundeba, misi siCqare kvlav ν0-ia, xolo kinetikuri energia isev
1
2
mν02 xdeba. maSasadame, mizidulobis Zala igive raodenobis energias arTmevs pomidors maRla
asvlis dros, rasac dabla Camovardnis ganmavlobaSi awvdis. mizidulobis Zalis mier pomidorze
Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba nulia.
Caketili traeqtoriis testi mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis
saSualebas iZleva:
or wertils Soris moZrav nivTier wertilze Semnaxveli sur. 8.4. a) nivTier wertilze
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba traeqtoriaze Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs da is
a da b wertils Soris pirveli an
damokidebuli ar aris. meore traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba.
b) nivTieri wertili a wertilidan b
8.4 suraTze nivTieri wertili a da b wertils Soris pirveli wertilisken pirveli traeqtoriiT
an meore traeqtoriiT moZraobs. Tu wertilze mxolod gadaadgildeba da Semdeg a wertils
meore traeqtoriiT ubrundeba.
Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs, maSin masze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
orive traeqtoriis SemTxvevaSi Tanabaria. modiT zemoT miRebuli daskvna simboloebiT

gamovsaxoT:
Wab,1=Wab,2 , (8.2)
sadac ab simbolo sawyis da saboloo wertilebs asaxavs, xolo 1 da 2 indeqsebi traeqtoriaze

mianiSnebs.
miRebuli daskvna Semnaxveli Zalis Semcveli rTuli amocanebis gamartivebis saSualebas iZleva.
warmoidgineT, rom Semnaxveli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba mocemul traeqtoriaze unda
gamovTvaloT, rodesac damatebiTi informaciis gareSe gamoTvla Zalian rTulia an sulac
SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi, raime sxva traeqtorias gamoiyenebT, rac muSaobis gamoTvlas
bevrad ufro martivs an zogadad SesaZlebels gaxdis. 8.1 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi swored
amgvari magaliTia ganxiluli, magram Tavdapirvelad 8.2 formulas damtkiceba esaWiroeba.
8.2 formulis damtkiceba
8.4b suraTze naCvenebia Caketil traeqtoriaze moZravi nivTieri wertili, romelzec erTaderTi
Zala moqmedebs. nivTieri wertili a sawyisi wertilidan b saboloo wertilisken pirveli
traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba da Semdeg a wertils meore traeqtoriiT ubrundeba. TiToeul
traeqtoriaze Zala nivTier wertilze muSaobas asrulebs. pirveli traeqtoriiT a-dan b-sken
moZrav nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba Wab,1 simboloTi gamovsaxoT, xolo b-dan
a-sken meore traeqtoriiT moZrav nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba Wba,2 iyos. Tu Zala
Semnaxvelia, mTeli traeqtoriis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba nulis tolia:
Wab,1 + Wba,2 = 0
aqedan gamomdinare:
Wab,1 = –Wba,2 (8.3)
modiT amjerad Wab,2 muSaoba ganvixiloT, romelsac Zala maSin asrulebs, rodesac nivTieri
wertili a-dan b-sken meore traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba (sur. 8.4a). Tu Zala Semnaxvelia, es
muSaoba Wba,2 muSaobis Sebrunebulia:
Wab,2 = –Wba,2 (8.4)
8.3 formulaSi -Wba,2-is nacvlad Wab,2 CavsvaT da miviRebT:

Wab,1= Wab,2
formula damtkicebulia.
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia a da b wertilebis damakavSirebeli sami

traeqtoria. TiToeuli 
traeqtoriis gaswvriv moZrav
nivTier wertilze erTaderTi F Zala moqmedebs, romlis
mimarTuleba naCvenebia. aris Tu ara F Zala Semnaxveli
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?


8.5a suraTze naCvenebia 2kg masis yvelis naWeri, amoxsna: Fg mizidulobis Zalis mier ab
romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze wirze Sesrulebul muSaobas 7.12 formulis
a-dan b wertilisken gadaadgildeba. yveli (Wg = mgd cos φ) saSualebiT
 ver gamovTvliT,

mTlianad 2 m manZils gadis, xolo jamuri vinaidan Fg -sa da d gadaadgilebas Soris f
vertikaluri gadaadgileba 0,8 m-ia. ra muSa kuTxe icvleba.
obas asrulebs yvelze mizidulobis Zala?
8.4. potenciuri energiis mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra 235

vinaidan Fg Zala Semnaxvelia, a da b wertils
Soris raime sxva traeqtoria avirCioT
da gamoTvlebi gavamartivoT. modiT es
traeqtoria 8.5b suraTze gamosaxuli wyve-
tili xazi iyos. horizontaluri segmentis
gaswvriv φ kuTxe mudmivad 90°-ia. miuxedavad sur. 8.5. a) yvelis naWeri a wertilidan b wertilisken
imisa, rom am segmentis gaswvrivi gadaadgileba gadaadgildeba. b) mizidulobis Zalis mier yvelze
Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla ufro advilia, Tu
ar viciT, 7.12 formulis Tanaxmad masze
yvelis namdvil traeqtorias wyvetili traeqtoriiT
Sesrulebuli Wh muSaobaa: SevcvliT.
Wh = mgd cos 90° = 0
Wν = mgd cos 0° 
 gaswvriv d gada
vertikaluri segmentis

adgilebaa 0,8 m, Fg da d mimarTulia qvemoT = (2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)(0,8 m)(1) = 15,7 j
da φ kuTxe mudmivad 0°-ia. 7.12 formulidan a-dan b-mde wyvetili traeqtoriiT gada

gamomdinare, wyvetili traeqtoriis ver adgilebisas Fg Zalis mier yvelze Se
tikaluri nawilis gaswvriv Sesrulebuli Wν srulebuli jamuri muSaobaa:
muSaobaa: W = Wh + Wν = 0 + 15,7 j ≈ 16 j (pasuxi)
8.4. potenciuri energiis mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra

mocemul paragrafSi miviRebT formulebs, romelTa saSualebiT mizidulobis da elastiurobis
potenciuri energiis mniSvnelobis gamoTvla SeiZleba. Tavdapirvelad Semnaxvel Zalasa da
masTan dakavSirebul potenciur energias Soris kavSiri davadginoT. 
ganvixiloT nivTieri wertilis magvari sagani, romelic sistemis nawilia. sistemaSi F Semnaxveli
Zala moqmedebs. rodesac Zala saganze W muSaobas asrulebs, sistemasTan dakavSirebuli
potenciuri energiis ∆U cvlileba Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia. es faqti 8.1 formulaSi
(ΔU = –W) aisaxeba. rodesac Zala mdebareobasTan erTad icvleba, Sesrulebuli W muSaoba 7.32
formulis msgavsad SeiZleba Caiweros:
(8.5)
am formulis saSualebiT Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoiTvleba, rodesac sagani xi

wertilidan xf wertilisken gadaadgileba da sistemis mdgomareoba icvleba.
8.1 formulaSi 8.5 formula CavsvaT da mdgomareobis cvlilebis Sedegad potenciuri energiis
cvlilebas gamovTvliT:
(8.6)
8.6 formula Semnaxvel Zalasa da masTan dakavSirebul potenciur energias Soris zogadi
kavSiria. modiT misi gamoyeneba vcadoT.
mizidulobis potenciuri energia

Tavdapirvelad m masis nivTieri wertili ganvixiloT, romelic y RerZis gaswvriv vertikalurad

moZraobs. yi wertilidan yf wertilamde gadaadgilebis dros nivTier wertilze Fg mizidulobis
Zala muSaobas asrulebs. nivTieri wertili-dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
energiis Sesabamisi cvlilebis gamoTvlisTvis 8.6 formulas viyenebT, oRond saWiroa ori
cvlileba: 1) radgan mizidulobis Zala vertikalurad moqmedebs, integreba y RerZis gaswvriv

xdeba da ara x RerZis gaswvriv; 2) F-is nacvlad –mg-s vsvamT, vinaidan Fg Zalis sididea mg da
mimarTulia y RerZis sapirispirod. amgvari cvlilebebis Semdeg miviRebT:
saidanac gamomdinareobs:
ΔU = mg(yf – yi) = mg Δy (8.7)
mizidulobis potenciuri energiis mxolod ΔU cvlilebas aqvs fizikuri mniSvneloba. miuxedavad
amisa, simartivisTvis nivTieri wertili-dedamiwis sistemas zogjer raime U mniSvnelobas
vukavSirebT, rodesac nivTieri wertili garkveul y simaRlezea. amisTvis 8.7 formula Semdegi
saxiT gadavweroT:
U – Ui = mg(y – yi) (8.8)
amis Semdeg Ui-s sistemis mizidulobis potenciur energiad miviCnevT, rodesac sistema aTvlis
mdgomareobaSia anu nivTieri wertili yi aTvlis wertilze imyofeba. Cveulebriv miviCnevT,
rom Ui=0 da yi=0. 8.8 formulaSi am monacemebis Casmis Sedegad miviRebT:
U(y)=mgy (mizidulobis potenciuri energia) (8.9)
am formulis Tanaxmad:
nivTieri wertili-dedamiwis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli mizidulobis potenciuri

energia mxolod nivTieri wertilis y=0 aTvlis mdebareobisadmi y vertikalur
mdebareobazea damokidebuli da ara horizontalur mdebareobaze.
elastiuri potenciuri energia

ganvixiloT 8.3 suraTze naCvenebi bloki-zambaris sistema, rodesac bloki k sixistis mqone
zambarazea damagrebuli. bloki xi wertilidan xf wertilisken gadaadgildeba da Fx=–kx
drekadobis Zala blokze muSaobas asrulebs. bloki-zambaris sistemis elastiuri potenciuri
energiis Sesabamisi cvlilebis gamoTvlisTvis 8.6 formulaSi F(x)-is nacvlad –kx CavsvaT:
anu ΔU = 1 kxf2  – 1 kxi2  (8.10)

2 2
x mdebareobaze myof blokTan potenciuri energiis U mniSvnelobis dakavSirebisTvis aTvlis
mdgomareobad virCevT iseT ganlagebas, rodesac zambara moSvebulia da bloki xi=0 mdebareobaze
imyofeba. am SemTxvevaSi, Ui elastiuri potenciuri energia nulis tolia da 8.10 formula aseT
saxes iZens:
U – 0 = 12 kx2 – 0
rac gvaZlevs:
U(x)= 12 kx2 (elastiuri potenciuri energia) (8.11)
sakontrolo wertili 2. nivTieri

wertili x = 0 koordinatidan x1 koor
dinatisken gadaadgildeba da masze x
RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli Semnaxveli
Zala moqmedebs. suraTze naCvenebia
sami mdgomareoba, rodesac Zalis
x komponenti x-Tan erTad icvleba. samive mdgomareobaSi Zalis maqsimaluri F1 sidide
Tanabaria. daalageT mdgomareobebi nivTieri wertilis moZraobis dros potenciuri
energiis cvlilebis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
8.5. meqanikuri energiis Senaxva 237
taqtika 1:
termin `potenciuri ener misaRebia, magram yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT,
rom sinamdvileSi potenciuri energia mTels
giis~ gamoyeneba
sistemas, am SemTxvevaSi ki vaSli-dedamiwis
potenciuri energia mTlianad sistemas
sistemas ukavSirdeba. aseve unda gaxsovdeT,
ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZloa
rom potenciuri energiis raime mniSvnelobis
SegxvdeT amocanebi, rodesac potenciuri
sagnisTvis an sistemisTvis miniWebas mxolod
energia mxolod sistemis nawilTan aris
maSin aqvs azri, rodesac potenciuri energiis
dakavSirebuli. magaliTad: `xeze Camo
kidebuli vaSlis mizidulobis potenciuri aTvlis mniSvneloba cnobilia.
energiaa 30 j~. msgavsi winadadeba xSirad

2 kg masis zarmaca miwidan 5 m simaRleze xis
totzea Camokidebuli (sur. 8.6).
a) risi tolia zarmaca-dedamiwis sistemis

U mizidulobis potenciuri energia, Tu
y = 0 aTvlis wertili 1) miwazea, 2) miwidan 3m
simaRlis aivanzea, 3) xis totzea da 4) totidan
1 m simaRlezea? y = 0 wertilSi mizidulobis
potenciuri energia nulis tolia.
amoxsna: mas Semdeg rac aTvlis wertilad
y=0 miviCnieT, SesaZlebeli gaxda sistemis U
mizidulobis potenciuri energiis am aTvlis
wertilis mimarT gamoTvla (8.9 formulis
saSualebiT). pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi
zarmacas koordinatia y = 5 m da gveqneba:
U = mgy =(2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)(5 m) = 98j (pasuxi)
sxva variantebis SemTxvevaSi U-s mniSvnelo
bebia: sur. 8.6. y = 0 aTvlis wertilis mdebareobis
oTxi arCevani. TiToeuli y RerZi metrebSia
2) U = mgy = mg(2 m) = 39 j; dagraduirebuli. aTvlis wertilis mdebareoba
3) U = mgy = mg(0) = 0 j; zarmaca-dedamiwis sistemis U potenciuri energiis
mniSvnelobaze axdens gavlenas, xolo sistemis
4) U = mgy = mg(–1 m) = –19,6 j ≈ –20 j (pasuxi)
potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlileba masze
b) zarmaca miwaze Camovarda. aTvlis wertilis damokidebuli ar aris.
TiToeuli arCevanis SemTxvevaSi ra iqneba

zarmaca-dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri damokidebuli ar aris da mxolod simaRlis Δy
energiis ΔU cvlileba? cvlilebas eqvemdebareba. oTxive SemTxvevaSi
amoxsna: potenciuri energiis cvlileba Δy = –5m. 8.7 formulidan gamomdinare:
aTvlis wertilis mdebareobis arCevaze ΔU= mgΔy = (2kg)(9,8m/wm2)(–5m) = –98j (pasuxi)
8.5. meqanikuri energiis Senaxva

sistemis Emeq meqanikuri energia misi U potenciuri energiis da Semadgeneli sagnebis K
kinetikuri energiis jamis tolia:
Emeq = K + U (meqanikuri energia) (8.12)
am paragrafSi ganvixilavT ra mosdis meqanikur energias, rodesac sistemis SigniT energiis
gadacema mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebis saSualebiT xdeba

anu sistemis Semadgenel sagnebze xaxunis an wevis Zalebi
ar moqmedebs. garda amisa vuSvebT, rom sistema garemosgan
izolirebulia anu sistemis gareT mdebare sagnidan moqmedi
gare Zala sistemis SigniT energiis cvlilebas ar iwvevs.
rodesac Semnaxveli Zala sistemis saganze W muSaobas
asrulebs, energia sagnis K kinetikur energiasa da sistemis
U potenciur energias Soris mimoiqceva. 7.10 formulidan
gamomdinare, kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlilebaa:
ΔK = W (8.13)
8.1 formulidan gamomdinare, potenciuri energiis ΔU
cvlilebaa:
ΔU = –W (8.14)
8.13 da 8.14 formulebis gaerTianeba gvaZlevs:
ΔK = –ΔU (8.15)
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTi saxis energia imdeniT izrdeba, ramdeniTac meore saxis energia
mcirdeba.
8.15 formula aseTi saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
K2 – K1 = – (U2 – U1) (8.16)
indeqsebi or sxvadasxva moments anu sistemaSi sagnebis or sxvadasxva ganlagebas asaxavs. 8.16
formulis gardaqmna gvaZlevs:
K2 + U2 = K1 + U1 (meqanikuri energiis Senaxva) (8.17)
8.17 formula Semdeg rames gvauwyebs:
( sistemis nebismier
mdgomareobaSi K-s da U-s jami ) (=
sistemis nebismier sxva
mdgomareobaSi K-s da U-s jami )
es formula marTebulia, rodesac sistema izolirebulia da sagnebze mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebi
moqmedebs.
izolirebul sistemaSi, sadac energiis cvlilebas mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebi iwvevs,

kinetikuri da potenciuri energia SeiZleba Seicvalos, magram maTi jami - sistemis Emeq
meqanikuri energia, ar icvleba
am wess meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi ewodeba (albaT mixvdiT, saidan modis saxelwodeba
Semnaxveli Zala). 8.15 formulis saSualebiT es principi sxva formiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
ΔEmeq = ΔK + ΔU = 0 (8.18)
meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi sakmaod rTul amocanebs amartivebs, romelTa amoxsna
mxolod niutonis kanonebis gamoyenebiT TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
rodesac sistemis meqanikuri energia inaxeba, garkveul momentSi kinetikuri da potenciuri
energiebis jami raime sxva momentSi energiebis jams SegviZlia davukavSiroT. Sualeduri
moZraobis da Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis ganxilva saWiro ar aris.
8.7 suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi, rodesac meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba. qanqaris moZraobis dros dedamiwa-qanqaris sistemis energia K kinetikur energiasa da
U mizidulobis potenciur energias Soris mimoiqceva, K+U jami ki ar icvleba. Tu mizidulobis
potenciuri energia viciT, rodesac qanqaris balansiri umaRles wertilzea (sur. 8.7g), maSin
sur. 8.7. qanqaris masa ba

lansirSia koncentrirebuli
da qanqara win da ukan irxeva.
suraTze naCvenebia moZraobis
erTi sruli cikli. qanqara-
dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri
da kinetikuri energiebi balan
siris rxevasTan erTad ciklis
ganmavlobaSi icvleba, magram
T) a)
sistemis Emeq meqanikuri energia b)
mudmivia. Emeq energia kinetikur
da potenciur energiebs Soris
mimoiqceva. a) da e) etapebze
mTliani energia kinetikuria.
am dros balansiri udables
wertilzea da udidesi siCqare
aqvs. g) da z) etapebze mTliani
energia potenciuria. am dros
z) g)
balansiri umaRles wertilzea
da nulovani siCqare aqvs. b,
d), v) da T) etapebze naxevari
kinetikuri energiaa, xolo
meore naxevari - potenciuri
energia. Tu qanqaris mimagrebis
adgilze xaxunis Zala moqmedebs
an haeris wevis Zala arsebobs,
maSin Emeq energia ar Seinaxeba da
qanqara sabolood gaCerdeba. v) d)
e)
8.17 formulis saSualebiT balansiris kinetikur energias gamovTvliT, rodesac is udables

wertilzea (sur. 8.7e).
modiT, udablesi wertili aTvlis wertilad miviCnioT, sadac mizidulobis potenciuri energia
U2 = 0. aseve davuSvaT, rom aTvlis wertilis mimarT umaRles wertilSi potenciuri energia
U1  = 20 j. vinaidan balansiri umaRles wertilSi wamierad Cerdeba, misi kinetikuri energia
K1 = 0. es mniSvnelobebi 8.17 formulaSi CavsvaT da udables wertilSi K2 kinetikur energias
gamovTvliT:
K2 + 0 = 0 + 20 j anu K2 = 20 j
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es Sedegi umaRles da udables wertilebs Soris moZraobis ganxilvis
da Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlis gareSe miviReT.
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia oTxi mdgomareoba. erT-erTi maTganis dros

uZravi bloki qvemoT vardeba, xolo danarCen SemTxvevaSi bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal dax-
ril sibrtyeze curdeba. a) daalageT
mdgomareobebi B wertilSi blokis
kinetikuri energiis mixedviT dididan
mcireze. b) daalageT mdgomareobebi
B wertilSi blokis siCqaris mixedviT
dididan mcireze.

8.8 suraTze gamosaxuli m masis bavSvi
h = 8,5 simaRlis wylis sasrialoze erToba.
davuSvaT sasrialos zedapiri xaxunisgan
Tavisufalia. ra siCqare eqneba bavSvs wylis
auzSi Sesvlisas?
amoxsna: bavSvis siCqares aCqarebis saSua
lebiT ver gamovTvliT, vinaidan wina
sur. 8.8. bavSvi h
Tavebisgan gansxvavebiT, sasrialos daxris simaRlis sasrialo
kuTxe ar viciT. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan ze curdeba
siCqare kinetikur energias ukavSirdeba,

siCqaris gamoTvlisTvis meqanikuri energiis principidan gamomdinare:
Senaxvis principi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. am Emeq,b = Emeq,t
SemTxvevaSi daxris kuTxe saWiro ar iqneba. gavSaloT es formula:
sistemaSi meqanikuri energia inaxeba, Tu Kb + Ub = Kt + Ut
sistema izolirebulia da energiis gadacemas anu
1
mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebi iwvevs. modiT, mgyb = 12 mνt2 + mgyt
2
mνb2 +
SevamowmoT, sruldeba Tu ara es pirobebi. am formulis m-ze gayofa da gardaqmna
Zalebi: bavSvze ori Zala moqmedebs. mizi mogvcems:
dulobis Zala Semnaxvelia da bavSvze muSaobas νb2= νt2+ 2g(yt – yb)
asrulebs. sasrialodan bavSvze moqmedi CavsvaT νt = 0 da yt – yb = h da miviRebT:
drekadobis Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs,
vinaidan misi mimarTuleba nebismier wer
= 13 m/w (pasuxi)
tilSi bavSvis moZraobis mimarTulebis per
igive siCqare eqneboda bavSvs 8,5 m simaRlidan
pendikularulia.
vertikalurad Camovardnis SemTxvevaSi.
sistema: vinaidan bavSvze muSaobas mxolod
sinamdvileSi, bavSvze xaxunis Zalebi imoqme
mizidulobis Zala asrulebs, Cveni sistema
debda da ase swrafad Camosrialeba Seu
bavSvisa da dedamiwisgan Sedgeba da izo
Zlebeli iqneboda.
lirebulia.
am amocanis niutonis kanonebis saSualebiT
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,
amoxsna sakmaod rTulia, energiis Senaxvis
saxezea izolirebul sistemaSi moqmedi
principis gamoyeneba ki viTarebas amartivebs.
Semnaxveli Zala, romelic muSaobas asrulebs
miuxedavad amisa, Camosrialebis drois
da meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principis
gamoTvlas energiebis saSualebiT ver
gamoyeneba dasaSvebia. davuSvaT Emeq,t iyos
SevZlebT, amisTvis sasrialos formis
meqanikuri energia, rodesac bavSvi srials
codna gaxdeba saWiro da amocanac sakmaod
iwyebs, xolo Emeq,b - meqanikuri energia,
garTuldeba.
rodesac bavSvi auzSi Sedis. energiis Senaxvis

8.9 suraTze naCvenebia kldeze cocvis qvemoT H manZilze Camovardeba, Toki daWimvas
magaliTi, rodesac win mimavali mcocavi iwyebs. daWimuloba maqsimaluri maSin xdeba,
(lideri) gorgolaWidan (damagrebuli rodesac lideri kidev d manZils gaivlis da
liTonis rgolidan, romelSic Toki gadis) gaCerdeba. am dros Tokze Fmax maqsimaluri
aTvlili H simaRlidan vardeba, xolo ukan Zala moqmedebs. vardnis es monakveTi Zalian
mimavali mcocavi Toks eWideba, raTa vardna saxifaToa, vinaidan Fmax Zalam SesaZloa Toki
Seasustos. rodesac lideri gorgolaWidan gawyvitos.
Fmax Zalis gamoTvlisTvis vuSvebT, lideri
rom Toki hukis kanonis mixedviT (7.21
vardna
formula, Fx = –kx) zambaris msgavsad
iWimeba. nebismieri Tokis SemTxvevaSi gorgolaWi
k sixistis mudmiva Tokis L sigrZeze

da nivTierebis eToki elastiurobazea
damokidebuli: Toki
eToki
k= (8.19)
L
Tokis tipiuri elastiurobaa eToki =
20 kn, xolo lideris masaa m = 80 kg.
a) meore b) g)
gamoTvaleT Fmax Zala 8.9a suraTze
mcocavi
gamosaxul did manZilze vardnisTvis
sur. 8.9. a) meore mcocavisgan L manZiliT daSorebuli lideri
da 8.9g suraTze gamosaxul mcire kldeze mimagrebuli liTonis gorgolaWidan H manZilze imyofeba.
manZilze vardnisTvis. romel Sem b) lideri maqsimalur manZilze vardeba da Toki d manZiliT
TxvevaSi ufro gawydeba Toki? iWimeba. g) igive SemTxveva ufro mcire L da H manZilebisTvis
amoxsna: vinaidan Toki zambaris msgavsad cvlileba. 8.20 formulaSi mocemuli samive
iWimeba, masSi Semnaxveli drekadobis ZaliT cvlileba lideris sawyis da saboloo
gamowveuli elastiuri potenciuri energia mdebareobebs Soris unda gamoiTvalos.
inaxeba. meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi kinetikuri energia: vinaidan sawyis da
lideris sawyis mdebareobasa da saboloo saboloo mdebareobaze lideri wamierad
mdebareobas (Tokis maqsimaluri daWimvisas) Cerdeba, ΔK = 0.
Soris gamoviyenoT. Cvens sistemaSi (lideri- mizidulobis potenciuri energia: 8.7 for
dedamiwa-Toki) meqanikuri energia inaxeba, mulidan gamomdinare ΔUg = mgΔy, sadac Δy
Tu sistema izolirebulia da masSi energiis aris lideris mdebareobis cvlileba vardnis
gadacemas mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebi iwveven. ganmavlobaSi. lideri jer H manZilze ecema
modiT, SevamowmoT, sruldeba Tu ara es (gorgolaWamde), Semdeg kidev H manZils gadis
pirobebi. (rodesac Toki daWimvas iwyebs) da daWimvis
Zalebi: lidersa da dedamiwas Soris moqmed ganmavlobaSi kidev d manZils faravs (sur.
mizidulobis Zalas energia mizidulobis 8.9b). aqedan gamomdinare:
potenciuri energiidan kinetikur energiaSi ΔUg = mg Δu = mg(–2H – d)
gadaaqvs. rodesac Toki iWimeba, drekadobis
elastiuri potenciuri energia: vardnis
Zala Tokis elastiur potenciur energias
dasawyisSi Toki daWimuli ar aris, xolo
zrdis. mizidulobis Zala da drekadobis Zala
vardnis bolo d manZiliT iWimeba. 8.10
Semnaxvelebia.
formulidan (ΔU= 1 kxf2 – 1 kxi2) gamomdinare,
sistema: orive Zala sistemaSi Sedis da 2 2
elastiuri potenciuri energiis cvlilebaa:
energiis gadacemac masSi xdeba, amitom sistema
ΔUToki = 1 kd 2 – 1 k(0)2 = 1 kd 2
izolirebulia. 2 2 2
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, meqanikuri energiis miRebuli cvlilebebi 8.20 formulaSi
energiis Senaxvis principi am sistemisTvis CavsvaT da miviRebT:
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. 8.18 formulis 0+mg(–2H – d)+ 12 kd 2=0
1
Tanaxmad: anu
2
kd 2 – mgd – 2mgH = 0
miviReT kvadratuli gantoleba, romlis
ΔK + ΔUg + ΔUToki = 0 , (8.20)
zogadi amonaxsnia:
sadac ΔK aris lideris kinetikuri energiis
cvlileba, ΔUg – sistemis mizidulobis po
tenciuri energiis cvlileba, xolo ΔUToki
– sistemis elastiuri potenciuri energiis
8.9g suraTze gamosaxuli vardnis SemTxvevaSi

lideri mxolod 2H = 2 m manZilze vardeba,
ris Semdegac Toki daWimvas iwyebs. aqedan
daWimvis d manZilis dadebiT mniSvnelobas
gamomdinare, Toki gawyvetis Sansi erTi
mxolod dadebiTi fesvi gvaZlevs. 7.21 SexedviT naklebia. miuxedavad amisa, rode
formulidan (Fx = –kx) gamomdinare, Tokze sac 8.21 formulaSi 2H = 2 m da L = 3 m mniS
moqmedi Zalaa: vnelobebs CavsvamT, miviRebT:
Fmax = kd
Fmax = 5,4 × 103 n (pasuxi)
= mg +
maSasadame, mcire manZilze vardnis dros
k-s nacvlad 8.19 formula CavsvaT da
safrTxe ufro metia.
miviRebT: gamocdilma kldeze mcocavebma kargad ician,
rom Tokis gawyvetis saSiSroeba mxolod
gorgolaWidan lideris H dacilebaze da
mokidebuli ar aris. safrTxe ufro 2H/L
(8.21)
Sefardebazea damokidebuli, romelsac
2H sidide aris manZili, romelsac lideri vardnis koeficienti ewodeba. saSiSroebis
gadis Tokis daWimvamde. 8.9a suraTze gansazRvrisTvis kldeze mcocavi vardnis
gamosaxuli vardnis SemTxvevaSi 2H = 6 m koeficients gamoTvlis. rac ufro metia
da Tokis sigrZea L = 13 m. lideris wonaa misi mniSvneloba, miT ufro maRalia To-
mg = (80 kg)(9,8 m/wm ) = 784 n da Tokis niv
2
kis gawyvetis albaToba. rodesac safrTxe
Tierebis elastiurobaa eToki = 20000 n. Zalian realuria, kldeze mcocavi damatebiT
es monacemebi 8.21 formulaSi CavsvaT da gorgolaWebs amagrebs. 8.9a suraTze
miviRebT: gamosaxuli vardnis SemTxvevaSi vardnis
koeficientia 6/13=0,46, xolo 8.9g suraTze
Fmax = 784 n + gamosaxuli vardnis SemTxvevaSi igive
koeficienti 2/3=0,67-ia. maSasadame, 8.9g
= 4,7 × 103 n (pasuxi)
suraTze Camovardnis safrTxe ufro metia.
taqtika 1: meqanikuri energiis Senaxva weva arsebobs, maSin meqanikuri energia ar

inaxeba.
meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principis
Semcveli amocanebis amoxsnisas Semdegi
aris Tu ara sistema izolirebuli? meqani
kuri energiis Senaxvis principi mxolod
SekiTxvebi unda dasvaT:
izolirebul sistemebs miesadageba. es niSnavs,
ra sistemisTvis inaxeba meqanikuri energia?
rom sistemis SigniT mdebare sagnebze gare
Tqven unda SegeZloT sistemis garemosgan
gamoyofa da imis gansazRvra, Tu ra aris
Zalebma muSaoba ar unda Seasrulos.
sistemis SigniT da ra mdebareobs garemoSi.
ra sawyis da saboloo mdgomareobaSia Tqveni
8.3 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi sistema
sistema? sistema mdgomareobas icvlis.
meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principidan
bavSvi+dedamiwaa, 8.4 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
gamomdinare Emeq energia orive mdgomareobaSi
- lideri+dedamiwa+Toki.
erTi da igivea. yuradRebiT gansazRvreT, Tu
arsebobs Tu ara xaxuni an weva? Tu xaxuni an
romelia es ori mdgomareoba.
8.6. potenciuri energiis grafikis wakiTxva

am SemTxvevaSic sistemis Semadgenel nivTier wertils ganvixilavT, rodesac sistemaSi
Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs. amjerad davuSvaT, rom nivTieri wertili x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs
da Semnaxveli Zala masze muSaobas asrulebs. sistemis potenciuri energiis U(x) grafikis
saSualebiT nivTieri wertilis moZraobaze didi raodenobiT informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba.
vidre amgvari grafikebis ganxilvaze gadavalT, kidev erTi formulis miReba gvesaWiroeba.
8.6. potenciuri energiis grafikis wakiTxva 243
Zalis gamoTvla analitikurad
8.6 formulis saSualebiT erTganzomilebian mdgomareobaSi or wertils Soris potenciuri

energiis ΔU cvlilebas gamovTvliT, Tu F(x) Zala viciT. modiT sawinaaRmdego SemTxveva
ganvixiloT, rodesac potenciuri energiis U(x) funqcia viciT da Zalis gamoTvla gvinda.
erTganzomilebiani moZraobis dros Δx manZilis gavlisas nivTier wertilze Zalis mier
Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa F(x)Δx. aqedan gamomdinare, 8.1 formula Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia
CavweroT:
ΔU(x) = –W = –F(x)Δx
F(x)-sTvis amoxsna da diferencialur zRvarze gadasvla mogvcems:
dU(x)
F(x) = – (erTganzomilebiani moZraoba) (8.22)
dx
es swored is formulaa, romlis miRebac gvindoda.
Sedegis Sesamowmeblad drekadobis Zalis nacvlad elastiuri potenciuri energiis
U(x)= 12 kx2 funqcia CavsvaT. amis Semdeg 8.22 formula mogvcems F(x) = –kx, rac hukis kanonia.
nivTieri wertili – dedamiwis sistemisTvis mizidulobis potenciuri energiis U(x) = mgx
funqciac SegviZlia CavsaT, sadac m nivTieri wertilis masaa, romelic dedamiwis zedapiridan x
simaRlezea ganlagebuli. am SemTxvevaSi 8.22 formula mogvcems F = –mg, rac nivTier wertilze
moqmedi mizidulobis Zalaa.
potenciuri energiis grafiki
8.10a suraTze gamosaxulia potenciuri energiis U(x) funqciis grafiki. grafiki agebulia
sistemisTvis, romelSic nivTieri wertili erT ganzomilebaSi moZraobs da F(x) Semnaxveli
Zala masze muSaobas asrulebs. sxvadasxva wertilebSi U(x) grafikis daxrilobis saSualebiT
F(x) Zalas iolad gamovTvliT (8.22 formulis Tanaxmad, F(x) Zala U(x) grafikis daxrilobis
Sebrunebulia). 8.10b suraTze am gziT miRebuli F(x)-is grafikia naCvenebia.
sur. 8.10. a) potenciuri energiis U(x) funqciis

grafiki sistemisTvis, romelSic nivTieri wertili
x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs. xaxuni ar gvaqvs, amitom
meqanikuri energia inaxeba. b) nivTier wertilze
moqmedi F(x) Zalis grafiki potenciuri energiis
grafikis saSualebiT aris miRebuli. g) U(x) grafiki
Emeq-is sam SesaZlo mniSvnelobasTan erTad.
(a)
(b)
(g)
Semobrunebis wertilebi
araSemnaxveli Zalis ararsebobis dros sistemis E meqanikuri energiis mniSvneloba mudmivia:
U(x) + K(x) = Emeq (8.23)
am formulaSi K(x) aris sistemaSi arsebuli nivTieri wertilis kinetikuri energiis funqcia
(K(x) kinetikuri energiis nivTieri wertilis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis funqciaa). 8.23
formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
K(x) = Emeq – U(x) (8.24)
davuSvaT Emeq meqanikuri energia 5 joulia. 8.10a suraTze amgvari energia horizontaluri wrfiT
gamoisaxeba, romelic energiis RerZis 5j mniSvnelobaze gadis.
8.24 formula gvauwyebs Tu rogor gamovTvaloT K kinetikuri energia nivTieri wertilis
nebismieri x mdebareobisTvis. U(x) grafikze x-is am mdebareobisTvis U gamoTvaleT da Semdeg Emeq-
s gamoakeliT. magaliTad, Tu nivTieri wertili x5-is marjvniv nebismier wertilze mdebareobs,
maSin K = 1 j. K-s mniSvneloba udidesia (5 j), rodesac nivTieri wertili x2 koordinatze
mdebareobs da umciresia (0 j), rodesac nivTieri wertili x1 koordinatzea.
K ar SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos (vinaidan ν2 yovelTvis dadebiTia) da maSasadame nivTieri wertili
x1-dan marcxniv verasdros gadaadgildeba, sadac Emeq – U uaryofiTia. rodesac nivTieri wertili
x2-dan x1-sken gadaadgildeba, K mcirdeba da x1 koordinatze K = 0 (nivTieri wertili Cerdeba).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rodesac nivTieri wertili x1-s miaRwevs, 8.22 formuliT mocemuli masze
moqmedi Zala dadebiTia (vinaidan dU/dx daxriloba uaryofiTia). amgvarad nivTieri wertili
x1-ze ar rCeba da marjvnisken moZraobas iwyebs. aqedan gamomdinare x1 Semobrunebis wertilia,
sadac K=0 da nivTieri wertili moZraobis mimarTulebas icvlis. grafikis marjvena mxareze
Semobrunebis wertili (sadac K=0) ar arsebobs da marjvnisken moZraoba usasrulod grZeldeba.
wonasworobis wertilebi
8.10g suraTze naCvenebia 8.10a suraTze gamosaxuli potenciuri energiis U(x) funqciis grafikze
aRebuli Emeq-is sami sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. vnaxoT, rogor icvleba is. Tu Emeq = 4 j (iisferi),
Semobrunebis wertili x1-dan x1-sa da x2-s Soris inacvlebs. garda amisa, x5-is marjvniv mdebare
nebismier wertilze sistemis meqanikuri energia misi potenciuri energiis tolia anu nivTier
wertils kinetikuri energia ar gaaCnia, masze Zala ar moqmedebs da, maSasadame, uZravia. amgvar
mdebareobaze myof nivTier wertils neitralur wonasworobaSi myofi ewodeba.
Tu Emeq = 3 j (vardisferi wrfe), Semobrunebis wertili oria. erTi maTgani x1-sa da x2-s Soris aris
ganlagebuli, xolo meore maTgani - x4-sa da x5-s Soris. garda amisa, x3 koordinatze K = 0. Tu
nivTieri wertili swored x3 koordinatzea ganlagebuli, masze moqmedi Zala nulis tolia da
nivTieri wertili ar moZraobs. rodesac nivTieri wertili am koordinatis romelime mxares aris
ganlagebuli, Zala mas igive mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs da nivTieri wertili moZraobas ganagrZobs.
amgvar mdgomareobaSi myofi nivTieri wertili arastabilur wonasworobaSia.
amjerad ganvixiloT nivTieri wertilis moqmedeba, rodesac Emeq = 1 j (mwvane wrfe). Tu
nivTier wertils x4-ze movaTavsebT, igi iqve darCeba. nivTieri wertili marcxniv an marjvniv
ar gadaadgildeba, vinaidan amisTvis uaryofiTi kinetikuri energiaa saWiro. Tu nivTier
wertils marcxnisken an marjvnisken vubiZgebT, aRmdgeni Zala mas kvlav x4-ze abrunebs. amgvar
mdgomareobaSi myofi nivTieri wertili stabilur wonasworobaSia. Tu nivTier wertils Wiqis
magvar potenciur ormoSi movaTavsebT, romlis centri x2-ia, nivTieri wertili or Semobrunebis
wertils Soris aRmoCndeba. mas moZraoba mxolod x1-sken an x3-sken SeeZleba.
8.7. gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba 245
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCvenebia potenciuri

energiis U(x) funqcia sistemisTvis, romelSic nivTieri
wertili erT ganzomilebaSi moZraobs. a) daalageT AB, BC
da CD regionebi nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis mixedviT
dididan mcireze. b) ra mimarTuleba aqvs Zalas, rodesac x
nivTieri wertili AB regionSi imyofeba?
8.7. gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba

me-7 TavSi muSaoba ganvsazRvreT, rogorc saganze moqmedi sistema
Zalis mier sagnisTvis energiis gadacema an warTmeva. amjerad

igive gansazRvrebas saganTa sistemaze moqmedi gare ZalisTvis
dadebiTi W
ganvavrcobT.
muSaoba aris sistemaze moqmedi gare Zalis mier

sistema
sistemisTvis energiis gadacema an warTmeva.
8.11a suraTze naCvenebia dadebiTi muSaoba (sistemisTvis

energiis gadacema), xolo 8.11b suraTze asaxulia uaryofiTi uaryofiTi W
muSaoba (sistemis energiis warTmeva). rodesac sistemaze

erTze meti Zala moqmedebs, maTi jamuri muSaoba sistemisTvis
sur. 8.11. a) sistemaze Sesrulebuli
gadacemuli an warTmeuli energiaa. dadebiTi W muSaoba niSnavs, rom
energiis gadacema bankis erTi angariSidan meoreze fulis sistemas energia gadaeca. b) siste
maze Sesrulebuli uaryofiTi W
gadatanas waagavs. Tu sistema erTi nivTieri wertilis an
muSaoba niSnavs, rom sistemas energia
nivTieri wertilis magvari sagnisgan Sedgeba, Zalis mier waerTva.
sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba mxolod sistemis kinetikur
energias cvlis. energiis amgvari gadacemisTvis muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema arsebobs
(7.10 formula, ΔK=W) anu nivTier wertils energiis mxolod erTi angariSi - kinetikuri energia
gaaCnia. gare Zalebs am angariSze energiis damateba an gamokleba SeuZliaT. Tu sistema ufro
rTulia, gare Zala energiis sxva formebsac cvlis anu rTul sistemas energiis ramdenime
angariSi gaaCnia.
modiT, amgvari sistemebisTvis, garkveuli mtkicebebi CamovayaliboT, rodesac xaxuni arsebobs
an ar arsebobs.
xaxunis ararsebobis SemTxveva

boulingis TamaSis dros moTamaSe Tavdapirvelad
Caimuxleba da iatakze ganlagebul burTs xels mokidebs.
Semdeg moTamaSe swordeba da burTs daaxloebiT saxis
donidan isvris. am dros moTamaSis Zala burTze muSaobas
asrulebs anu gare Zala energias gadascems romeliRac
sistemas, magram romelia es sistema? sur. 8.12. boulingis burTisa da de
pasuxis gasacemad SevamowmoT romeli energiebi damiwisgan Semdgar sistemaze W dadebiTi
icvleba. burTis kinetikuri energia icvleba da vinaidan muSaoba sruldeba, rac sistemis meqa
nikuri energiis ΔEmeq cvlilebas, burTis
dedamiwasa da burTs Soris dacileba izrdeba, burTi- kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlilebas da sis
dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri energiac temis mizidulobis potenciuri energiis
icvleba. moTamaSis Zala gare Zalaa da sistemaze mis mier ΔU cvlilebas iwvevs.
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
W = ΔK + ΔU (8.25)
anu W=ΔEmeq (sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSoba xaxunis ararsebobis dros), (8.26)
sadac ΔEmeq aris sistemis meqanikuri energiis cvlileba. zemoT miRebuli ori formula 8.12
suraTzea asaxuli da erTmaneTis eqvivalenturia, rodesac gare Zala sistemaze muSaobas
asrulebs da xaxuni ar arsebobs.
xaxunis arsebobis SemTxveva

modiT, 8.13a suraTze gamosaxuli magaliTi ganvixiloT.

horizontaluri mudmivi F Zala bloks x RerZis gaswvriv
 
d manZilze gadaaadgilebs da blokis siCqare ν 0 -dan ν -mde
izrdeba.
 moZraobis ganmavlobaSi zedapiridan blokze a)
f k kinetikuri xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. Tavdapirvelad bloki –
zedapiris
bloks sistemad miviCnevT da mas niutonis meore kanons sistema
mivusadagebT. x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis
niutonis meore kanoni aseTi saxiT Caiwereba:
F – fk = ma (8.27)

radgan Zalebi mudmivebia, a aCqarebac mudmivia. b)

 zedapirze F Zala
maSasadame, 2.16 formulis gamoyenebiT vwerT: sur. 8.13. a) bloks
ν2 = ν02 + 2ad ubiZgebs, xolo f k kinetikuri xaxunis

Zala moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba. d
es gantoleba a-sTvis amovxsnaT, miRebuli Sedegi 8.27
gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi blokis
formulaSi CavsvaT da gardavqmnaT: 
siCqarea ν 0 , xolo gadaadgilebis

dasasruls blokis siCqare ν xdeba.
Fd = 12 mν2 – 12 mν02+ fkd (8.28) 
b) F Zala bloki-zedapiris sistemaze W
vinaidan blokisTvis 1 mν2 – 1 mν02=ΔK, gveqneba: dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, rac blokis
2 2
meqanikuri energiis ΔEmeq cvlilebas da
Fd = ΔK + fkd (8.29) blokisa da zedapiris siTburi energiis
sxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad rodesac bloki daxril ΔEsiT cvlilebas iwvevs.
sibrtyeze moZraobs) potenciuri energia SeiZleba

Seicvalos. am cvlilebis mxedvelobaSi misaRebad, 8.29 formula zogadi saxiT CavweroT:
Fd = ΔEmeq + fkd (8.30)
eqsperimentis Sedegad dgindeba, rom bloki da zedapiris nawili moZraobis dros xurdeba.
me-18 TavSi ganvixilavT, rom sagnis temperatura sagnis EsiT siTbur energias (atomebisa da
molekulebis moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli energia) ukavSirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi blokisa da
zedapiris siTburi energia izrdeba, vinaidan maT Soris xaxuni arsebobs da bloki zedapirze
misrialebs. gavixsenoT, rom xaxuni zedapirebs Soris civi SeduRebiTaa gamowveuli. rodesac
bloki zedapirze misrialebs, bloksa da zedapirs Soris SeduRebis wertilebi Cndeba da orive
maTgani xurdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, sriali blokisa da zedapiris EsiT siTbur energias zrdis.
eqsperimentis Sedegad aseve dgindeba, rom siTburi energiis ΔEsiT zrda fk da d sidideebis
namravlis tolia:
ΔEsiT = fk d (siTburi energiis zrda srialis dros) (8.31)
8.30 formula aseTi saxiT SegviZlia CavweroT:
Fd = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT (8.32)


Fd aris gare F Zalis mier Sesrulebuli W muSaoba, magram romel sistemaze sruldeba muSaoba?
8.7. gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba 247
pasuxis gasacemad SevamowmoT Tu romeli energiebi icvleba. blokis meqanikurienergia icvleba
da blokisa da zedapiris siTburi energiebic icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, F Zala muSaobas
bloki-zedapiris sistemaze asrulebs. es muSaobaa:
W = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT (sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba xaxunis pirobebSi) (8.33)
es formula 8.13b suraTzea naCvenebi da gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebul muSaobas asaxavs,
rodesac xaxuni arsebobs.
sakontrolo wertili 5. horizontaluri Zala bloks xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze sam

SemTxvevaSi ubiZgebs. modebuli Zalis F sidideebi da blokis siCqaris cvlilebebi cxrilSia
mocemuli. samive SemTxvevaSi bloki Tanabar d manZils gadis. daalageT SemTxvevebi blokisa
da zedapiris siTburi energiis cvlilebis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
SemTxveva F blokis siCqaris cvlileba

a 5n mcirdeba
b 7n ucvleli rCeba
g 8n izrdeba

aRdgomis kunZulze mcxovrebma preistoriuli
xanis adamianebma aTasobiT qvis uzarmazari
qandakeba daamzades da mTels kunZulze
mimofantes (sur. 8.14). rogor moaxerxes
adamianebma yovelgvari damxmare meqanizmebis
gareSe qandakebebis 10 km-mde manZilze
gadatana? savaraudod, qandakebebs xis
marxilebze awyobdnen da ise gadahqondaT.
Tanamedrove gamoTvlebiT, 25 adamiani 9000 kg
masis qandakebas 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 45 m
manZilze gadaaadgilebs.
sur. 8.14. qvis qandakeba aRdgomis kunZulze
a) gamoTvaleT adamianebidan moqmedi jamuri
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 45m manZilze = (50)(80 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)(45 m) cos 0°
gadaadgilebis procesSi da gansazRvreT = 1,8 × 106 j ≈ 2 mgj (pasuxi)
sistema, romelzec muSaoba sruldeba. sistemis gansazRvrisTvis SevamowmoT romeli
amoxsna: Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla energia icvleba. qandakeba gadaadgildeba
7.7 formuliT SeiZleba (W = Fd cos φ). am da, amitom, misi kinetikuri energia icvleba.
SemTxvevaSi d manZili aris 45 m, F aris 25 aseve iolad misaxvedria, rom marxilsa
adamianidan qandakebaze moqmedi jamuri Zalis da miwas Soris mniSvnelovani kinetikuri
sidide, xolo φ = 0°. modiT SevTanxmdeT, rom xaxuni arsebobs, rac maTi siTburi energiis
TiToeuli adamiani sakuTar wonaze orjer cvlilebas iwvevs. maSasadame, sistema,
meti sididis ZaliT moqmedebs da am Zalis romelzec muSaoba sruldeba, qandakebis,
sididea 2mg. aqedan gamomdinare, jamuri marxilisa da miwisgan Sedgeba.
Zalis sididea F = (25)(2mg) = 50mg. adamianis b) ramdeniT gaizarda sistemis siTburi energia

masa daaxloebiT 80kg-ia da 7.7 formula aseT 45m manZilze gadaadgilebis procesSi?
saxes miiRebs:
amoxsna: ΔEsiT energiis cvlileba Zalis
W = Fd cos φ = 50 mgd cos φ mier Sesrulebul W muSaobas 8.33 formuliT
ukavSirdeba (xaxunis arsebobis pirobebSi): gadaetana? aseve gamoTvaleT qandakeba-

W = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT marxili-miwis sistemis siTburi energiis ΔEsiT
amocanis a) nawilidan W-s mniSvneloba cvlileba.
ukve viciT. qandakebis meqanikuri energiis amoxsna: W muSaobas amocanis a) nawilis
ΔEmeq cvlileba nulis tolia, vinaidan msgavsad gamovTvliT, oRond d-s nacvlad
gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis Semdeg amjerad 1×104  m gvaqvs:
qandakeba uZravia. yovelive zemoTqmulidan
W = ΔEsiT = 3,9×108j ≈ 400 mgj (pasuxi)
gamomdinare:
ΔEsiT = W = 1,8 × 106 j ≈ 2 mgj (pasuxi) 25 adamiani qandakebis gadatanas 10km manZilze
SeZlebda da araviTari zesaidumlo saSualeba
g) gamoTvaleT, ra muSaoba unda Seesrulebina
saWiro ar iqneboda.
25 adamians, raTa qandakeba 10 km manZilze

mtvirTavi m = 14 kg masis yvavilovani xdeba. ese igi xaxuni mainc arsebobs da yuTisa
kombostoTi savse
 yuTs 30 n sididis da zedapiris siTburi energiac icvleba.
horizontaluri F ZaliT betonis zedapirze yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cveni
miacurebs. d = 0,5 m manZilze gadaadgilebis sistema yuTisa da zedapirisgan Sedgeba.
dros yuTis siCqare 0,6 m/wm-dan 0,2 m/wm-mde
b) ramdeniT izrdeba yuTisa da zedapiris
mcirdeba.
 siTburi energia?

a) ra muSaobas asrulebs F Zala da romel amoxsna: siTburi energiis ΔEsiT cvlileba F
sistemaze sruldeba muSaoba? Zalis mier Sesrulebul W muSaobasTan 8.33
amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSi 7.7 formula formuliT SegviZlia davakavSiroT, rodesac

gamosadegia da F Zalis mier Sesrulebuli W sistemaSi xaxuni arsebobs:
muSaobaa:
W = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT (8.34)
W = Fd cos φ = (40 n)(0,5 m)cos 0° 
= 20 j (pasuxi) W-s mniSvneloba amocanis a) nawilidan viciT.
sistemis dasadgenad vnaxoT, Tu romeli yuTis meqanikuri energiis ΔEmeq cvlileba
energia icvleba. vinaidan yuTis siCqare misi kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaa, vinaidan
icvleba, misi kinetikuri energiac auci potenciuri energia ar icvleba:
leblad icvleba. arsebobs Tu ara xaxuni ΔEmeq = ΔK = 1 mν2 – 1 mν02

2 2
yuTsa da zedapirs Soris anu icvleba Tu es formula 8.34 formulaSi CavsvaT da ΔEsiT-
ara siTburi energia? yuradReba miaqcieT, sTvis amovxsnaT:


rom F Zalas da yuTis siCqares erTi da ΔEsiT = W – (2mν2 – 1 mν02) = W – 1 m(ν2 – ν02)
2 2
igive mimarTuleba aqvs. maSasadame,
 xaxuni = 20 j – 12 (14 kg)[(0,2 m/wm)2 – (0,6 m/wm)2]
ar arsebobs, magram maSin F Zala yuTs unda
= 22,2 j ≈ 22 j (pasuxi)
aCqarebdes, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT
8.8 energiis Senaxva

Cven ukve ganvixileT SemTxvevebi, rodesac energia sagnebs an sistemebs gadaecema iseve, rogorc
fuli gadairicxeba angariSebs Soris. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi vuSvebdiT, rom mTliani energia
inaxeba anu mas gaCena an gaqroba ar SeuZlia. formaluri eniT rom vTqvaT, energia Senaxvis kanons
emorCileba da es kanoni sistemis E mTlian energias exeba. mTliani energia sistemis meqanikuri
energiis, siTburi energiis da nebismieri sxva saxis Sida energiis jamis tolia. energiis Senaxvis
kanonis Tanaxmad:
8.8 energiis Senaxva 249
sistemis E mTliani energia mxolod im raodenobiT
icvleba, ra raodenobis energiac sistemas gadaecema an
waerTmeva.
Cven energiis gadacemis mxolod erTi saxeoba - sistemaze

Sesrulebuli W muSaoba ganvixileT. maSasadame, Cvens mier am
etapze miRebuli codnis energiis Senaxvis kanoni ase SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes:
W = ΔE = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT + ΔES (8.35)
sadac ΔEmeq aris sistemis meqanikuri energiis cvlileba, ΔEsiT

– sistemis siTburi energiis cvlileba, xolo ΔES – sistemis
nebismieri sxva saxis Siga energiis cvlileba. ΔEmeq meqanikuri
energiis cvlilebaSi kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlileba da
sur. 8.15. kldeze mcocavma qvemoT
potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlileba Sedis.
Casasvlelad sistemas mizidulobis
energiis Senaxvis kanoni fizikis ZiriTadi principebidan potenciuri energia unda waarTvas.
ar miiReba. es kanoni didi raodenobis eqsperimentebzea sistema mcocavisgan, misi aRWur
vilobisgan da dedamiwisgan Se
dafuZnebuli. mecnierebs am kanonis gamonaklisi SemTxveva
dgeba. Toki liTonis rgolebzea
jerjerobiT ar SexvedriaT. Semotarebuli da rgolebsa da Toks
Soris xaxuni arsebobs. swored amis
Sedegad, gadacemuli energiis didi
nawili Tokisa da rgolebis siTbur
energiaSi gadadis da ara mcocavis
izolirebuli sistema kinetikur energiaSi.
garemosgan izolirebul sistemaSi energiis garedan gadacema

ar xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi energiis Senaxvis kanoni amtkicebs:
izolirebuli sistemis E mTliani energia ar icvleba.
energiis gadacema SesaZlebelia izolirebuli sistemis SigniT xdebodes, magaliTad, kinetikur

energiasa da potenciur energias an kinetikur energiasa da siTbur energias Soris. miuxedavad
amisa, sistemis yvela saxis energiis jami ar Seicvleba.
magaliTad 8.15 suraTze gamosaxuli kldeze mcocavi SegviZlia moviyvanoT. izolirebuli
sistema mcocavisgan, misi aRWurvilobisgan da dedamiwisgan Sedgeba. rodesac mcocavi kldeze
Camodis, sistemis mdgomareoba icvleba da, maSasadame, sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
energiidan energiis gadatana xdeba. am energiis nawili kldeze mcocavis kinetikur energiaSi
gadadis, Tumca es sasurveli ar aris, vinaidan mcocavis siCqare izrdeba. energiis arasasurveli
gadacemis Tavidan asacileblad, kldeze mcocavi Toks liTonis rgolebs axvevs da Toksa da
rgolebs Soris xaxuni Cndeba. xaxunis Sedegad sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri energia
rgolebisa da Tokis siTbur energiaSi gadadis. mcocavi-aRWurviloba-dedamiwis sistemis
mTliani energia (mizidulobis potenciuri energia, kinetikuri energia da siTburi energia) ar
icvleba.
energiis Senaxvis kanoni izolirebuli sistemisTvis orgvarad SeiZleba Caiweros. Tavdapirvelad
8.35 formulaSi W = 0 CavsvaT da miviRebT:
ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT + ΔES = 0 (izolirebuli sistema) (8.36)
aseve SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom ΔEmeq = Emeq,2 – Emeq,1, sadac 1 da 2 indeqsebi or sxvadasxva moments,
magaliTad raime procesis dasawyiss da dasasruls mianiSneben. am SemTxvevaSi 8.36 formula aseT
saxes iRebs:
Emeq,2 = Emeq,1 – ΔEsiT – ΔES (8.37)
8.37 formula gvauwyebs:
izolirebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi, erT momentSi arsebuli mTliani energia meore

momentSi arsebul mTlian energiasTan SegviZlia davakavSiroT da Sualedur droSi
energiebis gaTvaliswineba saWiro ar aris.
es faqti izolirebul sistemebTan dakavSirebuli rTuli amocanebis amoxsnas bevrad amartivebs.

8.5 paragrafSi gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva ganvixileT, rodesac izolirebul sistemaSi
araSemnaxveli Zalebi (magaliTad kinetikuri xaxunis Zala) ar moqmedebs. am dros ΔEsiT da ΔES
nulis tolia da 8.37 formula 8.18 formulaze daiyvaneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
izolirebuli sistemis meqanikuri energia inaxeba, rodesac araSemnaxveli Zalebi masSi ar
moqmedeben.
gare Zalebi da energiis Siga gadacema
gare Zalas kinetikuri an potenciuri energiis Secvla saganze muSaobis Sesrulebis gareSe anu
sagnisTvis energiis gadacemis gareSe SeuZlia. Tumca am Zalis
mier aris gamowveuli sagnis Siga energiis erTi saxeobidan
meoreSi gadasvla.
8.16 suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi. Tavdapirvelad uZravi
mocigurave moajirs ubiZgebs da yinulze srialdeba (sur.
8.16a da b). mociguravis
 kinetikuri energia izrdeba, vinaidan
moajiridan masze F gare Zala moqmedebs. am Zalas moajiridan yinuli
mociguraveze energia ar gadaaqvs anu muSaobas ar asrulebs. (a)

kinetikuri energiis zrda mociguravis kunTebSi arsebuli
bioqimiuri energiis Siga gadacemebs ukavSirdeba.
8.17 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi magaliTi. Zrava manqanis
siCqares oTxive borblis saSualebiT zrdis (Zrava oTxive
borbals abrunebs). aCqarebis ganmavlobaSi saburavebi gzis
safars
 ukan ubiZgeben da am biZgis Sedegad win mimarTuli
f xaxunis
 Zala oTxive saburavze moqmedebs. gzidan moqmedi (b)
jamuri F gare Zala xaxunis Zalebis jamia da sworedes Zala
aCqarebs manqanas anu mis kinetikur energias zrdis. F Zalas
gzidan manqanaze energia ar gadaaqvs da, maSasadame, manqanaze
muSaobas ar asrulebs. manqanis kinetikuri energia sawvavSi
Senaxuli energiis Siga gadacemebis Sedegad izrdeba.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis msgavs SemTxvevebSi, F gare Zala
(g)
sagnis meqanikuri energiis cvlilebas SegviZlia davukavSiroT,
Tu mdgomareobas gavamartivebT. modiT, kvlav mociguravis sur. 8.16. a) mocigurave sakuTar
Tavs moajiridan  ubiZgebs da
magaliTs davubrundeT. 8.16g suraTze d manZiliT gadaadgile moajiridan masze F Zala moqme
bis dros vuSvebT, rom mociguravis aCqareba mudmivia da debs. b) moZraobis dasawyisSi
misi siCqare ν0 = 0-dan ν-mde icvleba (anu F Zalis sidide da φ mociguravis siCqarea . g) moci
guraveze horizontaluri x Rer
kuTxe ar icvleba). gadaadgilebis Semdeg mociguraves nivTier
 mdgeneli F Zala
Zisadmi f kuTxis
wertilad miviCnevT da ugulebelvyofT im faqts, rom kunTebis moqmedebs.
 d manZilis gavlis
daWimvis Sedegad Sida siTburi energia da sxva fiziologiuri Semdeg F Zalis horizontaluri
komponenti mociguravis siCqares
maxasiaTeblebi Seicvala. amgvari daSvebebis Sedegad 7.5 (=0)-dan -mde cvlis.
0
formulis ( 1 mν2 – 1 mν02 = Fxd ) gamoyenebiT davweroT:
2 2
8.8 energiis Senaxva 251
K – K0 = (Fcos φ) d
anu ΔK = Fd cos φ (8.38)
Tu yvelaferTan erTad sagani maRlac iweva, maSin mizidu

lobis potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlilebac Semogvaqvs:
sur. 8.17. manqana oTxive borblis ΔU + ΔK = Fd cos φ (8.39)
saSualebiT Cqardeba. gzis safari
saburavebze oTxi xaxunis ZaliT (ori formulis marjvena mxares Cawerili Zala saganze muSaobas
maTgani naCvenebia) moqmedebs. es
ar asrulebs, magram formulis marcxena mxareze naCveneb
Zalebi manqanaze moqmed jamur F gare
Zalas warmoadgens. energiis cvlilebaze pasuxismgebeli mainc aris.
simZlavre
Cven ukve vnaxeT rogor gadadis energia erTi saxidan meoreSi da 7.9 paragrafSi mocemuli
simZlavris gansazRvreba SegviZlia ganvavrcoT. gaixseneT, rom simZlavre ganvsazRvreT,
rogorc Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi. ufro zogadad, P simZlavre aris Zalis mier
energiis erTi saxeobidan meoreSi gadatanis tempi. Tu Δt droSi ΔE odenobis energiis gadacema
xdeba, Zalis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo simZlavrea:
ΔE
PsaS = Δt . (8.40)
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli myisi simZlavrea:

dE
P = dt  . (8.41)

8.18 suraTze gamosaxuli 2 kg masis yuTi vinaidan zedapirsa da yuTs Soris xaxuni
zedapirze ν1 = 4 m/wm siCqariT misrialebs, arsebobs, maTi siTburi energia izrdeba.
Semdeg zambaras ejaxeba, kumSavs mas da sistema: yvela Zala yuTi-zambara-zedapiri-
wamierad Cerdeba. zambarisken moZraobis kedlis sistemaSi moqmedebs da energiis
dros xaxuni ar arsebobs, magram zambarasTan gadacema izolirebul sistemaSi xdeba. radgan
Sejaxebis Semdeg zedapiridan yuTze 15 n sistema izolirebulia, misi mTliani energia
sididis kinetikuri xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. ar icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, energiis
Tu k = 10000 n/m, ra d manZiliT SeikumSeba Senaxvis kanoni 8.37 formulis saxiT Cvens
zambara? sistemas mivusadagoT:
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad yvela Zala Se Emeq,2 = Emeq,1 – ΔEsiT (8.42)

viswavloT da davadginoT, sistema izo
indeqsi 1 yuTis sawyis mdgomareobas See
lirebulia Tu gare Zala masze muSaobas
sabameba, xolo indeqsi 2 im moments asaxavs,
asrulebs.
Zalebi: zedapiridan yuTze moqmedi drekado
bis Zala yuTze muSaobas ar asrulebs,
vinaidan am Zalis mimarTuleba yuTis ga
daadgilebisadmi perpendikularulia. igive
mizezis gamo arc mizidulobis Zala asrulebs
yuTze muSaobas. zambaris SekumSvis Semdeg,
sur. 8.18. yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 1
drekadobis Zala yuTze muSaobas asrulebs da
siCqariT zambarisken misrialebs. zambaris sixistea
zambaris elastiur potenciur energias zrdis. k. rodesac yuTi zambaramde miaRwevs, zedapiridan
drekadobis Zala myar kedelzec moqmedebs. masze xaxunis Zala iwyebs moqmedebas.
rodesac yuTi wamierad Cerdeba da zambara Emeq,2 = K2 + U2 = 0 + 12 kd 2

d manZiliT ikumSeba. orive mdgomareobaSi
saboloo jamSi, 8.31 formulis saSualebiT
sistemis meqanikuri energia yuTis kinetikuri
yuTisa da zedapiris siTburi energiis ΔEsiT
energiis (K =  1 mν2) da zambaris potenciuri
2 cvlileba fk d-iT SevcvaloT da 8.42 formula
energiis (U =  1 kx2) jamis tolia. pirvel
2 Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
mdgomareobaSi U = 0 (vinaidan zambara Se
1  2 1
kd = 2 mν12  –  fkd
kumSuli ar aris) da yuTis siCqarea ν1. aqedan 2
gamomdinare: gardaqmna da cnobili sidideebis Casma
mogvcems:
Emeq,1 = K1 + U = 12 mν12+ 0
5000d 2 + 15d – 16 = 0
meore mdgomareobaSi K = 0 (vinaidan yuTi kvadratuli gantolebis amonaxsnia:
Cerdeba) da SekumSvis manZilia d. aqedan d = 0,055 m = 5,5 sm (pasuxi)
gamomdinare:

8.19 suraTze gamosaxulia sacirko warmodgena.
m = 6 kg masis ZaRli oRroCoRro zedapirze
y0 = 8,5 m simaRlidan ν0 = 7,8 m/wm siCqariT
iwyebs moZraobas, marjvnisken srialdeba da
wamierad Cerdeba, rodesac y = 11,1 m simaRles
miaRwevs. zedapiri xaxunisgan Tavisufali ar
aris. ramdeniT izrdeba ZaRlis da zedapiris
siTburi energia?
amoxsna: modiT, ZaRlze moqmedi yvela

Zala ganvixiloT da davadginoT sistema
izolirebulia Tu masze gare Zala muSaobas
asrulebs.
Zalebi: zedapiridan ZaRlze moqmedi
drekadobis Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs, sur. 8.19. ZaRli oRroCoRro zedapirze srialdeba.
vinaidan misi mimarTuleba yovelTvis ZaRlis cxoveli moZraobas y0 simaRlidan ν0 siCqariT iwyebs
gadaadgilebisadmi perpendikularulia. da y simaRleze wamierad Cerdeba.
ZaRlze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala muSaobas

asrulebs, vinaidan dedamiwidan ZaRlis
daSoreba icvleba. ZaRlsa da zedapiris garda amisa, ΔEmeq cvlileba ZaRlis kine
Soris xaxunis Sedegad maTi siTburi energia tikuri energiis ΔK cvlilebisa da sistemis
izrdeba. mizidulobis potenciuri energiis ΔU cvli
sistema: yvela Zala ZaRli-zedapiri-dedami lebis jamis tolia, sadac:
wis sistemaSi moqmedebs da energiis gadacema ΔK = 0 – 1 mν02
2
erT izolirebul sistemaSi xdeba. radgan da ΔU = mgy – mgy0
sistema izolirebulia, misi mTliani energia
es formulebi 8.43 formulaSi CavsvaT da
ar icvleba. modiT energiis Senaxvis kanoni am
ΔEsiT-sTvis amovxsnaT:
sistemisTvis 8.36 formulis saxiT CavweroT:
ΔEsiT = 1 mν02 – mg(y – y0) 
ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT = 0 (8.43) 2
1
=  2 (6kg)(7,8m/wm)2–(6kg)(9,8m/wm2)(11,1m–8,5m)
energia ZaRlis sawyis mdgomareobasa da
wamieri gaCerebis moments Soris icvleba. ≈ 30j (pasuxi)
253
Semnaxveli Zalebi. Zala Semnaxvelia, elastiuri potenciuri energiaa:

rodesac nebismier Caketil traeqtoriaze
U(x) =  12 kx2 (8.11)
moZrav nivTier wertilze mis mier
Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba nulis tolia. aTvlis mdgomareobaSi zambara moSvebulia,
aseve, Zala Semnaxvelia, Tu or wertils x = 0 da U = 0.

Soris moZrav nivTier wertilze mis mier meqanikuri energia. sistemis Emeq meqanikuri
Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba traeqtoriaze energia misi K kinetikuri energiis da U
damokidebuli ar aris. mizidulobis Zala potenciuri energiis jamis tolia:
da drekadobis Zala Semnaxveli Zalebia. Emeq = K + U (8.12)

kinetikuri xaxunis Zala araSemnaxveli sistemas izolirebuli ewodeba, Tu gare Zala
Zalaa. masSi energiis cvlilebas ar iwvevs. rodesac
potenciuri energia. potenciuri energia izolirebul sistemaSi mxolod Semnaxveli
sistemis imgvar mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba, Zalebi asruleben muSaobas, sistemis Emeq
rodesac sistemaSi Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs. meqanikuri energia ar icvleba. meqanikuri
rodesac Semnaxveli Zala sistemis Sida energiis Senaxvis principi ase SeiZleba
nivTier wertilze W muSaobas asrulebs, Caiweros:
sistemis potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlilebaa: K2 + U2 = K1 + U1 (8.17)

ΔU = –W (8.1) indeqsebi energiis gadacemis procesis or
Tu nivTieri wertili xi-dan xf wertilisken sxvadasxva moments asaxaven. energiis Senaxvis
gadaadgildeba, sistemis potenciuri energiis principi asec SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
cvlilebaa: ΔEmeq = ΔK + ΔU = 0 (8.18)
(8.6)
potenciuri energiis grafikebi.
mizidulobis potenciuri energia. rodesac sistemaSi nivTier wertilze
dedamiwisa da masTan axlomdebare erTganzomilebiani F(x) Zala moqmedebs da
nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgar sistemasTan am sistemisTvis potenciuri energiis U(x)
dakavSirebul potenciur energias funqcia viciT, Zalas Semdegi formuliT
mizidulobis potenciuri energia ewodeba. gamovTvliT:
Tu nivTieri wertili yi-dan yf simaRleze dU(x)
F(x) = – (8.22)
gadaadgildeba, nivTieri wertili-dedamiwis dx
sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri energiis Tu mocemulia U(x)-is grafiki, maSin x-is
cvlileba: nebismieri mniSvnelobis dros F(x) Zala am
ΔU = mg(yf – yi) = mg Δy (8.7) grafikis mrudis Sebrunebulia da nivTieri
Tu nivTieri wertilisTvis aTvlis wertilad wertilis kinetikuri energiaa:
yi = 0 aris miCneuli da sistemis Sesabamisi K(x) = Emeq – U(x) (8.24)
mizidulobis potenciuri energiaa Ui = 0, maSin sadac Emeq aris sistemis meqanikuri energia.
nivTieri wertilis y simaRleze mdebareobis Semobrunebis wertili aris raime x
dros U mizidulobis potenciuri energiaa: wertili, sadac nivTieri wertili moZraobis
U(y) = mgy (8.9) mimarTulebas icvlis (am wertilze K = 0).
nivTieri wertili wonasworobaSia im
elastiuri potenciuri energia.
wertilebze, sadac U(x) grafikis daxriloba
elastiuri potenciuri energia aris
nulia (am wertilebze F(x) = 0).
drekadi sagnis SekumSvasTan an gaWimvasTan
dakavSirebuli energia. zambarisTvis, gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli
romelic Tavisufali bolos x manZilze muSaoba. W muSaoba aris sistemaze moqmedi
gadaadgilebis dros F=-kx ZaliT moqmedebs, gare Zalis saSualebiT sistemisTvis an
sistemidan gadacemuli energia. rodesac jami) mxolod im raodenobiT icvleba, ra

sistemaze erTze meti Zala moqmedebs, raodenobiTac energia sistemas miewodeba an
gadacemuli energia maT mier Sesrulebuli waerTmeva. es faqti eqsperimentis Sedegad
jamuri muSaobaa. rodesac xaxuni ar arsebobs, aris dadgenili da mas energiis Senaxvis
sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba da sistemis kanoni ewodeba. Tu sistemaze W muSaoba
meqanikuri energiis ΔEmeq cvlileba erTmane sruldeba, maSin:
Tis tolia: W = ΔE = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT + ΔES (8.35)
W = ΔEmeq = ΔK + ΔU (8.26, 8.25) Tu sistema izolirebulia (W=0):
rodesac sistemaSi kinetikuri xaxunis ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT + ΔES = 0 (8.36)
Zala moqmedebs, sistemis EsiT siTburi
da Emeq,2 = Emeq,1 – ΔEsiT – ΔES (8.37)
energia icvleba. am SemTxvevaSi, sistemaze
1 da 2 indeqsebi or sxvadasxva moments asaxavs.
simZlavre. Zalis Sedegad miRebuli simZlav-
W = ΔEmeq + ΔEsiT (8.33)
re Zalis mier energiis gadacemis tempia. Tu Δt
ΔEsiT cvlileba fk xaxunis Zalas da gare Zalis droSi Zalas ΔE raodenobis energia gadaaqvs,
Sedegad gamowveul d gadaadgilebas Semdegi Zalis saSualo simZlavrea:
formuliT ukavSirdeba: ΔE
PsaS = Δt (8.40)
ΔEsiT = fk d (8.31)
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli myisi simZlavrea:
energiis Senaxva. sistemis E mTliani dE
P = dt (8.41)
energia (meqanikuri da Sida energiebis
SekiTxvebi
1. 8.20 suraTze siCqaris da b) finiSis xazamde misasvleli

naCvenebia i wer drois mixedviT dididan mcireze.
tilidan f wer-
tilamde gavle
buli erTi wrfi
vi da oTxi ara sur. 8.20. SekiTxva 1.
wrfivi traeq-
toria. wrfivi traeqtoriiT da sami
arawrfivi traeqtoriiT moZrav saganze
mxolod Fc Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs. meoTxe
arawrfivi traeqtoriiT moZrav saganze Fc 3. 8.22 suraTze gamosaxuli, Tavdapirvelad
Zala da Fnc araSemnaxveli Zalebi moqmedeben. uZravi bloki uswormasworo, xaxunisgan
sagnis meqanikuri energiis ΔEmeq cvlileba Tavisufal zedapirze 3m simaRlidan iwyebs
TiToeuli arawrfivi traeqtoriis swor moZraobas. gorakebis simaRleebi naCvenebia,
monakveTzea naCvenebi. risi tolia ΔEmeq maT identuri gluvi mwvervalebi aqvT da
a) wrfiv traeqtoriaze da b) rogor icvleba

meqanikuri energia Fnc-is Sedegad?
2. 8.21 suraTze gamosaxul horizontalurad

moZrav bloks finiSis konturul xazamde
misasvlelad xaxunisgan Tavisufal sam
zedapirze SeuZlia imoZraos, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan mxolod simaRliT gansxvavdeba.
daalageT zedapirebi a) finiSis xazze blokis sur. 8.22. SekiTxva 3.
255
bloki arc erTi gorakidan ar vardeba. a) romel xaxunis Sedegad Cerdeba. a) h-is Semcirebis
goraks ver gadaivlis bloki? b) ra moxdeba amis SemTxvevaSi D manZili Semcirdeba, gaizrdeba
Semdeg? romeli gorakis mwvervalze iqneba Tu igive darCeba? b) blokis masis gazrdis
g) blokis centriskenuli aCqareba udidesi da SemTxvevaSi D manZili Semcirdeba, gaizrdeba
d) blokze moqmedi drekadobis Zala umciresi? Tu igive darCeba?
4. 8.23 suraTze naCvenebia sami mdgomareoba,

rodesac bloki sibrtyeze srialdeba da maT
Soris xaxuni arsebobs. samive mdgomareobaSi
blokis sawyisi siCqare erTi da igivea
da manamde ganagrZobs moZraobas, vidre
kinetikuri xaxunis Zala gaaCerebs. daalageT sur. 8.25. SekiTxva 6.
mdgomareobebi srialis Sedegad siTburi
7. 8.26a suraTze, vertikalur Zelakze
energiis zrdis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
damagrebul cilindrze mibmul Toks
maRla weven. cilindri Zelakze mWidrodaa
damagrebuli da srials xaxuni ewinaaRmdegeba.
cilindri-Zelaki-dedamiwis sistemaze Zala
W = +100 j muSaobas asrulebs (sur. 8.26b).
sur. 8.23. SekiTxva 4. 8.26g suraTze gamosaxulia sistemis energiis
cvlilebebi: K kinetikuri energia 50 j-iT
5. 8.24 suraTze naCvenebia nivTieri wertilis
izrdeba da Ug mizidulobis potenciuri ener
potenciuri energiis funqcia. a) daalageT
gia 20 j-iT izrdeba. sistemaSi EsiT siTburi
AB, BC, CD da DE ubnebi nivTier wertilze
energiac icvleba. risi tolia es cvlileba?
moqmedi Zalis sididis mixedviT dididan
mcireze. ra mniSvnelobas ar unda gadaaWarbos
nivTieri wertilis Emeq meqanikurma energiam,
raTa b) nivTieri wertili potenciur ormoSi
aRmoCndes datyvevebuli da d) nivTierma
wertilma or potenciur ormos Soris ΔK = +50 j
imoZraos, magram H wertilis marjvniv ar ΔUg = +20 j
gadaadgildes? d) SemTxvevaSi BC, DE da FG ΔEsiT = ?
ubnebidan romelSi eqneba nivTier wertils (a)
(b) (g)
e) udidesi kinetikuri energia da v) umciresi
siCqare? sur. 8.26. SekiTxva 7.
8. 8.27 suraTze gamosaxuli ganlageba me-7

SekiTxvis analogiuria. amjerad Zelakze
mWidrod damagrebul cilindrze mibmul
Toks qvemoT eqa
Cebian. garda amisa,
qvemoT Camosvlis
dros cilindri
sur. 8.24. SekiTxva 5. blokze meore To
kis saSualebiT mo
6. 8.25 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki h
qmedebs da bloki
simaRlidan daqanebul gzaze srialebs.
laboratoriis
gzis daRmarTi xaxunisgan Tavisufalia.
magidaze gadaa
rodesac bloki gzis swor monakveTze
dgildeba. am SemTx
Camodis, garkveuli D manZilis gavlis Semdeg
vevaSic 8.26b suraTze sur. 8.27. SekiTxva 8.
gamosaxulis msgavsi cilindri-Zelaki- sadac masze xaxunis Zala moqmedebs.

dedamiwis sistema ganvixiloT. sistemaze a) AB monakveTze, b) BC monakveTze da
200 j muSaoba sruldeba, Tavad sistema ki g) CD monakveTze blokis kinetikuri energia
blokze 60 j muSaobas asrulebs. kinetikuri izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu ar icvleba? d) blokis
energia 130 j-iT izrdeba, xolo mizidulobis meqanikuri energia am monakveTebze izrdeba,
potenciuri energia 20 j-iT mcirdeba. mcirdeba Tu ar icvleba?
a) sistemis energiis cvlilebebi 8.26g suraTis
msgavsad gamosaxeT. b) risi tolia siTburi
energiis cvlileba sistemis SigniT?
9. 8.28 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki xaxunisgan

Tavisufal uswormasworo zedapirze A-dan
C wertilamde srialdeba da Semdeg CD
horizontalur monakveTze gadaadgildeba,
amocanebi
g) wignis vardnis dawyebisas da d) wignis xelSi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions daWerisas? Tu dedamiwis doneze U = 100 j,
Manual-Si.
risi tolia e) Wg , v) ΔU, z) U vardnis dawyebisas
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday da T) U wignis xelSi daWerisas?
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- •3. 8.30 suraTze 2 g
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. yinulis
com/college/halliday. masis yinulis natexi natexi
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs r = 22 sm radiusis

amocanis sirTules
naxevarsferos for
mis WiqaSi Caagdes.
paragrafi 8.4. potenciuri energiis yinulsa da Wiqas
mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra Soris xaxuni ar
•1. risi tolia zambaris sixiste, romelic arsebobs. a) ra mu
sur. 8.30. amocanebi 3
7,5sm-iT SekumSvis dros 25j elastiur Saobas asrulebs mi
da 9
potenciur energias inaxavs? SSM zidulobis Zala yi
•2. Tqven 2 kg masis wigni D = 10 m simaRlidan nulze, vidre yinuli Wiqis fskerze daeSveba?
megobars CaugdeT. Tu Tqveni megobris b) rogor Seicvleba am drois ganmavlobaSi
gawvdili xelebi dedamiwidan d = 1,5 m yinuli-dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri
simaRlezea (sur. 8.29), a) ra Wg muSaobas energia? g) Tu Wiqis fskerze potenciuri
asrulebs mizidu energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba potenciuri
lobis Zala wignze energia yinulis WiqaSi Cavardnisas?
vardnis dros? d) Tu potenciuri energia yinulis WiqaSi
b) risi tolia wigni- Cavardnisas nulis tolia, ra iqneba is Wiqis
dedamiwis sistemis fskerze? e) yinulis natexis masis gaormagebis
mizidulobis pote SemTxvevaSi zemoT miRebuli pasuxebi
nciuri energiis ΔU gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba? SSM
cvlileba vardnis •4. 8.31 suraTze naCvenebia L = 0,425 m sigrZis
dros? Tu dedamiwis da umniSvnelo masis Zelakze damagrebuli
doneze sistemis U m = 0,341 kg masis burTi. Zelakis meore
mizidulobis poten bolo fiqsirebulia da burTi vertikalur
ciuri energis nulis sur. 8.29. amocanebi 2 wreze moZraobs. Zelaki Tavdapirvelad
da 10
tolia, ra iqneba U horizontalurad aris gaCerebuli da Semdeg
257
qvemoT iseTi ZaliT energia burTis frenis ganmavlobaSi? g) Tu
ubiZgeben, rom burTi kldis simaRleze mizidulobis potenciuri
arasrul wres Semowers da energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba igive energia
naCveneb adgilze Cerdeba. burTis miwaze dacemisas?
ra muSaobas Seasrulebs ••7. 8.33 suraTze
burTze mizidulobis gamosaxuli
sur. 8.31. Zala sawyisi wertilidan m = 0,032 kg masis
amocanebi 4 da 12 a) udables wertilamde, patara bloki
b) umaRles wertilamde da g) sawyisi wertilis xaxunisgan Tavi
mopirdapire wertilamde? Tu sawyis wertilze sufal rgolze
burTi-dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis srialdeba. rgo
potenciuri energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba lis radiusia
igive energia, rodesac burTi d) udables R = 12 sm. bloki sur. 8.33. amocanebi 7 da 21
wertils, e) umaRles wertils da v) sawyisi moZraobas rgo
wertilis mopirdapire wertils miaRwevs? lis zedapiridan h = 5R simaRlidan iwyebs (P
T) davuSvaT Zelaks ufro Zlierad ubiZges wertili). ra muSaobas asrulebs mizidulobis
da burTma umaRlesi wertili aranulovani Zala blokze P wertilidan a) Q wertilamde
siCqariT gaiara. udablesi wertilidan da b) rgolis wveramde gadaadgilebis
umaRles wertilamde ΔUg cvlileba ufro ganmavlobaSi? Tu rgolis zedapirze bloki-
meti iqneba, naklebi iqneba Tu ar Seicvleba? dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
•5. 8.32 suraTze gamosaxuli m = 825 kg masis energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba igive energia
manqana pirveli gorakis h = 42 m simaRlis g) P wertilze, d) Q wertilze da e) rgolis
mwvervalze ν0 = 17 m/wm siCqariT adis. ra wverze? v) Tu bloks raime sawyisi siCqare

mianiWes, rogor Seicvleba a)-e) amocanis
muSaobas asrulebs mizidulobis Zala
pasuxebi?
manqanaze am wertilidan a) A wertilamde,
b) B wertilamde da g) C wertilamde? Tu ••8. 8.34 suraTze
C wertilze manqana-dedamiwis sistemis naCvenebia L = 2 m
mizidulobis potenciuri energia nulis sigrZis da umniS
tolia, ra iqneba igive energia d) B wertilze vnelo masis Zelaki,
da e) A wertilze? v) manqanis masis gaormagebis romlis erTi bolo
SemTxvevaSi, A wertilsa da B wertils Soris fiqsirebulia, xo
sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri energia lo meore bolo
gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba? vertikalur wreze
brunavs. m = 5 kg
masis burTi Re sur. 8.34. amocanebi 8, 20
ros am bolozea da 26
mimagrebuli. Rero
θ = 30° kuTxiT gadaxares da man 0 
= 0 sawyisi
siCqariT daiwyo moZraoba. rodesac burTi
udables wertilamde Camova, a) ra muSaobas
sur. 8.32. amocanebi 5 da 11
Seasrulebs masze mizidulobis Zala da b)
•6. 1,5 kg masis burTi 12,5 m simaRlis rogor Seicvleba burTi-dedamiwis sistemis
kldidan isroles. burTis sawyisi siCqarea mizidulobis potenciuri energia? g) Tu
14 m/wm da horizontalidan zeviT 41°-iT udables wertilze mizidulobis potenciuri
aris gadaxrili. a) ra muSaobas Seasrulebs energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba igive energia
mizidulobis Zala burTze, vidre burTi burTis gaSvebis momentSi? d) θ kuTxis gazrdis
miwaze daecema? b) ramdeniT Seicvleba burTi- SemTxvevaSi rogor Seicvleba pasuxebi a)-g)
dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri kiTxvebze?
paragrafi 8.5. meqanikuri energiis Tu b) gasrolis kuTxe horizontalidan qvemoT

Senaxva 41°-ia da g) burTis masaa 2,5 kg?
•9. a) risi tolia yinulis natexis siCqare Wiqis •15. risi tolia daWimvis udidesi d
fskerze me-3 amocanaSi? b) Tu WiqaSi orjer manZili a) 8.9a da b) 8.9g suraTze gamosaxul
meti masis yinulis meore natexs CavagdebT, SemTxvevebSi? ra siCqare eqneba Camovardnil
ra iqneba misi siCqare Wiqis fskerze? kldeze mcocavs, rodesac Toki g) 8.9a suraTze
g) Tu yinulis natexs raime sawyis siCqares da d) 8.9 g suraTze daWimvas iwyebs? e) 8.9a
mivaniWebT, a)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba suraTisTvis aageT Tokis daWimvis manZilze
Tu igive darCeba? SSM WWW kinetikuri energiis damokidebulebis
•10. a) ra iqneba wignis siCqare xelSi daWerisas grafiki. v) daWimvis ra manZilze eqneba kldeze
me-2 amocanaSi? b) Tu orjer meti masis meore mcocavs maqsimaluri siCqare?
wigns CamovagdebT, ra iqneba misi siCqare •16. 700 g masis bloki moZraobas iwyebs
xelSi daWerisas? g) Tu wigns raime sawyisi k = 400 n/m sixistis da umniSvnelo masis
siCqariT dabla visvriT, a)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba, vertikaluri zambaridan aTvlili h0 simaR
Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba? lidan. bloki zambaras ecema, 19 sm-iT kumSavs
•11. ra siCqare eqneba manqanas a) A wertilSi, da wamierad Cerdeba. ra muSaobas asrulebs
b) B wertilSi da g) C wertilSi me-5 amocanaSi? a) bloki zambaraze da b) zambara blokze?
d) ra simaRleze ava manqana ukanasknel gorak g) risi tolia h0? d) Tu bloki 2h0 simaRlidan
ze? e) Tu orjer meti masis meore manqanas Camovardeba, ra maqsimaluri manZiliT
gavuSvebT, ra pasuxebs miviRebT a)-d) SekiT SeikumSeba zambara?
xvebze? •17. 5 g masis burTula zambaris saSualebiT

•12. a) ra sawyisi siCqare unda mivaniWoT me-4 vertikalurad maRla aisroles. zambaram 8 sm-
amocanaSi burTs, raTa mas umaRles wertilze iT unda SeikumSos, raTa burTma 20 m manZilze
nulovani siCqare hqondes? ra iqneba am ganlagebul samiznes miaRwios. a) ramdeniT
dros misi siCqare b) udables wertilze da icvleba burTula-dedamiwis sistemis mizi
g) sawyisi wertilis mopirdapire wertilze? dulobis potenciuri energia burTulis
d) burTis masis gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi 20 m-iT maRla asvlis dros? b) ramdeniT

rogor Seicvleba a)-g) pasuxebi? icvleba zambaris elastiuri potenciuri
energia burTulis gasrolis dros? g) risi
•13. 8.35 suraTze gamosaxul satvirTo manqanas
tolia zambaris sixiste? SSM
muxruWebma umtyuna da misi siCqare 130 km/sT
siCqares aRwevs, vidre manqana θ = 15° kuTxiT •18. m = 2 kg masis bloki
daxril, xaxunisgan Tavisufal avariul gzaze h = 40 sm simaRlidan Ca
movarda da k = 1960 n/m
gava. satvirTo manqanis masaa 1,2×104 kg. a) ra
sixistis zambaras daeca
umciresi L sigrZe unda hqondes avariul gzas,
(sur. 8.36). gamoTvaleT
raTa manqana wamierad gaCerdes? b) satvirTo
zambaris SekumSvis
manqanis masis Semcirebis da g) misi siCqaris
maqsimaluri manZili.
Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi minimaluri L sigrZe
gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba? SSM ••19. x RerZis gaswvriv
moZrav nivTier wer

tilze erTaderTi Semnaxveli F  = (6x – 12)  n
Zala moqmedebs, sadac x mocemulia metrebSi.
x=0 koordinatze, am ZalasTan dakavSirebuli
sur. 8.35. amocana 13 U potenciuri energiaa 27 j. a) dawereT U-is
•14. a) me-6 amocanaSi, energiebis saSualebiT x-ze damokidebulebis funqciis gamosaxuleba,
sadac U joulebSia mocemuli, xolo x _
gamoTvaleT burTis siCqare, rodesac burTi
metrebSi. b) risi tolia maqsimaluri dadebiTi
kldidan miwaze daecema. ra iqneba es siCqare,
259
potenciuri energia? x-is ra g) uaryofiTi magrebuli) manZilia 75 sm. rodesac Toki
da d) dadebiTi mniSvnelobis dros iqneba horizontalur mdgomareobaSia, burTi moZ
potenciuri energia nulis toli? raobas iwyebs da daStrixuli rkalis gaswvriv
••20. a) me-8 amocanaSi risi tolia burTis gadaadgildeba. ra iqneba burTis siCqare
siCqare udables wertilze? b) masis gazrdis a) udables wertilze da b) umaRles wertilze,
SemTxvevaSi siCqare izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu mas Semdeg rac wkiri Toks daiWers? ILW
igive rCeba? ••24. t = 0 dros, 1 kg masis burTi maRali

••21. me-7 amocanaSi risi tolia Q wertilSi koSkidan ν = (18 m/wm)  + (24 m/wm) siCqariT is
mdebare blokze moqmedi jamuri Zalis a) roles. risi tolia burTi-dedamiwis sistemis
horizontaluri komponenti da b) ΔU, t = 0 drosa da t = 6 wm dros Soris?
vertikaluri komponenti? g) ra h simaRlidan ••25. 60 kg masis moTxilamure moZraobas
unda daiwyos moZraoba blokma, raTa rgolis gadasaxtomi adgilidan H = 20 m simaRleze
wverze yofnis dros zedapirTan kontaqtis iwyebs (sur. 8.39). rodesac moTxilamure xteba,
dakargvis zRvarze mivides? (kontaqtis misi siCqare horizontalisadmi θ = 28° kuTxes
dakargvis zRvari niSnavs, rom zedapiridan adgens. haeris winaRoba ugulebelyaviT da
blokze moqmedi drekadobis Zala nulis dauSviT, rom saTxilamuro trasaze xaxuni
toli xdeba). d) aageT rgolis wverze yofnis ar arsebobs. a) ra maqsimalur h simaRleze
dros blokze moqmedi drekadobis Zalis h axteba moTxilamure? b) Tu moTxilamure
sawyis simaRleze damokidebulebis funqciis zurgCanTas moikidebs da, maSasadame, wonas
grafiki (0-dan 6R-mde arealSi) intervalSi. moimatebs, h simaRle gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba
••22. 688 n wonis Tu igive darCeba?
tarzani kldidan
18 m sigrZis
lianas eWideba da
qanaobs (sur. 8.37).
qanaobis dros
tarzani kldis
wveridan 3,2 m-iT sur. 8.39. amocana 25.
dabla eSveba. liana ••26. 8.34 suraTze naCvenebia L = 1,25 m sigrZis
gawydeba, Tu masze qanqara. rodesac Toki vertikalisadmi
moqmedi Zala 950 n-s θ0 = 40° kuTxes adgens, balansiris siCqarea
gadaaWarbebs. a) sur. 8.37. amocana 22. ν0. ra siCqare aqvs balansirs ukiduresad
gawydeba Tu ara dabal wertilze, Tu ν0 = 8 m/wm? ra umciresi
liana? b) Tu ar gawydeba, ra maqsimaluri Zala ν0 mniSvnelobaa saWiro, raTa qanqara dabla
moqmedebs wnelze qanaobis dros? Tu gawydeba, Camovides da Semdeg b) horizontalur
vertikalisadmi ra kuTxis dros moxdeba es? mdebareobas daubrundes da g) vertikalur
••23. 8.38 suraTze gamosaxuli Tokis sigrZea mdebareobas daubrundes, rodesac Toki
L = 120 sm. To- daWimulia? d) θ0 kuTxis ramdenime gradusiT
kis erTi bolo gazrdis SemTxvevaSi b) da g) SekiTxvebze
fiqs irebulia, pasuxebi gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar
xolo meore bo Seicvleba?
loze burTia ••27. 2 kg masis qva umniSvnelo masis 4m sigrZis
m i m a g r e b u l i . Tokze qanaobs. udables wertilSi qvis
P
f i q s i r e b u l i siCqarea 8 m/wm. a) ra siCqare aqvs qvas, rodesac
bolodan P wer Toki vertikalisadmi 60° kuTxes adgens?
tilamde (sa b) vertikalisadmi ra maqsimaluri kuTxe
sur. 8.38. amocanebi 23 da 64
dac wkiria da
eqneba Toks qvis moZraobis ganmavlobaSi? mareobaSi dabrundeba (anu yuTsa da zambaras
g) Tu qanqara-dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri Soris kontaqti gawydeba)? b) ra siCqare eqneba
energia udables wertilze nulis tolia, ra yuTs daxrili sibrtyis boloSi?
iqneba sistemis mTliani meqanikuri energia? ••31. m = 2 kg masis
••28. 8.40 suraTze naCvenebia zambaraze bloki θ = 30°
dadebuli 8kg masis kuTxiT daxril,
qva. zambaras qva xaxunisgan Tavi
10 sm-iT kumSavs. a) sufal sibrtyeze
risi tolia zambaris damagrebul zamba
sixiste? b) qva kidev rasTan dades (sur.
30 sm-iT dabla Cawies sur. 8.40. amocana 28. 8.43). k = 19,6 n/m sixistis zambara 20 sm-iT
da Semdeg xeli gauSves. SekumSes da Semdeg xeli gauSves. a) ra iqneba
ra iqneba SekumSuli zambaris elastiuri SekumSuli zambaris elastiuri potenciuri
potenciuri energia xelis gaSvebamde? energia? b) ramdeniT Seicvleba bloki-deda
g) ramdeniT Seicvleba qva-dedamiwis sistemis miwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
mizidulobis potenciuri energia, rodesac energia gaSvebis wertilidan maqsimalur
qva gaSvebis adgilidan udides simaRles manZilze blokis moZraobisas? g) ra manZilia
miaRwevs? d) risi tolia gaSvebis adgilidan blokis gaSvebis wertilsa da gadaadgilebis
gazomili es udidesi simaRle? umaRles wertils Soris? ILW
••29. 8.41 suraTze gamosaxuli m = 12 kg masis ••32. 2 kg masis yuTi θ = 40° kuTxiT daxril,
bloki xaxunisgan xaxunisgan Tavisufal sibrtyeze Zevs da
Tavisufal, θ = 30° blokze gadakiduli Tokis saSualebiT
kuTxiT daxril k = 120 n/m sixistis zambarasTan aris da
sibrtyeze moZra kavSirebuli (sur. 8.44). yuTi moZraobas
obas iwyebs. sib iwyebs, rodesac zambara daWimuli ar aris.
rtyeze zambaraa davuSvaT blokis masa umniSvneloa da xaxuni
damagrebuli, ro ar arsebobs. a) ra siCqare eqneba yuTs 10 sm-
melsac 270 n Zala is gavlis Semdeg? b) ra manZils gaivlis yuTi
da 63.
2 sm-iT kumSavs. daxril sibrtyeze, vidre wamierad gaCerdeba?
bloki zambaras 5,5 sm manZiliT SekumSavs ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba eqneba yuTis
da wamierad Cerdeba. a) ra manZili gaiara aCqarebas wamieri gaCerebis dros?
blokma gaCerebamde? b) ra siCqare aqvs bloks
zambarasTan Sejaxebis dros? SSM WWW
••30. 8.42 suraTze gamosaxuli k = 170 n/m
sixistis zambara θ = 37° kuTxiT daxril,
xaxunisgan Tavisufal sibrtyezea dama
grebuli. zambaris bolodan sibrtyis bo
lomde manZilia D = 1m (zambara moSvebul
mdgomareobaSia). 2 kg masis yuTiT zambaras
0,2 m manZilze kum sur. 8.44. amocana 32.
Saven da Semdeg
••33. 8.45a suraTze korpis sasroli Tofis
yuTs xels uSveben.
(sur. 8.45b) zambaris monacemebia asaxuli.
a) ra siCqare
masze naCvenebia drekadobis Zalis zambaris
eqneba yuTs,
SekumSvaze an daWimvaze damokidebulebis
rodesac zambara
grafiki. zambara 5,5 sm-iT ikumSeba da 3,8 g
p i r v a n d e l
masis korps ubiZgebs. a) ra iqneba korpis
(moSvebul) mdgo sur. 8.42. amocana 30.
261
siCqare, rodesac paragrafi 8.6. potenciuri energiis
zambara pirvandel grafikis wakiTxva
m d g o m a r e o b a S i ••37. 8.48 suraTze
d a b r u n d e b a ? naCvenebia U po
b) davuSvaT kor tenciuri ener
pi zambaras ewe giis nivTieri
beba da 1,5 sm-iT wertilis x mdeba
Wimavs, vidre gan a)
reobaze damoki
calkeveba mox debulebis gra
deba. amjerad sur. 8.48. amocana 37
fiki. nivTieri
ra iqneba korpis wertili x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs da misi
siCqare gaSvebi b) masaa 0,9 kg (araSemnaxveli Zalebi ar moqmedebs).
sas? nivTieri wertili x = 4,5 m koordinatze
•••34. ori 7 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT iwyebs moZraobs da
bavSvi iatakze dadebuli patara yuTisTvis x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT gada
burTulis gartymas cdilobs. bavSvebi adgildeba. a) Tu nivTieri wertili x = 1 m
burTis srolisTvis magidaze damagrebul koordinats miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare
zambaras iyeneben. magidis kididan samiznemde da, Tu am koordinats ver miaRwevs, ra iqneba
horizontaluri manZilia D = 2,2 m (sur. 8.46). misi Semobrunebis wertili? ra b) sidide da
erT-erTi bavSvi zambaras 1,1 sm-iT kumSavs da g) mimarTuleba eqneba nivTieri wertilis
burTula yuTis centrs 27 sm-iT cdeba. rogor siCqares, rodesac is x = 4 m koordinatidan
unda SekumSos zambara meore bavSvma, raTa marcxniv ganagrZobs moZraobas? davuSvaT,
burTula yuTis centrs moxvdes? dauSviT, nivTieri wertili x = 4,5 m koordinatidan
rom zambarasa da burTze xaxuni ar moqmedebs. 7 m/wm siCqariT iwyebs moZraobas da x RerZis
sur. 8.46. amocana 34. dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.
d) Tu nivTieri wertili x = 7 m koordinats
miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare da, Tu ver
miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi Semobrunebis wertili?
ra e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba eqneba nivTier
wertilze moqmed Zalas, rodesac nivTieri
wertili x = 5 m koordinatidan marjvniv
•••35. 25 sm sigrZis da 15 g masis Toki ganagrZobs moZraobas?
Werzea gakruli. mogvianebiT Toki Werze ••38. diatomuri molekulis (H2-is an O2-is
vertikalurad kidia. rogor icvleba magvari oratomiani molekulis) potenciuri
Tokis mizidulobis potenciuri energia energiaa:
A B
mimarTulebis Secvlis dros? U= – ,
r12 r 6
•••36. biWuna R = 13,8 m radiusis naxevarsfe sadac r aris manZili molekulis or atoms
ros formis yinulis gorakze zis da Semdeg Soris, xolo A da B dadebiTi mudmivebia.
umniSvnelo sawyisi siCqariT dabla srialdeba potenciuri energia ori atomis erTad
(sur. 8.47.). yinu SemakavSirebul Zalas ukavSirdeba. a) gamo
lze xaxunis Zala TvaleT wonasworuli dacileba anu atomebs
ar moqmedebs. ra Soris manZili, rodesac TiToeul atomze
simaRleze gaw moqmedi Zala nulis tolia. Tu atomebs Soris
ydeba biWunasa manZili wonasworul dacilebaze b) naklebia
da yinuls Soris da g) metia, es Zala ganizidavs (atomebs
kontaqti? sur. 8.47. amocana 36.
ganacalkevebs) Tu miizidavs (atomebs erT
maneTisken ubiZgebs)?
•••39. x RerZis gaswvriv moZrav, 1kg masis siTburi energia? g) ramdeniT izrdeba blokis
nivTier wertilze erTaderTi F(x) Semnaxveli kinetikuri energia?
Zala moqmedebs. F(x)-Tan dakavSirebuli U(x) ••43. 3,57 kg masis bloks horizontalur
potenciuri energiaa: zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT 4,06 m manZilze
U(x) = –4xe–x/4 j , Tokis saSualebiT gadaaadgileben. Tokidan
sadac x metrebSia mocemulia. x = 5 m koor blokze 7,68 n sididis da horizontalidan
dinatze nivTieri wertilis kinetikuri zemoT 15°-iT gadaxrili Zala moqmedebs.
energiaa 2 j. a) risi tolia sistemis meqanikuri a) ra muSaobas asrulebs Tokidan moqmedi Zala,
energia? b) aageT U(x)-is x-ze damokidebulebis b) ramdeniT izrdeba bloki-zedapiris sistemis
funqciis grafiki, rodesac 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 m da siTburi energia da g) risi tolia bloksa da
igive grafikze sistemis meqanikuri energiis zedapirs Soris arsebuli kinetikuri xaxunis
amsaxveli wrfe gaavleT. amocanis b) SekiTxvis koeficienti? SSM
gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT g) x-is umciresi da paragrafi 8.8. energiis Senaxva

d) udidesi mniSvneloba, romelsac nivTieri
•44. 60 kg masis moTxilamure tramplinidan
wertili miaRwevs. amocanis b) SekiTxvis
24 m/wm siCqariT da horizontalidan maRla
gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT e) nivTieri wertilis
25° kuTxiT xteba. haeris wevis Sedegad miwaze
maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia da v) x-is
daxtomisas moTxilamuris siCqarea 22 m/wm
Sesabamisi mniSvneloba. z) miiReT F(x)-is x-
da tramplinidan vertikaluri manZilia 14 m.
ze damokidebulebis funqciis gamosaxuleba.
ramdeniT mcirdeba moTxilamure-dedamiwis
T) x-is ra sasruli mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba
sistemis meqanikuri energia gadaxtomidan
F(x)=0?
miwaze daxtomamde?
paragrafi 8.7. gare Zalis mier sistemaze •45. 25 kg masis daTvi fiWvis xeze 12 m
Sesrulebuli muSaoba simaRlidan srialdeba da miwaze dacemamde
•40. ZaRli dasaZinebel yuTze 8 n hori misi siCqarea 5,6 m/wm. a) rogor icvleba daTvi-
zontaluri ZaliT moqmedebs da iatakze dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
acurebs. yuTze moqmedi kinetikuri xaxunis energia Camosrialebis dros? b) risi tolia
Zalaa 5 n. 0,7 m-iT gadaadgilebis Semdeg risi daTvis kinetikuri energia miwaze dacemamde?
tolia a) Zalis mier yuTze Sesrulebuli g) ra saSualo xaxunis Zala moqmedebs daTvze?
muSaoba da b) yuTisa da iatakis siTburi SSM ILW
energiis nazrdi? •46. 75 g masis burTula dedamiwis zedapiridan
•41. muSa 27 kg masis blokze horizontalidan 1,1 m simaRlidan 12 m/wm siCqariT aisroles.
qvemoT 32°-iT daxrili ZaliT moqmedebs 2,1 m simaRleze asvlis dros burTulis
da bloks 9,2 m manZilze mudmivi siCqariT siCqare 10,5 m/wm-ia. ramdeniT Semcirdeba
gadaadgilebs. Tu bloksa da zedapirs Soris burTula-dedamiwis sistemis Emeq energia hae
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,2, risi ris wevis Sedegad?
tolia a) muSis mier blokze Sesrulebuli •47. autfilderi beisbolis burTs
muSaoba da b) bloki-zedapiris sistemis 81,8 mili/sT siCqariT isvris. rodesac
siTburi energiis nazrdi? infilderi burTs iWers, milis siCqare
••42. 35 n sididis horizontaluri Zala 100 futi/wm-ia. ramdeni futi/funtiT
4 kg masis bloks zedapirze gadaaadgilebs, Semcirda burTi-dedamiwis sistemis meqa
sadac kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,6. nikuri energia haeris wevis Sedegad? (beis
a) ra muSaobas asrulebs bloki-zedapiris bolis burTis wonaa 9 uncia)
sistemaze modebuli Zala, rodesac bloki 3 m •48. mewyeris dros 520 kg masis klde 500 m
manZilze gadaadgildeba? b) gadaadgilebis sigrZis da 300 m simaRlis ferdobidan cur
dros blokis siTburi energia 40 j-iT deba. kldesa da ferdobis zedapirs Soris
izrdeba. ramdeniT izrdeba zedapiris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,25. a) Tu
263
ferdobis wverze klde-dedamiwis sistemis moZraobs, romlis kinetikuri xaxunis koe
U mizidulobis potenciuri energia nulis ficientia μk = 0,25. D = 7,8 m manZilis gavlis
tolia, risi tolia U kldis Camocurebamde? Semdeg bloks xaxunis Zala aCerebs. risi tolia
b) ra energia gadadis siTbur energiaSi kldis a) bloki-zedapiris sistemis siTburi energiis
Camocurebis dros? g) ra kinetikuri energia nazrdi, b) blokis maqsimaluri kinetikuri
aqvs kldes, rodesac ferdobis fskerze energia da g) zambaris SekumSvis manZili? SSM
Cavardeba? d) ra siCqare aqvs am dros kldes? WWW
•49. 8.49 suraTze ••52. 2kg masis blokiT horizontalur

gamosaxuli blo zambaras awvebian da zambara 15sm-iT ikumSeba.
ki daxril ze Semdeg bloks xels uSveben da is magidaze
dapirze curdeba. curdeba. 75sm-is gavlis Semdeg bloki Cerdeba.
A wertilidan B sur. 8.49. amocanebi 49
zambaris sixistea 200n/m. risi tolia bloksa
wertilamde 5 m da 67 da magidas Soris arsebuli kinetikuri xaxunis
manZilis gavlisas koeficienti?

blokze 2 n sididis qveviT mimarTuli F Zala ••53. funTuSa k = 400 n/m sixistis hori
moqmedebs. blokze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis zontaluri zambaris moqmedebiT horizon
sididea 10 n. Tu A da B wertilebs Soris talur zedapirze curdeba. zambaris meore
blokis kinetikuri energia 35 j-iT izrdeba, bolo damagrebulia. zambaris wonasworuli
ra muSaobas asrulebs mizidulobis Zala mdebareobis gavlis dros funTuSis
blokze? kinetikuri energiaa 20 j. srialis dros
••50. 8.50 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki funTuSaze 10 n xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. a)
Sualeduri CaRrmavebis gavliT erTi ra manZils gaivlis funTuSa wonasworuli
simaRlidan ufro did simaRleze adis. mdebareobidan, vidre wamierad gaCerdeba?
zedapiri xaxunisgan Tavisufalia, vidre b) ra iqneba funTuSas kinetikuri energia
bloki ufro maRal simaRleze ava. d manZilis wonasworul mdebareobaze dabrunebisas?
gavlis Semdeg bloks xaxunis Zala aCerebs. ••54. 30°-iT daxril sibrtyeze zeviT moZravi
blokis sawyisi siCqarea 6 m/wm, simaRleebs 4 kg masis yuTis kinetikuri energiaa 128 j. ra
Soris sxvaobaa h = 1,1 m da μk = 0,6. gamoTva manZils gaivlis yuTi, Tu yuTsa da sibrtyes
leT d. Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,3?
••55. 267 n wonis bavSvi 6,1 m simaRlis da
horizontalisadmi 20° kuTxiT daxril sa
srialoze srialdeba. bavSvsa da sasrialos
Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,1.
a) ra energia gadadis siTbur energiaSi? b) Tu
bavSvis sawyisi siCqarea 0,457 m/wm, ra iqneba
sur. 8.50. amocana 50. misi siCqare Camosrialebis Semdeg?
••51. 8.51 suraTze gamosaxuli 3,5 kg masis ••56. qila 40°-iT daxril sibrtyeze maRla
bloki 640 n/m sixistis SekumSuli zambaris adis. 55 sm manZilis (sibrtyis gaswvriv)
zemoqmedebiT Cqardeba. zambaris gasworebis gavlis Semdeg qilis siCqarea 1,4 m/wm. qilasa
Semdeg bloki horizontalur zedapirze da sibrtyes Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
koeficientia 0,15. a) kidev ra manZils
gaivlis qila daxril sibrtyeze? b) ra siCqare
eqneba qilas ukan Camosrialebis Semdeg?
g) kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientis Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSi a) da b) pasuxebi gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?
sur. 8.51. amocana 51
••57. 8.52 suraTze monakveTze moxvdeba, sadac kinetikuri

gamosaxuli m = xaxunis koeficientia kvlav 0,5-ia. Semdeg
2,5 kg masis bloki bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal aRmarTze
k = 320 n/m sixis sur. 8.52. amocanebi 57 da 82. adis da wamierad Cerdeba. sad gaCerdeba
tis zambarisken bloki? Tu bloki swor monakveTze Cerdeba,
moZraobs. bBlokis gaCerebis momentSi zambara gansazRvreT romel maTganze da gamoTvaleT
7,5 sm-iT aris SekumSuli. bloksa da zedapirs swori monakveTis marcxena kididan gaCerebis
Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,25. adgilamde L manZili. Tu bloki aRmarTze
zambarasTan Sexebidan blokis gaCerebamde adis, maSin swori monakveTidan gaCerebis
a) ra muSaobas asrulebs drekadobis Zala adgilamde H simaRle gamoTvaleT.
da b) risi tolia bloki-zedapiris sistemis •••61. 8.55 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki
siTburi energiis nazrdi? g) risi tolia xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze moZraobs da
blokis siCqare zambarasTan Sejaxebisas? ILW L = 0,75 m sigrZis monakveTs gadis, romelic
••58. 5,29 n wonis qva 20 m/wm siCqariT dedamiwis θ = 30° kuTxiT daxrili zedapiris h = 2 m si
donidan maRla aisroles. frenis dros qvaze maRleze iwyeba. am monakveTze kinetikuri
0,265 n sididis haeris weva moqmedebs. a) ra xaxunis koeficientia 0,4. A wertils bloki
maqsimalur simaRleze ava qva da b) ra iqneba 8 m/wm siCqariT gaivlis. Tu bloki B wertils
misi siCqare miwaze dacemis momentSi? miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare am dros da Tu
•••59. nivTieri ver miaRwevs, A-dan ra maqsimalur simaRleze
wertili 8.53 su ava bloki?
raTze gamosaxuli
formis zedapirze
gadaadgildeba. ze sur. 8.53. amocana 59.
dapiris brtyeli
monakveTis sigrZea L = 40 sm. zedapiris mrud
monakveTebze xaxuni ar moqmedebs, xolo
brtyel monakveTze kinetikuri xaxunis sur. 8.55. amocana 61.
koeficientia μk = 0,2. nivTieri wertili •••62. 8.56 suraTze gamosaxuli 1800 kg masis
moZraobas A wertilidan iwyebs, romelic liftis kabinis kabeli maSin wydeba, rodesac
h = L/2 simaRleze mdebareobs. zedapiris kabina pirvel sarTulze uZravad aris
brtyeli monakveTis marcxena kididan ra gaCerebuli. am dros kabinasa da k = 0,15 mn/m
manZilze gaCerdeba nivTieri wertili? sixistis zambaras Soris manZilia d = 3,7 m.
•••60. 8.54 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki usafrTxoebis mowyobilobis momWerebi
moZraobas d = 40 sm simaRlidan iwyebs da kabinaze moqmedeben da 4,4 kn sididis mudmivi
igive d sigrZis swor monakveTze Cadis, sadac xaxunis Zala kabinis moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,5. Tu a) gamoTvaleT kabinis siCqare, rodesac is
bloki moZraobas ganagrZobs, is d/2 simaRlis zambaras Seejaxeba.
meore daRmarTze Cava da d/2 sigrZis swor b) gamoTvaleT zam
baris SekumSvis maq
simaluri x manZili
(SekumSvis dros xa-
xunis Zala moqme
debas ganagrZobs).
g) gamoTvaleT man
Zili, romliTac ka
bina zambarasTan
sur. 8.54. amocana 60. Sejaxebis Semdeg sur. 8.56. amocana 62.
265
maRla avardeba. d) energiis Senaxvis kanonis da eskalatorTan
gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT kabinis mier erTad gadaad
gavlili mTeli manZili gaCerebamde (dauSviT, gildeba. Eskala
rom gaCerebul kabinaze moqmedi xaxunis Zala torze yuTis
umniSvneloa). gaCerebamde mo
•••63. 8.41 suraTze gamosaxuli m = 3,2 kg nakveTSi a) ra
kinetikuri ener sur. 8.58. amocana 66
masis bloki θ = 30° kuTxiT daxril zedapirze
d manZilze srialdeba da 431 n/m sixistis gia miewodeba
zambaras ejaxeba. rodesac bloki wamierad yuTs, b) ra sididis kinetikuri xaxunis Zala
Cerdeba, zambara 21 sm-iT ikumSeba. risi tolia moqmedebs yuTze da g) ra energia miewodeba
a) d manZili da b) blokisa da zambaris Sexebis eskalatoris Zravas? d) axseniT ratom
pirvel wertilsa da im adgils Soris manZili, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan a) da g) pasuxebi.
sadac blokis siCqare udidesia? 67. 8.49 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki xaxunisgan
Tavisufal daxril sibrtyeze moZraobs.
A da B wertilebze misi siCqarea 2 m/wm da
64. 8.38 suraTze gamosaxuli L = 120 sm sigrZis
2,6 m/wm. meored Camosrialebis dros A wer
Tokis erT boloze burTia mimagrebuli,
tilze blokis siCqarea 4 m/wm. ra iqneba am
xolo Tokis meore bolo fiqsirebulia.
jerad misi siCqare B wertilze?
P wertilze wkiria damagrebuli. burTi
moZraobas iwyebs, vidre wkiri Toks daiWers 68. 30 g masis tyvia 500 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs
da Semdeg burTi wkiris garSemo ganagrZobs da 12 sm-iT daSorebul kedels ejaxeba.
moZraobas. imisTvis, rom burTma wkirs a) ramdeniT icvleba tyviis meqanikuri ener-
mTlianad Semouaros, ra mniSvnelobas unda gia? b) ra saSualo Zala moqmedebs kedlidan
aWarbebdes d? tyviaze?
65. sasrialos 12 m radiusis wriuli rkalis 69. 0,092 kg masis burTi 0,62 m sigrZis da
forma aqvs. misi maqsimaluri simaRlea umniSvnelo masis Zelakis erT bolozea
h = 4 m da dedamiwa wres exeba (sur. 8.57). 25kg damagrebuli, xolo Reros meore bolo sa
masis bavSvi sasrialoze jdeba da miwaze yrden wertilzea fiqsirebuli. amis Semdeg
Camosvlisas misi siCqarea 6,2 m/wm. a) ra Rero vertikalurad gaaswores da sayrdeni
manZilze srialdeba bavSvi? b) ra saSualo wertilis garSemo abruneben. rodesac bur
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs bavSvze Camosrialebis Ti udables wertilzea, ra iqneba a) misi
dros? Tu dedamiwis nacvlad wres sasrialos siCqare da b) Reros daWimuloba? Rero
wverze gavlebuli vertikaluri xazi exeba, amjerad horizontalurad gaaswores da
risi tolia g) sasrialos sigrZe da d) bavSvze kvlav sayrdeni wertilis garSemo abruneben.
moqmedi saSualo xaxunis Zala? g) vertikalisadmi ra kuTxis dros iqneba
Reros daWimuloba burTis wonis toli? d) Tu
burTis masas gavzrdiT, g)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?
70. 8.59 suraTze gamosaxuli jaWvi xaxunisgan
Tavisufal magidaze Zevs da misi erTi meoTxe-
di nawili magidis kididan aris gadakidebuli.
Tu jaWvis sigrZea
L = 28 sm da masaa
66. qarxanaSi 300 kg masis yuTebi 1,2 m/wm m = 0,012 kg, ra mu
siCqariT moZrav eskalatorze vertikalurad
Saobaa saWiro ga
iyreba (sur. 8.58). eskalatorsa da TiToeul
dakidebuli nawi
yuTs Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia
lis magidaze asa
0,4. mcire drois Semdeg yuTi aRar srialebs sur. 8.59. amocana 70.
tanad?
71. x RerZis gaswvriv moZrav 2 kg masis nivTi- 74. amotrialebuli tkacuna xoWo zurgis
eri wertilze F(x) Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs. kunTebs daZabavs da zemoT xteba. am dros
F(x)-Tan dakavSirebuli U(x) potenciuri kunTebSi Senaxuli energia meqanikur energiaSi
energiis grafiki 8.60 suraTzea naCvenebia. gadadis. axtomis dros tkacanis xma ismis
x = 2 m koordinatze nivTieri wertilis da swored aqedan modis xoWos dasaxelebac.
siCqarea –1,5 m/wm. ra a) sidide da b) mimar videoCanawerma aCvena, rom m = 4×10–6kg
Tuleba aqvs F(x) Zalas am koordinatze? romel masis xoWo 0,77 mm manZilze aiwia da h = 0,3 m
koordinatebs Soris moZraobs nivTieri simaRleze axta. maRla awevis dros a) ra
wertili g) marcxnisken da d) marjvnisken? saSualo sididis gare Zala moqmedebs xoWos
e) ra siCqare aqvs nivTier wertils x = 7 m zurgidan zedapirze da b) risi tolia xoWos
koordinatze? aCqareba g-s erTeulebSi?
75. avtomobilis moZraobas siCqarisgan
damoukidebeli sagzao xaxuni da siCqaris
kvadratis proporciuli haeris weva ewina
aRmdegeba. 12000 n wonis avtomobilisTvis
jamuri F winaRobis Zalaa F = 300 + 1,8ν2,
sadac F mocemulia niutonebSi, xolo ν - m/wm-
ebSi. gamoTvaleT 80 km/sT siCqariT moZravi
manqanis 0,92 m/wm2 aCqarebiT asamoZraveblad
saWiro simZlavre (cxenis ZalebSi).
sur. 8.60. amocana 71. 76. 300 g masis burTi 1,4 m sigrZis da umniS
72. aRmoCnda, rom garkveuli saxeobis zambara vnelo masis Tokze Camokides, xolo Tokis
hukis kanons ar emorCileba. x manZiliT meore bolo daafiqsires. Semdeg burTi erT
daWimvis dros zambara 52,8x + 38,4x2 ZaliT mxares gawies, vidre Toki vertikalisadmi
moqmedebs, romelic daWimvis mimarTulebis 30° kuTxes Seadgenda da xeli gauSves. gamo
sawinaaRmdegoa. a) gamoTvaleT x = 0,5 m koor TvaleT a) burTis siCqare, rodesac Toki
dinatidan x = 1 m koordinatamde zambaris vertikalisadmi 200 kuTxes adgens da b) burTis
daWimvisTvis saWiro muSaoba. b) zambaris erTi
maqsimaluri siCqare. g) ra kuTxe iqneba Toksa
bolo fiqsirebulia, xolo meore boloze
da vertikals Soris, rodesac burTis siCqare
2,17 kg masis nivTieri wertilia mimagrebuli.
maqsimaluris erTi mesamedi gaxdeba?
zambara x = 1 m manZiliTaa daWimuli. Tu
77. 8.61 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki A wertilis
nivTieri wertili moZraobas iwyebs, ra siCqare
gavliT 7 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. blokis
eqneba mas, rodesac zambara x = 0,5 m manZili
Taa daWimuli? g) drekadobis Zala Semnaxvelia traeqtoriaze xaxuni ar moqmedebs, vidre is
Tu araSemnaxveli? pasuxi daasabuTeT. L = 12 m sigrZis monakveTs miaRwevs, sadac

kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,7. naCvenebi
73. qarxnis muSam 3,7 m sigrZis da hori
simaRleebia h1 = 6 m da h2 = 2 m. ra siCqare
zontalisadmi 39°-iT daxrili sibrtyidan
eqneba bloks a) B wertilSi da b) C wertilSi?
180 kg masis yuTs SemTxveviT xeli gauSva.
yuTsa da daxril sibrtyes Soris, aseve yuTsa g) miaRwevs Tu ara bloki D wertilamde? Tu
da qarxnis horizontalur iataks Soris miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare am wertilSi?

kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,28. a) ra
siCqariT moZraobs yuTi daxrili sibrtyidan
Camosvlisas? b) ra manZilze gacurdeba yuTi
horizontalur iatakze? (dauSviT, rom da
xrili sibrtyidan iatakze gadasvlisas yuTis
kinetikuri energia ar icvleba). g) yuTis masis
ganaxevrebis SemTxvevaSi a) da b) pasuxebi
gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba? sur. 8.61. amocana 77.
267
Tu ver miaRwevs, L sigrZis monakveTis ra gadaadgildeba, ra iqneba misi a) K da b) U
manZils gaivlis bloki? x = 2 m koordinatze da g) K da d) U x = 0
78. nivTieri wertili x RerZis gaswvriv koordinatze? Tu nivTieri wertili x RerZis
Tavdapirvelad x = 1 m koordinatidan x = 4 m dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gadaaadgildeba, ra
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba da Semdeg iqneba misi e) K da v) U x = 11 m koordinatze,
x = 1 m koordinatze brundeba. am dros z) K da T) U x = 12 m koordinatze da i) K da
masze gare Zala moqmedebs. es Zala x RerZis k) U x = 13 m koordinatze? l) aageT U(x)-is x-
gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da misi x komponentis ze damokidebulebis grafikis funqcia x-is 0-
mniSvnelobebi x = 4 m koordinatisken gadaad dan 13 m-mde arealisTvis.
gilebisas da Semdeg ukan dabrunebisas nivTieri wertili moZraobas x = 0 koor
gansxvavebulebia. cxrilSi mocemulia oTxi dinatidan iwyebs. ra iqneba misi m) kinetikuri
SesaZlo varianti, sadac x metrebSia mocemuli; energia x = 5 m koordinatze da n) maqsimaluri
xolo Zalis X komponentis mniSvneloba – dadebiTi xmax koordinati? o) rogor moiqceva
niutonebSi: nivTieri wertili xmax-ze misvlis Semdeg?
x = 4 m areali Zala
koordinatisken
ukan 
dabrunebisas 0-dan 2 m-mde F1  = (+3 n)
gadaadgilebisas
2 m-dan 3 m-mde F2  = (+5 n)
a) +3 –3 3 m-dan 8 m-mde F = 0
b) +5 +5 
8 m-dan 11 m-mde F3  = –(4 n)
g) +2x –2x 11 m-dan 12 m-mde F4 = –(1 n)
d) +3x2 +3x2 12 m-dan 15 m-mde F = 0
gamoTvaleT gare Zalis mier nivTier wertilze
81. me-80 amocanaSi mocemuli ZalTa ganlagebis
Sesrulebuli muSaoba mTeli traeqtoriis
dros, 2kg masis nivTieri wertili moZraobas
ganmavlobaSi (oTxive SemTxvevisTvis).
x=5m koordinatidan 3,45m/wm sawyisi siCqariT
e) romel SemTxvevaSia gare Zala Semnaxveli?
iwyebs da x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
79. 2,5 kg masis bidoni 4 m simaRlidan 3 m/wm gadaadgildeba. a) Tu nivTieri wertili x=0
sawyisi siCqariT dabla isroles. bidonze koordinatamde miva, ra iqneba misi siCqare
moqmedi haeris wevis Zala umniSvneloa. ra da, Tu ver miva, ra iqneba misi Semobrunebis
kinetikuri energia eqneba bidons a) miwaze wertili? davuSvaT, nivTieri wertili
dacemisas da b) naxevari manZilis gavlisas? moZraobas x = 5 m koordinatidan 3,45 m/wm
ra iqneba g) bidonis kinetikuri energia da sawyisi siCqariT iwyebs da x RerZis dadebiTi
d) bidoni-dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba. b) Tu nivTieri
potenciuri energia bidonis miwaze dacemamde wertili x = 13 m koordinats miaRwevs, ra
2 wamiT adre? d) SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas iqneba misi siCqare da, Tu ver miaRwevs, ra
y = 0 aTvlis wertili dedamiwas daamTxvieT. iqneba misi Semobrunebis wertili?
80. nivTieri wertili x RerZis gaswvriv 82. 8.52 suraTze gamosaxuli 30 j kinetikuri
gadaadgildeba da moZraobisas masze energiis mqone bloki moSvebul zambaras
sxvadasxva sididis Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs
(sur. 8.62 da TandarTuli cxrili). nivTieri
wertili moZraobas x = 5 m koordinatidan
iwyebs, sadac misi kinetikuri energiaa K = 14 j,
xolo potenciuri energiaa U = 0. Tu nivTieri
wertili x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
sur. 8.62. amocanebi 80 da 81 sur. 8.63. amocana 82.

ejaxeba. zambaris SekumSvis Semdeg bloksa da maRla asvlis dros? g) ramdeniT icvleba
zedapirs Soris xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. 8.63 buSti-dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis
suraTze naCvenebia blokis K(x) kinetikuri potenciuri energia maRla asvlis dros? d)
energiis da zambaris U(x) potenciuri energiis Tu buStis gaSvebis adgilze mizidulobis
blokis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis potenciuri energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba
funqciebis grafikebi. ramdeniT izrdeba igive energia buStis maqsimalur simaRleze
blokisa da zedapiris siTburi energia, asvlis dros? e) Tu maqsimalur simaRleze
rodesac a) bloki x = 0,1m koordinats miaRwevs mizidulobis potenciuri energia nulis
da b) zambara maqsimalurad SeikumSeba? tolia, ra iqneba is buStis gaSvebis adgilze?
83. 1500 kg masis manqana 5°-iT daxril gzaze v) risi tolia maqsimaluri simaRle?
30 km/sT siCqariT iwyebs moZraobas. Zrava 88. ferdobis kididan 0,55 kg masis sagani
gamorTulia da manqanaze mxolod jamuri 1550 j sawyisi kinetikuri energiiT isroles.
xaxunis Zala da mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs. sagnis maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa +140 m.
50 m-is gavlis Semdeg manqanis siCqarea risi tolia sagnis siCqaris a) horizontaluri
40 km/sT. a) ramdeniT Semcirda manqanis meqa da b) vertikaluri komponenti? g) rodesac
nikuri energia jamuri xaxunis Zalis Sedegad? siCqaris vertikaluri komponentia 65m/wm,
b) ra sididisaa jamuri xaxunis Zala? risi toli iqneba vertikaluri gadaadgileba
84. 1500 kg masis manqana horizontalur gzaze gasrolis adgilidan?
moZraobas da 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi 72 km/sT 89. 8.64 suraTze
siCqares anviTarebs. a) ra iqneba manqanis gamosaxuli blokis
kinetikuri energia 30 wamis Semdeg? b) ra masa, romelzec
saSualo simZlavre sWirdeba manqanas 30 wamis Tokia gadakiduli,
ganmavlobaSi? g) risi tolia myisi simZlavre umniSvneloa.
30 wamis Semdeg, Tu davuSvebT, rom aCqareba blokze da daxril sur. 8.64. amocana 89.
mudmivia? sibrtyeze xaxunis
85. 1,5 mgvt simZlavris orTqlmavali mata Zala ar moqmedebs. A yuTis masaa 1 kg, B yuTis
rebels 6 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 10 m/wm-dan masaa 2 kg, xolo θ kuTxea 30°. yuTebi moZraobas
25 m/wm-mde aCqarebs. a) gamoTvaleT mata maSin iwyeben, rodesac damakavSirebeli
reblis masa. daadgineT b) matareblis si Toki daWimulia. ra iqneba yuTebis jamuri
Cqaris da b) matareblis amaCqarebeli Zalis kinetikuri energia, rodesac B yuTi 25sm-iT
droze damokidebulebis funqciebi 6 wuTian dabla daiwevs?
SualedSi. d) gamoTvaleT matareblis mier 90. 1,5 kg masis burTi horizontalisadmi 34°-
ganvlili manZili am droSi. iT kuTxiT da 20 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT maRla
86. 5 kg masis bloki horizontalisadmi aisroles. a) ra sawyisi kinetikuri energia

aqvs burTs? b) ramdeniT Seicvleba burTi-
30°-iT daxril sibrtyeze 5 m/wm siCqariT maRla
dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
adis. ra manZils gaivlis sibrtyeze bloki, Tu
energia, vidre burTi maqsimalur simaRles
a) xaxuni ar arsebobs da b) bloksa da sibrtyes
miaRwevs? g) ra maqsimalur simaRleze ava
Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,4?
burTi?
g) am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ramdeniT gaiz
rdeba blokisa da sibrtyis siTburi energia? 91. sacirko warmodgenis dros 60 kg masis
klouni zarbaznidan 16 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT
d) Tu bloki ukan srialdeba, ra iqneba misi
da horizontalisadmi ucnobi kuTxiT
siCqare im adgilze, saidanac moZraoba daiwyo?
isroles. mcire drois Semdeg klouni
87. 1,5 kg masis wylis buSti 3 m/wm sawyisi
gasrolis adgilidan 3,9 m simaRleze gabmul
siCqariT maRla aisroles. a) ra kinetikuri
badeSi aRmoCnda. haeris weva ugulvebelyaviT
energia aqvs buSts gaSvebis momentSi? b) ra da badeSi moxvedris momentSi klounis
muSaobas asrulebs mizidulobis Zala buStze kinetikuri energia gamoTvaleT.
269

92. nivTier wertilze mxolod F Semnaxveli 96. vulkanidan amofrqveuli ferflis nakadi
Zala moqmedebs. rodesac nivTieri wertili horizontalur zedapirze miiwevs da 10°-iT
A wertilze imyofeba, F -isa da nivTieri daxril aRmarTs ejaxeba. nakadis wina nawili
wertilis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli aRmarTze 920 m manZils gaivlis da Cerdeba.
potenciuri energiaa 40 j. rodesac nivTieri
 davuSvaT nakadSi moqceuli airebi nakads
wertili A-dan B-sken gadaadgildeba, masze F maRla weven da miwidan moqmedi xaxunis Zala
Zala +25 j muSaobas asrulebs. ra potenciuri umniSvneloa. aseve davuSvaT, rom nakadis
energia aqvs sistemas, rodesac nivTieri wina nawilis meqanikuri energia inaxeba. ra
wertili B wertilze imyofeba? sawyisi siCqariT daiwyo moZraoba nakadis wina
93. mudmivi, horizontaluri Zala 50 kg masis nawilma?
satvirTo manqanas 30°-iT daxril sibrtyeze
97. 0,5 kg masis banani 4 m/wm siCqariT maRla
mudmivi siCqariT 6 m manZilze gadaaadgilebs.
aisroles da 0,8 m maqsimalur simaRles
manqanasa da sibrtyes Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
miaRwia. ramdeniT Secvlis banani-dedamiwis
koeficientia 0,2. a) ra muSaobas asrulebs
sistemis meqanikur energias haeris wevis Zala
modebuli Zala da b) ramdeniT izrdeba
bananis maRla asvlis dros?
manqanisa da sibrtyis siTburi energia?
98. 70 kg masis beisbolis moTamaSe 10 m/wm
94. horizontalur zedapirze 20 kg masis
sawyisi siCqariT curdeba da miwaze ecema.
bloki k = 4 kn/m sixistis horizontalur
a) ramdeniT mcirdeba moTamaSis kinetikuri
zambarazea mimagrebuli. bloks marjvnisken
energia da b) ramdeniT izrdeba miwisa da
sweven da zambara 10 sm-iT iWimeba, ris
moTamaSis sxeulis siTburi energia?
Semdegac bloks xels uSveben. bloksa da
zedapirs Soris 80 n sididis xaxunis Zala 99. k = 200 n/m
moqmedebs. a) ra iqneba blokis kinetikuri sixistis zambara
energia 2 sm-iT gadaadgilebis Semdeg? b) ra θ = 40° kuTxiT da
iqneba blokis kinetikuri energia, rodesac xrili sibrtyis
bloki sawyis mdebareobas daubrundeba? g) ra wverzea damagre
maqsimalur kinetikur energias SeiZens bloki buli (sur. 8.66).
mTeli gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi? sibrtyeze xaxuni
95. M = 2 kg da 2M ar moqmedebs. 1 kg
masis ori yuTi masis bloki zambaridan d = 0,6 m manZilze 16 j
k = 200 n/m sixistis kinetikuri energiiT sibrtyeze maRla asvlas
zambarasTan aris iwyebs. a) ra kinetikuri energia eqneba bloks,
dakavSirebuli. zam rodesac zambaras 0,2 m-iT SekumSavs? b) ra
baris erTi bolo kinetikuri energiiT unda daiwyos moZraoba
fiqsirebulia (sur. blokma, raTa is maSin gaCerdes, rodesac
8.65). horizon sur. 8.65. amocana 95. zambaras 0,4 m-iT SekumSavs?
talur zedapirze 100. manqana 40 kg masis tvirTs 40°-iT
da blokze xaxuni ar moqmedebs da misi masa daxril gzaze mudmivi siCqariT 2 m manZilze
umniSvneloa. yuTi moZraobas maSin iwyebs, gadaaadgilebs da manqanidan tvirTze moqmedi
rodesac zambara moSvebul mdgomareobaSia. Zala gzis paraleluria. tvirTsa da gzas
a) ra jamuri kinetikuri energia eqneba orive Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,4.
yuTs, rodesc Camokidebuli yuTi 0,09 m-iT a) ra muSaobas asrulebs manqana tvirTze da
dabla daiwevs? b) ra kinetikuri energia eqneba b) ramdeniT izrdeba tvirTisa da gzis siTburi
Camokidebul yuTs, rodesac is igive manZiliT energia?
dabla daiwevs? g) ra maqsimalur manZilze
101. 3,2 kg masis zarmaca miwidan 3 m simaRleze
daiwevs Camokidebuli yuTi, vidre wamierad
kidia. a) ra mizidulobis potenciuri energia
gaCerdeba?
aqvs zarmaca-dedamiwis sistemas, Tu y = 0
aTvlis wertili dedamiwis donezea? zarmaca moZraobas maRali gorakis mwvervalze iwyebs.
miwaze Camovarda da masze moqmedi haeris wevis ra siCqare eqneba moTxilamures dabali
Zala umniSvneloa. ra a) kinetikuri energia da gorakis mwvervalze, Tu is saTxilamuro
g) siCqare eqneba zarmacas miwaze dacemamde? joxebs ar iyenebs? b) Tovlsa da Txilamurebs
102. 3200 n/m sixistis zambara daWimulia da Soris daaxloebiT ra kinetikuri xaxunis
misi elastiuri potenciuri energia 1,44 j-ia koeficienti gaaCerebs moTxilamures zustad
(moSvebul mdgomareobaSi U = 0). risi tolia dabali gorakis mwvervalze?
ΔU, Tu zambara a) kidev 2 sm-iT daWimes, b) 2 sm- 107. mocurave wyalSi 0,22 m/wm siCqariT
iT SekumSes da g) 4 sm-iT SekumSes? micuravs. saSualo wevis Zalaa 110 n. ra
103. komfortuli laineri Queen Elizabeth 2 saSualo simZlavre esaWiroeba mocuraves?
TboeleqtrosadguriTaa aRWurvili, romelic 108. 16400 n wonis mgzavrebiT savse manqana
32,5 sazRvao miliT moZraobis dros 92 mgvt 113 km/sT siCqariT moZraobs, rodesac mZRoli
maqsimalur simZlavres gamoimuSavebs. ra Zala amuxruWebs da manqanas aCerebs. gzidan
moqmedebs lainerze am siCqariT moZraobisas? borblebze moqmedi xaxunis Zalaa 8320 n. ra
(1 sazRvao mili = 1,852 km/sT). manZilis gavlis Semdeg gaCerdeba manqana?
104. sabavSvo Tofis zambaris sixistea 109. 60 kg masis cirkis msaxiobi 4 m simaRlis
700 n/m. burTis gasrolis win zambara ikumSeba joxidan dabla srialdeba. ra kinetikuri
da burTi masze Tavsdeba. Semdeg Tofis energia eqneba msaxiobs cirkis arenaze
Caxmaxi zambaras asworebs da isic burTs win Camosvlisas, Tu joxidan masze moqmedi xaxunis
ubiZgebs. burTsa da zambaras Soris kontaqti Zala a) umniSvneloa da b) 500 n sididisaa?
maSin wydeba, rodesac burTi Tofis lulidan 110. 1981 wels, daniel gudvini CikagoSi
gamodis. horizontalisadmi 30°-iT daxrili mdebare 443 m simaRlis Senobaze acocda.
Tofi 57 g masis burTs 1,83 m maqsimalur a) gudvinis masa miaxloebiT aiReT da
simaRleze isvris. davuSvaT burTze moqmedi gamoTvaleT ra raodenobis energia gadaitana
haeris wevis Zala umniSvneloa. a) ra siCqariT man biomeqanikuri (Siga) energiidan dedamiwa-
isvris zambara burTs? b) Tu burTze moqmedi sakuTari Tavis sistemis mizidulobis
xaxunis Zala TofSi umniSvneloa, ra manZiliT potenciur energiaSi, raTa am simaRleze
ikumSeba zambara? amZvraliyo. b) ra raodenobis energiis gada
105. 15 n sididis horizontaluri Zala plast tana mouxdeboda gudvins, Tu imave simaRleze
masis kubs mudmivi siCqariT 3 m manZilze asasvlelad Senobis kibeebiT isargeblebda?
gadaaadgilebs. am dros kubis temperaturas 111. 0,63 kg masis burTi 14 m/wm siCqariT
akvirdebian. dakvirvebis Sedegad dgindeba, aisroles da man 8,1 m maqsimalur simaRles
rom kubis siTburi energia 20 j-iT gaizarda. miaRwia. ramdeniT Seicvala burTi-dedamiwis
ramdeniT gaizrdeba zedapiris siTburi sistemis meqanikuri energia burTis maRla
energia? asvlis dros?
106. Tovliani gorakis mwvervalebi maT 112. everestis mwvervali zRvis donidan
Soris mdebare velidan H = 850 m da h = 750 m 8850 m simaRlezea. a) ra energia unda daxarjos
simaRleebzea. gorakebs Soris saTxilamuro 90 kg masis mTamsvlelma mizidulobis Zalis
trasaa, romlis sigrZea 3,2 km da saSualo sawinaaRmdegod, raTa zRvis donidan am
daxrilobaa θ = 30° (sur. 8.67.). a) moTxilamure simaRleze avides? b) ra raodenobis kanfeti
uzrunvelyofs am energias, Tu TiToeuli
kanfeti 1,25 j energias Seicavs? Tqvenma
pasuxma unda cxadyos, rom mizidulobis
Zalis winaaRmdeg Sesrulebuli muSaoba mTaze
asvlisTvis saWiro energiis mxolod mcire
nawilia.
271
113. 670 n wonis sprinteri 1,6 wamSi 7m-s SekumSvas potenciuri energia ukavSirdeba,
garbis da am dros Tanabrad Cqardeba. ra CawereT potenciuri energiis SekumSvis
a) siCqare da b) kinetikuri energia eqneba manZilze damokidebulebis funqcia.
sprinters 1,6 wamis Semdeg? g) ra saSualo 1990-ian wlebSi aRmoCenil dinozavr
simZlavres gamoimuSaves sprinteri 1,6 wamis triceratops menjis Zvalze kbilebis kvali
ganmavlobaSi? aRmoaCnda. kvalis forma mianiSnebda, rom
114. 8.68 suraTze is tiranozavrs ekuTvnoda. am varaudis
gamosaxul 1400 kg Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebma aluminisa
masis granitis da brinjaosgan tiranozavris kbilis
bloks daxril sib modeli daamzades da Semdeg hidravlikuri
rtyeze 1,34 m/wm wnexis saSualebiT es kbili Zroxis ZvalSi
Tanabari siCqariT triceratopis Zvlis siRrmeze Casves. saWiro
Tokis saSualebiT Zalis SeRwevis siRrmeze damokidebulebis
maRla sweven. naCve grafiki 8.69 suraTzea gamosaxuli. siRrmis
nebi manZilebia d1 = 40 m da d2 = 30 m. bloksa zrdasTan erTad saWiro Zala izrdeba,
da daxril sibrtyes Soris kinetikuri xaxunis vinaidan konusis formis kbilis ZvalSi
koeficientia 0,4. ra simZlavres warmoqmnis Casobisas, kbilsa da Zvals Soris kontaqti
Tokidan blokze modebuli Zala? ufro mWidro xdeba. e) r muSaoba Seasrula
115. 0,42 kg masis Saflbordis disko uZravad hidravlikurma presma da, maSasadame,
devs da moTamaSe kiis saSualebiT mis siCqares tiranozavrma (miaxloebiT)? v) ukavSirdeba
4,2 m/wm-mde zrdis (aCqareba mudmivia). aCqareba Tu ara potenciuri energia kbilis Casobas?
daaxloebiT 2 m-is manZilze grZeldeba,

Semdeg kiisa da diskos Soris kontaqti wydeba.
gaCerebamde disko kidev 12 m-s gaivlis.
davuSvaT Saflbordis moedani brtyelia
da diskoze moqmedi xaxunis Zala ucvlelia.
ramdeniT gaizrdeba disko-moedanis sistemis
siTburi energia a) damatebiTi 12 m-is gavlis
dros da b) mTliani 14 m manZilis gavlis dros?
g) ra muSaobas asrulebs kii diskoze?
116. 70 kg masis adamiani fanjridan gadaxta da
fanjridan 11 m-iT qvemoT gaSlil samaSvelo
badeSi Cavarda. bade 1,5 m-iT daiWima da am
dros adamiani wamierad gaCerda. davuSvaT sur. 8.69. amocana 117.
meqanikuri energia inaxeba da bade idealuri 118. 70 kg masis mexanZre 4,3 m simaRlis
zambaris saxiT moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT badis vertikalur boZze srialdeba. a) Tu mexanZre
elastiuri potenciuri energia 1,5 m-iT boZs kargad ar eWideba da masze moqmedi
daWimvisas. xaxunis Zala umniSvneloa, ra siCqare eqneba
117. ukana kbiliT saganze maqsimum 750 n ZaliT mexanZres miwaze Casvlamde? b) Tu mexanZre
SegiZliaT imoqmedoT. warmoidgineT, rom boZs ufro magrad eWideba da masze 500 n
Zirtkbilas bards ReWavT. am dros Zirtkbila sididis maRla mimarTuli xaxunis Zala
k = 2,5×105 n/m sixistis zambarasaviT moqmedebs moqmedebs, ra siCqare eqneba mexanZres miwaze
da kbils ewinaaRmdegeba. gamoTvaleT a) Zir Casvlamde?
tkbilas SekumSvis manZili da b) kbilis mier 119. 15 kg masis bloki horizontalur,
Zirtkbilaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba. g) CawereT xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 2 m/wm2-iT
kbilidan moqmedi Zalis SekumSvis manZilze Cqardeba da misi siCqare 10 m/wm-dan 30 m/wm-
damokidebulebis funqcia. d) Tu Zirtkbilas mde izrdeba. a) ramdeniT icvleba blokis
meqanikuri energia da b) ra saSualo tempiT 124. 600 n wonis

gadaecema bloks energia? risi tolia energiis moTxilamure R =
gadacemis myisi tempi, rodesac blokis 20 m radiusis, xa
siCqarea g) 10 m/wm da d) 30 m/wm? xunisgan Tavisu
120. 119-e amocana Tavidan amoxseniT, oRond fal wriul go
amjerad miiCnieT, rom xaxunisgan Tavisufali rakze gadadis (sur.
zedapiri horizontalisadmi 5°-iT aris 8.70). davuSvaT,
daxrili. moTxilamureze sur. 8.70. amocana 124.
moqmedi haeris
121. aSS-s kontinentis zedapiris farTobi
winaRobis Zala umniSvneloa. B wertilSi,
daaxloebiT 8×106km2-ia, xolo zRvis donidan
aTvlili saSualo simaRle daaxloebiT
θ = 20° kuTxeze moTxilamuris siCqarea 8 
m/wm. a) ra siCqare eqneba moTxilamures gorakis
500 m-s aRwevs. naleqebis raodenoba weli
mwvervalze (A wertilSi), Tu is saTxilamuro
wadSi daaxloebiT 75 sm-ia. atmosferoSi aor
joxebs ar iyenebs? b) ra minimaluri siCqare
Tqlebis Sedegad wvimis wylis daaxloebiT 2/3
SeiZleba hqondes moTxilamures B wertilSi,
brundeba, xolo danarCeni nawili okeaneSi
raTa man moZraoba ganagrZos? g) Tu moT
Caedineba. Tu wyali-dedamiwis sistemis mizi
dulobis potenciuri energiis wvimis wylis
xilamuris wonaa 700 n, zemoT miRebuli
ori pasuxi gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar
dinebasTan dakavSirebul Semcirebas eleq
Seicvleba?
troenergiad gardavqmniT, ra iqneba misi
saSualo simZlavre? (1 m3 wylis masa 1000kg-ia). 125. 100 m simaRlis CanCqeridan TiToeuli
wamis ganmavlobaSi 1200 m3 wyali Camodis.
122. 20 kg masis saganze F = –3x – 5x2 Semna
vardnis dros wylis mier SeZenili kinetikuri
xveli Zala moqmedebs, sadac F mocemulia
energiis 3/4-s hidroeleqtruli generatori
niutonebSi, xolo x – metrebSi. rodesac
eleqtroenergiad gardaqmnis. ra tempiT
sagani x = 0 koordinatze imyofeba, ZalasTan
warmoqmnis generatori eleqtroenergias?
dakavSirebuli potenciuri energia nulis
tolia. a) ra iqneba ZalasTan dakavSirebuli
(1 m3 wylis masaa 1000 kg).
sistemis potenciuri energia, rodesac sagani 126. 68 kg masis paraSutiT mxtomeli 59 m/wm
x = 2 m koordinatze imyofeba? b) Tu sagani x saboloo siCqariT vardeba. a) ra tempiT mci
RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs rdeba dedamiwa-mxtomelis sistemis mizi
da x = 5 m koordinatze misi siCqarea 4m/wm, dulobis potenciuri energia? b) ra tempiT
ra iqneba misi siCqare aTvlis saTaveze? mcirdeba sistemis meqanikuri energia?
g) ra pasuxebs miviRebT a) da b) SekiTxvebze, Tu 127. 50 g masis burTi fanjridan 8 m/wm sawyisi
x = 0 koordinatze sagnis mdebareobis dros siCqariT da horizontalisadmi 30° kuTxiT
sistemis potenciuri energia –8 j-ia? maRla isroles. gamoTvaleT a) burTis kine
123. k = 200 n/m sixistis zambara vertikalu tikuri energia frenis umaRles wertilSi da
rad kidia, misi zeda bolo Werze damagrebulia, b) burTis siCqare fanjridan 3 m-iT dabla.
xolo qveda bolos koordinatia y = 0. aris Tu ara b)-s pasuxi g) burTis masaze an
zambaris qveda boloze 20 n wonis bloki d) srolis kuTxeze damokidebuli?
daamagres da xeli gauSves. risi tolia iqneba 128. 9,4 kg masis sagani vertikalurad maRla
zambara-blokis sistemis a) K kinetikuri aisroles. maRla asvlis dros sagani-de
energia, b) mizidulobis potenciuri energiis damiwis sistemis meqanikuri energia haeris
ΔUg cvlileba da g) elastiuri potenciuri wevis Sedegad 68kj-iT mcirdeba. ra manZiliT
energiis ΔUe cvlileba, rodesac blokis ufro maRla avidoda sagani haeris wevis
koordinatia y = –5 sm? risi tolia d) K, e) ΔUg ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi?
da v) ΔUe, rodesac y = –10 sm? risi tolia z) K, 129. L sigrZis da umniSvnelo masis Zelakis
T) ΔUg da i) ΔUe, rodesac y = –15sm? risi tolia erT boloze burTia damagrebuli (sur. 8.71).
k) K, l) ΔUg da m) ΔUe, rodesac y = –20 sm?
273
Zelakis meore bo siCqarea 3,2 m/wm, xolo Cqerobebis gavlis
lo sayrden wer- Semdeg wylis siCqarea 13 m/wm. dedamiwa-wylis
tilzea damagre- sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri energiis
buli da burTi ver- ra procenti gadadis kinetikur energiaSi
tikalur wreze Cqerobebze?
moZraobs. sayrden ( m i n i S n e b a :
wertilze xaxuni d a v u S v a T
ar moqmedebs. bur Cqerobebze 10kg
Ti moZraobas A wyali Cadis).
wertilidan ν0 sa 133. 8.72a suraTze
wyisi siCqariT iw naCvenebia r-iT
yebs da D wertilSi Cerdeba. a) gamoiyvaneT dacilebuli m
L-iT, m-iT da g-Ti gamosaxuli ν0-is formula. da M masis mqone
b) risi tolia Zelakis daWimuloba, rodesac ori atomisgan Se
burTi B wertils gaivlis? g) patara gogona mdgari molekula
sayrden wertilze Camojda da xaxuni gaCnda. (m << M). 8.72b su
amis Semdeg A wertilidan igive siCqariT raTze gamosaxulia sur. 8.72. amocana 133.
daZruli burTi C wertilSi Cerdeba. molekulis U(r)
ramdeniT mcirdeba burTis meqanikuri potenciuri energiis r-ze damokidebulebis
energia moZraobis ganmavlobaSi? d) ramdeniT funqciis grafiki. aRwereT atomebis
mcirdeba burTis meqanikuri energia, vidre moZraoba a) Tu ori atomisgan Semdgari sis
burTi ramdenime rxevis Semdeg B wertilSi temis E mTliani meqanikuri energia nulze
sabolood gaCerdeba? metia (aseve E1-c) da b) Tu E nulze naklebia
130. liTonis xelsawyos saxexi danadgaris (aseve E2-c). E1=1×10–19j da r = 0,3 nm,
borblis fersoze xexaven. danadgaridan gamoTvaleT g) sistemis potenciuri energia,
xelsawyoze 180 n Zala moqmedebs. fersosa d) atomebis mTliani kinetikuri energia da
da xelsawyos Soris moqmedi xaxunis Zalebi e) TiToeul atomze moqmedi Zalis sidide
xelsawyos patara nawilebs aclis. borblis da mimarTuleba. r-is ra mniSvnelobebisTvis
radiusia 20 sm da 2,5 br/wm siCqariT moZraobs. xdeba atomebs Soris v) ganzidva, z) mizidva
borbalsa da xelsawyos Soris kinetikuri T) r-is ra mniSvnelobisaTvis aris es Zala
xaxunis koeficientia 0,32. ra tempiT nulis toli?
gadascems borblis mamoZravebeli Zrava 134. x RerZis
siTbur energias borbals da xelsawyodan gaswvriv moZ
moclil patara nawilebs - kinetikur rav nivTier
energias? wertilze F(x)
131. niagaras CanCqeris 50 m simaRlidan Semnaxveli Za
TiToeuli wamis ganmavlobaSi 5,5×106 kg wyali la moqmedebs.
Camodis. a) ramdeniT mcirdeba TiToeuli 8.73 suraTze
wamis ganmavlobaSi wyali-dedamiwis sistemis n a C v e n e b i a
mizidulobis potenciuri energia? b) F(x)-Tan da
Tu mTeli es energia eleqtroenergiad kavSirebuli U(x) potenciuri energiis
gardaiqmneba, ra tempiT iqneba SesaZlebeli cvlileba nivTieri wertilis mdebareobaze
eleqtroenergiis miwodeba? (1m3 wylis masaa damokidebulebis grafiki. a) aageT F(x)
1000kg). g) Tu eleqtroenergiis fasia 1 centi/ funqciis grafiki 0<x<6m arealisTvis.
kvt•sT, ra iqneba wliuri Semosavali? b) sistemis E meqanikuri energiaa 4j. 8.73
132. mdinaris done Cqerobebis gavlis Semdeg suraTze aageT nivTieri wertili K(x)
15 m-iT dabldeba. Cqerobebis win wylis kinetikuri energiis funqciis grafiki.
135. m1 da m2 masis nivTier wertilebs 136. vertikaluri zambaris erTi bolo Werze
Soris Semdegi sididis mizidulobis Zala daamagreT, xolo meore boloze kombosto
moqmedebs: CamokideT. Semdeg kombosto qvemoT Camo
m 1m 2
F(x) = G  , wieT, vidre zambaridan masze moqmedi, maRla
x2
sadac G mudmivaa da x aris nivTier werti mimarTuli Zala mizidulobis Zalas gaa
lebs Soris manZili. a) miiReT Sesabamisi U(x) wonasworebs. daamtkiceT, rom kombosto-de
potenciuri energiis funqcia. davuSvaT damiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
U(x)→0, rodesac x→∞ da x dadebiTia. energiis danakargi zambaris mier SeZenili
b) ra muSaobaa saWiro, raTa nivTier wertilebs potenciuri energiis orze namravlis tolia.
Soris dacileba x = x1-dan x = x1+d-mde gai ratom ar aris es ori sidide erTmaneTis
zardos? toli?
masis centri da impulsi 9
avaria yvelaze saxifaToa, rodesac manqanebi erTmaneTs wina nawilebiT
Seaskdebian. amgvari Sejaxeba orive mZRolisTvis sasikvdilo SeiZleba
aRmoGndes. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, gamokvlevebis Sedegad
dadginda, rom sasikvdilo riski naklebia, Tu manqanaSi mZRolTan erTad
mgzavric imyofeba
ratom xdeba ase?

sagzao SemTxvevebis gaanalizebisTvis mowveuli yvela
inJiner-meqanikosi fizikas iyenebs. baletis nebismieri
maswavlebeli, romelic naxtomis gakeTebaSi avarjiSebs
gogonebs, aseve fizikas eyrdnoba. zogadad, nebismieri
saxis rTuli moZraobis analizi fizikis daxmarebiT
martivdeba. me-9 TavSi Cven ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba
saganTa sistemis rTuli moZraobis gamartiveba sistemis
specialuri wertilis _ masis centris gansazRvris
saSualebiT.
magaliTad, Tu burTs haerSi maRla aisvriT, misi moZraoba
martivi, xolo traeqtoria parabolis formis iqneba (sur.
9.1). es SemTxveva me-4 paragrafSi ukve ganvixileT da am
dros burTs nivTier wertilad miviCnevdiT. beisbolis
tafelas haerSi moqnevis dros moZraoba ufro rTulia
(sur. 9.1b). tafelas sxvadasxva nawili sxvadasxva formis
traeqtorias Semowers da tafelas nivTier wertilad ver
ganvixilavT. tafela ufro nivTieri wertilebis sistemaa,
romelic haerSi sxvadasxva traeqtoriiT moZraobs.
miuxedavad amisa, tafelas erTi gansakuTrebuli wertili
sur. 9.1. a) haerSi asrolili burTi parabolis formis traeqtoriiT

moZraobs. b) haerSi moqneuli beisbolis tafelas masis centri
(Savi wertili) parabolis formis traeqtoriiT moZraobs, magram
tafelas yvela sxva wertili ufro rTul traeqtorias Semowers.
275
276 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
- masis centri aqvs, romelic martivi, parabolis formis traeqtoriiT moZraobs. tafelas sxva
nawilebi masis centris garSemo moZraoben (masis centris mdebareobis dasadgenad tafela
gaSlil TiTze SeimagreT. masis centri Tqveni TiTis gaswvriv, tafelas centralur RerZze
mdebareobs).
beisbolis tafelas haerSi qneviT bevrs verafers miaRwevT, samagierod Zalian karg karieras
gaikeTebT, Tu did manZilze mxtomelebs an mocekvaveebs haerSi sworad xtomas aswavliT. am
saqmis Seswavla ki adamianis masis centriT unda daiwyoT.
9.2. masis centri

nivTieri wertilebis sistemis (magaliTad, adamianis) masis centris gansazRvris mizani sistemis
SesaZlo moZraobis winaswari amocanobaa.
nivTieri wertilebis sistemis masis centri is wertilia, romelzec sistemis mTeli

masaa koncentrirebuli da yvela Zala masze moqmedebs.
am TavSi SeviswavliT nivTieri wertilebis sistemis masis centris dadgenis xerxs. Tavdapirvelad
mxolod ramdenime nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgar sistemas ganvixilavT, xolo Semdeg ufro
rTul sistemebsac gavarCevT. ufro mogvianebiT imasac davadgenT, Tu rogor gadaadgildeba
sistemis masis centri, rodesac sistemaze gare Zalebi moqmedebs.
nivTier wertilTa sistema

9.2a suraTze naCvenebia d manZiliT dacilebuli, m1 da m2
masebis nivTieri wertilebi. x RerZis aTvlis saTave m1 masis
nivTier wertils emTxveva. am ori nivTieri wertilisgan
Semdgari sistemis masis centris mdebareobaa:
m2
xcom* = m +m  d (9.1)
1 2
davuSvaT, m2=0. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod m1 masis nivTieri

wertili arsebobs da masis centri am wertilis mdebareobas
unda emTxveodes. 9.1 formula marTlac gvaZlevs xcom=0.
Tu m1=0, am SemTxvevaSi mxolod erTi nivTieri wertili
rCeba da rogorc mosalodnelia xcom=d. rodesac m1=m2,
masis centri ori nivTieri wertilis SuaSia da marTlac
9.1 formula xcom=1/2d pasuxs gvaZlevs. 9.1 formula aseve
gvauwyebs, rom Tu arc m1 da arc m2 nulis toli ar aris,
maSin xcom-is mniSvneloba nulsa da d-s Soris meryeobs anu
sur. 9.2. a) m1 da m2 masebis or nivTier
masis centri or nivTier wertils Soris imyofeba.
wertils Soris manZilia d. „com“
9.2b suraTze gamosaxulia ufro zogadi SemTxveva, rodesac saxeliT dasaTaurebuli wertili 9.1
koordinatTa sistema marcxniskenaa daZruli. masis formuliT gamoTvlili masis centria.
b) amjerad aTvlis saTave nivTieri
centris mdebareoba Semdegi formuliT ganisazRvreba:
wertilebidan ufro moSorebiT aris
m1 x1 + m2 x2 ganlagebuli. masis centris mdebareoba
xcom= m1 + m2  . (9.2) 9.2 formuliT gamoiTvleba. orive
SemTxvevaSi masis centris mdebareoba
*
xcom-is indeqsi „com“ aris inglisuri frazis „center of mass“ nivTieri wertilebisadmi ucvlelia.
abreviatura da qarTuli `mc~ abreviaturiT ar SevcvaleT.
9.2. masis centri 277
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Tu am formulaSi x1=0 CavsvamT, x2=d da 9.2 formula 9.1 formulamde
daiyvaneba. aseve yuradReba miaqcieT, rom miuxedavad koordinatTa sistemis daZvrisa, masis
centri TiToeuli nivTieri wertilidan igive manZilzea ganlagebuli.
9.2 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
m1 x1 + m2 x2
xcom= M  , (9.3)
sadac M aris sistemis mTliani masa (am SemTxvevaSi M=m1+m2). es formula SegviZlia
ganvazogadoT da x RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebuli n raodenobis nivTieri wertilebisTvis
davweroT. am SemTxvevaSi sistemis mTliani masaa M=m1+m2+...+mn da masis centris mdebareobaa:
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + . . . + mn xn
xcom= M =  . (9.4)
i indeqsi cvladi ricxvia da is 1-dan n-mde mTel mniSvnelobebs moicavs. es indeqsi sxvadasxva
nivTier wertilebs, maT masebs da x koordinatebs gansazRvravs.
Tu nivTieri wertilebi sam ganzomilebaSi aris ganlagebuli, maTi masis centri sami koordinatis
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba. 9.4 formulis ganvrcoba gvaZlevs:
xcom = , ycom =  , zcom =  (9.5)
masis centris gansazRvra veqtorebis saSualebiTac SeiZleba. Tavdapirvelad gavixsenoT, rom

xi, yi da zi koordinatze ganlagebuli nivTieri wertilis mdebareoba mdebareobis veqtoris
saSualebiT moicema:
. (9.6)
am SemTxvevaSi indeqsi nivTier wertils gansazRvravs, xolo , da erTeulovani veqtorebia,

romlebic Sesabamisad x, y da z RerZebis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. nivTier wertilTa sistemis
masis centris mdebareoba aseve mdebareobis veqtoris saSualebiT moicema:
(9.7)
9.5 formulaSi Semavali sami skalaruli gantoleba erTi veqtoruli gantolebiT SegviZlia
SevcvaloT:
, (9.8)
sadac M aris sistemis mTliani masa. am formulis SemowmebisTvis masSi 9.6 da 9.7 formulebi
CasviT da Semdeg x, y da z komponentebi ganacalkeveT. Sedegad kvlav 9.5 formula miiReba.
myari sxeulebi
Cveulebrivi sagani, magaliTad beisbolis tafela, uricxvi raodenobis nivTieri wertilisgan
(atomebisgan) Sedgeba da umjobesia is materiis uwyvet ganawilebad miviCnioT. am SemTxvevaSi,
`nivTieri wertilebi~ dm masis mqone elementebia, 9.5 formulaSi Semavali jamebi integralebi
xdeba da masis centris koordinatebi Semdegi formulebiT ganisazRvreba:
, , , (9.9)
sadac M aris sagnis masa.

araerTgvarovani sxeulebisaTvis am integralebis gamoTvla sakmaod rTuli iqneba, amitom
amjerad mxolod erTgvarovan sxeulebs ganvixilavT. erTgvarovani sxeulebis simkvrive yovel
wertilSi erTi da igivea anu sxeulis nebismieri mocemuli elementis simkvrive mTeli sxeulis
ρ simkvrivis tolia:
dm M
= ρ= , (9.10)
dV V
sadac dV aris dm masis elementis moculoba, xolo V - sagnis mTliani moculoba. 9.10 formulidan
dm=(M/V)dV 9.9 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
, , . (9.11)
erT an met integrals gverds avuvliT, Tu sagans simetriis wertili, wrfe an sibrtye gaaCnia.
am SemTxvevaSi, sagnis masis centri simetriis wertilze, wrfeze an sibrtyezea ganlagebuli.
magaliTad, erTgvarovani sferos (romelsac simetriis wertili gaaCnia) masis centri sferos
centrzea ganlagebuli. erTgvarovani konusis (romlis RerZi simetriis wrfea) masis centri
konusis RerZzea ganlagebuli. bananis (romelsac simetriis sibrtye aqvs) simetriis centri am
sibrtyezea ganlagebuli.
ar aris aucilebeli sagnis masis centri sagnis SigniT iyos ganlagebuli.
y
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia kvadratuli formis
firfita, romelsac kuTxeebidan oTxi identuri kvadrati CamoaWres. 1 2
a) sad aris sawyisi firfitis masis centri? sad aris firfitis masis
x
centri b) pirveli kvadratis, g) pirveli da meore kvadratis, d)
pirveli da mesame kvadratis, e) pirveli, meore da mesame kvadratis da 4 3
v) oTxive kvadratis moWris Semdeg?

m1=1,2kg, m2=2,5kg da m3=3,4kg masis nivTieri
wertilebi tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis
gverdis sigrZe a=140sm. sad iqneba am sistemis
masis centri?
amoxsna: Cven nivTier wertilebTan gvaqvs
Sexeba da ara ganvrcobil myar sxeulTan,
amitom maTi masis centris dasadgenad 9.5
formula SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. wertilebi
tolgverda samkuTxedis sibrtyeSi arian
ganlagebulni, amitom mxolod pirveli
ori formula gvWirdeba. gamoTvlebi sur. 9.3. sami nivTieri wertili a sigrZis gverdis
ufro martivi gaxdeba Tu x da y RerZebs ise tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis. masis centris

gavavlebT, rom erT-erTi wertili iqneba mdebareobas rcom mdebareobis veqtori gansazRvravs.
aTvlis saTave da x RerZi samkuTxedis erT-erT

sistemis mTliani M masaa 7,1kg.
gverds daemTxveva (sur. 9.3.). am SemTxvevaSi,
9.5 formulidan gamomdinare, masis centris
nivTieri wertilebis koordinatebia:
koordinatebia:
nivTieri m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
masa (kg) x (sm) y (sm) =
wertili M
1 1 ,2 0 0 (1,2 kg)(0) + (2,5 kg)(140 sm) + (3,4 kg)(70 sm)

=
2 2,5 140 0 7,1 kg
3 3,4 70 120 = 83 sm (pasuxi)

9.2. masis centri 279
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 = 58 sm (pasuxi)
da = 
M 9.3 suraTze masis centris mdebareobas rcom
mdebareobis veqtori gansazRvravs, romlis
(1,2 kg)(0) + (2,5 kg)(0) + (3,4 kg)(120 sm)
= komponentebia xcom da ycom.
7,1 kg

9.4a suraTze gamosaxulia 2R radiusis
erTgvarovani P firfita, romelsac R
radiusis disko CamoaWres. xy koordinatTa
sistemis daxmarebiT daadgineT firfitis
masis centris mdebareoba comp.
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad simetriis gamoye
nebiT firfitis P centris mdebareoba
davadginoT. Semdeg gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
firfita x RerZisadmi simetriulia. aqedan
gamomdinare, comp wertili x RerZze unda
iyos ganlagebuli. firfita (diskos CamoWris
(a)
Semdeg) y RerZisadmi simetriuli ar aris.
miuxedavad amisa, y RerZis marjvniv ufro meti
masaa Tavmoyrili da, amitom, comp wertili am
RerZidan marjvniv unda iyos ganlagebuli.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, comp
wertili daaxloebiT iq mdebareobs, sadac
9.4a suraTzea naCvenebi.
P firfitis masis centris (comp) namdvili
koordinatebis dasadgenad 9.11 formulebi
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. es meTodi sakmaod
gaarTulebs amocanas, amitom umjobesia
davuSvaT, rom erTgvarovani sagnis masa sagnis
masis centrze mdebare nivTier wertilSia (b)
koncentrirebuli.
Tavdapirvelad amoWrili disko (davarqvaT
mas S) ukan davabrunoTY (sur. 9.4b) da firfitis (g)
pirvandeli saxe aRvadginoT (am firfitas C
sur. 9.4. a) P firfitis radiusia 2R, xolo wriuli
davarqvaT). S diskos comS masis centri wriuli xvrelis radiusia R. P firfitis masis centri comp
simetriulobis Sedegad S-is centrze, x = –R wertilzea ganlagebuli. b) S disko ukan daabrunes
koordinatze mdebareobs. aseve C firfitis da C firfitam pirvandeli saxe miiRo. naCvenebia
S diskos comS masis centri da C firfitis comC
comC masis centri C-is centrze anu aTvlis masis centri. g) S-is da P-is gaerTianebis comS+P
saTavezea. modiT, yovelive zemoTqmuls masis centri C firfitis comC-s anu aTvlis saTaves
erTianad movuyaroT Tavi: emTxveva.
masis masis centris

firfita masa axla davuSvaT, rom S diskos mS masa xS = –R
centri mdebareoba
koordinatze mdebare nivTier wertilSia
P comP xP=? mP koncentrirebuli, xolo mP masa xP
S comS xS = –R mS koordinatze mdebare nivTier wertilSia
C comC xC=0 mC=mS+mP koncentrirebuli (sur. 9.4g). amis Semdeg es
ori nivTieri wertili sistemad miviCnioT farTobebs SegviZlia davukavSiroT Tu

da maTi xS+P masis centris dasadgenad 9.2 gaviTvaliswinebT, rom:
formula gamoviyenoT: masa = simkvrive × moculoba
m x + mP xP = simkvrive × sisqe × farTobi
xS+P = S S . (9.12)
mS + mP am SemTxvevaSi:
Semdeg gavixsenoT, rom S diskos da P firfitis mS simkvrive S sisqe S farTobi S
= × ×
gaerTianeba C firfitas gvaZlevs. maSasadame, mP simkvrive P sisqe P farTobi P
comS+P masis centris xS+P mdebareoba comC-s xC vinaidan firfita erTgvarovania, simkvrive
mdebareobas (aTvlis saTaves) unda daemTxves, ρS = ρP da S diskosa da P firfitis sisqe
amitom xS+P=xC=0. miRebuli Sedegi 9.12 erTmaneTis tolia:
formulaSi CavsvaT da xP-sTvis amovxsnaT: mS farTobi S farTobi S
= =
mS mP farTobi P farTobi C – farTobi S
xP = – xS . (9.13) πR 2
mP 1
= =
amjerad kidev erTi problema gaCnda, vinaidan
  π(2R)2 – πR2 3
9.13 formulaSi Semavali masebi ar viciT. 9.13 formulaSi es Sedegi da xS = –R CavsvaT da
samagierod masebi S-is da P-is zedapiris miviRebT:
1
xP = R (pasuxi)
3
taqtika 1:masis centrTan dakavSi dayofa, TiToeuli es nawili nivTier wertilad

miiCnieT; 3) koordinatTa RerZebi Wkvianurad
rebuli amocanebi
gaavleT. Tu sistema nivTieri wertilebisgan
9.1 da 9.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebSi
Sedgeba, erT-erTi nivTieri wertili aTvlis
mocemulia sami strategia, Tu rogor unda
saTaves daamTxvieT. Tu Tqveni sistema
gamartivdes masis centrTan dakavSirebuli
simetriis wrfis mqone sxeulia, am wrfes x an
amocanebi: 1) gamoiyeneT sagnis simetria,
y RerZi daamTxvieT. aTvlis saTavis arCeva
iqneba es wertili, wrfe Tu sibrtye; 2) Tu
mTlianad Tqvens survilzea da masis centris
SesaZlebelia sagnis ramdenime nawilad
mdebareoba masze damokidebuli ar aris.
9.3. niutonis meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis

Cven ukve viciT nivTier wertilTa sistemis masis centris mdebareobis dadgena da amjerad
ganvixilavT, Tu rogor gadaaadgilebs masis centrs gare Zala. modiT, biliardis ori
burTisgan Semdgari martivi sistema gavarCioT.
Tu kiis saSualebiT biliardis erT burTs meores moartyamT, ori burTisgan Semdgari sistema
moZraobas dartymis mimarTulebiT ganagrZobs. albaT Zalian gagikvirdebaT, rom orive burTi
ukan dagibrundeT an, magaliTad, marcxnisken amoZravdes.
ori burTisgan Semdgari sistemis masis centri aris is wertili, romelic dartymis mimarTulebiT
moZraobas ganagrZobs da Sejaxeba masze gavlenas ar axdens. es wertili burTebs Soris Sua
wertilzea (vinaidan burTebis masebi Tanabaria) da Tu kargad daakvirdebiT, darwmundebiT, rom
Cveni mosazreba sworia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba Sejaxeba iribia, pirdapiria Tu raRac Sualeduria,
masis centri mainc dartymis mimarTulebiT moZraobas ganagrZobs. modiT masis centris moZraoba
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT.
Tavdapirvelad biliardis burTebis wyvili sxvadasxva masebis n raodenobis nivTieri wertilebiT
SevcvaloT. Cven am nivTieri wertilebis individualuri moZraoba ki ar gvainteresebs, aramed
maTi erTobliobis masis centris moZraoba. masis centri sistemis mTliani masis toli masis mqone
9.3. niutonis meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis 281
nivTieri wertiliviT moZraobs. am nivTier wertils mdebareoba, siCqare an aCqareba SegviZlia
mivaniWoT. nivTier wertilTa sistemis masis centris moZraobas Semdegi veqtoruli formula
asaxavs:
t
=M com (nivTier wertilTa sistema) (9.14)
es formula nivTier wertilTa sistemis masis centris moZraobisTvis niutonis meore kanonia.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mas erTi nivTieri wertilis moZraobisTvis gankuTvnili formulis
( t
 = m ) saxes aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, 9.14 formulaSi Sesuli sami sidide frTxilad unda
gamoiTvalos:
1. t
aris sistemaze moqmedi yvela gare Zalis veqtoruli jami (Zalebis tolqmedi). sistemis
erTi nawilidan meoreze moqmedi Zalebi (Sida Zalebi) 9.14 formulaSi ar Sedis.
2. M aris sistemis jamuri masa. Cven vuSvebT, rom moZraobis sistemaSi gare nawilaki ar Sedis da
sistemis arcerTi nawilaki gareT ar gamodis. sistema Caketilia da M masa ucvlelia.
3. com sistemis masis centris aCqarebaa. 9.14 formula sistemis raime sxva wertilis aCqarebaze
informacias ar Seicavs.
9.14 formula -is da

t com-is koordinatTa RerZebis gaswvrivi komponentebis Semcveli sami
formulis identuria. es formulebia:
Ft,x=Macom,x , Ft,y=Macom,y , Ft,z=Macom,z . (9.15)
amjerad SegviZlia ukan davbrundeT da biliardis burTebis moZraoba ganvixiloT. rodesac

burTi moZraobas iwyebs, ori burTisgan Semdgar sistemaze gare Zala ar moqmedebs. maSasadame

= 0 da 9.14 formulis mixedviT acom = 0. aCqareba siCqaris cvlilebis tempia, amitom vaskvniT,
t 
rom ori burTisgan Semdgari sistemis masis centris siCqare ar icvleba. burTebs Soris
Sejaxebis dros erTi burTidan meoreze Sida Zalebi iwyebs moqmedebas. es Zalebi t
jamur
Zalaze zegavlenas ar axdens da jamuri Zala nulis toli rCeba. maSasadame, sistemis masis
centri, romelic Sejaxebamde moZraobda, Sejaxebis Semdegac igive siCqariT da mimarTulebiT
imoZravebs.
9.14 formula, nivTier wertilTa sistemasTan erTad
9.1b suraTze gamosaxuli beisbolis tafelas msgavs myar
sagnebsac miesadageba. am SemTxvevaSi, 9.14 formulaSi
Semavali M tafelas masaa, xolo t tafelaze moqmedi
mizidulobis Zalaa. igive 9.14 formulidan gamomdinare
 
acom = g anu tafelas masis centri ise moZraobs, TiTqos is

M masis nivTieri wertilia, romelzec Fg Zala moqmedebs.
9.5 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi saintereso SemTxveva. sur. 9.5. feierverkis raketa fre
nis dros feTqdeba. haeris wevis
warmoidgineT, rom feierverkis dros raketa parabolis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi raketis
formis traeqtoriiT moZraobs. garkveul adgilze raketa nawilebis masis centri sawyisi pa
feTqdeba da nawilebad iSleba. Tu raketa ar afeTqda, maSin raboluri traeqtoriiT ganagrZobs
moZraobas, vidre nawilebi miwaze dai
is naCvenebi traeqtoriiT moZraobas ganagrZobs. afeTqebis
wyeben dacemas.
Zalebi sistemis Sida Zalebia anu sistemis erTi nawilidan
meoreze moqmedeben. haeris wevis Zalis ugulebelyofis
SemTxvevaSi, sistemaze moqmedi jamuri t
gare Zala mizidulobis Zalaa da mniSvneloba ar
aqvs raketa afeTqdeba Tu ara. 9.14 formulidan gamomdinare, raketis nawilebis masis centris
 
acom aCqareba g -s tolia. es niSnavs, rom raketis nawilebis masis centri igive paraboluri
traeqtoriiT moZraobs, romliTac raketa imoZravebda.
sur. 9.6. didi jete. (kenet lousi, cekvis fizika, Schirmer Books, 1984).
scenaze naxtomis Sesrulebis dros balerina mxrebs maRla swevs da xelebs horizontalurad Slis
(sur. 9.6). amis Semdeg balerinas masis centri maRla gadaadgildeba. masis centri paraboluri
traeqtoriiT scenis gaswvriv moZraobs da sxeulisadmi misi moZraoba balerinas Tavisa da
torsis mier aRebul simaRles amcirebs. Sedegad balerinas Tavi da torsi horizontaluri
traeqtoriiT moZraobs da farfatis iluzia iqmneba.

n raodenobis nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis 9.8 formula gvaZlevs:
(9.16)

sadac M aris sistemis jamuri masa, xolo rcom - sistemis masis centris mdebareobis ganmsazRvreli
veqtori.
9.16 formulis droiT diferencireba mogvcems:
(9.17)
aq (=d /dt) aris i rigis nivTieri wertilis siCqare, xolo

i (=d
com /dt) - masis centris
com
siCqare.
9.17 formulis droiT diferencireba mogvcems:
(9.18)
 
aq ai (=d i /dt) aris i rigis nivTieri wertilis aCqareba, xolo acom (=d com /dt) - masis centris
aCqareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom masis centri geometriuli wertilia, mas mdebareoba, siCqare da
aCqareba nivTieri wertilis msgavsad gaaCnia.
 
niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, mi ai aris i rigis nivTier wertilze moqmedi Fi Zalis
toli. maSasadame, 9.18 formula ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
(9.19)
9.19 formulis marjvena mxareze mocemuli Zalebi sistemis nivTier wertilebs Soris moqmedi
9.3. niutonis meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis 283
Zalebi (Sida Zalebi) da sistemis garedan nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalebia (gare Zalebia).
niutonis mesame kanonidan gamomdinare, Sida Zalebi mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvilebs qmnis da
erTmaneTs abaTileben. 9.19 formulis marjvena mxareze mxolod sistemaze moqmedi gare Zalebis
veqtoruli jami rCeba. am SemTxvevaSi, 9.19 formula 9.14 formulaze daiyvaneba. 9.14 formula
damtkicebulia.
sakontrolo wertili 2. or mociguraves xaxunisgan Tavisufal yinulze umniSvnelo masis

joxi sawinaaRmdego boloebiT uWiravs. RerZi joxis gaswvrivaa gavlebuli da misi aTvlis
saTave mociguraveebis sistemis masis centrs emTxveva. erT-erTi mociguravis - fredis
wona, meore mociguravis - eTelis wonaze orjer metia. sad Sexvdebian mociguraveebi Tu
a) fredi joxs gamowevs da eTelisken gadaadgildeba, b) eTeli joxs gamowevs da fredisken
gadaadgileba da g) orive mocigurave erTdroulad gamowevs joxs?

9.7a suraTze gamosaxuli sami nivTieri
wertili ar moZraobs. sistemis gareT mdebare
sxeulebidan TiToeul nivTier wertilze
gare Zala moqmedebs. Zalebis mimarTulebebi
naCvenebia, xolo maTi sidideebia F1 = 6 n,
F2 = 12 n da F3=14 n. ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs
sistemis masis centri da ra aCqareba aqvs mas?
amoxsna: masis centris mdebareoba 9.1 amocanis
amoxsnis nimuSis meTodiTaa gansazRvruli da
wertiliT aRiniSneba. masis centri realur
nivTier wertilad SegviZlia miviCnioT,
romlis masa sistemis mTliani masis (M = 16 kg)
tolia. aseve SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom samive
gare Zala masis centrze moqmedebs (sur. 9.7b).
masis centrisTvis niutonis meore kanoni
Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
t
= M com (9.20)
   
an F1 + F2 + F3 = Macom
com
sur. 9.7. a) naCveneb adgilebze ganlagebul uZrav
aqedan gamomdinare: nivTier wertilebze gare Zalebi moqmedebs. sistemis
   
 F1 + F2 + F3 = Macom masis centri aRniSnulia. b) sistemis masis centri
acom = (9.21) sistemis mTliani M masis toli nivTieri wertilis
M
msgavsad moqmedebs da Zalebic masze moqmedebs.
9.20 formula gvauwyebs, rom masis centris 
naCvenebia jamuri t gare Zala da masis centris acom

acom aCqarebis mimarTuleba sistemaze moqmedi aCqareba.
jamuri t
gare Zalis mimarTulebas emTxveva
(sur. 9.7b). vinaidan nivTieri wertilebi SesaZlebelia misi komponenturi formiT Ca

Tavdapirvelad ar moZraoben, masis centric wera, Semdeg acom -is komponentebis da bolos,

ar moZraobs. mas Semdeg rac masis centri Tavad acom -is gamoTvla. x RerZis gaswvriv

aCqarebas iwyebs, is acom -is da, e.i. t
-is gveqneba:
mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba. F1x + F2x + F3x
acom,x = M
9.21 formulis marjvena mxare veqtorul
kalkulatorze SegviZlia gamovTvaloT. aseve –6 n + (12 n) cos 45° + 14 n
= = 1,03 m/wm2
16 kg
y RerZis gaswvriv gveqneba: mniSvnelobas da kuTxes gamovTvliT:

F + F + F3y
acom,y = 1y M2y
0 + (12 n) sin 45° + 0
= = 0,53 m/wm2 = 1,16 m/wm2 ≈ 1,2 m/wm2 (pasuxi)
16 kg
 acom,y
Semdeg komponentebis saSualebiT acom -is θ = tg–1 = 27° (pasuxi)
acom,x
9.4. impulsi
mocemul TavSi nivTier wertilTa sistemis nacvlad mxolod erT nivTier wertils ganvixilavT,
rac ori mniSvnelovani sididis gansazRvris saSualebas mogvcems.
pirveli gansazRvreba kargad nacnob sityvas - impulss exeba, romelsac yoveldRiur enaSi

ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. nivTieri wertilis impulsi p aris veqtoruli sidide:
 
mν (nivTieri wertilis impulsi),
p=m (9.22)
sadac m aris nivTieri wertilis masa, xolo - misi siCqare (xSirad impulsTan Asityva wrfivsac
xmaroben, raTa es sidide kuTxuri impulsisgan ganasxvavon). vinaidan m yovelTvis dadebiTi

skalaruli sididea, 9.22 formulidan gamomdinare p -s da -s erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvT.
aseve 9.22 formula gvamcnobs, rom SI sistemaSi impulsis erTeulia kg·m/wm.
niutonma moZraobis meore kanoni impulsis saSualebiT Camoayaliba:
nivTieri wertilis impulsis cvlilebis tempi nivTier wertilze moqmedi jamuri

Zalis tolia da am Zalis mimarTulebisaa.
formulis saSualebiT es wesi ase Caiwereba:
t
(9.23)

nivTier wertilze moqmedi jamuri t
gare Zala nivTieri wertilis p impulss cvlis da,
Sesabamisad, impulsi mxolod jamuri gare Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad icvleba. Tu jamuri gare

Zala ar arsebobs, p ar icvleba. 9.7 paragrafSi gamoCndeba, rom es faqti amocanebis amoxsnaSi
Zalian gvexmareba.

9.22 formulidan 9.23 formulaSi p CavsvaT da mudmivi m masis pirobebSi gveqneba:

dp d d 
 =  = (m ) = m  = m acom
.
t
dt dt dt
  
maSasadame, t
 = d p /dt da Fnett = ma eqvivalenturi formulebia da isini nivTieri wertilis
moZraobisTvis niutonis meore kanons gamoxataven.
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia p impulsis t

droze damokidebulebis grafiki RerZis gaswvriv moZravi
nivTieri wertilisTvis. nivTier wertilze RerZis gaswvriv
mimarTuli Zala moqmedebs. a) daalageT danomrili
monakveTebi Zalis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze. b)
romel monakveTze neldeba nivTieri wertili?
9.5. nivTier wertilTa sistemis impulsi 285
9.5. nivTier wertilTa sistemis impulsi

erTi nivTieri wertilis impulsi ukve ganvsazRvreT, amjerad ki Cveni gansazRvreba nivTier
wertilTa sistemaze ganvavrcoT. ganvixiloT n raodenobis nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgari
sistema, romelSic yvela nivTier wertils sakuTari masa, siCqare da impulsi aqvs. nivTieri
wertilebi erTmaneTze moqmedeben da maTze gare Zalebic aris modebuli. sistemis mTliani

impulsia P , rac individualuri nivTieri wertilebis impulsebis veqtoruli jamia:

(9.24)
Tu am formulas 9.17 formulas SevadarebT, gamoCndeba, rom:
 
P = mν com
com (impulsi, nivTier wertilTa sistema) (9.25)
nivTier wertilTa sistemis impulsi asec SeiZleba

ganisazRvros:
nivTier wertilTa sistemis impulsi sistemis jamuri

M masis da masis centris siCqaris namravlis tolia.
Tu 9.25 formulas droiT gavawarmoebT, miviRebT:
(9.26)
9.14 da 9.26 formulebis Sedareba saSualebas iZleva niutonis

meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis Caiweros:
t
(nivTier wertilTa sistema), (9.27)
sadac t
aris sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zala.
9.27 formula erTi nivTieri wertilisTvis miRebuli

t
 = d p /dt formulis ganzogadebaa mravali nivTieri
wertilisgan Semdgari sistemisTvis. am formulis Tanaxmad,
nivTieri wertilebis sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zala
 t
iwevs sistemis P impulsis cvlilebebs anu impulsi mxolod tafelasa da burTs Soris Sejaxeba
jamuri gare Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba. Tu gare jamuri Zala burTis nawils amtvrevs

ar moqmedebs, P impulsi ar icvleba.
9.6. Sejaxeba da impulsi


nivTieri wertilis magvari nebismieri sagnis p impulsi ar icvleba, Tu jamuri gare Zala ar
moqmedebs. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia sxeuls vubiZgoT da misi impulsi SevcvaloT. ufro
dramatulad Tu mivudgebiT sakiTxs, maSin SegviZlia sxeuls beisbolis tafela CavartyaT.
amgvari Sejaxebis dros sxeulze moqmedi gare Zalis sidide didia, xanmokle moqmedebisaa da
sxeulis impulss swrafad cvlis. Sejaxeba Cvens samyaroSi xSirad xdeba da sakmaod Zviradac
ujdeba kacobriobas, rodesac saqme manqanebs exeba. manqanebis Sejaxebas mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT, amjerad ki Sejaxebis ufro martivi saxeoba unda SeviswavloT, rodesac nivTieri
wertilis magvari moZravi sxeuli raime sxva sxeuls (samiznes) ejaxeba.
erTi Sejaxeba
davuSvaT, moZravi sxeuli burTia, xolo samizne - tafela.
Sejaxeba xanmoklea da burTze moqmed Zalas misi Seneleba,
SeCereba da moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvla SeuZlia. 9.8
suraTze naCvenebia amgvari Sejaxebis erTi momenti. burTze

F (t ) Zala moqmedebs, romelic Sejaxebis ganmavlobaSi icvleba

da burTis p wrfiv impulss cvlis. impulsis cvlileba Zalas sur. 9.8. burTisa da tafelas
  Sejaxebis dros burTze F (t ) Zala
niutonis meore kanonis ( F  = d
(t ) p /dt) saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. moqmedebs.
maSasadame, dt drois SualedSi burTis impulsis cvlilebaa:
 
d p = F (t ) dt (9.28)
Sejaxebis Sedegad gamowveul impulsis jamur cvlilebas gamovTvliT, Tu movaxdenT 9.28

formulis orive mxaris integrirebas Sejaxebamde ti droidan Sejaxebis Semdeg tf dromde:
(9.29)
  
am formulis marcxena mxareze impulsis p f - pi = Dp cvlilebaa mocemuli. formulis marjvena

mxares Sejaxebis J Zalis impulsi ewodeba:

J (Zalis impulsis gansazRvreba). (9.30)
maSasadame, sagnis impulsis cvlileba Zalis impulsis tolia:

 
Δ p  = J  (impulsi-Zalis impulsis Teorema) (9.31)
es gamosaxuleba veqtoruli saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:

  
p f - pi = D
J p (9.32)
veqtoruli gamosaxulebis komponenturi formaa:
Δpx = Jx (9.33)
da pf x – pi x Fx dt (9.34)

(a)
 
Tu F (t ) funqcia viciT, maSin am funqciis integrebiT J -s

gamovTvliT. Tu F -is t-ze damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki
gvaqvs mocemuli, maSin grafiksa da t RerZs Soris farTobis

(sur. 9.9a) gamoTvla aseve J -s mogvcems. xSirad ar viciT, Tu
rogor icvleba Zala droSi, magram viciT Zalis FsaS saSualo
sidide da Sejaxebis Δt(=tf – ti) xangrZlivoba. am SemTxvevaSi
Zalis impulsis sididea:
J=FsaS Δt (9.35) (b)
sur. 9.9. a) grafiki 9.8 suraTze

9.9b suraTze naCvenebia saSualo Zalis droze damokidebule
gamosaxuli Sejaxebis dros burTze
bis funqciis grafiki. grafikis qveda arealis farTobi 9.9a moqmed droSi cvalebad F(t) Zalas
suraTze gamosaxuli F(t) realuri Zalis grafikis qveda asaxavs. grafikis qveda arealis

farTobi burTze moqmedi J Zalis
arealis farTobis tolia, vinaidan orive farTobi Zalis
impulsis tolia. b) marTkuTxedis
impulsis J sididis tolia. simaRle Δt drois SualedSi
burTis nacvlad aqcenti tafelaze SegviZlia gadavitanoT burTze moqmedi FsaS saSualo Zalaa.
marTkuTxedis farTobi grafikis
(sur. 9.8). niutonis mesame kanoni gvauwyebs, rom nebismieri
qveda arealis farTobis
 tolia da,
momentSi tafelaze moqmedi Zala burTze moqmedi Zalis toli maSasadame, isic J Zalis impulss
da mimarTulebiT sapirispiroa. 9.30 formulidan gamomdinare gvaZlevs.
9.6. Sejaxeba da impulsi 287
es niSnavs, rom tafelaze moqmedi Zalis impulsis sidide
burTze moqmedi Zalis impulsis toli da mimarTulebiT
sapirispiroa.
sakontrolo wertili 4. sahaero medesantes para

sur. 9.10. Tanabari wrfivi impulsebis
Suti ar gaexsna da TovlSi CaeSva. medesanti msu
mqone Wurvebi uZrav samiznes ejaxeba.
samizneze moqmedi FsaS saSualo buqad daSavda. SiSvel miwaze dacemis SemTxvevaSi
Zala marjvniskenaa mimarTuli da medesantis gaCerebis dro 10-jer naklebi iqneboda,
misi sidide sagnebis Sejaxebis anu
xolo Sejaxeba sasikvdilo aRmoCndeboda. Tovlis
masebis samiznesTan Sejaxebis tempzea
damokidebuli. arseboba a) medesantis impulsis cvlilebas, b) mede
santis SemaCerebel Zalis impulss da g) medesantis
SemaCerebel Zalas zrdis, amcirebs Tu ar cvlis?
SejaxebaTa seria
amjerad sxeulze moqmedi Zala ganvixiloT, rodesac sxeuli identur SejaxebaTa serias
ganicdis. magaliTad, SegviZlia ganvixiloT CogburTis burTebis kedelTan Sejaxeba. TiToeuli
amgvari Sejaxebis Sedegad kedelze Zala moqmedebs. Cven SejaxebaTa mravalricxovani seriis
dros Zalis saSualo mniSvneloba gvainteresebs.
9.10 suraTze gamosaxulia m masis da m wrfivi impulsis mqone Wurvebis nakadi, romelic x
RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba da uZrav samizne sxeuls ejaxeba. Δt drois SualedSi samiznesTan
Sejaxebuli Wurvebis raodenobaa n. vinaidan moZraoba mxolod x RerZis gaswvriv xdeba, impulsis
RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. maSasadame, TiToeuli Wurvis sawyisi
impulsia mν da Sejaxebis Sedegad misi wrfivi impulsiT Δp-iT icvleba. Δt drois SualedSi n
raodenobis Wurvebis wrfivi impulsebis jamuri cvlilebaa nΔp. igive drois SualedSi moqmedi

J Zalis impulsi x RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli, misi sididea nΔp, xolo mimarTuleba wrfivi
impulsebis sawinaaRmdegoa. Zalis impulsis gamosaxuleba komponentur formaSi ase Caiwereba:
J = –nΔp , (9.36)
minus niSani asaxavs, rom J-s da Δp-s sapirispiro mimarTulebebi aqvT.
9.35 formulis gardaqmna da masSi 9.36 formulis Casma Sejaxebebis dros samizneze moqmed FsaS
saSualo Zalas mogvcems:
J n n
FsaS = =– Δp = –  m Δv , (9.37)
Δt Δt Δt
FsaS-s 9.37 formula n/Δt-s saSualebiT gvaZlevs, rac Wurvebis samiznesTan Sejaxebis tempia. Δν
Wurvebis siCqaris cvlilebaa.
Tu Wurvebi Sejaxebis dros Cerdeba, maSin 9.37 formulaSi Δν-s nacvlad SegviZlia CavsvaT:
Δν = νf  – νi = 0 – ν = –ν , (9.38)

sadac νi (= ν) da νf (= 0) Wurvis siCqareebia Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis Semdeg. Tu Wurvi samiznidan
siCqaris sidids cvlilebis gareSe ukuigdeba, maSin νf = –ν da gveqneba:
Δν = νf  – νi = – ν – ν = –2ν (9.39)
Δt drois SualedSi samiznes Δm = nm masa ejaxeba. maSasadame, 9.37 formula ase SeiZleba
Caiweros:
Δm
FsaS = – Δv (9.40)
Δt
9.40 formula FsaS Zalas Δm/Δt-s saSualebiT gvaZlevs, rac samiznesTan masis Sejaxebis tempia.
amjeradac SegviZlia Δν 9.38 an 9.39 formulis saSualebiT SevcvaloT, rac Wurvebis moqmedebazea
damokidebuli.
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia vertikaluri

kedlidan siCqaris sididis cvlilebis gareSe asxletili

burTi. ganixileT burTis wrfivi impulsis Δ p cvlileba.
a) Δpx dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia? b) Δpy
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia? g) ra mimarTulebas

aqvs Δ p -s?

  
JJ =
= p f - pi (9.41)
9.11a suraTze naCvenebia Sejibris dros
kedelTan Sejaxebuli manqanis traeqtoria. am formulis marjvena mxare veqtorul
mZRoli Sejaxebamde kedlisadmi 30° kuTxiT kalkulatorze pirdapir SegviZlia gamo
da νi=70m/wm siCqariT wrfivad moZraobs. vTvaloT, vinaidan m=80kg, f =50m/wm-s
Sejaxebis Semdeg manqana kedlisadmi 10° (–10°) kuTxiT da i =70m/wm-s 30° kuTxiT. am
kuTxiT da νf = 50m/wm siCqariT ganagrZobs SemTxvevaSi 9.41 formulas komponenturi
moZraobas. mZRolis masaa 80kg. formiT gamovTvliT. x RerZis gaswvriv

 gveqneba:
a) ra J Zalis impulsi moqmedebs mZRolze
Jx = m(νfx – νix )
Sejaxebis Sedegad?
= (80kg)[(50m/wm)cos(–10°) – (70m/wm)cos30°] 
amoxsna: Cven SegviZlia mZRoli nivTieri = –910 kg·m/wm
wertilis magvar sagnad miviCnioT, Tumca 9.30 y RerZis gaswvriv gveqneba:

formuliT J -s ver gamovTvliT, vinaidan Jy = m(νfy – νiy )

Sejaxebis dros mZRolze moqmedi F (t) Zala =(80kg)[(50m/wm)sin(–10°) – (70m/wm)sin30°] 

ar viciT. aqedan gamomdinare, F (t) funqcia an = –3495 kg·m/wm ≈ –3500 kg·m/wm

funqciis grafiki mocemuli ar gvaqvs da J -s am SemTxvevaSi Zalis impulsi iqneba:

gamoTvla am gziT SeuZlebelia.
 (-910iˆ – 3500
J = (–910 - 3500 ˆj ) kg·m/wm (pasuxi)

samagierod, J -s gamoTvla mZRolis p im Zalis impulsis sididea:

pulsis cvlilebis da 9.32 formulis ( J =
  J= = 3616 kg·m/wm ≈ 3600 kg·m/wm
J = p f - pi ) saSualebiT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT.
 
9.11b suraTze naCvenebia mZRolis pi impulsi J Zalis impulsis kuTxea:
 J
Sejaxebamde da p f impulsi Sejaxebis Semdeg. θ = tg–1 y (pasuxi)
Jx
9.32 da 9.22 formulebidan gamomdinareobs:
kalkulatori gvaZlevs 75,4°-s, magram gaixse
neT, rom Sebrunebuli tangesis fizikurad
(a) (b)
(g)

sur. 9.11. a) mZRolisa da manqanis mier ganvlili traeqtoria kedelze Sejaxebis dros. b) mZRolis pi sawyisi
 
impulsi da p f saboloo impulsi. g) mZRolze moqmedi J Zalis impulsi Sejaxebis dros.
9.7. impulsis mudmivoba 289
swori pasuxis misaRebad am Sedegs 180° unda = 2,583 × 105 n ≈ 2,6 × 105 n (pasuxi)

daematos. Tu J -s komponentebs gavavlebT gamoviyenoT F = ma formula (sadac m = 80kg)
(sur. 9.11g), aRmoCndeba, rom swori pasuxia da davadgenT, rom Sejaxebis ganmavlobaSi
75,4° + 180° = 255,4° anu: mZRolis saSualo aCqarebaa daaxloebiT
θ = –105° (pasuxi) 3,22 × 10 m/wm = 329g. savaraudod, mZRoli
3  2 
sTvis Sejaxeba sasikvdilo iqneboda.

b) Sejaxeba 14 miliwamis ganmavlobaSi grZel
inJiner-meqanikosebi safrTxis Semcirebis
deba. ra saSualo Zala moqmedebs mZRolze
Tvis trasis kedlebs ise ageben, rom Sejaxeba
Sejaxebis ganmavlobaSi?
ufro didxans gagrZeldes. magaliTad,
amoxsna: 9.35 formulidan gamomdinare, FsaS
Tu Cvens amocanaSi Sejaxeba 10-jer ufro
saSualo Zala J Zalis impulsis da Sejaxebis Δt
didxans gagrZeldeba da sxva monacemebi ar
xangrZlivobis Sefardebis tolia:
Seicvleba, saSualo Zala da saSualo aCqareba
J 3616 kg·m/wm
FsaS = = 10-jer naklebi iqneba, rac mZRols gadarCenis
Δt 0,014 wm
saSualebas miscems.
9.7. impulsis mudmivoba


davuSvaT, nivTier wertilTa sistemaze moqmedi jamuri t
gare Zala (da maSasadame jamuri J
Zalis impulsi) nulia (sistema izolirebulia) da garedan sistemaSi nivTieri wertilebi ar

Sedis da sistemidan ar gamodis. 9.27 formulaSi t 
= 0 Casma dP /dt=0 pasuxs mogvcems anu:

P = mudmiva (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema) (9.42)

Tu nivTier wertilTa sistemaze jamuri gare Zala ar moqmedebs, sistemis mTliani P
impulsi ar icvleba.
miRebul Sedegs impulsis Senaxvis kanoni ewodeba. es kanoni Semdegi formuliTac SeiZleba
Caiweros:
 
P i = P f (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema) (9.43)
maSasadame, Caketili, izolirebuli sistemisTvis:
( mTliani impulsi raime

sawyis ti droSi )(
=
mTliani impulsi raime
momdevno tf droSi )
gafrTxileba: impulsi da energia erTmaneTSi ar aurioT. mocemuli Tavis amocanis amoxsnis
nimuSebSi impulsi inaxeba, xolo energia ara.
9.42 da 9.43 formulebi veqtoruli gantolebebia da TiToeuli maTganis eqvivalenturi sami
formula arsebobs, romelic Tavis mxriv xyz koordinatTa sistemis urTierTperpendikularuli
sami mimarTulebiT impulsis Senaxvas Seesabameba. impulsi SeiZleba erTi an ori mimarTulebiT
inaxebodes, xolo yvela mimarTulebiT ara. amis mizezi sistemaze moqmedi Zalebia.
Tu Caketil sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis komponenti RerZis gaswvriv nulis
tolia, maSin am RerZis gaswvriv sistemis impulsis komponenti ar icvleba.
magaliTad mogvyavs oTaxSi gasrolili greipfruti. frenis dros greipfrutze (romelsac


sistemad miviCnevT) mxolod vertikalurad qvemoT mimarTuli Fg mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs.
maSasadame, greipfrutis impulsis vertikaluri komponenti icvleba da vinaidan greipfrutze
horizontaluri gare Zala ar moqmedebs, impulsis horizontaluri komponenti ucvlelia.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Cven aqcents Caketil sistemaze moqmed gare Zalebze vakeTebT. Sida
Zalebs sistemis nawilebis impulsis Secvla SeuZlia, magram erTiani sistemis mTlian impulss
ver cvlis.
mocemuli Tavis amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebSi ganxilulia erTganzomilebiani da organzomile
biani afeTqebebi. erTganzomilebiani niSnavs, rom afeTqebamde da afeTqebis Semdeg moZraoba erTi
RerZis gaswvriv xdeba, xolo organzomilebiani Sesabamisad miuTiTebs, rom moZraoba ori RerZis
Semcvel sibrtyeze mimdinareobs. momdevno TavebSi erTganzomilebian da organzomilebian
Sejaxebebs ganvixilavT.
sakontrolo wertili 6. Tavdapirvelad uZravi sagani xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze

afeTqda da or nawilad daiSala. erTi nawili x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gasrialda.
a) risi tolia nawilebis mTliani impulsi afeTqebis Semdeg? b) SesaZlebelia Tu ara meore
nawilma x RerZisadmi raime kuTxiT imoZraos? g) ra mimarTuleba aqvs meore nawilis
impulss?
erTganzomilebiani afeTqeba: m = 6 kg masis mudmivia da x RerZis gaswvriv 9.43 formula

xmis misacemi yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
zedapirze, x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT sistemis sawyisi impulsi yuTis impulsis
ν = 4 m/wm siCqariT misrialebs. Semdeg yuTi tolia:
 
feTqdeba da or nawilad iSleba. m1 = 2 kg masis Pi = mν ,
erTi nawili x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT yuTis nawilebis saboloo impulsebia:
   
ν1 = 8 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. ra siCqare aqvs Pf 1 = m1ν11 da
Pf 2 = m 2ν2 2
m2 masis meore nawils? 
sistemis saboloo, mTliani Pf impulsi nawi
amoxsna: meore nawilis siCqares miviRebdiT,
lebis impulsebis veqtoruli jamia:
Tu gvecodineboda misi impulsi, vinaidan   
Pf = Pf 1 + Pf 2 =m +m
m2 = m – m1 = 4 kg. nawilebis impulsebi da 1 2
vinaidan siCqareebi da impulsebi x RerZis

yuTis impulsi erTmaneTs daukavSirdeba, Tu
gaswvriv gavlebuli veqtorebia, isini x
impulsi mudmivia. modiT SevamowmoT.
komponentebis saSualebiTac SeiZleba gamo
Cveni aTvlis saTave zedapiria. yuTisa da
isaxos. gamoviyenoT es SesaZlebloba, 9.43
Semdeg ori nawilisgan Semdgari sistema
formula da miviRebT:
Caketilia, magram izolirebuli ar aris,
Pi = Pf
vinaidan yuTsa da nawilebze drekadobis Zala
anu
da mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs. es Zalebi
mν = m1ν1 + m2ν2
vertikalurad aris mimarTuli da sistemis
monacemebis Casmis Semdeg miviRebT:
impulsis horizontalur komponents ver
Secvlis. arc afeTqebis Sedegad miRebul (6 kg)(4 m/wm) = (2 kg)(8 m/wm) + (4 kg)ν2
Zalebs SeuZlia impulsis horizontaluri da ν2 = 2 m/wm (pasuxi)
komponentis Secvla, vinaidan isini sistemis vinaidan pasuxi dadebiTia, yuTis meore
Sida Zalebia. aqedan gamomdinare, sistemis nawilic x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
impulsis horizontaluri komponenti moZraobs.
9.7. impulsis mudmivoba 291

erTganzomilebiani afeTqeba: 9.12a suraTze
naCvenebia M jamuri masis kosmosuri gada 1 MS HS
mzidi da tvirTi, romlebic x RerZis gaswvriv

gadamzidi
moZraoben. mzis mimarT maTi sawyisi siCqarea
tvirTis 0,20 M 0,80 M
2100 km/sT. mcire afeTqebis Sedegad
i =  modulu
x x
gadamzidi 0,2M masis tvirTs gareT gamoisvris (a) (b)
(sur. 9.12b). amis Semdeg gadamzidi tvirTze
sur. 9.12. a) datvirTuli kosmosuri gadamzidi i sawy-
500km/sT-iT ufro swrafad moZraobs anu isi siCqariT moZraobs. b) gadamzidi tvirTs gamois-
gadamzidsa da tvirTs Soris fardobiTi νfar vris. tvirTis siCqare mzis mimarT MS-ia, xolo gad-
siCqarea 500 km/sT. ra HS siCqare aqvs am dros amzidi mzis mimarT HS siCqariT moZraobs
gadamzids mzis mimarT?

amoxsna: gadamzidi-tvirTis sistema Caketili es toloba simboloebiT gamovsaxoT:
da izolirebulia, amitom misi jamuri impulsi νHS=νfar + νMS (9.47)
mudmivia:
anu νMS = νHS – νfar
 
Pi = Pf , (9.44) 9.46 formulaSi νMS-is nacvlad es formula
sadac i da f indeqsebi tvirTis gamosrolamde CavsvaT, xolo Semdeg 9.45 da 9.46 formulebi
da gamosrolis Semdeg momentebs asaxavs. 9.44 formulaSi gadavitanoT. Sedegad mi
moZraoba erTi RerZis gaswvriv xdeba, amitom viRebT:
impulsebi da siCqareebi x komponentebis Mνi = 0,2M(νHS – νfar) + 0,8MνHS
saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros. tvirTis rac gvaZlevs:
gamosrolamde gvaqvs: νHS = νi + 0,2νfar
anu νHS = 2100 km/sT + (0,2)(500 km/sT)
Pi = Mνi (9.45)
= 2200 km/sT (pasuxi)
modiT, νMS iyos gamosrolili tvirTis siCqare
mzis mimarT. tvirTis gamosrolis Semdeg
sakontrolo wertili 7. cxrilSi
sistemis jamuri impulsia:
mocemulia kosmosuri gadamzidisa da
Pf=(0,2M)νMS + (0,8M)νHS (9.46) tvirTis siCqareebi (mzis mimarT, tvirTis
gamosrolis Semdeg) da gadamzidsa da
formulis marjvena mxaris pirveli wevri
tvirTs Soris fardobiTi siCqareebi.
tvirTis impulsia, xolo meore wevri – gada
SeavseT gamotovebuli mniSvnelobebi.
mzidis impulsi.
Cven ar viciT tvirTis νMS siCqare mzis mimarT,
siCqareebi (km/sT) fardobiTi
magram es siCqare sxva, cnobil siCqareebTan
tvirTi gadamzidi siCqare (km/sT)
SegviZlia dakavSiroT:
a) 1500 2000
( gadamzidis siCqare
mzis mimarT ) = b) 3000 400
= ( gadamzidis siCqare
tvirTis mimarT )(
+
tvirTis siCqare
mzis mimarT ) g) 1000 600

organzomilebiani afeTqeba: M masis qoqosis 9.13). samive nawili zedapiris gaswvriv
kaklis SigniT moTavsebulma asafeTqebelma, gasrialda. 0,3M masis C nawilis saboloo
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze uZravad siCqarea νfC = 5 m/wm.
dadebuli kakali sam nawilad daSala (sur. a) ra iqneba 0,2M masis B nawilis siCqare?
amoxsna: modiT, SevamowmoT, inaxeba Tu ara

impulsi. amisTvis gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
1) qoqosis kakali da misi nawilebi Caketil
sistemas qmnian, 2) afeTqebis Zalebi sistemis
SigniT moqmedeben da 3) sistemaze jamuri
gare Zala ar moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
sistemis impulsi mudmivia.
Tavdapirvelad xy koordinatTa sistema
9.13b suraTis msgavsad gavavloT da x RerZis
sur. 9.13. afeTqebuli qoqosis kakalis sami nawili
uaryofiTi mimarTuleba fA-s mimarTulebas
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze sami mimarTulebiT
davamTxvioT. am SemTxvevaSi, x RerZi fC-sadmi gadaadgildeba. a) movlenis zedxedi. b) igive movlena
80°-s adgens, xolo fB-sadmi kuTxe 50°-ia. organzomilebian koordinatTa sistemaSi.
impulsi TiToeuli RerZis gaswvriv cal-

calke inaxeba. modiT y RerZi gamoviyenoT da inaxeba, gveqneba:
CavweroT: Pix=Pfx , (9.49)
Piy=Pfy , (9.48) sadac Pix=0, vinaidan qoqosis kakali Tavidan
sadac i indeqsi impulsis sawyis mniSvnelobas uZravad devs. Pfx-is misaRebad saboloo

(afeTqebamde) asaxavs, xolo y indeqsi Pi -s an impulsis x komponentebi gamovTvaloT.

Pf -s y komponentze mianiSnebs. amisTvis gavixsenoT, rom A nawilis masa 0,5M
sawyisi impulsis Piy komponenti nulis tolia, (= M – 0,2M – 0,3M) unda iyos:
vinaidan qoqosis kakali Tavidan uZravad devs. pfA,x = –0,5MνfA,
Pfy-is gamosaxulebis misaRebad, 9.22 formulis pfB,x = 0,2MνfB,x = 0,2MνfB cos 50°,
y komponentiani forma (py = mνy) gamoviyenoT pfC,x = 0,3MνfC,x = 0,3MνfC cos 80°.
da TiToeuli nawilis saboloo impulsis y amis Semdeg, 9.49 formula aseTi saxiT
komponenti gamovTvaloT: Caiwereba:
pfA,y = 0, Pix = Pfx = pfA,x + pfB,x + pfC,x
νfC = 5 m/wm da νfB = 9,64 m/wm da gveqneba:
pfB,y = – 0,2MνfB,y = –0,2MνfB sin50°,
0 = –0,5MνfA + 0,2M(9,64 m/wm)cos 50°
pfC,y = 0,3MνfC,y = 0,3MνfC sin80°.
+0,3M(5 m/wm)cos 80°
(PfA,y = 0 pasuxi RerZebis arCevidan gamomdi saidanac gamovTvliT:
nareobs). amjerad 9.48 formula Semdegi saxiT νfA=3m/wm (pasuxi)
SeiZleba Caiweros:
Piy = Pfy = pfA,y + pfB,y + pfC,y sakontrolo wertili 8. davuSvaT,
νfC = 5 m/wm da gveqneba: afeTqebuli qoqosis kakali 9.13 suraTze
0 = 0 – 0,2MνfB sin 50° + (0,3M)(5 m/wm) sin 80°, y RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
saidanac miviRebT: gadaadgildeba. inaxeba Tu ara misi
νfB = 9,64 m/wm ≈ 9,6 m/wm (pasuxi) impulsi a) x RerZis gaswvriv (rogorc amas
9.49 formula amtkicebs da b) y RerZis
b) ra siCqare aqvs A nawils? gaswvriv (rogorc amas 9.48 formula
amoxsna: vinaidan impulsi x RerZis gaswvriv amtkicebs)?
taqtika 2. impulsis mudmivoba izolirebul sistemaze jamuri gare Zala

ar moqmedebs. araizolirebul sistemaSi
impulsis SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli amo
impulsis TiToeuli komponenti cal-calke
canebis amoxsnisas Tavdapirvelad darwmu
inaxeba, Tu jamuri gare Zalis Sesabamisi
ndiT, rom Tqveni sistema Caketili da komponenti nulis tolia. maSasadame, erTi
izolirebulia. Caketil sistemaSi nivTiereba komponenti SeiZleba Seinaxos, xolo meore
(nivTieri wertilebi) ar Sedis da ar gamodis. ara.
9.8. impulsi da kinetikuri energia Sejaxebebis dros 293
amis Semdeg sistemis ori mdgomareoba (sawyisi sistemas moicavT da mis arc erT nawils
da saboloo) airCieT da sistemis impulsis ar tovebT an iseT sagnebs ar ganixilavT,
gamosaxulebebi orive mdgomareobisTvis romlebic sistemas ar ekuTvnis.
CawereT. gamosaxulebis Cawerisas Tqvens  
sabolood Pi da Pf erTmaneTs gautoleT da
mier arCeuli aTvlis inerciuli sistema ar
gamoTvaleT, rasac gekiTxebian.
dagaviwydeT da aseve darwmundiT, rom mTel
9.8. impulsi da kinetikuri energia Sejaxebebis dros

9.6 paragrafSi nivTieri wertilis magvari sxeulebis Sejaxeba ganvixileT, magram mTeli
yuradReba mxolod erT sxeulze gvqonda gadatanili. Semdgom paragrafebSi mTlianad
sistemas gavarCevT da davuSvebT, rom sistema Caketili da izolirebulia. 9.7 paragrafSi

amgvari sistemisTvis davadgineT, rom misi mTliani P ar icvleba, vinaidan jamuri gare Zala
ar moqmedebs. es wesi Zalian gamosadegia da winaswar gvamcnobs Sejaxebis Sedegebs detalebis
codnis gareSe.
CvenTvis ori Sejaxebuli sxeulisgan Semdgari sistemis mTliani kinetikuri energiac
sainteresoa. Tu Sejaxeba mTlian kinetikur energias ar cvlis, maSin sistemis kinetikuri energia
inaxeba. amgvar Sejaxebas elastiuri (drekadi) ewodeba. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magaliTad
manqanebis an tafelasa da burTis Sejaxebis dros, kinetikuri energiis raRac nawili yovelTvis
gadadis energiis sxva formaSi (magaliTad siTbur energiasa da bgeris energiaSi) da, maSasadame,
sistemis kinetikuri energia ar inaxeba. amgvar Sejaxebas araelastiuri (aradrekadi) ewodeba.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sxeulis Sejaxeba miaxloebiT SegviZlia elastiurad miviCnioT.
warmoidgineT, rom burTi myar zedapirs daeca. Tu zedapirsa da burTs Soris Sejaxeba
elastiuria, maSin burTi kinetikur energias ar dakargavs da sawyis simaRleze aisxliteba.
realur cxovrebaSi asxletis simaRle naklebia da es cxadyofs, rom Sejaxebis dros kinetikuri
energiis nawili daikarga da Sejaxebac araelastiuria. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, Cven mainc
SegviZlia kinetikuri energiis mcire danakargi ugulebelvyoT da Sejaxeba elastiurad
miviCnioT.
sxeulebis araelastiur Sejaxebas sistemis kinetikuri energiis danakargi yovelTvis Tan axlavs.
danakargi ufro metia, Tu sxeulebi erTmaneTs Seewebeba. am SemTxvevaSi, Sejaxebas sruliad
araelastiuri ewodeba. beisbolis burTis da tafelas Sejaxeba araelastiuria, xolo Sejaxeba
svel, sagozavian burTsa da tafelas Soris sruliad araelastiuria, vinaidan burTi tafelas
ewebeba. swored amitom, beisbols sveli, sagozaviani burTebiT ar TamaSoben.
9.9. araelastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomilebaSi

Sejaxebamde
araelastiuri Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi

9.14 suraTze naCvenebia ori sxeuli erTganzomilebian
Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis Semdeg. aseve gamosaxulia siCqare Semdeg
Sejaxebamde (i indeqsiT) da Sejaxebis Semdeg (f indeqsiT).

es ori sxeuli Caketil da izolirebul sistemas qmnis.
ori sxeulisgan Semdgari sistemisTvis impulsis Senaxvis sur. 9.14. 1 da 2 sxeuli x RerZis
kanoni SegviZlia CavweroT: gaswvriv moZraobs. suraTze naCvenebia
mdgomareoba araelastiur Sejaxebamde
( )( )
 
mTliani Pi impulsi mTliani Pf impulsi da Sejaxebis Semdeg.
=
Sejaxebamde Sejaxebis Semdeg
impulsis Senaxvis kanoni asec SeiZleba gamoisaxos:

   
p1i + p 2i = p1 f + p 2 f (impulsis mudmivoba) (9.50)
moZraoba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba, amitom veqtorebis isrebi SegviZlia wavSaloT da mxolod
RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebi gamoviyenoT. vinaidan p=mν, 9.50 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
m1ν1i+m2ν2i=m1ν1f+m2ν2f (9.51)
Tu magaliTad masebi, sawyisi siCqareebi da erT-erTi saboloo siCqare viciT, meore saboloo
siCqaresac iolad gamovTvliT.
sruliad araelastiuri Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi

9.15 suraTze gamosaxulia ori sxeuli sruliad araelastiur Sejaxebamde
Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis Semdeg. m2 masis sxeuli

Tavdapirvelad uZravia (ν2i=0). es sxeuli samizned SegviZlia
miviCnioT, xolo meore sxeuls sasroli vuwodoT. Sejaxebis Sejaxebis
Sedegad Sewebebuli sxeuli V siCqariT ganagrZobs moZraobas. Semdeg
amgvar situaciaSi 9.51 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
m1ν1i = (m1 + m2)V (9.52)

sur. 9.15. ori sxeulis sruliad
m1
anu V=  ν (9.53) araelastiuri Sejaxeba. m2 masis
m1 + m2 1i sxeuli Sejaxebamde uZravia, xolo m1
Tu, magaliTad, masebi da sasrolis ν1i sawyisi siCqare viciT, masis meore sxeuli misken moZraobs.
Sejaxebis Sedegad Sewebebuli ori
9.53 formulis daxmarebiT V siCqaresac gamovTvliT. 
sxeuli, rogorc erTi, V siCqariT
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom V siCqare ν1i-ze naklebi unda iyos, ganagrZobs moZraobas.
radgan m1/(m1 + m2) masebis Sefardeba erTze naklebia.
masis centris siCqare

Caketil, izolirebul sistemaSi, sistemis masis centris com siCqare Sejaxebis Sedegad ar
icvleba, vinaidan jamuri gare Zala, romlis moqmedebac
Secvlida siCqares, ar arsebobs. com siCqaris gamosaxulebis
misaRebad 9.14 suraTze gamosaxul, ori sxeulisgan
Semdgar sistemas da erT ganzomilebaSi momxdar Sejaxebas

davubrundeT. 9.25 formulidan ( P = M com) gamomdinare,

com siCqaresa da ori sxeulisgan Semdgari sistemis jamur
P
impulss Soris Semdegi kavSiria:

P=M
com = (m1 + m2) com (9.54)

jamuri P impulsi Sejaxebis dros inaxeba, ase rom misi
gamoTvla 9.50 formulis orive mxaris saSualebiT SeiZleba.
sur. 9.16. 9.15 suraTze naCvenebi sistemis kadrebi, rodesac ori

sxeuli sruliad araelastiurad ejaxeba erTmaneTs. sistemis masis
centri yvela kadrSia gamosaxuli. masis centris com siCqareze
Sejaxeba gavlenas ar axdens.
 Sejaxebis Semdeg sxeulebi erTmaneTs
ewebeba da maTi saerTo V siCqare com-is tolia.
9.9. araelastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomilebaSi 295
modiT am formulis marcxena mxaris gamoyenebiT CavweroT:
  
P = p1i + p 2i (9.55)

9.54 formulaSi P -s nacvlad es gamosaxuleba CavsvaT da com-sTvis amovxsnaT:
   
P P = p1i + p 2i
com = = (9.56)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
miRebuli formulis marjvena mxare mudmivaa, e.i. com-is mniSvnelobac Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis
Semdeg ar icvleba.
9.16 suraTze gamosaxul kadrebze sruliad araelastiuri Sejaxebis dros masis centris
moZraobaa naCvenebi. meore sxeuli samiznea da 9.56 formulaSi misi sawyisi impulsia
   
= m1ν 11i i .
= m22ν 2i2i = 0. pirveli sxeuli sasrolia da 9.56 formulaSi misi sawyisi impulsia p1i  = m
p2i  = m
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Sejaxebis Semdeg masis centri mudmivi siCqariT moZraobas ganagrZobs.
Sejaxebis Semdeg sxeulebis V saerTo siCqare com-is tolia, vinaidan masis centri Sewebebul
sxeulebTan erTad moZraobs.
sakontrolo wertili 9. pirveli da meore sxeuli erTmaneTs sruliad araelastiurad

ejaxeba (Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). ra iqneba maTi saboloo impulsi, Tu sxeulebis
sawyisi impulsebia a) 10kg·m/wm da 0, b) 10kg·m/wm da 4kg·m/wm, g) 10kg·m/wm da –4kg·m/wm?

balistikuri qanqara tyviebis siCqaris gasa
zomad gamoiyeneboda, vidre drois sazom
eleqtronul xelsawyoebs gamoigonebdnen.
9.17 suraTze gamosaxuli qanqara or grZel
Tokze Camokidebuli M = 5,4 kg masis xis
didi blokisgan Sedgeba. bloks m = 9,5 g
masis tyvias esvrian. tyviis moxvedris Semdeg
bloki+tyviis sistema amoZravdeba da maTi
masebis centri qanqaris gaCerebamde h =  6,3 sm
vertikalur manZils gadis. ra siCqariT
moZraobda tyvia blokTan Sejaxebamde?
amoxsna: tyviis ν siCqare h simaRles gansaz
sur. 9.17. balistikuri qanqara tyviis siCqaris gasa
Rvravs, magram am ori sididis erTmaneTTan zomad gamoiyeneba
dakavSirebisTvis meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis
princips ver gamoviyenebT, vinaidan tyviis awonasworebs. aqedan gamomdinare, Seja
moxvedris dros meqanikuri energia sxva saxis xebis dros tyvia-blokis sistemaze moqmedi
energiebSi gadadis. gamosavali is aris, rom jamuri gare Zalis impulsi nulis tolia.
1) tyviisa da blokis Sejaxeba da 2) tyviisa maSasadame, sistema izolirebulia da
da blokis amoZraveba (rodesac meqanikuri jamuri impulsi mudmivia; 2) Sejaxeba erT
energia inaxeba) cal-calke unda ganvixiloT. ganzomilebaSi xdeba da Sejaxebis Semdeg
pirveli safexuri. tyvia-blokis sistemaSi tyviisa da blokis mimarTuleba tyviis
Sejaxeba Zalze xanmoklea, amitom Sesa sawyisi moZraobis mimarTulebas emTxveva.
Zlebelia ori ramis daSveba: 1) Sejaxebis Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba, bloki
dros blokze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala da Tavdapirvelad uZravia da tyvia bloks
Tokebidan blokze moqmedi Zala erTmaneTs ewebeba, amitom impulsis Senaxvis principi
9.53 formuliT gamovsaxoT. Sesabamisi kinetikuri energia moZraobis umaRles

simboloebis Casmis Semdeg, 9.53 formula wertilSi myofi sistemis mizidulobis
aseT saxes iRebs: potenciuri energiis tolia. tyviisa da
m1 blokis siCqare Sejaxebis Semdeg aris V da
V=  v (9.57)
m1 + m2 gveqneba:
1
meore safexuri. rodesac tyvia da bloki (m + M)V 2 = (m + M)gh.
2
erTad iwyebs moZraobas, tyvia-bloki- V-s nacvlad 9.57 formula CavsvaT da
dedamiwis sistemis meqanikuri energia miviRebT:
inaxeba (Tokebidan blokze moqmedi Zala m+M
v=  
meqanikur energias ar cvlis, vinaidan es m
Zala yovelTvis blokis moZraobisadmi 0,0095 kg + 5,4 kg
=  
perpendikularulad aris mimarTuli). 0,0095 kg
blokis mdebareobis sawyisi done aTvlis = 630 m/wm (pasuxi)
doned miviCnioT, sadac mizidulobis balistikuri qanqara ~gardamqmnelia~, romel
potenciuri energia nulis tolia. am sac msubuqi sagnis (tyviis) maRali siCqare
SemTxvevaSi, meqanikuri energiis mudmivoba masiuri sagnis (blokis) siCqareze gadayavs da
niSnavs, rom moZraobis dasawyisSi sistemis gazomvas amartivebs.

9.18 suraTze gamosaxuli ori manqana
erTmaneTs sruliad araelastiurad, x RerZis
gaswvriv erTganzomilebiani moZraobis
dros ejaxeba. Sejaxebis dros manqanebi
sur. 9.18. ori manqana Sejaxebamde
Caketil sistemas qmnian. modiT davuSvaT, rom
Sejaxebis dros manqanebs Soris moqmedi Zalis
impulsi Zalze didia da gzidan saburavebze
moqmedi xaxunis Zalebis impulsebi SegviZlia formulidan gamomdinare:
ugulebelvyoT. amgvari daSvebis Semdeg ori m1ν1i + m2ν2i = m1ν1f + m2ν2f (9.58)
manqanisgan Semdgar sistemaze jamuri gare
Sejaxeba sruliad araelastiuria, Sejaxebis
Zala ar moqmedebs.
Semdeg orive manqana moZraobs, rogorc
pirveli manqanis sawyisi siCqaris x RerZis
erTi sxeuli masiT m1 + m2 da siCqariT V. 9.58
gaswvrivi komponentia ν1i=+25m/wm, xolo
formulaSi ν1f-s da ν2f-s nacvlad V CavsvaT da
meore manqanisa – ν2 i= –25m/wm. Sejaxebis dros
misTvis amovxsnaT:
TiToeul manqanaze moqmedi Zala manqanis
m1ν1i + m2ν2i
siCqaris Δν cvlilebas iwvevs. mZRolis V= (9.59)
m1 + m2
gardacvalebis albaToba swored Δν-s
monacemebis Casmis Sedegad miviRebT:
mniSvnelobazea damokidebuli. Cven manqanebis
(1400kg)(+25m/wm) + (1400 g)(–25m/wm)
siCqareebis Δν1 da Δν2 cvlilebebi unda V= = 0.
m1 + m2
gamovTvaloT. maSasadame, pirveli manqanis siCqaris cvli
a) davuSvaT orive manqanaSi mxolod mZRoli lebaa:
zis da TiToeuli manqanis mTliani masaa Δν1 = ν1f – ν1i = V– ν1i
(mZRolis CaTvliT) 1400kg. risi tolia = 0 – (+25m/wm) = –25m/wm (pasuxi)
manqanebis siCqareebis Δν1 da Δν2 cvlilebebi? meore manqanis siCqaris cvlilebaa:
amoxsna: sistema Caketili da izolirebulia, Δν2 = ν2f – ν2i = V – ν2i
amitom misi jamuri impulsi mudmivia. 9.51 = 0 – (–25m/wm) = +25m/wm (pasuxi)
9.10 elastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomilebaSi 297
b) modiT, Sejaxeba Tavidan ganvixiloT, oRond amoxsna: Sejaxebis dros impulsi inaxeba da am
amjerad pirvel manqanaSi 80kg masis mgzavri faqtTan dakavSirebuli 9.58 formula Semdegi
zis. risi tolia Δν1 da Δν2? saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSic zustad igive meTods m1(ν1f – ν1i) = –m2(ν2f  – ν2i)
viyenebT, rac amocanis a) SekiTxvis dros am formulaSi Δν1 = ν1f – ν1i da Δν2 = ν2f – ν2i
gamoviyeneT, oRond amjerad m1=1480kg ricxvs CavsvaT da gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT:
m2 Δν1
vsvamT formulebSi: =– (9.61)
m1 Δν2
V = 0,694 m/wm
mZRolis gardacvalebis riski siCqaris Δν
es Sedegi gvaZlevs:
cvlilebazea damokidebuli. 9.61 formulaSi
Δν1 = –24,3 m/wm
Cans, rom Δν mniSvnelobebis Sefardeba
da Δν2 = +25,7 m/wm (pasuxi)
masebis Sefardebis Sebrunebulia da 9.60
g) Δν1-s mniSvneloba naklebia, rodesac formulaSi albaTobis (r) masebis Sefardebaze
manqanaSi mgzavri zis. mZRolis gardacvalebis damokidebuleba amiTaa ganpirobebuli.
albaToba Δν1-zea damokidebuli da amitom amocanis a) SekiTxvidan da 9.60 formulidan
pirvel mZRols naklebi safrTxe emuqreba. gamomdinare, rodesac manqanaSi mxolod
samanqano avariebTan dakavSirebul mona pirveli mZRoli imyofeba, misi gardacvalebis
cemebSi Δν aris Sedis, magram manqanebis masa riskia:
( 1400 kg
)
1,79
da ubeduri SemTxvevis aRwera namdvilad r1 = c = c . (9.62)
1400 kg
aris. mkvlevarebma miRebuli monacemebi
amocanis b) SekiTxvidan da igive 9.60
Sekribes da gamoTvales, rom pirveli mZRolis
formulidan gamomdinare, rodesac manqanSi
gardacvalebis r1 albaToba Semdegi formuliT
pirvel mZRolTan erTad mgzavric imyofeba,
moicema:
( )
m2 1,79 mZRolis gardacvalebis riskia:
(
1400 kg
)
1,79
r1 = c , (9.60)
m1 r1 = c = 0,9053 c .
1400 kg + 80 kg
sadac c mudmivaa. axseniT ratom Sedis am
9.62 formula c-s nacvlad CavsvaT da
formulaSi m2/m1 Sefardeba da Semdeg igive
gveqneba:
formulis daxmarebiT pirveli mZRolis
r1´ = 0,9053r1 ≈ 0,91r1 . (pasuxi)
gardacvalebis albaTobebi SeadareT, ro
amrogad, pirveli mZRolis gardacvalebis
desac manqanaSi mxolod mZRoli zis da
riski daaxloebiT 9%-iT naklebia, rodesac
mZRolTan erTad mgzavric imyofeba.
manqanaSi mgzavric imyofeba.
9.10 elastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomilebaSi

9.8 paragrafSi ukve vTqviT, rom realur cxovrebaSi Sejaxebebi araelastiuria, magram zogierTi
maTgani miaxloebiT SegviZlia elastiurad miviCnioT anu davuSvaT, rom Sejaxebuli sxeulebis
jamuri kinetikuri energia ar icvleba da energiis sxva saxeobebSi ar gadadis:
( jamuri kinetikuri
energia Sejaxebamde )(=
jamuri kinetikuri
energia Sejaxebis Semdeg )
es ar niSnavs, rom calkeuli sxeulis kinetikuri energia ar icvleba.
elastiuri Sejaxebis dros TiToeuli sxeulis kinetikuri energia SesaZloa Seicvalos,

magram sistemis jamuri kinetikuri energia ar icvleba.
magaliTad, biliardis TamaSis dros erTi burTis meoresTan Sejaxeba miaxloebiT SegviZlia
elastiurad miviCnioT. Tu Sejaxeba pirdapir xdeba, Sejaxebuli burTis kinetikuri energia
TiTqmis mTlianad samizne burTs gadaecema (miuxedavad Cveni daSvebisa, Sejaxebis dros
gamocemuli xma niSnavs, rom kinetikuri energiis raRac nawili mainc gadavida bgeris energiaSi).
uZravi samizne
9.19 suraTze gamosaxulia ori sxeuli erT ganzomilebaSi
Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis Semdeg. Sejaxeba biliardis
burTebis Sejaxebis magvaria. m1 masis da ν1i sawyisi siCqaris
sasroli sxeuli m2 masis da uZravi (ν2i=0) samizne sxeulisken
moZraobs. davuSvaT, rom ori sxeulisgan Semdgari sistema
Caketili da izolirebulia. am SemTxvevaSi, sistemis sur. 9.19. pirveli sxeuli x RerZis
gaswvriv moZraobs da uZrav meore
jamuri impulsi inaxeba da 9.51 formulidan gamomdinare:
sxeuls elastiurad ejaxeba. Sejaxebis
Semdeg orive sxeuli RerZis gaswvriv
m1ν1i = m1ν1f + m2ν2f (impulsi) (9.63)
moZraobas ganagrZobs.
Tu Sejaxeba elastiuria, maSin jamuri kinetikuri energiac
inaxeba da gveqneba:
1
m ν 2 = 1 m1ν1f2 + 1 m2ν2f2 (kinetikuri energia) (9.64)
2 1 1i 2 2
TiToeul am formulaSi i indeqsi sxeulebis sawyis siCqareebs asaxavs, xolo f indeqsi - saboloo
siCqareebs. Tu sxeulebis masebi da pirveli sxeulis ν1i sawyisi siCqare viciT, ucnobi sidideebi
mxolod sxeulebis ν1f da ν2f saboloo siCqareebia. Cvens gankargulebaSi ori formulaa da
maSasadame ori ucnobis gamoTvla SesaZlebelia.
Tavdapirvelad 9.63 formula Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
m1(ν1i – ν1f) = m2ν2f (9.65)
9.64 formulas ki aseTi saxe mivceT:
m1(ν1i – ν1f)(ν1i + ν1f) = m2ν2f2 (9.66)
Semdeg 9.66 formula 9.65 formulaze gavyoT da gardaqmnebi SevasruloT:

m1 – m2
v1f =  v (9.67)
m1 + m2 1i
2m1
da v2f =  υ . (9.68)
m1 + m2 1i 
9.68 formulaSi Cans, rom ν2f siCqare yovelTvis dadebiTia (Tavdapirvelad uZravi, m2 masis
samizne sxeuli yovelTvis moZraobas iwyebs). 9.67 formulidan gamomdinare ν1f siCqares orive
niSani SeiZleba hqondes (m1 masis sasroli sxeuli moZraobas ganagrZobs, Tu m1>m2, xolo Tu
m1<m2, sasroli aisxliteba).
modiT ramdenime gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva ganvixiloT.
1. Tanabari masebi. Tu m1=m2, 9.67 da 9.68 formulebi martivdeba:
ν1f = 0 da ν2f = ν1i
amgvar Sedegs mxolod biliardis kargi moTamaSeebi iReben. am formulebis Tanaxmad, Tanabari
masebis sxeulebis Sejaxebis Semdeg pirveli sxeuli (Tavdapirvelad moZravi) Cerdeba, xolo
meore sxeuli (Tavdapirvelad uZravi) pirveli sxeulis siCqariT iwyebs moZraobs. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, Tanabari masebis sxeulebi ubralod siCqareebs cvlian. igive Sedegs miviRebT, Tu
meore sxeuli Tavdapirvelad uZravi ar aris.
2. masiuri samizne. 9.19 suraTze masiuri samizne niSnavs, rom m2 >> m1. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia
golfis burTi zarbaznis uZrav birTvs movaxvedroT. am SemTxvevaSi, 9.67 da 9.68 formulebi
mogvcems:
ν1f ≈ –ν1i da ν2f ≈ ( )

2m1
m2
ν1i (9.69)
9.10 elastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomilebaSi 299
maSasadame, pirveli sxeuli (golfis burTi) aisxliteba da sawyisi traeqtoriiT sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, xolo misi siCqaris sidide ar icvleba. uZravi meore sxeuli (zarbaznis
birTvi) dabali siCqariT win gadaadgildeba, vinaidan 9.69 formulis frCxilebSi Casmuli sidide
erTze bevrad naklebia.
3. masiuri sasroli. am SemTxvevaSi m1 >> m2 da ukve zarbaznis birTvs vesvriT golfis burTs.
9.67 da 9.68 formulebi gvaZlevs:
ν1f ≈ ν1i da ν2f ≈ 2ν1i . (9.70)
9.70 formulis Tanaxmad, pirveli sxeuli (zarbaznis birTvi) moZraobas ganagrZobs da misi
siCqare TiTqmis ucvlelia. meore sxeuli (golfis burTi) zarbaznis birTvis win orjer ufro
swrafad gagordeba.
SesaZloa gagiCndeT SekiTxva: ratom maincdamainc orjer swrafad? pasuxis gasacemad gavixsenoT,
rom 9.69 formuliT aRwerili Sejaxebis dros msubuqi sxeulis (golfis burTis) siCqare +ν-dan
–ν-mde anu 2ν-iT icvleboda. igive xdeba am SemTxvevaSic, magram amjerad siCqare 0-dan 2ν-mde
icvleba.
moZravi samizne
Cven ukve ganvixileT sasroli sxeulis da uZravi samiznis
elastiuri Sejaxeba. modiT amjerad davakvirdeT SemTxvevas,
rodesac elastiur Sejaxebamde orive sxeuli moZraobs.
9.20 suraTze gamosaxuli mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, sur. 9.20. ori sxeuli elastiur Se
impulsis Senaxvis kanoni ase Caiwereba: jaxebas erT ganzomilebaSi ganicdis
m1ν1i + m2ν2i = m1ν1f + m2ν2f (9.71)

kinetikuri energiis Senaxvis kanoni ki ase saxes miiRebs:
1
m ν 2 + 1 m2ν2i2 = 1 m1ν1f2 + 1 m2ν2f2 (9.72)
2 1 1i 2 2 2
ν1f-sa da ν2f-is gamoTvlisTvis 9.71 formula Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
m1(ν1i – ν1f) = –m2(ν2i – ν2f) (9.73)
9.72 formulas ki aseTi saxe mivceT:
m1(ν1i – ν1f)(ν1i + ν1f) = –m2(ν2i – ν2f)(ν2i + ν2f) (9.74)
Semdeg 9.74 formula 9.73 formulaze gavyoT da gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT:

m1 – m2 2m2
v1f =  v +  v (9.75)
m1 + m2 1i m1 + m2 2i
da
2m1 m2 – m1
v2f =  v +  v . (9.76)
m1 + m2 1i m1 + m2 2i
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom sxeulebisTvis 1 da 2 indeqsis miniWeba pirobiTia. Tu 9.20 suraTze
da 9.75-9.76 formulebSi indeqsebs gadavanacvlebT, miRebuli Sedegi ar Seicvleba. aseve
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tu ν2i = 0 anu meore sxeuli uZravi samizne xdeba, maSin 9.75-9.76 formulebi
9.67-9.68 formulebze daiyvaneba.
sakontrolo wertili 10. ra iqneba 9.19 suraTze gamosaxuli samiznis saboloo impulsi, Tu
sasroli sxeulis sawyisi impulsia 6kg·m/wm da saboloo impulsia a) 2kg·m/wm da b) –2kg·m/wm?
g) ra iqneba samiznis saboloo kinetikuri energia, Tu sasroli sxeulis sawyisi da saboloo
kinetikuri energiebia Sesabamisad 5j da 2j?

vertikalur Tokebze Camokidebuli liTonis
ori sfero Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTs exeba
(sur. 9.21). Semdeg m1=30g masis pirveli sfero
h1 =8sm simaRleze marcxniv gaswies da xeli
gauSves. pirveli sfero m2=75g masis meore
sferos elastiurad ejaxeba. ra iqneba pirveli
sferos ν1f siCqare Sejaxebis Semdeg?
amoxsna: sferoebis moZraoba or etapad
SegviZlia davyoT da Semdeg isini cal-
calke gavaanalizoT. es etapebia: 1) pirveli sur. 9.21. Tokebze Camokidebuli liTonis sferoebi
sferos moZraoba Sejaxebamde da 2) sferoebis Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTs exeba. Semdeg m1 masis
pirveli sfero h1 simaRleze marcxniv gawies da xeli
Sejaxeba.
gauSves.
pirveli etapi. pirveli sferos moZraobis
dros sfero-dedamiwis sistemis meqanikuri meore etapi. Cven ukve davuSviT, rom Sejaxeba
energia inaxeba (meqanikur energias elastiuria, magram amjerad kidev ori
Tokidan pirvel sferoze moqmedi Zala daSveba gvesaWiroeba. pirvel rigSi Cven
ar cvlis, vinaidan es Zala yovelTvis SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom Sejaxeba erT
sferos moZraobis mimarTulebisadmi ganzomilebaSi xdeba, vinaidan sferoebi
perpendikularulia). pirveli sferos Sejaxebis win da Sejaxebis Semdeg
mdebareobis udablesi done aTvlis doned miaxloebiT horizontalurad moZraoben.
miviCnioT, sadac mizidulobis potenciuri garda amisa, Sejaxeba Zalian xanmoklea da
energia nulis tolia. am SemTxvevaSi, sferoebisgan Semdgari sistema Caketilad
pirveli sferos kinetikuri energia da izolirebulad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
udables doneze sistemis mizidulobis es niSnavs, rom sistemis jamuri impulsi
potenciuri energiis tolia, rodesac inaxeba. amis Semdeg 9.67 formulis
pirveli sfero h1 simaRleze imyofeba: gamoyenebiT Sejaxebis Semdeg pirveli
1
m ν 2 = m1gh1 sferos siCqare gamovTvaloT:
2 1 1i
es formula pirveli sferos Sejaxebamde ν1i
m1 – m2 0,03 kg – 0,075 kg
v1f =  v =  (1,252 m/wm)
m1 + m2 1i 0,03 kg + 0,075 kg
siCqarisTvis amovxsnaT:
ν1i =  = = –0,537 m/wm ≈ –0,54 m/wm (pasuxi)

minus niSani gvamcnobs, rom pirveli sfero
= 1,252 m/wm Sejaxebis Semdeg marcxnisken moZraobs.
9.11. Sejaxebebi or ganzomilebaSi

ori sxeulis Sejaxebis dros, maT Soris moqmedi Zalis
impulsi sxeulebis Semdgomi moZraobis mimarTulebas
gansazRvravs. rodesac Sejaxeba pirdapiri ar aris,
sxeulebi sawyisi RerZis gaswvriv moZraobas ar
ganagrZoben. Caketil, izolirebul sistemaSi momxdari
organzomilebiani Sejaxebebis dros jamuri impulsi
kvlav inaxeba:
    sur. 9.22. or sxeuls Soris momxdari
P1i + P2i = P1 f + P2 f (9.77) iribi, elastiuri Sejaxeba. m2 masis sxeu
li (samizne) Tavdapirvelad uZravia.
9.12. cvladi masis mqone sistemebi: raketa 301
Tu Sejaxeba elastiuria, maSin jamuri kinetikuri energiac inaxeba:
K1i + K2i = K1f + K2f (9.78)
9.77 formula or ganzomilebaSi momxdari Sejaxebis gaanalizebisTvis ufro gamodgeba Tu

mas xy koordinatTa sistemis komponentebis saSualebiT CavwerT. magaliTad, 9.22 suraTze
gamosaxulia sasrol sxeulsa da Tavdapirvelad uZrav samizne sxeuls Soris momxdari iribi
Sejaxeba. sxeulebs Soris moqmedi Zalis impulsebi sxeulebs x RerZisadmi, romlis gaswvriv
sasroli sxeuli moZraobda, θ1 da θ2 kuTxeebiT gadaaadgileben. am SemTxvevaSi, x RerZis gaswvrivi
komponentebisTvis 9.77 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
m1ν1i = m1ν1f cos θ1 + m2ν2f cos θ2 (9.79)
xolo y RerZis gaswvriv gveqneba:

0 = –m1ν1f sin θ1 + m2ν2f sin θ2 (9.80)
9.78 formula siCqareebis meSveobiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
1
m ν 2 = 1 m1ν1f2 + 1 m2ν2f2 (kinetikuri energia) (9.81)
2 1 1i 2 2
9.79-9.81 formulebi ramdenime cvlads Seicavs, esenia: ori masa (m1 da m2), sami siCqare (ν1i, ν1f da ν2f)
da ori kuTxe (θ1 da θ2). Tu am cvladebidan oTxi mainc viciT, maSin danarCen samsac gamovTvliT.
sakontrolo wertili 11. 9.22 suraTze sasroli sxeulis sawyisi impulsia 6kg·m/wm, impulsis
saboloo x komponentia 4kg·m/wm da impulsis saboloo y komponentia –3kg·m/wm. ra iqneba samiznis
impulsis a) saboloo x komponenti da b) saboloo y komponenti?
9.12. cvladi masis mqone sistemebi: raketa

aqamde ganxiluli sistemebisTvis vuSvebdiT, rom maTi jamuri masa ucvlelia. zogjer, magaliTad
raketis SemTxvevaSi es ase ar xdeba. gasrolis dros raketis masis umetes nawils saraketo sawvavi
Seadgens, romlis umetesi nawili iwveba da raketis Zravis gamosaSvebi naxvretidan gamodis.
raketis aCqarebis dros masis cvlilebis asaxvisTvis
niutonis meore kanons ara mxolod raketisTvis vwerT,
aramed raketisa da misi wvis produqtebisTvis. raketis
aCqarebis dros am sistemis masa ar icvleba.
aCqarebis gamoTvla
(a)
davuSvaT, Cven aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi uZravad
vimyofebiT da raketis aCqarebas vakvirdebiT. raketa
kosmosSi moZraobs da masze mizidulobis an atmosferuli
wevis Zala ar moqmedebs. amgvari erTganzomilebiani
moZraobis SemTxvevaSi raketis masaa M, xolo raime t
droSi misi siCqarea ν (sur. 9.23a).
9.23b suraTze naCvenebia dt drois Semdeg mimdinare
movlenebi. amjerad raketis siCqarea ν + dν, xolo misi (b)
masaa M + dM, sadac masis dM cvlileba uaryofiTi sur. 9.23. a) M masis aCqarebuli raketa
sididea. dt droSi raketidan gamosuli gamonabolqvis t droSi aTvlis inerciuli sistemidan.
b) igive mdgomareoba t + dt droSi. dt
masaa –dM da Cveni aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi misi
drois SualedSi gamosuli gamonabolqvi
siCqarea U. naCvenebia.
Cveni sistema raketisa da dt droSi gamosuli gamonabolqvisgan Sedgeba. sistema Caketili da

izolirebulia, amitom dt droSi misi impulsi inaxeba:
Pi=Pf (9.82)
sadac i da f indeqsebi dt drois Sualedis dasawyissa da dasasruls asaxavs. 9.82 formula Semdegi
saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
Mν = –dM U + (M + dM)(ν + dν) (9.83)
formulis marjvena mxares gamosaxuli pirveli wevri dt SualedSi gamosuli gamonabolqvis
impulsia, xolo meore wevri raketis impulss dt Sualedis bolos asaxavs.
9.83 formula gamartivdeba, Tu raketasa da gamonabolqvs Soris arsebul fardobiT siCqares
νfar gamoviyenebT. es siCqare aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi arsebul siCqareebs Semdegi saxiT
ukavSirdeba:
( raketis siCqare
aTvlis sistemisadmi )(
=
raketis siCqare
gamonabolqvisadmi )(
+
gamonabolqvis siCqare
aTvlis sistemisadmi )
modiT es yvelaferi simboloebis saSualebiT CavweroT:
(ν + dν) = νfar + U,
anu U = ν + dν – νfar (9.84)
U-s gamosaxuleba 9.83 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
–dMνfar = M dν (9.85)
9.85 formulis orive mxare dt-ze gavyoT:

dM dv
– νfar = M (9.86)
dt dt
dM/dt (raketis masis dakargvis tempi) –R-iT SevcvaloT, sadac R aris sawvavis moxmarebis masuri
tempi, xolo dν/dt raketis aCqarebaa. amgvari gardaqmnebis Semdeg 9.86 formula gvaZlevs:
Rνfar = Ma (raketis pirveli formula) (9.87)
9.87 formula nebismieri momentisTvis gamosadegia.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 9.87 formulis marcxena mxaris erTeuli Zalis erTeulia (kg/wm·
m/wm=kg·m/wm2=n) da mxolod raketis Zravis maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli anu ra R tempiT
moixmars sawvavs Zrava da raketisadmi ra νfar siCqariT gamodis masa raketidan. Rνfar wevrs
raketis Zravis Zalvas vuwodebT da mas T simboloTi gamovsaxavT. Tu 9.87 formulas T = Ma
saxiT CavwerT, sadac a aris raketis aCqareba im momentSi, rodesac misi masaa M, niutonis meore
kanoni naTlad warmogvidgeba Tvalwin.
siCqaris gamoTvla
rogor Seicvleba raketis siCqare sawvavis moxmarebasTan erTad? 9.85 formulidan gvaqvs:
dM
dνfar = – νfar
M
integreba gvaZlevs:
– νfar ,
sadac Mi aris raketis sawyisi masa, xolo Mf - saboloo masaa. integralebis gamoTvlis Semdeg
miviRebT:
Mi
νf – νi = – νfar ln  (raketis meore formula) (9.88)
Mf
9.12. cvladi masis mqone sistemebi: raketa 303
am formulis mixedviT izrdeba raketis siCqare, rodesac misi masa Mi-dan Mf-ze icvleba
(9.88 formulaSi ln simbolo naturalur logariTms asaxavs). igive formula kargad asaxavs
ramdenimesafexuriani raketis upiratesobas, romelSic Mf mimdebare safexurebis moSorebis
Sedegad aris Semcirebuli. safexurebi raketas maSin Sordeba, rodesac maTi sawvavi amoiwureba.
idealur raketas daniSnulebis adgilze mxolod sasargeblo tvirTi unda darCes.
masis centri. n raodenobis nivTieri wer 

J . (9.30)
tilisgan Semdgari sistemis masis centri 
aris wertili, romlis koordinatebia: Tu F (t ) Zalis saSualo sididea FsaS da Seja
xeba Δt drois ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, maSin
xcom = , ycom =  , zcom = 
erT ganzomilebaSi moZraobis dros:
(9.5)
J = FsaS Δt . (9.35)
an , (9.8)
rodesac m masis da ν siCqaris mqone sxeulTa
sadac M aris sistemis jamuri masa. nakadi uZrav sxeuls ejaxeba, uZrav sxeulze
moqmedi saSualo Zalaa:
niutonis meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa
J n n
sistemisTvis. nivTier wertilTa sistemis FsaS = =– Δp = –  m Δv , (9.37)
Δt Δt Δt
masis centris moZraobas nivTier wertilTa
sadac n/Δt aris sxeulTa nakadis uZrav
sistemisTvis niutonis meore kanoni
sxeulTan Sejaxebis tempi, xolo Δν - TiToeuli
gansazRvravs:
Sejaxebuli sxeulis siCqaris cvlileba.
t
=M com , (9.14) saSualo Zala asec SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
sadac aris sistemaze moqmedi yvela gare Δm

t
FsaS = – Δv , (9.40)
Zalis jami, M - sistemis jamuri masa, xolo Δt
- sistemis masis centris aCqareba. sadac Δm/Δt aris uZrav sxeulTan masis
com
impulsi da niutonis meore kanoni. erTi Sejaxebis tempi. Tu sxeulebi Sejaxebis dros
  Cerdeba, maSin 9.37 da 9.40 formulebSi Δν = –ν,
mν
nivTieri wertilis p =impulsia:
  xolo Tu sxeulebi siCqaris cvlilebis gareSe
mν
p=m (9.22)
ukan aisxliteba, maSin Δν = –2ν.
niutonis meore kanoni impulsis saSualebiT
impulsis mudmivoba. Tu sistema izo
SeiZleba Caiweros:
lirebulia da masze
jamuri gare Zala
t
(9.23) ar moqmedebs, maSin sistemis P impulsi
ucvlelia:
nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis gveqneba:
 
 P =  mudmiva (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema) (9.42)
P = mν com
com da t
(9.25, 9.27)
impulsis mudmivoba asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
Sejaxeba da Zalis impulsi. nivTieri  
Pi = Pf (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema), (9.43)
wertilis magvari sxeulis Sejaxebis dros

niutonis meore kanonis gamoyeneba Zalis sadac i da f indeqsebi P -s mniSvnelobas raime
impulsi-impulsis Teoremas gvaZlevs: sawyis da momdevno droSi asaxaven. 9.42 da
    9.43 impulsis mudmivobis kanonis amsaxveli
p f - pi = Dp = J , (9.31, 9.32)
eqvivalenturi formulebia.
  
sadac p f - pi = Dp aris sxeulis impulsis
 araelastiuri Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi.
cvlileba, xolo J – Sejaxebis dros erTi
 ori sxeulis araelastiuri Sejaxebis dros,
sxeulidan meoreze moqmedi F (t ) Zalis
ori sxeulisgan Semdgari sistemis kinetikuri
Sedegad miRebuli Zalis impulsi:
energia ar inaxeba. Tu sistema Caketili da m1 – m2

v1f =  v (9.67)
izolirebulia, misi jamuri impulsi inaxeba m1 + m2 1i
da es faqti veqtoruli formiT SegviZlia 2m1
da v2f =  v . (9.68)
CavweroT:
    m1 + m2 1i 
p1i + p 2i = p1 f + p 2 f , (9.50)
Sejaxeba or ganzomilebaSi. Tu ori sxeuli
sadac i da f indeqsebi impulsis mniSvnelobebs
erTmaneTs ejaxeba da erTi RerZis gaswvriv
asaxavs Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis Semdeg.
ar moZraobs (Sejaxeba iribia), maSin Sejaxeba
Tu sxeulebi erTi RerZis gaswvriv moZraoben,
or ganzomilebaSi xdeba. Tu ori sxeulisgan
maSin Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba da
Semdgari sistema Caketili da izolirebulia,
9.50 formula siCqaris am RerZis gaswvrivi
Sejaxebis dros impulsi inaxeba:
komponentebiT SeiZleba Caiweros:    
P1i + P2i = P1 f + P2 f (9.77)
m1ν1i+m2ν2i=m1ν1f+m2ν2f . (9.51)
am formulis komponenturi forma Sejaxebis
Tu Sejaxebisas sxeulebi erTmaneTs ekroba, aRmwer or formulas gvaZlevs (TiToeuli
Sejaxeba sruliad araelastiuria da gaerTia ganzomilebisTvis erTi formulaa gankuT
nebul sxeuls Tanabari V saboloo siCqare vnili).
aqvs. rodesac Sejaxeba elastiuria, kinetikuri
masis centris moZraoba. ori Sejaxebuli energiis Senaxvis principi mesame formulasac
sxeulis Caketili, izolirebuli sistemis gvaZlevs:
masis centrze Sejaxeba gavlenas ar axdens. K1i+K2i=K1f+K2f (9.78)
kerZod, masis centris com siCqare Sejaxebis
cvladi masis mqone sistemebi. gare
Sedegad ar icvleba.
Zalebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi raketa myisi
elastiuri Sejaxebebi erT ganzomile tempiT Cqardeba:
baSi. elastiuri Sejaxebis dros Sejaxebuli Rνfar = Ma (raketis pirveli formula), (9.87)
sxeulebis sistemis kinetikuri energia inaxeba.
sadac M aris raketis myisi masa (sawvavis
Tu sistema Caketili da izolirebulia, maSin
CaTvliT), R – sawvavis moxmarebis tempi da νfar
misi impulsic inaxeba. erT ganzomilebaSi
- sawvavis gamonabolqvis fardobiTi siCqare
momxdari Sejaxebis dros, rodesac meore
raketisadmi. Rνfar wevrs raketis Zravis Zalva
sxeuli samiznea da pirveli sxeuli _ sasroli,
ewodeba. rodesac R da νfar mudmivia, raketis
kinetikuri energiis da impulsis Senaxvis
siCqare νi-dan νf-ze icvleba da masa Mi-dan Mf
principi Sejaxebis Semdgomi siCqareebis
xdeba:
gamosaxulebebs gvaZlevs: Mi
νf – νi = – νfar ln  (raketis meore formula) (9.88)
Mf
SekiTxvebi
1. 9.24 suraTze gamosaxuli, identuri masis zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs.
oTxi nivTieri wertili xaxunisgan Tavisufal siCqareebis mimarTulebebi naCvenebia, xolo
maTi sidideebi erTi da igivea. ganixileT
nivTier wertilTa wyvilebi. romeli wyvili
qmnis iseT sistemas, romlis masis centri
a) uZravia, b) uZravia da aTvlis saTaveze
mdebareobs da g) aTvlis saTaveze gadis?
2. 9.25 suraTze gamosaxul sam nivTier
wertilze gare Zalebi moqmedebs. or nivTier
wertilze moqmedi Zalebis sidideebi da
mimarTulebebi naCvenebia. ra sididis da
305
mimarTulebis grafikebi. daalageT grafikebi sxeulze
Zala moqmedebs moqmedi Zalis impulsis mixedviT dididan
mesame nivTier mcireze.
wertilze, Tu
nivTieri wer
tilebis siste sur. 9.25. SekiTxva 2.
mis masis centri
a) uZravia, b) mudmivi siCqariT marjvniv
moZraobs da g) marjvniv Cqardeba? sur. 9.28. SekiTxva 5.
3. 9.26 suraTze naCvenebia sami an oTxi 6. 9.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemuli
identuri nivTieri wertilisgan Seqmnili yuTi x RerZis gaswvriv mudmivi, dadebiTi
oTxi jgufi. wertilebi sididiT erTi da siCqariT moZraobs da afeTqebis Sedegad
igive siCqariT x an y RerZis paralelurad or nawilad iSleba. m1 masis pirveli nawili
moZraoben. daalageT jgufebi masis centris 1 dadebiTi siCqariT ganagrZobs moZraobas,
siCqaris mixedviT dididan mcireze. xolo m2 masis meore nawilma SesaZlebelia a) 2
dadebiTi siCqariT (sur. 9.29a), b) 2 uaryofiTi
siCqariT (sur. 9.29b) an g) nulovani siCqariT

(sur. 9.29g) imoZraos. sami SesaZlo Sedegi
1-is Sesabamisi sidideebis mixedviT dididan
mcireze daalageT.
7. horizontalur zedapirze ganlagebuli

bloki an uZravia, an x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, an igive RerZis
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Semdeg
bloki or nawilad iSleba da nawilebi x RerZis
gaswvriv ganagrZobs moZraobas. davuSvaT,
4. 9.27 suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali bloki da ori nawili Caketil, izolirebul
sxeulis grafikebi, rodesac Sokoladis sam sistemas qmnis. blokis da nawilebis
yuTze horizontaluri Zalebi moqmedebs impulsebis droze damokidebulebis eqvsi
da yuTebi xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze SesaZlo grafiki 9.30 suraTzea naCvenebi.
gadaadgildeba. TiToeuli yuTis SemTxvevaSi romeli grafiki asaxavs fizikurad SeuZlebel
impulsi x RerZis gaswvriv inaxeba Tu y RerZis mdgomareobas da ratom?
gaswvriv?
5. 9.28 suraTze naCvenebia Sejaxebul sxeulze sur. 9.30. SekiTxva 7.

moqmedi Zalis droze damokidebulebis
8. ori sxeuli er suraTze naCvenebia pirveli blokis x mdebare-

TmaneTs x RerZis obis t droze damokidebulebis grafiki, vidre
gaswvriv, erT ga xc adgilze da tc droSi Sejaxeba moxdeba. sura-
nzomilebaSi ela Tis romel dasaTaurebul arealSi
stiurad Seejaxa. gagrZeldeba grafiki (Sejaxebis Semdeg) Tu
9.31 suraTze na sur. 9.31. SekiTxva 8 a) m1<m2 da b) m1>m2? g) romeli daStrixuli
Cvenebia sxeu wrfis gaswvriv gagrZeldeba grafiki, Tu
lebis da masis centris mdebareobis droze m1=m2?
damokidebulebis grafiki. a) sxeulebi Tav 11. 9.34 suraTze
dapirvelad moZraobdnen Tu erT-erTi naCvenebia xaxunisgan
maTgani uZravi iyo? wrfis romeli monakveTi sur. 9.34. SekiTxva 11.
Tavisufal zeda
Seesabameba masis centris moZraobas b) Se pirze, x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi pirveli
jaxebamde da g) Sejaxebis Semdeg? d) Seja bloki, vidre is uZrav meore bloks
xebamde ufro swrafad moZravi sxeulis masa elastiurad Seejaxeba. suraTze aseve
meore sxeulis masaze metia, naklebia Tu misi gamosaxulia ori blokisgan Semdgari sistemis
tolia? masis centris sami SesaZlo mdebareoba (B
9. 9.32 suraTze na wertili blokebis centrebidan Tanabar
Cvenebia ori sxeulis manZilzea ganlagebuli). Sejaxebis Semdeg
da maTi masis centris pirveli bloki uZravia, win gadaadgildeba Tu
mdebareobis droze ukan brundeba, rodesac masis centri a) A, b) B
damokidebulebis da g) C wertilzea ganlagebuli?
grafikebi. sxeule 12. bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze
bi Caketil, izoli gadaadgildeba da igive masis meore uZrav
rebul sistemas qmni bloks ejaxeba. 9.35 suraTze naCvenebia
an da erT ganzomi sur. 9.32. SekiTxva 9. blokebis K kinetikuri energiebis oTxi
lebian, sruliad SesaZlo grafiki Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis
araelastiur Sejaxebas ganicdian. pirvel Semdeg. a) romeli grafiki asaxavs fizikurad
grafikze a) ori sxeuli da b) masis centri x SeuZlebel mdgomareobas da ratom? romeli
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs Tu grafiki asaxavs saukeTesod a) elastiur
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT? g) romeli grafiki Sejaxebas da g) araelastiur Sejaxebas?
asaxavs fizikurad SeuZlebel mdgomareobas
da ratom?
10. m1 masis pirve-
li bloki xaxu
nisgan Tavisufal
zedapirze, x Rer
Zis gaswvriv gada
adgildeba da m2
masis uZrav meore
bloks elastiu- sur. 9.33. SekiTxva 10.
rad ejaxeba. 9.33 sur. 9.35. SekiTxva 12.
307
amocanebi

Manual-Si.
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
paragrafi 9.2. masis centri
suraTze naCvenebi firfitis masis centri, Tu
·1. 9.36 suraTze
L=5sm?
naCvenebia
m1=3kg, m2=4kg ··5. amiakis molekulaSi
da m3=8kg ma (sur. 9.39) wyalbadis (H)
sebis nivTieri sami atomi tolgverda
wertilebis sis samkuTxeds qmnis da
samkuTxedis centri
tema. ra a) x da b)
sur. 9.36. amocana 1. wyalbadis TiToeuli
y koordinatze
atomidan d=9,4×10-11m sur. 9.39. amocana 5.
mdebareobs sistemis masis centri? g) Tu m3 masa
manZiliTaa daSorebuli.
TandaTanobiT izrdeba, sistemis masis centri
azotis atomi naCvenebi piramidis wverzea gan
am nivTieri wertilisken gadaadgildeba,
lagebuli, xolo wyalbadis atomebi piramidis
Sordeba mas Tu adgilze rCeba? SSM
fuZes qmnian. azotis atomuri masis wyalbadis
·2. 2kg masis nivTieri wertilis xy atomur masasTan Sefardebaa 13,9, xolo
koordinatebia (–1,2m,05m), xolo 4kg masis azotsa da wyalbadis atomebs Soris manZilia
meore nivTieri wertilis koordinatebia L=10,14×10-11m. ra a) x da b) y koordinatze
(0,6m;–0,75m). orive nivTieri wertili mdebareobs molekulis masis centri? ILW
horizontalur sibrtyezea ganlagebuli. ra
··6. 9.40 suraTze naCvenebia firfita da
a) x da b) y koordinatze unda ganlagdes 3kg
misi zomebia d1=11sm, d2=2,8sm da d3=13sm.
masis nivTieri wertili, raTa sami nivTieri
firfitis naxevari aluminisgan Sedgeba
wertilisgan Semd gari sistemis masis centris
(simkvrive=2,7g/sm ),
3
xolo meore naxevari
koordinatebi iyos (–0,5m;–0,7m)?
rkinaa (simkvrive=7,85g/sm ). ra a) x, b) y da
3
··3. 9.37 suraTze, L=22m sigrZis sami

g) z koordinatze mdebareobs firfitis masis
erTnairi Zelaki U-s qmnis.
Sebrunebul centri?
vertikaluri Zelakebis masaa 14g, xolo
horizontaluri Zelakis masa 42g-ia. ra a) x da
b) y koordinatze mdebareobs sistemis masis
centri?
··4. ra a) x da b) y koordinatze mdebareobs 9.38 sur. 9.40. amocana 6.

··7. 9.41 suraTze masis satvirTo manqana avtomobils daeweva

gamosaxuli ku da uswrebs. a) ra manZilzea avtomobili-
bis formis yuTi satvirTo manqanis sistemis masis centri
umniSvnelo sisqis SuqniSnidan, rodesac t = 3 wm? b) ra siCqariT
liTonis firfi moZraobs am dros masis centri?
tisgan aris damza
·12. m = 0,5 kg masis zeTisxili xy koordinatTa
debuli. yuTi ze
sistemis aTvlis saTaveze devs, xolo M = 1,5 kg
modan gaxsnilia
masis braziliuri Txilis koordinatebia
da misi gverdis 
sigrZea L=40sm. ra
(2iˆ  + 3
(1,2 m, 2,0 m). rodesac t = 0, F0 =  (2 + 3 ˆj )) n Zala
zeTisxilze iwyebs moqmedebas, xolo Txilze
a) x, b) y da g) z koordinatze mdebareobs yuTis 
masis centri? -3iˆ - – 2
Fn = ( (–3 2 ˆj )) n. erTeulovan-veqtorul Cana
werSi ra iqneba zeTisxili-Txilis sistemis
···8.erTgvarovani li
Tonis WurWlis masaa masis centris gadaadgileba, rodesac t=4 wm?
0,14kg, xolo simaRlea ··13. 9.43 suraTze, erTi bloki Camokidebul

12sm (sur. 9.42). WurWeli meore blokTan gorgolaWze gadakidebuli
1,31kg masis sodiT TokiT aris gadabmuli. m1=0,6kg masis pirveli
gaavses da Semdeg zemoT blokis centris xy koordinatebia (-0,5m,0m),
da qvemoT naxvretebi xolo m2=0,4kg masis Camokidebuli blokis
gaukeTes (liTonis dana sur. 9.42. amocana 8. centris xy koordinatebia (0,-0,1m). Tokis
kargi umniSvneloa). ra h da gorgolaWis masebi umniSvneloa. pirveli
simaRleze mdebareobs WurWlis masis centri bloki moZraobas iwyebs da orive bloki manamde
a) Tavdapirvelad da b) WurWlidan sodis moZraobs, vidre pirveli bloki gorgolaWs
mTlianad gamosvlis Semdeg? g) ra mosdis h Seejaxeba. pirvel bloksa da zedapirs Soris,
simaRles sodis daclis dros? d) Tu nebismier agreTve gorgolaWsa da mis RerZs Soris
momentSi darCenili sodis simaRlea x, xaxuni umniSvneloa. a) erTeulovan-veqtorul
gamoTvaleT x, rodesac masis centri udables CanawerSi ra aCqareba eqneba blokebis
wertilze mdebareobs. sistemis masis centrs? b) daadgineT masis
centris siCqaris t droze damokidebulebis
paragrafi 9.3. niutonis meore kanoni funqcia. g) gaavleT masis centris moZraobis
nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis traeqtoria. d) Tu traeqtoria arawrfivia,
·9. qva vardnas iwyebs, rodesac t = 0. orjer maRla da marjvniskenaa gadaxrili Tu dabla
meti masis qva igive wertilidan maSin vardeba, da marcxnisken? Tu traeqtoria wrfivia, ra
rodesac t = 100 mwm. a) vardnis dawyebis kuTxes adgens is x RerZTan?
adgilidan ra manZilzea qvebis masis centri,
rodesac t = 300 mwm? (am dros arc erTi qva miwa
ze dacemuli ar aris). b) ra siCqariT moZraobs
qvebis sistemis masis centri am dros? ILW
·10. 65 kg da 40 kg masis or moTxilamures
10 m sigrZis da umniSvnelo masis Woki
uWiravs. moTxilamureebi Wokis saSualebiT
erTmaneTisken moZraoben da xvdebian
erTmaneTs. ra manZils gaivlis 40 kg masis sur. 9.43. amocana 13.
mOoTxilamure?
··14. 9.44 suraTze gamosaxuli ori nivTieri
·11. 1000 kg masis avtomobili SuqniSanTan wertili koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis
uZravad dgas. mwvane Suqis anTebis dros saTavidan iwyebs moZraobas, rodesac t = 0.
avtomobili moZraobas 4m/wm2 aCqarebiT iwyebs. m1=5g masis pirveli nivTieri wertili x
amave dros 8m/wm siCqariT moZravi 2000kg RerZis gaswvriv (xaxunisgan Tavisufal
309
zedapirze) 10m/ iqneba amis Semdeg
wm mudmivi si ZaRli napiridan?
CqariT moZraobs. (miniSneba: ix. sur.
m2=3g masis meore 9.46b. ZaRli mar (a)
nivTieri wertili x cxnisken moZraobs,
RerZisadmi garkve sur. 9.44. amocana 14. xolo navi marjvni
uli kuTxiT da 20m/ sken, magram moZraobs
wm siCqariT maRla aisroles. meore nivTieri Tu ara navi+ZaRlis
wertili zustad pirveli wertilis Tavze sistemis masis cen
(b)
moZraobs. a) ra maqsimalur Hmax simaRles tri? SSM WWW
miaRwevs nivTieri wertilebis sistemis masis sur. 9.46. amocana 17.
centri? erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra
paragrafi 9.5. nivTier wertilTa sis
iqneba masis centris b) siCqare da g) aCqareba
temis impulsi
Hmax simaRleze?
·18. 0,7 kg masis burTi 5 m/wm siCqariT
··15. saartilerio Wurvi =20m/wm sawyisi
0
horizontalurad moZraobs da vertikalur
siCqariT da horizontalisadmi θ = 60° kuTxiT
kedels ejaxeba. burTi 2 m/wm siCqariT
isroles. traeqtoriis umaRles wertilSi
aisxliteba. rogor Seicvleba burTis im
Wurvi afeTqda da Tanabari masis or nawilad
pulsi?
daiSala (sur. 9.45). erTi nawilis siCqare
afeTqebis Semdeg nuli gaxda da vertikalurad ·19. 2100k g masis satvirTo manqana 41 km/sT
Camovarda. gasrolis adgilidan ra manZilze siCqariT CrdiloeTisken moZraobs, Semdeg
Camovardeba Wurvis meore nawili, Tu aRmosavleTisken 51 km/sT siCqariT ganagr-
teritoria sworia da haeris wevis Zala Zobs moZraobas. a) ramdeniT icvleba satvirTo
umniSvneloa? SSM manqanis kinetikuri energia? ra b) sididis da
g) mimarTulebisaa manqanis impulsis cvli
leba? ILW
··20. 9.47 suraTze
naCvenebia 0,165 kg
masis burTis mo-
Zraobis traeqto
ria, rodesac is
sur. 9.45. amocana 15. biliardis magidis
···16. 80kg masis rikardo da ufro msubuqi kididan aisxliteba.
burTis sawyisi si
karmelita 30kg masis kanoeSi sxedan da
mersedis tbis xedebiT tkebian. rodesac kanoe Cqarea 2 m/wm, xolo θ1
mdore wyalSi uZravad gaCerda, rikardom kuTxea 30°. asxletis
da karmelitam 3m-iT dacilebuli da kanoes dros burTis y komponenti sapirispiro xdeba,
centrisadmi simetriulad ganlagebuli xolo x komponenti ar icvleba. risi tolia
adgilebi gacvales. rikardom SeniSna, rom a) θ2 kuTxe da b) ramdeniT icvleba burTis
adgilebis Secvlis dros kanoe dambisadmi impulsi erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
horizontalurad 40sm-iT gadaadgilda (am amocanaSi burTis gorva ar ganixileba)
da karmelitas masa gamoTvala. ra masa aqvs ··21. t=0
dros
karmelitas? burTs fexi daar
···17. 9.46a suraTze gamosaxuli 4,5kg masis tyes. 9.48 suraTze
ZaRli napiridan D=6,1m manZilze myof, 18kg naCvenebia burTis
masis navze dgas. ZaRli napiris mimarTulebiT p impulsis droze
da navis gaswvriv 2,4m-s gadis. davuSvaT wyalsa damokidebulebis
da navs Soris xaxuni ar arsebobs, ra manZilze grafiki frenis
dros. ra sawyisi kuTxiT daartyes burTs? ·25. 1955 wlis TebervalSi, paraSutisti 370m
··22. tafelasTan Sejaxebamde 0,3kg masis burTi simaRlidan gadmoxta da paraSutis gaxsna ver
SeZlo da TovlSi Cavarda. raoden gasakviric
15m/wm siCqariT da horizontalidan qvemoT
ar unda iyos, paraSutistma mxolod mcire
daxrili 35° kuTxiT moZraobs. ramdeniT
dazianebebi miiRo. davuSvaT, TovlSi Cavar
icvleba burTis impulsi tafelasTan
dnis dros misi siCqarea 56m/wm, masaa 85kg
Sejaxebis Semdeg, Tu burTi moZraobs a) 20m/wm
da Tovlidan masze moqmedi Zalaa 1,2×105n
siCqariT da vertikalurad qvemoT eSveba da
(maqsimaluri sidide, rodesac adamians
b) 20m/wm siCqariT da horizontalurad ukan
gadarCenis Sansi aqvs). ra a) minimaluri siRrmis
brundeba?
Tovli gadaarCenda paraSutists da b) ra Zalis
paragrafi 9.6. Sejaxeba da Zalis impulsi moqmedebda masze Tovlidan?
impulsi
·26. 1,2kg masis burTi Camovarda da zedapirze
·23. x RerZis gaswvriv 14m/wm siCqariT moZrav 25m/wm siCqariT daeca da Semdeg burTi 10m/wm
0,4kg masis burTze x RerZis uaryofiTi siCqariT axta. a) ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
mimarTulebiT modebuli Zala 27mwm-is burTze zedapirTan kontaqtis dros? b) Tu
ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs. Zalis sidide icvleba burTsa da zedapirs Soris kontaqti 0,02wm-
da Zalis impulsia 32,4n·wm. ra iqneba a) burTis is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, ra saSualo Zala
siCqare da b) ra mimarTulebiT imoZravebs moqmedebs burTidan zedapirze?
burTi Zalis modebis Semdeg? ra iqneba g) ·27. yvela icis, rom `zekacisaTvis~ (Super-
Zalis saSualo sidide da d) burTze moqmedi
man)nasroli tyviebi misi mkerdidan aisxli
Zalis impulsis mimarTuleba? SSM
teba. davuSvaT gangsteri 3 g masis tyviebs
·24. 70-ian wlebSi, henri lamote 12m simaRlidan 100 tyvia/wT tempiT esvris „zekacs” da Ti
30sm siRrmis wyalSi xteboda da auditorias Toeuli tyviis siCqarea 500m/wm. aseve davu
aRafrTovanebda (sur. 9.49). davuSvaT lamote SvaT, rom tyviebi sawyisi traeqtoriiT
wylis fskerze Cerdeba. ra Zalis impulsi aisxliteba da maTi siCqare ar icvleba. ra
moqmedebs masze wylidan? lamotes masa Tqven saSualo Zala moqmedebs tyviebidan „zekacis”
airCieT. mkerdze?
··28. 5 kg masis
saTamaSo manqana
x RerZis gaswvriv
g a d a a d g i l d e b a .
9.50 suraTze naCve
nebia manqanaze
moqmedi Fx Zalis
cvlilebis grafiki. erTeulovan-veqtorul
CanawerSi ra iqneba P a) t=4wm da b) t = 7 wm
dros? ra iqneba g) t = 9 wm dros?
··29. 9.51 suraTze naCvenebia 0,3 kg masis beis
bolis burTi tafelasTan Sejaxebamde da Se
jaxebis Semdeg. Sejaxebamde burTis 1 siCqa-
rea 12 m/wm da θ1 kuTxea 35°. Sejaxebis Semdeg
burTi maRla mo
Zraobs 2=10m/wm
siCqariT. Sejaxeba
2 mwm-is ganmav
lobaSi grZeldeba.
sur. 9.49. amocana 24. 30sm siRrmis wyalSi xtoma ra a) sididis da
b) mimarTulebis (x
311
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi) Zalis moqmedi saSualo Zala? g) ra saSualo Zala
impulsi moqmedebs tafeladan burTze? ra moqmedebs kedelze mravali Sejaxebis
g) sididis da d) mimarTulebis saSualo Zala ganmavlobaSi?
moqmedebs tafeladan burTze?
··30. xvlik basiliskos wylis zedapirze
sirbili SeuZlia (sur. 9.52). TiToeuli
nabijis gadadgmis dros xvliki fexs wyals
urtyams da swrafad awveba, raTa fexis garSemo
haeris Rru gaCndes. nabijis dasrulebisTvis
xvliki fexs manamde wevs, vidre wyali haeris
RruSi SeaRwevs. Tu xvliki ar unda CaiZiros,
maSin fexis dartymis, dawolis da awevis ··32. 9.54 suraTze naCvenebia 58g masis
dros xvlikze moqmedi, maRla mimarTuli burTis kedelTan Sejaxebis dros moqmedi
Zalis impulsi mizidulobis Zalis Semdegad F Zalis t droze damokidebulebis funqciis
gaCenili, qvemoT mimarTuli Zalis impulsis grafiki. burTis sawyisi siCqarea 34m/wm da
toli unda iyos. davuSvaT xvlikis masaa kedlidan igive siCqariT perpendikularulad
90g, TiToeuli fexis masaa 3g, wyalze fexis aisxliteba. ra Fmax maqsimaluri Zala
dartymis siCqarea 1,5m/wm da nabijis gadadgmas moqmedebs kedlidan burTze Sejaxebis dros?
0,6wm sWirdeba. a) ra sididis Zalis impulsi
moqmedebs xvlikze fexis dartymis dros?
b) 0,6 wm-is ganmavlobaSi qvemoT mimarTuli ra
Zalis impulsi moqmedebs xvlikze mizidulobis
Zalis Sedegad? g) romeli moqmedeba (dartyma
Tu fexis dawola) exmareba ufro metad xvliks,
Tu maTi mniSvneloba Tanabaria?
··33. 9.55
suraTze, 300 g
masis da ν = 6m/wm
siCqaris burTi
kedels θ = 30°
kuTxiT ejaxeba
da igive siCqariTa da kuTxiT aisxliteba.
burTsa da kedels Soris kontaqti 10 mwm-
is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. erTeulovan-
veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia a) kedlidan
sur. 9.52. amocana 30. wyalze morbenali xvliki
burTze moqmedi Zalis impulsi da b) burTidan
··31. ori saSualo Zala. 0,25kg masis Tovlis kedelze moqmedi saSualo Zala?
gundebs 4m/wm siCqariT esvrian kedels.
··34. 0,25kg masis hokeis Saiba umniSvnelo
TiToeuli gunda kedels ekroba. 9.53 suraTze xaxunis mqone yinulis zedapirze uZravad
naCvenebia kedelze moqmedi F Zalis t droze  
Zevs. t=0 dros, F =(12 – 3 t 2) Zala, sadac F
damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki Tovlis
niutonebSia, xolo t - wamebSi, iwyebs moqmedebas
ori gundis SejaxebisTvis. Sejaxebebs Soris
da manamde moqmedebs, vidre misi sidide nulis
drois Sualedia Δtr=50mwm, xolo TiToeuli
toli gaxdeba. a) ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
Sejaxeba Δtd=10mwm-s ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
Saibaze 0,5wm-dan 1,25wm-mde drois SualedSi?
Sejaxebis Sedegad grafikze tolferda
b) ramdeniT icvleba Saibis impulsi t = 0 drosa
samkuTxedebi Cndeba da Zalis maqsimaluri
da im moments Soris, rodesac F = 0?
sididea Fmax=200n. TiToeuli Sejaxebis dros
risi tolia a) Zalis impulsi da b) kedelze
paragrafi 9.7. impulsis mudmivoba ··40. m masis da damkvirveblisadmi ν

·35. 91kg masis adamiani umniSvnelo xaxunis siCqaris mqone sagani or nawilad iSleba.
mqone zedapirze wevs da 68g masis qvas erTi nawilis masa meoreze samjer metia da
4m/wm siCqariT isvris. ra siCqares SeiZens qvis afeTqeba kosmosSi xdeba. naklebi masis sagani
msroleli? SSM damkvirveblis mimarT Cerdeba. ra kinetikuri
energia emateba sistemas afeTqebis dros
·36. saTamaSo xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze damkvirveblis aTvlis sistemidan?
x RerZis gaswvriv (–0,4m/wm) siCqariT ga
··41. xy koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis sa
daadgildeba, rodesac saTamaSos SigniT
Taveze mdebare WurWeli afeTqebis Sedegad
damagrebuli ori zambara mas sam nawilad
sam nawilad daiSala. m masis mqone erTi
yofs. ra siCqare eqneba A nawils?
nawili (–30 m/wm) siCqariT moZraobs, aseve m
nawili masa (kg) siCqare (m/wm) masis mqone meore nawili (–30 m/wm) siCqariT
A 0,5 ? gadaadgildeba, xolo mesame nawilis masaa
B 0,6 0,2 3m. afeTqebis Semdeg ra a) sididis da b) mimar
Tulebis siCqare aqvs mesame nawils?
C 0,2 0,3
··42. 9.57 suraTze gamosaxuli uZravi bloki
·37. kosmosuri xomaldi dedamiwis mimarT
L da R nawilebad iSleba. nawilebi xaxunisgan
4300km/sT siCqariT moZraobs, rodesac
Tavisufal zedapirze gadaadgildeba da
raketis daxarjuli Zrava raketas gamoeyofa
Semdeg xaxunis mqone arealSi Sedian, sadac
da samarTavi modulis mimarT 82km/sT siCqariT
orive Cerdeba. 2 kg masis L nawilze μL = 0,4
moZraobs. Zravis masa modulis masaze oTxjer
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti moqmedebs
metia. ra siCqare aqvs samarTav moduls
da is dL = 0,15 m manZilis gavlis Semdeg
dedamiwis mimarT raketis gayofis Semdeg?
Cerdeba. R nawilze μR = 0,5 kinetikuri xaxunis
··38. 9.56 suraTze
koeficienti moqmedebs da is dR=0,25m manZilis
naCvenebia xaxunisgan
gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. ra masisaa bloki?
Tavisufal zedapi
rze mdebare `raketa~,
romlis centri x Rer sur. 9.56. amocana 38.
Zis aTvlis saTaves
emTxveva. „raketa“ C centraluri blokisgan
(M = 6kg) da L da R blokebisgan (m = 2kg) sur. 9.57. amocana 42.
Sedgeba. mcire afeTqebas gverdiT mdebare
··43. 20kg masis sxeuli 200m/wm siCqariT x RerZis
blokebis C blokisgan moSorebiT da x RerZis
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba da
gaswvriv gadaadgileba SeuZlia gamoiwvios.
afeTqebis Sedegad sam nawilad iSleba. 10 kg
1) t = 0 dros, L bloki marcxnisken gada
masis erTi nawili afeTqebis wertilidan
adgildeba afeTqebis mier raketisTvis
moSorebiT, y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
miniWebuli siCqarisadmi 3 m/wm siCqariT.
100 m/wm siCqariT gadaadgildeba. 4 kg ma
2) t = 0,8 wm dros, R bloki marjvnisken
sis meore nawili x RerZis uaryofiTi mi
gadaadgildeba C blokis siCqarisadmi 3 m/wm
marTulebiT 500 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
siCqariT. rodesac t = 2,8 wm, ra a) siCqare aqvs
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra siCqare
C bloks da b) sad mdebareobs misi centri? aqvs mesame nawils? b) ra energia gamoiyofa
··39. 4 kg masis sagani xaxunisgan Tavisufal afeTqebis dros? mizidulobis Zalis mo
zedapirze moZraobs da 2 kg masis or nawilad qmedeba ugulebelyaviT. SSM ILW WWW
iSleba. erTi nawili CrdiloeTisken 3 m/wm ···44. A da B nivTier wertilebs SekumSuli
siCqariT moZraobs, xolo meore nawili 5 m/wm zambara erTad aCerebs. gaSvebis Semdeg zambara
siCqariT, 30°-iT Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken wertilebs sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ubiZ
gadaadgildeba. ra sawyisi siCqare aqvs gebs. A nivTieri wertilis masa B-ze orjer
sagans? metia da zambaraSi Senaxuli energiaa 60 j.
313
davuSvaT zambaris masa umniSvneloa da ··49. 9.59a suraTze, 3,5 g masis tyvia xaxunisgan
misi energia mTlianad nivTier wertilebs Tavisufal zedapirze mdebare or bloks
gadaecema. energiis gadacemis Semdeg ra horizontalurad esroles. tyvia pirvel
kinetikuri energia eqneba a) A nivTier wertils blokSi (1,2 kg masis) gadis da meore blokSi
da b) B nivTier wertils? (1,8 kg masis) rCeba. blokebis siCqareebi
tyviis moxvedris Semdeg ν1 = 0,63 m/wm da
paragrafi 9.9. araelastiuri Sejaxebebi
erT ganzomilebaSi ν2  = 1,4 m/wm xdeba (sur. 9.59b). tyviis mier
pirveli blokidan gamotanili nivTiereba
·45. 5,2g masis tyvia 672m/wm siCqariT moZraobs
ugulebelyaviT da gamoTvaleT tyviis siCqare
da xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze uZravad
a) pirveli blokidan gamosvlisas da b) pirvel
mdebare 700g masis xis bloks ejaxeba. tyvia
blokSi Sesvlisas.
blokidan gamodis da 428m/wm siCqariT imave
mimarTulebiT ganagrZobs moZraobas. a) ra
siCqare aqvs bloks? b) ra siCqariT moZraobs
tyvia-blokis masis centri?
·46. 10 g masis tyvia 2 kg masis balistikur
qanqaras ejaxeba. qanqaris masis centri 12 sm-
iT vertikalurad maRla gadaadgildeba.
davuSvaT tyvia qanqaraSi CarCa, ra sawyisi
siCqare hqonda mas?
sur. 9.59. amocana
··47. 1=(–4m/wm) +(–5m/wm) siCqariT moZravi
2kg masis nivTieri wertili da 2=(6m/wm) + ··50. 9.60 suraTze,
(–2m/wm) siCqariT moZravi 4kg masis nivTieri 10 g masis 1000 
wertili erTmaneTs ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Sedegad m/wm siCqariT ver
nivTieri wertilebi SeerTda. ra iqneba maTi tikalurad zeviT
siCqare a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi gasrolilma
da ra iqneba am siCqaris b) sidide da g) kuTxe? tyviam 5 kg masis
blokis masis
··48. A manqana (1100 kg masis) SuqniSanze gaCerda
centrze ga sur. 9.60. amocana 50.
da mas uknidan B manqana (1400kg masis) Seejaxa.
iara. blokidan
Sejaxebis Semdeg orive manqana gasrialda
gamosuli tyvia igive mimarTulebiT 400 m/
da gzidan moqmedma xaxunis Zalam (μk = 0,13)
wm siCqariT ganagrZobs moZraobas. sawyisi
manqanebi dA = 8,2 m da dB = 6,1 m manZilebze mdebareobidan ra maqsimalur simaRleze ava
SeaCera. ra iqneba a) A manqanis da b) B manqanis bloki tyviis moxvedris Sedegad?
siCqare srialis dawyebisas, Sejaxebis Semdeg?
··51. 3 m/wm siCqariT moZravi 5 kg masis bloki
g) davuSvaT Sejaxebis dros impulsi inaxeba,
imave mimarTulebiT da 2 m/wm siCqariT moZrav
ra siCqare eqneba B manqanas Sejaxebamde?
d) axseniT, Tu ratom SeiZleba aRmoCndes
10 kg masis bloks ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg
amgvari daSveba araswori. 10 kg masis bloki 2,5 m/wm siCqariT ganagrZobs
moZraobas. a) ra iqneba 5kg masis blokis siCqare
Sejaxebis Semdeg? b) ramdeniT Seicvleba
blokebis sistemis jamuri kinetikuri ener
gia Sejaxebis Sedegad? g) davuSvaT, 10 kg
masis bloki Sejaxebis Semdeg 4 m/wm siCqariT
ganagrZobs moZraobas. am SemTxvevaSi ramdeniT
Seicvleba jamuri kinetikuri energia?
···52. sagozavis sveli burTebi erTmaneTisken
moZraoben (vertikaluri RerZis gaswvriv)
sur. 9.58. amocana 48. da sruliad araelastiurad ejaxebian.
Sejaxebamde 3 kg masis burTi 20 m/wm siCqariT bloki (1,6kg masis) xaxunisgan Tavisufal
maRla adis, xolo 2 kg masis burTi 12 m/wm zedapirze B blokisken (2,4kg masis)
siCqariT dabla vardeba. Sejaxebis adgilidan misrialebs. suraTze naCvenebia Sejaxebamde
ra simaRleze ava Sewebebuli burTebi? (haeris (i) da Sejaxebis Semdgomi (f) sami siCqaris
wevis Zala ugulvebelyaviT). mimarTuleba. Sesabamisia sidideebia νAi=5,5m/
···53. 9.61 suraTze wm, νBi=2,5m/wm da νBf=4,9m/wm. ra a) sidide da b)
gamosaxuli pir mimarTuleba aqvs Af siCqares? g) aris Tu ara
veli bloki Sejaxeba elastiuri?
(2kg masis) 10 m/ sur. 9.61. amocanebi 53 da
·57. Tanabari siCqariT moZravi titanis ori
wm siCqariT 124.
sfero erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba da elastiurad
marjvniv moZraobs,
ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg 300g masis erT-erTi
xolo meore bloki (5 kg masis) 3 m/wm siCqariT sfero Cerdeba. a) ra masa aqvs meore sferos? b)
aseve marjvniv gadaadgildeba. zedapiri ra siCqariT moZraobs sferoebis masis centri,
xaxunisgan Tavisufali da meore blokze Tu TiToeuli sferos
1120 n/m sixistis zambaraa damagrebuli. sawyisi siCqarea 2m/
blokebis Sejaxebisas zambara maqsimalurad wm?
ikumSeba da blokebis siCqareebi Tanabrdeba.
gamoTvaleT zambaris maqsimaluri SekumSvis
··58. 9.64 suraTze
gamosaxuli m1=0,3kg sur. 9.64. amocana 58.
manZili. ILW
masis nivTieri
···54. 9.62 suraTze
wertili 2m/wm siCqariT x RerZis gas
gamosaxuli
sur. 9.62. amocana 54. wvriv, marjvniv gadaadgildeba (xaxunisgan
meore bloki
Tavisufal zedapirze). x = 0 koordinatze
(1 kg masis) xaxunisgan Tavisufal
nivTieri wertili m2 = 0,4 kg masis uZrav
zedapirze uZravad Zevs da
meore nivTier wertils elastiurad ejaxeba
200 n/m sixistis moSvebul zambaras exeba.
(Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). meore
zambaris meore bolo kedelzea mimagrebuli.
nivTieri wertili xw = 70 sm koordinatze
ν1 = 4 m/wm siCqariT moZravi pirveli bloki
mdebare kedlidan aisxliteba da siCqares ar
(2 kg masis) meore bloks ejaxeba da blokebi
kargavs. x RerZis ra koordinatze Seejaxeba
erTmaneTs ekroba. blokebis wamieri gaCerebis
meore nivTieri wertili pirvels?
momentSi ra manZiliT SeikumSeba zambara?
··59. 2kg masis sxeuli uZrav meore sxeuls
paragrafi 9.10. elastiuri Sejaxebebi elastiurad ejaxeba da moZraobas sawyisi
erT ganzomilebaSi siCqaris erTi meoTxedi siCqariT igive mi
·55. 340 g masis Cemodani xaxunisgan Tavisufal marTulebiT ganagrZobs. a) ra masa aqvs meore
zedapirze moZraobs da 1,2 m/wm sawyisi sxeuls? b) ra siCqariT moZraobs sxeulebis
siCqariT uZrav meore Cemodans ejaxeba, masis centri, Tu 2 kg masis sxeulis sawyisi
romlis masa ucnobia. Sejaxebis Semdeg, siCqarea 4 m/wm? SSM
pirveli Cemodani 0,66 m/wm siCqariT da sawyisi ··60. 0,5 kg masis fo
mimarTulebiT ganagrZobs moZraobas. a) ra masa ladis burTi 70 sm
aqvs meore Cemodans? b) ra siCqare aqvs meore sigrZis Tokze Ca
Cemodans Sejaxebis mokides. Semdeg Toki
Semdeg? g) ra horizontalur
siCqariT moZraobs m d g o m a r e o b a S i
Cemodnebis sis moiyvanes da burTs sur. 9.65. amocana 60.
temis masis cen gauSves xeli (sur.
tri? SSM
9.65). burTi wonasworobis mdebareobaSi
·56. 9.63 suraTze daejaxa xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze
gamosaxuli A uZravad mdebare bloks, romlis masaa 2,5kg.
Sejaxeba elastiuria. gamoTvaleT a) burTis
315
siCqare da b) blokis siCqare Sejaxebis Semdeg. meore Saibas elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba erT
··61. m1 masis pirveli bloki xaxunisgan ganzomilebaSi xdeba). meore Saiba zedapiridan
Tavisufal zedapirze gadaadgildeba da vardeba da vardnis adgilidan d manZilze ecema.

m2=3m1 masis uZrav bloks elastiurad ejaxeba pirveli Saiba Sejaxebis Sedegad aisxliteba
(Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). blokebis da sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
Semdeg pirveli Saibac vardeba zedapiridan
sistemis masis centri Sejaxebamde 3m/wm
siCqariT moZraobs. ra siCqare eqneba a) masis da vardnis adgilidan 2d manZilze ecema. ra
centrs da b) meore bloks Sejaxebis Semdeg? masa aqvs meore Saibas? (miniSneba: niSnebs
yuradReba miaqcieT).
··62. 9.66 suraTze gamosaxuli m1 masis pirveli
bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal daRmarTze,
h=2,5m simaRlidan srialdeba da m2=2m1
masis uZrav meore bloks ejaxeba. Sejaxebis
Semdeg meore bloki μk=0,5 kinetikuri xaxunis
koeficientis mqone zedapirze moZraobs da d
manZilis gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. risi tolia sur. 9.68. amocana 64.
d, Tu Sejaxeba a) elastiuria da b) sruliad
araelastiuria? paragrafi 9.11. Sejaxebebi or gan
zomilebaSi
··65. 9.22 suraTze, pirveli nivTieri wertili
alfa nawilakia, xolo samizne meore nivTieri
wertili Jangbadis birTvia. alfa nawilaki
θ1=64° kuTxiT moZraobs, xolo Jangbadis
birTvi 1,2×105m siCqariT da θ2=51° kuTxiT
gadaadgildeba. atomuri masis erTeulebSi
···63. horizon alfa nawilakis masaa 4u, xolo Jangbadis
taluri zedapi birTvis masaa 16u. ra a) sawyisi da b) saboloo
ridan h = 1,8 sima siCqare aqvs alfa nawilaks? ILW
Rleze uWiravT
··66. 2kg masis A da B sxeuli erTmaneTs
M = 0,63 kgmasis
ejaxeba. Sejaxebamde A = (15  + 30 ) m/wm, xolo
burTi da mis ze
= (–10  + 5 ) m/wm. Sejaxebis Semdeg
viT m masis pa B
tara burTi ise, Á = (–5  + 20 ) m/wm. ra iqneba a) B-s saboloo

rom did burTs siCqare da b) ramdeniT Seicvleba jamuri
ar exeba (sur. kinetikuri energia?
9.67a). burTebs ··67. 500m/wm siCqariT moZravi sasroli

erTdroulad gau sur. 9.67. amocana 63.
protoni uZrav samizne protons elas
Sves xeli (davu tiurad ejaxeba. Semdeg protonebi per
SvaT, rom burTebis radiusebi h simaRlesTan pendikularuli traeqtoriebiT moZraoben
SedarebiT mcirea). a) Tu mozrdili burTi da sasroli protonis traeqtoria sawyisi
zedapiridan elastiurad aisxliteba da mimarTulebisadmi 60°-s adgens. Sejaxebis
Semdeg patara burTi mozrdili burTidan Semdeg ra siCqare aqvs a) samizne protons da
aseve elastiurad aisxliteba, m-is ra b) sasrol protons?
mniSvnelobis dros gaCerdeba mozrdili ··68. B burTi x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
burTi patara burTTan Sejaxebis dros? b) ν siCqariT gadaadgildeba da aTvlis saTaveze
ra simaRleze ava am dros patara burTi (sur.
mdebare A uZrav burTs ejaxeba. burTebis
9.67b)? SSM WWW
masebi sxvadasxvaa. Sejaxebis Semdeg B burTi y
···64. 9.68 suraTze gamosaxuli m1=0,2kg masis RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT ν/2 siCqariT
hokeis pirveli Saiba xaxunisgan Tavisufal ganagrZobs moZraobas. a) ra mimarTulebiT
zedapirze gadaadgildeba da hokeis uZrav
moZraobs A burTi? b) daamtkiceT, rom A-s xaxunis Zalebi barJebis masebze damokidebuli
siCqaris gamoTvla mocemuli informaciis ar aris. SSM
daxmarebiT SeuZlebelia.
···69. erTi da igive masis da sawyisi siCqaris
mqone ori sagani sruliad araelastiuri
Sejaxebis Semdeg ganaxevrebuli siCqariT
Sordeba erTmaneTs. gamoTvaleT kuTxe
sagnebis sawyis siCqareebs Soris. SSM
paragrafi 9.12. cvladi masis mqone

sistemebi: raketa
·70. kosmosSi raketa aTvlis inerciuli
sistemis mimarT uZravia. raketis Zravam
garkveul drois SualedSi unda imuSaos.
ra unda iyos raketis masebis Sefardeba
(sawyisi da saboloo masebis Sefardeba) damatebiTi amocanebi
drois am SualedSi, raTa aTvlis inerciuli 74. 9.70 suraTze
sistemisadmi raketis sawyisi siCqare gamosaxuli ori niv
a) gamonabolqvis siCqaris (gamonabolqvi Tieri wertili xaxu
produqtis siCqare raketisadmi) toli da nisgan Tavisufal
zedapirze mudmivi
b) gamonabolqvis siCqareze orjer meti iyos?
siCqariT gadaadgil
·71. kosmosSi, 2,55×105kg masis raketaSi, deba. nivTier wertilTa sur. 9.70. amocana 74.
romelic aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi masebi Tanabaria da
uZravia, aris 1,81×105kg sawvavi. Semdeg raketis maTi sawyisi siCqarea ν = 4 m/wm. traeqtoriebis
Zrava 250 wamis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs da gadakveTis adgilze nivTieri wertilebi
sawvavis moxmarebis tempia 480 kg/wm. raketis erTmaneTs ejaxeba. x RerZi traeqtoriebs
mimarT gamonabolqvi produqtis siCqarea Soris kuTxis biseqtrisaa da θ = 40°. Sejaxebis
3,27 km/wm. a) risi tolia raketis Zalva? adgilidan marjvniv mdebare farTobs x RerZi
250 wamis Semdeg ra iqneba raketis b) masa da da oTxi daStrixuli xazi oTx regionad yofs.
g) siCqare? SSM ILW romel regionSi an romeli wrfis gaswvriv
·72. 6090 kg masis kosmosuri sakvlevi raketa imoZraveben nivTieri wertilebi, Tu Sejaxeba
mzis mimarT 105 m/wm siCqariT iupiterisken a) sruliad araelastiuria, b) elastiuria da
moZraobs. Zravis amuSavebis Semdeg 80 kg g) araelastiuria? ra saboloo siCqareebi
masis gamonabolqvi raketis mimarT 253 m/wm eqneba nivTier wertilebs, Tu Sejaxeba
d) sruliad araelastiuria da e) elastiuria?
siCqariT moZraobs. ra iqneba raketis saboloo
siCqare? 75. siCqaris gama
·73. 9.69 suraTze gamosaxuli ori grZeli barJa didebeli. 9.71
mdore wyalSi erTi da igive mimarTulebiT suraTze, m1 masis
moZraobs. erTis siCqarea 10 km/sT, xolo pirveli bloki x sur. 9.71. amocana 75.
meoris siCqarea 20 km/sT. erTmaneTis Cavlis RerZis gaswvriv,
dros nela moZravi barJidan swrafad moZrav xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze ν1i=4m/wm
barJaze qvanaxSirs 1000 kg/wT tempiT yrian. siCqariT misrialebs da m2=0,5m1 masis uZrav
ra damatebiTi Zala unda uzrunvelyos a) meore bloks elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba
erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). Semdeg meore bloki
swrafad moZravi barJis da b) nela moZravi
barJis Zravam, raTa siCqare ar Seicvalos? m3=0,5m2 masis mesame uZrav bloks ejaxeba
(kvlav erT ganzomilebaSi). a) ra iqneba mesame
dauSviT, rom qvanaxSirs yovelTvis sworad
blokis siCqare? mesame blokis b) siCqare,
yrian da barJebsa da wyals Soris moqmedi
317
g) kinetikuri energia da d) impulsi pirveli 79. matareblis vagoni xorblis elevatoris
blokis Sesabamis sawyis mniSvnelobaze metia, qvemoT 3,2m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs.
naklebia Tu misi tolia? xorbali vagonze 540kg/wT tempiT iyreba. ra
76. siCqaris Sema sididis Zalaa saWiro vagonis mudmivi siCqaris
mcirebeli. 9.72 SesanarCuneblad, Tu xaxuni umniSvneloa?
suraTze, m1 masis 80. 915 n wonis adamiani matareblis grZel
pirveli bloki x sur. 9.72. amocana 76. vagonze (2415 n wonis) dgas da vagoni x RerZis
RerZis gaswvriv, dadebiTi mimarTulebiT 18,2m/wm siCqariT
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 4m/wm si moZraobs. xaxuni umniSvneloa. Semdeg adamiani
CqariT gadaadgildeba da m2=2m1 masis uZrav vagonze x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
meore bloks elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba garbis da vagonis mimarT misi siCqarea 4m/wm.
erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). Semdeg meore bloki ramdeniT gaizrdeba vagonis siCqare?
m3=2m2 masis uZrav mesame bloks elastiurad
81. 9.74 suraTze ga
ejaxeba (kvlav erT ganzomilebaSi). a) ra
mosaxulia Saqris Ca
iqneba mesame blokis siCqare? mesame blokis
sayreli ori WurWe
b) siCqare, g) kinetikuri energia da d)
li. erTmaneTTan um
impulsi pirveli blokis Sesabamis sawyis
niSvnelo masisa da
mniSvnelobaze metia, naklebia Tu misi tolia?
xaxunisagan Tavisufal
77. `fardobiTi~ gorgolaWze gada
mniSvnelovani kiduli TokiT aris
sityvaa. 9.73 su dakavSirebuli. Tokis
sur. 9.73. amocana 77. masac umniSvneloa.
raTze, ori bloki
_ mL=1kg masis L bloki da mR=0,5kg masis R Saqrisa da WurWlis erToblivi masaa 500g,
bloki, romelTa Soris SekumSuli zambaraa WurWlebis centrebs Soris manZilia 50mm
damagrebuli, uZravia. xelis gaSvebis Semdeg da isini erT simaRlezea gaCerebuli. ra
zambara blokebs xaxunisgan Tavisufal horizontaluri manZilia pirveli WurWlis
zedapirze gadaaadgilebs (zambaris masa centrsa da ori WurWlisgan Semdgari sistemis
umniSvneloa da blokebis amoZravebis Semdeg masis centrs Soris a) Tavdapirvelad da
zedapirze vardeba). a) Tu zambara L bloks b) pirveli WurWlidan meoreSi 20g Saqris
zedapiris mimarT 1,2m/wm siCqares aniWebs, ra gadayris Semdeg? Saqris gadayris Semdeg
manZilze gadaadgildeba R bloki Semdgomi WurWlebs xeli gauSves. g) ra mimarTulebiT
imoZravebs sistemis masis centri da d) ra
0,8wm-is ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu zambara L bloks
aCqareba eqneba mas?
R blokis siCqaris mimarT 1,2m/wm siCqares
aniWebs, ra manZilze gadaadgildeba R bloki 82. 9.75 suraTze
Semdgomi 0,8wm-is ganmavlobaSi? naCvenebia 6d=6m

gverdis sigrZis
78. M masis raketa x RerZis gaswvriv
kvadratuli fir
νi=40m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. mcire fita, romelsac
afeTqebis Sedegad raketa wina (m1 masis) 2d gverdis sig
da ukana nawilebad iSleba. orive nawili rZis kvadrati Ca
x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobas ganagrZobs. moaWres. ra a) x da
nawilebs Soris fardobiTi siCqarea 20m/wm. b) y koordinatze
ra a) minimaluri SesaZlo νf saboloo siCqare mdebareobs darCenili firfitis masis

SeiZleba hqondes raketis wina nawils da b) m1- centri?
is ra zRvruli mniSvnelobis dros xdeba es?
83. 2,65kg masis yuTi afeTqebis Sedegad
g) ra maqsimaluri SesaZlo νf siCqare SeiZleba sam nawilad daiSala da samive xaxunisgan
hqondes raketis wina nawils da d) m1-is ra Tavisufal zedapirze gasrialda. yuTi
zRvruli mniSvnelobis dros xdeba es? Tavdapirvelad koordinatTa sistemis aT
vlis saTaveze imyofeboda. pirveli nawilis ra simaRleze ava a) pirveli sfero da b)

masaa m1=0,5kg, xolo siCqarea (10 +12 )m/wm. meore sfero? momdevno elastiuri Sejaxebis
meore nawilis masaa m2=0,75kg, siCqarea 14m/wm Semdeg ra simaRleze ava g) pirveli sfero da
da 110° kuTxiT moZraobs (x RerZis dadebiTi d) meore sfero? (miniSneba: damrgvalebul

mimarTulebidan saaTis isris moZraobis mniSvnelobebs nu gamoiyenebT).
sawinaaRmdegod). a) ra siCqare aqvs mesame na 89. 9.76 suraTze,
wils da b) ra mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba? 80kg masis adamiani
84. 3kg masis da (5m/wm) siCqaris pirveli 320kg masis sahaero
nivTieri wertili 2kg masis da (–6m/wm) burTze Camokidebul
siCqaris meore nivTier wertils elastiurad kibeze adis. burTi
ejaxeba (Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). Tavdapirvelad deda
Sejaxebis Semdeg ra siCqariT moZraobs miwisadmi uZravia.
a) pirveli nivTieri wertili da b) meore Tu adamiani kibisadmi
nivTieri wertili? 2,5m/wm siCqariT adis
a) ra mimarTulebiT
85. raketis ukanaskneli safexuri 7600m/wm
da b) ra siCqariT
siCqariT moZraobs da ori nawilisgan Sedgeba.
moZraobs burTi?
erTi nawili 290kg masis raketis garsia, xolo
g) Tu adamiani kibeze
meore nawili 150kg masis sasargeblo tvirTis
asvlas Sewyvets, ra
kapsulaa. mogvianebiT SekumSuli zambara am sur. 9.76. amocana 89.
siCqare eqneba burTs?
or nawils ganacalkevebs da isini erTmaneTis
90. 0,15kg masis burTi kedels (5m/wm) +
mimarT 910m/wm siCqariT moZraoben. ra iqneba
a) raketis garsis da b) sasargeblo tvirTis + (6,5m/wm) + (4m/wm) siCqariT ejaxeba. Semdeg
siCqare gancalkevebis Semdeg? davuSvaT burTi kedlidan (2m/wm) + (3,5m/wm) + (–3,2m/wm)
yvela siCqare erTi da igive wrfis gaswvrivaa siCqariT aisxliteba. a) ramdeniT icvleba
mimarTuli. gamoTvaleT orive nawilis jamuri burTis impulsi? ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
kinetikuri energia g) gancalkevebamde da d) b) burTze da g) kedelze?
gancalkevebis Semdeg. 91. cxrilSi mocemulia oTxi nivTieri wer
86. 200g masis da 3m/wm siCqariT moZravi tilis xy koordinatebi da siCqare garkveul
pirveli nivTieri wertili 400g masis uZrav momentSi. am momentSi ra a) x da b) y koordinat-
meore nivTier wertils erT ganzomilebaSi ze mdebareobs maTi masis centri da g) ra
ejaxeba. ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs pirvel siCqare aqvs masis centrs?
nivTier wertilze, Tu Sejaxeba a) elastiuria
nivTieri masa mdebareoba siCqare
da b) sruliad araelastiuria? wertili (kg) (m) (m/wm)
87. radiolokaciurma sadgurma sagani 1 2 0, 3 –9
daafiqsira da aRmoCnda, rom misi mdebareobis
 2 4 3, 0 6
veqtoria r =(3500–160t) +2700 +300 , sadac
 3 3 0, –2 6
r metrebSia, xolo t wamebSi. sadguris x RerZi
aRmosavleTisken aris mimarTuli, y RerZi -
4 12 –1, 0 –2
CrdiloeTisken, xolo z RerZi - vertikalurad 92. 0,55 kg masis burTi betonze 12m/wm siCqariT
maRla. Tu sagani 250kg masis meteorologiuri ecema da 3m/wm siCqariT maRla aisxliteba.
raketaa, ra iqneba misi a) impulsi, b) moZraobis y RerZi maRlaa mimarTuli. erTeulovan-
mimarTuleba da g) masze moqmedi jamuri veqtorul CanawerSi a) ramdeniT icvleba
Zala? burTi impulsi, ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
88. 9.10 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul b) burTze da g) betonze?
ganlagebaze davuSvaT, rom pirveli sferos 93. sxeuli x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
masaa 50g da sawyisi simaRlea h1=9sm, xolo 2m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da masze jamuri
meore sferos masaa 85g. mas Semdeg, rac pirveli Zala ar moqmedebs. Semdeg Sida afeTqebis
sfero meore sferos elastiurad Seejaxeba, gamo sxeuli erTi da igive 4 kg masis or
319
nawilad iSleba da jamuri kinetikuri balistikur qanqaraze tyviis m masaa 8 g,
energia 16j-iT izrdeba. saganis wina blokis M masaa 7kg da blokis asvlis ver
nawili moZraobas sawyisi mimarTulebiT tikaluri h simaRlea 5 sm. a) tyviis sawyisi
ganagrZobs. ra siCqariT moZraobs saganis kinetikuri energiis ra nawili darCeba tyvia-
a) ukana nawili da b) wina nawili? blokis qanqaris meqanikur energiad blokTan
94. m1 masis pirveli bloki 4m/wm siCqariT Sejaxebis Semdeg? b) Tu tyviis sawyis siCqares
x RerZis gaswvriv, xaxunisgan Tavisufal gavzrdiT, es nawili gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba
Tu ar Seicvleba? ratom?
zedapirze gadaadgildeba da m2=0,4m1 masis
uZrav meore bloks erT ganzomilebaSi 99. saTamaSo Tofi wamSi 2g masis 10 burTulas
elastiurad ejaxeba. Semdeg orive bloki 500m/wm siCqariT isvris. burTulebi kedels
0,5 kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientis mqone xvdeba. risi tolia a) TiToeuli burTulis
monakveTSi Sedis da Cerdeba. ra manZils impulsi, b) kinetikuri energia da g) ra saSualo
gaivlis am monakveTSi a) pirveli bloki da b) Zala moqmedebs kedlidan burTulebis
meore bloki? nakadze? d) Tu burTulasa da kedels Soris
95. t = 0 dros, 2×10-3kg masis uZrav nivTier kontaqti 0,6 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba,
ra saSualo Zala moqmedebs kedlidan bur
wertilze 1 = (–4  + 5 )n Zala iwyebs moqme
Tulaze kontaqtis dros? e) ratom gansxvavdeba
debas, xolo 4×10–3 kg masis uZrav nivTier
erTmaneTisgan g) da d) SekiTxvaze miRebuli
wertilze = (2  – 4 )n Zala moqmedebs. 0-
2    pasuxebi?
dan 2 mwm-mde drois SualedSi risi tolia
100. kosmosuri xomaldi asafeTqebeli
nivTier wertilTa sistemis masis centris
WanWikebis meSveobiT or nawilad daiSala.
gadaadgilebis a) sidide da b) kuTxe (x RerZis
nawilebis masebia 1200 kg da 1800 kg.
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi)? g) ra kinetikuri
WanWikebidan TiToeul nawilze moqmedi
energia aqvs masis centrs t = 2 mwm dros?
Zalis impulsia 300 n·wm. ra fardobiTi
96. atomis birTvi xy koordinatTa sistemis siCqariT gancalkevdebian nawilebi afeTqebis
aTvlis saTaveze Zevs da sam nawilakad gar Sedegad?
daiqmneba. 16,7×10–27kg masis pirveli nawilaki
101. 1400 kg masis manqana y RerZis dadebiTi
aTvlis saTavidan moSorebiT (6×106 m/wm)
mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeTisken 5,3 m/wm si
siCqariT gadaadgildeba. 8,35×10–27kg masis
CqariT moZraobs. Semdeg manqana 4,6wamis
meore nawilaki aTvlis saTavidan aseve
ganmavlobaSi 90°-ian marjvena mosaxvevSi
moSorebiT (–8×106m/wm) siCqariT moZraobs.
Sedis da xes ejaxeba, romelic manqanas 350 mwm-
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi
is Semdeg aCerebs. erTeulovan-veqtorul
tolia 11,7×10–27kg masis mesame nawilakis
CanawerSi ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs manqanaze
impulsi? b) ra kinetikuri energia Cndeba
a) moxvevis Sedegad da b) Sejaxebis Sedegad? ra
gardaqmnis Sedegad?
saSualo Zala moqmedebs manqanaze g) moxvevis
97. 9.77 suraTze naCvenebia 22,7kg masis cigebi, dros da d) Sejaxebis dros? e) ra mimarTuleba
romelTa Soris patara manZilia. 3,63kg aqvs moxvevis dros moqmed saSualo Zalas?
masis kata pirveli cigidan meoreze xteba da
102. mxuTavi airis molekula x RerZis
Semdeg kvlav pirvel cigas ubrundeba. orive
gaswvriv Zevs. naxSirbadis atomis koor
naxtomis siCqare yinulisadmi 3,05m/wm-ia. ra
dinatia x = 0, xolo Jangbadis atomi
saboloo siCqare eqneba a) pirvel cigas da
x = 1,131×10 m koordinatzea ganlagebuli.
–10 
b) meore cigas?
ra x koordinatzea molekulis masis centri?
103. 150 g masis burTi kedels 5,2 m/wm siCqariT
ejaxeba da asxletis Semdeg kinetikuri
energiis naxevars kargavs. a) ra siCqare aqvs
sur. 9.77. amocana 97. burTs asxletis Semdeg? b) ra Zalis impulsi
moqmedebs kedlidan burTze? g) Tu burTsa da
98. 9.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul
kedels Soris kontaqti 7,6 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeba, ra saSualo Zala moqmedebs nawili inaxeba zambaraSi?

kedlidan burTze drois am SualedSi? 110. radioaqtiuri (mSobeli) birTvi sxva
104. 2400 kg masis kraisleri swor gzaze (`Svilobil~) birTvad gardaiqmneba da
80 km/sT siCqariT moZraobs. kraislers 1600 kg eleqtronsa da neitrinos gamoasxivebs.
masis da 60 km/sT siCqariT moZravi fordi ~mSobeli~ birTvi xy koordinatTa sis
misdevs ukan. ra siCqariT moZraobs manqanebis temis aTvlis saTavezea ganlagebuli.
masis centri? eleqtroni aTvlis saTavidan moSore
105. fexburTeli 0,45kg masis burTs fexs biT (–1,2×10–22kg·m/wm) impulsiT gada
artyams. fexsa da burTs Soris kontaqti adgildeba, xolo neitrino agreTve aT
vlis saTavidan moSorebiT moZraobs,
3×10–3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, xolo
oRond misi impulsia (–6,4×10–23kg·m/wm) . ra
0 ≤ t ≤ 3×10–3 wm SualedSi (sadac t wamebSia)
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa `Svilobili~
dartymis Zala Semdegi formuliT moicema:
birTvis impulsi? g) Tu Svilobili birTvis
F(t)=[(6×106)t–(2×109)t2]n masaa 5,8×10-26kg, ra iqneba misi kinetikuri
gamoTvaleT a) burTze moqmedi Zalis impulsi energia?
dartymis Sedegad, b) fexidan burTze moqmedi
111. eleqtroni uZrav wyalbadis atoms
saSualo Zala kontaqtis ganmavlobaSi, g)
elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba erT gan
fexidan burTze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zala
zomilebaSi xdeba). eleqtronis sawyisi
kontaqtis ganmavlobaSi da d) burTis siCqare
kinetikuri energiis ra nawili (procentebSi)
dartymis Semdeg.
gadadis wyalbadis atomis kinetikur ener
106. 1 kg da 3 kg masis ori bloki zambariT giaSi? (wyalbadis atomis masa eleqtronis
erTmaneTze aris gadabmuli da xaxunisgan masaze 1840-jer metia).
Tavisufal zedapirze uZravad Zevs. Semdeg
112. raketa mzis sistemidan moSorebiT
blokebi erTmaneTisken moZraobs da 1 kg masis
6×103m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg raketis
bloki uZravi masis centrisken 1,7 m/wm sawyisi
Zrava irTveba da gamonabolqvi raketisadmi
siCqariT gadaadgildeba. ra sawyisi siCqare
3×103m/wm siCqariT gamodis. am dros raketis
aqvs meore bloks?
masaa 4×104kg, xolo misi aCqarebaa 2m/wm2.
107. 3,18×104kg masis satvirTo vagoni uZrav a) risi tolia Zravis Zalva? b) ra tempiT
samuxruWe vagons ejaxeba. vagonebi Cerdeba
gamodis gamonabolqvi (kg/wm-ebSi)?
da sawyisi kinetikuri energiis 27% siTbur
113. 9.79 suraTze, m1=6,6kg masis pirveli
energiaSi, bgeraSi, vibraciaSi da a.S. gadadis.
bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal magidaze
gamoTvaleT samuxruWe vagonis masa.
uZravad Zevs. pirvel bloksa da kedels Soris
108. 75kg masis adamiani 39kg masis uremze zis moTavsebuli m2 masis meore bloki ν2i mudmivi
da 2,3m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg adamiani siCqariT pirveli blokisken gadaadgildeba.
miwisadmi nulovani horizontaluri siCqariT
gamoTvaleT m2-is mniSvneloba, rodesac
dabla xteba. ramdeniT Seicvleba urmis
meore blokis pirvelTan Sejaxebisa da,
siCqare?
Semdeg, kedelTan Sejaxebis Semdeg orive
109. 9.78 suraTze, bloki Tanabari siCqariT YimoZravebs. dauSviT,
m=60g masis burTi rom yvela Sejaxeba elastiuria (kedelTan
νi=22m/wm siCqariT Sejaxeba meore blokis siCqares ar cvlis).
M=240g masis uZ
rav zambariani Tofis lulaSi isroles. burTi
lulaSi zambaris maqsimaluri SekumSvis
adgilze Cerdeba. davuSvaT burTsa da Tofis
lulas Soris xaxunis Sedegad siTburi energia
umniSvnelod izrdeba. a) ra siCqare eqneba
zambarian Tofs burTis gaCerebis Semdeg? sur. 9.79. amocana 113.
b) burTis sawyisi kinetikuri energiis ra 114. mTvareze gadasvlis dros, mTvaris

321
mimarT 400m/wm siCqariT moZravi kosmosuri burTi kedels perpendikularulad ejaxeba
xomaldis siCqare 2,2m/wm-iT unda gaizardos. da sapirispiro mimarTulebiT igive siCqariT
Zravidan gamosuli wvis produqti kosmosuri aisxliteba. Sejaxeba 3,8mwm-is ganmavlobaSi
xomaldis mimarT 1000m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. grZeldeba. ra a) Zalis impulsi da b) saSualo
kosmosuri xomaldis sawyisi masis ra nawili Zala moqmedebs burTidan kedelze?
unda daiwvas da gamoiyos, raTa siCqare zemoT 120. ori identuri moneta h=11m simaRlezea
mocemuli sididiT gaizardos? Camokidebuli. rodesac t=0, pirveli moneta
115. 200kn wonis da horizontalur liandagze vardeba da talaxian velze ecema. rodesac
3m/wm siCqariT moZravi satvirTo vagoni t=0,5wm, meore monetac vardeba da velze ecema.

400kn wonis uZrav samuxruWe vagons Seejaxa. ra acom aCqarebiT moZraobs monetebis masis
Sejaxebis Sedegad vagonebi erTmaneTs gadaeba. centri a) 0-0,5wm SualedSi, b) t=0,5wm drosa t1
ra raodenobis energia gadavida kinetikuri dros Soris, rodesac pirveli moneta velze
energiidan sxva saxeobis energiaSi Sejaxebis ecema, g) t1 drosa da t2 dros Soris, rodesac
dros? meore monetac velze ecema? ra siCqariT
116. saTavgadasa moZraobs masis centri, rodesac t aris
vlo filmis gada- d) 0,25wm, e) 0,75wm da v) 1,75wm?
Rebis dros patara 121. 3kg masis sagani 8m/wm siCqariT x RerZis
sportuli manqana
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs da M masis
(1500kg masis da 3m sigrZis) brtyel navze (4000kg uZrav sagans elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba
masis da 14m sigrZis) Cqardeba da navmisadgomis erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). Sejaxebis Semdeg M
odnav ufro dabla ganlagebul zedapirze
masis sagani 6m/wm siCqariT RerZis dadebiTi
xteba. Tqven filmis teqnikuri mrCeveli
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. risi tolia M?
xarT. navi Tavdapirvelad navmisadgoms
exeba (sur. 9.80) da wyalze winaRobis gareSe 122. 500kg masis moduli mTavari kosmosuri
gadaadgildeba. garda amisa, navis da manqanis xomaldis mimarT 1000m/wm siCqariT moZrav
masa Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. gamoTva- da 400kg masis kosmosur xomaldzea da
leT, ra iqneba navmisadgomsa da navs Soris magrebuli. mcire afeTqebis Sedead moduli
xvrelis sigane, rodesac manqana naxtoms akeTebs. kosmosuri xomaldis axali siCqaris mimarT
117. 2kg masis nivTieri wertili  = 100m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. mTavari kos
mosuri xomaldis TvalTaxedviT modulis da
(4m/wm) siCqariT moZraobs da 4kg masis  =
kosmosuri xomaldis kinetikuri energia ra
(2m/wm) siCqariT moZrav nivTier wertils
nawiliT gaizarda afeTqebis Sedegad?
ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Sedegad nivTieri wer
tilebi erTiandeba. ra iqneba maTi siCqaris 123. 6kg masis raketis modeli samxreTisken
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaweri, b) sidide 20m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da afeTqebis
da g) kuTxe? Sedegad or nawilad iSleba. 2kg masis erTi
118. eleqtroni (m1=9,11×10–31kg) da protoni nawilis siCqarea:
(m2=1,67×10–27kg) erTmaneTs eleqtruli ZaliT 1

 = (–12m/wm) + (30m/wm) – (15m/wm)
izidavs. davuSvaT, eleqtronsa da protons sadac mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken, -
Soris sawyisi manZilia d=3×10–6m. rodesac maT
CrdiloeTisken da - maRla. a) ra impulsi
Soris manZili 1×10–6 m-mde mcirdeba, ra iqneba aqvs meore nawils erTeulovan-veqtorul
a) eleqtronis impulsis Sefardeba protonis CanawerSi? b) ra kinetikuri energia aqvs meore
impulsTan, b) eleqtronis siCqaris Sefardeba nawils? g) ra kinetikuri energia warmoiqmneba
protonis siCqaresTan da g) eleqtronis afeTqebis Sedegad?
kinetikuri energiis Sefardeba protonis
124. 9.61 suraTze, pirveli bloki (6kg
kinetikur energiasTan? d) Tu nawilakebs
Soris manZili kvlav mcirdeba, a)-g) pasuxebi masis) marjvniv 8m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da
izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu ar icvleba? meore bloki (4kg masis) aseve marjvniv 2m/wm
siCqariT gadaadgildeba. zedapiri xaxunisgan
119. 140g masis da 7,8m/wm siCqariT moZravi
Tavisufalia da meore blokze 8000 n/m 129. tiranozavri savaraudod swrafad ver

sixistis zambaraa damagrebuli. saboloo darboda, vinaidan fexis wamokvris SemTxvevaSi
jamSi, pirveli bloki meores uswrebs. rodesac misi mokle winamxrebi vardnis Serbilebas
pirveli bloki marjvniv 6,4 m/wm siCqariT ver SeZlebda. warmoidgineT, rom m masis
gadaadgildeba a) ra siCqare aqvs meore dinozavrma fexi wamokra, daeca da misi masis
bloks da b) risi tolia zambaris elastiuri centri 1,5 m manZilze Tavisuflad vardeba.
potenciuri energia? Semdeg dinozavris masis centri kidev 0,3m-iT
125. 2900kg masis motoriani, swrafmavali dabla iwevs, vinaidan sxeuli da miwa ikumSeba.
navi tbaSi 250m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Nnavze a) daaxloebiT ra saSualo vertikaluri Zala
damagrebuli xapia tbidan iRebs wyals da moqmedebs dinozavrze miwasTan Sejaxebis
navze ganlagebul cariel WurWelSi gadaaqvs. dros (0,3m-iT vardnisas)? davuSvaT, dinozavri
impulsis Senaxvis principis gamoyenebiT navis fexis wamokvris dros 19 m/wm siCqariT moZ
siCqare gamoTvaleT mas Semdeg, rac 920kg raobs, srialdeba da 0,6 kinetikuri xaxunis
wyali amoixapeba. koeficientis mqone zedapirze Cerdeba.
126. 9.81 suraTze, aseve davuSvaT, rom srialis dros saSualo
vertikaluri Zala amocanis a) nawilis iden
3,2 kg masis yuTi
turia. b) daaxloebiT ra saSualo jamuri Zala
hor izontalur,
moqmedebs miwidan dinozavrze da g) ra manZilze
xaxunisgan Tavi
srialdeba dinozavri? a) da b) nawilebSi
sufal zedapirze
sur. 9.81. amocana 126. miRebuli pasuxebi cxadyofs, rom dinozavri
srialdeba da
dacemis Sedegad sxeuls daizianebda, xolo
magidis kideze, h = 0,4m simaRleze mdebare
ufro Soris davardnili Tavi kidev ufro met
meore yuTs ejaxeba. 3,2 kg masis yuTis siCqare
zians miiRebda.
Sejaxebamde 3 m/wm-ia. Tu yuTebi Sewebdeba,
130. 9.83 suraTze gamosaxuli samive burTi
ra iqneba maTi kinetikuri energia iatakze
identuria. meore da mesame burTi erTmaneTs
davardnamde?
exeba da maTi mdebareoba pirveli burTis
127. 2140kg masis vagoni platformasTan traeqtoriisadmi perpendikularulia. pir
uZravad dgas. 242kg masis sumoisti plat veli burTis siCqarea ν0=10m/wm da mimarTulia
formis gaswvriv 5,3m/wm siCqariT garbis da pirveli da meore burTis Sexebis wertilisken.
vagonze xteba. ra iqneba vagonis siCqare, Sejaxebis Semdeg ra a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba
Tu sumoisti a) vagonze dgas, b) sawyisi eqneba meore burTis siCqares, ra g) sidide da
mimarTulebiT Yda vagonisadmi 5,3m/wm d) mimarTuleba eqneba mesame burTis siCqares
siCqariT garbis da g) sawyisi mimarTulebis da ra e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba eqneba
sapirispirod da vagonisadmi 5,3m/wm siCqariT pirveli burTis siCqares? (miniSneba: xaxuni
garbis? ar arsebobs da TiToeulis Zalis impulsi
128. 2 kg masis Sejaxebis burTebis centrebze gamavali
saTamaSo manqana wrfis gaswvriv, Sejaxebuli zedapirebisadmi
perpendikularulad aris mimarTuli).
t = 0 dros aT
vlis saTaveze
imyofeba da x
RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT sur. 9.82. amocana 128.
gad aadgildeba.
manqanaze moqmedi jamuri Zalis 131. 9.22 suraTze, biliardis pirveli burTi
droze damokidebulebis funqciis 2,2m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da identur, uZrav
grafiki 9.82 suraTzea naCvenebi. meore burTs iribad ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg
a) ra tempiT icvleba manqanis impulsi t = 3 wm meore burTi 1,1m/wm siCqariT da θ2=60° kuTxiT
dros? b) ra impulsi aqvs manqanas t = 3 wm moZraobs. ra b) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs
dros? pirveli burTis siCqares Sejaxebis Semdeg?
323
g) SeiZleba Tu ara arsebuli monacemebis da Zalvam b) raketas 21 m/wm2 sawyisi aCqareba
saSualebiT Sejaxebis tipis gansazRvra? mianiWos?
132. biliardis TamaSis dros erTi burTi 136. 3000 kg masis bloki 6 m simaRlidan
igive masis da uZravad mdebare meore burTs vertikalurad vardeba da 500 kg masis sagans
ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg pirveli burTi ecema. sagani miwaSi 3 sm siRrmeze Cadis.
3,5m/wm siCqariT im wrfis gaswvriv moZraobs, davuSvaT bloksa da sagans Soris Sejaxeba
romelic misi sawyisi mimarTulebisadmi sruliad araelastiuria. gamoTvaleT miwidan
22° kuTxes adgens. meore burTis siCqarea saganze moqmedi saSualo Zala 3sm siRrmeze
2m/wm. gamoTvaleT a) kuTxe meore burTis Casvlis ganmavlobaSi.
moZraobis mimarTulebasa da pirveli burTis
137. 280 kn wonis 1,52 m/wm siCqariT moZravi
moZraobis sawyis mimarTulebas Soris da
vagoni 210 kn wonis da 0,914 m/wm siCqariT
b) pirveli burTis sawyisi siCqare. g) inaxeba
moZrav vagons eweva. Tu vagonebi dawyvildeba,
Tu ara kinetikuri energia? (saubaria masis
a) ra siCqare eqneba mas Sejaxebis Semdeg da
centrebze, brunva ar ganixiloT).
b) ra raodenobis kinetikuri energia dai
133. a) ra manZilzea dedamiwa-mTvaris masis kargeba Sejaxebis dros? Tu Sejaxeba elas
centri dedamiwis centridan? (C damatebaSi tiuria (rac naklebad savaraudoa), ra iqneba
mocemulia dedamiwisa da mTvaris masebi da g) msubuqi vagonis da d) mZime vagonis siCqare
maT Soris manZili). b) dedamiwis radiusis ra Sejaxebis Semdeg?
procentia es manZili?
138. P da Q nawilakebs Soris manZilia 1 m.
134. 9.84suraTze P-s masaa 0,1kg, xolo Q-s masa 0,3kg. P da Q
gamosaxuli pirveli nawilakebi erTmaneTs 1×10–2 n mudmivi ZaliT
bloki xaxunisgan izidavs da sistemaze gare Zalebi ar moqmedebs.
Tavisufal zedapi a) ra siCqariT moZraobs nawilakebis masis
rze 0,75 m/wm siCqariT centri, rodesac maT Soris manZilia 0,5m? b) P-
x RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba. Semdeg s sawyisi mdebareobidan ra manZilze Seejaxeba
pirveli bloki uZravad mdebare meore bloks erTmaneTs nawilakebi?
elastiurad ejaxeba. cxrilSi mocemulia
139. 60 kg masis adamiani CrdiloeTisken
blokebis masebi da sigrZeebi, agreTve maTi
6 m/wm siCqariT misrialebs da 38 kg masis
centrebis mdebareobebi, rodesac t = 0. sad
bavSvs ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg orive maTgani
mdebareobs blokebis sistemis masis centri,
3 m/wm siCqariT da 35° kuTxiT Crdilo-
rodesac a) t = 0, b) blokebi erTmaneTs
aRmosavleTisken moZraobs. ra a) sididis
Seexebian da g) t = 4 wm?
da b) mimarTulebis siCqare hqonda bavSvs
sigrZe centri Sejaxebamde?
bloki masa (kg)
(sm) t=0 dros 140. 0,2 kg masis hokeis Saiba xaxunisgan
1 0,25 5 x=–1,5m Tavisufal yinulze 10 m/wm siCqariT aRmo
2 0,5 6 x =0 savleTisken misrialebs da hokeis yvanjs
135. 6100 kg masis raketa miwidan ver ejaxeba. rogor icvleba Saibis impulsis
tikalurad gaisroles. Tu gamonabolqvis sidide da mimarTuleba yvanjTan Sexebis
ganmavlobaSi, Tu Sexebis Semdeg Saibis siCqare
siCqarea 1200 m/wm, ra raodenobis airi unda
gamovides TiToeul wamSi, raTa Zalva a) ra a) 20 m/wm-ia da mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken,
ketaze moqmedi mizidulobis Zalis toli iyos b) 5 m/wm-ia da mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken da
g) 10 m/wm-ia da mimarTulia dasavleTisken?
10 brunva
`rusuli mTebi~ saSiSroebis iluzias qmnis, magram sinamdvileSi
inJinrebi yvelafers akeTeben, raTa atraqcioni sruliad usafrTxo iyos.
miuxedavad maRali xarisxis usafrTxoebisa, milionobiT uiRblo adamians
e.w. `rusuli mTebis Tavis tkivili~ emarTeba. am daavadebam SesaZloa
ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi Tavi ar iGinos, Tumca Semdeg adamians
Tavbrusxveva da Tavis tkivili awuxebs.
ra iwvevs „rusuli mTebis Tavis tkivils“?

rogorc ukve vTqviT, fizikis Seswavlis erT-erTi sagani
moZraobaa. ganvixileT gadataniTi moZraoba, rodesac sagani
10.1a suraTis msgavsad wrfivad an mrudwirulad moZraobda.
amjerad Cven brunviT moZraobas SevexebiT, rodesac sagani
10.1b suraTis msgavsad RerZis garSemo brunavs.
brunvas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Zalian xSirad vawydebiT.
manqanaSi, sasmelis WurWlis gaxsnisas Tu atraqcionebze
garTobisas brunvis magaliTebs vexebiT. brunvas mravali
gasarTobi saSualeba efuZneba. magaliTad golfi da beisbolic
gamodgeba. brunva ufro seriozuli movlenebis mizezic
SeiZleba gaxdes. magaliTad, moZvelebul TviTmfrinavze
liTonis cvdoma swored brunvasTan kavSirSia. (a)
brunvis ganxilvas moZraobis parametrebis gansazRvriT

viwyebT, iseve rogorc me-2 paragrafSi gavakeTeT.
10.2. brunvis parametrebi

Cven myari sxeulis brunvas fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo
ganvixilavT. myari sxeuli niSnavs, rom misi yvela nawili erTad
moZraobs da sxeulis forma ar icvleba. fiqsirebuli RerZi
niSnavs, rom brunva uZravi RerZis garSemo xdeba. maSasadame,
sur. 10.1. mocigurave sara hiuzi a) fiqsirebuli mimarTulebiT

gadataniTi moZraobisas da b) vertikaluri RerZis garSemo brunvisas (b)
324
10.2. brunvis parametrebi 325
Cven ar SevexebiT mzis magvar sagnebs, vinaidan mzis (airis burTis) nawilebi erTad ar moZraoben.
aseve ar SevexebiT boulingis burTis magvar sagnebs, vinaidan burTi moZravi RerZis garSemo
brunavs (burTis moZraoba brunviTi da gadataniTi moZraobis nazavia).
10.2 suraTze naCvenebia fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi, pirobiTi formis myari sxeuli.
RerZs, romlis garSemo sxeuli brunavs, brunvis RerZi ewodeba. brunvis dros (kuTxuri
moZraobis dros), sxeulis yvela wertili brunvis RerZze mdebare centris mqone wrewirze
moZraobs da drois garkveul SualedSi yvela wertili Tanabar kuTxes Semowers. gadataniTi
moZraobis dros (wrfivi moZraobisas), sxeulis yvela wertili wrfivad moZraobs da garkveul
drois SualedSi yvela wertili Tanabar wrfiv manZils gadis (kuTxur da wrfiv moZraobas
momavalSic SevadarebT erTmaneTs).
modiT SevexoT wrfivi sidideebis - mdebareobis, gadaadgilebis, siCqaris da aCqarebis kuTxur
eqvivalentebs.
kuTxuri mdebareoba
10.2 suraTze naCvenebia sxeulze damagrebuli aTvlis wrfe, romelic brunvis RerZis
perpendikularulia da sxeulTan erTad brunavs. am wrfis kuTxuri mdebareoba fiqsirebuli
mimarTulebisadmi mdgeneli kuTxea. Tavad fiqsirebul mimarTulebas nulovan kuTxur
mdebareobad miviCnevT. 10.3 suraTze, θ kuTxuri mdebareoba x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi
izomeba. geometriidan gamomdinare:
s
θ= (radianebSi) , (10.1)
r
sadac s aris x RerZidan (nulovani kuTxuri mdebareobidan) aTvlis wrfemde gadaWimuli wriuli
rkalis sigrZe, xolo r - wris radiusi.
10.1 formuliT gansazRvruli kuTxe radianebSi izomeba da ara brunebSi an gradusebSi. radiani
ori sigrZis Sefardebaa, ricxvia da maSasadame ganzomileba ar gaaCnia. vinaidan r radiusis wris
sigrZea 2πr, srul wreSi 2π radiania da gveqneba:
2πr
1 bruni = 360° = = 2π rad (10.2)
r
aqedan gamomdinare:
1 radiani = 57,3° = 0,159 bruni (10.3)
sur. 10.2. pirobiTi formis myari sxeuli sur. 10.3. 10.2 suraTze gamosaxuli mbrunavi,
koordinatTa sistemis z RerZis garSemo brunavs. myari sxeulis zemodan danaxuli ganivi kveTi.
myari sxeulis aTvlis wrfis mdebareoba agreTve ganivi kveTis sibrtye saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan
pirobiTadaa arCeuli, magram is yovelTvis brunvis moSorebiT, Tqvensken mimarTuli brunvis RerZis
RerZis perpendikularulia. aTvlis wrfe sxeulzea perpendikularulia. sxeulis amgvari mdebareobis
fiqsirebuli da sxeulTan erTad brunavs. dros, aTvlis wrfe x RerZTan θ kuTxes adgens.
326 Tavi 10 brunva
brunvis RerZis garSemo aTvlis wrfis srulad Semobrunebis Semdeg θ kuTxe kvlav nuli ar xdeba.
Tu aTvlis wrfem nulovani kuTxuri mdebareobidan ori sruli bruni Seasrula, maSin wrfis θ
mdebareobaa 4π radiani.
x RerZis gaswvriv gadataniTi moZraobis dros yvelafers gavigebT, Tu moZravi sxeulis
mdebareobis droze damokidebulebis x(t) funqcia viciT. brunviTi moZraobis drosac yvelafers
gavigebT, Tu mbrunavi sxeulis aTvlis wrfis kuTxuri mdebareobis droze damokidebulebis θ(t)
funqcia viciT.
kuTxuri gadaadgildeba
Tu 10.3 suraTze gamosaxuli sxeuli 10.4 suraTis msgavsad brunvis RerZis garSemo brunavs da
aTvlis wrfis kuTxuri mdebareoba θ1-dan θ2-ze icvleba, maSin sxeuli Δθ kuTxur gadaadgilebas
gadis:
Δθ = θ2 – θ1 . (10.4)
kuTxuri gadaadgilebis es gansazRvreba ara mxolod myar sxeuls miesadageba, aramed am sxeulis
yvela wertils.
Tu sxeuli x RerZis gaswvriv gadataniT moZraobas asrulebs, misi Δx gadaadgildeba

dadebiTi an uaryofiTia, rac imazea damokidebuli sxeuli RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs Tu uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. mbrunavi sxeulis Δθ kuTxuri
gadaadgilebac dadebiTia an uaryofiTi.
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT kuTxuri gadaadgileba dadebiTia, xolo

saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT kuTxuri gadaadgileba uaryofiTi.
kuTxuri siCqare
davuSvaT mbrunavi sxeuli t1 droSi θ1 kuTxur mdebareobaze imyofeba, xolo t2 droSi θ2 kuTxur
mdebareobazea ganlagebuli (sur. 10.4). Δt drois SualedSi sxeulis saSualo kuTxuri siCqarea:
θ – θ Δθ
ωsaS = t 2  – t 1 = , (10.5)
2 1 Δt
sadac Δθ kuTxuri gadaadgileba Δt drois SualedSi xdeba.
ω myisi kuTxuri siCqare 10.5 formulis zRvaria, rodesac Δt
nulisken miiswrafvis:
Δθ dθ
ω= = . (10.6)
Δt dt
Tu θ(t) viciT, ω kuTxur siCqares diferencirebis Sedegad
gamovTvliT.
10.5 da 10.6 formulebi ara mxolod mbrunav myar sxeulebs
miesadageba, aramed am sxeulebis yvela wertils, vinaidan yvela
sur. 10.4. 10.2 da 10.3 suraTebze
wertili erTad moZraobs. kuTxuri siCqaris erTeulia radiani/ gamosaxuli myari sxeulis aT
wm an bruni/wm. es ukanaskneli rok-musikis ganviTarebis pirvel vlis wrfe t1 droSi θ1 kuTxur
sam aTwleulSi gamoiyeneboda. vinilis firfitebze aRniSvna “33 mdebareobazea ganlagebuli,
xolo t2 droSi θ2 kuTxur mdeba
1/3 rpm” an “45rpm” niSnavs, rom maTi gamoyeneba firsakravze reobaze imyofeba. Δθ(=θ – θ )
2  1
SeiZleba wuTSi 33 1/3 brunis (33 1/3 br/wT) an 45 brunis (45br/wT) sxeulis kuTxuri gadaadgilebaa
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Δt(=t2 – t1) drois SualedSi. Tavad
sxeuli naCvenebi ar aris.
10.2. brunvis parametrebi 327
Tu nivTieri wertili x RerZis gaswvriv gadataniT moZraobas asrulebs, misi ν wrfivi siCqare
dadebiTi an uaryofiTia, rac imazea damokidebuli, wertili RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
moZraobs Tu uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. mbrunavi myari sxeulis ω kuTxuri siCqarec dadebiTi an
uaryofiTia, rac Tavis mxriv imazea damokidebuli, sxeuli saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT brunavs (siCqare dadebiTia), Tu saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT (siCqare
uaryofiTia).
kuTxuri aCqareba
Tu mbrunavi sxeulis kuTxuri siCqare icvleba, maSin sxeuls kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs. davuSvaT, ω2
da ω1 aris sxeulis siCqareebi t2 da t1 droSi. drois am SualedSi mbrunavi sxeulis saSualo
kuTxuri aCqarebaa:
ω –ω Δω
αsaS = t2 – t 1 = (10.7)
2 1 Δt
sadac Δω aris Δt drois SualedSi momxdari kuTxuri siCqaris cvlileba. α myisi kuTxuri
aCqareba am sididis zRvaria, rodesac Δt nulisken miiswrafvis:
Δω dω
α=   = . (10.8)
Δt dt
10.7 da 10.8 formulebi sxeulis yvela wertils miesadageba. kuTxuri aCqarebis erTeulia
radiani/wm2 an br/wm2

10.5a suraTze gamosaxuli disko centraluri wrfe, rodesac t = –2 wm, 0 wm, 4 wm da rodesac
RerZis garSemo brunavs. diskos aTvlis wrfis grafiki t RerZs kveTs.
θ(t) kuTxuri mdebareobaa: amoxsna: diskos kuTxuri mdebareoba aT
θ = –1 – 0,6t + 0,25t ,
2
(10.9) vlis wrfis θ(t) kuTxuri mdebareobaa, rom
sadac t wamebSia, θ - radianebSi, xolo nulovani lis droze damokidebulebis funqcia 10.9
kuTxuri mdebareoba suraTzea naCvenebi. formuliTaa mocemuli. 10.9 formulis gra
fiki 10.5b suraTze naCvenebia.
a) aageT diskos kuTxuri mdebareobis droze
diskos da aTvlis wrfis garkveul droSi
damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki -3wm-
gamosaxvisTvis θ gvWirdeba. amisTvis 10.9 for
dan 5,4wm-mde drois SualedSi. gamosaxeT
mulaSi dro unda CavsvaT. rodesac t = –2wm:
disko da misi kuTxuri mdebareobis aTvlis
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 10.5. a) mbrunavi disko. b) diskos θ(t) kuTxuri mdebareobis funqciis grafiki. diskos xuTi gamosaxuleba
grafikis xuTi wertilisTvis aTvlis wrfis kuTxur mdebareobas asaxavs. g) diskos ω(t) kuTxuri siCqaris
funqciis grafiki. ω-s dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunvas
Seesabameba, xolo uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunvas asaxavs.
328 Tavi 10 brunva
θ = –1 – (0,6)(–2)  + (0,25)(–2)2 amoxsna: 10.6 formulidan gamomdinare, ω

360° kuTxuri siCqare dθ/dt-s tolia, amitom 10.10
= 1,2 rad = 1,2 rad = 69°.
2πr rad formulidan
es niSnavs, rom t = –2wm dros diskos aTvlis ω = –0,6 + 0,5t (10.11)
wrfe nulovani mdebareobidan saaTis isris ω(t) funqciis grafiki 10.5g suraTzea na
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT 1,2 Cvenebi.
radianiT (69°) Semobrunda. 10.5b suraTis t = –2 wm dros diskos gamosaxvisTvis es mniS
gamosaxuleba 1 aTvlis wrfis am mdebareobas vneloba 10.11 formulaSi CavsvaT:
asaxavs. ω = –1,6 radiani/wm (pasuxi)
rodesac t = 0, θ = –1 radiani = –57° da es niS minus niSani gvauwyebs, rom t = –2 wm dros
navs, rom aTvlis wrfe nulovani kuTxuri disko saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
mdebareobidan saaTis isris moZraobis brunavs da disko 10.5g suraTze sul qvemoTaa
mimarTulebiT 1 radianiT anu 57°-iT Semo gamosaxuli.
brunda (gamosaxuleba 3). rodesac t=4wm, t = 4 wm drois 10.11 formulaSi Casma gvaZ
θ=0,6 radiani=34° (gamosaxuleba 5). diskos levs:
gamosaxva, rodesac grafiki t RerZs kveTs, ω=1,4 radiani/wm (pasuxi)
advilia, vinaidan θ=0 da aTvlis wrfe nulovan plius niSani gvauwyebs, rom t = 4 wm dros
kuTxur mdebareobazea (gamosaxulebebi 2 da disko saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
4). mimarTulebiT brunavs (10.5g suraTze disko
gamosaxulia sul maRla).
b) ra tmin dros gaxdeba θ(t)-s mniSvneloba
tmin drois SemTxvevaSi dθ/dt=0 da maSasa
umciresi da ra iqneba es mniSvneloba?
dame, ω=0. es niSnavs, rom 10.5b suraTze
amoxsna: amjerad funqcis eqstremaluri θ-s minimaluri mniSvnelobis dros disko
mniSvneloba (am SemTxvevaSi minimumi) unda wamierad Cerdeba (10.5g suraTze gamosaxuli
gamovTvaloT. amisTvis funqcia gavawarmooT Sua disko).
da nuls gavutoloT. θ(t)-s pirveli rigis
warmoebulia: d) gamoiyeneT amocanis a)-g) SekiTxvebi da -3wm-
dθ dan 6wm-mde drois SualedSi diskos moZraoba
– 0,6 + 0,5t (10.10)
dt = aRwereT.
am formulis 0-Tan gatoleba da t-sTvis amoxsna: rodesac t = –3wm, diskos dadebiTi
amoxsna mogvcems: kuTxuri mdebareoba aqvs da saaTis isris
tmin=1,2 wm (pasuxi) moZraobis mimarTulebiT Senelebulad
θ-s umciresi mniSvnelobis gamoTvlisTvis tmin brunavs. θ = –1,36 radiani kuTxur mdeba
10.9 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT: reobaze disko wamierad Cerdeba da saaTis
θ = –1,36 radiani ≈ 77,9° (pasuxi) isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
iwyebs brunvas. Sesabamisad, misi kuTxuri
θ(t) funqciis minimumi (10.5b suraTze
mdebareoba kvlav dadebiTi xdeba.
gamosaxuli grafikis fskeri) saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT diskos maqsimalur
sakontrolo wertili 1. disko (sur.
mobrunebas asaxavs nulovani kuTxuri mde
10.5a) centraluri RerZis garSemo
bareobidan.
brunavs. sawyisi da saboloo kuTxuri
g) aageT diskos ω kuTxuri siCqaris droze mdebareobebis romeli wyvili gvaZlevs
damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki -3wm- uaryofiT kuTxur gadaadgilebas:
dan 6wm-mde SualedSi. gamosaxeT disko da a) –3 radiani, + 5radiani, b) –3 radiani,
mobrunebis mimarTuleba da daadgineT ω-s – 7 radiani, g) 7 radiani, -3 radiani?
niSani, rodesac t = –2wm, 4wm da tmin.
10.3. aris Tu ara kuTxuri sidide veqtori? 329
sur. 10.6. a) firfita vertikaluri RerZis

garSemo brunavs, romelic lilvs emTxveva.
b) mbrunavi firfitis kuTxuri siCqare RerZis
gaswvriv gavlebuli da qvemoT mimarTuli
veqtoris saSualebiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos.
g) kuTxuri siCqaris veqtoris mimarTulebas
marjvena xelis wesiT ganvsazRvravT. Tu
firfitas marjvena xels moZraobis mimar
TulebiT SemovavlebT, gaSlili cera TiTi -s
mimarTulebas gviCvenebs. (a) (b) (g)
10.3. aris Tu ara kuTxuri sidide veqtori?

nivTieri wertilis mdebareoba, siCqare da aCqareba veqtorebis saSualebiT SegviZlia aRvweroT.
Tu nivTieri wertili wrfivad moZraobs, veqtorebi ar gvWirdeba. aseT dros nivTier wertils
mxolod ori SesaZlo mimarTuleba aqvs da maTi asaxva minus-plius niSnebiT SeiZleba.
fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunav sxeulsac mxolod ori mimarTulebiT SeuZlia moZraoba
(saaTis isris moZraobis da saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT) da amjeradac
plius-minus niSnebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. Cndeba SekiTxva: `SesaZlebelia Tu ara mbrunavi
sxeulis kuTxuri gadaadgileba, siCqare da aCqareba veqtorebad ganvixiloT?~. am SekiTxvis
pasuxia, rom SesaZlebelia.
ganvixiloT kuTxuri siCqare. 10.6a suraTze naCvenebia firsakravze mrbunavi firfita. firfita
mudmivi ω (= 33 1/3 br/wT) kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs.
kuTxuri siCqare brunvis RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli veqtoris saSualebiT SegviZlia
warmovadginoT, rogorc es naCvenebia 10.6b suraTze. veqtoris sigrZis dasadgenad raime
mosaxerxebel skalas viyenebT, magaliTad 1sm-s 10br/wT-s
SevusabamebT. veqtoris mimarTulebas marjvena xelis
wesiT vadgenT (sur. 10.6g). mbrunav firfitas marjvena
xeli SemoavleT da TiTebi brunvis mimarTulebiT
gaiSvireT. am SemTxvevaSi, cera TiTis mimarTuleba
kuTxuri siCqaris veqtoris mimarTulebas emTxveva.
Tu firfita sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs,
maSin marjvena xelis wesi kuTxuri siCqaris veqtoris
sapirispiro mimarTulebas mogvcems.
kuTxuri sidideebis veqtorebad warmodgena martivi ar
aris. instinqti gvkarnaxobs, rom veqtoris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT raRac moZraobs, magram es ase ar aris.
myari sxeuli (anu, es raRaca) veqtoris mimarTulebis
garSemo brunavs. veqtori brunvis RerZs gansazRvravs
da ara raRacis moZraobis mimarTulebas. garda amisa,
veqtorebi me-3 paragrafSi mocemul wesebs emorCileba.

a kuTxuri aCqareba kidev erTi veqtoria da isic am wesebs
emorCileba.
mocemul TavSi mxolod fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo
(a) (b)
brunvas ganvixilavT. am dros veqtorebi ar gvWirdeba,
sur. 10.7. a) wigni 90°-iT jer x
RerZis garSemo, xolo Semdeg y RerZis
vinaidan kuTxur siCqares ω simboloTi warmovadgenT,
garSemo orjer brundeba. b) igive wigni kuTxur aCqarebas – α simboloTi da maTi mimarTulebis
sawinaaRmdego TanmimdevrobiT brundeba. asaxvisTvis plius da minus niSans viyenebT.
330 Tavi 10 brunva
gaxsovdeT, rom kuTxur gadaadgilebas veqtorad ver ganvixilavT, Tu is Zalian mcire ar aris.
ratom? gadaadgilebas 10.6 suraTze gamosaxuli kuTxuri siCqaris veqtoris msgavsad sidide da
mimarTuleba SegviZlia mivaniWoT, magram veqtoruli sidide veqtorTa Sekrebis kanonsac unda
emorCilebodes, romlis Tanaxmad veqtorebis Sekrebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi ki Tanmimdevroba namdvilad mniSvnelovania.
10.7 suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi. Tavdapirvelad horizontaluri wigni 90°-ian or kuTxur
gadaadgilebas jer 10.7a suraTze gamosaxuli TanmimdevrobiT, xolo Semdeg 10.7b suraTze
gamosaxuli TanmimdevrobiT ganicdis. orive kuTxuri gadaadgileba identuria, magram
maTi Tanmimdevroba gansxvavdeba da wignis saboloo mimarTulebac gansxvavebulia. aqedan
gamomdinare, ori kuTxuri gadaadgilebis Sekreba maT Tanmimdevrobazea damokidebuli da
gadaadgilebebs veqtorebad ver ganvixilavT.
cxrili 10.1
moZraobis formulebi Tanabari wrfivi aCqarebis da Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebis
SemTxvevaSi
formulis cvladi, romelic formulis

wrfivi formula kuTxuri formula
nomeri ar Cans nomeri
(2.11) ν = ν0 + at x – x0 θ – θ0 ω = ω0 + αt (10.12)
(2.15) 1 ν ω 1 (10.13)
x – x0 = νot + 2 at2 θ – θ0 = ω0t + 2
αt
(2.16) ν2 = ν02 + 2a(x – x0) t t ω2 = ω02 + 2α(θ – θ0) (10.14)
1
(2.17) x – x0 = 1 (ν0+ν)t a α θ – θ0 =  2 (ω0 + ω)t (10.15)
2
1 1
(2.18) x – x0= νt – at2 ν0 ω0 θ – θ0 = ωt –  2 αt2 (10.16)
2
10.4. brunva Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebiT

gadataniTi moZraoba mudmivi wrfivi aCqarebiT mniSvnelovani SemTxvevaa. 2.1 cxrilSi mocemulia
amgvari moZraobis amsaxveli formulebi.
brunva mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebiT aseve mniSvnelovani SemTxvevaa da amgvar moZraobasac
garkveuli formulebi Seesabameba. am formulebs mocemul paragrafSi ar gamoviyvaneT da
ubralod Sesabamis wrfiv formulebSi eqvivalenturi kuTxuri sidideebi SevitaneT. swored ase
miviReT 10.1 cxrilSi mocemuli formulebi.
gaixseneT, rom 2.11 da 2.15 Tanabarwrfivi aCqarebiT moZraobis ZiriTadi formulebia. 10.12 da
10.13 aseve Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebiT brunvis ZiriTadi formulebia da danarCeni formulebi
maTgan miiReba. Tanabar kuTxur aCqarebasTan dakavSirebuli amocanis amoxsnisTvis swored es
formulebi unda gamoiyenoT. amocanis amoxsnis dros SeecadeT is formula airCioT, romelSic
Semavali erTaderTi ucnobi cvladi amocanis SekiTxvaSia dasmuli. magaliTi 10.3 amocanis
amoxsnis nimuSSia mocemulia.
sakontrolo wertili 2. mbrunavi sxeulis θ(t) kuTxuri mdebareobaa, a) θ = 3t – 4,

b) θ = –5t3 + 4t2 + 6, g) θ = 2/t2 – 4/t da d) θ = 5t2 – 3. romel SemTxvevaSi gamodgeba 10.1 cxrilSi
moyvanili formulebi?
10.4. brunva Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebiT 331

salesi qva (sur. 10.8) α=0,35radiani/wm2
Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebiT brunavs. rodesac
t=0, misi kuTxuri siCqarea ω0 = –4,6radiani/wm
da aTvlis wrfe horizontaluria (θ0=0).
a) ra dros iqneba aTvlis wrfis kuTxuri
mdebareoba θ=5br?
amoxsna: kuTxuri aCqareba Tanabaria, amitom
sur. 10.8. salesi qva. t = 0 dros aTvlis wrfe
10.1 cxrilSi mocemuli formulebi SegviZlia
horizontaluria.
gamoviyenoT. CvenTvis sasurveli formula
10.13-ia, vinaidan is CvenTvis saintereso
erTaderT ucnobs, t dros Seicavs: miuTiTebs, rom qva brunvis dros neldeba,
θ – θ0 = ω0t + 1 αt2

Cerdeba da Semdeg sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
2 iwyebs brunvas. mas Semdeg rac aTvlis wrfe
monacemebis da θ0=0, θ = 5 br = 10π rad Sedegis θ = 0 sawyis mdebareobas daubrundeba, t = 32 wm
Casma mogvcems: droSi qva kidev xuTjer brundeba.
10π rad = –(4,6 rad/wm)t + 1 (0,35rad/wm2)t2
2 g) ra t dros SeCerdeba wamierad qva?
gantolebis amonaxsnia:
t = 32 wm (pasuxi) amoxsna: kvlav zemoT mocemul cxrils
vubrundebiT da amjeradac is formula
b) aRwereT salesi qvis brunva 0-dan 32wm-mde
gvWirdeba, romelic mxolod t ucnobs
drois SualedSi.
Seicavs. garda amisa, es formula ω cvladsac
amoxsna: qva saaTis isris moZraobis mimar unda Seicavdes, romelsac 0-ad miviCnevT
TulebiT ω0 = –4,6 radiani/wm kuTxuri da Sesabamisi t droisTvis amovxsniT. 10.12
siCqariT brunavs, magram misi α kuTxuri formula mogvcems:
aCqareba dadebiTia. kuTxuri siCqaris da
ω – ω0 0 – (–4,6 rad/wm)
kuTxuri aCqarebis sapirispiro niSani t= α = 0,35 rad/wm2 = 13 wm (pasuxi)

rotoris (6.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi davukavSiroT. sawyisi kuTxuri siCqarea
mocemuli mbrunavi cilindri) marTvis dros ω0=3,4radiani/wm, kuTxuri gadaadgilebaa
mgzavrs jer mwvave tkivils agrZnobinebT, θ – θ0 = 20 br da gadaadgilebis bolos kuT
xolo Semdeg cilindris kuTxur siCqares xuri siCqarea ω = 2 radiani/wm. α kuTxuri
20 brunis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi kuTxuri aCqareba da t dro ar viciT, magram orive
aCqarebiT 3,4radiani/wm-dan 2radiani/wm-mde sidide ZiriTad formulebSi Sedis.
amcirebT (mgzavri cxadia gadataniT moZraobas ucnobi t-s gabaTilebisTvis 10.12 formula
asrulebs da ara brunviT moZraobas). gamoviyenoT da davweroT:
ω – ω0
a) risi tolia Tanabari kuTxuri aCqareba
α t= .
kuTxuri siCqaris Semcirebis dros? Semdeg miRebuli Sedegi 10.13 formulaSi
amoxsna: davuSvaT brunva saaTis isris CavsvaT:
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
xdeba da aCqareba t = 0 dros, θ0 kuTxuri
mimarTulebiT
(
θ – θ0 = ω0 
ω – ω0
α ) (+ 1 α 
2
ω – ω0
α ) 2
mdebareobisas iwyeba. vinaidan cilindris α-sTvis amoxsna, monacemebis Setana da 20 br-

kuTxuri aCqareba Tanabaria, is kuTxur is 125,7 radianSi gadayvana mogvcems:
ω2 – ω02 (2 rad/wm)2 – (3,4 rad/wm)2
siCqares da kuTxur gadaadgilebas 10.12-10.13 α = 2(θ – θ ) =
0 2(125,7 rad)
ZiriTadi formulebis saSualebiT SegviZlia
= –0,0301 rad/wm2 (pasuxi)
332 Tavi 10 brunva
b) ra dro dasWirda siCqaris Semcirebas? = 46,5 wm (pasuxi)

amoxsna: amjerad α viciT da 10.12 formula t- es amocana 2.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis
sTvis amovxsnaT: kuTxuri versiaa. monacemebi da simboloebi
ω – ω0 2 rad/wm – 3,4 rad/wm gansxvavdeba, magram amoxsnis meTodi

t= α = –0,0301 rad/wm2 identuria.
10.5. wrfivi da kuTxuri cvladebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba

4.7 paragrafSi Tanabari wriuli moZraoba ganvixileT, rodesac nivTieri wertili wrewirze da
brunvis RerZis garSemo ν mudmivi wrfivi siCqariT moZraobda. rodesac myari sxeuli RerZis
garSemo brunavs, sxeulis TiToeuli wertili RerZis garSemo sakuTar wrewirze moZraobs.
vinaidan sxeuli myaria, wertilebi erT bruns drois erTi da igive SualedSi asruleben da anu
maTi ω kuTxuri siCqare Tanabaria.
rac ufro Sors aris RerZidan wertili, miT ufro metia wrewiris sigrZe da miT ufro meti unda
iyos ν wrfivi siCqare. es faqti kargad SeimCneva karuselze. miuxedavad karuselis centridan
daSorebisa, ω kuTxuri siCqare ar icvleba, magram ν wrfivi siCqare mniSvnelovnad izrdeba, Tu
karuselis kideze dajdebiT.
sxeulis garkveuli wertilisTvis s, ν da a wrfivi cvladebis θ, ω da α kuTxur cvladebTan
dakavSireba xSirad saWiroa. cvladTa wyvilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba brunvis RerZidan
am wertilamde r perpendikularuli manZilis saSualebiT xdeba. perpendikularuli manZili
wertilsa da brunvis RerZs Soris aris manZili, romelic RerZis perpendikularis gaswvriv
izomeba. igive sididisaa wertilis mier brunvis RerZis garSemo gavlili wrewiris r radiusi.
mdebareoba
Tu myari sxeulis aTvlis wrfe θ kuTxiT brunavs, sxeulis brunvis RerZidan r mdebareobaze
ganlagebuli wertili wriuli rkalis gaswvriv s manZils gadis, sadac s 10.1 formuliT
gamoiTvleba:
s=θr (radianebSi) (10.17)
miRebuli formula oTxidan erT-erTi kavSiria wrfiv da kuTxur cvladebs Soris. gafrTxileba:
θ kuTxe radianebSi unda gaizomos, vinaidan 10.17 formula kuTxis radianebSi gazomvis
gansazRvrebaa.
siCqare
10.17 formulis droiT diferencireba (rodesac r mudmivia) gvaZlevs:
ds dθ
= r
dt dt
ds/dt wertili wrfivi siCqarea, xolo dθ/dt mbrunavi sxeulis ω kuTxur siCqares asaxavs. aqedan
gamomdinare:
ν = ωr (radianebSi) (10.18)
gafrTxileba: ω kuTxuri siCqare radianebSi unda gamoisaxos.

10.5. wrfivi da kuTxuri cvladebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba 333
10.18 formula gvauwyebs, rom vinaidan myari sxeulis yvela
wertilis ω kuTxuri siCqare erTi da igivea, meti r radiusis
mqone wertilebis ν wrfivi siCqare Sesabamisad metia. 10.9a
suraTis mixedviT wrfivi siCqare yovelTvis wertilis
traeqtoriis mxebia.
Tu myari sxeulis ω kuTxuri siCqare ucvlelia, maSin 10.18
formulis Tanaxmad misi nebismieri wertilis ν wrfivi
siCqarec ar icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, sxeulis TiToeuli
wertili Tanabarwriulad moZraobs. yoveli wertilis da,
Tavad myari sxeulis, brunvis T periodi 4.35 formuliT
(a)
gamoiTvleba:
2πr
T= (10.19)
v
10.19 formulis mixedviT, erTi SemobrunebisTvis saWiro dro
Semobrunebis ganmavlobaSi ganvlili 2πr manZilis am manZilis
gavlis siCqaresTan Sefardebaa. 10.18 formulidan ν-s Casma da
r-is gabaTileba mogvcems:
2π
T= (radianebSi) (10.20)
ω
eqvivalenturi formulis Tanaxmad, erTi SemobrunebisTvis
saWiro dro Semobrunebis ganmavlobaSi ganvlili 2π radiani
(b)
manZilis fardobaa am kuTxis Semoweris kuTxur siCqaresTan.
sur. 10.9. 10.2 suraTze gamosaxuli,
mbrunavi, myari sxeulis ganivi
kveTis zedxedi. sxeulis yvela
wertili (magaliTad, PP) brunvis
aCqareba RerZis garSemo wriulad moZraobs.
a) yoveli wertilis wrfivi siCqare
10.18 formulis droiT diferencireba (rodesac r mudmivia) wertilis wriuli traeqtoriis

mogvcems: mxebia. b) wertilis a aCqareba at
mxebi komponentisa da ar radialuri
dv dω
=  r . (10.21)
dt dt komponentisgan Sedgeba.
10.21 formulaSi, dν/dt wrfivi aCqarebis mxolod im nawils

asaxavs, romelic wrfivi siCqaris cvlilebazea pasuxismgebeli. -s msgavsad, wrfivi aCqarebis
es nawilic wertilis traeqtoriis mxebia. am aCqarebas wertilis wrfivi aCqarebis at mxeb
komponents vuwodebT da vwerT:
at = αr (radianebSi), (10.22)
sadac α=dω/dt. gafrTxileba: 10.22 formulaSi α kuTxuri aCqareba radianebSi unda gamoisaxos.
garda amisa, 4.34 formulidan gamomdinare, wriuli traeqtoriiT moZrav wertils wrfivi
aCqarebis radialuri komponenti aqvs (ar=ν2/r), romelic radialurad wrewiris SigniT,
centriskenaa mimarTuli da wrfivi siCqaris mimarTulebis cvlilebazea pasuxismgebeli. 10.18
formulidan ν-s Casmis Semdeg es komponenti Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
ν2
ar = = ω2 r (radianebSi). (10.23)
r
10.9b suraTze kargad Cans, rom mbrunavi myari sxeulis wertilis wrfivi aCqareba ori
komponentisgan Sedgeba. radialurad centrisken mimarTuli ar komponenti arsebobs, Tu sxeulis
kuTxuri siCqare nuli ar aris. at mxebi komponenti maSin arsebobs, rodesac kuTxuri aCqareba
nuli ar aris.
334 Tavi 10 brunva
sakontrolo wertili 3. xoWo mbrunav karuselze zis. Tu sistemis (karuseli+xoWo) kuTxuri

siCqare Tanabaria, aqvs Tu ara xoWos a) radialuri da b) mxebi aCqareba? Tu ω mcirdeba, aqvs
Tu ara xoWos g) radialuri da d) mxebi aCqareba?

Cven induqciuri `rusuli mTebi~ unda
davaproeqtoT, romelic magnituri Zalebis
saSualebiT Cqardeba. Tavdapirvelad,
mgzavri horizontalur trasaze g aCqarebiT
sur. 10.10. `rusuli mTebis~ horizontaluri trasis
moZraobs, xolo trasis pirveli monakveTi
zedxedi. trasa jer wriuli rkalia, xolo P wertilidan
wriuli rkalis formisaa (sur. 10.10), raTa moyolebuli rkalis mxebi wrfea.
mgzavrma centriskenuli aCqarebac SeigrZnos.
rkalis Semoweris dros centriskenuli mdebareobis gamoTvla gvWirdeba, amitom
aCqareba mkveTrad izrdeba. rodesac rkalis 10.14 formulas virCevT:
θP kuTxeze ganlagebul raime P wertilSi ω2 = ω02 + 2α(θ – θ0) (10.27)
jamuri aCqarebis a sidide 4g gaxdeba, mgzavrma CavsvaT ω0 = 0, θ0 = 0, α = at / r da miviRebT:
wrfivi traeqtoriiT unda imoZraos, romelic
2at θ
ω2 = (10.28)
r
rkalis mxebia.
miRebuli Sedegi 10.25 formulaSi CavsvaT da
a) ra θP kuTxe unda Semoweros rkalma, raTa P gveqneba:
wertilSi a iyos 4g-is toli? ar = 2at θ . (10.29)

amoxsna: mgzavris a jamuri aCqareba nebismier
 Semdeg ar-sTvis miRebuli Sedegi 10.24
dros trasis gaswvrivi at mxebi aCqarebis
formulaSi gadavitanoT da θ-sTvis amov
da rkalis simrudis centrisken mimarTuli
 xsnaT:
ar radialuri aCqarebis veqtoruli
  θ . (10.30)
jamia (10.9b suraTis msgavsad). at da a r
urTierTperpendikularuli veqtorebia,
rodesac a gaxdeba 4g, θ kuTxe CvenTvis sain
amitom maTi jamia:
tereso θP kuTxis tolia. 10.30 formulaSi
. (10.24) a = 4g, θ = θP , at = g CavsvaT da miviRebT:
ar-is mniSvneloba nebismier droSi ω kuTxur

 = 1,94 rad = 111°. (pasuxi)
siCqarezea damokidebuli da 10.23 formulis
Tanaxmad:
b) ra iqneba mgzavris a jamuri aCqareba P
ar = ω2r , (10.25)
wertilSi da Semdeg?
sadac r aris wriuli rkalis radiusi.
gaSvebis adgilze mgzavris sawyisi kuTxuri amoxsna: P wertilSi a = 4g. amis Semdeg
siCqarea ω0=0, xolo sawyisi kuTxuri mgzavri wrfivad moZraobs da centriskenuli
mdebareobaa θ0=0. mgzavris aCqarebis dros aCqareba aRar aqvs. maSasadame:
ω-s zrdis tempi α kuTxuri aCqarebaa. 10.22 P wertilSi a = 4g da amis Semdeg a = g (pasuxi)
formulidan gamomdinare, α-sa da at-s Soris `rusuli mTebis Tavis tkivili~ maSin Cndeba,
Semdegi kavSiria: rodesac mgzavris Tavi aCqarebis mkveTr
at cvlilebas ganicdis. aCqarebis cvlileba Ta-
α= . (10.26)
r vis qalaSi tvinis moZraobas iwvevs da tvinisa
vinaidan at da r mudmivebia, α-c mudmivia. da Tavis qalis damakavSirebeli venebi wydeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, 10.1 cxrilis formulebi aCqarebis g-dan 4g-mde zrda savaraudod
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. Cven θ kuTxuri swored Tavis tkivils gamoiwvevs.
10.6. brunvis kinetikuri energia 335
taqtika 1: kuTxuri cvladebis erTeu romlebic mxolod kuTxur cvladebs Sei

lebi cavs (magaliTad 10.1 cxrilSi moyvanili
rodesac kuTxuri da wrfivi cvladebis formulebi). am SemTxvevaSi, kuTxuri cvla
Semcvel formulebs viyenebT, yvela kuTxur debis erTeulebis gansazRvra Tqvenzea
cvlads radianebSi vzomavT. maSasadame, damokidebuli.
kuTxur gadaadgilebas radianebSi gamovsa formulebSi, sadac mxolod radianebi
xavT, kuTxur siCqares - radiani/wm-ebSi, gamoiyeneba, “radiani”-s sityvierad Cawera
xolo kuTxur aCqarebas - radiani/wm -ebSi da 2 aucilebeli arc aris.
radiani/wT2-ebSi. gamonaklisia is formulebi,
10.6. brunvis kinetikuri energia

saWreli Carxis xerxis swrafad brunvis dros mas namdvilad aqvs kinetikuri energia. rogor
1
gamovsaxoT es energia? K= mν2 formulas ver gamoviyenebT, vinaidan is mxolod xerxis masis
2
centris kinetikur energias anu nuls mogvcems.
amis nacvlad xerxi (an nebismieri swrafad mbrunavi myari sxeuli) sxvadasxva siCqareebis mqone
nivTieri wertilebis nakrebad unda warmovidginoT. Semdeg yvela nivTieri wertilis kinetikur
energiebs SevkrebT da mTeli sxeulis kinetikur energias gamovTvliT. maSasadame, mbrunavi
sxeulis kinetikuri energiaa:
K = 12 m1v12 + 12 m2v22 + 12 m3v32 + . . . = , (10.31)
sadac mi aris i rigis nivTieri wertilis masa, xolo νi misi siCqarea. dajameba sxeulis yvela
nivTieri wertilisTvis xdeba.
10.31 formulis problema is aris, rom νi ar aris yvela nivTieri wertilis siCqare. am problemis
gadaWrisTvis ν 10.18 formulidan (ν=ωr) aviRoT da gveqneba:
K= , (10.32)
sadac ω yvela nivTieri wertilisTvis erTi da igivea.

10.32 formulis marjvena mxares frCxilebSi moqceuli
sidide mbrunavi sxeulis masis brunvis RerZis garSemo
ganawilebas gviCvenebs. am sidides brunvis RerZisadmi
(a)
sxeulis I brunviT inercias anu inerciis moments
vuwodebT. es sidide raime myari sxeulisTvis da brunvis
RerZisTvis ucvlelia.
amjerad SegviZlia davweroT:
I= (brunviTi inercia) (10.33)
es formula 10.32 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT: (b)
K = 12 Iω2 (radianebSi) (10.34)

sur. 10.11. grZeli Zelakis brunva
miviReT swored is gamosaxuleba, rac gvainteresebda. a) centraluri (gaswvrivi) RerZis garSemo
10.34 formulis gamoyvanis dros ν = ωr formula ufro martivia, vidre b) mis centrze
gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis
gamoviyeneT da amitom ω radianebSi unda gamoisaxos. SI
garSemo. mizezi is aris, rom a) SemTxvevaSi
sistemaSi I-s erTeulia kg·m2. masa brunvis RerZTan ufro axlos aris
10.34 formula mbrunavi myari sxeulis kinetikur gavrcelebuli.
336 Tavi 10 brunva
energias gvaZlevs da myari sxeulis gadataniTi moZraobis dros kinetikuri energiis momcemi
K=12Mν2com formulis kuTxuri eqvivalentia. orive formulaSi 12 koeficienti gvxvdeba. erT
formulaSi M masa Sedis, xolo meoreSi - I (rac masas da mis ganawilebas aerTianebs). garda
amisa, orive formulaSi siCqaris kvadrati Sedis. gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis kinetikuri
energiebi sxvadasxva saxis energia ar aris – orive maTgani kinetikuri energiaa da ubralod
moZraobis saxeobis mixedviT gamoisaxeba.
mbrunavi sxeulis brunviTi inercia ara mxolod sxeulis masas, aramed masis ganawilebasac
moicavs. magaliTisTvis grZeli, mZime Zelaki ganvixiloT. Tavdapirvelad es Zelaki misi
centraluri (gaswvrivi) RerZis garSemo vabrunoT (sur. 10.11a), xolo Semdeg mis centrze
gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo (sur. 10.11b). orive SemTxvevaSi masa Tanabaria,
magram pirvel SemTxvevaSi brunva ufro iolia. amis mizezi is aris, rom masa pirvel SemTxvevaSi
brunvis RerZTan ufro axlos aris ganawilebuli. Sedegad, 10.11a suraTze Zelakis brunviTi
inercia bevrad naklebia, vidre 10.11b suraTze. naklebi brunviTi inercia ufro martivad
brunvas niSnavs.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCvenebi sami sfero

vertikaluri RerZis garSemo brunavs. RerZsa da TiToeuli
sferos centrs Soris perpendikularuli manZili naCvenebia.
daalageT sferoebi RerZis garSemo brunviTi inerciebis
10.7. brunviTi inerciis gamoTvla

Tu myari sxeuli ramdenime nivTieri wertilisgan Sedgeba, brunvis RerZis garSemo misi
brunviTi inercia 10.33 formuliT (I= ∑m r 2
) gamoiTvleba anu Cven SegviZlia TiToeuli
i i
nivTieri wertilis mr namravli vipovoT da Semdeg es namravlebi SevkriboT (gaixseneT, rom r
2
aris mocemuli brunvis RerZidan nivTieri wertilis daSoreba).

Tu myari sxeuli mravali mimdebare nivTieri wertilisgan Sedgeba, maSin 10.33 formulis
gamoyeneba kompiuters saWiroebs. amitom 10.33 formulaSi mocemul jams integraliT vcvliT
da sxeulis brunviT inercias ase ganvsazRvravT:
I= r2 dm (brunviTi inercia, mTliani sxeuli) (10.35)
10.2 cxrilSi integrebis Sedegebia mocemuli cxra sxeulisTvis.
paraleluri RerZebis Teorema

modiT, gamovTvaloT M masis sxeulis I brunviTi inercia mocemuli RerZis garSemo. I-s
gamoTvla 10.35 formulaSi mocemuli integralis saSualebiT SeiZleba, magram mdgomareoba
ufro gamartivdeba, Tu sxeulis masis centrze gamavali paraleluri RerZis garSemo sxeulis
Icom brunviTi inercia viciT. davuSvaT, h aris perpendikularuli manZili mocemul RerZsa da
masis centrze gamaval RerZs Soris (gaxsovdeT, rom es ori RerZi urTierTparaleluri unda
iyos). mocemuli RerZis garSemo I brunviTi inerciaa:
I = Icom + Mh2 (paraleluri RerZebis Teorema) (10.36)

10.7. brunviTi inerciis gamoTvla 337
cxrili 10.2 brunviTi inerciebi
fersos brunva myari cilin

rgoluri ci
centraluri dris (diskos)
lindris brunva
RerZis garSemo brunva cen
centraluri
traluri Rer
RerZis garSemo
Zis garSemo
(a) (b) (g)

I = MR2 I = 12M(R12 + R22) I = 12MR2
myari cilin Zelakis brunva myari sferos

dris (diskos) mis centrze brunva
brunva cen gamavali perpen nebismieri
traluri dikularuli diametris
diametris RerZis garSemo garSemo
garSemo
(d) (e) (v)

I = 14MR2 + 12
1
ML2 1
I = 12 ML2 I = 25MR2
fersos brunva firfitis brunva mis

sferuli
nebismieri centrze gamavali
garsis
diametris perpendikularuli
brunva
garSemo RerZis
nebismieri
garSemo
diametris
garSemo
(z) (T) (i)

I = 23MR2 I = 12MR2 1
I = 12 M(a2 + b2)
10.36 formulas paraleluri RerZebis Teorema ewodeba. momdevno paragrafSi am formulas

davamtkicebT da 10.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi gamoviyenebT.
paraleluri RerZebis Teoremis damtkiceba

davuSvaT, O aris 10.12 suraTze gamosaxuli pirobiTi formis sxeulis masis centri.
koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis saTave O wertils davamTxvioT. ganvixiloT suraTis sibrtyis
perpendikularuli, O wertilze gamavali RerZi da pirveli RerZis paraleluri, P wertilze
gamavali meore RerZi. P wertilis x da y koordinatebi a da b iyos.
dm aris zogadad x da y koordinatebis mqone masis elementi. P wertilze gamavali RerZis garSemo
sxeuli brunviTi inercia 10.35 formulidan gamomdinare
aris:
I= r2 dm = [(x – a)2 + (y – b)2] dm ,
gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT:
I = (x2+y2)dm – 2a xdm – 2b ydm +  (a2+b2)dm. (10.37)
masis centris gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare (9.9

formula), 10.37 formulis Sua ori integrali masis
sur. 10.12. O masis centris mqone myari sxeulis ganivi kveTi.

paraleluri RerZebis Teorema (10.36 formula) O wertilze
gamavali RerZis garSemo sxeulis brunviT inercias sxeulis masis
centridan h manZiliT daSorebul P wertilSi gamavali RerZis
garSemo sxeulis brunviT inerciasTan akavSirebs. orive RerZi
suraTis sibrtyis perpendikularulia.
338 Tavi 10 brunva
centris koordinatebs gvaZlevs da maSasadame orive nulis tolia. vinaidan x2+y2=R2, sadac
R aris manZili O-dan dm-mde, pirveli integrali Icom-ia, rac masis centrze gamavali RerZis
garSemo sxeulis brunviTi inerciaa. 10.12 suraTze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom 10.37 formulis
ukanaskneli wevria Mh2, sadac M sxeulis jamuri masaa. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,
10.37 formula 10.36 formulamde daiyvaneba da Teorema damtkicebulia.
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia wignis magvari

sagani (erTi gverdi meoreze grZelia) da sagnis zedapiris
perpendikularuli brunvis RerZis oTxi arCevani. daalageT
RerZebi maT garSemo sagnis brunviTi inerciis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.

10.13a suraTze naCvenebia m masis ori nivTieri
wertilisgan Semdgari sxeuli. wertilebi
erTmaneTTan L sigrZis da umniSvnelo masis
ZelakiT arian dakavSirebuli.
a) risi tolia sxeulis Icom brunviTi iner

(a)
cia masis centrze gamavali, Zelakis per
pendikularuli RerZis garSemo?
amoxsna: vinaidan mxolod ori nivTieri
wertili gvaqvs, sxeulis Icom brunviTi iner
ciis gamoTvla integrebis nacvlad 10.33
formuliT SegviZlia. nivTier wertilebs da (b)
brunvis RerZs Soris manZilia 1 L da gveqneba: sur. 10.13. myari sxeuli umniSvnelo masis ZelakiT
2
gaerTianebuli, m masis ori nivTieri wertilisgan
I= ∑
mi ri = (m)( L) + (m)( 1 L)2
2 1 2
2 2 Sedgeba.
= 1 mL2 . (pasuxi)
2
manZili L-is tolia. 10.33 formula gvaZlevs:
b) risi tolia sxeulis I brunviTi inercia
I = m(0)2 + mL2 = mL2 (pasuxi)
Zelakis marcxena boloze gamavali da pirveli
RerZis paraleluri RerZis garSemo? garda amisa, vinaidan masis centrze gamavali
RerZis garSemo Icom viciT da SekiTxvaSi
amoxsna: brunviTi inercia kvlav amocanis
naxsenebi RerZi am RerZis paraleluria, Cven
a) nawilis msgavsad SegviZlia gamovTvaloT,
SegviZlia paraleluri RerZebis Teorema
magram amjerad marcxniv ganlagebuli
(10.36 formula) gamoviyenoT:
wertilisTvis ri manZilia nulia, xolo
marjvniv ganlagebuli wertilisTvis igive I = Icom + Mh2 =  1 mL2 + (2m)( 1 L)2=mL2 (pasuxi)
2 2

10.14 suraTze naCvenebia viwro, erTgvarovani,
M masis da L sigrZis Rero, romelic x RerZze
Zevs da am RerZis aTvlis saTave Zelakis
centrs emTxveva.
a) risi tolia Zelakis brunviTi inercia
centrze gamavali perpendikularuli brunvis
sur. 10.14. L sigrZis da M masis erTgvarovani Zelaki.
RerZis garSemo?
naCvenebia dm masis da dx sigrZis elementi.
10.7. brunviTi inerciis gamoTvla 339
amoxsna: vinaidan Zelaki erTgvarovania, 1
= 12
ML2. (pasuxi)
misi masis centri Reros centrzea. Zelaki
mTliani sagania, amitom brunviTi inerciis miRebuli pasuxi 10.2e cxrilSi mocemul
gamoTvlisTvis 10.35 formula unda SedegTan SesabamisobaSia.
gamoviyenoT: b) risi tolia Zelakis I brunviTi inercia

I= r2 dm, (10.38) Zelakis perpendikularuli da marcxena
Cven x koordinatiT integreba gvsurs (da boloze gamavali axali brunvis RerZis
ara miTiTebuli dm masiT), amitom Zelakis garSemo?
elementis dm masa Zelakis dx sigrZes unda amoxsna: amjerad x RerZis aTvlis saTave
davukavSiroT (amgvari elementi 10.14 Zelakis marcxena bolos unda davamTxvioT
suraTzea naCvenebi). Zelaki erTgvarovania, da Semdeg 0-dan L-mde vaintegroT. Sedegad
amitom masis Sefardeba sigrZesTan yvela miviRebT:
1
elementisTvis da ZelakisTvis Tanabaria. I = 3  ML2 (pasuxi)
aqedan gamomdinare:
ufro martivi iqneba, Tu Zelakis bolos
elementis dm masa Zelakis M masa
elementis dx sigrZe
= Zelakis L sigrZe
RerZs ise gavavlebT, rom is masis centrze
gamavali RerZis paraleluri iyos. am Sem
anu
M TxvevaSi paraleluri RerZebis Teoremas
dm = dx.
L gamoviyenebT (10.36 formula). amocanis
1
amjerad 10.38 formulaSi dm-s nacvlad a) nawilidan viciT, rom Icom= 12 ML2. 10.14
miRebul Sedegs SevitanT, xolo r-s x-iT suraTze, brunvis axal RerZsa da masis centrs
1
SevcvliT. Semdeg Zelakis mTeli sigrZisTvis Soris h perpendikularuli manZilia 2 L. 10.36
(-L/2-dan L/2-mde) vaintegrebT da miviRebT: formula gvaZlevs:
1 1 1
I= I = Icom+Mh2= 12 ML2+(M)( 2 L)2= 3 ML2 (pasuxi)
es Sedegi Zelakis orive boloze gamaval
perpendikularul RerZs Seesabameba, miuxe
=
davad imisa, es RerZi 10.14 suraTze naCvenebi
RerZis paraleluria Tu ara.

meqanizmebis did nawilebs, romlebic xan
grZlivad da maRal siCqareebze brunavs,
sacdeli brunvis sistemiT amowmeben. es
sistema hermetuli sadebiTa da tyviis agu
rebiT damzadebuli cilindria, romelic
sarqveliTaa daxuruli. nawils am cilindrSi
aTavseben da maRali siCqariT abruneben. Tu
brunvis Sedegad nawili ziandeba, tyviis
msubuqi agurebi namsxvrevebs iWers da maTi
Semdgomi analizi xdeba.
1985 wels, kompania Test Devices, Inc. M = 272 kg
sur. 10.15. swrafad mbrunavi foladis diskos
masis da R = 38 sm radiusis foladis myar
afeTqebis Sedegi
rotors brunvaze amowmebda. rodesac
diskos ω kuTxuri siCqare 14000 br/wT gaxda, sacdeli sistemis oTaxSi mimaval koridorSi
inJinrebma erTi sarTulidan qvemoT (sadac iyo gabneuli, oTaxis kari manqanebis mimdebare
sacdeli sistema iyo ganlagebuli) dartymis sadgomSi egdo, tyviis erTi aguri mezoblis
xma gaiges. aRmoCnda, rom tyviis agurebi samzareulos kedels moxvda, Senobis sayrdeni
340 Tavi 10 brunva
Zelebi dazianda, sacdeli oTaxis betonis I-s gamosaxuleba 10.2g cxrilSia mocemuli
1
iatakma 0,5sm-iT dabla Caiwia, xolo 900kg (I= 2 MR2):
masis sarqveli Wers moxvda da Semdeg sacdel 1 1
I = 2 MR2 = 2 (272kg)(0,38m)2 = 19,64kg·m2.
aRWurvilobas daeca (sur. 10.15). namsxvrevebma
inJinrebis oTaxSi SemTxveviT ar SeaRwies. rotoris kuTxuri siCqarea:
ra energia
Sedegad?
gamoiyo rotoris afeTqebis ω = (14000 br/wT)(2π rad/br) (1 60  )
wT
wm
=1,466 × 103 radiani/wm
amoxsna: gamoyofili energia rotoris K
amis Semdeg 10.34 formula mogvcems:
brunviTi kinetikuri energiis tolia, rodesac
1 1
misi kuTxuri siCqare 14000br/wT gaxda. K-s K = 2 Iω2 = 2 (19,64 kg·m2)(1,466 × 103rad/wm)2
gamoTvla 10.34 formulis (K=1Iω2) saSualebiT
2 = 2,1 × 107j (pasuxi)
SeiZleba, magram Tavdapirvelad I brunviTi
inerciis gamosaxuleba unda miviRoT. rotori pasuxidan gamomdinare, rotoris afeTqeba
diskoa da karuselis msgavsad brunavs, amitom bombis afeTqebis msgavsi iyo.
10.8. Zalis momenti

φ
karis saxeluri anjamidan maqsimalurad Sorsaa
ganlagebuli da es Wkvianuria. mZime karis gaRebisas Zalis
modeba saWiroa, magram es sakmarisi ar aris. Zalis modebis
adgils da biZgis mimarTulebas Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs. Tu Zalas anjamasTan ufro axlos mosdebT, vidre
karis saxelurTan an Zala karis sibrtyisadmi 90°-isgan
gansxvavebul kuTxes adgens, maSin karis gaRebisTvis (a)
ufro meti Zalaa saWiro, vidre im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac Zala saxelurzea modebuli da karis sibrtyis
perpendikularulia.
10.16a suraTze naCvenebia O wertilze gamavali da ganivi
φ
kveTis perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad

mbrunavi sxeuli. P wertilis mdebareoba O-sadmi r
mdebareobis veqtoris saSualebiT ganisazRvreba da am
  
wertilze F Zalaa modebuli. F da r veqtorebs Soris
kuTxea φ (simartivisTvis mxolod im Zalebs ganvixilavT,
romelTac brunvis RerZis paraleluri komponenti ar

gaaCniaT anu F Zala saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyeSia (b)
modebuli).

F Zala or komponentad davSaloT (sur. 10.16b), raTa
gavarkvioT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es Zala brunvis RerZis

garSemo sxeulis brunvaze. Fr radialuri komponenti r φ
veqtoris gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da brunvas ar iwvevs,
 φ 
sur. 10.16. a) F Zala myari sxeulis P wertilzea modebuli F -is
da sxeuli O wertilze gamavali RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad moqmedebis
brunavs. brunvis RerZi suraTze naCvenebi ganivi kveTis sibrtyis wrfe
perpendikularulia. b) Zalis Sedegad miRebuli Zalis momentia

 Zalis momenti rFt saxiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos, sadac
(r)(Fsin φ). F -is mxari
Ft aris F Zalis mxebi komponenti. g) Zalis momenti r┴F saxiTac
SeiZleba Caiweros, sadac r┴ aris F Zalis momentis mxari. (g)
10.8. Zalis momenti 341
vinaidan is O-ze gamavali wrfis gaswvriv moqmedebs (Tu karebs misi sibrtyisadmi paralelurad

ubiZgebT, kari ar gaiReba). Ft mxebi komponenti r veqtoris perpendikularulia da misi sididea
Ft = F sin φ. mxebi komponenti brunvas iwvevs (Tu karebs misi sibrtyisadmi perpendikularulad
ubiZgebT, kari SesaZloa gaiRos).

F Zalis mier sxeulis Semobrunebis SesaZlebloba ara mxolod Ft mxebi komponentis sididezea
damokidebuli, aramed O wertilidan Zalis modebis manZilze. am ori faqtoris mxedvelobaSi
misaRebad τ Zalis momenti Semogvaqvs, rac xsenebuli faqtorebis namravlia:
τ = (r)(F sin φ) (10.39)
Zalis momentis gamosaTvleli eqvivalenturi formulebia:
τ = (r)(F sin φ) = rFt (10.40)
da
τ = (r sin φ)(F) = r┴F (10.41)

sadac r┴ aris brunvis RerZis O wertilsa da F veqtoris ganlagebis wrfes Soris

perpendikularuli manZili (sur. 10.16g). am wrfes F -is moqmedebis wrfe ewodeba, xolo r┴ aris

F -is momentis mxari. 10.16b suraTze kargad Cans, rom r SegviZlia aRvweroT, rogorc Zalis Ft
komponentis momentis mxari.

sityva `Zalis momenti~ laTinuri sityvidan Torque (`mabruni momenti~) modis da F Zalis
mabrunebel Tvisebas gamoxatavs. rodesac saganze ZaliT moqmedebT da misi mobruneba gsurT,
Tqven Zalis moments iyenebT. SI sistemaSi Zalis momentis erTeulia n·m. gafrTxileba: n·m
muSaobis erTeulicaa, Tumca muSaoba da Zalis momenti srulad gansxvavebuli sidideebia da
isini erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios. muSaoba xSirad joulebSi gamoisaxeba, xolo Zalis momenti
_ arasdros.
momdevno paragrafSi Zalis moments ganvixilavT, rogorc veqtorul sidides. amjerad Cven
mxolod erTi RerZis garSemo brunvas vexebiT da veqtori saWiro ar aris. Zalis moments
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mniSvneloba aqvs da es mniSvneloba sxeulis brunvis mimarTulebazea
damokidebuli. Tu sxeuli saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Zalis
momenti dadebiTia, xolo Tu sxeuli saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs, maSin Zalis
momenti uaryofiTia.
Zalis momenti me-5 paragrafSi ganxilul superpoziciis princips emorCileba. rodesac sxeulze
ramdenime Zalis momenti moqmedebs, jamuri Zalis momenti calkeuli Zalis momentebis jamia.
jamuri Zalis momentis simboloa τt .
sakontrolo wertili 6. suraTze naCvenebia metrebSi dagra

duirebuli saxazavi, romelic 20 sm niSnulze mdebare wertilis
garSemo brunavs. saxazavze moqmedi xuTive Zala horizontaluria
da maTi sidideebi Tanabaria. daalageT Zalebi maT mier
warmoqmnili Zalis momentis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
342 Tavi 10 brunva
sur. 10.17. martivi myari sxeuli r sigrZis da umniSvnelo masis Zelakis

boloze mibmuli m masis nivTieri wertilisgan Sedgeba. sxeuli O

wertilze gamavali RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad brunavs. brunvas F
modebuli Zala iwvevs.
10.9. niutonis meore kanoni brunvisTvis

Zalis momenti myari sxeulis, magaliTad, karebis brunvas
iwvevs. amjerad Cven gvsurs myar sxeulze moqmed τt jamur
Zalis momentsa da brunvis RerZis garSemo am Zalis momentis
mier gamowveul α kuTxur aCqarebas Soris kavSiri davadginoT. amisTvis niutonis meore kanons
(Ft = ma) viyenebT. Ft-s τt-iT vcvliT, m-s I-iT, xolo a-s α-iT da vwerT:
τt = Iα (niutonis meore kanoni brunvisTvis) , (10.42)
sadac α radianebSi unda iyos gazomili.

10.42 formulis dasamtkiceblad 10.17 suraTze gamosaxuli mdgomareoba ganvixiloT. myari
sxeuli r sigrZis da umniSvnelo masis Zelakis boloze mibmuli m masis nivTieri wertilisgan
Sedgeba. Zelaki saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyisadmi perpendikularuli brunvis RerZis
garSemo brunavs. maSasadame, nivTieri wertili mxolod wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs da
brunvis wrewiris centrze gadis.

nivTier wertilze F Zala moqmedebs. vinaidan nivTieri wertili wriuli traeqtoriiT
moZraobs, Zalis mxolod Ft mxeb komponents SeuZlia traeqtoriis gaswvriv nivTieri wertilis
aCqareba. Ft-sa da traeqtoriis gaswvriv nivTieri wertilis at mxeb aCqarebas niutonis meore
kanoni akavSirebs:
Ft = mat
nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti 10.40 formulidan gamomdinare aris:
τ = Ft r = mat r
10.22 formulis (at = αr) daxmarebiT, es formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
τ = m(αr)r = (mr2)α (10.43)
formulis marjvena mxares frCxilebSi moqceuli sidide aris nivTieri wertilis brunvis RerZis
garSemo brunviTi inercia anu inerciis momenti I (ix. 10.33 formula). maSasadame, 10.43 formula
Semdeg saxes iRebs:
τ = Iα (radianebSi) (10.44)
rodesac nivTier wertilze erTze meti Zala moqmedebs, 10.44 formulis zogadi saxea:
τt = Iα (radianebSi) (10.45)
formula damtkicebulia da is fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mrbunav nebismier myar sxeuls

SegviZlia mivusadagoT, vinaidan yvela aseTi sxeuli nivTier wertilTa erTobliobaa.
10.9. niutonis meore kanoni brunvisTvis 343
sakontrolo wertili 7. suraTze naCvenebia metrebSi

dagraduirebuli saxazavi, romelic Sua wertilidan marcxniv
 
ganlagebuli wertilis garSemo brunavs. saxazavze F1 da F2

horizontaluri Zalebi moqmedebs. naCvenebia mxolod F1

Zala. F2 Zala saxazavis perpendikularulia da mis marjvena
boloze moqmedebs. Tu saxazavi ar brunavs, a) ra mimarTuleba

aqvs F2 Zalas da b) F2 Zala F1-ze metia, naklebia Tu misi tolia?

10.18a suraTze naCvenebia uZrav horizonta
lur RerZze damagrebuli R=20sm radiusis
da M=2,5kg masis erTgvarovani disko.
m=1,2kg masis bloki umniSvnelo masis Tokzea (g)
Camokidebuli, xolo Toki diskos fersozea
gadaxveuli. gamoTvaleT blokis vardnis
aCqareba, diskos kuTxuri aCqareba da Tokis
daWimuloba. Toki ar wydeba da RerZze xaxuni
ar arsebobs.
amoxsna: bloki sistemad miviCnioT da misi a
aCqareba masze moqmed Zalebs niutonis meore (a) (b)
kanonis saSualebiT ( t
 = m ) davukavSiroT.
es Zalebi 10.18b suraTze naCveneb Tavisufali sur. 10.18. a) blokis vardna diskos brunvas iwvevs.
sxeulis grafikze aris gamosaxuli. Tokidan b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki blokisTvis.
  g) Tavisufali sxeulis arasruli grafiki disko
T Zala moqmedebs, xolo Fg mizidulobis
sTvis.
Zalis sididea mg. vertikaluri y RerZis
gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore
kanoni (Ft,y = may) aseTi saxiT Caiwereba: da diskos fersos mxebia. aqedan gamomdinare,
T – mg = ma (10.46) misi Zalis momentia –RT. disko saaTis isris

moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs da amitom
am formulas a-sTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan
Zalis momenti uaryofiTia. 10.2g cxrilidan
is T ucnobsac Seicavs.
gamomdinare, diskos I brunviTi inerciaa
modiT disko sistemad miviCnioT da misi 1
2
MR2. maSasadame, τt = Iα aseTi saxiT SeiZleba
α kuTxuri aCqareba masze moqmed Zalis
Caiweros:
moments brunvisTvis niutonis meore kanonis
1
(τt = Iα) saSualebiT davukavSiroT. jamuri –RT = MR2α (10.47)
2
Zalis momentis da I inerciis momentis gamo 10.47 formula erTi SexedviT gamousadegaria,
TvlisTvis CavTvaloT, rom brunvis RerZi vinaidan α da T ucnobebs Seicavs da arc
diskos perpendikularulia da mis O centrze erTi maTgani ar aris CvenTvis saintereso a.
gadis (sur. 10.18g). miuxedavad amisa, gavixsenoT, rom Toki ar
amis Semdeg Zalis momenti 10.40 formulis wydeba da blokis a wrfivi aCqareba da diskos
(τ = rFt ) saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. mizidu fersos at wrfivi (mxebi) aCqareba erTmaneTis
lobis Zala da RerZidan moqmedi Zala diskos tolia. 10.22 formulidan (at = αr) Cans, rom
centrze anu r = 0 manZilze moqmedebs da α = a/R. es Sedegi 10.47 formulaSi CavsvaT da
maTi Zalis momenti nulia. Tokidan diskoze miviRebT:

modebuli T Zala r = R manZilze moqmedebs 1
T = –  Ma (10.48)
2
344 Tavi 10 brunva
Semdeg 10.46 da 10.48 formulebi gavaerTia daWimuloba (6 n) Camokidul blokze moqmed
noT: mizidulobis Zalaze (mg = 11,8 n) mcirea.
2m (2)(1,2 kg)
a = –g  = –(9,8 m/wm2)  blokis aCqareba da Tokis daWimuloba diskos
M + 2m 2,5 kg + (2)(1,2 kg)
masazea damokidebuli da ara mis radiusze.
zemoT miRebuli formulebi masis armqone
T-s gamoTvlisTvis 10.48 formula gamovi
diskosTvis (M = 0) a = –g da T = 0 pasuxebs
yenoT:
gvaZlevs. es logikuricaa, vinaidan bloki
1 1
T = –  Ma = –  (2,5kg)(–4,8 m/wm2) Tavisufali sxeulis msgavsad vardeba.
2 2
= 6 n (pasuxi) 10.22 formulidan diskos kuTxuri aCqareba:
–4,8 m/wm2
α= a =
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, vardnili
= –24 rad/wm2. (pasuxi)
blokis aCqareba g-ze naklebia, xolo Tokis R 0,2 m


ZiudoSi Sejibris dros 80kg masis davuSvaT, rom Fg Zala Tqveni mowinaaRmdegis

mowinaaRmdegeze F ZaliT moqmedebT da Tqvens masis centrze moqmedebs. masis centris sa

marjvena TeZoze mdebare sayrdeni wertilidan yrden wertilze mdebareobis dros, Fg Zalis

(brunvis RerZidan) momentis mxaria d1 = 0,3 m. momentis mxaria r┴ = 0 da Fg Zalis momenti
mowinaaRmdege sayrdeni wertilis garSemo nulis tolia. maSasadame, Tqvens oponentze

α = –6 radiani/wm 2
kuTxuri aCqarebiT unda moqmed Zalis moments mxolod F Zala iwvevs
daatrialoT da es kuTxuri aCqareba saaTis da τt = Iα formula ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
isris moZraobis mimarTulebisaa. davuSvaT, –d1F = Iα
sayrdeni wertilisadmi I brunviTi inerciaa Semdeg gamovTvliT:
15 kg·m . 2 –Iα –(15 kg·m2)(–6 rad/wm2)
F= =
 d 0,3 m
a) ra unda iyos F Zala, raTa datrialebamde = 300 n. (pasuxi)
mowinaaRmdegis masis centri Tqvens TeZoze 
b) rogori unda iyos F Zala, Tu mowinaaRmdege
aRmoCndes (sur. 10.19a)? 
 ileTis Catarebamde sworad dgas da Fg Zalis
amoxsna: mowinaaRmdegeze modebuli F Zala
momentis mxari sayrdeni wertilidan aris
da misi α kuTxuri aCqareba brunvisTvis
d2 = 0,12 m (sur. 10.19b)?
niutonis meore kanoniT (τt = Iα) SegviZlia 
davakavSiroT. rodesac mowinaaRmdegis fe amoxsna: vinaidan Fg Zalis momentis mxari
xebi iataks ascdeba, maTze mxolod sami nulis toli aRar aris, am Zalis momentia d2mg

Zala moqmedebs: F Zala, sayrden wertilze da dadebiTia, vinaidan brunva saaTis isris

Tqvenidan moqmedi N Zala (10.19 suraTze es

Zala gamosaxuli ar aris) da Fg mizidulobis
Zala. τt = Iα formulis gamoyenebisTvis sa
yrdeni wertilis garSemo Sesabamisi sami
Zalis momenti gvWirdeba.

10.41 formulidan (τ = r┴F) gamomdinare, F
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli Zalis momentia –d1F,
sadac d1 aris r┴ mxari da minus niSani saaTis
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunvas

asaxavs. N ZaliT gamowveuli Zalis momenti
nulis tolia, vinaidan es Zala sayrden
wertilze moqmedebs da misi momentis mxari (a) (b)
r┴ = 0.
 sur. 10.19. Ziudos a) sworad da b) arasworad
Fg Zalis momentis gamosaTvlelad. SegviZlia Sesrulebuli ileTi
10.10 muSaoba da brunvis kinetikuri energia 345
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT tolia. am da sxva monacemebis Casmis Sedegad
xdeba. amjerad τt = Iα formula aseT saxes mii miviRebT:
Rebs: (0,12 m2)(80 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)
F = 300 n +
–d1F + d2mg = Iα 0,3 m
= 613,6 n ≈ 610 n (pasuxi)
rac gvaZlevs:
Iα d2mg pasuxi cxadyofs, rom Tu mowinaaRmdegis masis
F=– +
d1 d1 centrs Tqvens TeZos ar daamTxvevT, ileTis
amocanis a) nawilidan viciT, rom formulis CatarebisTvis bevrad meti Zala iqneba saWiro.
marjvena mxaris pirveli wevri 300 n-is karg Ziudoistebs es yovelTvis axsovT.
10.10 muSaoba da brunvis kinetikuri energia

me-7 TavSi ganvixileT, rom rodesac F Zala m masis myar sxeuls koordinatTa RerZis gaswvriv
1
aCqarebs, Zala sxeulze W muSaobas asrulebs. maSasadame, sxeulis kinetikuri energia (K= mν2)
2
SesaZloa Seicvalos. davuSvaT, mxolod sxeulis kinetikuri energia icvleba. am SemTxvevaSi,
kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlileba W muSaobas muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis (7.10
formula) saSualebiT ukavSirdeba:
1 1
ΔK = Kf – Ki= mνf2 –  mνi2=W (muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema). (10.49)
2 2
x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobis SemTxvevaSi, muSaoba 7.32 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
W =  (muSaoba, moZraoba erT ganzomilebaSi) (10.50)
rodesac F mudmivia da sxeulis gadaadgilebaa d, 10.50 formula W=Fd saxiT Caiwereba. muSaobis
Sesrulebis tempi simZlavrea da is 7.43 da 7.48 formulebiT gamoiTvleba:
dW
P = dt = Fv (simZlavre, moZraoba erT ganzomilebaSi) (10.51)
modiT, amjerad, brunviTi moZraoba ganvixiloT. rodesac fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunav
myar sxeuls Zalis momenti aCqarebs, Zalis momenti sxeulze W muSaobas asrulebs. aqedan
1
gamomdinare, sxeulis brunvis kinetikuri energia (K= Iω2) SesaZloa Seicvalos. davuSvaT,
2
sxeulis mxolod kinetikuri energia icvleba. am SemTxvevaSi, kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlileba
W muSaobas muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis saSualebiT SegviZlia davukavSiroT, oRond,
amjerad, kinetikuri energia brunvis kinetikuri energiaa:
1 1
ΔK = Kf – Ki= Iωf2 –  Iωi2 = W (muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema) (10.52)
2 2
am formulaSi I aris fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo sxeulis brunviTi inercia, xolo ωi da ωf -
sxeulis kuTxuri siCqareebi muSaobis Sesrulebamde da Sesrulebis Semdeg.
10.50 formulis brunviTi eqvivalentis saSualebiT muSaoba SegviZlia gamovTvaloT:
W = (muSaoba, brunva fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo), (10.53)
sadac τ aris Zalis momenti, xolo θi da θf - sxeulis kuTxuri mdebareobebi muSaobis Sesrulebamde
da Sesrulebis Semdeg. rodesac τ mudmivia, 10.53 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
W = τ(θ f – θ i) (muSaoba, mudmivi Zalis momenti) (10.54)

muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi simZlavrea da is 10.51 formulis brunviTi eqvivalentiT
gamoiTvleba:
dW
P = dt = τω (simZlavre, brunva fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo) (10.55)
10.3 cxrilSi Tavmoyrilia fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis brunvis da
gadataniTi moZraobis formulebi.
346 Tavi 10 brunva
cxrili 10.3
kavSirebi gadataniT moZraobasa da brunvas Soris
gadataniTi moZraoba (fiqsirebuli

brunva (fiqsirebuli RerZi)
mimarTuleba)
mdebareoba x kuTxuri mdebareoba θ
siCqare ν = dx/dt kuTxuri siCqare ω = dθ/dt
aCqareba a = dν/dt kuTxuri aCqareba α = dω/dt
masa m brunviTi inercia I
niutonis meore kanoni Ft = ma niutonis meore kanoni τt = Iα
muSaoba ∫
W =  Fdx muSaoba ∫
Fdx
W =  τdθ
1 1
kinetikuri energia K =  2 mν2 kinetikuri energia K =  2 Iω2
simZlavre
simZlavre (mudmivi Zala) P = Fν P = τω
(mudmivi Zalis momenti)
muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis muSaoba-kinetikuri
W = ΔK W = ΔK
Teorema energiis Teorema
10.52-10.55 formulebis damtkiceba


modiT, kvlav 10.17 suraTze gamosaxuli mdgomareoba ganvixiloT, rodesac F Zala masis armqone
Zelakze damagrebuli m masis nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgar myar sxeuls abrunebs. brunvis dros
 
F Zala sxeulze muSaobas asrulebs. davuSvaT, F Zala mxolod sxeulis kinetikur energias
cvlis. am SemTxvevaSi, 10.49 formuliT gamosaxuli muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema Semdeg
saxes miiRebs:
ΔK = Kf – Ki = W (10.56)

1
K= mν2 da 10.18 formulis (ν=ωr) gamoyenebiT 10.56 formula ase Caiwereba:
2
1 2 2 1 2 2
ΔK = mr ωf –  mr ωi = W (10.57)
2 2
10.33 formulidan gamomdinare, erTi nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgari sxeulis brunviTi inerciaa
I=mr2. es toloba 10.57 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
1 1
ΔK =  Iωf2 –  Iωi2 = W
2 2
10.52 formula damtkicebulia. formula erTi nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgari myari
sxeulisTvis gamoviyvaneT, magram is fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunav nebismier myar sxeuls
miesadageba.

amjerad 10.17 suraTze gamosaxul sxeulze Sesrulebul W muSaobasa da F Zalis Sedegad
sxeulze moqmed τ Zalis moments Soris kavSiri davadginoT. rodesac nivTieri wertili wriuli
traeqtoriis gaswvriv ds manZils gaivlis, mas Zalis mxolod Ft  mxebi komponenti aCqarebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, nivTier wertilze muSaobas mxolod Ft asrulebs. Sesrulebuli dW muSaoba Ft ds
saxiT CavweroT da Semdeg ds SevcvaloT rdθ-iT, sadac dθ aris nivTieri wertilis mier Semowerili
kuTxe:
dW = Ft  r dθ (10.58)
10.40 formulidan gamomdinare, Ft  r namravli τ Zalis momentis tolia da 10.58 formula asec
SeiZleba Caiweros:
dW = τdθ (10.59)
θi-dan θf-mde sasruli kuTxuri gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
W = ,
10.53 formula damtkicebulia. is fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mrbunav nebismier myar sxeuls
miesadageba. 10.54 formula pirdapir 10.53 formulidan miiReba.
brunviTi moZraobisas P simZlavre 10.59 formuliT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT:
dW dθ
P = dt = τ  dt = τω,
10.55 formulac damtkicebulia.

10.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi moyvanili da miviRebT:
10.18 suraTze gamosaxuli disko moZraobas K = Ki + W = 0 + W = W (10.60)
t = 0 dros iwyebs. ra iqneba misi K brunvis
amis Semdeg W muSaoba unda gamovTvaloT. W
kinetikuri energia t = 2,5 wm dros?
muSaobasa da diskoze moqmed Zalis momentebs
amoxsna: K-s gamoTvla 10.34 formuliT (K = 
Soris kavSiri 10.53 an 10.54 formuliT
1
2
Iω2) SeiZleba. ukve viciT, rom I =  12 MR2, magram
SegviZlia gamovsaxoT. kuTxuri aCqarebis
ar viciT ω kuTxuri siCqare t = 2,5 wm dros.
gamomwvevi da muSaobis Semsrulebuli erTad
α kuTxuri aCqarebis mudmivi mniSvnelobaa
erTi Zalis momenti Tokidan diskoze moqmedi
–24radiani/wm2 da 10.1 cxrilSi mocemuli 
T ZaliTaa gamowveuli. 10.8 amocanis amoxsnis
formulebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. vinaidan α
nimuSidan gavixsenoT, rom es Zalis momentia
da ω0(= 0) viciT da ω-s gamoTvla gvsurs, 10.12
–TR. vinaidan α mudmivia, Zalis momentic
formulas viyenebT:
mudmivia da 10.54 formulis daxmarebiT
ω = ω0 + αt = 0 + αt = αt miviRebT:
1
10.34 formulaSi ω = αt da I =  MR2 CavsvaT da W = τ(θf-θi) = –TR(θf – θi) (10.61)
2
miviRebT:
vinaidan α mudmivia, 10.13 formulis daxma
1 1 1 1
K =  Iω2 =  ( MR2)(αt)2 =  M(Rαt)2 rebiT θf – θi SegviZlia gamovTvaloT. ωi=0 da
2 2 2 4
1 gveqneba:
=  (2,5kg)[(0,2m)(–24 radiani/wm2)(2,5wm)]2
4
1 1 1
= 90 j θf – θi = ωit +  αt2 = 0 +  αt2 =  αt2
(pasuxi) 2 2 2
diskos kinetikuri energia masze Sesrulebuli miRebuli Sedegi 10.61 formulaSi CavsvaT da
muSaobis saSualebiTac SegviZlia gamov pasuxi10.60 formulaSi gadavitanoT. T = 6 n,
TvaloT. Tavdapirvelad, muSaoba-kinetikuri α = –24 radiani/wm2 (10.8 amocanis amoxsnis
energiis Teoremis (Kf – Ki = W) daxmarebiT nimuSidan) da gveqneba:
diskos kinetikuri energiis cvlileba da 1 1
K = W = –TR(θf – θi) = –TR( αt2) = – TRαt2
2 2
diskoze Sesrulebuli jamuri W muSaoba 1
= – 2 (6n)(0,2m)(–24radiani/wm2)(2,5wm)2
erTmaneTTan davakavSiroT. Kf -s nacvlad K
CavsvaT, xolo Ki-s nacvlad 0 SevitanoT da = 90j (pasuxi)

myari qandakeba fersosgan (m masis da R=0,15m fersos sibrtyeSi mdebare da mis centrze
radiusis) da radialuri Zelakisgan (m masis da gamavali horizontaluri RerZis garSemo
L = 2R sigrZis) Sedgeba (sur. 10.20). qandakeba brunavs.
348 Tavi 10 brunva
1
(K= Iω2) saSualebiT ukavSirdeba erT
2
maneTs.
2. K kinetikuri energia qandakebis U mizi
dulobis potenciur energias brunvis dros
qandakebis E meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis
principis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. brunvis
dros E ar icvleba, vinaidan energia U-dan
K-Si gadadis.
3. mizidulobis potenciuri energiisTvis
qandakeba masis centrze ganlagebul
sur. 10.20. fersosa da Zelakisgan Semdgari myari nivTier wertilad SegviZlia ganvixiloT,
qandakeba horizontaluri RerZis garSemo brunavs sadac 2m masaa koncentrirebuli.
meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis faqti ase Cai

a) risi tolia qandakebis I brunviTi inercia
wereba:
brunvis RerZis garSemo m-sa da R-is
saSualebiT? ΔK + ΔU = 0 (10.62)
amoxsna: Cven SegviZlia fersos da Zelakis sawyisi mdgomareobidan Sebrunebul mdgo

brunviTi inerciebi cal-calke gamovTvaloT mareobamde, sadac qandakebas ω kuTxuri
da Semdeg maTi Sekrebis gziT qandakebis I siCqare aqvs, kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvli
brunviTi inercia miviRoT. 10.2T cxrilidan lebaa:
gamomdinare, fersos
brunviTi inercia 1 2 1
1 ΔK = Kf – Ki = Iω – 0 = Iω2 (10.63)
diametris garSemo aris Iferso= mR2. 10.2e 2 2
2
cxrilis mixedviT, Zelakis brunviTi 8.7 formulidan (ΔU = mgΔy) gamomdinare,
inercia misi masis centrze gamavali da mizidulobis potenciuri energiis Sesabamisi
qandakebis brunvis RerZis paraleluri ΔU cvlilebaa:
RerZis garSemo aris Icom=mL2/12. brunvis ΔU = (2m)gΔycom , (10.64)
RerZis garSemo IZelaki brunviTi
Zelakis
sadac 2m aris qandakebis masa, xolo Δycom
inerciis gamoTvlisTvis 10.36 formulas da
– masis centris vertikaluri gadaadgildeba
paraleluri RerZebis Teoremas viyenebT:
( )
2
brunvis dros.
mL2 L
IZelaki = Icom + mh 2
= +m R+ Δycom-is gamoTvlisTvis 10.20 suraTze
com
12 2
gamosaxuli masis centris sawyisi ycom
= 4,33mR2 ,
mdebareoba unda davadginoT. fersos (m masis)
sadac L=2R da Zelakis masis centrsa da
centria y=0. Zelakis (m masis) centria y=R+L/2.
brunvis RerZs Soris perpendikularuli
maSasadame, 9.5 formulidan gamomdinare,
manZilia h=R+L/2. maSasadame, qandakebis I
qandakebis masis centris mdebareobaa:
brunviTi inercia brunvis RerZis garSemo
m(0) + m(R + L/2) 0 + m(R + 2R/2)
aris: ycom = = = R.
1 2m 2m
I = Iferso + IZelaki = mR2 + 4,33mR2
2 rodesac qandakeba Sebrundeba, masis centri
= 4,83mR2 ≈ 4,8mR2 (pasuxi) brunvis RerZidan igive R manZilzea. aqedan
gamomdinare, masis centris vertikaluri
b) qandakeba swordeba da brunvis RerZis
gadaadgileba sawyisi mdebareobidan Sebru
garSemo brunvas iwyebs. ra iqneba misi ω
nebul mdebareobamde aris Δycom = –2R.
kuTxuri siCqare RerZis garSemo, rodesac
modiT, miRebul Sedegebs Tavi erTad
qandakeba amotrialdeba?
movuyaroT. 10.63 da 10.64 formulebi 10.62
amoxsna:
formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
1. qandakebis ω siCqare da misi brunvis K
1 2
kinetikuri energia 10.34 formulis Iω + (2m)gΔycom = 0
2
amocanis a) nawilidan I = 4,83mR2 CavsvaT,
gavixsenoT, rom Δycom = –2R da zemoT miRebuli ω=
formula ω-sTvis amovxsnaT:
= 10 rad/wm. (pasuxi)
kuTxuri mdebareoba. fiqsirebuli anu ω2-ze icvleba, misi αsaS saSualo kuTxuri
brunvis RerZis garSemo myari sxeulis aCqarebaa:
brunvis aRwerisTvis vuSvebT, rom aTvlis ω –ω Δω
αsaS = t2 – t 1 = . (10.7)
wrfe sxeulze gadis, brunvis RerZis 2 1 Δt
perpendikularulia da sxeulTan erTad xolo α myisi aCqareba
moZraobs. am wrfis θ kuTxur mdebareobas
dω
α= . (10.8)
dt
fiqsirebuli mimarTulebisadmi vzomavT. θ
αsaS da α veqtorebia.
radianebSi izomeba da gvaqvs:
s kinetikuri formulebi mudmivi kuT
θ= (radianebSi), (10.1)
r xuri aCqarebisTvis. Tanabari kuTxuri
sadac s aris r radiusis da θ kuTxis mqone wriu
aCqareba brunvis gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva.
li traeqtoriis rkalis sigrZe. radianebis,
10.1 cxrilSi Sesabamisi kinetikuri formu
brunebis da gradusebis erTeulebs Soris
lebia mocemuli:
Semdegi kavSiria:
ω = ω0 + αt (10.12)
1 br = 360° = 2π radiani (10.2)
1
θ – θ0 = ωot + αt2 (10.13)
kuTxuri gadaadgileba. rodesac sxeuli 2
brunvis RerZis garSemo brunavs da misi ω2=ω02 + 2α(θ – θ0) (10.14)
kuTxuri mdebareoba θ1-dan θ2-ze icvleba, 1
θ – θ0 = (ω0 + ω)t (10.15)
2
kuTxuri gadaadgilebaa: 1
θ – θ0 = ωt – αt2 (10.16)
2
Δθ = θ2 – θ1 , (10.4)
wrfiv da kuTxur cvladebs Soris
sadac Δθ dadebiTia, Tu sxeuli saaTis isris
kavSiri. mrbunavi myari sxeulis brunvis
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
RerZidan r perpendikularuli manZiliT
moZraobs da uaryofiTia, Tu sxeuli saaTis
daSorebuli wertili r radiusis wrewirze
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
moZraobs. Tu sxeuli θ kuTxiT brunavs,
kuTxuri siCqare. Tu sxeuli Δt drois wertili rkalze moZraobs, romlis s sigrZea:
SualedSi Δθ kuTxur gadaadgilebas ganicdis,
s = θr (radianebSi), (10.17)
misi ωsaS saSualo kuTxuri siCqarea:
θ – θ Δθ sadac θ radianebSia mocemuli.
ωsaS = t 2  – t 1 = (10.5) wertilis wrfivi siCqare wrewiris mxebia da
2 1 Δt
sxeulis ω myisi kuTxuri siCqarea: Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
Δθ dθ ν = ωr (radianebSi), (10.18)
ω= = . (10.6)
Δt dt
sadac ω sxeulis kuTxuri siCqarea.
ωsaS da ω veqtorebia da maTi mimarTulebebi 
wertilis a wrfiv aCqarebas mxebi da radia
marjvena xelis wesiT (sur. 10.6) ganisaz
luri komponenti aqvs. mxebi komponentia:
Rvreba. saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmde-
at = αr (radianebSi),
(10.22)
go mimarTulebiT brunvisas kiTxuri siCqare 
sadac α sxeulis kuTxuri aCqarebaa. a aCqa
dadebiTia, xolo saaTis isris moZraobis
rebis radialuri komponentia:
mimarTulebiT brunvisas – uaryofiTi.
ν2
ar = = ω2r (radianebSi) (10.23)
kuTxuri aCqareba. Tu Δt = t2 – t1 drois r
SualedSi sxeulis kuTxuri siCqare ω1-dan Tu wertili Tanabarwriulad moZraobs,
350 Tavi 10 brunva
wertilis da sxeulis moZraobis T periodia: 

kularuli komponenti, xolo φ - kuTxe r -sa
2πr 2π 
T= = (radianebSi) (10.19, 10.20) da F -s Soris. r┴ sidide brunvis RerZsa da
v ω
im wrfes Soris perpendikularuli manZilia,
brunvis kinetikuri energia da brun 
romelzec F veqtoria mimarTuli. am wrfes
viTi inercia. fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo 
F -is moqmedebis wrfe ewodeba, xolo r┴
mbrunavi myari sxeulis K kinetikuri 
sidides F -is momentis mxars uwodeben. r
energiaa:
aris Ft-s momentis mxari.
1
K= Iω2 (radianebSi) ,
(10.34) SI sistemaSi Zalis momentis erTeulia n·m.
2
sadac I aris sxeulis brunviTi inercia anu Zalis momenti dadebiTia, Tu is sxeuls saaTis
inerciis momenti, gansazRvruli wyvetil isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT abrunebs
wertilTa sistemisTvis: da uaryofiTia, Tu is sxeuls saaTis isris
I= (10.33) moZraobis mimarTulebiT abrunebs.
uwyveti ganawilebis masis mqone sxeulis I niutonis meore kanoni kuTxur formaSi.
brunviTi inerciaa: niutonis meore kanonis brunviTi analogia
I= r2 dm (10.35) τt = Iα, (10.45)

sadac τt aris myar sxeulze an nivTier
am formulebSi r da ri sidideebi brunvis
wertilze moqmedi jamuri Zalis momenti,
RerZidan sxeulis TiToeul masis elementamde
I - nivTieri wertilis an sxeulis brunviTi
perpendikularul manZils asaxavs.
inercia brunvis RerZis garSemo, xolo α –
paraleluri RerZebis Teorema. para Sedegad miRebuli kuTxuri aCqareba brunvis
leluri RerZebis Teorema nebismieri RerZis RerZis garSemo.
garSemo mbrunavi sxeulis brunviT inercias
muSaoba da brunvis kinetikuri energia.
masis centrze gamavali paraleluri RerZis
brunviTi moZraobis dros muSaobis da
garSemo mbrunavi igive sxeulis brunviT
simZlavris gamosaTvleli formulebi
inerciasTan akavSirebs:
gadataniTi moZraobis dros gamoyenebul
I=Icom + Mh2 , (10.36) formulebs Seesabameba:
sadac h aris perpendikularuli manZili
W = (10.53)
paralelur RerZebs Soris.
 da
Zalis momenti. Zalis moments F Zala iwvevs dW
P = dt = τω (10.55)
da is sxeuls brunvis RerZis garSemo abrunebs.
  rodesac τ mudmivia, 10.53 formula Semdeg
Tu F Zala r mdebareobis veqtoriT mocemul
saxes iRebs:
wertilzea modebuli, maSin Zalis momentis
sididea:
W = τ(θf – θi) (10.54)
muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema mbru
τ = rFt = r┴F = rF sin φ , (10.40, 10.41, 10.39)
  navi sxeulebisTvis ase Caiwereba:
sadac Ft aris F -is r -isadmi perpendi 1 1
ΔK = Kf – Ki= Iωf2 – Iωi2 = W (10.52)
2 2
SekiTxvebi
1. 10.21b suraTze naCvenebia 10.21a suraTze
gamosaxuli mbrunavi diskos kuTxuri mde
bareobis funqciis grafiki. rodesac a) t = 1 wm,
b) t = 2 wm da g) t = 3 wm, diskos kuTxuri siCqare
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis toli?
d) kuTxuri aCqareba dadebiTia Tu uar
yofiTi?
351
2. 10.22 suraTze 90°-idan mcirdeba da Zelakma kvlav ar unda
naCvenebia 10.21a imoZraos, F2 Zala unda gaizardis, Semcirdes
suraTze gamosa Tu igive darCes?
xuli mrbunavi 6. 10.25b suraTze gamosaxul horizontalur
 
diskos kuTxuri sur. 10.22. SekiTxva 2. Zelakze F1 da F2 horizontaluri Zalebi
siCqaris droze moqmedebs da Zelaks sayrdeni wertilis

damokidebulebis grafiki. diskos fersos garSemo brunva SeuZlia. F2 Zala ZelakTan
wertilisTvis a, b, c da d momentebi a) mxebi da φ kuTxes adgens. φ-s Semdegi mniSvnelobebi
b) radialuri aCqarebis mixedviT daalageT Zelakis kuTxuri aCqarebis mixedviT dididan
dididan mcireze. mcireze daalageT: 90°, 70° da 110°.
3. 10.23 suraTze 7. 10.26 suraTze
naCvenebia mbru gamosaxul ucnaur
navi diskos θ karuselze Tana
kuTxuri mdeba bari sididis xuTi
reobis t droze Zala moqmedebs.
damokidebule- karuseli kvadra
bis sami grafiki. tia, romelsac misi
TiToeul Sem erT-erTi gverdis
TxvevaSi, garkveul θ kuTxur mdebareobaze SuaSi ganlagebuli sur. 10.26. SekiTxva 7
brunvis mimarTuleba icvleba. a) samive P wertilis gar
SemTxvevaSi gansazRvreT θ, θ0-dan moyole Semo SeuZlia brunva. Zalebi P wertilis
buli, saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebisaa garSemo maT mier warmoqmnili Zalis momentis
Tu saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
mimarTulebis? samive SemTxvevaSi b) ω nulis
8. 10.27 suraTze, sa
toli t=0 dromdea, am drois Semdegaa da Tu
kuTari centris gar
zustad am drosaa? g) α dadebiTia, uaryofiTia
Semo mrbunav diskoze
Tu nulis tolia?  
F1 da F2 Zala moq
4. 10.24 suraTze medebs. disko saaTis
naCvenebia liTonis isris moZraobis sa
erTgvarovani firfi sur. 10.27. SekiTxva 8.
winaaRmdego mimar
ta, romelic kvadrati TulebiT da mudmivi
iyo, vidre mis 25%- sur. 10.24. SekiTxva 4. tempiT brunavs, xolo TiToeuli Zala

s amoWridnen. aseve suraTze miTiTebul kuTxes adgens. Cven F1

naCvenebia sami wertili. daalageT isini maTze Zalis θ kuTxe ise unda SevamciroT, rom F1
gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo -is sidide ar Seicvalos. a) kuTxuri siCqaris

firfitis brunviTi inerciis mixedviT mudmivobis SenarCunebisTvis F2 unda

dididan mcireze. gaizardos, Semcirdes Tu igive darCes? b) F1

5. 10.25a suraTze mbrunavi, horizontaluri da g) F2 Zala diskos saaTis isris moZraobis
Zelakis zedxedia gamosaxuli. Zelakze ori mimarTulebiT Sebrunebas cdilobs Tu
horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs, magram is saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego

uZravia. Tu Zelaksa da F2 Zalas Soris kuTxe mimarTulebiT?
9. 10.28 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da igive
radiusis sami brtyeli disko. diskoebs
sakuTari centris garSemo SeuZliaT
brunva. TiToeuli disko ori, erTi da igive
nivTierebisgan Sedgeba. erTi nivTiereba
sur. 10.25. SekiTxvebi 5 da 6
352 Tavi 10 brunva
meoreze ufro mkvrivia. pirvel da mesame diskoebi a) maTi centris garSemo Zalis
diskoSi ufro mkvrivi nivTiereba diskos gare momentis, b) maTi centris garSemo brunviTi
naxevarzea. meore diskos SemTxvevaSi, mkvrivi inerciis da g) kuTxuri aCqarebis mixedviT
nivTiereba diskos Sida naxevars Seadgens. dididan mcireze.
Tanabari sididis Zalebi diskos kides an 10. disko karuselis msgavsad brunavs,
nivTierebebs Soris zedapirs exeba. ganalageT kuTxur siCqares icvlis da mis fersoze
Zalaa modebuli. diskos sawyisi da saboloo
kuTxuri siCqareebia: a) –2radiani/wm,
5radiani/wm, b) 2radiani/wm, 5radiani/wm, g)
–2 radiani/wm, –5radiani/wm da d) 2radiani/wm,
–5radiani/wm. es SemTxvevebi Zalis momentis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT dididan
mcireze daalageT.
amocanebi
v) f4 ganaTebis dros? Tu Δt = 40 mwm, sad iqneba

Manual-Si. wertili z) f1, T) f2, i) f3, k) f4 da l) f5 ganaTebis
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze dros?
··4. mrbunavi borblis fersoze ganlagebuli
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. wertilis kuTxuri mdebareobaa θ = 4t – 3t2 + t3,
sadac θ mocemulia radianebSi, xolo t –
• – ••• wamebSi. ra iqneba wertilis kuTxuri siCqare
amocanis sirTules
a) t = 2 wm da b) t = 4 wm dros? g) ra iqneba
paragrafi 10.2. brunviTi cvladebi wertilis saSualo kuTxuri aCqareba 2 wm-dan
4wm-mde drois SualedSi? ra iqneba wertilis
·1. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs saaTis a) wamebis
myisi kuTxuri aCqareba drois am Sualedis d)
maCvenebel isars, b) wuTebis maCvenebel
dasawyissa da e) dasasrulSi?
isars da g) saaTebis maCvenebel isars? pasuxi
radiani/wm-ebSi gaeciT. ··5. wyalSi mxtomeli 10m simaRlidan xteba da
gzad 2,5-jer Semobrunebas aswrebs. davuSvaT
·2. karg momwodebels beisbolis burTis srola
sawyisi siCqare nulis tolia, ra iqneba
`saxlisken~ 85mili/sT siCqariT da 1800br/wT-
mxtomelis saSualo kuTxuri siCqare? ILW
iT SeuZlia. ramden bruns Seasrulebs burTi
saxlisken moZraobis dros? simartivisTvis ··6. mbrunavi borblis wertilis kuTxuri
davuSvaT, rom 60 futi sigrZis traeqtoria mdebareobaa θ=2+4t2+2t3, sadac θ mocemulia
wrfea. radianebSi, xolo t - wamebSi. rodesac t=0, ra
·3. sinaTlis stroboskopuli wyaro. disko a) kuTxuri mdebareoba da b) kuTxuri siCqare
aqvs wertils? g) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT 10π
wertils, rodesac t=4wm? d) gamoTvaleT
radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs da
stroboskopuli sinaTliT naTdeba. ganaTeba wertilis kuTxuri aCqareba, rodesac t=2wm.
diskos fersoze patara Sav wertils aCens. e) aris Tu ara
wertilis kuTxuri
pirveli ganaTebis dros wertili 12:00
aCqareba mudmivi?
mdebareobazea (rogorc saaTze). Semdeg xuT
ganaTebas f1, f2 da a.S. uwodeT. Tu ganaTebebs ···7. 10.29 suraTze
Soris Δt drois Sualedia 0,2wm, sad iqneba gamosaxul borbals
Tanabari sididis
wertili a) f1 da b) f2 ganaTebis dros? Tu
da 30 sm radiusis
Δt=0,05wm, sad iqneba wertili g) f1, d) f2, e) f3 da sur. 10.29. amocana 7.
353
rva mana aqvs. borbali fiqsirebul RerZzea iZens da gaCerebamde –α1 mudmivi tempiT
damagrebuli da 2,5br/wT siCqariT brunavs. kuTxur siCqares kargavs. diskos nebismieri
20sm sigrZis isari RerZis paralelurad nawilis centriskenulma aCqarebam 400 m/wm2-s
borbalSi ise unda gaataroT, rom is arc ar unda gadaaWarbos. a) ra umciresi dro
erT manas ar Seexos. davuSvaT isari da manebi sWirdeba brunvas? b) risi tolia α1?
Zalian wvrilia. a) ra minimaluri siCqare unda ··15. borbali 40 bruns akeTebs da 1,5 radia-
hqondes isars? b) aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba ni/wm kuTxuri siCqaridan gaCerebamde neldeba.
fersosa da RerZs Soris sad daumiznebT
a) davuSvaT kuTxuri aCqareba mudmivia.
isars? Tu mniSvneloba aqvs, sad iqneba isris
ra dro dasWirdeba borbals gaCerebamde?
gatarebis saukeTeso Sansi?
b) risi tolia kuTxuri aCqareba? g) ra dro
paragrafi 10.4. brunva Tanabari kuTxuri dasWirdeba bolo 20 brunis Sesrulebas? ILW
aCqarebiT
··16. disko centraluri RerZis garSemo
·8. doli centraluri RerZis garSemo
brunavs da mudmivi kuTxuri aCqareba
12,6radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs.
aqvs. garkveul momentSi diskos siCqarea
Tu doli 4,2radiani/wm2 Tanabrad neldeba, a)
10 br/wm. 60 brunis Semdeg misi kuTxuri siCqare
ra drois Semdeg gaCerdeba da b) ra kuTxiT
15 br/wm xdeba. gamoTvaleT a) kuTxuri aCqareba,
brunavs, rodesac Cerdeba?
b) 60 brunis SesrulebisTvis saWiro dro,
·9. avtomobilis Zravis kuTxuri siCqare 12 g) 10 br/wm kuTxuri siCqaris misaRwevad sa
wamis ganmavlobaSi 1200br-wT-idan 3000br/wT- Wiro dro da d) 10 br/wm kuTxuri siCqaris
mde mudmivi tempiT gaizarda. a) ra iqneba misi miRwevamde Sesrulebuli brunebis ricxvi.
kuTxuri aCqareba br/wT2-ebSi? b) ramden bruns
··17. rodesac t = 0, borblis kuTxuri siCqarea
Seasrulebs Zrava 12 wamis ganmavlobaSi?
4,7 radiani/wm, mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebaa
·10. 120radiani/wm siCqariT mbrunavi disko –0,25 radiani/wm2 da aTvlis wrfis mdebareobaa
4radiani/wm2 mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebiT
θ0 = 0. a) ra θmax maqsimalur kuTxes Semowers
neldeba. a) ra dro dasWirdeba diskos
aTvlis wrfe dadebiTi mimarTulebiT?
gaCerebas? b) ra kuTxiT brunavs disko am
ra dros iqneba aTvlis wrfis mdebareoba
drois ganmavlobaSi?
θ =  12 θmax b) pirvelad da g) meored? ra
·11. disko centraluri RerZis garSemo d) uaryofiT da e) dadebiT dros iqneba
mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebiT brunavs. 5 wamis aTvlis wrfis mdebareoba θ = –10,5 radiani?
ganmavlobaSi disko 25 radians Semowers. risi v) aageT θ mdebareobis t droze damokidebu
tolia diskos a) kuTxuri aCqareba da b) saSualo lebis funqciis grafiki da amocanis SekiT
kuTxuri siCqare am drois ganmavlobaSi? g) ra xvebs grafikis mixedviT gaeciT pasuxi.
myisi kuTxuri siCqare aqvs diskos 5 wamiani
··18. borbali 2 radiani/wm2 mudmivi kuTxuri
Sualedis miwuruls? d) Tu kuTxuri aCqareba
aCqarebiT moZraobs. 3 wamis ganmavlobaSi
ar icvleba, ra damatebiT kuTxes Semowers
borbali 90 radian kuTxes Semowers. a) ra
disko Semdegi 5 wamis ganmavlobaSi?
drois ganmavlobaSi moZraobda borbali 3-
··12. karuseli 1,5radiani/wm2 kuTxuri aCqare wamiani Sualedis dawyebamde? b) ra kuTxuri
biT brunavs. ra droSi Seasrulebs karuseli a)
siCqare aqvs borbals 3-wamiani Sualedis
pirvel 2 bruns da b) Semdgom 2 bruns?
dawyebisas?
··13. borbali 3radiani/wm2 mudmivi kuTxuri
paragrafi 10.5. wrfiv da kuTxur
aCqarebiT brunavs. 4 wamis ganmavlobaSi
cvladebs Soris kavSiri
borbali 120 radian kuTxes Semowers. ra drois
·19. 1911-1990 wlebSi pizis koSki 1,2 mm/iardi
ganmavlobaSi moZraobda borbali 4 wamiani
tempiT samxreTisken gadaixara. koSki 55 m si
Sualedis dawyebisas? SSM
maRlisaa. ra saSualo kuTxuri siCqare aqvs
··14. 0,25m radiusis disko 800 radian kuTxes
koSkis wvers koSkis fskeris mimarT radiani/
Semowers, pirveli 400 radianis ganmavlobaSi
wm-ebSi?
α1 mudmivi tempiT garkveul kuTxur siCqares
354 Tavi 10 brunva
·20. vinilis firfitis daaxloebiT wriuli aqvs mqnevaras fersoze ganlagebul wertils?
formis zedapiri firsakravis nemsis qveS b) ra radialuri aCqareba aqvs am wertils,
srialebs. nemsi periodulad zedapiris rodesac mqnevara sruli siCqariT brunavs? g)
borcvebs ejaxeba da irxeva. Semdeg mowyo ra manZils gaivlis es wertili brunvis dros?
biloba am rxevebs eleqtrul signalebad ··27. a) ra ω kuTxuri siCqare aqvs dedamiwis
da bgerad gardaqmnis. davuSvaT firfita zedapiris wertils polaruli RerZis garSemo
33 13 br/wT tempiT brunavs, zedapiris radiusi 400N simaRleze? (dedamiwa polaruli RerZis
10 sm-ia da borcvebs Soris dacilebaa 1,75 mm. garSemo brunavs). b) ra ν wrfivi siCqare aqvs am
ra tempiT ejaxeba nemsi borcvebs? wertils? risi tolia ekvatorze ganlagebuli
·21. 1,2 m diametris borbali 200 br/wT kuTxu wertilis g) ω da d) ν? SSM
ri siCqariT brunavs. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare ··28. 10.30 suraTze,
aqvs borbals radiani/wm-ebSi? b) ra wrfivi
rA=10sm radiusis
siCqare aqvs borblis fersoze ganlagebul
A borbali Rvedis
wertils? g) ra mudmivi kuTxuri aCqareba
saSualebiT rC=25
(br/wT2-ebSi) gazrdis borblis siCqares
sm radiusis C bor
1000 br/wT-mde 60 wamSi? d) ramden bruns
balzea gadabmuli. sur. 10.30. amocana 28.
Seasrulebs borbali am 60 wamis ganmavlobaSi?
A borblis kuTxuri
SSM WWW
siCqare 1,6radiani/wm2 mudmivi tempiT izrdeba.
·22. kosmonavti centrifugaSi Semowmebas
ra dro dasWirdeba C borbals 100br/wT
gadis. 10 m radiusis centrifuga θ = 0,3t2 for
kuTxuri siCqaris ganviTarebisTvis, Tu Rvedi
mulis mixedviT brunavs, sadac t mocemulia
ar gawydeba? (miniSneba: Tu Rvedi ar wydeba,
wamebSi, xolo θ – radianebSi. rodesac t = 5 wm,
orive borblis wrfivi siCqare Tanabaria).
ra b) kuTxuri siCqare, b) wrfivi siCqare,
g) mxebi aCqareba da d) radialuri aCqareba aqvs ··29. sinaTlis siCqaris gazomvisTvis mbrunavi
kosmonavts? dakbiluli borbali gamoiyeneboda. sinaTlis
sxivi borblis kideze ganlagebul kbilebs
·23. kosmosuri xomaldi 29000km/sT siCqariT
Soris gadioda (sur. 10.31), Semdeg moSorebiT
3220km radiusis wres Semowers. ra a) kuTxuri
mdebare sarkes daecemoda da borblisken
siCqare, b) radialuri aCqareba da g) mxebi
brundeboda, ris Semdegac momdevno kbilebs
aCqareba aqvs kosmosur xomalds?
Soris gadioda. borblis radiusia 5sm da
·24. TviTmfrinavis propeleri 2000 br/wT
mas kideze 500 kbili aqvs. rodesac sarke
siCqariT brunavs da TviTmfrinavi deda
borblidan L=500m manZiliTaa daSorebuli,
miwisadmi 480 km/sT siCqariT mifrinavs. ra
borbali 3×105km/wm sinaTlis siCqares aCvenebs.
wrfivi siCqare aqvs propeleris kideze,
a) ra mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobs
1,5 m radiusze ganlagebul wertils a) TviT
borbali? b) ra wrfivi siCqariT moZraobs
mfrinavis pilotis da b) dedamiwaze myofi
borblis kideze ganlagebuli wertili? SSM
damkvirveblis TvalTaxedviT? TviTmfrinavis
siCqare propeleris brunvis RerZis parale
luria.
·25. sagani fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo
brunavs da misi aTvlis wrfis mdebareobaa
θ = 0,4e2t, sadac θ mocemulia radianebSi, xolo
t - wamebSi. ganvixiloT sagnis brunvis RerZidan
4 sm-iT daSorebuli wertili. rodesac t = 0,
risi tolia wertilis aCqarebis a) mxebi
komponenti da b) radialuri komponenti?
··26. giroskopis 2,83 sm radiusis mqnevara
14,2 radiani/wm2-iT Cqardeba da misi kuTxuri
siCqare 2760 br/wT xdeba. a) ra mxebi aCqareba sur. 10.31. amocana 29.
355
··30. orTqlis Zravis mqnevara 150br/wT gar-Semo mbru
mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. orTqlis navi Zelakis kuT
miwodebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, sayrdeni xuri siCqaris
wertilebisa da haerisgan moqmedi xaxuni droze damoki
mqnevaras 2,2sT-is Semdeg aCerebs. a) ra mudmivi debulebis
kuTxuri aCqareba (br/wT2-ebSi) aqvs mqnevaras grafiki.
Senelebis dros? b) ramden bruns Seasrulebs a) ra kuTxuri sur. 10.32. amocana 34.
mqnevara gaCerebamde? g) rodesac mqnevara aCqareba aqvs
75br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, risi Zelaks? b) rodesac t = 4 wm, Zelakis brunvis
tolia brunvis RerZidan 50sm-iT daSorebuli kinetikuri energiaa 1,6 j. ra kinetikuri

nivTieri wertilis wrfivi aCqarebis mxebi energia aqvs Zelaks, rodesac t = 0?
komponenti? d) ra jamuri wrfivi aCqareba aqvs
paragrafi 10.7. brunviTi inerciis gamo
am wertils?
Tvla.
··31. firsakravi 33 13 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT
·35. 1,25kg masis ori myari, erTgvarovani
brunavs. firsakravis brunvis RerZidan 6sm
cilindri centraluri RerZis garSemo
manZilze sazamTros kurka gdia. a) gamoTvaleT
235radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs da
kurkis aCqareba, Tu is firsakravidan ar
maTi radiusebi gansxvavebulia. risi tolia
vardeba. b) statikuri xaxunis ra minimaluri
a) 0,25m radiusis mqone mcire cilindris da b)
koeficienti unda arsebobdes kurkasa da
firsakravs Soris, raTa kurka ar Camovardes? 0,75m radiusis mozrdili cilindris brunvis
g) davuSvaT, firsakravi Tavis kuTxur siCqares kinetikuri energiebi? SSM
0,25 wamis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi kuTxuri ·36. 10.33 suraTze

aCqarebiT aRwevs. gamoTvaleT statikuri n a C v e n e b i a
xaxunis minimaluri koeficienti kurkasa da 0,01 kg masis sa
firsakravs Soris 0,25 wamis ganmavlobaSi, mi nivTieri wer
romlis arsebobis drosac kurka ar Camo tili, romelic
vardeba. L = 6 sm sigrZis
da 62.
···32. pulsari swrafad mbrunavi neitronis da umniSvnelo
varskvlavia, romelic radiosxivs iseve masis Zelakzea damagrebuli. Zelaki (nivTier
asxivebs, rogorc Suqura sinaTlis sxivs. wertilebTan erTad) O wertilze gamavali
varskvlavis TiToeuli Semobrunebis dros perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunavs.
Cven radiopulss (radiosignals) viRebT. Semdeg erTi wertili (anu masis 33%) mov
varskvlavis brunvis T periodi pulsebs Soris xseniT. ra procentiT Semcirdeba Zelakis
drois gamoTvlis Sedegad dgindeba. pulsaris brunviTi inercia, Tu es nivTieri wertili
brunvis T periodia 0,033wm da is 1,26×19–5wm/ a) O wertilTan yvelaze axlosaa da b) Zelakis
iardi tempiT izrdeba. a) risi tolia pulsaris gare kidezea?
α kuTxuri aCqareba? b) Tu α mudmivia, ramdeni ·37. 0,56 kg masis da erTi metri sigrZis saxa
wlis Semdeg Sewyvets pulsari brunvas? zavi 20 sm niSnulze gamavali da saxazavis
g) pulsari 1054 wels momxdari afeTqebis perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunavs.
Sedegad warmoiSva. α mudmivia. gamoTvaleT gamoTvaleT saxazavis brunviTi inercia am
sawyisi T periodi. RerZis garSemo. SSM
paragrafi 10.6. brunvis kinetikuri ·38. 10.34a suraTze naCvenebia zedapiris

energia perpendikularuli da diskos centridan h
radialuri manZiliT daSorebuli RerZis
·33. borbali 602br/wT siCqariT brunavs da
garSemo mbrunavi disko. 10.34b suraTze
misi kinetikuri energiaa 24400j. gamoTvaleT
gamosaxulia RerZis garSemo diskos I brun
borblis brun-viTi iner-cia. SSM
viTi inerciis h manZilze damokidebulebis
·34. 10.32 suraT-ze naCvenebia er-Ti bolos grafiki. ra masa aqvs diskos?
356 Tavi 10 brunva
kuTxeze gamavali da didi zedapirebis per

pendikularuli RerZis garSemo. SSM WWW
··42. 0,5kg masis oTxi identuri nivTieri
wertili 2m×2m kvadratis wveroebzea
ganlagebuli. wertilebs erTmaneTTan
oTxi masis armqone Zelaki akavSirebs,
romlebic kvadratis gverdebs qmnis. risi
tolia miRebuli sxeulis brunviTi inercia
(a) (b)
a) mopirdapire gverdebis Sua wertilze
sur. 10.34. amocana 38. gamavali da kvadratis sibrtyebSi mdebare
RerZis garSemo, b) erT-erTi gverdis Sua
··39. 10.35 suraT
wertilze gamavali da kvadratis sibrtyis
ze, m = 0,85 kg
perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo da
masis ori nawila
g) diagonalurad urTierTsapirispiro
ki d=5,6m sigrZis
wertilebze gamavali da kvadratis sibrtyeSi
da M=1,2kg ori mdebare RerZis garSemo?
ZelakiT erT
··43. oTxi nivTieri wertilis masebi da
maneTTan da 0
sur. 10.35. amocana 39. koordinatebia: 50 g, x = 2 sm, y = 2 sm; 25 g,
wertilTan aris
x = 0, y = 4 sm; 25 g, x = –3 sm, y = –3 sm; 30 g,
dakavSirebuli da
x = –2 sm, y = 4 sm. risi tolia miRebuli sis
O wertilze gamavali brunvis RerZis garSemo
temis brunviTi inercia a) x, b) y da g) z Rer
ω=0,3radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs.
Zis garSemo. davuSvaT a) da b) SekiTxvebis
ra iqneba kombinaciis a) brunviTi inercia da
b) kinetikuri energia? pasuxebia A da B. am SemTxvevaSi, ra iqneba g)-s
pasuxi A-s da B-s TermebSi?
··40. 10.36 suraTze naCvenebia 15 erTmaneTze
Sewebebuli disko, romelic L=1m sigrZis ··44. evropuli satvirTo manqanebis nawili
mbrunav mqnevaraSi Senaxuli energiis saSua
da M=100mg masis sistemas qmnis. sistema
lebiT moZraobs. eleqtroZrava mqnevaras
centraluri diskos O wertilze gamavali,
200π radiani/wm kuTxur siCqares aniWebs. erT-
perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunavs.
erTi mqnevara myari, erTgvarovani cilindria
a) risi tolia sistemis brunviTi inercia am
500 kg masiT da 1 m radiusiT. a) ra kinetikuri
RerZis garSemo? b) Tu sistemas M masis da L
energia aqvs mqnevaras damuxtvis Semdeg? g) Tu
sigrZis erTgvarovan Zelakad ganvixilavT,
ra procentul Secdomas miviRebT brunviTi satvirTo manqana saSualod 8kvt simZlavres
moixmars, ramdeni wuTis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia
inerciis gamoTvlisas 10.2e cxrilis
mas moZraoba damuxtvebs Soris?
formulis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi?
paragrafi 10.8. Zalis momenti
·45. 0,75 kg masis burTi 1,25 m sigrZis da masis
armqone Zelakis erT bolozea Camokidebuli,
xolo Zelakis meore bolo sayrden wertilzea
sur. 10.36. amocana 40. damagrebuli. rodesac Sedegad miRebuli
·41. 10.37 suraTze qanqara vertikalidan 30°-iT gadaixreba, ra
gamosaxuli blo iqneba sayrdeni wertilis garSemo moqmedi
kis masaa 0,172kg Zalis momenti? SSM
da misi gverdebis ·46. velosipedis pedlis sigrZea 0,152 m da
sigrZeebia a = 3,5sm, mgzavri pedalze 111 n qvemoT mimarTuli Za-
b = 8,4 sm da c = 1,4 liT moqmedebs. ra Zalis momenti moqmedebs
sm. gamoTvaleT pedlis garSemo, rodesac pedali vertikali
blokis brunviTi sadmi a) 30°, b) 90° da g) 180° kuTxes adgens?
inercia erT
357
·47. 10.38 ··52. ZiudoSi Se
s u r a T z e jibris dros Tqven
gamosaxuli sxe mowinaaRmdegis
uli O wertils marcxena fexs maR
eyrdnoba da mas la swevT da amave
ze ori Zala naCvenebi mimarTulebiT moqmedebs. dros mis kimonos
Tu r1=1,3m, r2=2,15m, F1=4,2n, F2=4,9n, θ1=75° da qaCavT. Sedegad
mowinaaRmdege mar
θ2=60°, ra jamuri Zalis momenti moqmedebs
jvena fexze tria
sayrdeni wertilis garSemo? SSM ILW
ldeba da xaliCaze
·48. 10.39 suraTze
ecema. 10.41 su
gamosaxuli sxe
raTze naCvenebia
uli O wertils sur. 10.41. amocana 52.
mowinaaRmdegis ga
eyrdnoba da mas
martivebuli gamo
ze sami Zala mo
saxuleba. brunvis RerZi O wertilze gadis.
qmedebs. O-dan
mowinaaRmdegis masis centri O wertilidan
8m manZiliT da 
d=28sm horizontalur manZilzea da masze Fg
Sorebul A we sur. 10.39. amocana 48
mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs. mowinaaRmdegis
rtilze FA=10n Zalaa modebuli, O-dan 4m
masaa 70kg da O wertilis garSemo misi
manZiliT daSorebul B wertilze FB=16n Zala
brunviTi inerciaa 65kg·m2. ra sawyis kuTxur
moqmedebs, xolo O-dan 3m-iT daSorebul C
aCqarebas SeiZens mowinaaRmdege O wertilis
wertilze FC=19n Zala moqmedebs. risi tolia 
garSemo, Tu mis kimonoze moqmedi Fa biZgi
jamuri Zalis momenti O wertilis garSemo?
a) umniSvneloa, b) horizontaluria, 300n
paragrafi 10.9. niutonis meore kanoni sididisa da h=1,4m simaRlezea modebuli?
brunvisTvis
··53. 10.42 suraTze gamosaxuli 2kg masis
·49. vardnis dros wyalSi mxtomelis kuTxuri cilindri O wertilze gamavali centraluri
siCqare masis centrisadmi nulidan 6,2 radi- RerZis garSemo brunavs. modebuli Zalebia:
ani/wm-mde 220mwm-is ganmavlobaSi icvleba. F1=6n, F2=4n, F3=2n da F4=5n. r=5sm da R=12sm.
mxtomelis brunviTi inercia masis centris gamoTvaleT cilindris kuTxuri aCqarebis a)
garSemo aris 12kg·m . risi tolia mxtomelis
2
sidide da b) mimarTuleba.
a) saSualo kuTxuri aCqareba da b) trampli
nidan moqmedi saSualo gare Zalis momenti?
SSM ILW
·50. Tu borbalze moqmedi 32 n·m Zalis momenti

25radiani/wm2 kuTxur aCqarebas iwvevs, ra
iqneba borblis brunviTi inercia?
··51. 10.40 suraTze naCvenebia centris garSemo
mrbunavi, erTgvarovani
disko. diskos radiusia
2 sm, masaa 20 grami
da Tavdapirvelad
gaCerebulia. t = 0 dro sur. 10.40. amocana 51. sur. 10.42. amocana 53.
idan moyolebuli, dis
··54. 10.43 suraTze, m
koze ori Zala iwyebs moqmedebas da t = 1,25 wm
masis pirveli da meore
dros disko 250 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT nivTieri wertili
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego sur. 10.43. amocana 54.
 L1+L2 sigrZis da ma
mimarTulebiT brunavs. F1 Zalis sididea sis armqone Zelakis
0,1 n. risi tolia F2 Zala?
358 Tavi 10 brunva
boloebzea damagrebuli. L1=20sm da L2=80sm. wamebSi. gorgolaWi Tavdapirvelad uZravia.

Zelaks sayrden wertilze horizontalurad rodesac t=3wm, ra a) kuTxuri aCqareba da b)
aCereben da Semdeg xels uSveben. risi tolia kuTxuri siCqare aqvs mas?
a) pirveli nivTieri wertilis da b) meore
paragrafi 10.10. muSaoba da brunvis
nivTieri wertilis sawyisi aCqareba?
kinetikuri energia
··55. 10.44 suraTze
erTi blokis masaa ·58. avtomobilis muxla lilvs energia
M=500g, meore blokis Zravidan RerZze 100 cxZ (=76,4kvt) tempiT
masaa m=460g da gadaaqvs, rodesac 1800br/wT siCqariT brunavs.

gorgolaWis radiusia ra brunvis moments iwvevs muxla lilvi?
5sm. gorgolaWi hori ·59. a) 10.18 suraTze R=12sm, M=400g da m=50g.

zontalur, xaxunisgan gamoTvaleT blokis siCqare 50sm-iT dabla
Tavisufal sayrdenzea dawevis Semdeg. amocana energiis Senaxvis
damagrebuli. moZrao sur. 10.44. amocana 55. principis daxmarebiT amoxseniT. b) a) SekiTxvas
bis dawyebis Semdeg Tavidan gaeciT pasuxi, Tu R=5sm.
ufro masiuri bloki 5 wamis ganmavlobaSi 75sm-
·60. 32 kg masis da 1,2 m radiusis borbali
iT vardeba (Toki ar wydeba). a) ra aCqareba aqvs
280 br/wT siCqariT brunavs. 15 wamis Semdeg
bloks? risi tolia b) ufro masiur blokze
borbali unda gaCerdes. a) ra muSaoba unda
da g) naklebad masiur blokze mimagrebuli
Sesruldes borblis gaCerebaze? b) ra saSualo
Tokis daWimuloba? d) ra kuTxur aCqarebas
simZlavrea saWiro borblis gaCerebisTvis?
SeiZens gorgolaWi? e) ra brunviTi inercia
aqvs gorgolaWs? SSM WWW ·61. 0,75 m sigrZis da 0,42 kg masis Zelaki erTi
boloTia Camokidebuli. Semdeg mis meore
··56. 10.45a suraTze,
bolos ubiZgeben da Zelaki qanqarasaviT
uswormasworo formis,
moZraobs. moZraobis udables wertilze
erTgvarovani sisqisa da
Zelakis kuTxuri siCqarea 4 radiani/wm. xa
simkvrivis plastmasis
xuni da haeris winaRoba ugulebelyaviT
firfita RerZis garSe
da a) Zelakis kinetikuri siCqare udables
mo moZraobs, romelic
wertilze gamoTvaleT. b) am wertilidan ra
firfitis zedapiris
manZilze adis masis centri?
p e r p e n d i k u l a r u l i a
da O wertilze gadis. ··62. 10.33 suraTze, 0,01 kg masis sami nivTieri
firfitis brunviTi in wertili L = 6 sm sigrZis da umniSvnelo masis
ercia RerZis garSemo sur. 10.45. amocana 56. Zelakzea damagrebuli. Zelaki mis erT boloze
qvemoT aRwerili meTo da O wertilze gamavali perpendikularuli
diT gamoiTvleba. 0,5kg masis da 2sm radiusis RerZis garSemo brunavs. ra muSaobaa saWiro,
diskos firfitas awebeben da mis centrs raTa Zelakis brunvis tempi a) 0-dan 20 radia-
O wertils amTxveven (sur. 10.45b). Semdeg ni/wm-mde, b) 20 radiani/wm-dan 40 radia-
diskos garedan Toks Semoaxvenen da 5 wamis ni/wm-mde da g) 40 radiani/wm-dan 60 radia-
ganmavlobaSi am Toks qaCaven. Sedegad disko ni/wm-mde Seicvalos? d) ra simrude aqvs Zela
da firfita 0,4n Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad kis kinetikuri energiis brunvis tempis kvad
brunavs. es Zala diskos kidis mxebia. kuTxuri ratze damokidebulebis funqciis grafiks?
siCqare 114radiani/wm-ia. ra brunviTi inercia ··63. metrebSi dagraduirebuli saxazavi
aqvs firfitas RerZis garSemo? erT boloze vertikalurad gaaswores da
···57. gorgolaWis brunviTi inercia RerZis Semdeg xeli gauSves. gamoTvaleT saxazavis
garSemo aris 1×10-3kg·m2 da misi radiusia 10sm. meore bolos siCqare zedapirze dacemamde,
masze fersos mxebi Zala moqmedebs da misi Tu davuSvebT, rom saxazavis meore bolo
zedapirze ar curdeba (miniSneba: saxazavi
sidide droSi F=0,5t+0,3t2 formuliT mixedviT
viwro Zelakad miiCnieT da energiis Senaxvis
icvleba, sadac F mocemulia niutonebSi da t -
principi miusadageT). SSM ILW
359
··64. 10sm radiusis da 20kg masis cilindri radiusis gorgolaWze gadis. Tokze m = 0,6 kg
centraluri gaswvrivi RerZidan 5sm-iT masis patara sagani Camokidebuli. gorgolaWis
daSorebuli paraleluri RerZis garSemo RerZze xaxunis Zala ar moqmedebs da Toki ar
brunavs. a) ra brunviTi inercia aqvs cilindrs wydeba. ra siCqariT moZraobs sagani, rodesac
brunvis RerZis garSemo? b) Tu cilindri 82 sm-iT dabla daiwevs? ganixileT energiebi.
moZraobas maSin iwyebs, rodesac misi
centraluri gaswvrivi RerZi brunvis RerZis
simaRlezea, ra iqneba cilindris kuTxuri 68. borblis kuTxuri aCqarebaa α = 6t4 – 4t2,
siCqare udables mdebareobaze? sadac α mocemulia radiani/wm2-ebSi, xolo
··65. 10.46 suraTze t - wamebSi. rodesac t = 0, borblis kuTxuri

naCvenebia ferso siCqarea +2 radiani/wm da kuTxuri mdebareobaa
sgan (m masis da +1 radiani. CawereT a) kuTxuri siCqare da
R = 0,15 m radiusis) b) kuTxuri mdebareoba drois funqciis saxiT.
da radialuri Ze 69. 10.48 suraTze,
lakisgan (m masis 6,2 kg masis ori
da L = 2R sigrZis) sur. 10.46. amocana 65. bloki 2,4 sm radi
Semdgari sistema. usis da 7,4×10–4kg·m2
sistema Zelakis da fersos sibrtyeSi brunviTi inerciis
mdebare da Zelakis qveda boloze gamavali mqone gorgolaWze
brunvis RerZis garSemo brunavs. davuSvaT gadakiduli, masis sur. 10.48. amocana 69.
sistemisTvis biZgis miniWebis dros gada armqone TokiTaa
cemuli energia umniSvneloa. ra iqneba gadabmuli. Toki ar wydeba. magidasa da mcurav
sistemis kuTxuri siCqare brunvis RerZis bloks Soris xaxuni an arsebobs an ara, xolo
garSemo, rodesac is amotrialdeba? gorgolaWis RerZze xaxuni ar moqmedebs.
···66. 55m sigrZis Zelaki maRlidan vardeba. rodesac sistema moZraobas iwyebs, gorgolaWi
rodesac Zelaki vertikalisadmi 35° kuTxes 91 mwm ganmavlobaSi 1,3 radianiT brundeba da
adgens, risi tolia misi a) kuTxuri siCqare, blokebis aCqareba mudmivia. ra a) kuTxuri
b) Zelakis wveris radialuri aCqareba da aCqareba aqvs gorgolaWs, b) ra aCqareba aqvs
g) Zelakis wveris mxebi aCqareba (miniSneba: blokebs, risi tolia g) T1 Tokis daWimuloba
gamoiyeneT energia da ara mabruni momenti). da b) T2 Tokis daWimuloba?
d) ra θ kuTxis dros aris mxebi aCqareba g-s 70. rensleris politeqnikuri institutis
toli? kursdamTavrebulma, inJinerma jorj vaSin
···67. M = 4,5 kg masis da R = 8,5 sm radiusis gton jeil feris umcrosma, 1893 wels,
sferuli garsi xaxunisgan Tavisufal sa CikagoSi eSmakis borbali aago. im droisTvis
yrdenze damagrebuli vertikaluri RerZis gasaocari masStabis atraqcioni 36 xis
garSemo brunavs (sur. 10.47). masis armqone kabinisgan Sedgeboda, romelic 60 kacs itevda,
Toki garsis ekvatorzea Semoxveuli da xolo atraqcionis wris radiusi 76 m iyo. 36-
I = 3×10–3 kg·m2 brunviTi inerciis da r = 5 sm ve kabinis gavsebis Semdeg eSmakis borbali erT
srul bruns 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi
kuTxuri siCqariT asrulebda. gamoTvaleT
mgzavrebiT savse kabinebis dros atraqcionis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
71. 10.49 suraTze,
r = 2 sm radiusis pa
tara disko R = 4 sm
radiusis mozr
dil diskozea miwe
sur. 10.47. amocana 67 bebuli. diskoebi sur. 10.49. amocana 71.
360 Tavi 10 brunva
erT sibrtyeSia ganla-gebuli da mozrdili 74. WurWlis Tavsaxuris gasaxsnelebma sasme

diskis centralur O wertilze gamavali lis WurWlis dizaini bevrad gaaumjobesa.
per-pendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunavs. gasaxsneli WurWlis Tavsaxurze damagrebuli
orive diskos 1,4×10 kg/m simkvrive da 5 mm
3  3
centraluri WanWikis garSemo brunavs,
sisqe aqvs. ra brunviTi inercia aqvs diskebs O romelic WurWlis Tavsaxurzea damagrebuli.
wertilze gamavali brunvis RerZis garSemo? rodesac gasaxsnelis erT bolos maRla wevT,
72. 10.50 suraTze meore bolo WurWlis Tavsaxurs dabla awveba.
naCvenebia saerTo Tu maRla biZgi 10n-ia, daaxloebiT ra Zala
centris mqone ori moqmedebs WurWlis Tavsaxurze?
wriuli rgolisgan 75. morbenali cxovelebis gaswvriv manqaniT
Semdgari konstruqcia.
moZravma damkvirveblebma daadgines, rom
rgolebi erTmaneTze sur. 10.50. amocana 72.
gepardebis maqsimaluri siCqarea 114km/sT
umniSvnelo masis sami
(daaxloebiT 71mili/sT). warmoidgineT, rom
ZelakiTaa gadabmuli. konstruqcia saerTo
gepards manqaniT gverdze misdevT da Tan
centris garSemo brunavs da am centrze
umniSvnelo masis kidev erTi Zelakia
spidometrs uyurebT, romelic 114km/sT
ganlagebuli. qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi siCqares aCvenebs. manqanasa da gepards Soris
naCvenebia rgolebis masebi, Sida radiusebi da manZilia 8m. manqanis xmauri gepards aSinebs da
gare radiusebi. gare rgolis kideze 12 n mxebi is manqanisgan moSorebiT 92m radiusis wriuli
Zala 0,3 wamis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs. rogor traeqtoriiT moZraobs. maSasadame, Tqveni
icvleba konstruqciis kuTxuri siCqare manqana 100m radiusis wriul traeqtorias
drois am SualedSi? Semowers. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs manqanas
da gepards wriuli traeqtoriebis garSemo?
Sida gare
b) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs gepards? (Tu
rgoli masa (kg) radiusi radiusi
(m) (m) wriul moZraobas mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebT,
gepardis siCqare 114km/sT gegonebaT. swored
1 0,12 0,016 0,045
2 0,24 0,09 0,14 amgvari Secdoma dauSves zemoT xsenebulma
damkvirveblebma).
73. 1908 wlis 30 ivniss, saRamos 7 saaTsa
da 14 wuTze, satelefono kavSiris kvanZ 76. diskebis rbo
siberiis (61° ganedsa da 102° grZedze) Tavze la. 10.51 suraTze
afeTqeba moxda. warmoqmnili cecxlovani naCvenebia cen
burTi birTvuli iaraRis gamogonebamde tris garSemo
yvelaze ufro mkveTr naTebas qmnida, rac mrbunavi ori
ki kacobriobas enaxa. tunguskis movlenam disko. rodesac sur. 10.51. amocana 76.
`cis udidesi nawili dafara~ da savaraudod t = 0, diskoebis
daaxloebiT 140m siganis qviani asteroidis aTvlis wrfeebis mimarTulebebi erTmaneTs
afeTqeba iyo. a) mxolod dedamiwis brunva emTxveva. am dros A disko 9,5 radiani/wm
ganixileT da gansazRvreT, ra drois Semdeg mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT ukve brunavs,
unda gamoCeniliyo asteroidi, raTa afeTqeba xolo B disko 2,2 radiani/wm2 mudmivi kuTxuri
helsinkis Tavze, 25° ganedze momxdariyo aCqarebiT moZraobas axla iwyebs. a) ra t dros
(amgvari asteroidis Camovardna qalaqs eqnebaT diskoebis aTvlis wrfeebs Tanabari
saerTod gaaqrobda). b) asteroidi dedamiwaze θ kuTxuri gadaadgileba? b) iqneba Tu ara es

Camovardeboda, liTonis rom yofiliyo. ra pirveli t dro (t = 0 drois Semdeg), rodesac
drois Semdeg unda gamoCeniliyo asteroidi, aTvlis wrfeebis mimarTulebebi erTmaneTs
raTa atlantikis okeaneSi, 20° grZedze daemTxveva?
Camovardniliyo? (Sedegad miRebuli cunami 77. 10.52 suraTze gamosaxuli myari sxeuli
atlantikis okeanis orive mxareze arsebul sami burTisa da sami damakavSirebuli
civilizacias gaaqrobda). Zelakisgan Sedgeba. M = 1,6 kg, L = 0,6 m
361
da θ = 30°. burTebi nivTier wertilebad da d) SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema damatebiTi
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, xolo Zelakebis masebi informaciis gareSe?
umniSvneloa. gamoTvaleT sxeulis brunvis 80. vertmfrenis rotoris frTa 7,8m sigrZis
kinetikuri energia, Tu mas 1,2 radiani/wm da 100kg masisaa da rotoris RerZTan erTi
kuTxuri siCqare a) P wertilze gamavali WanWikis saSualebiT aris damagrebuli.
da suraTis sibrtyis perpendikularuli a) ra Zala moqmedebs RerZidan WanWikze,
RerZis garSemo aqvs da igive siCqare b) P rodesac rotori 320br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT
wertilze gamavali, 2L sigrZis Zelakis brunavs? (miniSneba: gamoTvlebis dros frTa
perpendikularuli da suraTis sibrtyeSi wertilovan masad SegviZlia miviCnioT)
mdebare RerZis garSemo aqvs. b) gamoTvaleT rotorze modebuli Zalis
momenti, romelic mas srul siCqares 6,7
wamis ganmavlobaSi SesZens (amjerad frTas
wertilovan masad ver miviCnevT. ratom?) g)
ra muSaobas asrulebs Zalis momenti frTaze,
raTa frTam 320br/wT kuTxuri siCqare
SeiZinos?
81. 10.54 suraTze oTxi disko ori RvediTaa
gadabmuli. A disko (15sm radiusis) amZravia
78. 10.53 suraTze, da 10 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs.
m1 = 400 g masis da m2 = B disko (10sm radiusis) pirveli Rvedis
600 g masis ori bloki saSualebiT A diskTanaa dakavSirebuli.
masis armqone TokiTaa B’ disko (5sm radiusis) B-s koncentrulia
erTmaneTze gadabmuli. da masze xistadaa mimagrebuli. C disko
Toki M = 500 g masis (25sm radiusis) meore Rvedis saSualebiT B’
da R = 12 sm radiusis diskosTanaa dakavSirebuli. gamoTvaleT a)
diskozea Semoxveuli sur. 10.53. amocana 78. pirveli Rvedis wertilis wrfivi siCqare, b)
da mis centrze gamavali B diskos kuTxuri siCqare, g) B’-is kuTxuri
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo xaxunis siCqare, d) meore Rvedis wertilis wrfivi
gareSe brunavs. gamoTvaleT a) blokebis siCqare da e) C diskos kuTxuri siCqare.
aCqareba, b) Tokis T1 daWimuloba marcxniv da (miniSneba: Tu diskoebis damakavSirebeli
g) Tokis T2 daWimuloba marjvniv. Rvedi ar wydeba, maSin maTi fersoebis wrfivi
79. 1,2 m sigrZis da 6,4 kg masis foladis siCqareebi Tanabaria).
Zelakis erT boloze 1,06 kg masis patara
burTia damagrebuli. Zelaki mis Sua wer
tilze gamavali vertikaluri RerZis
garSemo, horizontalur sibrtyeSi brunavs.
garkveul momentSi Zelakis kuTxuri siCqare
39 br/wm. xaxunis Sedegad Zelaki neldeba da
32 wamis Semdeg Cerdeba. davuSvaT xaxunis
Sedegad Semanelebeli mudmivi Zalis momenti
moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT a) kuTxuri aCqareba,
b) Semanelebeli Zalis momenti, g) xaxunis
Sedegad meqanikuri energiidan siTbur sur. 10.54 amocana 81
energiaSi gadasuli energia da d) 32 wamis gan 82. golfis burTi horizontalisadmi 20°
mavlobaSi Sesrulebuli brunis raodenoba. kuTxiT, 60 m/wm siCqariT da 90 radiani/wm
e) davuSvaT Semanelebeli Zalis momenti kuTxuri siCqariT isroles. haeris wevis Zala
mudmivi ar aris. SesaZlebelia Tu ara a), b), g) ugulebelyaviT da burTis mier Sesrule
362 Tavi 10 brunva
buli brunebis ricxvi maqsimaluri simaRlis ganivi koWebis saSualebiT miwaze gamaval
miRwevamde gamoTvaleT. myar Zelakzea damagrebuli (sur. 10.57). ziani
83. 0,2m radiusis nacionaluri safexburTo ligis ukanaxazels
borbali xaxunis miadga, rodesac is erT-erT skamze dajda.
gan Tavisufal, moTamaSis TqmiT man fexebi da muceli magidasa
horizontalur da skams Soris moaqcia da magidas daeyrdno.
RerZzea damagre sur. 10.55. amocana 83. Semdeg is skamze dajda da gasworda, ramac
buli. borblis mTeli magidis amobruneba gamoiwvia. moTamaSe
brunviTi inercia RerZis garSemo aris miwaze daeca da Tavi daartya.
0,05kg·m . masis armqone Toki borbalzea
2
suraTze gamosaxuli sigrZeebia d1 = 60 sm,
Semoxveuli da masze 2kg masis blokia d2 = 13 sm, d3 = 5 sm da d4 = 18 sm. magidis masaa
mimagrebuli, romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal, 90 kg. moTamaSis masaa 130 kg da rodesac is
horizontalur zedapirze gadaadgildeba. skamze dajda, misi masis centri skamis gare
Tu P=3n horizontaluri Zala blokze 10.55 kididan d5 = 20 sm manZiliT gareT iyo. davuS
suraTis msgavsad moqmedebs, ra kuTxuri vaT mizidulobis Zala moTamaSis masis cent-
aCqareba aqvs borbals? davuSvaT, rom rze moqmedebda. a) SesaZlebelia Tu ara magidis
borbalze Semoxveuli Toki ar wydeba. amobruneba? b) daaxloebiT ra minimaluri
84. myari sxeuli masaa saWiro brunvis gamowvevisTvis?
L=0,6m sigrZis
sami identuri Ze
lakisgan Sedgeba.
Zelakebs H-is sur. 10.56. amocana 84.
forma aqvT. sxeu
li H-is erT-erTi fexis gaswvriv gamavali
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad
brunavs. Semdeg sxeuli im adgilidan vardeba,
sadac H-is sibrtye horizontaluria. ra sur. 10.57. amocana 86.
kuTxuri siCqare eqneba sxeuls, rodesac H-is 87. or myar sferos toli, 1,65kg masa aqvs,
sibrtye vertikaluri iqneba? xolo maTi radiusebia 0,226m da 0,854m.
85. a) daamtkiceT, rom M masis da R radiusis TiToeuli sfero centrze gamavali RerZis
myari cilindris brunviTi inercia garSemo brunavs. a) ra τ Zalis momentia
centraluri RerZis garSemo da M masis da saWiro, raTa patara sfero 15,5 wamis Semdeg
R / 2 radiusis fersos brunviTi inercia 317 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobdes?
centraluri RerZis garSemo erTmaneTis b) ra F Zala unda moqmedebdes sferos ekva
tolia. b) daamtkiceT, rom M masis sxeulis I torze, raTa masze amgvarma mabrunma momentma
brunviTi inercia nebismieri RerZis garSemo imoqmedos? ra mniSvnelobebi aqvs g) τ-s da
eqvivalenturi fersos brunviTi inerciis d) F-s ufro didi sferos SemTxvevaSi?
tolia igive RerZis garSemo, Tu fersos igive 88. 10.58 suraTze,
M masa aqvs da misi k radiusia: 0,2m radiusis bor
bali xaxunisgan
k=
Tavisufal, hor
eqvivalenturi fersos k radiuss mocemuli izontalur Rer sur. 10.58. amocana 88.
sxeulis brunvis radiusi ewodeba. Zzea damagrebuli.
86. sapiknike magidam adamians ziani miayena borbalze gadaxveul, masis armqone Tokze
da Tqven magidis mwarmoeblis winaaRmdeg 2 kg masis yuTia mimagrebuli, romelic
eqspertad dagiqiraves. sapiknike magida Tavad horizontalisadmi θ = 20° kuTxiT daxril,
magidisa da ori skamisgan Sedgeba. skamebi xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze gadaad
363
gildeba. yuTi 2m/wm2 aCqarebiT qvemoT srial mdebareobs. a) ra sxvaobaa A wertilis a
deba. ra brunviTi inercia aqvs borbals centriskenul aCqarebas da 0,15m radialur
RerZis garSemo? manZilze mdebare wertilis centriskenul
89. 10.59 suraTze ga aCqarebas Soris? g) gamoTvaleT a aCqarebis
mosaxuli erTgvarovani radialur manZilze damokidebulebis fun
Zelakis sigrZea 2m. Ze qciis grafikis simrude.
laki mis erT boloze 93. 1,3kg masis patara burTi 0,78m sigrZis
gamavali, xaxunisgan Ta da umniSvnelo masis Zelakis erT boloze
visufali RerZis gar sur. 10.59. amocana 89. daamagres. miRebuli sistema Zelakis meore
Semo brunavs. Zelaki bolos garSemo horizontalur wreze 5010 br/
moZraobas horizontalidan maRla, θ = 40° wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. a) gamoTvaleT
kuTxiT iwyebs. gamoiyeneT energiis Senaxvis sistemis brunviTi inercia brunvis RerZis
principi da horizontaluri mdebareobis garSemo. b) burTze 2,3×10–2 n haeris wevis
dros Zelakis kuTxuri siCqare gamoTvaleT. Zala moqmedebs da moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
90. 0,2kg masis oT ra sididis Zalis momenti unda moqmedebdes
xi nivTieri wertili sistemaze, raTa man mudmivi siCqariT brunva
kvadratis wveroebzea ganagrZos?
ganlagebuli. kvadra 94. io-ios gareg

tis gverdis sigrZea nuli formis mo
0,5 m. nivTieri wer wyobiloba xaxu
tilebi erTmaneTTan nisgan Tavisufal,
masis armqone Zela h o r i z o n t a l u r
kebiT aris dakav RerZzea damagre
Sirebuli. miRebuli sxeuli horizontaluri buli da 30kg masis
RerZis garSemo vertikalur sibrtyeSi yuTis asawevad
moZraobs. RerZi A wertilze gadis. sxeuli gamoiyeneba (sur.
moZraobas iwyebs, rodesac AB Zelaki hori 10.62). mowyobi
zontaluradaa ganlagebuli (sur. 10.60). lobis R gare ra sur. 10.62. amocana 94.
a) ra brunviTi inercia aqvs sxeuls A RerZis diusia 0,5 m, xolo

garSemo? b) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs sxeuls Tvlis morgvis r radiusia 0,2 m. rodesac
A RerZis garSemo, rodesac AB Zelaki mowyobilobaze Semoxveul Tokze 140 n Zala
vertikalur mdgomareobas iRebs? moqmedebs, Tvlis morgvze gadaxveul Tokze
91. Zravis mqnevara 25 radiani/wm kuTxuri Camokidebul yuTs 0,8m/wm2 maRla mimarTuli
siCqariT brunavs. rodesac Zrava gamorTulia, aCqareba aqvs. ra brunviTi inercia aqvs
mqnevara mudmivi tempiT neldeba da 20 wamis mowyobilobas brunvis RerZis garSemo?
Semdeg Cerdeba. gamoTvaleT a) mqnevaras 95. t = 0 droidan moyolebuli borbali
kuTxuri aCqareba, b) gaCerebis dros mqnevaras mudmiv kuTxur aCqarebas iZens. rodesac
mier Semowerili kuTxe da g) mqnevaras mier t = 2 wm, borblis kuTxuri siCqarea 5 radia-
Sesrulebuli brunebis ricxvi gaCerebamde. ni/wm. aCqareba grZeldeba t = 20 wm-mde da
92. 10.61 suraTze naCvenebia B wertilze gama Semdeg swrafad mcirdeba. ra kuTxes Semowers
vali suraTis sibrtyis perpendikularuli borbali 0-dan 40 wm-mde drois SualedSi?
RerZis garSemo 2000br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT 96. firsakravis kuTxuri siCqare gamorTvis
mbrunavi propeleris momentSi aris 8 radiani/wm. sami wamis Semdeg
frTa. A wertili frTis firsakravis kuTxuri siCqarea 2,6 radia-
wvers emTxveva da 1,5m ni/wm. ramden radians Semowers firsakravi
radialur manZilze gamorTvidan gaCerebamde? (α mudmivia).
364 Tavi 10 brunva
97. t = 0 dros, gamorTvis momentSi, firsak- 101. 10.64 suraTze,

ravis kuTxuri siCqarea 3,5 radiani/wm. ro 0,2m radiusis bor
desac t = 1,6 wm, firsakravi Cerdeba. fir bali xaxunisgan
sakravis radiusia 15 sm. a) Tu kuTxuri aCqareba Tavisufal, hori
mudmivia, ramden radians Semowers firsakravi zontalur RerZzea
t = 0 drois Semdeg? b) ra wrfivi aCqareba damagrebuli. RerZis
aqvs firsakravis fersoze mdebare wertils garSemo borblis
t = 1 wm dros? (miniSneba: wrfiv aCqarebas mxebi brunviTi inerciaa
da radialuri komponentebi aqvs). 0,4kg·m2. borbalze sur. 10.64. amocana 101.
98. ori gadabmuli masis armqone To
Zelaki (TiToeuli kia Semoxveuli da masze 6kg masis yuTia
0,2 kg masis) 10.63 Camokidebuli. sistema moZraobas iwyebs.
suraTze gamosa rodesac yuTis kinetikuri energiaa 6j, a) risi
xul myar sxeuls tolia borblis brunvis kinetikuri energia
qmnis. erT-erTi da b) ra manZiliT Caiwia dabla yuTma?
Zelakis sigrZea
102. 10.65 suraTze, 2kg masis da 3m sigrZis
L1 = 0,4 m, xolo
Zelaki horizontaluri RerZis garSemo
meore Zelakis
Tavisuflad brunavs. horizontaluri RerZi
sigrZea L2 = 0,5 m.
sur. 10.63. amocana 98. Zelakis perpendikularulia da misi erTi
ra brunviTi ine
bolodan d=1m manZiliTaa daSorebuli. Zelaki
rcia aqvs sxeuls a) saxelmZRvanelos gverdis
sibrtyisadmi perpendikularul da mokle moZraobas horizontaluri mdebareobidan
Zelakis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo iwyebs. a) ra iqneba misi maqsimaluri kuTxuri
da b) saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyisadmi siCqare? b) Tu Zelakis masas gavzrdiT,
perpendikularuli da grZeli Zelakis cen a)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar
trze gamavali RerZis garSemo? Seicvleba?
99. 0,5 kg masis sami nivTieri wertili 0,6 m

sigrZis gverdis mqone tolgverda samkuTxeds
qmnis. nivTieri wertilebi umniSvnelo masis
ZelakebiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. ra
brunviTi inercia aqvs miRebul sxeuls a) erT- sur. 10.65. amocana 102.
erT nivTier wertilze gamavali da danarCeni 103. 35g masis nivTieri wertili firsakravis
ori nivTieri wertilis damakavSirebeli centridan 3,5sm manZilze moaTavses. statikuri
Zelakis paraleluri RerZis garSemo, b) erT- xaxunis koeficientia 0,4. firsakravis siCqare
erTi gverdis Sua wertilze gamavali da nel-nela ω0-mde izrdeba da am dros nivTieri
samkuTxedis sibrtyis perpendikularuli wertili srialdeba. a) gamoTvaleT ω0. b) ga
RerZis garSemo da g) samkuTxedis erTi gverdis mosaxeT srialis traeqtoria.
paraleluri da danarCeni ori gverdis Sua
104. 10.66 suraTze
wertilebze gamavali RerZis garSemo?
gamosaxuli myari
100. xuTi nivTieri wertili xy sibrtyeSia sxeuli masis ar
ganlagebuli, myar sxeuls qmnis da maTi mqone ZelakebiT
monacemebi cxrilSia mocemulia. ra brunviTi
d a k a v S i r e b u l i
inercia aqvs sxeuls a) x, b) y da g) z RerZis
sami nivTieri we
garSemo? d) ra aris sxeulis masis centri?
rtilisgan Sedge
sagani 1 2 3 4 5 ba. sxeuli P wer
masa (g) 500 400 300 600 450 tilze gamavali sur. 10.66. amocana 104.
x (sm) 15 –13 17 –4 –5 da misi sibrtyis
y (sm) 20 13 –6 –7 9 perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunavs.
365
Tu M = 0,4 kg, a = 30 sm da b = 50 sm, ra muSao- gamocades. 5124 kg masis betonis bloki
baa saWiro sxeulis kuTxuri siCqaris 5 ra muxis or Zelis saSualebiT maRla aitanes.
diani/wm-mde gazrdisTvis? Zelebis zedapirebi sapoxiT iyo dafaruli
105. disko θ1 = 10 radiani kuTxuri mde (sur. 10.67). 10 m sigrZis Zelebi miwidan or
bareobidan θ2 = 70 radiani kuTxur mdeba svetze iyo gadebuli, romlebzec bloki unda
reobamde mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebiT 6 moeTavsebinaT. svetebis simaRle 3,9 m iyo,
wamSi brunavs. θ2 mdebareobaze diskos xolo bloksa da Zelebs Soris statikuri
kuTxuri siCqarea 15 radiani/wm. a) ra xaxunis koeficienti 0,22-s udrida. bloks
iqneba diskos siCqare θ1 mdebareobaze? masze da naZvis 4,5 m sigrZis or morze
b) ra kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs diskos? Semoxveuli Tokis saSualebiT ubiZgebdnen.
g) ra kuTxur mdebareobazea disko uZravi? rodesac platformaze sakmarisi raodenobis
d) aageT moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg diskos θ muSa dgeboda an jdeboda, naZvis mori svetis
mdebareobis t droze damokidebulebis da ω wveris garSemo trialdeboda da bloks
kuTxuri siCqaris t droze damokidebulebis Zelze gadaaadgildeba. blokis damWeri Toki
funqciebis grafikebi. daaxloebiT morebis perpendikularuli iyo,
xolo brunvis wertilsa da moris garSemo
106. Cveni mze irmis naxtomis galaqtikis
Tokis Semoxvevis wertils Soris manZili
centridan 2,3×104 sinaTlis weliwadiTaa
0,7m-s aRwevda. davuSvaT, TiToeuli muSis
daSorebuli da am centris garSemo 250 km/wm
masa 85 kg iyo, ra minimaluri raodenobis muSa
siCqariT wrewirze brunavs. a) ra droSi
iqneboda saWiro, raTa bloks Zelebze maRla
Semouvlis mze galaqtikis centrs? b) ram
asvla daewyo?
deni bruni Seasrula mzem, mas Semdeg rac
daaxloebiT 4,5×109 wlis winaT warmoiSva?
107. firsakravi 33 13 br/wT siCqariT brunavs,
neldeba da Zravis gamorTvis Semdeg 30 wamSi
Cerdeba. a) gamoTvaleT kuTxuri aCqareba
(br/wT2-ebSi). b) ramden bruns Seasrulebs bloki
naZvis
firsakravi 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi? xis mori
108. sferuli garsis radiusia 1,9 m. 960 n·m muSa

Zalis momenti garss centrze gamavali RerZis platforma
garSemo 6,2 radiani/wm2 kuTxur aCqarebas
muxis Zeli sveti
aniWebs. a) ra brunviTi inercia aqvs garss am
RerZis garSemo da b) ra masa aqvs garss? sur. 10.67. amocana 111.
109. borbali α = 4at – 3bt kuTxuri aCqarebiT
3  2
112. molekulis brunviTi inerciaa 14000 u·pm2,
brunavs, sadac t droa, xolo a da b mudmivebi. sadac u masis atomuri erTeulia (1 u = 
Tu borblis sawyisi kuTxuri siCqarea ω0 , 1,66×10–27 kg). Tu molekula 4,3×1023 radia-
a) misi kuTxuri siCqare da b) kuTxuri mde ni/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, ra iqneba misi
bareoba drois funqciis saxiT CawereT. brunvis kinetikuri energia?
110. t drois SualedSi generatoris mqnevara 113. 70 kg masis velosipedisti pedlebs mTeli
θ = at + bt3 – ct4 kuTxiT brundeba, sadac masiT awveba da aRmarTze adis. davuSvaT
a, b da c mudmivebia. dawereT borblis pedlebi 0,4 m radiusis wreze brunavs,
a) kuTxuri siCqaris da b) kuTxuri aCqarebis ra maqsimalur Zalis moments warmoSobs
gamosaxuleba. velosipedisti?
111. meTodi, romliTac stounhenjis say 114. Tavdapirvelad uZravi borbali mudmivi
rden qvebze masiuri qvebi daalages, didi kuTxuri aCqarebis Sedegad brunvas iwyebs.
xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo sadavo. erT-erTi ΔT = 15 wm drois SualedSi borbali 90
SesaZlo meTodi CexeTis patara qalaqSi bruns asrulebs da misi kuTxuri siCqare
366 Tavi 10 brunva
10 br/wm xdeba. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare hqonda 120. 10.69 suraTze

borbals ΔT drois Sualedis dawyebisas? b) ra naCvenebia sako
dro gavidan brunvis dawyebasa da ΔT drois munikacio Tanam
Sualedis dawyebas Soris? gzavri, romelic
115. 0,75m diametris salesi qvis fersoze 1210kg masis, 1,21m
ganlagebuli wertilis siCqare mudmivi tempiT diametris da 1,75m
12m/wm-dan 25m/wm-mde 6,2 wamis ganmavlobaSi sigrZis cilindria.
icvleba. ra saSualo kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs kosmosuri xomal sur. 10.69. amocana 120.
borbals? didan gamoSvebamde

116. 10.68 suraTze, Tanamgzavri 1,52br/wm kuTxuri siCqariT
erTgvarovani Ze sakuTari grZeli RerZis garSemo brunavs. ra
laki (3kg masis a) brunviTi inercia aqvs Tanamgzavs brunvis
da 4m sigrZis) RerZis garSemo da b) risi tolia Tanamgzavris
misi bolodan brunvis kinetikuri energia?
d=1m manZiliT 121. vinilis firfita firsakravze 33 13 br/wT
daSorebul wer
kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. a) ra kuTxuri
tilze gamavali
siCqare aqvs firfitas radiani/wm-ebSi? ra
da Zelakis perpen
wrfivi siCqare aqvs firfitis wertils,
dikularuli A
romelic firsakravis RerZidan b) 15 sm da
h o r i z o n t a l u r i
g) 7,4 sm manZilzea.
RerZis garSemo
Tavisuflad brunavs. vertikalur mdgo 122. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs 110 m radiusis
mareobaSi Zelakis kinetikuri energiaa 20 j. wrewirze 50 km/sT siCqariT moZrav manqanas?
a) ra brunviTi inercia aqvs Zelaks A RerZis 123. O2 Jangbadis molekulis masaa 5,3×10–26 kg,
garSemo? b) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs Zelakis xolo atomebis SemaerTebeli wrfis centrze
B bolos, rodesac Zelaki vertikalur gamavali da am wrfis perpendikularuli
mdgomareobaSia? g) ra θ kuTxeze gaCerdeba RerZis garSemo molekulis brunviTi inerciaa
Zelaki wamierad maRla asvlis dros? 1,94×10–46 kg·m2. davuSvaT O2 molekulis masis
117. manqana 30 m radiusis wriul trasaze centri airSi 500 m/wm gadataniTi siCqariT
moZraobs. misi siCqare 0,5 m/wm2 mudmivi moZraobs da molekulis brunvis kinetikuri
tempiT izrdeba. a) ra jamuri wrfivi aCqareba energia masis centris gadataniTi kinetikuri
aqvs manqanas 15 wamis Semdeg? b) ra kuTxes energiis 2/3-ia. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs
adgens jamuri aCqarebis veqtori manqanis molekulas masis centris garSemo?
siCqarisadmi am dros?
124. warmoidgineT, rom uZravi dedamiwa erTi
118. 8 sm diametris borbalze 5,6 m sigrZis dRis ganmavlobaSi RerZis garSemo moZraobas
Tokia Semoxveuli. borbali 1,5 radiani/wm2 iwyebs da dRes arsebul kuTxur siCqares
mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebiT iwyebs moZraobas. iZens. ra sididis a) Zalis momenti, b) energia
a) ra kuTxiT unda Semobrundes borbali, da g) saSualo simZlavrea saWiro dedamiwis
raTa Toki mTlianad gaiSalos? b) ra dro aCqarebisTvis?
dasWirdeba amas?
125. davuSvaT, dedamiwa erTgvarovani
119. mZime mqnevara centraluri RerZis
simkvrivis mqone sferoa. gamoTvaleT misi
garSemo brunavs da sayrdeni wertilebze
a) brunviTi inercia da b) brunvis kinetikuri
xaxunis Sedegad neldeba. Senelebis pirveli
energia. g) davuSvaT, am energiis gamoyeneba
wuTis miwuruls, mqnevaras sawyisi 250br/wT
SesaZlebelia. daaxloebiT ra drois gan
kuTxuri siCqaris 0,9 nawili aqvs darCenili.
mavlobaSi SeZlebs dedamiwa TiToeuli adamia
davuSvaT kuTxuri aCqareba mudmivia, ra
nisTvis energiis 1 kvt tempiT miwodebas?
kuTxuri siCqare eqneba mqnevaras meore wuTis
miwuruls?
gorva, Zalis momenti
da kuTxuri impulsi
11
1997 wels, nevadas Savi kldis udabnoSi manqana Thrush SSC-m dedamiwaze
moZraobis siGqaris rekordi daamyara. manqanis siGqare erTi mimarTulebiT
1222km/sT iyo, xolo sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT - 1233km/sT. orive
Sedegma bgeris siGqares (1207km/sT) gadaaWarba da manqana ultrabgeriTi
gaxda, rasac manqanis Tavze gamoGenili mrudebi cxadyofs. mrudebis gaGena
manqanis mier haerSi warmoqmnilma dartymiTma talRebma gamoiwvies.
cxadia, amgvari rekordis damyareba did safrTxeebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
erT-erTi maTgani manqanis borblebs ukavSirdeba.
ra safrTxe eqmneboda manqanis borblebs?

me-10 TavSi ukve vTqviT, rom fizika brunvas Seiswavlis. SesaZlebelia fizikis es dargi yvelaze
metad borblebis da borblis magvari sagnebis gorvis dros iyos gamosadegi. magaliTad,
aRdgomis kunZulis preistoriuli xanis mcxovreblebi qvis gigantur qandakebebs mgorav Zelebze
awyobdnen da ise gadahqondaT kunZulis teritoriaze.
mogvianebiT, rodesac es xalxi CrdiloeT amerikaSi
bargdeboda, TavianTi qoneba jer urmebiT, xolo Semdgom
matarebliT gadahqondaT. dResdReobiT, moswons es vinmes
Tu ara, samyaro manqanebiT, motociklebiT, velosipedebiT
da sxva mgoravi transportiT savsea.
gorvis Seswavla da gamoyeneba Zalian didi xania grZeldeba
da, SesaZloa gagiCndeT azri, rom axali ideebi aRar arsebobs.
sinamdvileSi, magaliTad, skeitbordebi arcTu ise didi xnis
win gamoigones da Seqmnes, ramac didi finansuri warmatebac
moitana. quCis toboganebma da TviTmmarTvadma segveebma
(sur. 11.1) SesaZloa did qalaqebSi adamianebis gadaadgilebis
stili sruliad Secvalos. gorvis maxasiaTeblebis ga
moyenebas kvlav SeuZlia axal aRmoCenebamde da gan
sacvifrebel Sedegebamde migviyvanos. gorvis Seswavlas misi sur. 11.1. adamianis gadamyvani TviT
marTvadi segvei
gamartivebiT viwyebT.
367
368 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
11.2. gorva, rogorc gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis gaerTianeba

am TavSi mxolod iseT sagnebs ganvixilavT,
romlebic zedapiris gaswvriv Tanabrad goravs
anu zedapirze mocurebis da asxletis gareSe
gadaadgildeba. 11.2 suraTze naCvenebia rTuli
gorva. sagnis centri zedapiris paralelur
wrfeze moZraobs, xolo fersoze mdebare sur. 11.2. mgoravi diskos fotografia.
wertilis traeqtoria gansxvavebulia. gorvis diskos centrze da kideze patara naTurebia
Seswavla gamartivdeba, Tu miviCnevT, rom masis damagrebuli. diskos kide cikloidad wodebul
mruds Semowers.
centri gadataniT moZraobas asrulebs, xolo
sagnis danarCeni nawili centris garSemo brunavs.
warmoidgineT, rom trotuarze dgaxarT da quCis gaswvriv mgorav velosipedis borbals
akvirdebiT (sur. 11.3). borblis O masis centri νcom siCqariT wrfivad moZraobs. quCisa da
borblis Sexebis P wertili aseve νcom siCqariT wrfivad moZraobs da, maSasadame, P wertili
yovelTvis O wertilis qvemoTaa.
t drois SualedSi O da P wertilebi s manZils gadis.
velosipedistis TvalTaxedviT, borbali centris
garSemo θ kuTxiT brunavs, xolo borblis wertili,
romelic t drois dasawyisSi quCas exeboda, s sigrZis
rkals Semowers. 10.17 formula rkalis s sigrZes da
brunvis θ kuTxes erTmaneTTan akavSirebs:
s = θR , (11.1)
sur. 11.3. mgoravi borblis O masis sadac R aris borblis radiusi. borblis centris (anu
centri com siCqariT s manZils gadis, masis centris) νcom wrfivi siCqarea ds/dt. borblis ω
xolo borbali θ kuTxiTY brundeba.
kuTxuri siCqare centris garSemo aris dθ/dt. aqedan
borblisa da zedapiris Sexebis P
wertilic s manZilze gadaadgildeba. gamomdinare, 11.1 formulis drois diferencireba
(rodesac R mudmivia) gvaZlevs:
νcom = ωR (gorviT moZraoba) (11.2)
11.4 suraTze Cans, rom borblis gorva gadataniTi da brunviTi moZraobebis gaerTianebaa. 11.4a
suraTze gamosaxulia brunviTi moZraoba (TiTqos centrze gamavali brunvis RerZi uZravia).
borblis yvela wertili centris garSemo ω kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs (amgvari moZraoba
me-10 TavSi ganvixileT). borblis kidis yvela wertilis wrfivi siCqarea νcom. 11.4b suraTze
a) brunviTi moZraoba b) gadataniTi moZraoba g) gorviT moZraoba
sur. 11.4. borblis gorva gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis gaerTianebaa. a) brunviTi moZraoba. borblis
yvela wertili Tanabari ω kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobs. borblis kideze mdebare wertilebi Tanabari ν=νcom
wrfivi siCqariT moZraobs. suraTze naCvenebia borblis wverze (T) da fskerze (P) mdebare wertilebis
wrfivi siCqareebi. b) gadataniTi moZraoba. borblis yvela wertili marjvnisken Tanabari com wrfivi siCqariT
moZraobs. . g) a) da b) suraTebze gamosaxuli ori moZraobis gaerTianebaa.
11.3. gorvis kinetikuri energia 369
gamosaxulia gadataniTi moZraoba (TiTqos borbali
saerTod ar brunavs). borblis yvela wertili νcom
siCqariT marjvnisken gadaadgildeba.
11.4a da 11.4b suraTebis gaerTianeba 11.4g suraTze
borblis realur gorvas gvaZlevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom borblis qveda nawili (P wertilze)
uZravia da borblis zeda nawili (T wertilze) 2νcom
siCqariT anu borblis danarCen nawilze swrafad
moZraobs. 11.5 suraTze miRebuli Sedegebia
naCvenebi. borblis zeda nawili qveda nawilze
swrafad moZraobs, vinaidan am nawilis manebi ufro
bundovnad moCans.
zedapirze mgoravi nebismieri mrgvali sxeulis
moZraoba gadataniT moZraobad da brunvad SegviZlia sur. 11.5. velosipedis mgoravi borblis
davyoT, rogorc es aris 11.4a da 11.4b suraTebze. fotografia. borblis zeda nawilTan axlos
mdebare manebi ufro bundovnad Cans, vinaidan
zeda nawili ufro swrafad moZraobs, rogorc
es 11.4g suraTzea naCvenebi.
gorva, rogorc Tanabari brunva

11.6 suraTze borblis gorvis axali gaazrebaa SemoTavazebuli, TiTqos borbali quCisa da
borblis Sexebis wertilze gamavali RerZis garSemo brunavs. 11.4g suraTze, gorvas P wertilze
gamavali da suraTis sibrtyis perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunvad ganvixilavT. 11.6
suraTze gamosaxuli veqtorebi mgoravi borblis wertilebis myisi siCqareebia.
SekiTxva: am axali RerZis garSemo ra kuTxur siCqares
mianiWebs uZravi damkvirvebeli velosipedis mgorav
borbals?
pasuxi: igive ω siCqares, rasac velosipedisti masis
centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo mbrunav borbals.
pasuxis SemowmebisTvis mgoravi borblis wveris
wrfivi siCqare uZravi damkvirveblis TvalTaxedvidan
gamovTvaloT. Tu borblis radiusia R, borblis wveri P
wertilze gamavali RerZidan (sur. 11.6) 2R manZilzea da sur. 11.6. gorva Tanabar brunvad
SegviZlia ganvixiloT. borbali P wer
borblis wveris wrfivi siCqare unda iyos:
tilze gamavali RerZis garSemo ω kuT
xuri siCqariT moZraobs. veqtorebi
νwveri = (ω)(2R) = 2(ωR) = 2νcom
borbalze mdebare wertilebis myis
es formula 11.4g suraTTan srul TanxvedraSia. aseve wrfiv siCqareebs asaxaven. veqtorebi
gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis
SegiZliaT SemoawmoT borblis O wertilis da P wertilis
gaerTianebis Sedegad miiReba, rogorc
wrfivi siCqareebi 11.4g suraTze. es aris 11.4 suraTze.
sakontrolo wertili 1. klounis velosipedis ukana borblis radiusi wina borblis

radiusze orjer metia. a) moZraobis dros ukana borblis wveris wrfivi siCqare wina borblis
wveris siCqareze metia, naklebia Tu ar gansxvavdeba? b) ukana borblis kuTxuri siCqare wina
borblis kuTxur siCqareze metia, naklebia Tu ar gansxvavdeba?
11.3. gorvis kinetikuri energia

modiT, mgoravi borblis kinetikuri energia uZravi damkvirveblis TvalTaxedvidan gamov
TvaloT. Tu gorvas 11.6 suraTis P wertilze gamavali RerZis garSemo brunvad miviCnevT, maSin
1
K= IPω2 (11.3)
2
sadac ω aris borblis kuTxuri siCqare, xolo IP - borblis brunviTi inercia P wertilze gamavali
RerZis garSemo. 10.36 formuliT mocemuli (I=Icom+Mh2) paraleluri RerZebis Teoremidan
gamomdinare:
IP = Icom + MR2 , (11.4)
sadac M aris borblis masa, Icom - borblis brunviTi inercia masis centrze gamavali RerZis
garSemo, xolo R (borblis radiusi) h perpendikularuli manZilia. 11.4 formulis 11.3
formulaSi Casma gvaZlevs:
1 1
K = Icomω2 + MR2ω2
2 2
gamoviyenoT νcom=ωR (11.2 formula) da miviRebT:
1 1
K = Icomω2 + M (11.5)
2 2
1
I ω2 wevri masis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo borblis brunvasTan (sur. 11.4a)
2 com 1
dakavSirebuli kinetikuri energiaa, xolo M wevri borblis masis centris gadataniT
2
moZraobasTan (sur. 11.4b) dakavSirebul kinetikur energias asaxavs. maSasadame:
1
mgorav sagans ori saxis kinetikuri energia gaaCnia. brunvis kinetikuri energia ( Icomω2)
2
masis centris garSemo brunviT aris gamowveuli, xolo gadataniTi kinetikuri energia
1
( M ) masis centris gadataniTi moZraobiT miiReba.
2

davuSvaT, Thrust SSC manqanis TiToeuli 1
diskos SemTxvevaSi Icom = MR2.
2
borbali M=170kg masis da erTgvarovani
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, 11.5
sisqis diskoa. borblebi goravs. rodesac
formula gvaZlevs:
manqanis siCqarea 1233km/sT, ra kinetikuri
1 1
energia aqvs TiToeul borbals? K = 2 Icomω2 + 2 M
11.5 1 1 ν 2 1
amoxsna: formula mgoravi sagnis =( 2 )( 2 MR2)( com ) + 2 M
R
kinetikur energias gvaZlevs, magram misi 3 3
= 4M = 4 (170 kg)(342,5 m/wm)2
gamoyenebisTvis sami ram unda gavixsenoT:
= 1,5 × 107j (pasuxi)
1. rodesac mgoravi sagnis siCqareze
(yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gamoTvlebis dros
vsaubrobT, yovelTvis masis centris
borblis R radiusi gabaTilda).
siCqares vgulisxmobT. am SemTxvevaSi,
miRebuli pasuxi Thrust SSC-s mier rekordis
νcom=1233km/sT = 342,5m/wm.
damyarebasTan dakavSirebul safrTxes
2. 11.5 formula mgoravi sagnis ω kuTxur
asaxavs. TiToeuli borblis kinetikuri
siCqares saWiroebs. kuTxur siCqaresa
energia uzarmazaria da TiTqmis 10.7 amocanis
da νcom siCqares 11.2 formula akavSirebs
amoxsnis nimuSSi moyvanili mbrunavi foladis
νcom
(ω = , sadac R borblis radiusia). diskos afeTqebis kinetikuri energiis
R
3. 11.5 formula sagnis Icom brunviT inerciasac (2,1×107j) tolia. nebismier dabrkolebasTan
saWiroebs masis centris garSemo. 10.2g Sejaxebis SemTxvevaSi borbali foladis
cxrilidan gamomdinare, erTgvarovani diskos msgavsad afeTqdeba.
11.4. gorvis Zalebi 371
11.4. gorvis Zalebi

xaxuni da gorva
Tu borbali 11.3 suraTis msgavsad mudmivi siCqariT goravs, is kontaqtis P wertilze ar srialebs
da, maSasadame, xaxunis Zalac ar moqmedebs. Tu mgorav borbalze jamuri Zala moqmedebs da mis
aCqarebas an Senelebas cdilobs, maSin jamuri Zala moZraobis mimarTulebis gaswvriv masis

centris acom aCqarebas iwvevs. jamuri Zala borbals ufro swrafad an ufro nela abrunebs anu α
kuTxur aCqarebasac iwvevs. miRebuli aCqarebebi borbals P wertilze asrialeben. maSasadame, P
wertilze xaxunis Zala unda moqmedebdes, romelic borblis srials SeewinaaRmdegeba.

Tu borbali ar srialebs, maSin masze f s statikuri
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs da gorva Tanabaria. am SemTxvevaSi,
11.2 formulis droiT diferencirebis Sedegad (rodesac

R mudmivia) acom wrfiv aCqarebasa da α kuTxur aCqarebas
Soris kavSirs miviRebT. formulis marcxena mxares
acom=dνcom/dt, xolo marjvena mxares α=dω/dt. amgvarad,
Tanabari gorsvisTvis gveqneba: sur. 11.7. borbali horizontalur
zedapirze srialis gareSe goravs da
acom=αR (Tanabari gorva) (11.6) 
acom wrfivi aCqareba aqvs. P wertilze
f s xaxunis Zala moqmedebs da srials
Tu borbali srialebs da masze jamuri Zala moqmedebs,
 ewinaaRmdegeba.
maSin 11.3 suraTis P wertilze moqmedi Zala f k kinetikuri
xaxunis Zalaa. am SemTxvevaSi gorva Tanabari ar aris da moZraobas 11.6 formula ar miesadageba.
mocemul TavSi mxolod Tanabar gorvas ganvixilavT.
11.7 suraTze naCvenebi borbali brtyel zedapirze marjvnisken goravs da brunvis siswrafe
izrdeba. swrafi brunva P wertilze borblis fskeris marcxnisken gasrialebas iwvevs. P wertilze
moqmedi xaxunis Zala marjvniskenaa mimarTuli da gacurebas ewinaaRmdegeba. Tu borbali ar
srialebs, xaxunis Zala statikuria, gorva Tanabaria da 11.5 formula moZraobas miesadageba.

Tu 11.7 suraTze gamosaxuli borblis moZraoba neldeba, maSin masis centris
 acom aCqareba da P
wertilze moqmedi f s xaxunis Zala marcxnisken iqneba mimarTuli.
gorva daxril sibrtyeze

11.8 suraTze naCvenebia M masis da R radiusis mrgvali, erTgvarovani sxeuli, romelic θ
kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze x RerZis gaswvriv gordeba. Cven sxeulis acom,x aCqarebis gamosaxuleba
unda miviRoT. amisTvis niutonis meore kanonis wrfivi (Ft= Ma) da kuTxuri (τt= Iα) versiebi
gamoviyenoT.
Tavdapirvelad, 11.8 suraTis msgavsad sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi gamovsaxoT:

1. sxeulze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zala qvemoTaa mimarTuli. veqtoris saTave sxeulis masis
centrs emTxveva. sibrtyis gaswvrivi komponentia Fg sin θ = Mg sin θ.

2. FN drekadobis Zala sibrtyisadmi perpendikularulia. es Zala P kontaqtis wertilze
moqmedebs, magram Zalis veqtoris saTave sxeulis masis centris mimarTulebas davamTxvieT.

3. f s statikuri xaxunis Zala P kontaqtis wertilze moqmedebs da sibrtyis gaswvriv,
aRmarTiskenaa mimarTuli (Tu sxeuli P wertilze mocurdeba, is sibrtyeze Camosrialdeba.
maSasadame, mocurebis sawinaaRmdego xaxunis Zala aRmarTisken unda iyos mimarTuli)
niutonis meore kanoni x RerZis gaswvrivi komponen

tebisTvis ase Caiwereba:
fs – Mg sin θ = Macom,x (11.7)
formula fs da acom,x ucnobebs Seicavs (Cven ar vuSvebT,

rom fs Zalas fs,max maqsimaluri mniSvneloba aqvs. fs Zala
sakmarisia, raTa sxeuli daxril sibrtyeze Tanabrad,
mocurebis gareSe Camogordes)
amjerad niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri forma masis
centris garSemo sxeulis brunvisTvis unda daiweros.
Tavdapirvelad, 10.41 formulis (τ=r┴F) gamoyenebiT
masis centris garSemo sxeulze moqmedi Zalis momentebi

CavweroT. f s xaxunis Zalis momentis mxaria R da es
Zala Rfs moments warmoqmnis. Zalis momenti dadebiTia, sur. 11.8. R radiusis mrgvali,
erTgvarovani sxeuli daxril sibrtyeze
vinaidan xaxunis Zala sxeuls saaTis isris moZraobis 
 gordeba. masze Fg mizidulobis Zala,

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT Semobrunebas cdilobs.
 Fg FN drekadobis
 Zala da aRmarTisken
da FN Zalebs masis centris garSemo
 nulovani momentis
mimarTuli, f s xaxunis Zala moqmedebs

(sicxadisTvis FN veqtoris saTave
mxrebi aqvT da, maSasadame, Fg da FN Zalis momentebi
sxeulis centrs davamTxvieT)
iqneba nuli. aqedan gamomdinare, sxeulis masis centrze
gamavali RerZis garSemo niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri forma iqneba:
Rfs = Icomα (11.8)
miRebuli formula fs da α ucnobebs Seicavs.

sxeuli Tanabrad goravs, amitom 11.6 formuliT (acom=αR) acom,x da α ucnobebi erTmaneTs SegviZlia
davukavSiroT. am SemTxvevaSi acom,x uaryofiTia (x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebisaa), xolo α
dadebiTia (saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa). 11.8 formulaSi α-s nacvlad
acom,x
– CavsvaT da fs-sTvis amovxsnaT:
R
acom,x
fs = –Icom 2 (11.9)
R
11.7 formulaSi fs-is nacvlad 11.9 formulis marjvena mxare CavsvaT da miviRebT:
g sin θ
acom,x = – (11.10)
1 + Icom /MR2
am formulis gamoyenebiT horizontalisadmi θ kuTxiT daxril zedapirze mgoravi nebismieri
sxeulis acom,x wrfivi aCqareba SegviZlia gamovTvaloT.
sakontrolo wertili 2. A da B identuri disko Tanabari siCqariT migoravs. Semdeg A

disko aRmarTze gordeba da h maqsimalur simaRles aRwevs, xolo B disko identur, oRond
xaxunisgan Tavisufal aRmarTze adis. B diskos mier miRweuli maqsimaluri simaRle h-ze
metia, naklebia Tu igivea?

M = 6 kg masis da R radiusis erTgvarovani amoxsna: burTis siCqare daRmarTis miwu
burTi θ = 30° kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze Ta ruls Kf kinetikur energiasTan SegviZlia
nabrad gordeba. davakavSiroT. garda amisa, burTi-dedamiwis
a) burTi h = 1,2 m vertikaluri simaRlidan sistemis meqanikuri energia burTis gorvis
Camodis. ra iqneba misi siCqare daRmarTis dros inaxeba, vinaidan burTze mxolod
miwuruls? mizidulobis Zala asrulebs muSaobas,
11.5. io-io 373
romelic Semnaxvelia. daxrili sibrtyidan
burTze moqmedi drekadobis Zala muSaobas ar
asrulebs, vinaidan is burTis traeqtoriis νcom =
perpendikularulia. daxrili sibrtyidan
= 4,1 m/wm (pasuxi)
burTze moqmed xaxunis Zalas energia siTbur
energiaSi ar gadaaqvs, vinaidan burTi ar yuradReba miaqcieT, rom pasuxi burTis M
srialebs (Tanabrad goravs). masaze an R radiusze damokidebuli ar aris.
maSasadame, meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis kanoni b) ra sididis da mimarTulebis xaxunis Zala
aseTi saxiT SegviZlia davweroT: moqmedebs burTze daxril sibrtyeze gorvis
Kf + Uf = Ki + Ui , (11.11) dros?
amoxsna: vinaidan burTi Tanabrad goravs,
sadac f da i indeqsebi saboloo da sawyis
masze moqmedi xaxunis Zala 11.9 formuliT
mniSvnelobebs asaxavs. Tavdapirvelad mizi
gamoiTvleba. Tavdapirvelad ki 11.10 for
dulobis potenciuri energiaa Ui=Mgh (sa
mulidan burTis acom,x aCqareba unda gamov
dac M burTis masaa), xolo sabolood Uf=0
TvaloT:
xdeba. kinetikuri energia Tavdapirvelad
aris Ki=0. Kf saboloo kinetikuri energiis
g sin θ g sin θ
acom,x = – 2 = –
gamoTvlisTvis gavixsenoT, rom kinetikuri
1 + Icom/MR 1 + 2 MR2/MR2
5
energia gadataniT moZraobas da brunvas (9,8 m/wm2) sin 30°
moicavs. amitom 11.5 formulis marjvena mxaris =– = – 3,5 m/wm2.
1+ 2
gamoyenebiT orive moZraobas viTvaliswinebT. 5
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom burTis aCqarebis
yvela es gamosaxuleba 11.1 formulaSi CavsvaT
gamoTvlisTvis M masa an R radiusi ar
da miviRebT:
dagvWirvebia. maSasadame, 30°-iT daxril
1 1
( Icomω2 + Mνcom2) + 0 = 0 + Mgh,
(11.12) sibrtyeze nebismieri zomis da erTgvarovani
2 2
sadac Icom aris burTis brunviTi inercia masis burTs amgvari aCqareba eqneba, Tu burTi
masis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo, Tanabrad goravs.
νcom - CvenTvis saintereso siCqare daxrili 11.9 formulis amoxsnis Sedegad miviRebT:
sibrtyis bolos, xolo ω - kuTxuri siCqare acom,x 2 a 2
2  com,x
fs = –Icom 2 = –  5 MR = –  5  Macom,x
aseve daxrili sibrtyis bolos. R R2
vinaidan burTi Tanabrad 11.2
goravs, 2
= –  5  (6 kg) (–3,5 m/wm2) = 8,4 n (pasuxi)
formulis gamoyenebiT ω-s nacvlad νcom/R
CavsvaT da 11.12 formulaSi ucnobebis ricxvi am SemTxvevaSi dagvWirda M masa, magram R
SevamciroT. amis Semdeg 10.2 cxrilidan radiusi ar dagvWirda. maSasadame, 30°-iT
Icom-is nacvlad 2 MR2 CavsvaT da νcom-sTvis daxril sibrtyeze mgorav, 6kg masis burTze
5
amovxsnaT: moqmedi xaxunis Zala, miuxedavad burTis
radiusisa, 8,4 n-ia.
11.5. io-io
io-io fizikis patara laboratoriaa. Tu io-io Tokis gaswvriv h manZilze gordeba, misi
1
potenciuri energia mgh-iT mcirdeba, xolo kinetikur energias gadataniTi ( mνcom2) da brunviTi
1 2
( Icomω2) formiT iRebs. ukan dabrunebis dros io-io kinetikur energias kargavs da potenciur
2
energias iZens.
io-ios Tanamedrove versiebSi Toki RerZze damagrebuli ki ar aris, aramed mis garSemoa
Semoxveuli. rodesac io-io Tokis bolos Seexeba, Tokidan RerZze moqmedi maRla mimarTuli Zala
qvemoT Casvlas aCerebs. amis Semdeg io-io brunavs da mxolod brunvis kinetikuri energia aqvs.
brunva manamde grZeldeba (io-ios `sZinavs~), vidre Tqven

Toks ubiZgebT (io-ios `gaaRviZebT~), Toki RerZs Semoexveva
da io-io ukan asvlas iwyebs. Tokis boloze io-ios brunvis
kinetikuri energia (da, maSasadame, Zilis xangrZlivoba)
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba, Tu Cagorebis nacvlad io-ios
isvriT da νcom da ω sawyis siCqareebs mianiWebT.
Tokze Cagorebuli io-ios acom wrfivi aCqarebis gamosa
xulebis misaRebad daxril sibrtyeze mgoravi sxeulis
msgavsad niutonis meore kanoni SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
orive SemTxveva TiTqmis identuria da gansxvaveba mxolod
SemdegSia:
1. horizontalisadmi θ kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze gorvis
nacvlad io-io horizontalisadmi θ=90° kuTxis
mdgenel Tokze gordeba.
2. gare zedapirze gorvis nacvlad, io-io R0 radiusis
RerZze gordeba (sur. 11.9a).

3. f s Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad Senelebis nacvlad, io-ios
(a) (b)
Tokidan moqmedi T Zala anelebs (sur. 11.9b). sur. 11.9 a) io-ios ganivi kveTi. um-
niSvnelo sisqis Toki R0 radiusis
analizi am SemTxvevaSic 11.10 formulamde migviyvans. RerZzea Semoxveuli. b) Tavisufali
aqedan gamomdinare, 11.10 formulaSi ubralod aRniSvnebi sxeulis grafiki vardnili io-iosTvis.
naCvenebia mxolod RerZi.
SevcvaloT da θ=90° CavsvaT:
g
acom = – , (11.13)
1 + Icom/MR02
sadac Icom aris io-ios brunviTi inercia centris garSemo, xolo M - misi masaa. Tokze ukan asvlis
dros io-ios igive qvemoT mimarTuli aCqareba aqvs, vinaidan masze igive Zalebi moqmedebs,
romlebic 11.9b suraTze.
11.6. Zalis momentis xelaxla ganxilva

me-10 TavSi fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis τ Zalis momenti ganvsazRvreT,
rodesac sxeulis TiToeuli nivTieri wertili am RerZze centrirebuli wriuli traeqtoriiT
moZraobda. amjerad Zalis momentis gansazRvrebas ganvavrcobT da fiqsirebuli wertilisadmi
(da ara fiqsirebuli RerZisadmi) nebismieri traeqtoriiT moZrav nivTier wertils mivusadagebT.
traeqtoria aucilebeli ar aris wrewiri iyos da, amitom, ZAalis momenti nebismieri mimarTule
bis mqone veqtoris saxiT unda warmovadginoT.
 naCvenebia xy sibrtyis A wertilze mdebare nivTieri wertili. nivTier wertilze

11.10a suraTze

erTaderTi F Zala moqmedebs da O aTvlis saTavisadmi nivTieri wertilis mdebareoba r
mdebareobis veqtoris saSualebiT moicema. nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti O
fiqsirebuli wertilis mimarT veqtoruli sididea:
  
τ = r × F (Zalis momentis gansazRvreba) (11.14)
veqtoruli namravlis gamoTvla 3.8 paragrafSi moyvanili wesebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. -is

mimarTulebis dasadgenad F veqtoris saTaves (mimarTulebis cvlilebis gareSe) O aTvlis
saTaves vamTxvevT da 11.10b suraTis msgavsad gasamravlebeli veqtorebis saTaveebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva. Semdeg marjvena xelis wess viyenebT (sur. 3.20a) da gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba
-is mimarTulebas emTxveva. 11.10b suraTze, veqtori z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa.
11.6. Zalis momentis xelaxla ganxilva 375

F Zalis moqmedebis wrfe
(a) (b) (g)


sur. 11.10. Zalis momentis gansazRvra. a) F Zala xy sibrtyis A wertilze mdebare nivTier wertilze moqmedebs.
  
b) es Zala nivTier wertilze O aTvlis saTavisadmiτ = r × F Zalis moments warmoqmnis. veqtoruli namravlisTvis
marjvena xelis wesis gamoyenebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom Zalis momentis veqtori z RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebisaa. misi sididea b) rF┴ da g) r┴F.
-is sididis gamoTvlisTvis 3.27 formula (c = ab sin φ) gamoviyenoT:
τ = rF sin φ (11.15)

sadac φ aris mcire kuTxe da F veqtorebs Soris, rodesac veqtorTa saTaveebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva. 11.10b suraTidan gamomdinare, 11.15 formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
τ = rF , (11.16)
 ┴
sadac F┴ (= F sin φ) aris F veqtoris -sadmi perpendikularuli komponenti. 11.10g suraTidan

gamomdinare, 11.15 formula aseTi saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
τ = r F , (11.17)
 ┴

sadac r┴ (= r sin φ) aris F -is momentis mxari (perpendikularuli manZili O wertilsa da F -is
moqmedebis wrfes Soris).

11.11a suraTze, 2n sididis sami Zala nivTier
wertilze moqmedebs. nivTieri wertili xz

sibrtyis A wertilzea ganlagebuli da r
mdebareobis veqtoris saSualebiT moicema,
 (b)
sadac r = 3 m da θ = 30°.
 F1 Zala x RerZis
paraleluria,
 F2 Zala z RerZis paraleluria,
xolo F3 Zala y RerZis paraleluria. ras
udris TiToeuli Zalis momenti da ipoveT
maTi mimarTuleba O aTvlis saTavis mimarT?
amoxsna: vinaidan ZalTa veqtorebis sibrtyeSi
ar aris ganlagebuli, maT momentebs me-10 (a)
(g)
Tavis msgavsad ver gamovTvliT. amis nacvlad
sur. 11.11. a) A wertilze mdebare nivTier wertilze

koordinatTa RerZebis paraleluri sami Zala

moqmedebs. φ kuTxe naCvenebia b) F1 -sTvis da
  
g) F2 -sTvis. d) 3 Zalis momenti r -is da F3 -is

perpendikularulia ( F3 Zala suraTis sibrtyiskenaa
mimarTuli). e) nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis
momentebi (OaTvlis saTavis mimarT).
(d) (e)
Cven gamoviyenebT veqtorul namravls, τ2 = rF2 sin φ2 = (3 m)(2 n)(sin 120°) = 5,2  n · m

sidideebs 11.15 formuliT (τ = rF sinφ) gamov da
TvliT, xolo mimarTulebebs marjvena xelis τ3 = rF3 sin φ3 = (3 m)(2 n)(sin 90°)
wesiT davadgenT. = 6  n · m (pasuxi)
vinaidan Zalis momenti O aTvlis saTavis Zalis momentis mimarTulebis dasadgenad
mimarT unda gamovTvaloT, TiToeuli veqto marjvena xelis wess viyenebT. amisTvis
  
ruli namravlisTvis saWiro r veqtori marjvena xelis TiTebiT r veqtors F-

mocemuli mdebareobis veqtoria. r -sa da isken mcire kuTxiT vatrialebT. gaSlili
TiToeul Zalas Soris φ kuTxis dasadgenad cera TiTi Zalis momentis mimarTulebas
11.11a suraTze gamosaxuli ZalTa veqtorebis gviCvenebs. aqedan gamomdinare, 1
mimarTulia
saTaveebi aTvlis saTaves saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken, mimarTulia
  davamTxvioT.
 2
11.11 b, g da d suraTebze F1 , F2 da F3 Zalebi saxelmZRvanelos gverdisgan moSorebiT da

swored amgvarad aris gamosaxuli (yuradReba 3
mimarTulia 11.11d suraTis msgavsad. 11.11e
miaqcieT, Tu ra iolad Cans am dros kuTxe). suraTze samive Zalis momentis veqtoria
 
11.11d suraTze, r da F3 veqtorebs Soris

naCvenebi.
kuTxea 90° da simbolo niSnavs, rom F3 sakontrolo wertili 3. nivTieri

mimarTulia suraTis sibrtyis SigniT. sim 
wertilis r mdebareobis veqtori z RerZis
bolo  niSnavs, rom veqtori mimarTulia dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. Tu nivTier
suraTis sibrtyis gareT (mkiTxvelisaken). wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti a) nulia,
amis Semdeg TiToeuli ZalisTvis 11.15 for b) x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebisaa da
mula gamoviyenoT da Zalis momentebis g) y RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebisaa,
sidideebs gamovTvliT: ra mimarTulebis Zala warmoqmnis Zalis
τ1 = rF1 sin φ1 = (3 m)(2 n)(sin 150°) = 3 n · m, moments?
taqtika 1:
veqtoruli namravli da gaxsovdeT, rom Zalis momenti wertilisadmi
an wertilis garSemo gamoiTvleba. sxva
Zalis momenti
SemTxvevaSi, Zalis moments azri ar gaaCnia.
Zalis momentisTvis miRebul 11.15 formu-
wertilis cvlilebam Zalis momentis sididis
laSi veqtoruli namravls pirvelad viyenebT.
da mimarTulebis Secvla SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
kargi iqneba Tu 3.8 paragrafs gadaikiTxavT,
magaliTad, 11.3 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi,
sadac veqtoruli gamravlebis wesebia moce
Zalebis mier gamowveuli momentebi O aTvlis
mulia. igive paragrafSi motanil amocanaTa
saTavis garSemo gamoiTvleba. Tu igive Zalis
amoxsnis taqtikas 5, sadac veqtoruli na
momentebs A wertilis garSemo gamoTvliT,
mravlis mimarTulebis dadgenis dros gavrce
yvela pasuxi nulis toli iqneba, vinaidan
lebuli Secdomebia ganxiluli.
TiToeuli ZalisTvis r = 0.
11.7. kuTxuri impulsi


gaixseneT, rom p wrfivi impulsis cneba da misi Senaxvis kanoni fizikis amocanebis amoxsnis
Zalian Zlieri iaraRia. magaliTad, maTi saSulebiT manqanebis Sejaxebis Sedegis winaswar

amocnoba Sejaxebis detalebis codnis gareSea SesaZlebeli. amjerad Cven  kuTxur impulss
ganvixilavT, xolo 11.11 paragrafSi kuTxuri impulsis Senaxvis kanonsac SevexebiT.

11.12 suraTze naCvenebia m masis da siCqariT moZravi nivTieri wertiliswrfivi impulsi p (=m
), romelic xy sibrtyeSi mdebare A wertilze gadis. nivTieri wertilis  kuTxuri impulsi O
11.7. kuTxuri impulsi 377
aTvlis saTavis mimarT veqtoruli sididea:
    
 = r × p = m(r ×ν
 
) (kuTxuri impulsis gansazRvreba), (11.18)

sadac r aris nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis veqtori

O wertilisadmi. rodesac nivTieri wertili O-sadmi p

impulsis mimarTulebiT moZraobs, misi r mdebareobis
veqtori O-s garSemo brunavs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
O-s garSemo kuTxuri impulsis arsebobisaTvis aucile-
beli ar aris nivTieri wertili O-s garSemo Tavad
(a)
brunavdes. 11.14 da 11.18 formulebis Tanaxmad kuTxur
impulssa da wrfiv impulss Soris iseTive kavSiria,
rogoric Zalis momentsa da Zalas Soris. SI sistemaSi
kuTxuri impulsis erTeulia kg·m2/wm an j·wm.

11.12 suraTze gamosaxuli  kuTxuri impulsis veq

toris mimarTulebis dasadgenad p veqtoris saTave
O aTvlis saTaves davamTxvioT. Semdeg marjvena
 xelis
wesi gamoviyenoT da gaSlili cera TiTi  veqtoris

mimarTulebas daemTxveva. 11.12 suraTze,  veqtori z (b)
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. dadebiTi mimarTuleba sur. 11.12. kuTxuri impulsis gansaz
 Rvra. A wertilze gamavali nivTieri
z RerZis garSemo r mdebareobis veqtoris saaTis isris   
wertili wrfivi impulsia p ( = mν)) da p
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunvasTan
 veqtori xy sibrtyeSi Zevs. nivTieri
SesabamisobaSia (  veqtoris uaryofiTi mimarTuleba z wertilis kuTxuri impulsi
   O aTvlis sa

RerZis garSemo r mdebareobis veqtoris saaTis isris Tavis mimarT aris ( = r × p ) . marjvena
xelis wesis Tanaxmad, kuTxuri impul
mimarTulebiT brunvasTan iqneboda SesabamisobaSi).
 sis veqtori z RerZis dadebiTi mimar

 -is sididis gamoTvlisTvis 3.27 formula gamoviyenoT: Tulebisaa. a)  -is sididea rp┴ = rmν┴.

b)  -is sididea r┴ p = r┴mν.
 = rmν sin φ, (11.19)
 
sadac φ aris kuTxe r da p veqtorebs Soris, rodesac maTi saTaveebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. 11.12a
suraTidan gamomdinare, 11.19 formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
 = rp┴ = rmν┴ , (11.20)

 
sadac p┴ aris p impulsis veqtoris r -isadmi perpendikularuli komponenti, xolo ν┴ –

siCqaris veqtoris r -isadmi perpendikularuli komponenti. 11.12b suraTidan gamomdinare,
11.19 formula aseTi saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
ℓ = r┴ p = r┴mν, (11.21)


sadac r┴ aris perpendikularuli manZili O-sa da p -s gagrZelebas Soris.
iseve rogorc Zalis momentis SemTxvevaSi, kuTxur impulssac mxolod garkveuli aTvlis
saTavisadmi aqvs azri. ufro metic, Tu 11.12 suraTze gamosaxuli nivTieri wertili an nivTieri
 
wertilis p wrfivi impulsi xy sibrtyeSi ar mdebareobs, maSin  kuTxuri impulsi z RerZis
paraleluri ar iqneba. kuTxuri impulsis veqtoris mimarTuleba yovelTvis mdebareobis da
wrfivi impulsis mier Seqmnili sibrtyis perpendikularulia.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTis

a) nawilze, pirveli da meore niv
Tieri wertili O wertilis gar
Semo, 2m da 4m radiusis wreebze
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
(a) (b)
moZraobs. suraTis b) nawilze, mesame
da meoTxe nivTieri wertilebi O wertilidan 4 m da 2 m manZilze wrfivad da erTi da igive
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. mexuTe nivTieri wertili O-ze gamaval wrfeze moZraobs. xuTive
nivTieri wertilis masa da siCqare Tanabaria. a) nivTieri wertilebi O wertilis garSemo
maTi kuTxuri impulsis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. b) romel nivTier wertils aqvs
uaryofiTi kuTxuri impulsi O wertilis garSemo?

11.13 suraTze gamosaxulia horizontaluri
traeqtoriiT da mudmivi impulsiT moZravi
ori nivTieri wertili. pirveli nivTieri
wertilis impulsia p1 = 5 kg · m/wm, mdebareobis

veqtoriar1 , xolo perpendikularuli manZili

O wertilsa da p1 -is mimarTulebis Soris sur. 11.13. ori nivTieri wertili O wertilTan axlos
moZraobs.
r1┴ = 2 m. meore nivTieri wertilis impulsia

p2 = 2 kg · m/wm, mdebareobis veqtoria r2 da
brunvasTan SesabamisobaSia. aqedan gamomdi
da r2┴ = 4 m. ra sidide da mimarTuleba aqvs
 nare, pirveli nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri
nivTier wertilTa sistemis jamur L kuTxur impulsis veqtoria:
impulss O wertilis garSemo?
 ℓ1 = +10 kg·m /wm 2
  
amoxsna: L -is gamoTvlisTvis 1 da  2 kuT 2 veqtoris sididea:
xuri impulsebi cal-calke unda gamovTva
ℓ2 = r2 ┴ p2 = (4 m)(2 kg·m/wm) = 8 kg·m2/wm
loT da Semdeg SevkriboT. impulsebis sididis  
gamoTvlisTvis 11.18-11.21 formulebi Segvi r2 × p2 veqtoruli namravli saxelmZRvanelos
Zlia gamoviyenoT. 11.21 formula yvelaze gverdiskenaa mimarTuli da uaryofiTi

ufro martivia, vinaidan mocemuli gvaqvs mimarTulebisaa. es Sedegi r2 mdebareobis
r1┴ (= 2 m) da r2┴ (= 4 m) perpendikularuli veqtoris O wertilis garSemo saaTis isris
manZilebi da p1 da p2 impulsis sidideebi. mimarTulebiT brunvasTan SesabamisobaSia.
11.21 formula pirveli nivTieri wertilis- maSasadame, meore nivTieri wertili kuTxuri
Tvis gvaZlevs: impulsis veqtoria:
ℓ1 = r1┴p1 = (2 m)(5 kg · m/wm) = 10 kg · m2/wm ℓ2 = –8 kg·m2/wm


1 -is mimarTulebis dasadgenad 11.18 for nivTier wertilTa sistemis jamuri kuTxuri
 
mulas da marjvena xelis wess viyenebT. r1 × p1 impulsia:
veqtoruli namravli saxelmZRvanelos gver L = ℓ1 + ℓ2 = +10 kg·m2/wm + (–8 kg·m2/wm)

didan mkiTvelisken aris mimarTuli da 11.13 = 2 kg·m2/wm (pasuxi)
suraTis sibrtyis perpendikularulia. da
 dadebiTi pasuxi niSnavs, rom O wertilis
debiTi mimarTuleba nivTieri wertilis r1 garSemo sistemis jamuri kuTxuri impulsi
mdebareobis veqtoris O wertilis garSemo
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis gareT (mkiTxveli
saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
saken) aris mimarTuli.
11.8. niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri forma 379
11.8. niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri forma

qvemoT mocemuli formuliT Cawerili niutonis meore kanoni erTi nivTieri wertilisTvis
Zalasa da wrfiv impulss Soris damokidebulebas asaxavs:
(erTi nivTieri wertili) (11.22)

wrfiv da kuTxur impulsebs Soris sakmarisi msgavsebebi aRmovaCineT, raTa davrwmundeT, rom
Zalis momentsa da kuTxur impulss Sorisac mWidro kavSiria. 11.22 formulidan gamomdinare:
(erTi nivTieri wertili) (11.23)
11.23 formula niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri formaa erTi nivTieri wertilisTvis:
nivTier wertilze moqmedi yvela Zalis momentis veqtoruli jami am nivTieri wertilis
kuTxuri impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempis tolia.

11.23 formulas azri ara aqvs, Tu Zalis momenti da  kuTxuri impulsi erTi da igive aTvlis
saTavisadmi ar aris gansazRvruli.

nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi 11.18 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
,

sadac r aris nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis veqtori, xolo - nivTieri wertilis siCqare.
formulis TiToeuli mxris diferencireba t droiT mogvcems:

d  d dr
= m( r × + ×  ). (11.24)
dt dt dt
 
d /dt nivTieri wertilis a aCqarebaa, xolo dr /dt nivTieri wertilis siCqare. aqedan
gamomdinare, 11.24 formula Semdegi saxes iRebs:
d  
= m( r × a +  ×  ).
dt
 ×   = 0 (veqtoris sakuTar TavTan veqtoruli namravli nulis tolia, vinaidan veqtorebs
Soris kuTxe nulia). es gvaZlevs:
d    
= m( r × a ) =  r × ma .
dt
 
amjerad niutonis meore kanonis saSualebiT (  =  ma ) ma nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalebis
veqtoruli jamiT SevcvaloT da miviRebT:
d  

dt
=  × = ∑ (r × F ). (11.25)
 
∑ simbolo niSnavs, rom r × F veqtoruli namravli yvela ZalisTvis unda Seikribos. 11.14
formulidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli veqtoruli namravli erT ZalasTan dakavSirebuli Zalis
momentia. maSasadame, 11.25 formula gvauwyebs:
11.23 formula damtkicebulia.

sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia nivTieri


wertilis r mdebareobis veqtori garkveul momentSi
da nivTieri wertilis amaCqarebeli Zalis oTxi SesaZlo
mimarTuleba. oTxive SemTxvevaSi Zala xy sibrtyeSi moqmedebs.
a) Zalebi O wertilis garSemo nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri
impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempis (d /dt ) mixedviT dididan
mcireze daalageT. b) romeli Zala gamoiwvevs cvlilebis
uaryofiT temps?

11.14 suraTze, m masis pingvini A wertilidan
vardeba. A wertili xyz koordinatTa sistemis
O aTvlis saTavidan D horizontalur man-
Zilze mdebareobs (z RerZi suraTis sibrtyis
SigniT aris mimarTuli _ simbolo ).

a) ra  kuTxuri impulsi aqvs pingvins O
wertilis garSemo?
amoxsna: pingvini nivTier wertilad SegviZlia

    kuTxuri impulsi 11.18
ganvixiloT, romlis

formuliT (  = r × p ) gamoiTvleba, sadac r

aris pingvinis mdebareobis veqtori, xolo p
– pingvinis wrfivi impulsi. miuxedavad wrfivi
moZraobisa, pingvins O wertilis garSemo
kuTxuri impulsi aqvs, vinaidan vardnis dros

r veqtori O wertilis garSemo brunavs. sur. 11.14. pingvini A wertilidan vertikalurad

 -is sididis gamoTvlisTvis 11.19-11.21 vardeba. pingvinis Zalis momenti da  kuTxuri
formulebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. am Sem impulsi O aTvlis saTavis mimarT suraTis sibrtyisken
arian mimarTuli.
TxvevaSi, 11.21 formula yvelaze martivia,

vinaidan O-sa da p veqtoris gagrZelebas veqtori z RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT,
Soris r┴ perpendikularuli manZili amocanaSi

sibrtyiskenaa mimarTuli.  veqtori dro
mocemuli D manZilia. garda amisa, vardnilis Si mxolod sidides icvlis, xolo misi mimar
sagnis siCqare t droSi aris ν = gt. yovelive Tuleba ucvlelia.
zemoTqmulis Semdeg, 11.21 formula aseTi 
saxiT SegviZlia CavweroT.
b) ra Zalis momenti moqmedebs pingvinze Fg
mizidulobis Zalis Sedegad O aTvlis saTavis
 = r┴mν = Dmgt (pasuxi) garSemo?

 -is mimarTulebis dasadgenad marjvena amoxsna: Zalis momenti 11.14 formuliT (
     
xelis wesi 11.18 formulaSi mocemuli r × p τ = r × F ) gamoiTvleba, sadac F -is nacvlad
 
veqtoruli namravlisTvis gamoviyenoT. p Fg Zala gvaqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom

veqtoris saTave gonebiT aTvlis saTaves pingvini wrfivad moZraobs, Fg Zala pingvinze

daamTxvieT da Semdeg marjvena xelis TiTebis mabrunebel moments iwvevs, vinaidan r
 
daxmarebiT r veqtori p veqtorisken um veqtori O-s garSemo brunavs.
ciresi kuTxiT miabruneT. gaSlili cera veqtoris sididis gamoTvlisTvis 11.14
TiTi suraTis sibrtyeskenaa mimarTuli da formulidan miRebuli skalaruli formu
  
maSasadame r × p veqtoruli namravli da  lebi anu 11.15-11.17 formulebi SegviZlia
11.9. nivTier wertilTa sistemis kuTxuri impulsi 381
gamoviyenoT. 11.17 formula (τ = r┴F) yve (  = d /dt) unda modiodes SesabamisobaSi.

laze martivia, vinaidan O-sa da Fg Zalis miRebuli pasuxebis Sesamowmeblad 11.23
moqmedebis wrfes Soris r┴ perpendikula- formula z RerZisTvis komponenturi formiT
ruli manZili amocanaSi mocemuli D manZilia. CavweroT da  = Dmgt pasuxi SevitanoT:

11.17 formulaSi D-s Casma da Fg Zalis d(Dmgt)
τ=d = = Dmg ,
nacvlad mg-s Setana mogvcems: dt dt
τ = DF = Dmg (pasuxi) miviReT -s sididis gamosaTvleli for
 
g
mula. mimarTulebebis Sesamowmeblad gavi
r × F veqtoruli namravlisTvis marjvena
TvaliswinoT, rom 11.23 formulis Tanaxmad
xelis wesi gamoviyenoT da davadgenT, rom
 da d /dt veqtorebs erTi da igive mimarTuleba
veqtori  veqtoris msgavsad z RerZis
aqvT. maSasadame, da veqtorebsac erTi da
uaryofiTi mimarTulebisaa .
igive mimarTuleba unda hqondeT da miRebuli
amocanis a) da b) SekiTxvebze miRebuli pasuxi
pasuxi amas amtkicebs kidec.
niutonis meore kanonis kuTxur formasTan
11.9. nivTier wertilTa sistemis kuTxuri impulsi

amjerad Cvens yuradRebas aTvlis saTavis mimarT nivTier wertilTa sistemis kuTxur impulss
 
mivapyrobT. sistemis jamuri L kuTxuri impulsi calkeuli nivTieri wertilebis  kuTxuri
impulsebis veqtoruli jamia:
(11.26)
calkeul nivTier wertilTa kuTxuri impulsi sistemis SigniT urTierTqmedebis an gare


zegavlenis Sedegad droSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. L -is cvlilebis gamoTvlisTvis 11.26 formula
droiT unda gavawarmooT:
(11.27)
11.23 formulidan gamomdinare, sidide i rigis nivTier wertilze moqmedi jamuri Zalis
,i
momentis tolia. maSasadame, 11.27 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
  . (11.28)
,i

es niSnavs, rom sistemis L kuTxuri impulsis cvlilebis tempi calkeul nivTier wertilebze
moqmedi Zalis momentebis veqtoruli jamia. momentebSi Sedis rogorc Sida Zalis momentebi
(nivTier wertilTa Soris moqmedi ZalebiT gamowveuli), aseve gare mabruni momentebi (sistemis
gare sxeulebidan nivTier wertilebze moqmedi ZalebiT gamowveuli). nivTier wertilebs Soris
moqmedi Zalebi mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvilebs qmnis da maTi momentebis jami nulis tolia. aqedan

gamomdinare, sistemis jamur L kuTxur impulss mxolod gare Zalis momentebi cvlis.
modiT iyos jamuri gare mabruni momenti anu sistemis nivTier wertilebze moqmedi yvela
gare Zalis momentis veqtoruli jami. 11.28 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
(nivTier wertilTa sistema) (11.29)
11.29 formula niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri formaa:
nivTier wertilTa sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis momenti sistemis jamuri

L kuTxuri impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempis tolia.
11.29 formula 9.23 formulis ( ) analogiuria, oRond Zalis momentebi da sistemis

kuTxuri impulsi erTi da igive aTvlis saTavis mimarT unda gaizomos. Tu sistemis masis centri
aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi ar Cqardeba, maSin aTvlis saTave nebismieri wertili SeiZleba
iyos. Tu sistemis masis centri Cqardeba, aTvlis saTaved mxolod masis centri SegviZlia
miviCnioT. magaliTad, miviCnioT borbali nivTier wertilTa sistemad. Tu borbali miwis mimarT
uZravi RerZis garSemo brunavs, maSin 11.29 formulis gamoyenebisTvis saWiro aTvlis saTave
miwisadmi uZravi nebismieri wertili SeiZleba iyos. Tu borbali aCqarebuli RerZis garSemo
brunavs (magaliTad, rodesac borbali daxril sibrtyeze gordeba), maSin aTvlis saTaved
mxolod borblis masis centri SegviZlia miviCnioT.
11.10. fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi

am paragrafSi nivTier wertilTa sistemisgan Semdgari myari sxeulis kuTxur impulss ganvixi-
lavT, rodesac myari sxeuli fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo brunavs. 11.15a suraTze naCvenebia
amgvari sxeuli. brunvis fiqsirebuli RerZi z RerZia da sxeuli mis garSemo mudmivi ω kuTxuri
siCqariT brunavs. Cven sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi am RerZis garSemo unda gamovTvaloT.
kuTxur impulss sxeulis masuri elementebis kuTxuri

impulsebis z komponentebis SekrebiT gamovTvliT. 11.15a
suraTze, Δmi masis tipuri masuri elementi z RerZis
garSemo wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs. masuri elementis

mdebareoba O aTvlis saTavis mimarT ri mdebareobis
veqtoris saSualebiT dgindeba. masuri elementis wriuli
traeqtoriis radiusia r┴i anu perpendikularuli manZili
elementsa da z RerZs Soris.

masuri elementis i kuTxuri impulsi O-s mimarT 11.19
i = (ri) (pi)(sin 90°) = (ri)(Δ mi vi),

sadac pi da νi masuri elementis wrfivi impulsi da wrfivi
 
(a) siCqarea, xolo 90° kuTxe ri da pi veqtorebs Sorisaa.

11.15a suraTze gamosaxuli masuri elementis i kuTxuri
impulsis veqtori 11.15b suraTzea naCvenebia. misi
 
mimarTuleba ri da pi veqtorebis perpendikularulia.

Cven i kuTxuri impulsis brunvis RerZisadmi anu,
am SemTxvevaSi, z RerZisadmi paraleluri komponenti
gvainteresebs:
iz = i sin θ = (ri sin θ)(Δ mi vi) = r┴i Δ mi vi .

(b)
mbrunavi myari sxeulis kuTxuri impulsis z komponenti
sur. 11.15. a) myari sxeuli z RerZis
garSemo ω kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs.
sxeulis Semadgeneli masuri elementebis kuTxuri
sxeulis Δmi masis masuri elementi impulsebis z komponentebis Sekrebis Sedegad gamoiTvleba.
z RerZis garSemo r┴i radiusis wreze vinaidan ν=ωr┴:
brunavs. masuri elementis wrfivi

impulsia p i da misi mdebareoba O
 Lz = iz =  mi vi r┴i = Δ mi(ωr┴i) r┴i
aTvlis saTavis mimarT ri mdebareobis
( )
veqtoriT dgindeba. masuri elementi
naCvenebia, rodesac r┴i radiusi x RerZis
 =ω Δ mi r┴i2 (11.30)
paraleluria. b) masuri elementis  i
kuTxuri impulsi O-sadmi. agreTve
naCvenebia  i -is ℓiz komponenti.
ω SegviZlia integrals gareT gavitanoT, vinaidan
mbrunavi myari sxeulis yvela wertilisTvis Tanabaria.
11.10 fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi 383
11.30 formulaSi Sesuli ∑

Dmi r┴i2 sidide sxeulis I brunviTi inerciaa fiqsirebuli RerZis
garSemo (ix. 10.33 formula). maSasadame, 11.30 formula martivdeba:
L = Iω (myari sxeuli, fiqsirebuli RerZi) (11.31)
11.31 formulaSi z indeqsi amovagdeT, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom am formuliT gamoTvlili
kuTxuri impulsi brunvis RerZis garSemo kuTxuri impulsia. garda amisa, I brunviTi inerciac
igive RerZis garSemo brunviTi inerciaa.
11.1 cxrili 10.3 cxrilis gagrZelebaa da wrfivi da kuTxuri sidideebis gamosaTvlel formulebs
gvTavazobs.
cxrili 11.1
gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis Sesabamisi cvladebi da maT Soris kavSirebia
gadataniTi moZraoba brunva
Zala F Zalis momenti τ (= r × F )
wrfivi impulsi P kuTxuri impulsi (= r × P )
wrfivi impulsib P(= ∑P) i kuTxuri impulsib L= ∑ i
wrfivi impulsib P = M v com kuTxuri impulsig L = Iω
niutonis meore kanonib niutonis meore kanonib
Senaxvis kanonid P = const Senaxvis kanonid L = const

a
ix. cxrili 10.3
b
nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis, maT Soris myari sxeulebisTvis
g
fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi sxeulisTvis, sadac L am RerZis gaswvrivi komponentia
d
daxuruli, izolirebuli sistemisTvis
sakontrolo wertili 6. suraTze gamosaxuli disko ferso myari sfero
disko, ferso da myari sfero maTze moxveuli Tokis

saSualebiT fiqsirebuli centraluri RerZebis

garSemo brunavs. Toki samive saganze mudmivi F
mxebi ZaliT moqmedebs. samive sagnis masa da radiusi
Sesabamisad erTi da igivea. sagnebi a) centraluri RerZebis garSemo kuTxuri impulsebis da
b) kuTxuri siCqareebis mixedviT, rodesac Tokebi t drois ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs, dididan
mcireze daalageT.

rensleris politeqnikuri universitetis 1,1×104 kg iyo, xolo mTliani borblis masa
kursdamTavrebulma jorj vaSington daaxloebiT 6×105 kg-s Seadgenda da masis
jeil feris umcrosma, 1893 wels, CikagoSi, umetesi nawili wriul badeze modioda.
gansakuTrebuli eSmakis borbali aago (sur. borbali erT srul bruns 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
11.16). im droisTvis gasaocari atraqcioni xis ωF kuTxuri siCqariT asrulebda.
36 kabinisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic 60 mgzavrs a) gamoTvaleT borblis da misi mgzavrebis
itevda. eSmakis borbali R = 38 m radiusis L kuTxuri impulsi, rodesac borbali ωF
wrewirze moZraobda. TiToeuli kabinis masa kuTxuri siCqariT brunavda
amoxsna: borbali, kabinebi da mgzavrebi

myar sagnad SegviZlia miviCnioT, romelic
fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo brunavs. am
SemTxvevaSi, sagnis kuTxuri impulsi 11.31
formuliT (L = Iω) gamoiTvleba. pasuxis
misaRebad sagnis ωF kuTxuri siCqare da I
brunviTi inercia gvWirdeba.
I-s gamoTvlisTvis Tavdapirvelad datvir
Tuli kabinebi gavaanalizoT. isini nivTier
wertilebad SegviZlia miviCnioT, romlebic
brunvis RerZidan R manZiliT arian daSo
rebuli. 10.33 formulidan gamomdinare, maTi
brunviTi inerciaa Ipc = MpcR2, sadac Mpc aris
kabinebis jamuri masa. davuSvaT 36-ve vagonSi
sur. 11.16. eSmakis borbali 1893 wels, Cikagos
60 mgzavria da TiToeulis masaa 70kg. maSin universitetTan axlos aages. atraqcioni garSemor
kabinebis jamuri masa iqneba: tymul Senobebs zemodan dahyurebs.
Mpc = 36(1,1 × 104kg + 60(70 kg)] = 5,47 × 105 kg

2π rad
ωF = = 0,0524 rad/wm
xolo maTi brunviTi inercia iqneba: (2wT)(60 wm/wT)
Ipc = MpcR2 = (5,47 × 105 kg)(38 m)2 = 7,9×108 kg · m2 L kuTxur impulss 11.31 formulis saSualebiT
gamovTvliT:
amjerad borblis struqtura ganvixiloT.
L = IωF = (1,22×109kg · m2)(0,0524radiani/wm)
davuSvaT, struqturis brunviT inercias
= 6,39×107kg · m2/wm ≈ 6,4×107kg · m2/wm (pasuxi)
wriuli bade iwvevs, romelzec kabinebia
damagrebuli. garda amisa davuSvaT, rom b) davuSvaT srulad datvirTuli borbali
bade R radiusis da Mferso = 3×105 kg (borblis Δt1 = 5wm drois SualedSi ωF kuTxur siCqares
masis naxevari) masis fersoa. 10.2a cxrilidan iZens. ra saSualo jamuri gare saS
Zalis
gamomdinare, fersos brunviTi inerciaa: momenti moqmedebs borbalze Δt1 drois Sua
ledSi?
Iferso=MfersoR2=(3×105kg)(38m)2=4,33×108kg · m2 amoxsna: saSualo jamuri gare Zalis momenti
kabinebis, mgzavrebis da fersos gaerTianebuli datvirTuli borblis kuTxuri impulsis
I brunviTi inerciaa: ΔL cvlilebas 11.29 formuliT ( )
I = Ipc + Iferso = 7,9 × 108kg · m2 + 4,33 × 108kg · m2 ukavSirdeba. borbali fiqsirebuli RerZis
garSemo brunavs da ωF siCqares Δt1 drois
= 1,22×109 kg · m2
SualedSi aRwevs, 11.29 formula
amitom
ωF brunvis siCqaris gamoTvlisTvis 10.5 for τsaS = ΔL/Δt1 saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros. ΔL cvli
mula (ωsaS = Δθ/Δt) gamoviyenoT. borblis
leba nulidan xdeba da amitom gveqneba:
kuTxuri gadaadgildeba Δt = 2wT drois Sua
ΔL 6,39 × 107 kg×m2/wm
ledSi aris Δθ = 2π radiani da gveqneba: τsaS = Δt = 5 wm
1
≈ 1,3 × 107 n · m (pasuxi)

11.11. kuTxuri impulsis mudmivoba 385
11.11. kuTxuri impulsis mudmivoba

Cven ukve SeviswavleT energiis da wrfivi impulsis Senaxvis kanonebi da amjerad kuTxuri
impulsis Senaxvis kanons ganvixilavT. daviwyoTY niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri formidan
( t ). Tu sistemaze jamuri gare Zalis momenti ar moqmedebs, niutonis meore kanoni
 = 0 saxes iRebs anu:

L = mudmiva (izolirebuli sistema) (11.32)
miRebul Sedegs kuTxuri impulsis Senaxvis kanoni ewodeba:
( jamuri kuTxuri impulsi

ti sawyis dros
 
) (
=
jamuri kuTxuri impulsi
tf raime sxva dros )
anu Li = L f (izolirebuli sistema) (11.33)
11.32 da 11.33 formulebis Tanaxmad:


Tu sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis momenti nulis tolia, sistemis L kuTxuri
impulsi mudmivia da sistemis SigniT momxdar cvlilebebs mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
11.32 da 11.33 formulebi veqtoruli saxiT aris Cawerili

da maTi eqvivalenturi sami komponenturi formula
arsebobs, romelic kuTxuri impulsis Senaxvis princips
sami urTierTperpendikularuli mimarTulebiT asaxavs.
sistemis kuTxuri impulsi SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi an
ori mimarTulebiT Seinaxos da ara samive mimarTulebiT,
rac sistemaze moqmed Zalis momentzea damokidebuli:
Tu sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis momentis

romelime RerZis gaswvrivi komponenti nulis
tolia, maSin sistemis kuTxuri impulsis am RerZis
gaswvrivi komponenti mudmivia da sistemis SigniT
momxdar cvlilebebs mniSvneloba ar aqvs. (a)
impulsis mudmivobis kanoni 11.15 suraTze gamosaxul

izolirebul sxeuls SegviZlia mivusadagoT, romelic
z RerZis garSemo brunavs. davuSvaT, myari sxeuli masas
brunvis RerZisadmi gadaanawilebs da am RerZis garSemo
misi brunviTi inercia icvleba. 11.32 da 11.33 formulebis
Tanaxmad, sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi ar icvleba. 11.31
formulis 11.33 formulaSi Casma kuTxuri impulsis
Senaxvis kanonis axal saxes mogvcems:
Ii ωi = If  ωf (11.34)
11.34 formulaSi i da f indeqsebi I brunviTi inerciis da ω (b)

kuTxuri siCqaris mniSvnelobebs masis gadanawilebamde da
sur. 11.17. a) students brunvis RerZis
gadanawilebis Semdeg gvaZlevs. garSemo SedarebiT meti brunviTi
energiis da wrfivi impulsis Senaxvis kanonis msgavsad inercia da SedarebiT naklebi kuTxuri
siCqare aqvs. b) brunviTi inerciis
11.32 da 1.33 formulebic niutoniseuli meqanikiT ar
SemcirebasTan erTad studentis kuT
Semoifargleba. es formulebi sinaTlis siCqaresTan xuri siCqare izrdeba. mbrunavi sistemis

miaxloebuli siCqariT moZrav nivTier wertilebsac L kuTxuri impulsi ar icvleba.
miesadageba da qventuri fizikis `samefoSic~, nawila

kebisTvisac gamodgeba. kuTxuri impulsis Senaxvis kanonis
gamonaklisi aRmoCenili ar aris.
modiT, am kanonTan dakavSirebuli, oTxi magaliTi
ganvixiloT.
1. mbrunavi moxalise. 11.17 suraTze gamosaxuli
studenti vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad
mbrunav skamze zis. studenti moZraobas sawyisi ωi
kuTxuri siCqariT iwyebs da gaSlili xelebiT ori

hanteli uWiravs. misi L kuTxuri impulsis veqtori
vertikaluri brunvis RerZis gaswvriv Zevs da maRlaa
mimarTuli.
Semdeg, instruqtoris TxovniT, studenti xelebs Ru
navs da misi brunviTi inercia Ii-dan If-mde mcirdeba,
vinaidan masa brunvis RerZs uaxlovdeba. brunvis 
sur. 11.18. mxtomelis L kuTxuri
kuTxuri siCqare ωi-dan ωf-mde SesamCnevad izrdeba. impulsi mudmivia da suraTis sibrtyis
studenti kvlav Seneldeba, Tu xelebs gaSlis da perpendikularulad aris mimarTuli.
mxtomelis masis centri paraboluri
hantelebs daiWers.
traeqtoriiT moZraobs.
studentisgan, skamisgan da hantelebisgan Semdgar
sistemaze jamuri gare Zalis momenti ar moqmedebs.
maSasadame, sistemis kuTxuri impulsi brunvis RerZis garSemo mudmivia da hantelebiT
Sesrulebul manevrebs mniSvneloba ar aqvs. 11.17a suraTze, studentis ωi kuTxuri siCqare
SedarebiT dabalia, xolo Ii brunviTi inercia SedarebiT maRali. 11.34 formulis Tanaxmad,
11.17b suraTze stundetis kuTxuri siCqare metia da Semcirebul If brunviT inercias
akompensirebs.
2. tramplinidan mxtomeli. 11.18 suraTze gamosaxulia tramplinidan wyalSi mxtomelis
moZraoba. misi masis centri paraboluri traeqtoriiT moZraobs. tramplinidan gadmoxtomisas

mxtomels masis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo L
kuTxuri impulsi aqvs. kuTxuri impulsi 11.18 suraTis
sibrtyisken mimarTuli, saxelmZRvanelos gverdisadmi
perpendikularuli veqtoriTaa warmodgenili. haerSi
yofnis dros mxtomelis masis centris garSemo jamuri
gare Zalis momenti ar moqmedebs da, amitom, masis
centris garSemo kuTxuri impulsi ar icvleba. xelebis
(a)
da fexebis moRunvis Sedegad mxtomeli RerZis garSemo
brunviT inercias mniSvnelovnad amcirebs da 11.34
formulis Tanaxmad kuTxuri siCqares zrdis. xtomis
ukanasknel stadiaSi, gaSlili mxtomelis brunviTi
inercia izrdeba, xolo brunvis kuTxuri siCqare
mcirdeba da wyalSi Caxtomas Sxefebi Tan ar axlavs. (b)
ufro rTuli ileTis SemTxvevaSic ki mxtomelis sur. 11.19. a) idealizebuli kosmo
kuTxuri impulsis sidide da mimarTuleba mudmivia. suri xomaldi mqnevaraTia aRWurvili.
Tu mqnevara saaTis isris moZraobis
3. kosmosuri xomaldis orientireba. 11.19 suraTze mimarTulebiT brunavs, kosmosuri xo
gamosaxul kosmosur xomaldze mqnevaraa damagrebuli. maldi saaTis isris moZraobis sawi
suraTze naCvenebia xomaldis mimarTulebis kontrolis naaRmdego mimarTulebiT brundeba.
b) rodesac mqnevara Cerdeba, kosmosuri
sqema. kosmosuri xomaldi da mqnevara izolirebul
xomaldi brunvas wyvets da Δθ kuTxiT
sistemas qmnis. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sistemis jamuri Semotrialebuli rCeba.

L kuTxuri impulsi kosmosuri xomaldis an mqnevaras uZraobis Sedegad nulis tolia, maSin
is nulis toli unda darCes (vidre sistema izolirebulia).
kosmosuri xomaldis mimarTulebis SecvlisTvis mqnevara brunavs (sur. 11.19a). kosmosuri
xomaldi brunvas sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT iwyebs, raTa sistemis kuTxuri impulsi nuli
darCes. rodesac mqnevara Cerdeba, kosmosuri xomaldi brunvas wyvets, magram mimarTuleba
ukve Secvlili aqvs (sur. 11.19b). mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi sistemis kuTxuri impulsi
nulis tolia.
1986 wels, kosmosuri xomaldis Voyager 2-is planeta uranisken frenis dros, mqnevara
kosmosur xomalds arasasurvel mimarTulebas aZlevda, rogorc ki xomaldis magnitofoni
maRal siCqareze CairTveboda. momsaxure personali iZulebuli gaxda bortze mdebare
kompiuteri daeprogramebina, raTa mas magnitofonis CarTvis an gamorTvis dros raketis
Zrava CaerTo.
4. varskvlavi, romelic daujereblad pataravdeba. rodesac varskvlavis birTvSi cecxli
Cndeba, man SeiZleba ngreva daiwyos. ngreva imdenad Soris midis, rom magaliTad, mzis toli
radiusis mqone varskvlavis radiusi ramdenime kilometramde SeiZleba Semcirdes. amis
Semdeg varskvlavi neitronis varskvlavi xdeba da misi nivTiereba neitronis Zalian mkvriv
airSi iyris Tavs.

dapataravebis procesis dros varskvlavi izolirebuli sistemaa da misi L kuTxuri
impulsi ar icvleba. varskvlavis brunviTi inercia Zalian mcirdeba, xolo kuTxuri siCqare
Zalian izrdeba da wamSi 600-dan 800 brunamde aRwevs. SedarebisTvis getyviT, rom mze TveSi
daaxloebiT erT bruns asrulebs.
sakontrolo wertili 7. xoWo mbrunavi diskos fersoze zis. Tu xoWo diskos centrisken
gadava, xoWosa da diskosgan Semdgari sistemis a) brunviTi inercia, b) kuTxuri impulsi da
g) kuTxuri siCqare gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?

11.20a suraTze naCvenebia vertikaluri
RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad mbrunav skam
ze mjdomi studenti. students xelSi
velosipedis borbali uWiravs. borblis Iwh
brunviTi inercia centrluri RerZis garSemo
aris 1,2 kg · m2 da borbali ωwh = 3,9 br/wT
kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis isris moZraobis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. bor
blis RerZi vertikaluria da borblis wh
kuTxuri impulsi mimarTulia vertikalurad

maRla. Semdeg studenti borbals amoatria
(a) (b)
lebs (sur. 11.20b) da borbali saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunvas iwyebs.
amjerad borblis kuTxuri impulsia – wh.
borblis amobrunebis Semdeg studenti, skami

da borblis centri erTiani myari sxeulis (g)
msgavsad skamis brunvis RerZis garSemo sur. 11.20. a) students vertikaluri RerZis garSemo
brunavs da maTi brunviTi inerciaa Ib = 6,8 kg·m2 mbrunavi velosipedis borbali uWiravs. b) studenti
borbals amoabrunebs da TviTonac brunvas iwyebs.
(sakuTari centris garSemo borblis brunvaze
g) sistemis jamuri kuTxuri impulsi orive SemTxvevaSi
erTiani sxeulis masis ganawileba gavlenas ar Tanabaria.
axdens da miuxedavad imisa, borbali brunavs Senaxvis kanoni veqtorebis saSualebiTaa

Tu ara, Ib-s mniSvneloba erTi da igivea). ra warmodgenili. impulsis Senaxvis kanoni ver
ωb kuTxuri siCqariT da ra mimarTulebiT tikaluri RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebis
brunavs erTiani sxeuli borblis amobrunebis saSualebiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
Semdeg?
Lb,f + Lwh,f = Lb,i + Lwh,i , (11.35)
amoxsna:
sadac i da f indeqsebi sawyis (borblis amo
1. CvenTvis saintereso ωb kuTxur siCqares brunebamde) da saboloo mdgomareobebs asa

da sxeulis saboloo Lb kuTxur impulss xaven. borblis amobrunebis Sedegad kuTxuri
skamis brunvis RerZis garSemo 11.31 impulsis veqtori trialdeba da Lwh,f-s
formula (L = Iω) akavSirebs. nacvlad –Lwh,f-s vsvamT. Tu davuSvebT, rom
2. borblis sawyis ωwh kuTxuri siCqares da cen Lb,i=0 (vinaidan studenti, magida da borblis
tris garSemo borblis brunvis wh kuTxur centri Tavdapirvelad ar moZraobda), 11.35
impulss igive formula akavSirebs. formula mogvcems:

3. Lb da wh veqtorebis veqtoruli Sekreba Lb,f = 2Lwh,i
studentis, skamisa da borblisgan Sed 11.31 formulis gamoyenebiT Lb,f-s nacvlad Ibωb

genili sistemis jamur Ltot kuTxur impulss SevitanoT, xolo Lwh,i-s nacvlad Iwhωwh CavsvaT
gvaZlevs. da ωb-sTvis amovxsnaT:
4. borblis Setrialebis Semdeg sistemaze 2Lwh
jamuri gare Zalis momenti ar moqmedebs ωb = I ωwh
 b
da vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Ltot (2)(1,2 kg·m2)(3,9 brun/wm)
kuTxuri impulsi ar icvleba (studentsa = 6,8 kg·m2 = 1,4 brun/wm
da borbals Soris moqmedi Zalebis Sedegad (pasuxi)
miRebuli Zalis momentebi sistemis Sida dadebiTi pasuxi miuTiTebs, rom studenti
Zalis momentebia). aqedan gamomdinare, skamis RerZis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis
nebismieri vertikaluri RerZis garSemo sawinaaRdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. Tu
jamuri kuTxuri impulsi mudmivia.
 students brunvis Sewyveta surs, maSin man
11.20g suraTze, Ltot kuTxuri impulsis borbali kidev erTxel unda amoabrunos.

(amocanis amoxsnis es nimuSi sakmaod rTulia, amovxsna SevZloT? pasuxis gasacemad SesaZlo
magram amave dros sasargebloa, vinaidan Senaxuli sidideebi gavaanalizoT:
Zalian did codnas uyris erTad Tavs). 1. jamuri K kinetikuri energia ar inaxeba,
11.21 suraTze, M masis da d = 0,5 m sigrZis vinaidan gundasa da Zelaks Soris Sejaxeba
oTxi erTgvarovani Zelaki vertikalur sruliad araelastiuria (gunda Zelaks
RerZTan xistadaa mimagrebuli da jvareds ekroba). aqedan gamomdinare, energiis
qmnis. jvaredi RerZis garSemo sawyisi nawili kinetikuri energiidan sxva saxeobis
ωi = –2 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis energiaSi (magaliTad, siTburSi) gadadis.
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs. igive mosazrebis gamo jamuri meqanikuri
1
Semdeg m = 3M masis talaxis gunda sawyisi energiac ar inaxeba.
νi = 12 m/wm siCqariT isroles. gunda naCvenebi 
2. jamuri P wrfivi impulsi ar inaxeba,
traeqtoriiT gadaadgilda da Zelakis erT
vinaidan Sejaxebis dros jvaredze, RerZisa
bolos miekro. ra saboloo ωf kuTxuri siCqare
da zedapiris damagrebis adgilze gare Zala
aqvs gunda-jvaredis sistemas?
moqmedebs (es Zala xels uSlis jvaredis
amoxsna: gaaCnia Tu ara sistemas iseTi sidide, zedapiris gaswvriv gadaadgilebas, ro
romelic Sejaxebis dros inaxeba da amave dros desac mas talaxis gunda xvdeba).
kuTxur siCqares Seicavs, raTa misi ωf-sTvis 
3. RerZis garSemo sistemis jamuri L kuTxuri
impulsi inaxeba, vinaidan jamuri gare

Zalis momenti L -s ar cvlis (Sejaxebis
dros moqmedi Zalebi mxolod Sida Zalis
momentebs warmoSoben. jvaredze moqmedi
gare Zala RerZzea modebuli, mas nulovani
brunvis
momentis mxari aqvs da gare Zalis moments RerZi
ar warmoSobs).
RerZis garSemo sistemis jamuri kuTxuri
impulsis Senaxvis kanoni (Lf =Li) ase SeiZleba
sur. 11.21. xistad damagrebuli oTxi Zelaki
Caiweros: centraluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad brunavs.
Lts,f + Lball,f = Lts,i + Lball,i , (11.36) suraTze naCvenebia talaxis gundis traeqtoria,
romelic erT-erTi Zelakis boloze ekroba.
sadac “ts” indeqsi jvareds aRniSnavs, xolo
“ball” indeqsi - gundas. saboloo ωf kuTxuri
formulaSi  aris Lball,i. Sejaxebisas RerZidan
siCqare Lts,f-s da Lball,f-s saSualebiTaa mocemuli,
gundis r radialuri daSoreba d-a, xolo
vinaidan saboloo kuTxuri impulsebi jva
gundis siCqaris r-sadmi perpendikularuli ν┴
redisa da gundis brunvis siCqarezea damo
komponenti νicos60°-s tolia.
kidebuli. ωf-s gamoTvlisTvis jer jvaredi
kuTxuri impulsis niSnis gasagebad mde
ganvixiloT, Semdeg gunda, bolos 11.36 for
bareobis veqtori jvaredis RerZidan gun
mulas mivubrundeT.
disken gavavloT. rodesac gunda jvareds
jvaredi: jvaredi mbrunavi myari sxeulia da
uaxlovdeba, mdebareobis veqtori misi
misi kuTxuri impulsi 11.31 formuliT (L = Iω)
RerZis garSemo saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego
gamoiTvleba. maSasadame, jvaredis saboloo
mimarTulebiT brunavs da gundis kuTxuri
da sawyisi kuTxuri impulsebi RerZis garSemo
impulsi dadebiTi sididea. amis Semdeg  =rmν┴
aris:
formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
Lts,f = Itsωf da Lts,i = Itsωi (11.37)
Lball,i = mdνi cos 60° (11.39)
jvaredi oTxi Zelakisgan Sedgeba. oTxive
Sejaxebis Semdeg, gunda d radiusis wreze
Zelaki sakuTari bolos garSemo brunavs da
mbrunavi nivTieri wertilis msgavsia. 10.33
jvaredis Its brunviTi inercia TiToeuli
Zelakis Irod brunviTi inerciis 4-ze namravlia.
formulidan (I = ∑m r i i
2
) gamomdinare,
RerZis garSemo Iball = md 2. 11.31 formulis
10.2e cxrilidan gamomdinare, centris gar
(L=Iω) daxmarebiT, burTis saboloo kuTxuri
Semo Zelakis Icom brunviTi inerciaa 1 Md 2,
12
impulsi RerZis garSemo amgvarad SeiZleba
sadac M aris Zelakis masa, xolo d - misi
gamoiTvalos:
sigrZe. Irod brunviTi inerciis misaRebad 10.36
formuliT (I = Icom+Mh2) mocemul paraleluri Lball,f = Iball ωf = md 2ωf (11.40)
RerZebis Teoremas viyenebT. am SemTxvevaSi h 11.36 formulaze dabruneba: 11.37-11.40 for
perpendikularuli manZilia d/2 da gveqneba: mulebi 11.35 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT
Irod = 12
1  Md 2 + M
()d
2
2
= 13  Md 2.
4
3 Md ωf +
 2 4
md 2ωf = 3 Md 2ωi + mdνi  cos 60°.
jvaredi oTxi Zelakisgan Sedgeba, amitom: SevitanoT M=3m da ωf-sTvis amovxsnaT:

1

4
Its = 3 Md 2. (11.38) ωf = (4dωi + νi  cos 60°)
5d
gunda: gunda Sejaxebamde wrfivad moZravi 1
= [4(0,5m)(–2rad/wm) + (12m/wm)(cos 60°)]
5(0,5 m)
nivTieri wertilia (sur. 11.12). RerZis
garSemo gundis sawyisi Lball,i kuTxuri impulsis = 0,8 rad/wm (pasuxi)
gamoTvlisTvis 11.18-11.21 formulebi Segvi
maSasadame, jvaredi saaTis isris moZraobis
Zlia gamoviyenoT, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi 11.20
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs.
formula (  = rmν┴) yvelaze martivia. am
11.12. giroskopis precesia

martivi giroskopi Reroze damagrebuli borbalia, romelic RerZis garSemo brunavs. Tu uZravi
giroskopis Reros erTi bolo 11.22a suraTis msgavsad sayrdens miamagres da giroskops xeli
gauSves, is sayrdenis wveris garSemo brunavs da qvemoT vardeba. vinaidan vardnas Tan brunva
axlavs, mas niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri forma miesadageba:
d
= (11.41)
dt
11.41 formulis Tanaxmad, qvemoT mimarTuli brunvis (vardnis) gamomwvevi Zalis momenti

giroskopis L kuTxur impulss 0-dan raime sxva mniSvnelobiT cvlis. giroskopis masis centrze

(romelsac borblis centradac miviCnevT) moqmedi Mg mizidulobis Zala Zalis moments

iwvevs. sayrdeni wverisadmi (11.22a suraTze O wertili) momentis mxari r -ia. Zalis momentis
sididea:
 τ = Mgr sin 90° = Mgr (11.42)
 
(vinaidan Mg -sa da r -s Soris kuTxea 90°). -is mimarTuleba
11.22a suraTzea naCvenebi.
swrafad mbrunavi giroskopi sxvagvarad moqmedebs.
davuSvaT, giroskopi maSin iwyebs moZraobas, rodesac
Rero odnav maRlaa gadaxrili. Tavdapirvelad giro
skopi brunavs da odnav qvemoT Camodis, xolo Semdeg
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo mbrunavi giroskopi O
sayrden wertilze gamavali vertikaluri RerZis garSemo
(a) iwyebs brunvas. amgvar moZraobas precesia ewodeba.
ratom ar vardeba mbrunavi giroskopi uZravi giroskopis
msgavsad? pasuxi is aris, rom mbrunav giroskopze moqmedi

Mg mizidulobis Zalis Sedegad gamowveulma Zalis
momentma sawyisi kuTxuri impulsi (nulis toli) ki ar
unda Secvalos, aramed brunvis Sedegad miRebuli raime
aranulovani, ukve arsebuli kuTxuri impulsi.
aranulovani sawyisi kuTxuri impulsi precesias iwvevs.

amis dasanaxad giroskopis brunvis Sedegad miRebuli L
(b) kuTxuri impulsi ganvixiloT. mdgomareobis gamarti
vebisTvis davuSvaT, rom brunvis tempis siswrafis gamo

precesiis Sedegad miRebuli kuTxuri impulsi L -Tan
SedarebiT umniSvneloa. aseve davuSvaT, rom precesiis

dawyebisas RerZi horizontaluria (sur. 11.22b). L -is
sidide 11.31 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
L = Iω, (11.43)
sadac I aris giroskopis brunviTi inercia RerZis garSemo,
(g)
xolo ω - borblis kuTxuri siCqare igive RerZis garSemo.
sur. 11.22. a) uZravi giroskopi Zalis 
momentis Sedegad brunavs da xz sibrtyeSi
L veqtori RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli (sur. 11.22b).
 
vardeba. b) kuTxuri impulsis mqone vinaidan L veqtori r -is paraleluria, Zalis momenti

swrafad mbrunavi giroskopi z RerZis L -is perpendikularulia.
garSemo precesias ganicdis. precesiuli
11.41 formulis Tanaxmad, mabruni momenti giroskopis
moZraoba xy sibrtyeSi xdeba. g) kuTxuri 
impulsis d /dt cvlileba O-s garSemo
kuTxur impulsis dL zrdas dt drois SualedSi iwvevs:
-is brunvas iwvevs.

dL = dt (11.44)
11.12. giroskopis precesia 391

miuxedavad amisa, swrafad mbrunavi giroskopis SemTxvevaSi L -is mniSvneloba fiqsirebulia.

aqedan gamomdinare, Zalis momenti mxolod L -is mimarTulebas cvlis da ara mis sidides.
 
11.44 formulidan gamomdinare, dL -is mimarTuleba -is mimarTulebas emTxveva da L -is
perpendikularulia. L sididis cvlilebis gareSe L -is mimarTulebis Secvlis erTaderTi
 
gza misi z RerZis garSemo brunvaa (sur. 11.22g). L inarCunebs sidides, L veqtori wriuli

traeqtoriiT moZraobs da veqtori yovelTvis am traeqtoriis mxebia. vinaidan L veqtori
yovelTvis RerZis gaswvriv unda iyos mimarTuli, borblis RerZi z RerZis garSemo -s
mimarTulebiT brunavs. swored am dros gvaqvs precesia. mbrunavi giroskopi niutonis kanons
emorCileba, amitom man precesia unda ganicados Camovardnis nacvlad.

11.44 da 11.42 formulebis saSualebiT dL -is sidide gamovTvaloT da Semdeg Ω precesiis temps
gamovTvliT:
dL = τdt = Mgr dt (11.45)
 
rodesac L garkveuli raodenobiT dt drois SualedSi izrdeba, Rero da L veqtori z RerZis
garSemo dφ kuTxiT precesias ganicdian (11.22g suraTze, dφ kuTxe sicxadisTvis gadidebulia).
11.43 da 11.45 formulebidan gamomdinare:
dL Mgr dt
dφ = = .
L Iω
es formula dt-ze gavyoT da Ω = dφ/dt aRniSvna SemoviRoT:
Mgr
Ω= (precesiis tempi) (11.46)
Iω
miRebuli formula sworia, Tu davuSvebT, rom brunvis ω tempi Zalian maRalia. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom ω-s zrdasTan erTad Ω mcirdeba. garda amisa, precesia ar iarsebebs, Tu

giroskopze Mg mizidulobis Zala ar imoqmedebs. vinaidan I brunviTi inercia M-is funqciaa,
11.46 formulaSi masa baTildeba da, maSasadame, Ω masaze damokidebuli ar aris.
11.46 formula aseve gamosadegia, rodesac mbrunavi giroskopis RerZi horizontalisadmi raime
kuTxes adgens.
mgoravi sxeulebi. Tanabrad mgoravi, R Semdegi kavSiria:

radiusis borblisTvis: acom = αR . (11.6)
νcom = ωR , (11.2) Tu borbali θ kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze
sadac νcom aris borblis masis centris wrfivi Tanabrad goravs, misi aCqareba x RerZis
siCqare, xolo ω – borblis kuTxuri siCqare gaswvriv aris:

g sin θ
centris garSemo. borbali aseve SegviZlia acom,x = – (11.10)
1 + Icom/MR2
miviCnioT zedapirisa da borblis Sexebis P

wertilis garSemo mbrunav sagnad. am wertilis Zalis momenti, rogorc veqtori. Zalis
garSemo borblis kuTxuri siCqare centris momenti fiqsirebuli wertilis (Cveulebriv,
garSemo borblis kuTxuri siCqaris tolia. aTvlis saTavis) mimarT gansazRvruli
mgoravi borblis kinetikuri energiaa: veqtoruli sididea:
1 1   
K = Icomω2 + M , (11.5) τ = r × F , (11.14)
2 2 
sadac Icom aris borblis brunviTi inercia sadac F aris nivTier wertilze modebuli

masis centris garSemo, xolo M – borblis Zala, xolo r – fiqsirebuli wertilis mi
masaa. Tu borbali Cqardeba, magram Tanabrad marT nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis gan

migoravs, maSin masis centris acom aCqarebasa msazRvreli mdebareobis veqtori. Zalis
da centris garSemo α kuTxur aCqarebas Soris momentis sididea:
τ = rF sin φ = rF┴ = r┴F , (11.15, 11.16, 11.17) nivTier wertilTa sistemis kuTxuri
impulsi. nivTier wertilTa sistemis
sadac φ aris kuTxe -sa da -s Soris, F┴ –
kuTxuri impulsi calkeuli nivTieri werti
-is -isadmi perpendikularuli kompo
lebis kuTxuri impulsebis veqtoruli jamia:
nenti, xolo r┴ – -is momentis mxari. -is
mimarTuleba marjvena xelis wesiT dgindeba. . (11.26)
nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi. kuTxuri impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempi

wrfivi impulsis, m masis da wrfivi siCqaris sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis momentis
mqone nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi tolia:
fiqsirebuli wertilis mimarT gansazRvruli
(nivTier wertilTa sistema) (11.29)
veqtoruli sididea:
= × = m( × ) (11.18) myari sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi. fiqsi

rebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxe
-is sididea:
ulis kuTxuri impulsi brunvis RerZisadmi
ℓ = rmν sin φ (11.19)
paraleluri komponentia:
= rp┴ = rmν┴ (11.20)
L = Iω (myari sxeuli, fiqsirebuli RerZi) (11.31)
= r┴p = r┴mν (11.21)
sadac φ aris kuTxe -sa da -s Soris, p┴ da kuTxuri impulsis mudmivoba. sistemis
ν┴ - -s da -s -isadmi perpendikularuli kuTxuri impulsi mudmivia, Tu sistemaze
komponentebi, xolo r┴ – perpendikularuli moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis momenti nulis
manZili fiqsirebul wertilsa da -s ga tolia:
grZelebas Soris. -is mimarTuleba veq = mudmiva (izolirebuli sistema) (11.32)

toruli namravlisTvis marjvena xelis wesiT an i = f (izolirebuli sistema) (11.33)
dgindeba. es aris kuTxuri impulsis Senaxvis kanoni.
niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri giroskopis precesia. mbrunavi
forma. nivTieri wertilisTvis niutonis giroskopi precesias mis sayrdenze gamavali
meore kanonis kuTxuri formaa: vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Semdegi tempiT
, (11.23) ganicdis:
Mgr
sadac aris nivTier wertilze moqmedi Ω= , (11.46)
Iω
jamuri Zalis momenti, xolo – nivTieri sadac M aris giroskopis masa, r – momentis
wertilis kuTxuri impulsi. mxari, I – brunviTi inercia, xolo ω – brunvis
kuTxuri siCqare.
SekiTxvebi
1. nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis veqto tilze moqmedebs ( 1 Zala suraTis sibrtyeSia
ris sidide garkveuli wertilis mimarT 3m- modebuli simbolo ). Zalebi maT mier
ia da nivTier wertilze 4n sididis Zala warmoqmnili Zalis momentis mixedviT a) P1
moqmedebs. ra kuTxea -sa da -s Soris, Tu wertilze, b) P2 wertilze da g) P3 wertilze
Zalis momenti dididan mcireze
a) nulis tolia da daalageT.
b) 12n · m-ia. 3. 11.24 suraTze
2. 11.23 suraTze, naCvenebia (1m,1m,0)
Tanabari sididis da (1m,0,1m) koor
sami Zala aTvlis dinatebze mdebare
saTaveze mdeba A da B wertilebi.
re nivTier wer samive nivTier wer sur. 11.24. SekiTxva 3.
393
tilze Tanabari sididis da RerZebis para jamuri kuTxuri impulsis mixedviT dididan
leluri sami Zala moqmedebs. a) romeli Zala mcireze daalageT.
warmoqmnis aTvlis saTavis garSemo Zalis 7. nivTieri wertilis ℓ(t) kuTxuri impulsia:
moments, romelic y RerZis paraleluria? 1) ℓ = 3t+4; 2) ℓ = –6t2; 3) ℓ = 2; 4) ℓ = 4/t. romel
b) Zalebi nivTier wertilze da aTvlis saTavis SemTxvevaSia nivTier wertilze moqmedi
garSemo warmoqmnili Zalis momentis mixedviT jamuri Zalis momenti a) nulis toli,
dididan mcireze daalageT. b) dadebiTi da mudmivi, g) uaryofiTi da
4. ra mosdis 11.25 suraTze gamosaxul uZrav zrdadi da d) uaryofiTi da klebadi?
io-ios, Tu mas Tokis saSualebiT a) 2 ZaliT 8. 11.28 suraTze naCvenebia borblis L kuTxuri
(moqmedebis wrfe magidasTan Sexebis wertilze impulsis t droze
gadis), b) 1 ZaliT d a m o k i d e b u l e b i s
(moqmedebis wrfe Se funqciis grafiki.
xebis wertilis zemoT suraTze miTiTebuli
gadis) da g) 3 ZaliT drois Sualedebi
(moqmedebis wrfe Sexe borbalze moqmedi
bis wertilis marjvniv Zalis momentis mixedviT dididan mcireze
gadis) ubiZgebT? daalageT.
5. 11.26 suraTze sur. 11.25. SekiTxva 4.
9. 11.29 suraTze naCvenebia O centris
naCvenebia mudmivi siCqariT moZravi nivTieri garSemo mbrunavi
wertili da xy koordinatTa sibrtyeSi mde marTkuTxa firfita.
bare xuTi wertili. wertilebi maT garSemo suraTze aseve na
nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsis mi Cvenebia uZrav fir-
xedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. fitaze misakrobi sur. 11.29. SekiTxva 9.
saReWi rezinebis
(Tanabari masis da siCqaris) moZraobis Svidi
traeqtoria. a) traeqtoriebi saReWi rezinis
mikrobis Semdeg firfitis kuTxuri siCqaris
mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. b)
romeli traeqtoriis SemTxvevaSi iqneba
firfitis kuTxuri impulsi O-s garSemo
uaryofiTi?
10. xoWo saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaR
6. 11.27 suraTze mdegod mbrunavi horizontaluri diskos
naCvenebia Tanabari fersoze zis. Tu xoWo fersoze brunvis
masis da Tanabari mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba, a) xoWo-
siCqariT moZravi diskos sistemis kuTxuri impulsi, b) xoWos
sami nivTieri wer kuTxuri impulsi da kuTxuri siCqare da
tili. a, b, c da d g) diskos kuTxuri siCqare da kuTxuri impulsi
wertilebi kvad gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?
rats qmnis da e d) ra pasuxebs miiRebT, Tu xoWo sapirispiro
wertili kvadratis centrSia. wertilebi maT mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba?
garSemo sami nivTieri wertilis sistemis
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions kinetikuri energiis ra nawilia RerZebis

Manual-Si. garSemo borblebis brunviT gamowveuli?
davuSvaT borblebs Tanabari masis da zomis
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- erTgvarovani diskoebis msgavsad Tanabari
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. brunviTi inerciebi aqvT. ratom ar aris
saWiro borblebis radiusebis codna? ILW
• – •••
amocanis sirTules ·6.11.30 suraTze,
10n sididis mu
paragrafi 11.2. gorva, rogorc gadata-
dmivi hori
niTi moZraobis da brunvis gaerTianeba
zontaluri Za
·1. 80km/sT siCqariT moZrav avtomobils 75sm la 10kg masis da
diametris saburavebi aqvs. a) ra kuTxuri 0,3m radiusis
siCqare aqvT saburavebs RerZebis garSemo? borbalze moq sur. 11.30. amocana 6.
b) Tu saburavebis 30-jer mobrunebis Semdeg medebs. borbali horizontalur zedapirze
manqana Cerdeba, ra kuTxuri aCqareba aqvT Tanabrad goravs da misi masis centris
borblebs? g) ra manZils gaivlis manqana aCqarebaa 0,5m/wm2. a) ra xaxunis Zala moqmedebs
damuxruWebis dros? borbalze erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
··2. manqana swor gzaze 80km/sT siCqariT x b) ra brunviTi inercia aqvs borbals masis
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. centrze gamavali brunvis RerZis garSemo?
TiToeuli saburavis diametria 66 sm. man ··7. 11.31 suraTze,
qanaSi mjdomi mgzavris mimarT ra siCqare 10sm radiusis da
aqvs saburavis a) centrs, b) zeda nawils da g) 12kg masis myari
qveda nawils da ra a aCqareba aqvs saburavis cilindri θ = 30°
d) centrs, e) zeda nawils da v) qveda nawils? kuTxiT daxril
siCqare erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT Cawe saxuravze L = 6 m
reT. gzis piras mjdomi adamianis mimarT ra manZilze srialis
siCqare aqvs saburavis z) centrs, T) zeda gareSe gordeba.
nawils da i) qveda nawils da ra a aCqareba aqvs a) ra kuTxuri
saburavis k) centrs, l) zeda nawils da m) qveda siCqare aqvs cilindrs centris garSemo,
nawils? siCqare erTeulovan-veqtoruli rodesac is saxuravidan vardeba? b) saxuravis
saxiT CawereT. kididan dedamiwamde H = 5 m manZilia.
paragrafi 11.4. gorvis Zalebi saxuravis kididan ra horizontalur manZilze
·3. 140 kg masis ferso horizontalur ze daecema cilindri dedamiwaze? ILW
dapirze goravs da fersos masis centris ··8. 0,28 g masis
siCqarea 0,15 m/wm. ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes burTi 11.32 sur
fersoze, raTa is gaCerdes? SSM aTze zedapirze
·4. erTgvarovani myari sfero daxril Tanabrad goravs.
sibrtyeze gordeba. a) sibrtyis rogori zedapiris wriuli
daxris kuTxis SemTxvevaSi iqneba sferos monakveTis radiu
centris wrfivi aCqareba 0,1g? b) Tu am kuTxiT sia R = 14 sm, xolo sur. 11.32. amocana 8.
daxril sibrtyeze bloki xaxunis gareSe burTis radiusi
Camosrialdeba, misi aCqareba 0,1g-ze meti r <<  R. a) risi tolia h simaRle, Tu burTi
iqneba, naklebi iqneba Tu igive iqneba? ratom? zedapiris wriuli monakveTis wverze asvlisas
Camovardnis zRvarzea? Tu burTi moZraobas
·5. 1000 kg masis manqanas 10 kg masis oTxi
borbali aqvs. manqanis moZraobis dros misi
h = 6R simaRlidan iwyebs, ra b) sididis da
395
g) mimarTulebis Zalis horizontaluri platoze, bolos saTamaSo dafaze vardeba,
komponenti moqmedebs burTze Q wertilSi? romelic swori zedapiris marjvena kididan
··9. 11.33 suraTze, d horizontalur manZilzea. vertikaluri
myari burTi Tana simaRleebia h1 = 5 sm da h2 = 1,6 sm. ra siCqariT
brad goravs (mo unda gauSvan P wertilidan burTi, raTa is
Zraobas H = 6 m si- d = 6 sm manZilze gaCerdes?
maRlidan iwyebs)
da Semdeg h = 2 m
simaRlidan varde sur. 11.33. amocana 9
ba. A wertilidan
ra horizontalur manZilze daecema burTi
miwaze? SSM sur. 11.36. amocana 12.
··10. 11.34 suraTze ···13. araerTgvarovani burTi. 11.37 suraTze,

naCvenebia 0,5kg ma M masis da R radiusis burTi daxril
sis da 6sm radiu sibrtyeze Tanabrad gordeba da Semdeg 0,48 m
sis sagnis ν siC radiusis rkalze
qaris t droze da adis. burTi mo
mokidebulebis Zraobas h = 0,36 m
funqciis grafiki, simaRlidan iwyebs.
rodesac sagani rkalis qveda na sur. 11.37. amocana 13.
30°-iT daxril sibrtyeze Tanabrad gordeba. wilSi moZrav bur
ra brunviTi inercia aqvs sagans? Tze 2Mg drekadobis Zala moqmedebs. burTi
garkveuli simkvrivis centralur sferoze
··11. 11.35 suraTze
miwebebuli sxva simkvrivis gare sferuli
naCvenebia x RerZis
garsisgan Sedgeba. burTis brunviTi inerciaa
gaswvriv mgoravi
I = βMR2, magram erTgvarovani simkvrivis
myari burTis U(x)
burTis msgavsad, β 0,4-is toli ar aris.
potenciuri ener
gamoTvaleT β.
giis funqciis gra-
fiki. burTi erT ···14. araerTgvarovani cilindruli sagani.
gvarovania, Tanab-
sur. 11.35. amocana 11. 11.38 suraTze, M masis da R radiusis
rad goravs da 0,4kg cilindruli sagani daRmarTze gordeba da misi
masisaa. burTi moZraobas x=7m koordinatidan kididan d = 0,506 m manZilze horizontalur
iwyebs da 75j meqanikuri energiiT x RerZis zedapirze vardeba. sagani moZraobas H = 0,9 m
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba. simaRlidan iwyebs, xolo h = 0,1 m. sagani
a) Tu burTi x=0m koordinats miaRwevs, ra gare cilindruli garsisa da masze mikruli
iqneba misi siCqare da, Tu ver miaRwevs, ra iqne centraluri cilindrisgan Sedgeba. garss
ba Semobrunebis wertili? davuSvaT, burTi da cilindrs sxvadasxva simkvriveebi aqvT.
x=7m koordinatidan 75j energiiT iwyebs moZ sagnis brunviTi inerciaa I = βMR2, magram
raobas da x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT erTgvarovani simkvrivis cilindris msgavsad
gadaadgildeba. b) Tu burTi x = 13 m koor β ar aris 0,5. gamoTvaleT β.
dinats miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare da,
Tu ver miaRwevs, ra iqneba Semobrunebis
wertili?
··12. 11.36 suraTze, patara, myar, erTgvarovan
burTs P wertilidan uSveben. burTi jer
horizontalur zedapirze moZraobs, Semdeg
migoravs aRarTze da agrZelebs moZraobas
paragrafi 11.6. io-io 

mimarT, Tu Zalis momenti a) F1 =(3 n)  +

·15. io-ios brunviTi inerciaa 950 g · sm2, xolo (4 n)  + (5 n) , b) F2 = (–3 n)  – (4 n)  – (5 n) da
 
masa 120 g. io-ios RerZis radiusi 3,2 mm-ia da g) F1 da F2 Zalebis veqtoruli jamiTaa ga
misi Toki 120 sm sigrZisaa. uZravi io-io Tokis mowveuli? d) g) SekiTxvas pasuxi (3 m, 2 m, 4 m)
bolomde iwyebs Camogorebas. a) ra wrfivi koordinatebze mdebare wertilis mimarT
aCqareba aqvs mas? b) ra dro dasWirdeba Tokis Zalis momentisTvis gaeciT.
bolomde misasvlelad? ra iqneba io-ios 
··21. F =(–8 n)  + (6 n) Zala nivTier wertilze
g) wrfivi siCqare, d) gadataniTi kinetikuri
moqmedebs, romlis mdebareobis veqtoria
energia, e) brunvis kinetikuri energia da 
r = (3 m)  + (4 m) . a) erTeulovan-veqtorul
v) kuTxuri siCqare Tokis bolos? SSM
CanawerSi ra Zalis momenti moqmedebs nivTier
·16. 1980 wels, san franciskos yuris siaxloves, wertilze aTvlis saTavis mimarT da b) ra
 
didi io-io amwedan CamouSves. 116 kg masis io- kuTxea r -sa da F -s Soris? SSM
io 3,2 sm radiusis RerZze damagrebuli ori 
··22. F = (2 n)  – (3 n) Zala kenWze moqmedebs,
erTgvarovani diskosgan Sedgeboda, romelTa
romlis mdebareobis veqtori aTvlis saTavis
radiusebi 32 sm iyo. ra aCqareba hqonda io- 
mimarT aris r = (0,5 m)  – (2 m) . erTeulovan-
ios a) dabla Camosvlis da b) maRla asvlis
veqtorul CanawerSi ra Zalis momenti moqme
dros? g) ra daWimuloba hqonda io-ios Toks?
debs kenWze a) aTvlis saTavis da b) (2m, 0, –3m)
d) iyo Tu ara es daWimuloba zRvrul 52 kn-sTan
koordinatebze mdebare wertilis mimarT?
axlos? warmoidgineT, rom igive formis da
··23. nivTieri wertili xyz koordinatTa
Semadgenlobis, oRond ufro didi io-io aageT.
sistemaSi moZraobs da masze Zala moqmedebs.
e) axali io-ios aCqareba ufro meti iqneba,
rodesac nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis veq
naklebi iqneba Tu igive iqneba? v) ra moxdeba 
toria r  = (2 m)  – (3 m)  + (2 m) , masze moqmedi
Tokis daWimulobasTan dakavSirebiT? 
Zalaa F = Fx  + (7 n)  – (6 n) da aTvlis saTavis
paragrafi 11.6. Zalis momentis xelaxla mimarT Sesabamisi Zalis momentia  = (4 n·m)  +
ganxilva (2 n·m)  – (1 n·m) . gamoTvaleT Fx.
·17. qliavi (–2m,0,4m) koordinatebzea ganla paragrafi 11.7. kuTxuri impulsi
gebuli. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi
·24. 11.39 suraTze,
ra Zalis momenti moqmedebs qliavze aTvlis
 drois fiqsirebul
saTavis mimarT, Tu is gamowveulia F ZaliT,
momentSi, 2kg masis P
romlis erTaderTi komponentia a) Fx = 6 n, 
nivTieri wertilis r
b) Fx = –6 n, g) Fz = 6 n da d) Fz = –6 n?
mdebareobis veqtoris
·18. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra Zalis sididea 3 m da kuTxea
momenti moqmedebs (0, –4m, 3m) koordinatebze 
θ1=45°, xolo ν siCqaris
ganlagebul nivTier wertilze aTvlis saTavis sur. 11.39. amocana 24.
veqtoris sididea 4m/wm
mimarT, Tu Zalis momenti a) F1x=2n, F1y=F1z=0
 da kuTxea θ2=30°. P
komponentebis mqone F1 ZaliTaa gamowveuli
nivTier wertilze 2 n sididis da θ3 = 30°
da b) F2x=0, F2y=2n, F2z=4n komponentebis mqone 
 kuTxis F Zala moqmedebs. samive veqtori xy
F2 ZaliTaa gamowveuli? sibrtyeSi Zevs. ra a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba
·19. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra aqvs P-s kuTxur impulss da ra g) sididis da
jamuri Zalis momenti moqmedebs (0, –4m, 5m) d) mimarTulebis Zalis momenti moqmedebs
koordinatebze mdebare rwyilze

aTvlis P-ze aTvlis saTavis mimarT?
saTavis mimarT, Tu rwyilze F1 = (3 n) da
   ·25. 11.40 suraTze gamosaxul momentSi, ori
F2 = (–2 n) Zalebi moqmedebs? nivTieri wertili xy sibrtyeSi moZraobs. 6,5kg
··20. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra masis da ν1=2,2m/wm siCqaris mqone P1 nivTieri
Zalis momenti moqmedebs (3m, –2m, 4m) koor wertili O wertilidan d1=1,5m manZilzea. 3,1kg
dinatebze mdebare qoTanze aTvlis saTavis masis da ν2=3,6m/wm siCqaris mqone P2 nivTieri
397
wertili O wertilidan d2=2,8m manZilzea. ra paragrafi 11.8. niutonis meore kanonis
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebis jamuri kuTxuri kuTxuri forma
impulsi aqvs or nivTier wertils O wertilis ·30. nivTier wertilze aTvlis saTavis
mimarT? ILW garSemo ori Zalis momenti moqmedebs. 1 Zalis
momentis sididea 2n·m da mimarTulia x RerZis

dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, xolo 2 Zalis
momentis sididea 4n·m da mimarTulia y RerZis
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. erTeulovan-veq
torul CanawerSi d /dt gamoTvaleT, sadac
aris nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi
sur. 11.40. amocana 25. aTvlis saTavis mimarT.
·26. 2kg masis nivTieri wertili sibrtyeSi 
·31. 3kg masis da ν = (5 m/wm)  – (6 m/wm) si
moZraobs. (3,–4)m koordinatebze Cqaris mqone nivTieri wertili x = 3 m, y = 8 m
mdebare wertilis gavlisas misi siCqaris koordinatebzea ganlagebuli. masze 7 n Za
komponentebia νx=30m/wm da νy=60m/wm. la x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moqme
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra kuTxuri debs. aTvlis saTavis mimarT risi tolia
impulsi aqvs nivTier wertils a) aTvlis a) nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi,
saTavis da b) (–2,–2)m koordinatebze mdebare b) nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti
wertilis mimarT? da g) kuTxuri impulsis cvlilebis tempi? SSM

·27. r =(2  – 2 )m mdebareobis veqtoris da ILW WWW
 = (5  + 5 ) m/wm siCqaris mqone 0,25 kg masis ·32. nivTieri wertili xy sibrtyeSi gadaad
saganze  = 4  n Zala moqmedebs. erTeulovan- gildeba da rogorc z RerZis dadebiTi mi
veqtorul CanawerSi da aTvlis saTavis marTulebidan Cans, aTvlis saTavis garSemo
mimarT risi tolia a) sagnis kuTxuri impulsi saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT bru-
b) saganze moqmedi navs. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra
Zalis momenti? SSM Zalis momenti moqmedebs nivTier wertilze, Tu
··28. 11.41 suraTze, aTvlis saTavis mimarT misi kuTxuri impulsia
0,4 kg masis burTi a) 4 kg·m2/wm, b) 4 t2kg·m2/wm, g) 4 t kg·m2/wm da
40 m/wm siCqariT maR sur. 11.41. amocana 28. d) 4/t2kg·m2/wm?
la aisroles. ra ··33. xy koordinatTa sistemaSi mdebare 3kg
kuTxuri impulsi aqvs burTs srolis adgi masis nivTieri wertilis mdebareoba aTvlis
lidan 2 m-iT daSorebuli P wertilis mimarT, 
saTavis mimarT t droSi r = 4t2  – (2t + 6t2)
rodesac burTi a) maqsimalur simaRles 
mdebareobis veqtoriT moicema ( r metrebSia,
miaRwevs da b) ukan vardnisas Sua gzazea? ra xolo t wamebSi). a) miiReT nivTier wertilze
Zalis momenti moqmedebs burTze mizidulobis moqmedi Zalis momentis gamosaxuleba aTvlis
Zalis Sedegad P wertilis mimarT, rodesac saTavis mimarT. b) nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri
burTi g) maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs da impulsi aTvlis saTavis mimarT izrdeba,
d) ukan vardnisas Sua gzazea? mcirdeba Tu ar icvleba?
··29. 2 kg masis sagnis gadaadgileba aTvlis
 paragrafi 11.10. fiqsirebuli RerZis
saTavis mimarT aris d  = (2 m)  + (4 m)  – (3 m) ,
 garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis kuT
siCqarea ν = (–6 m/wm)  + (3 m/wm)  + (3 m/wm)
 xuri impulsi
da saganze F = (6 n)  – (8 n)  + (4 n) Zala
·34. eleqtroburRze 1,2×10–3 kg·m2 brunviTi
moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT a) sagnis aCqareba, b)
inerciis mqone saxexi diskoa damagrebuli.
sagnis kuTxuri impulsi aTvlis saTavis mimarT,
eleqtroburRis Zrava diskos centraluri
g) saganze moqmedi Zalis momenti aTvlis
RerZis garSemo 16 n·m Zalis moments
saTavis mimarT da d) kuTxe sagnis siCqaresa da
warmoSobs. Tu Zalis momenti 33 mwm-is
masze moqmed Zalas Soris.
ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs, ra a) kuTxuri

impulsi da b) kuTxuri siCqare eqneba diskos
am RerZis garSemo?
·35. centraluri RerZis garSemo 0,14kg·m2
brunviTi inerciis mqone mqnevaras kuTxuri
impulsi 1,5 wamSi 3-dan 0,8kg·m2/wm-mde mcir
deba. a) ra saSualo Zalis momenti moqmedebs
mqnevaraze am drois ganmavlobaSi centraluri
RerZis garSemo? b) davuSvaT kuTxuri aCqareba sur. 11.44. amocana 38.
mudmivia. ra kuTxiT Semobrundeba mqnevara? ··39. 11.45 suraTze

g) ra muSaoba sruldeba mqnevaraze? d) ra naCvenebia R ra
saSualo simZlavrisaa mqnevara? SSM diusis da m ma
·36. 11.42 suraTze naCvenebia RvedebiT sis wriuli rka
gadabmuli sami mbrunavi, erTgvarovani disko. lisgan da R si
erTi Rvedi A da C diskoebzea Semoxveuli. grZis da m masis
meore Rvedi A diskos centraluri morgvis oTxi Zelakisgan
garSemo da B diskozea Semoxveuli. orive damzadebuli

Rvedi Tanabrad moZraobs da ar wydeba. A k v a d r a t i s g a n
diskos radiusia R da misi morgvis radiusia Semdgari myari struqtura. struqtura
0,5R. B diskos radiusia 0,25R da C diskos vertikaluri RerZis garSemo mudmivi
radiusia 2R. B da C diskoebi Tanabari siCqariT brunavs da 2,5 wamis ganmavlobaSi erT
simkvrivis da sisqisaa. risi tolia C diskos bruns asrulebs. davuSvaT R=0,5m da m=2kg. a)
kuTxuri impulsis fardoba B diskos kuTxur ra brunviTi inercia aqvs struqturas brunvis
RerZis mimarT da b) ra kuTxuri impulsi
struqturas igive RerZis mimarT?
paragrafi 11.11. kuTxuri impulsis
mudmivoba
·40. eleqtroZravis rotoris brunviTi
impulsTan? inercia centraluri RerZis mimarT aris
sur. 11.42. amocana 36. Im=2×10-3kg·m2. Zrava kosmosuri xomaldis
·37. 11.43 suraTze, mimarTulebis SecvlisTvis gamoiyeneba.
m = 23 g masis sami motoris RerZi kosmosuri xomaldis
nivTieri wertili centraluri RerZis gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli
umniSvnelo masis da xomaldis brunviTi inercia am RerZis
da d=12sm sigrZis sur. 11.43. amocana 37.
mimarT aris Ip=12kg·m2. gamoTvaleT rotoris
sam Zelakzea dama brunebis saWiro ricxvi, raTa kosmosuri
grebuli. mTeli sistema O wertilis garSemo xomaldi centraluri RerZis garSemo 30°-iT
ω=0,85 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Setrialdes.
O wertilis mimarT risi tolia a) sistemis ·41. adamiani 1,2br/wm kuTxuri siCqariT
brunviTi inercia, b) Sua nivTieri wertili mbrunav platformaze dgas, xelebi aqvs
wertilis kuTxuri impulsi da g) sistemis gaSlili da orive xelSi aguri uWiravs.
kuTxuri impulsi? SSM adamianis, agurebisa da platformisgan Sem
··38. 11.44 suraTze naCvenebia centris garSemo dgari sistemis brunviTi inercia platformis
mbrunav diskoze moqmedi τ Zalis momentis centraluri vertikaluri RerZis mimarT
droze damokidebulebis grafiki. ra kuTxuri aris 6kg·m2. agurebis moZraobis Sedegad
impulsi aqvs diskos brunvis RerZis mimarT: adamiani sistemis brunviT inercias 2kg·m2-mde
a) t = 7 wm da b) t = 20 wm dros? amcirebs. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs Sedegad
399
platformas da b) risi tolia sistemis matarebeli lian
axali kinetikuri energiis sawyis kinetikur dagze dasves da
energiasTan fardoba? g) ra wyarom ganapiroba CarTes. matarebeli
damatebiTi kinetikuri energia? SSM WWW liandagis mimarT
·42. ori disko erTi da igive RerZze mdebare 0,15m/wm siCqariT
sayrden wertilebzea damagrebuli. diskoebis moZraobs. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs borbals,
ermaneTTan miaxloebis Sedegad isini wyvilad Tu misi masaa 1,1m da radiusia 0,43m? (borbali
brunavs. centraluri RerZis garSemo 3,3kg·m 2 fersod miiCnieT, xolo manebis da morgvis
brunviTi inerciis mqone pirveli disko saaTis masebi ugulvebelyaviT). SSM
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ·46. mbrunavi varskvlavi pataravdeba da misi
450 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, xolo brunviTi inercia sawyisi mniSvnelobis 1/3-mde
centraluri RerZis garSemo 6,6 kg·m2 brun ecema. risi tolia brunvis axali kinetikuri
viTi inerciis mqone meore disko saaTis isris energiis Sefardeba brunvis sawyis kinetikur
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT energiasTan?
900 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Semdeg ·47. 11.48 suraTze,
diskoebi wyvildeba. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare 50kg masis ori
aqvT maT dawyvilebis Semdeg? Tu meore disko mocigurave 3 m-iT
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT 900  d a S o r e b u l i
br/wT siCqariT brunavs, ra iqneba diskoebis paraleluri traeq sur. 11.48. amocana 47.
b) kuTxuri siCqare da g) brunvis mimarTuleba toriebiT erTmaneTs
dawyvilebis Semdeg? uaxlovdeba. TiToeuli maTganis siCqarea 1,4 m/
·43. borbali 800 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT wm. erT mociguraves umniSvnelo masis grZeli
RerZis garSemo brunavs, romlis brunviTi joxi erTi bolodan uWiravs, xolo meore
inercia umniSvneloa. orjer meti brunviTi mocigurave mas meore boloze avlebs xels.
inerciis mqone meore borbali igive RerZze Semdeg mociguraveebi joxis centris garSemo
iwyebs brunvas. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare eqneba brunaven. davuSvaT, cigurebsa da yinuls Soris
RerZsa da or borbals? b) brunvis sawyisi xaxuni umniSvneloa. a) ra radiusi aqvs wres,
kinetikuri energiis ra nawili ikargeba? SSM b) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs cigurebs da
ILW g) ra kinetikuri energia aqvs mociguraveebis
·44. texasuri ta sistemas? Semdeg mociguraveebi joxs qaCaven
rakani Tavisuflad da maT Soris manZili 1 m xdeba. ra iqneba am
mbrunavi wriuli dros d) mociguraveebis kuTxuri siCqare da
diskos centrze zis e) sistemis kinetikuri energia? v) ra wyarodan
da Semdeg R radi miiReba damatebiTi kinetikuri energia?
usis manZilze, ·48. 0,17 kg masis texasuri tarakani 15 sm
diskos kidisken sur. 11.46. amocana 44. radiusis da 5×10–3kg·m2 brunviTi inerciis
gadaadgildeba. diskoze gare Zalis momenti ar mqone wriuli diskos garSemo darbis. disko
moqmedebs. 11.46 suraTze naCvenebia tarakani- vertikalur RerZzea damagrebuli. tarakanis
diskos sistemis ω kuTxuri siCqaris grafiki. siCqare dedamiwis mimarT aris 2 m/wm da disko
rodesac tarakani diskos kideze imyofeba, ω0 = 2,8 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis
risi tolia misi brunviTi inerciis Sefardeba isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs. Semdeg
diskos brunviT inerciasTan? orive brunviTi tarakani diskoze puris namcecs poulobs da,
inercia brunvis RerZis garSemoa. ra Tqma unda, Cerdeba. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare
·45. liandagi vertikaluri RerZis garSemo aqvs diskos tarakanis gaCerebis Semdeg?
xaxunisgan Tavisuflad mbrunav did bor b) icvleba Tu ara meqanikuri energia tarakanis
balzea dagebuli (sur. 11.47). m masis saTamaSo gaCerebis Semdeg?
·49. 0,1 kg masis da 0,1 m radiusis vinilis tarakani diskos centrisken gadaadgildeba
firfita mis centrze gamavali vertikaluri da naxevar manZils gadis. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare
RerZis garSemo 4,7 radiani/wm kuTxuri aqvs am dros disko-tarakanis sistemas? b) risi
siCqariT brunavs. firfitis brunviTi inercia tolia sistemis axali kinetikuri energiis
brunvis RerZis garSemo aris 5×10 kg·m . –4  2 fardoba sawyis kinetikur energiasTan K/K0?
0,02 kg masis sveli sapoxi firfitas ecema g) riT aixsneba kinetikuri energiis cvlileba?
da mis kides ekroba. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs ··53. 11.51 suraTze
firfitas sapoxis mikrobis Semdeg? naCvenebia 0,8 m
··50. 11.49 suraTze naCvenebia 0,6 m sigrZis sigrZis da M masis
da M masis erTgvarovani Zelaki, romelic erTgvarovani Ze
mis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo 80 laki, romelic sur. 11.51. amocana 53.
radiani/wm siCqariT saaTis isris moZraobis mis centrze gama
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. M/3 vali RerZis garSemo 20 radiani/wm kuTxuri
masis da 40 m/wm siCqariT horizontalurad siCqariT horizontalurad brunavs. Zelakis
moZravi nivTieri wertili Zelaks ejaxeba erT boloze mimagrebuli M/3 masis nivTieri
da ekroba. nivTieri wertilis traeqtoria wertili Zelakis perpendikularuli
Zelakis perpendikularulia da Zelakis traeqtoriiT iwyebs moZraobas. Tu nivTieri
centridan d manZiliTaa daSorebuli. a) wertilis νp siCqare Zelakis bolos siCqareze
d-s ra mniSvnelobisas gaCerdeba Zelaki da 6 m/wm-iT metia, risi tolia νp?
nivTieri wertili Sejaxebis Semdeg? b) ra ··54. wriuli diskos formis horizontaluri
mimarTulebiT imoZravebs Zelaki da nivTieri platforma mis centrze gamavali
wertili, Tu d-s mniSvneloba ufro metia? vertikaluri RerZis garSemo brunavs.
platformis masaa 150 kg, radiusia 2 m da
brunvis RerZis garSemo brunviTi inerciaa
300 kg·m2. 50 kg masis studenti platformis
kididan centrisken gadaadgildeba. Tu
studentis moZraobis dawyebisas sistemis
kuTxuri siCqarea 1,5 radiani/wm, ra iqneba
sur. 11.49. amocana 50. kuTxuri siCqare, rodesac studenti
··51. 0,5m sigrZis centridan 0,5 m manZilzea?
da 4kg masis erT- ··55. 10m masis da 3r radiusis erTgvarovani
gvarovani Zelaki disko centris garSemo Tavisuflad brunavs.
mis centrze gama m da r radiusis momcro disko mozrdil
vali vertikaluri diskoze devs da maT saerTo centri aqvT.
RerZis garSemo Tavdapirvelad orive disko 20 radiani/wm
horizontalur sur. 11.50. amocana 51. kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Semdeg patara
sibrtyeSi bru disko mozrdil diskoze gadaadgildeba da
navs. Zelaki uZravia, rodesac 3g masis tyvias misi kide mozrdili diskos kides emTxveva. amis
Zelakis erT bolos esvrian. tyviis traeqtoria Semdeg diskoebi kvlav ganagrZoben brunvas.
Zelakisadmi θ = 60° kuTxes Seadgens (sur. a) ra iqneba mozrdili diskos kuTxuri siCqare
11.50). Tu tyvia ZelakSi rCeba da Sejaxebis centris garSemo? b) ra iqneba diskoebis
Semdeg Zelakis kuTxuri siCqarea 10 rad/wm, sistemis axali kinetikuri energiis fardoba
ra siCqare aqvs tyvias Sejaxebamde? sawyis kinetikur energiasTan K/K0?
··52. m masis tarakani 4m masis da centris ··56. 11.52 suraTze, 1g masis tyvia, 0,6m sigrZis
garSemo Tavisuflad mbrunavi erTgvarovani da 0,5kg masis araerTgvarovan Zelakis boloze
diskos fersoze zis. tarakani da disko 0,26 damagrebul, 0,5kg masis bloks esroles.
radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Semdeg bloki-Zelaki-tyviis sistema suraTis sibr
401
tyeSi, A wertilze umniSvnelo masis
gamavali fiqsirebuli Zelakis or bo
RerZis mimarT bru lozea damagre
navs. Zelakis bru buli. Zelaki mis
nviTi inercia A centrze gamavali
wertilze gamavali horizontaluri
fiqsirebuli RerZis RerZis garSemo, xaxunis gareSe, vertikalur
mimarT aris 0,06kg·m2. sibrtyeSi Tavisuflad brunavs. rodesac
bloki nivTier wer Zelaki horizontalur mdgomareobaSia (sur.
tilad miiCnieT. a) ra sur. 11.52. amocana 56. 11.55), erT-erT burTs 50 g masis talaxis
brunviTi inercia aqvs gunda 3 m/wm siCqariT ejaxeba da ekroba. a) ra
bloki-Zelaki-tyviis sistemas A wertilis kuTxuri siCqare aqvs sistemas amis Semdeg? b)
mimarT? b) Tu sistemis kuTxuri siCqare risi tolia Sejaxebamde sistemis kinetikuri
Sejaxebis Semdeg 4,5 radiani/wm-ia, ra siCqare energiis Sefardeba Sejaxebis Semdgom
aqvs tyvias kinetikur energiasTan? g) ra kuTxes Semowers
Sejaxebamde? sistema, vidre wamierad gaCerdeba? SSM WWW
··57. 11.53 ···60. 11.55 sura
s u r a T z e Tze, 50 g masis
gamosaxuli erT patara bloki xa
gvarovani Zelaki xunisgan Tavisu
(0,6m sigrZis da fal zedapirze,
1kg masis) mis erT h = 20 sm simaRli
boloze gama dan srialdeba da
vali RerZis gar 100 g masis da 40 sm
yeSi brunavs da 0,12kg·m
Semo suraTis sibrt 2 sigrZis Zelaks ek
brunviTi inercia aqvs. qvemoT Camosvlisas roba. Zelaki O wertilis garSemo θ kuTxes
Zelaki 0,2kg masis talaxis gundas ejaxeba da Semowers da wamierad Cerdeba. gamoTvaleT θ.
boloze ikrobs. Tu Zelakis kuTxuri siCqare
paragrafi 11.12. giroskopis precesia
Sejaxebamde 2,4 radiani/wm-ia, ra iqneba
··61. bzriala vertikalisadmi 30° kuTxis
Zelaki-gundis sistemis kuTxuri siCqare
mdgeneli RerZis garSemo 30 br/wm kuTxuri
Sejaxebis Semdeg?
siCqariT brunavs. bzrialas masaa 0,5 kg,
···58. 11.54 su
centraluri RerZis garSemo misi brunviTi
raTze, 30 kg ma
inerciaa 5×10-4 kg·m2 da misi masis centri
sis bavSvi 100 kg
sayrdeni wertilidan 4 sm manZilzea. Tu
masis da 2 m ra
brunva saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
diusis uZravi ka
xdeba, risi tolia a) precesiis tempi da b) ra
ruselis kideze
mimarTulebiT xdeba precesia?
dgas. karuselis
sur. 11.54. amocana 58. ··62. giroskopi 50 sm radiusis erTgvarovani
brunviTi inercia
diskosgan Sedgeba, romelic 11 sm sigrZis
brunvis RerZis garSemo aris 150 kg·m2. Semdeg
da umniSvnelo masis RerZis centrzea
bavSvi megobris nasrol 1 kg masis burTs
damagrebuli. RerZi horizontalur mdgo
iWers. daWeramde burTs 12 m/wm sididis da
mareobaSia da erTi boloTi damagrebulia.
φ = 37° kuTxis horizontaluri siCqare aqvs,
Tu disko RerZis garSemo 1000 br/wT kuTxuri
romelic karuselis kidis mxebia. ra kuTxuri
siCqariT brunavs, risi tolia precesiis
siCqare aqvs karusels burTis daWeris Semdeg?
tempi?
···59. 2 kg masis ori burTi 50 sm sigrZis da
damatebiTi amocanebi centrze ganlagebuli mkveTi Zelakebis masebi
63. 2,5 kg masis nivTieri wertili (–3 m/wm) umniSvneloa. rgoli 8 radiani/wm kuTxuri
siCqariT horizontalurad moZraobs da siCqariT brunavs da m=M/4 masis kata mis gare
(4,5 m/wm) siCqariT horizontalurad moZ kideze, R2 radiusis manZilze zis. ramdeniT
rav, 4kg masis nivTier wertils sruliad ara gazrdis kata kata-rgolis sistemis kinetikur
elastiurad ejaxeba. Sejaxeba (–0,5m, –0,1m) energias, Tu Sida kideze, R1 radiusis manZilze
koordinatebze xdeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg ra Camojdeba?
kuTxuri impulsi aqvs TiToeul wertils aT 67. 2,9×10–4kg masis ori nivTieri wertili
vlis saTavis mimarT erTeulovan-veqtorul 4,2sm-iT daSorebuli paraleluri wrfe
CanawerSi? ebis gaswvriv, urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimar
64. moTamaSem TulebiT da 5,46 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
R = 11 sm radiusis a) ra L kuTxuri impulsi aqvs nivTier wertil-
keglis burTi gaa Ta sistemas or wrfes Soris Sua wertilis
gora. burTi (sur. mimarT? b) Seicvleba Tu ara L-is mniSvneloba

sur. 11.57. amocana 64 wrfeebs Soris sxva wertilis arCevis Sem
11.57) νcom,0 = 8,5 m/
wm sawyisi siCqariT da ω0 = 0 sawyisi kuTxuri TxvevaSi? Tu erT-erTi nivTieri wertilis
siCqariT gasrialda. burTsa da zedapirs mimarTuleba sapirispirod icvleba, Seicvle
Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti aris ba Tu ara g) a)-s pasuxi da d) b)-s pasuxi?

0,21. burTze moqmedi f k kinetikuri xaxunis 68. 0,25sm radiusis da 0,55g masis patara sfero
Zala wrfiv aCqarebas iwvevs da amave dros 15sm radiusis da simetriis vertikaluri
Zalis moments warmoqmnis, romelic burTis RerZis mqone didi naxevarsferos SigniT
kuTxur aCqarebas zrdis. rodesac νcom srialis gareSe goravs. sfero naxevarsferos
siCqare sakmarisad Semcirdeba da ω siCqare wveridan iwyebs moZraobas. a) ra kinetikuri
sakmarisad gaizrdeba, burTi aRar srialebs energia eqneba mas naxevarsferos fskerze? b)
da Tanabrad goravs. a) risi tolia am dros am kinetikuri energiis ra nawili ukavSirdeba
νcom ω-s TermebSi? srialis ra b) wrfivi masis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo
aCqareba da g) kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs burTs? brunvas? g) ra drekadobis Zala moqmedebs
d) ramden xans srialebs burTi? e) ra manZilze sferodan naxevarsferoze, rodesac sfero
srialdeba burTi? v) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs naxevarsferos fskerzea?
burTs, rodesac Tanabrad gorvas iwyebs? 69. M=0,25kg masis
65. wignis formis nivTieri wertili
granitis bloks dedamiwidan h=1,8m
20sm×15sm zomebi simaRleze da O
da 1,2sm sisqe aqvs. dakvirvebis wer
granitis simkvrivea tilidan s = 0,45m
2,64g/sm3. bloki ze horizontalur
dapirisadmi per manZilze mdebare
p e n d i k u l a r u l i adgilidan Camovarda (sur. 11.69). ra kuTxuri
da kuTxesa da cen impulsi aqvs nivTier wertils O-s mimarT,
trs Soris Sua wertilze gamavali RerZis rodesac nivTierma wertilma dedamiwaze
garSemo brunavs. blokis kuTxuri impulsi Camovardnamde naxevari manZili gaiara?
RerZis mimarT aris 0,104kg·m /wm. brunvis ra
2
70. 0,15 m radiusis da masis centrze gamavali
kinetikuri energia arsebobs RerZis garSemo? wrfis mimarT I = 0,04 kg·m2 brunviTi inerciis
66. 11.58 suraTze naCvenebia centris garSemo mqone carieli sfero horizontalisadmi 30°-
mrbunavi rgoli. rgolis gare radiusia R2=0,8m, iT daxril zedapirze srialis gareSe gordeba.
Sida radiusia R1=R2/2 da masaa M=8kg. rgolis garkveul sawyis mdebareobaze sferos
403
jamuri kinetikuri energiaa 20 j. a) sawyisi samjer metia. ra iqneba maTi brunviTi
kinetikuri energiis ra nawilia brunvis inerciebis IA/IB Sefardeba Tu borblebs a)
kinetikuri energia? b) ra siCqare aqvs sferos centraluri RerZebis garSemo Tanabari
masis centrs sawyis mdebareobaze? rodesac kuTxuri impulsebi da b) Tanabari brunvis
sfero daxril zedapirze 1 m-iT maRla ava, ra kinetikuri energiebi aqvT?
iqneba misi g) jamuri kinetikuri energia da d) 77. M masis gogona R radiusis da I brunviTi
masis centris siCqare? inerciis mqone uZravi karuselis fersoze
71. t = 0 dros, 2 kg masis nivTieri wertilis dgas. Semdeg gogona m masis qvas karuselis gare
mdebareobis veqtori aTvlis saTavis mimarT kidis mxebi mimarTulebiT horizontalurad

aris  r =(4 m) –(2 m) . misi siCqare  =(–6t 2 m/wm) , isvris. qvis siCqare dedamiwisadmi aris ν. amis
rodesac t ≥ 0. aTvlis saTavis mimarT da Semdeg a) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs karusels da

erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi a) ra L kuT b) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs gogonas?
xuri impulsi aqvs nivTier wertils da b) ra 78. 4kg masis nivTieri wertili xy sibrtyeSi
Zalis momenti moqmedebs nivTier wertilze, moZraobs. rodesac nivTieri wertilis mde
rodesac t > 0? (–2m, –3m, 0) wertilis garSemo bareobaa  = (2  + 4 ) m da siCqarea –4  m/wm, mas

risi tolia g) L da d) , rodesac t > 0? ze  = –3  n Zala moqmedebs. am momentisTvis
72. erTgvarovani myari burTi zedapirze gamoTvaleT a) nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri
Tanabrad migoravs da Semdeg 15°-iT daxril impulsi aTvlis saTavis mimarT, b) nivTieri
sibrtyeze adis. 1,5 m-is gavlis Semdeg burTi wertilis kuTxuri impulsi x = 0, y = 4 m
wamierad Cerdeba. ra sawyisi siCqare hqonda koordinatebze mdebare wertilis mimarT,
mas? g) nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti
73. borbali 600 kg·m /wm kuTxuri impulsiT
2 aTvlis saTavis mimarT da d) nivTier
centraluri RerZis garSemo saaTis isris wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti x = 0, y = 4 m
moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs. rodesac koordinatebze mdebare wertilis mimarT.
t = 0, 50 n·m Zalis momenti borbalze moqmedebs 79. garkveul momentSi 0,8 kg masis nivTieri
da mis mimarTulebas cvlis. ra t dros aris wertilis mdebareobaa  = (2 m)  + (3 m) . niv-
kuTxuri siCqare nulis toli? Tieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi xy
74. Txelkedlebiani mili zedapirze migoravs. sibrtyeSi Zevs, 2,4 kg·m/wm sidide aqvs da x
risi tolia milis gadataniTi kinetikuri RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi saaTis
energiis Sefardeba misi sigrZis paraleluri isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod 115° kuTxes
centraluri RerZis garSemo brunvis kine adgens. ra kuTxuri impulsi aqvs erTeulovan-
tikur energiasTan? veqtorul CanawerSi nivTier wertils aTvlis
saTavis mimarT?
75. 3kg masis saTamaSo manqana x RerZis gaswvriv
80. 36 n wonis myari sfero 30°-iT daxril
 = –2t  m/wm siCqariT moZraobs, sadac t
3

wamebSia. rodesac t > 0, a) ra L kuTxuri zedapirze maRla gordeba. aRmarTis
impulsi aqvs manqanas da b) ra Zalis momenti dasawyisSi sferos masis centris gadataniTi
moqmedebs manqanaze aTvlis saTavis mimarT? siCqarea 4,9m/wm. a) ra kinetikuri energia

risi tolia g) L da d) (2m,5m,0) wertilis aqvs sferos aRmarTis dasawyisSi? b) ra

mimarT? risi tolia e) L da v) (2m,–5m,0) manZils gaivlis sfero aRmarTze? g) aris
wertilis mimarT? Tu ara b) SekiTxvis pasuxi sferos masaze
damokidebuli?
76. 11.60 suraTze
gamosaxuli A da B 81. R radiusis da m masis sxeuli horizonta-
borbali RvediT lur zedapirze ν siCqariT Tanabrad goravs.
aris gadabmuli. B Semdeg sxeuli h maqsimaluri simaRlis
borblis radiusi A sur. 11.60. amocana 76. gorakze gordeba. a) Tu h = 3ν2/4g, ra brunviTi
borblis radiusze inercia aqvs sxeuls masis centrze gamavali
brunvis RerZis mimarT? b) ra SeiZleba iyos 

mudmivi Fapp horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs.
sxeuli?
cilindris masaa 10 kg, radiusia 0,1 m da hori
82. 0,25 m radiusis borbali 43 m/wm siCqariT zontalur zedapirze Tanabrad goravs.
moZraobs da 225 m-is gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. a) ra aCqareba aqvs cilindris masis centrs?
gamoTvaleT misi a) wrfivi aCqareba da b) ra kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs cilindris masis
b) kuTxuri aCqareba. g) centraluri centris garSemo? g) erTeulovan-veqtorul
RerZis mimarT borblis brunviTi inerciaa CanawerSi, ra xaxunis Zala moqmedebs cilin
0,155 kg·m2. gamoTvaleT borbalze moqmedi drze?
xaxunis Sedegad gamowveuli Zalis momenti
86. 0,32kg masis sxeuli dedamiwidan ν0=12,6m/
centraluri RerZis mimarT.
wm sawyisi siCqariT da horizontaluri x
83. 10 kg masis da 0,4 m radiusis erTgvarovani RerZisadmi θ0 = 30° sawyisi kuTxiT isroles.
borbali RerZis centrze xistadaa dama a) gasrolis adgilis mimarT sxeulis kuTxuri
grebuli (sur. 11.61). RerZis radiusia impulsis droze damokidebulebis funqciis
0,2 m. borbali-RerZis brunviTi inercia gamosaxuleba miiReT. b) gamoTvaleT kuT
centraluri RerZis mimarT aris 0,6 kg·m2. xuri impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempi.
borbali horizontalisadmi θ = 30° kuTxiT  
g) gamoTvaleT r × mg veqtoris sidide
daxril zedapirze Zevs. RerZi zedapirze da miRebuli Sedegi b)-s pasuxs SeadareT.
aseve uZravad devs, xolo borblis nawili d) ratom unda iyos b) da g) SekiTxvebis pasuxi
zedapirze gakeTebul CaRrmavebaSia Tanabari?
moxvedrili. gaSvebis Semdeg RerZi zedapiris
87. velosipedis borblis radiusia 0,35m
gaswvriv Tanabrad gordeba. rodesac borbali-
da 37n-s iwonis. misi RerZi da manebis masebi
RerZis sistema 2 m-s gaivlis, ra iqneba misi
umniSvneloa. borbali RerZis garSemo xaxunis
a) brunvis kinetikuri energia da b) gadataniTi
gareSe brunavs. adamians borbali Tavs
kinetikuri energia?
zemoT uWiravs, borblis RerZi vertikalur
mdgomareobaSia, xolo adamiani xaxunis
gareSe Tavisuflad mbrunav magidaze
dgas. borbali saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT 57,7 radiani/wm kuTxuri
siCqariT brunavs, xolo magida uZravia.
borbali+adamiani+magidis brunviTi
inercia brunvis saerTo RerZis garSemo aris
2,1kg·m2. uecrad adamiani Tavisufali xeliT
84. avtomobilis masaa 1700kg da 10 wamis borblis brunvas (magidisadmi) wyvets. a) ra
ganmavlobaSi 40km/sT siCqares anviTarebs. kuTxuri siCqare
davuSvaT, avtomobilis TiToeuli borbali da b) brunvis
32kg masis erTgvarovani diskoa. 10 wamiani mimarTuleba
Sualedis miwuruls a) ra brunvis kinetikuri eqneba amis Semdeg
energia eqneba TiToeul borbals RerZis sistemas?
garSemo, b) ra jamuri kinetikuri energia
88. 11.63 suraTze,
eqneba TiToeul borbals da g) ra jamuri
0,5 kg masis blokis
kinetikuri energia eqneba avtomobils?
horizontaluri sur. 11.63. amocana 88.
85. 11.62 suraTze, siCqarea 3 m/wm
0
erTgvarovan myar da bloki h = 1,2 m simaRlis magidi
cilindrze saTev dan vardeba. koordinatTa sistemis aTv
zao ankesia Se lis saTave (O wertili) magidis kides
moxveuli da mas emTxveva, x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba
ze 12 n sidi-dis sur. 11.62. amocana 85.
405
0
-is mimarTulebas emTxveva, xolo y RerZi moZraobs. ra kuTxuri impulsi aqvs TviT
mimarTulia maRla. ra kuTxuri impulsi mfrinavs dedamiwaze mis qvemoT mdebare
aqvs bloks A wertilis mimarT a) magididan wertilis mimarT?
Camovardnis dros da b) iatakze dacemamde? 95. karuselis radiusia 1,2 m da masaa 180 kg.
ra Zalis momentebi moqmedebs blokze A wer brunvis radiusia 91 sm (ix. me-10 Tavis
tilis mimarT, g) magididan Camovardnis 85-e amocana). 44kg masis bavSvi 3m/wm siCqariT
dros da d) iatakze dacemamde? pasuxebi uZravi karuselis fersos mxebi traeqtoriiT
erTeulovan-veqtoruli CanaweriT gaeciT. darbis da Semdeg karuselze xteba. gamoTvaleT
89. davuSvaT me-15 amocanaSi motanili io- a) karuselis brunviTi inercia brunvis
io, gorvis nacvlad, 1,3m/wm sawyisi siCqariT RerZis mimarT, b) morbenali bavSvis kuTxuri
isroles. a) ra dro dasWirdeba io-ios Tokis impulsi karuselis brunvis RerZis mimarT da
bolomde misaRwevad? Tokis bolos ra iqneba g) karuselis kuTxuri siCqare bavSvis Sextomis
misi b) jamuri kinetikuri energia, g) wrfivi Semdeg.
siCqare, d) gadataniTi kinetikuri energia, 96. mocemulia  = x  + y  + z da  = Fx  +
e) kuTxuri siCqare da v) brunvis kinetikuri Fy  + Fz . daamtkiceT, rom = r ×  aris:
energia?
= (yFz – zFy) + (zFx – xFz) + (xFy – yFx)
90. erTgvarovani Zelaki mis erT boloze
gamavali vertikaluri RerZis garSemo 97. 84kg masis adamiani dedamiwis ekvatorze
horizontalur sibrtyeSi brunavs. Zelaki 6 m dgas. ra kuTxuri impulsi aqvs mas dedamiwis
sigrZisaa, 10 n-s iwonis da 240 br/wT kuTxuri centris garSemo dedamiwis brunvis Sedegad?
 
siCqariT brunavs. gamoTvaleT a) misi brunviTi 98. daamtkiceT, rom Tu r da F veqtorebi
inercia brunvis RerZis mimarT da b) kuTxuri mocemul sibrtyeSi aris ganlagebuli,
impulsi brunvis RerZis mimarT. = r ×  Zalis moments am sibrtyeSi komponenti
91. a) 10.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi, rotoris ar aqvs.
afeTqebis Semdeg brunvis RerZis garSemo ra 99. Tu mocemulia gvaqvs r, p da φ, nivTieri
kuTxuri impulsi aRmoCnda garemoSi? b) Tu wertilis kuTxur impulss 11.19 formuliT
davuSvebT, rom rotoris nawilebis umetesoba gamovTvliT. miuxedavad amisa, zogjer mo

afeTqebidan 0,025 wamis Semdeg gaCerda, cemulia r -is (x,y,z) komponentebi da -s

ra saSualo Zalis momenti moqmedebda am (νx , νy , νz) komponentebi. a) daamtkiceT, rom 
nawilebze brunvis RerZis mimarT? -is x, y da z RerZebis gaswvrivi komponentebia
92. dedamiwis polaruli yinulis srulad  x=m(yνz – zνy),  y=m(zνx – xνz) da  z=m(xνy – yνx).
gadnobis SemTxvevaSi msoflio okeanis done b) daamtkiceT, rom Tu nivTieri wertili
daaxloebiT 30m-iT moimatebs. ra zegavlenas mxolod xy sibrtyeSi moZraobs, misi kuTxuri
moaxdens es dedamiwis brunvaze? Sedegad impulsis veqtors mxolod z komponenti aqvs.
miRebuli cvlileba dRis xangrZlivobis sa 100. I brunviTi inerciis mqone mbrunav
SualebiT warmoadgineT (sawarmoo gamona myar sxeulze Δt drois mcire SualedSi F(t)
bolqvis Sedegad atmosferos daTbobas pola impulsuri Zala moqmedebs. daamtkiceT, rom:
ruli yinulis gadnoba SeuZlia gamoiwvios).
τ dt = RFsaS Δt = I(ωf – ωi),
93. a) saxelmZRvanelos damatebebSi mocemuli
monacemebis daxmarebiT mzis garSemo mbrunavi sadac τ aris ZaliT gamowveuli Zalis momenti,
planetebis kuTxuri impulsebis jami R – Zalis momentis mxari, FsaS – sxeulze
gamoTvaleT. b) jamuri kuTxuri impulsis ra moqmedi saSualo Zala, xolo ωi da ωf – sxeulis
nawilia planeta iupiterTan kavSirSi? kuTxuri siCqareebi Zalis moqmedebamde da
moqmedebis Semdeg. ( τ dt = RFsaSΔt sidides
94. 1200 kg masis TviTmfrinavi dedamiwidan
kuTxuri Zalis impulsi ewodeba, xolo FsaSΔt
1,3 km simaRleze, 80 m/wm siCqariT wrfivad
sidides wrfiv Zalis impulss uwodeben).
12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
bevri gamocdili mTamsvleli TiTebis qronikul tkivils uGivis, xolo
zogierTebs dazianebuli TiTi SesamGnevad eburcebaT, rodesac xelis
gulTan axlos miitanen.
ra kavSiria amoburcul TiTs, tkivilsa da kldeze cocvas Soris?
12.1 ra aris fizika?
adamianis mier aSenebuli nageboba masze moqmedi

Zalebis miuxedavad mdgradi unda iyos. magaliTad,
Senobam mizidulobis Zalas da qars unda gauZlos,
xolo xidi aseve mizidulobis Zalisadmi da trans-
portisgan miRebuli mudmivi vibraciisadmi gamZle
unda iyos.
fizika Seiswavlis, Tu ra ganapirobebs sxeulis
mdgradobas masze moqmedi Zalebis miuxedavad. am
TavSi mdgradobis or ZiriTad aspeqts ganvixilavT.
pirveli maTgani myar sxeulebze moqmed ZalTa da
mabrun momentTa wonasworobaa, xolo meore – aram-
yari sagnebis drekadobas Seexeba, rac sagnebis de-
formacias gansazRvravs.
12.2 wonasworoba
sur. 12.1. gawonasworebuli qva. erTi Sexed-
ganvixiloT oTxi sagani: 1) magidaze uZravad
viT arasaimedo mdebareobis miuxedavad, qva
mdebare wigni, 2) xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze statikur wonasworobaSia.
mudmivi siCqariT mosriale hokeis Saiba, 3) venti-
latoris mbrunavi frTebi da 3) mudmivi siCqariT
wrfivad moZravi velosipedis borbali. oTxive sa-
gnis SemTxvevaSi:
406
12.2 wonasworoba 407

1. masaTa centris P wrfivi impulsi mudmivia. 
2. masaTa centris an nebismieri sxva wertilis mimarT L impulsis momenti mudmivia.
amgvar sagnebs wonasworobaSi myofebs vuwodebT. wonasworobis ori aucilebeli pirobaa:
 
P =mudmiva da L =mudmiva (12.1)
mocemul TavSi iseT SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT, rodesac 12.1 formuliT mocemuli mud-
mivebi nulis tolia anu iseT sagnebs SevexebiT, romlebic Cveni aTvlis sistemis mimarT ar
moZraobs. amgvari sagnebi statikur wonasworobaSi imyofeba. paragrafis dasawyisSi moyva-
nili oTxi sagnidan mxolod wignia statikur wonasworobaSi.
12.1 suraTze gamosaxuli qva statikuri wonasworobis kidev erTi magaliTia. igive maxa-
siaTeblebi aqvT eklesiebs, saxlebs, karadebs da a.S. romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi uZravni
arian.
8.6 paragrafSi ukve vTqviT, rom Tu sxeuli raime Zalis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli gadaadg-
ilebis Semdeg isev sawyis statikuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi brundeba, mas mdgrad sta-
tikur wonasworobaSi myofi ewodeba. naxevarsferos formis WurWelSi Cagdebuli burTula
amis kargi magaliTia. Tu sxeuli mcire Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad gadaadgildeba da wonas-
worul mdgomareobas kargavs, maSin sxeuls aramdgrad statikur wonasworobaSi myofi ewo-
deba.
magaliTad warmovidginoT, rom dominos qvas vawonasworebT da misi masis centri sayrde-

F g mizidulobis
ni kidis Tavzea (sur. 12.2a). dominos qvaze moqmedi
 Zalis Sedegad sayrdeni
kidis mimarT gaCenili Zalis momenti nulis tolia, vinaidan F g Zalis moqmedebis wrfe ki-
deze gadis. aqedan gamomdinare, dominos qva wonasworul mdgomareobSia. ra Tqma unda, mcire

Zalis modebis SemTxvevaSic ki dominos qva wonasworobas dakargavs. rodesac
 F g Zalis moq-
medebis wrfe sayrden kideze ar gadis (sur. 12.2b), F g ZaliT gamowveuli Zalis momenti do
minos abrunebs. aqedan gamomdinare, 12.2a suraTze gamosaxuli dominos qva aramdgrad stati-
kur wonasworobaSia.
12.2g suraTze gamosaxuli dominos qva sakmaod mdgradad Zevs. misi gadayiravebisTvis
mcire Zala sakmarisi ar aris, magram TiTis Zlieri wakvra aucileblad Seasrulebs Tavis
saqmes.
12.2d suraTze gamosaxuli saTamaSo kubi kidev ufro mdgradad Zevs, vinaidan misi masa-
Ta centri kidev ufro Sors unda gadaadgildes, raTa is sayrdeni kidis Tavze aRmoCndes.
amjerad TiTis wakvra kubs ver gadaayiravebs. 12.3 suraTze gamosaxuli muSa dominosa da
saTamaSo kubs waagavs. Zelis paralelurad is mdgradad dgas, xolo Zelis perpendikularu-
lad qaris wamobervis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba Camovardes.
statikuri wonasworobis analizi sainJinro praqtikis mniSvnelovani nawilia. mSenebelma
inJinerma Senobaze moqmedi yvela gare Zala da Zalis momenti unda gansazRvros da Seiswav-
los, raTa Senobis struqtura da masala sworad SearCios. magaliTad, swored amgvari ana-
lizi exmareba inJinrebs xidis mdgradobis gansazRvraSi.
sur. 12.2. a) dominos qva erT kidezea

gaCerebuli da misi masis centri kidis

Tavze mdebareobs. dominoze moqmedi F g
mizidulobis Zala sayrden kideze gadis.

b) odnavi mobrunebis SemTxvevaSic ki F g
mizidulobis Zalis Sedegad gamowveuli
mabruni momenti dominos qvas kidev ufro
abrunebs. g) dominos qva ufro mdgradad
Zevs, vidre a) suraTze. d) kubi kidev ufro
(a) (b) (g) (d) mdgradad Zevs.
408 Tavi 12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
12.3. wonasworobisTvis saWiro pirobebi

sxeulis gadataniT moZraobas niutonis meore kanonis
Semdegi forma Seesabameba:
(12.2)

Tu sxeuli gadataniT wonasworobaSia anu
 P mudmivia, maSin
dP /dt = 0 da gveqneba:


F tnet = 0
= 0(ZalTa balansi) (12.3)
sxeulis brunvas niutonis meore kanonis Semdegi forma

Seesabameba:

τtnet  = 0 (12.4)
 sur. 12.3. mSenebeli foladis Zelze
Tu sxeuli brunviT wonasworobaSia anu L mudmivia, maSin
 dgas da statikur wonasworobaSia.
dL /dt = 0 da gveqneba: is Zelis paralelurad ufro mdgra-
 dad dgas, vidre Zelis perpendiku-

τtnet = 0 0
= (ZalTa momentebis balansi) (12.5)
larulad.
maSasadame, sxeulis wonasworobisTvis aucilebeli pirobebia:
1. sxeulze moqmedi yvela gare Zalis veqtoruli jami nulis toli unda iyos.
2. nebismieri SesaZlo wertilis mimarT gazomili, sxeulze moqmedi gare Zalebis
momentebis veqtoruli jami nulis toli unda iyos.
es pirobebi, cxadia, statikur wonasworobas Seexeba. igive pirobebis Sesrulebaa saWiro

 
ufro zogadi saxis wonasworobisTvis, rodesac P da L mudmivia, oRond nulis toli ar
aris.
12.3 da 12.5 veqtoruli formulebia da TiToeul maTgans sami damoukidebeli komponenturi
formula Seesabameba:
ZalTa balanasi Zalebis momentTa balansi
Ft,x = 0 τt,x = 0
Ft,y = 0 τt,y = 0 (12.6)
Ft,z = 0 τt,z = 0
mdgomareoba martivdeba, rodesac vuSvebT, rom sxeulze moqmedi yvela Zala xy sibrtyeSia
modebuli. es niSnavs, rom sxeulze mxolod iseTi Zalis momenti moqmedebs, romelic z RerZis
paraleluri RerZis garSemo iwvevs mis brunvas. amgvari daSvebis Semdeg 12.6 formulidan Zalis
erT da Zalis momentis or formulas gamovricxavT:
Ft,x = 0 (ZalTa balansi) (12.7)
Ft,y = 0 (ZalTa balanasi) (12.8)
τt,z = 0 (ZalTa momentebis balansi) (12.9)
sadac τt ,z aris gare Zalebis mier warmoqmnili jamuri Zalis momenti z RerZis an misi
paraleluri nebismieri RerZis mimarT.
12.4. simZimis centri 409
yinulze mudmivi siCqariT mosriale hokeis Saiba 12.7, 12.8 da 12.9 formulebs akmayofilebs da,
maSasadame, wonasworobaSia, magram ara statikur wonasworobaSi. statikuri wonasworobisTvis

Saibis P wrfivi impulsi ara mxolod mudmivi, aramed nulis tolic unda iyos da Saiba ar unda
iZrodes. aqedan gamomdinare, statikuri wonasworobis kidev erTi piroba arsebobs:

3. sxeulis P wrfivi impulsi nulis toli unda iyos.
sakontrolo wertili 1 suraTze naCvenebia erTgvarovani Zelakis eqvsi zedxedi, rode-

sac masze ori an meti Zala perpendikularulad moqmedebs. Tu ZalTa sidideebi swora-
daa SerCeuli da nulis toli ar aris, romel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos Zelaki statikur
wonasworobaSi?
a) b) g)
d) e) v)
12.4. simZimis centri

ganfenil sxeulze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala sxeulis calkeul elementebze (atomebze)
moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis veqtoruli jamia. calkeuli elementebis ganxilvis nacvlad
vambobT:

sxeulze moqmedi F g gravitaciuli Zala erT wertilzea modebuli, romelsac sxeulis
simZimis centri ewodeba.

es niSnavs, rom Tu calkeul elementebze moqmedi Zalebi uecrad gaqreba da F g Zala mxolod
simZimis centrze imoqmedebs, sxeulze moqmedi sruli Zala da Zalis momenti (nebismieri
wertilis mimarT) ar Seicvleba.

aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom F g gravitaciuli Zala sxeulis  masaTa centrze moqmedebs anu masaTa
 
centri simZimis centrs emTxveva. M masis sxeulisTvis F g Zala Mg -s tolia, sadac g am Zalis
mier gamowveuli aCqarebaa, rodesac sxeuli Tavisuflad vardeba.

Tu sxeulis yvela elementisTvis g aCqareba Tanabaria, maSin sxeulis simZimis centri
mis masaTa centrs marTlac emTxveva.

Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi amgvari daSveba misaRebia, vinaidan g mxolod mcirediT icvleba
dedamiwis zedapiris gaswvriv da umniSvnelod mcirdeba dedamiwis zedapiridan aTvlili
simaRlis gazrdisas. amitom iseTi obieqtebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tagvi an amerikuli losi,
savsebiT dasaSvebia gravitaciuli Zalis modebis wertilad masaTa centri CaiTvalos. momdevno
paragrafSi am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT davamtkicebT.
damtkiceba
Tavdapirvelad sxeulis calkeuli elementebi ganvixiloT. (a)
12.4a suraTze naCvenebia M masis ganfenili sxeuli da misi
mi masis erTerTi elementi. TiToeul aseT elementze

F g i gravitaciuli Zala moqmedebs da es Zala mi g -s tolia.
i
 Zalis
g i -s indeqsi niSnavs, rom Sesabamisi gravitaciuli aCqareba moqmedebis
i elementis mdebareobaze arsebobs (sxva elementisTvis wrfe
Sesabamisi gravitaciuli aCqareba gansxvavebuli SeiZleba
iyos). Zalis mxare

12.4a suraTze, TiToeuli F g i Zala Sesabamis elementze O
aTvlis saTavis mimarT τi Zalis moments warmoqmnis da misi
(b)
momentis mxaria xi . τi Zalis momenti 10.41 formulis (τ=r┴F)
saSualebiT CavweroT:
τi = xi Fgi (12.10)
simZimis centri (sc)
sxeulis yvela elementze moqmedi jamuri Zalis momentia:
τt (12.11)
Zalis
amjerad mTeli sxeuli ganvixiloT. 12.4b suraTze naCvenebia
 Zalis mxare moqmedebis
sxeulis simZimis centrze moqmedi F g mizidulobis Zala. wrfe
es Zala sxeulze O aTvlis saTavis mimarT τ Zalis moments sur. 12.4. a) ganfenili sxeulis mi
warmoqmnis da misi momentis mxaria xsc . Zalis momenti kvlav masis elementi. elementze moqmedi

10.41 formulis saSualebiT CavweroT: F g i gravitaciuli Zalis momentis
 τ = xsc Fg
(12.12) mxari koordinatTa sistemis O aTvlis
sxeulze moqmedi F g gravitaciuli Zala yvela elementze saTavis mimarT aris xi .

 
b) sxeulze moqmedi F g gravitaciuli
moqmedi F g i gravitaciuli Zalebis jamis tolia da 12.12
∑
Zala sxeulis simZimis centrze (sc)
formulaSi Fg-s nacvlad FFgigi SegviZlia CavsvaT: 
moqmedebs. F g Zalas O aTvlis saTavis
τ = xsc ∑ FF gigi
(12.13) mimarT xsc momentis mxari aqvs.

axla gavixsenoT, rom simZimis centrze moqmedi F g Zalis mier gamowveuli Zalis momenti

sxeulis yvela elementze moqmedi F g i Zalebis mier gamowveuli jamuri mabruni Zalis tolia.
aqedan gamomdinare, 12.13 formulis τ 12.11 formulis τt-is tolia. es ori formula gavaerTianoT
da miviRebT:
xsc ∑ FF = ∑ xFF
gigi i gi gi
Fgi-s nacvlad mi gi CavsvaT da gveqneba:
xsc ∑ mF g = ∑ xFm g
igi i i gi i i (12.14)
Tu gi aCqareba elementebis yvela mdebareobaze Tanabaria, maSin am formulidan gi SegviZlia

gamovricxoT:
xsc ∑ mF = ∑ xFm
igi i gi i (12.15)
yvela elementis masebis ∑m i jami sxeulis M masis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, 12.15 formula
Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia CavweroT:
xsc (12.16)
12.16 formulis marjvena mxare sxeulis masis centris xcom koordinats gvaZlevs (formula 9.4)
da maSasadame davamtkiceT, rom:
xsc = xcom (12.17)
12.5. statikuri wonasworobis ramdenime magaliTi 411
sakontrolo wertili 2 davuSvaT patara ZelakiT vaSls atrialebT da Zelaki vaSlis

simZimis centrze ar gadis. rodesac Zelaki horizontalurad giWiravT da vaSli Tavisuflad
brunavs, sad aris misi simZimis centri da ratom?
12.5. statikuri wonasworobis ramdenime magaliTi

am paragrafSi statikuri wonasworobis Semcveli amocanis amoxsnis 4 nimuSs ganvixilavT.
TiToeul maTganSi erTi an meti sagnisgan Semdgar sistemas virCevT da wonasworobis formulebs
(12.7, 12.8 da 12.9) mas mivusadagebT. wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi Zalebi xy sibrtyeSi moqmedebs
da Zalis momentebi z RerZis paraleluria. aqedan gamomdinare, 12.9 formulis gamoyenebisas z
RerZisadmi paralelur RerZs virCevT da Zalis momentebs mis mimarT gamovTvliT. marTalia
12.9 formula RerZis nebismier amgvar arCevans miesadageba, magram zogierT SemTxvevaSi RerZis
arCeva erT an met ucnob wevrs abaTilebs da gamoTvla martivdeba.

12.5a suraTze, L sigrZis da m=1,8kg masis
erTgvarovani Zeli or saswors Soris uZravad sistema
Zevs. M=2,7kg masis erTgvarovani bloki Ze
lzea moTavsebuli da misi centri Zelis
marcxena bolodan L/4 manZilzea. rogoria
bloki Zeli
TiToeuli sasworis Cveneba?
amoxsna: statikuri wonasworobis Semcveli saswori saswori
amocanebis amoxsnisas gansaxilveli sistema
zustad unda ganisazRvros da Semdeg misTvis
Tavisufali sxeulebis diagrama aigos, ro
melzec sistemaze moqmedi yvela Zala iqneba
gamosaxuli. am SemTxvevaSi, sistema blokis da
Zelis erTobliobaa. 12.5b suraTze gamosaxul
Tavisufali sxeulis diagramaze sistemaze
moqmedi Zalebia naCvenebi (sistemis arCeva
gamocdilebas moiTxovs da zogjer erTze
meti kargi arCevanic arsebobs).
 
sasworebidan Zelze Fl (marcxnidan) da F r
(marjvnidan) drekadobis Zalebi moqmedebs.
sasworebis CvenTvis saintereso Cveneba  
swored am Zalebis sidideebis tolia. Zelze F g, Zeli
,beam= mg

moqmedi F g, Zeli  
,beamgravitaciuli Zala mis masaTa F g, bloki
 ,beam = Mg
centrzea modebuli da mg -s tolia. blokze

moqmedi F g , ,block gravitaciuli Zalac blokis
bloki
 sur. 12.5.
centrzea modebuli da Mg -s tolia. 12.5b
a) m masis Zelze M masis bloki Zevs.
suraTis gasamartiveblad, bloki ZelakSi b) Tavisufali sxeulis diagramaze Zeli + blokis
moqceuli wertilis saxiTaa warmodgenili, sistemaze moqmedi Zalebia naCvenebi.

xolo F g , ,block
 Zalis veqtoris saTave bloks
bloki
emTxveva ( F g , ,block
bloki
Zalis veqtoris gadaadgi
leba moqmedebis wrfis gaswvriv, suraTis 12.18 formula Fl-sTvis amovxsnaT da zemoT
perpendikularuli nebismieri RerZis mimarT miRebuli Sedegi CavsvaT:
warmoqmnil Zalis moments ar cvlis). Fl = (M + m)g – Fr
vinaidan sistema statikur wonasworobaSia, = (2,7 kg + 1,8 kg)(9,8 m/w2) – 15,44 n
Cven SegviZlia ZalTa balansis (12.7 da 12.8) = 28,66 n ≈ 29 n (pasuxi)
da Zalis momentTa balansis (12.9) formulebi yuradReba miaqcieT amocanis amoxsnis me
gamoviyenoT. Zalebs x komponenti ar gaaCnia, Tods: rodesac ZalTa komponentebis for
amitom 12.7 formula (Ft,x = 0) informacias ar mula davwereT, ori ucnobi gvqonda. raime
gvawvdis. 12.8 formula (Ft,y = 0) y komponen pirobiTi RerZis mimarT Zalis momentTa
tisTvis gvaZlevs: balansis formulis daweris SemTxvevaSi
igive or ucnobs gadaveyrebodiT. miuxedavad
Fl + Fr –Mg – mg = 0 (12.18)
amisa, Cvens mier arCeuli RerZi erT-erTi

12.18 formula Fl da Fr ucnobebs Seicavs, ami ucnobi Zalis (am SemTxvevaSi Fl -is) modebis
tom Zalis momentTa balansis 12.9 formulac wertilze gadioda da amitom amocanis amoxsna
gvWirdeba. es formula 12.5 suraTis sibrtyis SesaZlebeli gaxda. Cvenma arCevanma Zalis
perpendikularuli nebismieri brunvis Rer momentebis formulidan es Zala gamoricxa da
ZisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. modiT brun Fr Zalis gamoTvla SesaZlebeli gaxada. Semdeg
vis RerZad Zelis marcxena boloze gamavali ZalTa komponentebis balansis formulas
RerZi avirCioT. Tu Zalis momenti brunvis davubrundiT da meore Zalis ucnobi sididec
RerZis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis mimar gamovTvaleT.
TulebiT uZravi sxeulis brunvas iwvevs, ma
Sin Zalis momenti uaryofiTia da Tu brunva sakontrolo wertili 3 suraTze
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimar naCvenebia statikur wonasworobaSi myofi
TulebiT xdeba, maSin Zalis momenti dadebi- erTgvarovani Zelaki. a) SesaZlebelia Tu
 
Tia. Zalis momentebi r┴F saxiT CavweroT, sadac F1 da F 2 Zalebis gamoTvla
  ara
 ZalTa
r┴ Zalis momentis mxari Fl -sTvis aris 0, Mg balansis saSualebiT? Tu F 2 Zalis

-sTvis _ L/4, mg -sTvis - L/2 da F r -sTvis – L. gamoTvla erTi formulis gamoyenebiT

amis Semdeg balansis formula (τt,z = 0) aseT gsurT, sad unda iyos brunvis RerZi? g) F2

saxes miiRebs: Zalis sididea 65 n. ra sididisaa F1 Zala?
(0)(Fl) – (L/4)(Mg) – (L/2)(mg) + (L)(Fr) = 0
rac gvaZlevs:
1
Fr = 1 Mg + 2 mg
4
= 1 (2,7 kg)(9,8 m/w2) + 1 (1,8 kg)(9,8 m/w2)
4 2
= 15,44 n ≈ 15 n (pasuxi)

12.6a suraTze, L=12m sigrZis da m=45kg masis amoxsna: sistemad mexanZre da kibe miviC
kibe gluv (xaxunisgan Tavisufal) kedelzea nioT da Semdeg 12.6b suraTis msgavsad Tavi
miyudebuli. kibis zeda bolo trotuaridan sufali sxeulis diagrama avagoT. mexan
h=9,3m simaRlezea (trotuarze xaxunis Zala Zre kibis arealSi moqceuli wertilis sa

moqmedebs). kibis masis centri kibis qveda xiT warmovadginoT. mexanZreze Mg gra
bolodan L/3 manZilzea. M=72kg masis mexanZre vitaciuli Zala moqmedebs, romelic moq
kedelze adis da misi masaTa centri kibis qveda medebis wrfis gaswvrivaa gadaadgilebuli
bolodan L/2 manZilzea. ra Zalebi moqmedebs da am Zalis veqtoris saTave wertils
kedlidan da trotuaridan kibeze? emTxveva (Zalis veqtoris aseTi Zvra suraTis
perpendikularuli nebismieri RerZis mimarT xaxunisagan Tavisufali
Zalis momentze gavlenas ar axdens). zedapiri

kedlidan kibeze mxolod F w horizontaluri
sistema
Zala moqmedebs (gluv kedelze xaxunis Zala
ar SeiZleba
moqmedebdes).
 trotuaridan

kibeze moqmed F p Zalas F p x horizontaluri Fw
komponenti (statikuri xaxunis Zala) da

F p y vertikaluri komponenti (drekadobis
Zala) aqvs.
sistema statikur wonasworobaSia, amitom mas mexanZris mexanZre
masis centri
balansis formulebi (12.7-12.9) Seesabameba.
kibis
modiT, 12.9 formuliT (τt,z =0) daviwyoT. masis kibe
centri
RerZis asarCevad, romlis mimarTac Zalis
momentebs gamovTvliT, gaviTvaliswinoT,

rom kibis boloebze ucnobi Zalebi ( F w da

Fp ) moqmedebs. gamoTvlebis dros magaliTad
F p Zalis gamoricxvisTvis RerZi O wertilze, (a) (b)
suraTis perpendikularulad gavavloT.
garda amisa, xy koordinatTa sistemis aTvlis sur. 12.6. a) mexanZre gluv kedelze miyudebul
kibeze adis. b) Tavisufali sxeulebis diagrama.
saTave O wertils davamTxvioT. O wertilis naCvenebia mexanZre+kibis sistemaze moqmedi

mimarT Zalis momentebis gamoTvla 10.39-10.41 Zalebi. koordinatTa sistemis O aTvlis saTave F p
formulebis saSualebiT SeiZleba, magram ucnobi Zalis modebis wertils emTxveva. suraTze
  
10.41 formula (τ=r┴F) am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze aseve naCvenebia F p Zalis F p x da F p y veqtoruli
komponentebi.
martivia.

F w Zalis r┴ mxaris gamoTvlisTvis moqme-
piTagoras Teoremidan gamomdinare:
debis wrfe gavavloT (horizontaluri, da
Strixuli xazi 12.6b suraTze). amis Semdeg
m
r┴ aris perpendikularuli manZili O-sa da
moqmedebis wrfes Soris, 12.6b suraTze Cans, amis Semdeg 12.19 formula gvaZlevs:
rom, r┴ mxari y RerZis gaswvrivaa gadaWimuli ga(M/2+m/3)
Fw= =
da h simaRlis tolia. Tu moqmedebis h
 
wrfeebs Mg da mg ZalebisTvisac aseve (9,8 m/w2)(7,58 m)(72/2 kg + 45/3 kg)
= =
gavavlebT, gamoCndeba, rom maTi mxrebi 9,3 m
x RerZis gaswvriv aris gadaWimuli. 12.6a
= 407 n ≈ 410 n (pasuxi)
suraTze naCvenebi a manZilis SemTxvevaSi,
 
Mg da mg Zalis mxri Sesabamisad aris
amjerad ZalTa balansis formulebi gvWir
a/2 (mexanZre kibis SuaSia) da a/3. F p x da
 deba. Ft,x = 0 formula gvaZlevs:
F p y-sTvis mxrebi nulis tolia.
Tu Zalis momentebs r┴F saxiT CavwerT, τt,z =0 Fw – Fpx = 0 (12.20)
balansis formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
anu Fpx = Fw = 410 n (pasuxi)
– (h)(Fw) + (a/2)(Mg) + (a/3)(mg)
+ (0)(Fpx) + (0)(Fpy) = 0 (12.19) Ft,y = 0 formula gvaZlevs:
(gaixseneT, rom dadebiTi Zalis momenti saaTis
Fpy – Mg – mg = 0 (12.21)
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod brunvas
Seesabameba, xolo uaryofiTi Zalis momenti anu Fpy = (M + m)g = (72kg + 45kg)(9,8m/wm2)
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT = 1146,6 n ≈ 1100 n (pasuxi)

brunvas).

12.7a suraTze naCvenebia Sverilze TokiT
Camokidebuli M = 430 kg masis seifi. Sverilis
kabeli
zomebia a = 1,9 m da b = 2,5 m. Sverili saxsruli
Zelisa da horizontaluri kabelisgan Sedgeba.
erTgvarovani Zelis m masaa 85kg. kabelis da
Tokis masa umniSvneloa. Sverilis
 masis centri
Toki
a) ra Tc daWimuloba aqvs kabels anu ra T ccZala
moqmedebs kabelidan Zelze?
amoxsna: amjerad sistema mxolod Zelia da saxsaxi

masze moqmedi Zalebi 12.7b suraTze gamosaxul
Tavisufali sxeulis diagramazea naCvenebi. (a)

kabelidan moqmedi Zalaa T cc. Zelze moqmedi
gravitaciuli Zala misi masis centrzea

modebuli da aris mg . saxsridan Zelze
moqmedi Zalis vertikaluri komponentia
 
F ν , xolo horizontaluri komponentia F h
. seifis damWeri Tokidan T r Zala moqmedebs.

vinaidan Zeli, Toki da seifi ar moZraobs, T r
Zalis sidide seifis wonis tolia anu Tr=Mg. xy
koordinatTa sistemis O aTvlis saTave saxsars
emTxveva. (b)
Cveni sistema statikur wonasworobaSia anu

sur. 12.7. a) mZime seifi horizontaluri foladis
mas balansis formulebi miesadageba. modiT, kabelisa da erTgvarovani Zelisgan damzadebul
12.9 formuliT (τt,z = 0) daviwyoT. yuradReba Sverilzea Camokidebuli.
 b) Tavisufali sxeulebis diagrama ZelisTvis.
miaqcieT, rom Cven T c Zalas
 gvekiTxebian

da ara saxsarze moqmed F h an F ν Zalebs.
b) ra jamuri F Zala moqmedebs saxsridan
aqedan gamomdinare, Tu Cven Zalebis momentTa
Zelze?
balansis gantolebas O wertilis mimarT
CavwerT, am Zalebs nulovani mxari eqneba.
   amoxsna: amjerad Fh-is da Fν-s gamoTvla
T c , T r da mg Zalebis moqmedebis wrfeebi
gvsurs, raTa maTi gaerTianebis Sedegad
12.7b suraTze daStrixuli xazebiTaa war
F Zala miviRoT. vinaidan Tc viciT, ZalTa
modgenili. Sesabamisad maTi mxrebia a, b da
balansis formulebi Zels mivusadagoT. ho
b/2.
rizontaluri mimarTulebiT balansis gan
Tu Zalis momentebs r┴F saxiT CavwerT da
toleba Ft,x = 0 Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
Zalis momentebis niSnebis SerCevis wess ga
Fh – Tc = 0
moviyenebT, τt,z = 0 balansis formula gvaZ
aqedan gamomdinare:
levs:
Fh = Tc = 6093 n.
(a)(Tc) – (b)(Tr) – ( 1 b)(mg) = 0
2 vertikaluri mimarTulebiT Ft,y = 0 formula
Tr-s nacvlad Mg CavsvaT da Tc-sTvis
Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
amovxsnaT:
1 Fν – mg – Tr = 0
gb(M + 2 m)
Tc = Tr-s nacvlad Mg CavsvaT da Fν-sTvis
a
amovxsnaT:
(9,8 m/w2)(2,5 m)(430 kg + 85/2) kg
= Fν=(m+M)g=(85kg+430kg)(9,8m/wm2)
1,9 m
=5047 n
= 6093 n ≈ 6100 n (pasuxi)
piTagoras Teoremidan gamomdinare:
 θ = 30°. a) Tu Tokidan Zelakze moqmedi
da
F= T Zala erTi formulis saSualebiT unda
= n n ≈ 7900 n. (pasuxi) gamoTvaloT, romel wertilze unda

gaivlos brunvis RerZi? am RerZis SerCevisa
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom F Zala seifis da
da saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod
Zelis gaerTianebul wonaze anu 5000 n-ze da
mabrunebeli dadebiTi Zalis momentebis
horizontaluri mavTulis daWimulobaze anu
arCevis Semdeg ra niSani eqneba b) Zelakis
6100 n-ze bevrad metia. woniT gamowveul τw Zalis moments da
g) Tokidan Zelakze moqmedi
sakontrolo wertili 4 suraTze Zalis τr Zalis moments?
gamosaxuli 5kg masis AC Zelaki Tokisa da d) τr-is sidide τw-ze metia,
kedelsa da Zelaks Soris xaxunis Sedegad naklebia Tu orive sidide
uZravia. erTgvarovani Zelaki 1m sigrZisaa Tanabaria?

mTamsvlels, romelic TiTebis mwvave tkivils
uCivis, xSirad axsovs, Tu rodis daewyo
tkivili. is ramdenime milimetris siRrmis TiTis pirveli
Zvali
Sverils oTxi TiTiT ekideboda, raTa ar
Camovardniliyo. TiTis meore
Zvali
A2 A4
a) 12.8a suraTze gamosaxulia 70kg masis
mTamsvleli, romelic erTi xeliT aris myesi
Camokidebuli. misi fexebi kldes moxrili

TiTebis gayolebaze exeba. davuSvaT
(b)
horizontaluri Sverilidan moqmedi
Zala oTxive TiTze Tanabrad nawildeba.
gamoTvaleT TiToeul TiTze moqmedi
Zalis Fh horizontaluri komponenti da Fν
vertikaluri komponenti.
O
amoxsna: Cveni sistema mxolod mTamsvlelia
da 12.8a suraTze naCvenebia masze moqmedi

Zalebi. F Zala TiToeul TiTze moqmedebs (a)
da mas Fh horizontaluri komponenti da
Fν vertikaluri komponenti aqvs. aqedan
gamomdinare, oTxive TiTze moqmedi jamuri
Zalis horizontaluri komponentia 4Fh da
(g)
vertikaluri komponentia 4Fν. mTamsvlelis
 
masaTa centrze F g = mg mizidulobis Zala
sur. 12.8. a) mTamsvleli xelis TiTebiT aris
moqmedebs, xolo O wertilze mTamsvlelis
 Camokidebuli. masze moqmedi Zalebi naCvenebia.
fexze kedlidan FN drekadobis Zala b) myesi A2 da A4 Skivebze gadis da TiTis Zvlebs
moqmedebs (kedlidan fexze vertikaluri Zala uerTdeba.
g) TiTis meore Zvalze moqmedi Zalebis gamartivebuli
ar moqmedebs).
gamosaxuleba.
vinaidan sistema statikur wonasworobaSia,
Cven SegviZlia ZalTa balansis da Zalis
momentebis balansis formulebi gamoviyenoT. TeatrSi Tokebis saSualebiT marionetebs

ZalTa balansis Ft, x = 0 formula gvaZlevs: amoZraveben.
12.8g suraTze naCvenebia TiTis meore Zvlis
– FN + 4Fh = 0
gamartivebuli grafiki, rodesac Zvlis si

am formulas Fh-sTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan grZea d. myesidan Zvalze moqmedi Ft Zala A4
FN-is mniSvneloba ar viciT. ZalTa balansis SkivSi Sesvlis adgilzea modebuli, Zvlidan
Ft, y =0 formula gvaZlevs: d/3 manZilze. suraTis a) nawilze gamosaxul
4Fν – mg = 0 SemTxvevaSi da 12.8g suraTze gamosaxuli

kuTxeebisTvis, ra sididis iqneba Ft ?
es formula Fν-sTvis amovxsnaT:
amoxsna: amjerad Cveni sistema TiTis meore
Fν = mg/4 = (70kg)(9,8m/wm2)/4
Zvalia. vinaidan sistema wonasworobaSia,
= 171,5 n ≈ 1,7 × 102 n (pasuxi) balansis formulebi, kerZod ki Zalis mo
mentTa balansis formula (τt,z = 0) SegviZlia
CvenTvis saWiro mesame formula Zalis
gamoviyenoT. vinaidan O′ wertilze (pirveli
momentTa balansis τt,z = 0 formulaa. vinaidan
 
F N Zala arc viciT da arc gvainteresebs, da meore Zvlis Sexebis adgilze) moqmedi Fc
Zala ar viciT da arc gvainteresebs, Zalis
modiT Zalis momentebi O wertilze
momentebi am wertilis mimarT gamovTvaloT.
gamavali da suraTis perpendikularuli
meore Zvlis ucnobi sigrZea d da Zalis
RerZis garSemo gamovTvaloT. amisTvis
momentebis gamoTvlisTvis 11.15 formula
mTamsvlelze moqmedi TiToeuli Zalis r┴
 
mxari gvWirdeba. F N Zalis mxari 0-is tolia, (τ=rFsinφ) gamoviyenoT. r-is mniSvneloba
 Fc
 -sTvis aris 0, Ft -sTvis - d/3, xolo Fh-sTvis
mg ZalisTvis – 0,2 m-ia, Fh-sTvis 2 m-ia, xolo
da Fν-sTvis – d. amis Semdeg τt,z = 0 formula
Fν-sTvis nulis tolia. 11.17 formulis
aseT saxes miiRebs:
(τ = r ┴ F ) gamoyenebiT τt,z = 0 formula aseTi
saxiT CavweroT:
(0)Fc – d3 Ft sin 45° + dFν sin10°+dFh sin80° = 0
(0)FN + (0,2m)(mg) – (2m)(4Fh) + (0)(4Fν) = 0. Ft-sTvis amoxsnisa da Fh , Fν mniSvnelobebis
Casmis Semdeg miviRebT:
Fh-sTvis amoxsna da monacemebis Casma
mogvcems: 3[(171,5 n)(sin 10°) + (17,15 n)(sin 80°)]
Ft =
(0,2 m)(70 kg)(9,8 m/w2) sin 45°
Fh =
4(2,0 m) = 198 N ≈ 2,0 × 102 N (pasuxi)
= 17,15 N ≈ 17 N. (pasuxi) eqimebis azriT, Ft-s aseTi mniSvneloba
misaRebia. miuxedavad amisa, Tu mTamsvleli
b) 12.8b suraTze TiTis agebulebaa naCvenebi. Zalebs oTxive TiTze Tanabrad ar gaanawilebs,
winamxaris kunTebidan gadaWimuli myesi TiTis Ft Zalis mniSvneloba erTi an ramdenime
Soreul Zvals uerTdeba. myesi gzad ramdenime TiTisTvis A2 an A4 Skivebis SesaZleblobas
garss gadis, romelTac Skivebi ewodeba. A2 gadaametebs. am SemTxvevaSi, erTi an orive
Skivi TiTis pirvel ZvalTanaa dakavSirebuli, Skivi ziandeba. rodesac amgvari dazianebis
xolo A4 Skivi TiTis meore Zvals ukavSirdeba. mimRebi mTamsvleli TiTis xelis gulTan
TiTis moxris dros, winamxris kunTebi Skivebze mitanas cdilobs, myesi kanqveS iburceba,
gamaval myess iseve qaCavs, rogorc Tojinebis vinaidan Skivebi mas aRar iWers.
12.6. statikurad ganusazRvreli konstruqciebi 417
taqtika 5: statikuri wonasworobis moqmedebis wrfeebi sworadaa SerCeuli.

4. vavlebT koordinatTa sistemis x da y
amocanebi
statikur wonasworobasTan dakavSirebuli
RerZebs. sasurvelia erT-erTi RerZi
mainc iyos erTi an meti ucnobi Zalis
amocanebis amoxsnisas Semdeg taqtikas
paraleluri. Semdeg im Zalas, romelic
viyenebT:
arc erTi RerZis paraleluri ar aris,
1. amocanas vizualurad gamovsaxavT.
komponentebad vSliT. Cvens amocanis
2. virCevT sistemas, romelsac wonasworobis
amoxsnis nimuSebSi x RerZi horizontaluri
kanonebs mivusadagebT da Semdeg am
iyo, xolo y RerZi vertikaluri.
sistemas an naxats SemovxazavT, raTa
5. vwerT ZalTa balansis formulebs da
kargad dagvamaxsovrdes. zogierT Sem
simboloebs yuradRebiT vepyrobiT.
TxvevaSi sistema erTi sagani SeiZleba
6. virCevT suraTis sibrtyis perpendiku
iyos. es is sagania, romelic gvsurs,
larul, erT an met brunvis RerZs da
rom wonasworobaSi iyos (rogorc aris
TiToeuli RerZisTvis Zalis momentTa
magaliTad 12.4 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
moyvanili mTamsvleli). zogjer sistemaSi
balansis formulas vwerT. Tu brunvis
RerZi ucnobi Zalis moqmedebis wrfeze
damatebiTi sagnebic SegviZlia SeviyvanoT
gadis, formula gamartivdeba, vinaidan es
Tu amgvari moqmedeba wonasworobis for
Zala formulaSi ar Seva.
mulebis gamoTvlas amartivebs. magaliTad
7. miRebul formulebs algebrulad vxsniT.
Tu 12.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi sistemad
zogierTi studenti ricxvebis jer ki
mxolod kibes miviCnevdiT, maSin kibeze
dev damoukidebel formulebSi Casmas
moqmedi damatebiTi ucnobi Zalebis ga
amjobinebs, magram gamocdili fizikosebi
Tvaliswineba mogiwevdaT. damatebiTi
algebras aniWeben upiratesobas. algeb
ucnobebis gaCena ki gamoTvlas arTulebs.
ra pasuxebis sxvadasxva cvladebze damo
12.6 suraTze sistemaSi mexanZrec Seviyva
kidebulebas kargad aCvenebs.
neT, raTa ucnobi Zalebi sistemis Sida
8. miRebul algebrul formulebSi ricxvebi
Zalebad gveqcia da amocanis amoxsna gagve
CasviT da ucnobi sidideebis ricxviTi
martivebina.
mniSvnelobebi gamoTvaleT.
3. vagebT sistemis Tavisufali sxeulis
9. vakvirdebiT pasuxs. aris Tu ara miRebuli
diagramas. Semdeg sistemaze moqmed yvela
pasuxi dasabuTebuli? xom ar aris
Zalas gamovsaxavT da vasaTaurebT. amave
metismetad didi an mcire? sworia Tu ara
dros darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom
niSani? aris Tu ara erTeuli Sesabamisi?
gamosaxuli Zalebis modebis adgilebi da
12.6. statikurad ganusazRvreli konstruqciebi

me-12 Tavis amocanebis amoxsnisTvis mxolod sami damoukidebeli formula gvaqvs. esenia
ZalTa balansis ori formula da mocemuli brunvis RerZis mimarT Zalis momentTa balansis
erTi formula. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac amocana samze met ucnobs Seicavs, mis amoxsnas ver
SevZlebT.
amgvari amocanebi xSirad gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 12.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi SegveZlo
dagveSva, rom kedelsa da kibes Soris xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi, kedlisa da kibis
Sexebis adgilze vertikaluri xaxunis Zala imoqmedebda da ucnobi Zalebis raodenoba 4-mde
gaizrdeboda. sami formulis saSualebiT 4 ucnobs ver gamovTvlidiT.
aseve ganvixiloT arasimetriulad datvirTuli manqana. oTxive borbalze sxvadasxva Zala
moqmedebs da rogor gamovTvliT maT? Zalebis gamoTvla Seu-

Zlebelia, vinaidan mxolod sami damoukidebeli formula
gvaqvs. igive mosazrebis gamo wonasworobis amocanas samfexa
magidisTvis amovxsniT, xolo Cveulebrivi magidisTvis ki
uZlurni aRmovCndebiT. amocanebs, romlebic arsebul for-
mulebze met ucnobebs Seicaven, ganusazRvreli ewodeba.
miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, ganusazRvreli
amocanebis amoxsna SesaZlebelia. Tu manqanas borblebiT oTx
sasworze daayenebT, TiToeuli saswori garkveul ricxvs
aCvenebs da maTi jami manqanis wonaa. maSin ra gviSlis xels
formulebis amoxsnis gziT calkeuli Zalebis gamoTvlaSi?
problema is aris, rom sxeulebs, romelTac statikuri
wonasworobis formulebs mivusadagebT, yovelgvari
msjelobis gareSe absoluturad myarad miviCnevT anu
vuSvebT, rom Zalebis modebis Sedegad isini deformacias
ar ganicdian. sinamdvileSi ki aseTi sxeulebi ar arsebobs.
sur. 12.9. magida statikurad
magaliTad, manqanis borblebi deformacias ganicdis, vidre
ganusazRvreli konstruqciaa.
manqana statikuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi gadava. mis fexebze moqmedi Zalebi
albaT yvelas Segvxvedria moqanave magida, romelsac erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian da
statikuri wonasworobis kanonebis
erT-erTi fexis qveS dakecil qaRalds vudebdiT da
saSualebiT maT ver gamovTvliT.
vawonasworebdiT. Tu aseT magidaze spilo dajdeba, ra
Tqma unda, magida gatydeba an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi manqanis saburavebis msgavsad deformacias
ganicdis. magidis yvela fexi iataks Seexeba da maTze moqmed maRla mimarTul Zalebs sasruli
mniSvnelobebi eqneba (sur. 12.9). bunebrivia, magida qanaobas Sewyvets. rogor gamovTvaloT
magidis fexebze moqmedi Zalebi?
wonasworobasTan dakavSirebuli ganusazRvreli amocanebis amoxsnisas, wonasworobis
formulebTan erTad drekadobis codna gamogvadgeba. drekadoba realuri sxeulebis defor-
macias swavlobs, rodesac sxeulebze Zalebi moqmedebs. momdevno paragrafSi drekadobis Ses-
wavlas SevudgebiT.
sakontrolo wertili 5 10 n wonis horizontaluri,

  erTgvarovani Zelaki ori mavTuliTaa
Camokidebuli. mavTulebi Zelakze F1 da F 2 ZalebiT moqmedebs. suraTze naCvenebia
 
mavTulebis oTxi SesaZlo ganlageba. romeli ganlagebaa ganusazRvreli (anu F1 da F 2
Zalebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia), Tu aseTi saerTod arsebobs?
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
12.7. drekadoba 419
12.7. drekadoba
rodesac atomebi erTad grovdeba da rkinis lursmnis
magvar myar sxeuls qmnis, isini samganzomilebian meserSi
wonasworul mdebareobebs ikaveben. atomebis ganlageba
meserSi meordeba da atomebs Soris gansazRvruli wo
nasworuli manZilia. atomebs atomTaSorisi Zalebi akavebs
erTad da 12.10 suraTze es Zalebi patara zambarebis saxiT
aris warmodgenili. meseri sakmaod myaria da, maSasadame,
àtomTaSorisi zambarebi~ xistia. swored amitom, bevri
Cveulebrivi sagani, magaliTad, kibe, magida an kovzi sakmaod
sur. 12.10. liTonis myari sxeulis
myaria. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi Cveulebrivi sagani, magaliTad atomebi samganzomilebian meserSia
baRis sarwyavi mili an rezinis xelTaTmani, sulac ar ganlagebuli. zambarebi atomTa
gveCveneba myarad. amgvari sagnebis Semadgeneli atomebi 12.10 Soris Zalebs asaxavs.
suraTze gamosaxulis magvar myar mesers ki ar qmnis, aramed

drekad, grZel molekulur jaWvebSi arian ganlagebuli da TiToeuli jaWvi sakmaod sustadaa
mimagrebuli mis mezoblebTan.
yvela `myari~ sxeuli garkveulwilad mainc aris drekadi, rac niSnavs, rom misi zomebis Secvla
qaCvis, biZgis, moRunvis an SekumSvis Sedegad SeiZleba. drekadobasTan dakavSirebuli sidideebis
Tanrigis gasagebad 1 m sigrZis da 1 sm diametris foladis Zelaki ganvixiloT, romelic qarxnis
Werzea mimagrebuli. Tu amgvari Zelakis Tavisufal boloze patara avtomobils CamovkidebT,
Zelaki 0,5 mm-iT anu 0,05 %-iT daiWimeba. ufro metic, manqanis moxsnis Semdeg Zelaki sawyis
mdgomareobas daubrundeba.
Tu Zelakze or manqanas CamokidebT, is daiWimeba da sawyis mdgomareobas aRar daubrundeba.
sami manqanis Camokidebis SemTxvevaSi ki Zelaki gatydeba. gatydomamde Zelakis wagrZeleba sawyisi
sigrZis 0,2 %-ze naklebi iqneba. Zelakis deformaciis zomebi sakmaod mcirea, magram sainJinro
praqtikaSi isini sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.
12.11 suraTze naCvenebia sami meTodi, romliTac myari sxeulis zomebi SeiZleba Seicvalos,
rodesac masze Zalebi moqmedebs. 12.11a suraTze cilindrs Wimaven. 12.11b suraTze cilindrze
misi grZeli RerZis perpendikularuli Zala moqmedebs da cilindri deformacias ganicdis.
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 12.11. a) gamWimavi Zabvis zemoqmedebiT cilindri ΔL sididiT grZeldeba. b) cilindrze

Zvris Zabva moqmedebs da Δx odenobiT deformirdeba. g) myar sferoze siTxidan erTgvarovani
hidravlikuri Zabva moqmedebs da sferos moculoba ΔV-iT mcirdeba. sicxadisTvis yvela
deformacia gadidebulia.
12.11g suraTze, myari sxeuli siTxeSi, maRali wnevis qveS

aris moTavsebuli da yvela mxridan Tanabrad ikumSeba.
deformaciis samive saxeobas is aerTianebs, rom Zabva,
anu farTobis erTeulze moqmedi madeformirebeli Zala,
deformacias iwvevs. 12.11 suraTze a) aris gamWimavi Zabva, sur. 12.12. sacdeli sagani Zabva-
deformaciis grafikis gansazRvri
b) aris Zvris Zabva, xolo g) aris hidravlikuri Zabva
sTvis gamoiyeneba. garkveuli L
(yovelmxrivi kumSvis Zabva).
sigrZis ΔL cvlileba gamWimavi Zabva-
Zabva da deformacia 12.11 suraTis samive SemTxvevaSi
deformaciis testiT dgindeba
gansxvavebuli, magram amave dros urTierTproporciulia.
proporciulobis mudmivas drekadobis moduli ewodeba: wyvetis wertili
simtkicis
zRvari
Zabva = moduli × deformacia (12.22)
gaWimvis maxasiaTeblebis standartuli Semowmebisas, denadobis

zRvari
cilindrze moqmed gamWimav Zabvas nulidan cilindris mudmivi deformaciis are
gaWimva (F/A)
gawyvetis momentamde zrdian, deformacias saguldagulod
zomaven da mis grafiks ageben. Sedegad Zabvis deformaciaze wrfivi (drekadi) are
damokidebulebis grafiki miiReba (sur. 12.13). modebuli

Zabvebis mniSvnelovan diapazonSi Zabvasa da deformacias
fardofiTi gaWimva (ΔL/L)
Soris damokidebuleba wrfivia da sacdeli sagani
sur. 12.13. Zabva-deformaciis
Zabvis moxsnis Semdeg sawyis zomebs aRidgens. am areSi,
grafiki 12.12 suraTze gamosaxulis
12.22 formula gamosadegia. Tu Zabva sacdeli sagnis Sy msgavsi foladis sacdeli sagnis
denadobis zRvars gadaaWarbebs, maSin sagani mudmivad Tvis. sagani permanentulad defor
mirdeba, rodesac Zabva sagnis nivTie
deformirebuli xdeba. Tu Zabva zrdas ganagrZobs, sagani
riebis denadobis zRvris toli
irRveva da Sesabamis Zabvas Su simtkicis zRvari ewodeba. xdeba. sagani irRveva, rodesac Zabva
nivTierebis simtkicis zRvris toli
xdeba.
gaWimva da SekumSva
elementaruli gaWimvis an SekumSvis dros, saganze moqmedi
Zabva F/A, sadac F aris sagnis A farTobze perpendikularulad
modebuli Zala. am SemTxvevaSi, deformacia ganzomilebis
armqone ΔL/L sidide anu sagnis sigrZis fardobiTi cvli
lebaa. Tu sagani grZeli Zelakia da Zabva denadobis zRvars
ar aWarbebs, maSin ara mxolod mTliani Zelaki, aramed misi
yvela monakveTi Tanabar deformacias ganicdis, rodesac
mocemuli Zabva moqmedebs. vinaidan deformacias ganzomileba
ar gaaCnia, 12.22 formulaSi motanil deformaciis moduls
Zabvis ganzomileba aqvs anu farTobis erTeulze moqmedi
Zalaa.
gamWimi da SemkumSavi Zabvebis moduls iungis moduli
sur. 12.14. 9,8mm × 4,6mm zomebis
ewodeba da sainJinro praqtikaSi E simboloTi gamoisaxeba. tenzometri. tenzometri saganze
12.22 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs: magrdeba, romlis deformaciac
F ΔL unda gaizomos. tenzometri igive
=E (12.23) deformacias ganicdis, rasac sagani.
A L xelsawyos eleqtruli winaRoba
sagnis ΔL/L deformacia tenzometriT izomeba (sur. 12.14). deformaciasTan erTad icvleba
tenzometri martivi da sasargeblo mowyobilobaa. is da deformacia daaxloebiT 3%-is
zRvarSi izomeba.
moqmed meqanizmze pirdapir magrdeba da misi eleqtruli
maxasiaTeblebi deformaciazea damokidebuli.
12.7. drekadoba 421
iungis moduli gaWimvisa da SekumSvis SemTxvevaSi sagnisTvis Tanabari SeiZleba iyos, magram
sagnis simtkicis zRvari gaWimvisa da SekumSvis SemTxvevisaTvis SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes.
magaliTad, betoni Zalian Znelad ikumSeba, xolo misi gaWimva advilad SeiZleba. 12.1 cxrilSi
mocemulia zogierTi nivTierebis iungis moduli da drekadobis sxva maxasiaTeblebi.
Zvra
Zabva Zvris SemTxvevaSic farTobis erTeulze modebuli Zalaa, magram Zalis veqtori zedapiris
sibrtyeSi Zevs da misi perpendikularuli ar aris. deformacia ganzomilebis armqone Δx/L
fardobaa (sur. 12.11b). Sesabamisi moduli sainJinro praqtikaSi G simboloTi aRiniSneba da mas
Zvris moduli ewodeba. Zvris SemTxvevaSi 12.22 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
F Δx
=G (12.24)
A L
Zvris Zabva Zalian did zegavlenas axdens datvirTvis qveS mbrunav RerZze _ iwvevs mis
gadaRunvas da, agreTve, Zvlis motexilobas.
hidravlikuri Zabva
12.11g suraTze, Zabva saganze moqmedi p siTxis wnevaa da rogorc me-14 TavSi gamoCndeba, wneva
farTobis erTeulze modebuli Zalaa. deformacia ΔV/V fardobaa, sadac V aris sagnis sawyisi
moculoba, xolo ΔV - sagnis moculobis cvlilebis absoluturi mniSvneloba. Sesabamisi moduli
B simboloTi aRiniSneba da mas nivTierebis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli ewodeba. sagani
hidravlikurad ikumSeba da wnevas hidravlikuri Zabva ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi 12.22 formula
Semdeg saxes iRebs:
ΔV
p=B (12.25)
V
wylisTvis moculobiTi deformaciis modulia 2,2×109 n/m2, xolo foladisTvis _ 1,6×1011 n/m2.
wynari okeanis fskerze (daaxloebiT 4000m siRrmeze) wneva 4×107 n/m2-s utoldeba. wnevis
Sedegad wylis moculoba ΔV/V-iT anu 1,8%-iT ikumSeba, xolo foladis sagani mxolod
0,025%-iT. zogadad, myari atomuri mesris mqone sxeulebi ufro Znelad ikumSeba, vidre siTxe-
ebi, romlebSic atomebsa da molekulebs Soris kavSiri ufro sustia.
cxrili 12.1
sainJinro dainteresebis zogierTi nivTierebis drekadobis maxasiaTeblebi
Su simtkicis
E iungis moduli Sy denadobis
nivTiereba ρ simkvrive (kg/m3) zRvari
(109 n/m2) zRvari (106n/m2)
(106n/m2)
foladi a 7860 200 400 250
alumini 2710 70 110 95
mina 2190 65 50b
_
betoni g 2320 30 40b _
xe d 525 13 50b
_
Zvali 1900 9b 170b _
polistiroli 1050 3 48 _
a
samSeneblo foladi (ASTM-3
A 6)
b
SekumSvis dros
g
myari betoni
d
duglasis soWi

foladis Zelakis radiusia R=9,5mm, xolo samSeneblo foladis denadobis zRvaria

sigrZea L=81sm. Zelaks 62kn sididis F Zala 2,5 × 10 n/m , amitom Zelaki denadobis zRvar
8 2
Wimavs. gamoTvaleT Zelakze moqmedi Zabva, Tan metismetad axlosaa.

Zelakis wagrZeleba da deformacia. Zelakis wagrZeleba Zabvaze, L sawyis sigr
Zeze da nivTierebis gvarobazea damokidebuli.
amoxsna: davuSvaT Zelaki uZravia da erTi
 es ukanaskneli E iungis modulis mniSvnelobas
boloTi damagrebulia. am SemTxvevaSi, F Zala
gansazRvravs. 12.23 formulaSi 12.1 cxrilidan
Zelakis meore boloze sigrZis paralelurad
foladis iungis moduli CavsvaT da miviRebT:
da Zelakis bolos perpendikularulad
moqmedebs. maSasadame, mdgomareoba 12.11a (F/A)L (2,2 × 108 n/m2)(0,81 m)
ΔL = =
suraTis msgavsia. E 2,2 × 1011 n/m2
aseve vuSvebT, rom Zelakis ganivkveTis
= 8,9 × 10–4 m = 0,89 mm (pasuxi)
A = πR 2
farTobze Zala Tanabrad aris
ganawilebuli. am SemTxvevaSi, Zelakze Zelakis deformacia sigrZis cvlilebis sawyis
moqmedi Zabva 12.23 formulis marcxena mxariT sigrZesTan Sefardebaa:
moicema: ΔL 8,9 × 10–4 m
F F 6,2 × 104 n =
l 0,81 m
Zabva = = =
A πR2 (π)(9,5 × 10–3 m)2
= 1,1 × 10–3 = 0,11% (pasuxi)
= 2,2 × 10 n/m
8 2
(pasuxi)

magidis sami fexis sigrZea 1 m, xolo meoTxe magidis fexis sawyisi sigrZe. am formulis
fexi d = 0,5 mm-iT ufro grZelia da magida gamoyenebiT 12.26 formulaSi ΔL4 da ΔL3
yanyalebs. M = 290 kg masis foladis cilin sidideebs CavanacvlebT. garda amisa,
dri magidaze dades, misi oTxive fexi SeikumSa yuradReba miaqcieT, rom L sawyisi sigrZe
(moRunvis gareSe) da magidis zedapiri oTxive fexisTvis daaxloebiT Tanabaria.
gasworda. magidis fexebi A = 1 sm farTobis 2 gadanacvlelebis Semdeg miviRebT:
ganivi kveTis mqone xis cilindrebia da iungis F4L F3L
= + d (12.27)
modulia E = 1,3 × 1010 n/m2. ra Zalebi moqmedebs AE AE
iatakidan magidis fexebze? am formulas ver amovxsniT, vinaidan is F4 da
F3 ucnobebs Seicavs.
amoxsna: sistemad magidasa da foladis
igive ucnobebis Semcveli meore formulis
cilindrs miviCnevT. mdgomareoba 12.9 suraTs
misaRebad y vertikaluri RerZi gamoviyenoT
waagavs, oRond amjerad magidaze foladis
da vertikalur ZalTa balansis formula
cilindri devs. Tu magidis zedapiri sworia,
(Ft,y = 0) Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
maSin mokle fexebi erTi da igive sididiT unda
SeikumSos (am sidides ΔL3 vuwodoT) da maTze 3F3 + F4 – Mg = 0 (12.28)
Tanabari sididis F3 Zalam unda imoqmedos.
magidis grZeli fexi ufro meti ΔL4 odenobiT sadac Mg aris sistemaze moqmedi gravi
unda SeikumSos da masze ufro meti sididis taciuli Zala. 12.27 da 12.28 formulebis
F4 Zalam unda imoqmedos. sxva sityvebiT rom F3-sTvis amoxsnisTvis 12.28 formulidan
vTqvaT, magidis swori zedapiris pirobebSi: vadgenT, rom F4 = Mg – 3F3. Semdeg es Sedegi
ΔL 4 = ΔL3 + d (12.26) 12.27 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:

12.23 formulidan gamomdinare, sigrZis Mg dAE
F3 = –
cvlilebasa da cvlilebis gamomwvev Zalas 4 4L
Soris ΔL = FL/AE kavSiria, sadac L aris
12.7. drekadoba 423
(290 kg)(9,8 m/w2) Semdeg 12.28 formula mogvcems:
=
4 F4 = Mg – 3F3 = (290 kg)(9,8 m/w2) – 3(548 n)
(5,0 × 10–4 m)(10–4 m2) (1,3 × 1010 n/m2)
– ≈ 1,2 kn (pasuxi)
(4)(1,00 m)
wonasworuli mdgomareobis misaRwevad magi
= 548 n ≈ 5,5 × 102 n (pasuxi) dis mokle fexebi 0,42mm-iT unda SeikumSos,
xolo grZeli fexi - 0,92mm-iT.
sakontrolo wertili 6 suraTze naCvenebia A da B mavTulebze

Camokidebuli horizontaluri bloki. mavTulebi identurebia
da mxolod maTi sawyisi sigrZeebi gansxvavdeba. blokis masaTa
centri B mavTulTan ufro axlos aris ganlagebuli. a) blokis
masaTa centris mimarT A mavTuliT gamowveuli Zalis momenti
B mavTuliT gamowveul Zalis momentze metia, naklebia
Tu erTmaneTis tolia? b) romeli mavTulidan ufro meti Zala moqmedebs blokze? g) Tu
mavTulebis sigrZe Tanabari xdeba, romeli mavTuli iyo ufro mokle?
statikuri wonasworoba. uZrav myar drekadobis moduli. rodesac saganze

sxeuls statikur wonasworobaSi myofi moqmedebs Zala, sagnis deformaciis aRsa
ewodeba. am sxeulze moqmedi gare Zalebis werad gamoiyeneba sami drekadobis moduli.
veqtoruli jami nulis tolia: deformacia (sigrZis fardobiTi cvlileba)

F net
t
= 0= 0(ZalTa balansi)
(12.3) moqmed Zabvas (farTobis erTeulze modebul
Tu yvela Zala xy sibrtyeSi Zevs, 12.3 veq Zalas) Sesabamisi modulis saSualebiT wrfi
toruli formula ori komponenturi for vad ukavSirdeba:
mulis eqvivalenturia: Zabva = moduli × deformacia (12.22)
Ft,x = 0 da Ft,y =0 (ZalTa balansi) (12.7, 12.8) gaWimva da SekumSva. rodesac sagani iWimeba an
statikuri wonasworoba aseve moiTxovs, rom
ikumSeba, 12.22 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
nebismieri wertilis mimarT sxeulze moqme F ΔL
di gare Zalis momentebis jami nulis toli =E (12.23)
A L
iyos:
 sadac ΔL/L aris - sagnis deformacia gaWimviT
0
τtnet= 0=(Zalis momentTa balansi) (12.5)
an SekumSviT, F – deformaciis gamomwvevi
Tu yvela Zala xy sibrtyeSia, maSin Zalis
Zalis sidide, A – ganivi kveTis farTobi,
momentTa veqtorebi z RerZis paralelurebia
romelzec es Zalaa modebuli (Zala A-s
da 12.5 formula erTi komponenturi formu
perpendikularulad moqmedebs), xolo E
lis eqvivalenturia:
- iungis moduli sagnisTvis. Zabva F/A-s
τt,z = 0 (Zalis momentTa balansi) (12.9)
tolia.
simZimis centri. gravitaciuli Zala Zvra. rodesac saganze Zvris Zabva moqmedebs,
sxeulis yvela elementze moqmedebs. calkeul 12.22 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
elementebze moqmedebis
jamuri efeqtis F Δx
dasadgenad simZimis centrze moqmed F g
=G (12.24)
A L
gravitaciul Zalas warmovidgenT. Tu sxeulis sadac Δx/L aris sagnis deformacia ZvriT,

yvela elementisTvis g gravitaciuli aCqa Δx – sagnis
 erTi bolos gadaadgileba mode
reba Tanabaria, simZimis centri sxeulis buli F Zalis mimarTulebiT (sur. 12.11b),
masaTa centrs emTxveva. xolo G – sagnis Zvris moduli. Zabva F/A-s
tolia.
hidravlikuri Zabva. rodesac sagani sadac p aris siTxidan sxeulze moqmedi wneva
garemomcveli siTxidan moqmedi Zabvis Sedegad (hidravlikuri Zabva), ΔV/V - wnevis Sedegad
hidravlikurad ikumSeba, 12.22 formula sagnis moculobis fardobiTi cvlilebis
Semdeg saxes iRebs: absoluturi mniSvneloba (deformacia),
ΔV xolo B – sagnis moculobiTi deformaciis
p=B (12.25)
V moduli.
SekiTxvebi
1. 12.15 suraTze naCvenebia erTgvarovani Zeli, moqmedi horizontaluri Zalis mixedviT

romelzec oTxi Zala moqmedebs. davuSvaT dididan mcireze daalageT.
brunvis RerZi O wertilze gadis. gamoTvaleT
ZalebiT gamow
veuli Zalis mo
mentebi am RerZis
mimarT. abalansebs
(1) (2) (3)
Tu ara Zalis mo
mentebi erTmaneTs, rodesac brunvis RerZi sur. 12.17. SekiTxva 3.
a) A wertilze, b) B wertilze an g) C wertilze
4. 12.18 suraTze, myari Zeli zedapirze
gadis? davuSvaT O wertilis mimarT moqmedi
damagrebul or svetzea ganlagebuli. patara,
Zalis momentebi erTmaneTs ar abalansebs.
magram mZime seifi suraTze naCveneb eqvs
arsebobs Tu ara sxva wertili, romlis mimarT
adgilze rig-rigobiT dades. davuSvaT Zelis
Zalis momentebi erTmaneTs abalansebs?
masa seifis masasTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa.
2. 12.16 suraTze naCvenebia mbrunavi erT a) seifis mdebareobebi seifidan A svetze
gvarovani diskoebi, romlebic xaxunisgan moqmedi Zalis mixedviT dididan mcireze
Tavisufal zedapirze srialeben. TiToeul daalageT. b) seifis
diskoze sami F, 2F an 3F Zala fersoze, centrze mdebareobebi svet
an fersosa da centrs Soris Sua wertilze ze moqmedi Zalis
moqmedebs. Zalis veqtorebi diskoebTan erTad mixedviT dididan
brunavs da 12.16 suraTze isini marcxnisken mcireze daalageT. sur. 12.18. SekiTxva 4
an marjvnisken aris mimarTuli. romeli dis

koebia wonasworul mdgomareobaSi? 5. 12.19 suraTze naCvenebia Werze Camo
kidebuli saTamaSo pingvinebi. TiToeuli
Zelaki horizontaluria, umniSvnelo masisaa
da damWeri mavTulidan Zelakis marjvena
bolomde samjer meti manZilia, vidre
(a) (b) (g) (d) mavTulidan Zelakis marcxena bolomde.
pirveli pingvinis masaa m1 = 48 kg. ra masa
sur. 12.16. SekiTxva 2. aqvs a) meore pingvins, b) mesame pingvins da
g) meoTxe pingvins?
3. 12.17 suraTze naCvenebia kedelze da
magrebul saxsarze erTi boloTi Camo
kidebuli horizontaluri Zelaki da mis
meore boloze mobmuli Toki. suraTze
gamosaxuli SemTxvevebi a) Tokidan Zelakze
moqmedi Zalis, b) saxsridan Zelakze moqmedi
vertikaluri Zalis da g) saxsridan Zelakze
425
6. sami saTamaSo cxeni 12.20 suraTze ga miyudebuli da kibesa da dedamiwas Soris
mosaxuli Skivebis da Tokebis sistemazea moqmedi xaxunis Zalis Sedegad ar vardeba.
Camokidebuli. erTi grZeli Toki Weridan davuSvaT, kibe kedelTan ufro axlos
marcxniv mdebare qveda Skivs marjvnidan gadaadgiles. a) dedamiwidan kibeze moqmedi
exveva. ramdenime drekadobis Zala, b) kedlidan kibeze moqmedi
mokle TokiT Ski Zala, g) dedamiwidan kibeze moqmedi statikuri
vebi Werzea Ca xaxunis Zala da d) statikuri xaxunis Zalis
mokidebuli an fs, max maqsimaluri mniSvneloba izrdeba, mcir
Skivebze saTa deba Tu ar icvleba?
maSoebia Camoki
9. oTxi cilindruli Zelaki 12.11a suraTis
debuli. ori sa
msgavsad gaWimes. Zalebi, Zelebis boloebis
TamaSo cxenis
farTobebi, sigrZis cvlilebebi da sawyisi
wona (niutonebSi)
sur. 12.20. SekiTxva 6 sigrZeebi cxrilSia mocemuli. Zelakebi
mocemulia. a) ra
iungis modulis sididis mixedviT dididan
wona aqvs mesame saTamaSo cxens? (miniSneba:
mcireze daalageT.
Skivis garSemo naxevrad Semoxveuli Toki
Skivze jamuri ZaliT moqmedebs, romelic sigrZis sawyisi
Zelaki Zala farTobi
cvlileba sigrZe
Tokis daWimulobaze orjer metia). b) ra
daWimuloba aqvs T Toks? 1 F A ΔL L
2 2F 2A 2ΔL L
7. 12.21 suraTze, 3 F 2A 2ΔL 2L
vertikaluri Ze 4 2F A ΔL 2L
lakis qveda bolo
saxsarzea da 10. cxrilSi mocemulia sami zedapiris
magrebuli, xolo farTobi da zedapiris perpendikularulad

sur. 12.21. SekiTxva 7 modebuli Zalis sidide. zedapirebi maTze
Zelakis zeda
boloze gvarlia moqmedi Zabvis mixedviT dididan mcireze
 daalageT.
mibmuli. Zelakze F horizontaluri Zala
moqmedebs. Tu Zelakze Zalis modebis wertili farTobi Zala
ufro maRla mdebareobs, gvarlis daWimuloba zedapiri A 0,5A0 2F0
izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu ar icvleba? zedapiri B 2A0 4F0
8. kibe xaxunisgan Tavisufal kedelzea zedapiri C 3A0 6F0
amocanebi
naklebad cvalebadobs, maTi simZimis centri

Manual-Si. masaTa centrs emTxveva. warmovidginoT,
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze rom g mniSvnelovnad icvleba. 12.22 suraTze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday naCvenebia m masis eqvsi nivTieri wertili,
romelic umniSvnelo masis myari sagnis
com/college/halliday. kideebzea ganlagebuli. mezobel nivTier
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs wertilebs Soris manZilia 2 m. qvemoT
amocanis sirTules
mocemuli cxrili iZleva g-s mniSvnelobas
TiToeuli nivTieri wertilis mdebareobaze.
paragrafi 12.4. simZimis centri
naCvenebi koordinatTa sistemis gamoyenebiT
• 1 vinaidan g gravitaciuli aCqareba
eqvsi nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgari sis
umetesi sxeulebis moculobis farglebSi
temis a) masaTa centris xcom koordinati da
b) ycom koordinati gamoTvaleT. Semdeg igive mimagrebuli. Tokis damagrebis adgilsa

sistemis simZimis centris g) xsc koordinati da sferos centrs Soris manZilia L = 8 sm.
da d) ysc koordinati gamoTvaleT. gamoTvaleT a) Tokis daWimuloba da b) ked
lidan sferoze moqmedi Zala. SSM WWW
nivTieri nivTieri
wertili
g wertili
g
• 6 60 kg masis da 5 m sigrZis ficarnagis orive
1 8 4 7,4
boloze vertikaluri Tokia mobmuli da
2 7,8 5 7,6
ficarnagi horizontalur mdgomareobaSia
3 7,6 6 7,8
gaCerebuli. 80 kg masis fanjrebis mwmendavi
ficarnagis erTi bolodan 1,5 m-iT moSorebiT
paragrafi 12.5. statikuri wonasworobis dgas. ra daWimuloba aqvs a) axlos mdebare
magaliTebi Toks da b) Soreul Toks?
• 2 fizikosi bavSvebi saqanelaze sxedan • 7 580 N wonis
da wonasworobas inarCuneben. maTi wonebi wyalSi mxtomeli
(niutonebSi) 12.23 suraTzea naCvenebi. romeli L=4,5m sigrZis da
bavSvi iwvevs udides Zalis moments f sayrden umniSvnelo masis
wertilze gamaval da a) saxelmZRvanelos tramplinis ki
gverdidan moSorebiT da b) saxelmZRvanelos deze dgas (sur.
gverdisken mimarTuli brunvis RerZis 12.25). tramplini sur. 12.25. amocana 7
mimarT? d = 1,5 m manZiliT
daSorebul or sayrdenzea damagrebuli. ra
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa marcxena
sayrdenidan tramplinze moqmedi Zala da ra
f g) sididis da d) mimarTulebisaa marjvena
sayrdenidan tramplinze moqmedi Zala?
220 330 440 560 560 440 330 220
e) romeli sayrdeni iWimeba da v) romeli
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
ikumSeba? SSM
• 8 1360 kg masis avtomobilis wina da ukana
• 3 umniSvnelo masis Toki 3,44m manZi RerZebs Soris 3,05 m manZilia. misi simZimis
liT daSorebul sayrdenebs Soris hori centri wina RerZidan 1,78 m manZilze mde
zontalurad aris daWimuli. rodesac Tokis bareobs. rodesac avtomobili dedamiwis
centrze 3160 N wonis sagans kideben, Toki donezea, ra Zala moqmedebs dedamiwidan
35sm-iT dabla iwevs. ra daWimuloba aqvs a) TiToeul wina borbalze da b) TiToeul
Toks? ILW ukana borbalze?
• 4 mSvildisari Sua • 9 metrebSi dagraduirebuli saxazavi 50 sm-

wertilidan iWimeba, is niSnuliT sayrdenze horizontalurad
vidre Tokis daWimu balansirebs. Tu 5 g masis or monetas 12sm-
loba msrolelis mi is niSnulze davdebT, saxazavi 45,5sm-is
er modebul Zalas ga niSnuliT iwyebs balansirebas. ra masa aqvs
uTanabrdeba. ra kuTxea saxazavs? SSM
Tokis or naxevars
sur. 12.24. amocana 5 • 10 12.26 suraTze mZRoli manqanis amoyvanas
Soris?
gzispira talaxidan cdilobs. is Tokis erT
• 5 12.24 suraTze m = 0,85kg masis da r = 4,2sm bolos manqanis wina bampers abams, xolo Tokis
radiusis erTgvarovani sfero masis armqone meore bolos 18 m-iT moSorebiT mdebare Zels
TokiT xaxunisgan Tavisufal kedelzea axvevs. Semdeg mZRoli Tokis Sua wertilze
427
550 n ZaliT moqmedebs da Toks gverdze wevs. • 14 12.28 suraTze
Sedegad Tokis centri sawyisi mdebareobidan gamosaxuli sistema
0,3 m-iT moSorebiT gadaadgildeba da manqana wonasworobaSia da
moZraobas iwyebs. ra Zala moqmedebs Tokidan mis centrze gamavali
manqanaze? (Toki garkveulwilad iWimeba) Toki zustad hori
zontaluria. A
bloki 40 n-s iwonis,
B blokis wonaa
50n da f kuTxea
35°. gamoTvaleT a) T1 daWimuloba, b) T2
sur. 12.26. amocana 10. daWimuloba, g) T3 daWimuloba da d) θ kuTxe.
• 11 75kg masis fanjrebis mwmendavi 5m sigrZis • 15 12.29 suraTze naCvenebia adamianis fexis
da 10kg masis kibes iyenebs. mwmendavi kibis anatomiuri agebuleba, rodesac adamiani
bolos kedlidan 2,5m-iT moSorebiT debs, kibes TiTis wverze
fanjaras ayudebs da maRla adis. 3m-is asvlis dgas, terfi zeda
Semdeg fanjara tydeba. kibesa da fanjaras piridan odnav
Soris moqmedi xaxunis Zala ugulebelyaviT da aweulia da Sexebis
dauSviT, rom kibis bolo ar gadaadgildeba. adgili mxolod P
rodesac fanjara gatexvis zRvarzea, a) ra wertilzea. davu
Zala moqmedebs kibidan fanjaraze da b) ra SvaT a = 5 sm, b =
Zala moqmedebs miwidan kibeze? g) ra kuTxes 15 sm da adamianis sur. 12.29. amocana 15.
adgens (horizontalisadmi) miwidan kibeze wonaa W = 900 n.
moqmedi Zala? SSM fexze moqmedi Zalebidan ra a) sididis da
• 12 kubis formis yuTis TiToeuli gverdis b) mimarTulebisaa kunTidan A wertilze

sigrZe 0,75m-ia da 500 n-s iwonis. yuTi moqmedi Zala da ra g) sididis da d) mimar
zedapirze Zevs da misi erTi gverdi Zalian Tulebisaa fexis qveda Zvlebidan B wertilze
patara, uZrav bariers eyrdnoba. zedapiridan moqmedi Zala?
ra umcires simaRleze unda imoqmedos 350 n

sididis horizontalurma Zalam, raTa yuTi • 16 12.30 suraTze, 2m sigrZis da 50kg masis
barierze gadayiravdes? horizontaluri ficarnagi, Senobaze ori
gvarliTaa Camokidebuli. ficarnagze saRe
• 13 12.27 suraTze
 gamosaxul struqturaze
bavis uamravi yuTia dalagebuli. saRebavebis
F1 , F2 da F3 Zalebi moqmedebs. struqtura
yuTebis jamuri masaa 75kg. marjvena gvarlis
wonasworul mdgomareobaSi P wertilze mo
daWimulobaa 722 n.
debulma meoTxe Zalam unda gadaiyvanos.
 marjvena gvarlidan

meoTxe Zalis veqtoruli komponentebia Fh da
ra horizontalur
Fν . mocemuli gvaqvs a=2m, b=3m, c=1m, F1=20n, manZilzea saRebavis
F2=10 n da F3 = 5 n. gamoTvaleT a) Fh, b) Fν da yuTebis sistemis sur. 12.30. amocana 16.
g) d-s sigrZe. ILW
masaTa centri?
• 17 12.31 suraTze, 500n wonis da 3 m sigrZis

erTgvarovani Zeli horizontaluradaa da
magrebuli. Zelis marcxena bolo kedelzea
mimagrebuli, xolo marjvena boloze To
kia mibmuli. Zelsa da kedelze Tokis da
magrebis adgils Soris manZilia D. Toks
sul mcire 1200 n daWimuloba wyvets.
a) D-s ra mniS 2kg da masaTa centri winamxris Zvlisa

vneloba Seesa da zedamxris Zvlis (mxris Zvlis) Sexebis
bameba amgvar da wertilidan d1 = 15 sm manZilzea. samTaviani
Wimulobas? kunTi winamxars Sexebis wertilidan d2 = 2,5 sm
b) Tokis gawyvetis manZiliT vertikalurad maRla wevs. d3 manZilia
Tavidan asaci 35 sm-ia. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebis Zala
leblad D-s es moqmedebs samTaviani kunTidan winamxarze
mniSvneloba unda gaizardos Tu Semcirdes? da ra g) sididis da d) mimarTulebis Zala
moqmedebs mxris Zvlidan winamxarze?
•18 12.32 suraTze, m2 = 30 kg masis da L2 = 2 m
••21 12.35 suraTze,
sigrZis meore fi
222 n wonis erT
carnagi m1 = 50
gvarovani Zeli erTi
kg masis pirvel
boloTi kedelzea
ficarnagzea Camo
mimagrebuli, xolo
kidebuli. 20 kg
meore boloze Tokia
masis yuTi meore sur. 12.32. amocana 18.
mibmuli. Toki Zelisa
ficarnagze devs
da kedlisadmi θ=30°
da marcxena bolodan d = 0,5 m manZilze. ra T
kuTxes adgens. gamo
daWimuloba aqvs naCveneb Toks?
TvaleT a) Tokis da
••19 12.33 suraTze, borblis RerZze Wimuloba, saxsridan
horizontalurad
 Zelze moqmedi Zalis b) horizontaluri da
modebuli ra F g) vertikaluri komponentebi. SSM
Zalaa saWiro,
••22 12.36 suraTze,
raTa borbali h
50 kg masis da L = 2
= 3 sm simaRlis
m sigrZis gverdis
dabrkolebaze
kvadratis for
avides? borblis
sur. 12.33. amocana 19. mis gancxadeba
radiusia r = 6 sm
dh=3m sigrZis da
da misi masaa m = 0,8 kg. SSM WWW
umniSvnelo masis ho
••20 12.34 suraTze, 15kg masis bloki Skivebis rizontalur Zelak
sistemis saSualebiT uZravad aris gaCerebuli. zea Camokidebuli.
adamianis zedamxari vertikaluria, xolo Toki Zelakis erT
winamxari horizontalisadmi θ=30° kuTxes bolosa da Zelakis
adgens. winamxris da xelis erToblivi masaa kedelze mimagrebis
adgilidan 4 m-iT maR
Skivi
la ganlagebul wertils Soris aris gabmuli.
samTavi a) ra daWimuloba aqvs Toks? ra b) sididis da
kunTi g) mimarTulebisaa kedlidan Zelakze moqmedi
Zalis horizontaluri komponenti da ra
g) sididis da d) mimarTulebisaa am Zalis
vertikaluri komponenti?
••23 12.37 suraTze gamosaxuli sistema

mxari
wonasworobaSia. 225kg masis betonis
bloki 45kg masis dgaris erTi bolodanaa
bloki Camokidebuli. f=30° da θ=45° kuTxeebis
429
SemTxvevaSi a) Tokis xolo siganea 0,91 m (x RerZis gaswvriv,
T daWimuloba da romelic karebis anjamidan moSorebiT aris
saxsridan dgarze mimarTuli). karis zemodan 0,3 m manZilze
moqmedi Zalis b) ho mdebare da karis qvemodan 0,3 m manZilze
rizontaluri da mdebare anjamebi karebis masas anu 27 kg-s
g) vertikaluri kom Tanabrad inawileben. ra Zalebi moqmedeben
ponenti gamoTva sur. 12.37. amocana 23. karebis a) zeda anjamaze da b) qveda anjamaze?
leT. ILW (Zalebi CawereT erTeulovani veqtorebiT.)
••24 12.38 suraTze, ••27 12.40 suraTze,

55kg masis mTa 200 n wonis erTgva
msvleli kldis rovani Zelakis si
nabzarze adis, grZea L = 3 m. blo
xelebi bzaris erT kis wonaa W = 300n
mxares ukidia, da kuTxea θ=30°.
xolo fexebiT Toki maqsimum 500n
s a p i r i s p i r o daWimulobas uZ
mxares awveba. sur. 12.38. amocana 24. lebs. a) risi tolia maqsimaluri SesaZlo
bzaris siganea w x manZili, vidre Toki gawydeba? Tu bloki
= 0,2 m da mTamsvlelis masaTa centri bza am manZilze mdebareobs, gamoTvaleT
ridan d = 0,4 m horizontalur manZilze saxsridan Zelakze (A wertilze) moqmedi
mdebareobs. xelebsa da kldes Soris Zalis b) horizontaluri da g) vertikaluri
statikuri xaxunis koeficientia μ1=0,4, komponenti.
xolo fexsacmelsa da kldes Soris
••28 12.40 suraTze, umniSvnelo wonis da L
statikuri xaxunis koeficientia μ2=1,2.
sigrZis AB horizontaluri Zelaki vertikalur
a) xelebidan da fexebidan momavali ra
kedelzea mimagrebuli (A wertilSi). Zelakis
umciresi biZgebi gaaCerebs mTamsvlels?
meore boloze (B wertilze) BC Toki kidia,
b) amocanis a) nawilSi gamoTvlili xelebidan
romelic horizontalisadmi θ kuTxes adgens.
moqmedi Zalis SemTxvevaSi, ra h vertikaluri
W wonis bloki Zelakis gaswvriv gadaadgil-
manZili unda iyos xelebsa da fexebs Soris?
deba da misi mdebareoba kedlidan masaTa
Tu mTamsvleli svel kldeze adis anu μ1 da μ2
centramde x manZiliT ganisazRvreba. gamo
Semcirebulia, rogor Seicvleba g) a)-s pasuxi
TvaleT a) Tokis daWimulobis da saxsridan
da d) b)-s pasuxi?
Zelakze moqmedi Zalis b) horizontaluri
• • 2 5 da g) vertikaluri komponentebis x-ze damo
araerTgvarovani kidebulebis funqciebi.
Zeli masis armqone
••29 kubis formis yuTi qviSiT savsea da
ori TokiT aris
890 n-s iwonis. Cven gvsurs yuTis erT-erT
Camokidebuli da
zeda kides horizontalurad wavubiZgoT da
h o r i z o n t a l u r
sur. 12.39. amocana 25. yuTi `gadavagoroT~. a) ra minimaluri Zalaa
m d g o m a r e o b a S i a
saWiro? b) ra minimaluri statikuri xaxunis
(sur. 12.39). erTi Toki vertikalisadmi θ
koefocientia yuTsa da zedapirs Soris saWi-
= 36,9° kuTxes adgens, xolo meore Toki
ro? g) Tu yuTis gadagorebis ufro mo
vertikalisadmi f=53,1° kuTxes qmnis. Zelakis
saxerxebeli saSualeba arsebobs, maSin yuT
L sigrZea 6,1 m. gamoTvaleT Zelakis marcxena
ze modebuli umciresi SesaZlo Zala gamo
bolodan masaTa centramde x manZili. SSM
TvaleT, romelic yuTs gadaagorebs (miniSne
••26 karebis simaRlea 2,1 m (y RerZis gaswvriv), ba: gadagorebis dawyebisas sad moqmedebs
drekadobis Zala?) SSM WWW
••30 12.41a suraTze naCvenebia qveda boloTi ••32 12.43 suraTze,

damagrebuli, L sigrZis vertikaluri, erT A da B Zeli kedelze
gvarovani Zeli. Zelis qveda bolodan y man- da erTmaneTzea mi
Zilze a horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs. magrebuli. A Zelis
Zeli vertikalur mdgomareobas ar icvlis, sigrZea LA = 2,4 m da
masaa 54 kg. B Zelis
vinaidan misi zeda bolo horizontalisadmi
masaa 68 kg. Zelebis
θ kuTxiT TokiT aris damagrebuli. 12.41b su-
kedelTan mimagrebis
raTze mocemulia Tokis T daWimulobis mod-
adgilebs Soris man sur. 12.43. amocana 32.
ebuli Zalis mdebareobaze damokidebulebis
Zilia d = 1,8mm. ra
funqciis grafiki. modebuli Zalis mdebareo-
Zala moqmedebs a) A Zelze kedelze mimagrebis
/
ba Zelis sigrZis y L nawilis saxiTaa warmod- adgilidan, b) A Zelze WanWikidan, g) B Zelze
genili. 12.41g suraTze naCvenebia saxsridan kedelze mimagrebis adgilidan da d) B Zelze
Zelze moqmedi Fh horizontaluri Zalis aseve WanWikidan? (Zalebi CawereT erTeulovani
y/L-ze damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki. veqtorebiT.)
gamoTvaleT a) θ kuTxe da b) a Zalis sidide. •••33 kubis formis da 1,2m sigrZis gverdebis
mqone yuTSi meqanizmis nawili devs. yuTisa
da masSi Cadebuli nawilis masaTa centri
yuTis geometriuli centridan maRla 0,3 m
manZilzea. yuTi horizontalisadmi θ kuTxiT
daxril sibrtyeze devs. rodesac θ kuTxe
a) garkveul mniSvnelobas miaRwevs, yuTi an amo
trialdeba an sibrtyeze Camosrialdeba. Tu
yuTsa da sibrtyes Soris μs statikuri xaxunis
koeficientia 0,6, a) yuTi amotrialdeba
Tu Camosrialdeba da b) ra θ kuTxis dros
moxdeba es? Tu μs=0,7, g) yuTi amotrialdeba
Tu Camosrialdeba da d) ra θ kuTxis dros
moxdeba es? (miniSneba: amotrialebis dros
sad moqmedebs drekadobis Zala?) SSM
b) g)
•••34 12.44a suraTze naCvenebia mb masis da L
sur. 12.41. amocana 30. sigrZis horizontaluri Zeli. Zeli marcxena
boloTi kedelzea mimagrebuli, xolo mis
••31 12.42 suraTze, marjvena boloze Tokia mobmuli, romelic
L=6,1m sigrZis da horizontalisadmi θ kuTxes adgens. mp masis
445 n wonis ficari yuTi Zelis marcxena bolodan x manZilze Zevs.
miwaze devs da mb+mp jamuri masa 61,22 kg-ia. 12.44b suraTze
h=3,05m simaRlis naCvenebia Tokis T daWimulobis yuTis mde
kedlis wverze da bareobaze damokidebulebis funqciis gra
magrebul, xaxu fiki. yuTis mdebareoba Zelis sigrZis x/L na
nisgan Tavisufal wilis saSualebiTaa mocemuli. gamoTvaleT
a) θ kuTxe, b) mb masa da g) mp masa.
gorgolaWzea miyu
debuli. θ≥70° mniS
vnelobebisTvis fi
cari wonasworul
mdgomareobaSia, xolo rodesac θ<70°, ficari
vardeba. gamoTvaleT ficarsa da miwas Soris
arsebuli statikuri xaxunis koeficienti.
a) b)
SSM
431
•••35 12.45 suraTze dan Wimaven. misi sawyisi sigrZea 0,8m da
–6
gamosaxuli kibis sawyisi ganivi kveTis farTobia 2×10 m2.
AC da CE gverdebi ra muSaobas asrulebs gamWimi meqa
2,44 m sigrZisaa nizmidan mavTulze moqmedi Zala, raTa
–3
da C wertilze 1 × 10 deformacia gamoiwvios?
aris damagrebuli.
••39 12.48 suraTze, 103 kg masis erTgvarovani
0,762 m sigrZis BD
mori foladis A da
Zelaki kibis SuaSia
B mavTulebiT kidia.
damagrebuli. 854 n
mavTulebis radiu
wonis adamiani ki
sia 1,2 mm. A mavTuli
beze 1,8 m manZils
Tavdapirvelad 2,5 m
gadis. davuSvaT ze
sigrZisaa da B mav sur. 12.48. amocana 39.
dapirze xaxunis sur. 12.45. amocana 35.
Tulze 2 metriT mo
Zala ar moqmedebs
klea. mori horizontalur mdgomareobaSia.
da kibis masa umniSvneloa. gamoTvaleT
ra Zalebi moqmedebs morze a) A mavTulidan da
a) Zelakis daWimuloba da zedapiridan ki
b) B mavTulidan? risi tolia dA/dB? SSM
beze moqmedi Zalebi b) A wertilze da g) E
wertilze (miniSneba: wonasworobis pirobebis ••40 12.49 suraTze, tyviis aguri A da B
gamoyenebiT kibeebis nawilebi calke gamo cilindrebze horizontalurad Zevs. ci
yaviT). SSM lindris zedapi
rebis farTobebs
paragrafi 12.7. drekadoba Soris AA = 2AB Ta
•36 12.46 suraTze nafardobaa. cilin
naCvenebia Zabva-de drebis iungis mo
Zabva (106 n/m2)
formaciis grafiki dulebs Soris ki

kvarcisTvis. gamoTva EA = 2EB Tanafardoba sur. 12.49. amocana 40.
leT am nivTierebis arsebobs. cilindrebis simaRle Tanabaria,
a) iungis moduli da vidre agurs maTze dadeben. aguris masis ra
fardobiTi gaWimva
b) denadobiszRvris (deformacia) nawils iWers a) A cilindri da b) B cilindri?
miaxloebiTi mniSvne sur. 12.46. amocana 36. aguris masaTa centridan A cilindris
loba. RerZamde manZilia dA, xolo B cilindris
RerZamde manZilia dB. g) risi tolia dA/dB?
•37 4,8 sm diametris aluminis horizon
taluri Zelaki kedelzea damagrebuli da ••41 miwis qveS d = 60m siRrmeze L=150m
5,3 sm sigrZisaa. 1200 kg masis sagani Zelakis sigrZis, H = 7,2 m simaRlis da 5,8 m siganis
gamoSveril boloze kidia. aluminis Zvris gvirabi unda aSendes (ix. sur. 12.50). gvirabis
modulia 3 × 1010 n/m2. Zelakis masa ugulebel
yaviT da a) Zelakze moqmedi Zvris Zabva da
b) Zelakis bolos vertikaluri gadaxra
gamoTvaleT. SSM ILW
•38 12.47 suraTze

naCvenebia Zabvis far
Zabva (106 n/m2)
dofiT gaWimvaze damo

kidebulebis funqciis
grafiki aluminis
mavTulisTvis. mav
Tuls orive bolo fardobiTi gaWimva sur. 12.50. amocana 41.
saxuravi foladis kvadratulma svetebma unda adamianis x daSorebaze damokidebulebis

daiWiros, TiToeulis ganivkveTis farTobia funqciis grafiki. ra masa aqvs a) Zels da
960 sm2. 1 sm3 miwis masa 2,8 g-ia. a) ra jamuri b) adamians?
wonis miwa unda daiWiros svetebma? b) ramdeni
svetia saWiro, raTa TiToeul svetze moqmedi
kn
SemkumSavi Zabva simtkicis zRvris naxevari
iyos? SSM
•••42 12.51 suraTze naCvenebia vertikaluri

RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari Zelaki. Zelaki m
a) b)
maSin Cerdeba, rodesac identuri A da B rezinis
muxruWebi RerZidan rA = 7 sm da rB = 4sm manZi
lebze gaaqtiurdebian. Tavdapirvelad muxru- 45 12.54 suraTze,
Webi SekumSuli ar aris. amis Semdeg Zelak- 817kg masis sam
ze 220 n sididis Zala RerZidan R = 5 m man- Seneblo kasri A
Zilze iwyebs moqmedebas. gamoTvaleT a) A mux Tokzea Camoki
ruWebi da b) B muxruWis SemkumSavi Zala. debuli. A Toki
O wertilze B da
C kabels ukav
rB Sirdeba, romle
R
A B bic horizonta
rA lisadmi θ1=51° da
θ2=66° kuTxiT aris
daxrili. gamoTvaleT a) A Tokis, b) B Tokis da
sur. 12.51. amocana 42. g) C Tokis daWimuloba (miniSneba: ori for
mulis amoxsnis Tavidan asacileblad, RerZebi
damatebiTi amocanebi suraTze naCvenebi principiT ganalageT).
43 12.52 suraTze,
10kg masis sfero 46 12.55a suraTze, 40 kg masis erTgvarovani
horizontalisadmi Zeli or gorgolaWze Zevs. Zelakze gavlebuli
θ=45° kuTxiT dax vertikaluri xazebi mTlian sigrZes Tana
ril sibrtyezea ga bar nawilebad
Cerebuli. φ kuTxea yofen. ori xazi
25°. gamoTvaleT To gorgolaWebs em
kis daWimuloba.
sur. 12.52. amocana 43. Txveva da B gor
golaWis Tavze
44 12.53a suraTze naCvenebia or Senobas 10 kg masis yuTi
Soris gadebuli daxrili Zeli. Zelis devs. ra Zala
marcxena bolo kedelzea mimagrebuli, xolo moqmedebs Zelze
marjvena boloze kedelze gadaadgilebis a) A gorgolaWidan da b) B gorgolaWidan?
unaris mqone gorgolaWia damagrebuli. Semdeg Zeli marcxnisken gordeba da
Senobidan gorgolaWze vertikaluri Zala misi centri B gorgolaWs emTxveva (sur.
ar moqmedebs da masze mxolod Fh sididis 12.55b). amjerad ra Zala moqmedebs Zelze
horizontaluri Zalaa modebuli. Senobebs g) A gorgolaWidan da d) B gorgolaWidan?
Soris horizontaluri manZilia D = 4 m. Zeli Semdeg Zeli marjvnisken gordeba da misi
h = 0,49 m manZiliT maRldeba. adamiani Zelze sigrZea 0,8m. e) yuTsa da B gorgolaWs Soris
marcxena bolodan gadadis. 12.53b suraTze ra horizontaluri manZili miiyvans Zels A
naCvenebia Fh Zalis marcxena Senobidan gorgolaWTan kontaqtis dakargvis zRvarze?
433
47 12.56 suraTze, 50 12.59 suraTze,
Zala 6,4kg masis ori identuri, erT
bloks da Skivebs gvarovani, xaxunis
wonasworul mdgo gan Tavisufali m
mareobaSi amyofebs. masis sfero myar
Skivebis masebi da marTkuTxa WurWel
maTze moqmedi xa Sia moTavsebuli.
xunis Zalebi um sferoebis centre
niSvneloa. gamoT bis damakavSirebe
valeT zeda Tokis li wrfe horizon sur. 12.59. amocana 50.
T daWimuloba. (mi talisadmi 45° kuT-
niSneba: rodesac xes adgens. gamoTvaleT a) WurWlis fskeridan,
Toki Skivze naxevrad aris Semoxveuli, b) WurWlis marcxena gverdidan da g) WurWlis
Tokidan Skivze moqmedi jamuri Zala Tokis marjvena gverdidan sferoebze moqmedi Zala.
daWimulobaze orjer metia) d) ra ZaliT moqmedeben sferoebi erTmaneTze?
(miniSneba: sferoebs Soris moqmedi Zalebi
48 12.57 suraTze, centrebis damakavSirebeli wrfis gaswvriv
m masis yuTi mok aris mimarTuli).
le Tokzea Camoki
debuli. es Toki 51 8 sm sigrZis gverdis mqone kubi ho
pirveli Tokis sa rizontalur zedapirze Zevs. kubsa da zeda
SualebiT kedels pirs Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia
ukavSirdeba, xo μ. kubis erT-erTi vertikaluri zedapiris
sur. 12.57. amocana 48. perpendikularulad P horizontaluri
lo meore To
kis saSualebiT WerTanaa mimagrebuli. I Zala moqmedebs. es Zala kubis gverdze gamaval
Toki horizontalisadmi φ = 40° kuTxes ad vertikalur Suaxazze, zedapiridan 7 sm si
gens, xolo meore Toki - θ kuTxes. a) θ-is maRlezea modebuli. Semdeg P -s sidide
ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba meore Tokis izrdeba. μ-s ra mniSvnelobis dros daiwyebs
daWimuloba minimaluri? b) ras udris kubi a) srials da b) gadayiravebas? (miniSneba:
meore Tokis minimaluri daWimuloba mg-s gadayiravebis dawyebisas sad aris drekadobis
erTeulebSi? Zala modebuli?)
49 12.58 suraTze 52 12.60 suraTze

naCvenebia 300 kg gamosaxuli myari,
masis horizon kvadratuli Car
taluri cilind Co AB, BC, CD da
ri, romelic Wer DA gverdiTi Zela
ze foladis sami mavTuliTaa Camokidebuli. kebisgan da ori AC,
pirveli da mesame mavTulebi cilindris bo BD diagonaluri Ze sur. 12.60. amocana 52.
loebzea damagrebuli, xolo meore mavTuli lakisgan Sedgeba.

cilindris centrze. mavTulebis ganivi diagonaluri Zelakebi erTmaneTs E wertilSi
kveTis farTobia 2×10–6 m2. Tavdapirvelad kveTen. G mosaWimis saSualebiT AB Zelaks
(cilindris ganlagebamde) pirveli da mesame Wimaven da mis boloebze horizontaluri,
mavTulis sigrZe 1 m-s Seadgenda, xolo meore moSorebiT mimarTuli da 535 n sididis T Za
mavTuli 6 mm-iT grZeli iyo. cilindris lebi moqmedeben. a) romeli Zelakia kidev
Camokidebis Semdeg samive mavTuli gaiWima. daWimuli? ra sididisaa b) am Zelakebis
risi tolia a) pirveli mavTulis da b) meore daWimvis gamomwvevi Zalebi da g) danarCeni
mavTulis daWimuloba?
Zelakebis SekumSvis gamomwvevi Zalebi? Webeli Zala (miniSneba: manqana gadataniT

(miniSneba: simetriis ganxilva amocanas wonasworobaSi ar aris, magram brunviT
mniSvnelovnad gaamartivebs). wonasworobaSia).
53 L sigrZis, erTgvarovani da identuri oTxi 55 12.63 suraTze gamosaxuli A bloki

aguri erTmaneTzea dawyobili (sur. 12.61). (10kg masis) wo
gamoTvaleT a) a1-is, b) a2-is, g) a3-is, d) a4-is , nasworobaSia, mag
e) h-is maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi L-is ram is srials dai
erTeulebSi, rodesac nageboba wonasworo wyebs, Tu B bloks
baSia. (5kg masis) ufro
daamZimeben. θ=30°
kuTxis SemTxvevaSi
L
statikuri xaxunis
ra koeficienti ar
sebobs A bloksa da
zedapirs Soris? sur. 12.63. amocana 55.
56 TefSebiani saswori myari, masis armqone

ZelakiTaa damzadebuli, romlis orive
boloze TiTo TefSi kidia. Zelaki mis erT-
erT wertilze Tavisuflad brunavs. sasworis
TefSebze sxvadasxva masebia ganlagebuli.
54 12.62 suraTze, horizontalur gzaze rodesac marcxena TefSze m ucnobi masa
mimavali manqanis mZRoli amuxruWebs, bor Zevs, marjvena TefSze m1 masaa ganlagebuli.
blebi brunvas wyvets da gzaze misrialebs. rodesac marjvena TefSze m masa Zevs, marcxe
saburavebsa da gzas Soris kinetikuri xaxunis na TefSze m2 masaa ganlagebuli. daamtkiceT,
koeficientia 0,4. wina da ukana RerZebs Soris rom m = m 1 m 2 .
manZilia L=4,2m da manqanis masaTa centri wina
57 satexiT kaklis gasatexad saWiroa, rom kak
RerZidan d=1,8 manZilze da gzidan h=0,75m
lis naWuWis orive mxares sul mcire 40 n Zalam
simaRleze mdebareobs. manqanis wonaa 11 kN.
imoqmedos. 12.64
gamoTvaleT a) manqanis aCqareba damuxruWebis
gamosaxuli sate
dros, b) TiToeul ukana borbalze moqmedi
xisTvis L = 12 sm
gzis reaqciis Zalis normaluri mdgeneli,
da d = 2,6 sm. ra
g) TiToeul wina borbalze moqmedi gzis
F┴ Zalis kompo
reaqciis Zalis normaluri mdgeneli, d) ukana
nentebi (saxelu
borblebze moqmedi damamuxruWebeli Zala
rebisadmi perpen
da e) wina borblebze moqmedi damamuxru
dikularuli) Se sur. 12.64. amocana 57.
esabameba 40 n-s?
58 cilindris formis aluminis Zelakis

sawyisi sigrZea 0,8 m da radiusia 1000 mkm.
Zelakis erTi bolo damagrebulia da mas meore
bolodan Wimaven. davuSvaT Zelakis simkvrive
(masa moculobis erTeulze) ar icvleba.
gamoTvaleT Zelakis radiusis 999,9 mkm-mde
SemcirebisTvis saWiro Zala (Zabva denadobis
zRvars ar aWarbebs).
435
59 12.65 suraTze ga minimaluri statikuri xaxunis koeficienti
mosaxuli sistema wo unda arsebobdes Zelsa da zedapirs Soris,
nasworobaSia. naCve raTa Zeli am momentSi ar gasrialdes?
nebi kuTxeebia θ1=60°
63 spilenZis myari kubis gverdis sigrZea
da θ2=20°, xolo
85,5sm. ra Zabvam unda imoqmedos kubze, raTa
burTis masaa M=2kg.
misi gverdis sigrZe 85sm-mde Semcirdes?
ra daWimuloba aqvs
spilenZis moculobiTi deformaciis modulia
a) ab Toks da b) bc sur. 12.65. amocana 59.
1,4×1011 n/m2.
Toks?
64 Saxtis liftis kabina 2,5sm diametris
60 12.66 suraTze
foladis gvarlze kidia. kabinis da mgzavrebis
naCvenebia ori
jamuri masaa 670kg. rogor iWimeba gvarli,
yuTisa da sami
rodesac kabina a) 12m sigrZis gvarlze da
Tokisgan Semdgari
b) 362m sigrZis gvarlze kidia? (gvarlis masa
sistema. A yuTis
ugulebelyaviT).
masaa 11kg da is θ=30°
kuTxiT daxril sur. 12.66. amocana 60. 65 L sigrZis Zel sam adamians miaqvs. erT
sibrtyeze Zevs. B yuTis masaa 7kg da is adamians misi bolo uWiravs, xolo
Tokzea Camokidebuli. A yuTze mibmuli Toki danarCeni ori Zels ganivas saSualebiT
daxrili sibrtyis paraleluria. sibrtyeze ezideba. Zelis datvirTva samive adamianze
xaxunis Zala ar moqmedebs. a) ra daWimuloba Tanabrad nawildeba. Zelis Tavisufali
aqvs zeda Toks da b) ra kuTxes adgens es Toki bolodan ra manZilzea ganiva? (ganivas masa
horizontalisadmi? ugulebelyaviT).
61 12.67 suraTze, m 66 5m sigrZis da

masis erTgvarovani 53kg masis erTgva
Zelaki Senobis ked rovani Zeli saxsri-
lis qveda nawilzea sa da Tokis me
mimagrebuli, xolo SveobiT horizon sur. 12.69. amocana 66.
Zelakis meore bo talur mdgomareo-
loze kedelze mima baSia gaCerebuli (sur. 12.69). Toki θ = 60°
grebuli Tokia mibmuli. Tu θ1=60°, ra unda kuTxes adgens. ra Zala moqmedebs sax
iyos θ2 kuTxe, raTa Tokis daWimuloba mg/2-is sridan Zelze? (Zala CawereT erTeulovani
toli iyos? veqtorebiT.)
62 mSenebeli erT 67 12.70 suraTze,

gvarovan Zels maRla 60 n wonis da 3,2m
wevs da vertikalur sigrZis erTgva
mdgomareobaSi mo rovani Zelis qve
yavs. Zelis sigrZea da bolo damag
2,5m da 500n-s iwonis. rebulia da mis
garkveul momentSi zeda boloze 50 n
mSenebeli Zels aCe sididis ho
sur. 12.68. amocana 62. sur. 12.70. amocana 67.
rebs da Zelis bo rizontaluri Zala
losa da zedapirs Soris d=1,5m manZilia (sur. moqmedebs. Zels vertikalur mdgomareobaSi
12.68). am dros Zelze perpendikularuli P Toki aCerebs, romelic dedamiwisadmi θ = 25°
Zala moqmedebs. a) ra sididisaa P? b) ra jamuri kuTxes adgens da Zelis h = 2 m simaRleze mde
Zala moqmedebs zedapiridan Zelze? g) ra bare wertilzea mibmuli. a) ra daWimuloba
aqvs Toks da b) ra Zala moqmedebs saxsridan 72 iatakze gakeTebuli karebi 0,91m sigrZis
Zelze? (Zalebi CawereT erTeulovani veq gverdis mqone kvadratia da 11kg masa
torebiT.) aqvs. karebi erTi gverdiT damagrebulia,
xolo sapirispiro mxares saketia. Tu
68 95kg masis mTamsvleli Camovarda da Tokma
karis simZimis centri karis centridan
SeaCera misi vardna. Toki Tavdapirvelad
damagrebis adgilis mimarTulebiT 10sm
15m sigrZis da 9,6mm diametris iyo, xolo
manZilzea, ra Zalebi moqmedebs karebze
Semdeg 2,8sm-iT daiWima. gamoTvaleT Tokis
a) saketidan da b) damagrebis adgilidan?
a) deformacia, b) Zabva da g) iungis moduli.
73 46kg masis tan-
69 12.71 suraTze,
movarjiSe 12.72 su
marTkuTxa qvis fi
raTze gamosaxuli
qali θ = 26° kuTxiT
Zelis erT boloze
daxril kldeze Zevs.
dgas. Zeli 5m sig-
fiqalis sigrZea
sur. 12.71. amocana 69. rZis da 250kg ma-
L = 43 m, sisqea T = 2,5 m,
sisaa. TiToeuli
siganea W = 12 m da 1 sm3-s 3,2 g masa aqvs. fiqalsa sur. 12.72. amocana 73.
sayrdeni Zelis sa-
da kldes Soris statikuri xaxunis koe
Tanado bolodan 0,54m manZilzea ganlage-
ficientia 0,39. a) gamoTvaleT fiqalze moq
buli. ra Zalebi moqmedebs Zelze a) pirveli
-medi gravitaciuli Zalis kldis zedapiri-
sayrdenidan da b) meore sayrdenidan? (Zalebi
sadmi paraleluri komponenti. b) gamoTvaleT
CawereT erTeulovani veqtorebiT.)
fiqalze moqmedi statikuri xaxunis Zala.
a) da b) pasuxebis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom fi- 74 12.73 suraTze,
qali Camocurebis zRvarzea da mxolod klde- 12m sigrZis erT
ze arsebuli Sverilebi aCerebs. g) vardnis gvarovani Zeli ho
Tavidan asacileblad, fiqalze WanWikebi rizontaluri TokiT
kldis zedapirisadmi perpendikularulad da θ=50° kuTxis
Caxraxnes (suraTze ori maTgania naCvenebi). mdgeneli saxsriTaa
Tu TiToeuli WanWikis ganivi kveTis farTobia damagrebuli. Tokis
6,4sm2 da 3,6×108n/m2 Zvris Zabvis SemTxvevaSi daWimulobaa 400n.
ziandeba, ra minimaluri raodenobis WanWikia a) ra mizidulobis
saWiro? davuSvaT, rom WanWikebi drekadobis Zala moqmedebs Zel
Zalaze gavlenas ar axdens. ze da b) ra Zala moqmedebs saxsridan Zelze?
(Zalebi CawereT erTeulovani veqtorebiT.)
70 5m sigrZis da 400n wonis kibe xaxunisgan
Tavisufal vertikalur kedelzea miyudebuli. 75 erTgvarovani
kibesa da dedamiwas Soris statikuri xaxunis kibe 10 m sigrZisaa
koeficientia 0,46. ra udides manZilze da 200 n-s iwonis.
SeiZleba ganlagdes kibis dasawyisi kedlidan, 12.74 suraTze, kibe
raTa kibe ar gasrialdes? xaxunisgan Tavisu
fal, vertikalur
71 73kg masis adamiani L sigrZis swor xidze
kedelze dedamiwi
dgas da xidis erTi bolodan L/4 manZilze
dan h=8m simaRlezea
imyofeba. xidi erTgvarovania da 2,7kn-s iwonis.
miyudebuli. kibis
ra vertikaluri Zalebi moqmedebs xidze sur. 12.74. amocana 75.
dasawyisidan d=2m
a) adamianisgan uSores boloSi ganlagebuli
manZilze horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs.
sayrdenidan da b) adamianisgan uaxloes bo
a) Tu F=50n, ra Zala moqmedebs dedamiwidan
loSi ganlagebuli sayrdenidan?
kibeze (Zala CawereT erTeulovani veqto
437
rebiT)? b) Tu F=150n, ra Zala moqmedebs 53-e amocanas). orive SemTxvevaSi Sverilis
dedamiwidan kibeze? g) davuSvaT dedamiwasa h manZili maqsimaluri unda gavxadoT.
da kibes Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia gamoTvaleT a1, a2, b1 da b2 optimaluri
0,38. F-is ra minimaluri mniSvnelobis dros manZilebi da h orive ganlagebisTvis.
daiwyebs kibis dasawyisi kedlisken moZra
80 mZime moris
obas?
tropikul jung
76 YTu 12.7a suraTze gamosaxulia fiWvis lebSi gadasatanad
kvadratuli Zeli. ra unda iyos misi sisqe, Semdegi saSualeba
raTa masze moqmedi SemkumSavi Zabva simtkicis arsebobs. moZebneT sur. 12.77. amocana 80.
zRvris 1 iyos? (ix. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi axalgazrda xe, ro
6
12.3.). melic moris savaraudo gadaadgilebis mima
rTulebiT mdebareobs da romlis kenwerodan
77 12.75 suraTze,
dedamiwamde lerwia CamoSvebuli. lerwi
40kg masis tramplini
mors SemoaxvieT da magrad moqaCeT, raTa
or sayrdenzea da
xe moiRunos. Semdeg lerwi mors swrafad
magrebuli. sayrde
moxseniT. amgvari procedura ramdenime
nebs Soris manZilia
xisTvis gaimeoreT. saboloo jamSi,
d1=1m. rodesac
sur. 12.75. amocana 77. lerwebidan moqmedi jamuri Zala mors
wyalSi mxtomeli
gadaadgilebs. albaT es yvelaferi sakmaod
tramplinis Soreul boloze dgas da meore
damRlelad mogeCvenebaT, magram swored
sayrdenidan d2=2,5m manZilzea, pirveli sa
am meTods iyenebdnen adamianebi, vidre
yrdeni tramplins 1200 n ZaliT dabla awveba.
Tanamedrove xelsawyoebs gamoigonebdnen.
pirveli sayrdenidan ra manZilze unda dadges
12.77 suraTze naCvenebia SemTxveva, rodesac
mxtomeli, raTa es Zala nulamde Semcirdes?
erTi lerwi M masis erTgvarovan moris
78 TviTnakeTi saqanelas dasamzadeblad bolozea damagrebuli. morsa da dedamiwas
Tokis erTi bolodan maryuJi gaakeTes, xolo Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,8.
meore bolo xis tots miabes. bavSvi maryuJSi Tu mori gacurebis zRvarzea da misi marcxena
zis da Toki vertikalurad kidia, rodesac bolo odnav aweulia, risi tolia a) θ kuTxe da
bavSvis mama saqanelas horizontalur ZaliT b) lerwidan morze moqmedi T Zala?
ubiZgebs. bavSvis moZraobis dawyebamde Toki
81 pizas daxrili koSki (sur. 12.78) 55m
vertikalisadmi 15° kuTxes adgens da Tokis
simaRlis da 7m diametrisaa. koSkis wveri
daWimulobaa 280 n. a) ramdens iwonis bavSvi?
vertikalidan 4,5m-iT aris gadaxrili. koSki
b) ra ZaliT moqmedebs mama Svilze, vidre bavSvi
moZraobas daiwyebs? g) Tu mamis mxriadan
Svilze moqmedi maqsimaluri horizontaluri
Zalaa 93 n, ra
maqsimaluri kuT
xe SeiZleba Sead
ginos Tokma verti
kalTan?
a)
79 oTxi identuri
da L sigrZis aguri
magidaze ori sxva
dasxva ganlage
biT daalages (sur. b)
12.76. SeadareT sur. 12.76. amocana 79. sur. 12.78. amocana 81.
erTgvarovan, wriul cilindrad miiCnieT. 1 m3 qviSas 1800 kg masa aqvs. a) ra moculobis
a) ra damatebiTi gadaadgilebis Sedegad iqneba qviSaa borcvis im nawilSi, romlisTvisac
koSki gadayiravebis zRvarze? b) ra kuTxe r ≤ r m/2 ? (miniSneba: mTliani moculoba ver
eqneba am dros koSks vertikalisadmi? tikaluri cilindris moculobas plius ci
lindris Tavze mdebare konusis moculobaa.
82 Tqven qviSis
konusis moculobaa πR2h/3, sadac R aris
borcvi unda aagoT
konusis radiusi, xolo h - konusis simaRle).
da yuradReba mia
b) ra W wona aqvs qviSis am moculobas? g) 12.79b
qcioT iatakze moq
suraTis gamoyenebiT iatakze moqmedi σ Zabvis r
med Zabvas. udidesi a)
radiusze damokidebulebis funqcia dawereT,
Zabva borcvis wve
rodesac r≤r m . d) iatakis ra dA farTobi
ris qvemoT ki ar
ukavia r radiusis mqone, borcvis cetraluri
moqmedebs, aramed
vertikaluri RerZis mimarT centrirebul da
centraluri wer
dr radialuri siganis mqone rgols? e) ra dF
tilidan rm man b)
qvemoT mimarTuli Zala moqmedebs am rgolze
Zilze mdebare we sur. 12.79. amocana 82.
qviSidan? v) ra jamuri F Zala moqmedebs
rtilebze (sur.
iatakze borcvis im nawilidan, romlisTvisac
12.79a). maqsimaluri Zabvis amgvari gada
r≤r m /2 ? (miniSneba: e) gamosaxuleba r = 0-dan
adgileba qviSis marcvlebis mier warmoqmnili
r = r m /2 -mde aintegreT). raoden gasaocaric
TaRebis Sedegia. 12.79b suraTze naCvenebia
ar unda iyos, v) punqtSi gamoTvlili iatakze
σ Zabvis borcvis fuZis centraluri wer
moqmedi F Zala b) punqtSi gamoTvlili
tilidan r radiusze damokidebulebis gra
qviSis W wonaze naklebia. g) ra nawiliT aris
fiki. borcvis simaRlea H = 3 m, θ = 33°,
Semcirebuli F W-dan anu risi tolia (F–W)/W ?
σ0 = 40000n/m2, σm = 40024 n/m2, rm = 1,82 m da
gravitacia 13
am suraTze patara jvriT aRniSnuli irmis naxtomis galaqtikis
centrTan axlos mdebare varskvlavebia naGvenebi. yuradReba miaqcie,
rom zustad centrSi araferi Gans, magram centridan odnav moSorebiT
patara wrea. es wre S2-is saxeliT cnobili varskvlavis gamosaxulebaa.
suraTze naGvenebi sxva wreebic varskvlavebis gamosaxulebebia (maT
garSemo arsebuli Saravandedi suraTis damuSavebis meTodis xelovnuri
warmonaqmnebia). Gveni galaqtikis varskvlavebis umetesoba Zalian nela
moZraobs da mTeli sicocxlec rom davakvirdeT, erTmaneTis mimarT maT
gadaadgilebas mainc ver SevamGnevT. asea Tu ise, S2 sxvebisgan Zalian
gansxvavdeba, radgan misi moZraobis danaxva SegviZlia. marTlac, S2
imdenad swrafad moZraobs, rom galaqtikis centris garSemo srul wres
mxolod 15,2 weliwadSi Semowers. miuxedavad imisa, rom araferi Gans,
galaqtikis centrSi uzarmazari sxeuli unda iyos.
ra urCxulia Cveni galaqtikis centrSi?

fizikis didi xnis amocanaa gravitaciuli Zalis axsna.
gravitaciuli Zala sxeulebs dedamiwaze, mTvares
dedamiwis orbitaze, dedamiwas ki mzis orbitaze akavebs.
es Zala irmis naxtomis mTel galaqtikaSi moqmedebs
da miliardobiT varskvlavsa da uricxv molekulasa
Tu mtvris nawilaks erTad akavebs. Cven varskvlavebis
diskosebri jgufis kideze vimyofebiT da galaqtikis
centridan, romlis garSemoc nela vbrunavT, 2,6×104
sinaTlis weliwadiT (2,5×1020 m) varT daSorebuli.
gravitaciuli Zala galaqtikaTaSoris sivrceSic aRwevs
da erTmaneTTan akavebs lokaluri jgufis galaqtikebs,
romelSic, irmis naxtomis galaqtikasTan erTad,
dedamiwidan 2,3×10 sinaTlis weliwadiT daSorebuli
6
andromedas galaqtika (sur. 13.1) da ramdenime juja

galaqtika, magaliTad, magelanis didi Rrubelic Sedis.
lokaluri jgufi galaqtikebis adgilobrivi zegrovis
nawilia, romelzec aseve moqmedebs gravitaciuli sur. 13.1. andromedas galaqtika deda
Zala da Zlieri mizidulobis velis mqone uzarmazari miwidan 2,3×106 sinaTlis weliwadiTaa
regionisken amoZravebs. es regioni irmis naxtomis daSorebuli da SeuiraRebeli TvaliT cu
dad Cans. is Zalian waagavs Cvens mSobliur
galaqtikis mopirdapire mxaresaa da dedamiwidan
irmis naxtomis galaqtikas.
439
440 Tavi 13 gravitacia
3×108 sinaTlis weliwadiT aris daSorebuli. gravitaciuli Zala kidev ufro did manZilebze
vrceldeba da daSlisgan icavs mTel samyaros, romelic farTovdeba.
gravitaciuli Zalis Sedegia Cveni samyaros erT-erTi yvelaze amoucnobi movlenac – Savi
xvrelebi. rodesac mzeze bevrad didi varskvlavi wvas daasrulebs, mis nawilakebs Soris
moqmedi gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zalis Sedegad is mkveTrad ikumSeba da warmoiqmneba Savi
xvreli. aseTi varskvlavis zedapirze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala imdenad Zlieria, rom arc
nawilakebs da arc sinaTles misi zedapiridan Tavis daRweva ar SeuZlia (amitom uwodeben Sav
xvrels). nebismieri varskvlavi, romelic Sav xvrels miuaxlovdeba, Zlieri mizidulobis Zalis
zemoqmedebas ganicdis da Sav xvrelSi vardeba. varskvlavebis STanTqmis Sedegad zemasiuri didi
Savi xvrelebi warmoiqmneba. aseTi urCxulis warmoqmna samyaroSi sakmaod xSirad xdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gravitaciuli Zala ar aris srulad axsnili, misi Secnobis sawyisebi isaak
niutonis mizidulobis kanonSia mocemuli.
13.2. niutonis mizidulobis kanoni

fizikosebi erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel movlenebs Seiswavlian, raTa daamtkicon,
rom, Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, maT Soris kavSiris povna SesaZlebelia. movlenaTa zogadi axsnis
mcdeloba mravali saukune grZeldeba. 1665 wels 23 wlis isaak niutonma fizikis ganviTarebaSi
didi wvlili Seitana, rodesac daamtkica, rom dedamiwis garSemo orbitaze mTvaris Semakavebeli
Zala igive Zalaa, romelic miwaze vaSlis Camovardnas iwvevs. es codna CvenTvis imdenad
bunebrivia, rom Zalian gviWirs Zveli Sexedulebis gaazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, dedamiwiseuli
da zeciuri sxeulebis moZraoba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda da maTze sxvadasxva kanonebi
moqmedebda.
niutonma daaskvna, rom mxolod dedamiwa ki ar izidavs vaSlebsa
da mTvares, aramed yvela sxeuli izidavs sxva sxeulebs.
sxeulebis erTmaneTisken moZraobis miswrafebas miziduloba
anu gravitacia ewodeba. niutonis daskvnis gaazreba cota
Znelia, vinaidan Zala, romliTac dedamiwa sxeulebs miizidavs,
Tavad am sxeulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalaze bevrad didia.
magaliTad, dedamiwa vaSls 0,8n ZaliT izidavs. vaSls Senc
izidav (da vaSlic gizidavs), magram am mizidulobis Zalis
sidide mtvris nawilakis wonaze mcirea.
niutonma Camoayaliba Zalis kanoni, romelsac niutonis
mizidulobis kanons vuwodebT: nebismieri nawilaki sxva
nawilaks Semdegi ZaliT miizidavs:
m1m2
F = G  (niutonis mizidulobis kanoni) (13.1)
r2
aq m1 da m2 nawilakebis masebia, r – maT Soris manZili, xolo G
gravitaciuli mudmivaa, romlis sididea:
G = 6,67 × 10–11 n⋅m2/kg2 = 6,67 × 10–11 m3/kg⋅wm2 (13.2)
 sur. 13.2. a) meore nawilakidan

13.2a suraTze m2 masis nawilaki m1 masis nawilakze F pirvel nawilakze moqmedi F
gravitaciuli ZaliT moqmedebs. es Zala meore nawilakisken gravitaciuli Zala pirvel nawilaks

aris mimarTuli, vinaidan pirveli nawilaki meorisken miizi- meorisken miizidavs. b) F Zala
pirveli nawilakidan meoris gavliT
deba da mas mizidulobis Zala ewodeba. am Zalis sidide gavlebul r RerZis gaswvrivaa

mocemulia 13.1 formuliT. mimarTuli. g) F -is mimarTuleba

F Zalis mimarTuleba r RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas emTxve erTeulovani veqtoris mimar
Tulebas emTxveva.
va. r RerZi pirveli nawilakidan meoriskenaa mimarTuli
13.2. niutonis mizidulobis kanoni 441

(sur. 13.2b). F Zalis gamosaxva pirveli nawilakidan r RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli erTeulovani
veqtoris (veqtori, romlis modulia 1) saSualebiTac SeiZleba (sur. 13.2g). 13.1 formulidan,
pirvel nawilakze moqmedi Zalaa:
 mm
F  = G  1 2 . (13.3)
r2
pirveli nawilakidan meore nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis sidide pirvel nawilakze
moqmedi Zalis sididis tolia, mimarTuleba ki _ sawinaaRmdego. es ori Zala mesame kanonis
ZalTa wyvils qmnis da SegviZlia visaubroT am or nawilaks Soris moqmed mizidulobis Zalaze,
romlis sidide 13.1 formuliTaa mocemuli. or nawilaks Soris moqmed Zalaze sxva sxeulebi
zegavlenas ar axdens, Tundac isini am nawilakebs Soris iyos moTavsebuli. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, gravitaciuli Zalis winaaRmdeg barieri ar arsebobs.
gravitaciuli Zalis sidide, romliTac mocemuli masis mqone da mocemul manZilze mdebare
nawilakebi erTmaneTs miizidavs, G gravitaciul mudmivazea damokidebuli. Tu raime mizezis
gamo G uecrad 10-jer gaizarda, dedamiwis miziduloba maSinve iatakze dagvanarcxebs, xolo
Tu 10-jer Semcirda, maSin mizidulobis Zala imdenad mcire iqneba, rom Senobebze gadaxtoma
SegveZleba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom niutonis mizidulobis kanoni nivTier nawilakebs Seexeba, misi gamoyeneba
realuri sxeulebisTvisac SeiZleba, Tu maTi zomebi maT Soris manZilTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa.
mTvaresa da dedamiwas Soris daSoreba imdenad didia, rom maTi nawilakebad miCneva SeiZleba,
magram ra vuyoT dedamiwisa da vaSlis SemTxvevas? vaSlisTvis dedamiwa nawilaki namdvilad ar
aris.
niutonma vaSlisa da dedamiwis problema sferos Teoremis saSualebiT gadaWra:
erTgvarovani sferuli garsi mis gareT mdebare nawilaks ise miizidavs, TiTqos garsis
mTeli masa mis centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
dedamiwa erTmaneTSi Cawyobili sferuli formis erTgvarovani garsebis erTobliobad SeiZleba

ganvixiloT. TiToeuli garsi dedamiwis zedapiridan daSorebul wertils ise miizidavs, TiTqos
am garsis masa centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli. maSasadame, vaSlze dedamiwa im nawilakiviT
moqmedebs, romelic dedamiwis centrSi mdebareobs da
dedamiwis masa aqvs.
davuSvaT, dedamiwa vaSls 0,8 n ZaliT miizidavs, rogorc es
13.3 suraTzea naCvenebi. am SemTxvevaSi vaSli dedamiwas mis
centrze moqmedi 0,8 n ZaliT unda izidavdes. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ZalTa sidideebi Tanabaria, isini gansxvavebul aCqarebebs
iwveven. vaSlis, iseve, rogorc dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos
mdebare sxeulis, aCqarebaa 9,8 m/wm2. dedamiwis aCqareba,
romelic vaSli-dedamiwis sistemis masaTa centris aTvlis sur. 13.3 dedamiwa da vaSli erT
–25  maneTs Tanabari ZalebiT izidaven.
sistemaSi izomeba, mxolod 1×10 m/wm2-ia.
sakontrolo wertili 1. nawilaki rigrigobiT Tavsdeba m masis oTxi sxeulis maxloblad.

es sxeulebia: 1) didi erTgvarovani birTvi; 2) didi erTgvarovani sferuli garsi; 3) patara
erTgvarovani birTvi; 4) patara erTgvarovani sferuli garsi. TiToeul mdgomareobaSi
sxeulis centrsa da nawilaks Soris manZilia d. daalage sxeulebi nawilakze moqmedi
mizidulobis Zalis sididis klebadobis mixedviT.
13.3 miziduloba da zeddebis principi

rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs ramdenime nawilaki, TiToeul nawilakze sxva nawilakebidan moqmedi
mizidulobis Zalebis tolqmeds zeddebis principiT vigebT. zeddebis principis Tanaxmad,
mTliani zemoqmedeba calkeuli zemoqmedebebis jamis tolia. es niSnavs, rom jer vigebT
mizidulobis im Zalas, romliTac TiToeuli nawilaki Cvens mier arCeul nawilakze moqmedebs,
Semdeg ki am Zalebis veqtoruli SekrebiT tolqmed Zalas miviRebT.
n raodenobis nawilakTa SemTxvevaSi pirvel nawilakze moqmedi mizidulobis sruli Zala iqneba:
(13.4)
aq F1, t pirvel nawilakze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedia, xolo, magaliTad, _ Zalaa, romliTac
mesame nawilaki pirvelze moqmedebs. am formulis ufro kompaqturad Cawera veqtorebis jamis
saxiTaa SesaZlebeli:
(13.5)
ra SeiZleba iTqvas mizidulobis Zalis Sesaxeb, romliTac realuri (ganfenili, didi) sxeuli
nawilakze moqmedebs? am Zalis gamoTvlisTvis sxeuli unda davyoT nawilebad (romelTac
nawilakebad ganvixilavT), Semdeg ki 13.5 formuliT TiToeuli nawilidan Cvens nawilakze
moqmedi Zalebis veqtoruli jami vipovoT. zRvrul SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia sxeuli dm usasrulod

mcire masis nawilebad davyoT, romelTagan TiToeuli nawilakze d F usasrulod mcire ZaliT
moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi 13.5 formulis jami integralad gardaiqneba da gveqneba:
(13.6)
sadac integreba ganfenili sxeulis farglebSi xdeba, xolo indeqsi `sruli~ mocilebulia. roca
ganfenili sxeuli erTgvarovani sfero an sferuli garsia, 13.6 formulis integrebis Tavidan
acilebisTvis unda davuSvaT, rom sxeulis masa mis centrSia koncentrirebuli, da gamoviyenoT
13.1 formula.

13.4a suraTze naCvenebia sami nawilakis
ganlageba. pirvelis masaa m1=6kg, xolo
meoris da mesamis masebia m2=m3=4kg. manZilia
a=2sm. risi tolia pirvel nawilakze moqmedi

gravitaciuli Zalebis F1 tolqmedi?
amoxsna: gravitaciuli Zala, romliTac
TiToeuli nawilaki moqmedebs pirvel sur. 13.4. a) sami nawilakis ganlageba. b) m1 masis
sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi.
nawilakze, 13.1 formuliT (F=Gm1m2/r )
2
gamoiTvleba. maSasadame,
 meore nawilaki  Gm1m3
pirvelze moqmedebs F12 ZaliT: F13 =
(2a)
2
 Gm1m2 (6,67 × 10–11 m3/kg·wm2)(6 kg)(4 kg)

F12 = =
2
a (0,04 m)2
(6,67 × 10–11 m3/kg·wm2)(6 kg)(4 kg)
= = 1 × 10–6 n.
(0,02 m)2  
F12 da F13 Zalebis mimarTulebis gansaz
= 4 × 10–6 n.
RvrisTvis gaviTvaliswinoT, rom pirvel
analogiurad, mesame nawilaki pirvelze moq sxeulze moqmedi yoveli Zala am Zalis ga
medebs Semdegi ZaliT: momwvevi sxeuliskenaa mimarTuli. maSa
13.3 miziduloba da zeddebis principi 443
 F12 4 × 10–6 n
sadame, F12 mimarTulia y RerZis dadebiTi θ = tg–1 = tg–1 = –76°.
– F13 –1 × 10–6 n
mimarTulebiT (sur. 13.4b) da mxolod y
 sworia Tu ara es pasuxi? ara, vinaidan F1, t-is
komponenti F12 aqvs. analogiurad, F13 mimar  
mimarTuleba F12-isa da F13-is mimarTulebebs
Tulia x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da
Soris unda iyos. mesame Tavidan (amocanis
aqvs mxolod x komponenti – F13.
amoxsnis taqtika 3) gaixsene, rom kalkulatori
pirvel nawilakze moqmedi F1,t Zalis sapov
tg–1 funqciis ori SesaZlo pasuxidan mxolod
nelad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Zalebi erTi
erTs aCvenebs. meore pasuxs 180°-is damatebiT
wrfis gaswvriv ar aris mimarTuli da maTi
vpoulobT:
tolqmedis misaRebad maTi sidideebis an
–76° + 180° = 104° (pasuxi)
komponentebis ubralod Sekreba an gamokleba
es ki F1, t veqtoris swori mimarTulebaa.
ar SeiZleba. amis nacvlad, Zalebi veqtorulad
unda SevkriboT.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTebze
amis gakeTeba veqtorul kalkulatorze SeiZ
naCvenebia Tanabari masebis mqone sami
leba, magram am SemTxvevaSi viTvaliswinebT,
nawilakis oTxi ganlageba. a) daalage
rom –F13 da F12 sinamdvileSi F1, t Zalis x da y
calkeuli suraTebi m nawilakze moqmedi
komponentebia. aqedan gamomdinare, F1, t Zalis
gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedis sididis
sididisa da mimarTulebis sapovnelad 3.6
klebadobis mixedviT. b) meore suraTze
formula SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. F1, t Zalis
tolqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba d sigrZis
sidide iqneba:
xazTan ufro axloa Tu D sigrZis xazTan?
= 4,1 × 10–6 n (pasuxi)
3.6 formuliT ganvsazRvroT kuTxe F1, t Zalasa

da x RerZs Soris:

13.5a suraTze naCvenebia xuTi nawilaki,
romelTa masebia m1=8kg, m2=m3=m4=m5=2kg.
a=2sm da θ=30°. risi tolia pirvel nawilakze
moqmedi F1, t gravitaciuli Zala?
amoxsna: pirvel nawilakze moqmedi Zalebis
dadgenisas gaviTvaliswinoT, rom meore
da meoTxe nawilakebi erTnairi masisaa da
pirvelidan aseve erTnairi, r=2a manZiliTaa
daSorebuli. maSasadame, 13.1 formulidan sur. 13.5 a) xuTi nawilakis ganlageba. b) m1 masis
gveqneba: nawilakze moqmedi Zalebi.
Gm1m2
F12 = F14 = (13.7) gamovTvaloT, Semdeg Zalebis mimarTulebebi
(2a)2
mesame da mexuTe nawilakebsac erTnairi Tavisufali sxeulebis diagramaze (sur. 13.5b)
masebi aqvs da pirvelidan r=a manZiliT aris aRvniSnoT da tolqmedi Zalac gamoviTvaloT
daSorebuli. maSasadame, gveqneba: an 1) veqtorebis x da y komponentebad
Gm1m3 daSliT, Semdeg x da y komponentebis povniT
F13 = F15 = (13.8)
a2 da bolos maTi veqtorulad gaerTianebiT,
axla SegviZlia cnobili monacemebi am or
an 2) veqtorul kalkulatorze veqtorebis
formulaSi CavsvaT da Zalebis sidideebi
pirdapiri SekrebiT.
amis nacvlad Cveni amocanisTvis damaxa gaiTvaliswine, rom pirvelsa da meoTxe na
siaTebeli simetria gamoviyenoT.
Tavda wilakebs Soris mexuTis arseboba meoTxedan
pirvelad
 gaviTvaliswinoT, rom F12 da pirvelze moqmed gravitaciul Zalaze gav
F14 Zala sididiT tolia, xolo mimarTule lenas ar axdens.
biT sawinaaRmdego da, maSasadame, erTma-
neTs abaTilebs. 13.5b suraTis da 13.8 sakontrolo wertili 3. mocemul
formulis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom
 F13-isa da suraTze risi tolia m masis nawilakebidan
F15-is x komponentebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs, m1 masis nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli
xolo y komponentebs Tanabari sidide aqvs da Zalis tolqmedis mimarTuleba, Tu m masis
TiToeuli y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT nawilakebs y RerZis mimarT simetriuli
moqmedebs. maSasadame, F1, t amave mimarTule- ganlageba gaaCniaT?

biT moqmedebs da misi sidide F13-is y kom
ponentze orjer metia.
Gm1m3
F1, t = 2 F13 cos θ = 2 cos θ
a2
(6,67 × 10–11 m3/kg·wm2)(8 kg)(2 kg)
=2 cos 30°
(0,02 m)2
= 4,6 × 10–6 n. (pasuxi)
taqtika 1: gravitaciuli Zalebis taqtika 2: Zalebis tolqmedis gamo

veqtorebis daxazva. Tvlis gamartiveba simetriis daxma
rodesac mocemulia ramdenime nawilaki rebiT
(magaliTad, 13.4a suraTze) da gTxoven erT- 13.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi simetrias
erT nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis viyenebT, vinidan viciT, rom meore da meoTxe
tolqmedis sididis gamoTvlas, unda aago nawilakebi pirvelis mimarT
 simetriuladaa

Tavisufali sxeulebis diagrama, romelzec ganlagebuli. maSasadame F12 da F14 Zalebi
mxolod es nawilaki da masze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs da maT gamoTvlas
 Ta

iqneba naCvenebi (rogorc 13.4b suraTze). vidan vicilebT. aseve viciT, rom F13 da F15
Zalebis x komponentebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs,
Tu amis nacvlad mocemul gamosaxulebaze
xolo y komponentebi erTnairia. es daskvna
ZalTa veqtorebis gavlebas gadawyvet,
amocanas kidev ufro amartivebs.
gaiTvaliswine, rom veqtorebis saTaveebi an
simetriul problemebSi didi Zalisxmeva
boloebi am Zalebis zemoqmedebis qveS myof
daizogeba da Secdomis albaTobac
nawilaks unda emTxveodes. Tu veqtorebs
Semcirdeba, Tu gavaanalizebT, romeli
sadme sxvagan daxazav, gaugebrobas miiReb,
gamoTvlebia usargeblo simetriis gamo.
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu veqtorebs Zalebis
aseTi analizis unari mxolod bevri saSinao
gamomwvev nawilakebze aageb.
davalebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miiRweva.
13.4. miziduloba dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos

davuSvaT, dedamiwa M masis mqone erTgvarovani birTvia. dedamiwis gareT mdebare m masisa da
dedamiwis centridan r manZiliT daSorebul sxeulze moqmedi dedamiwis mizidulobis Zala 13.1
Mm
F = G  (13.9)
r2
 
Tu nawilaki Tavisufldeba, is F mizidulobis Zalis zegavleniT ag gravitaciuli aCqarebiT
13.4. miziduloba dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos 445
dedamiwis centris mimarTulebiT vardeba. niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad, F da ag sidideebi
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia formuliT:
F = mag (13.10)
13.9 formulidan 13.10 formulaSi F-is Casma mogvcems:

GM
ag = 2 (13.11) c x r i l i
r 13.1
13.1 cxrilSi moyvanilia dedamiwis zedapiridan a -s cvlileba simaRlis mixedviT
g
sxvadasxva simaRlisaTvis gamoTvlili ag. ro
gorc vxedavT, ag aCqareba 400 km simaRlezec ki simaRle (km) ag(m/wm )
2 magaliTebi
mniSvnelovania. 0 9,83 dedamiwis zedapiri

5.4 qveTavidan moyolebuli, dedamiwas aTvlis 8,8 9,80 everesti
inerciul sistemad miviCnevdiT da mis brunvas
yvelaze maRla asuli
ugulebelvyofdiT. es saSualebas gvaZlevda 36,6 9,71
sahaero burTi
dagveSva, rom nawilakis g Tavisufali vardnis kosmosuri xomaldis
400 8,70
aCqareba da ag gravitaciuli aCqareba erTmane orbita
Tis tolia. imasac vuSvebdiT, rom dedamiwis sakomunikacio
35700 0,225
Tanamgzavri
zedapiris nebismier adgilze g-s Tanabari
9,8m/wm2 sidide aqvs. sinamdvileSi yovel moce
mul wertilSi g-s sidide 13.11 formuliT gamoTvlili ag-s sididisgan gansxvavebulia. amas sami
mizezi aqvs: 1) dedamiwis masa Tanabrad ar aris ganawilebuli; 2) dedamiwa ar aris srulyofili
sfero; 3) dedamiwa brunavs. ufro metic, raki g ag-sgan gansxvavdeba, imave sami mizezis gamo
nawilakis mg wona 13.9 formuliT gamoTvlili gravitaciuli Zalisgan gansxvavdeba. modiT,
ganvixiloT es mizezebi.
1. dedamiwis masa Tanabrad ar aris ganawilebuli.
rogorc 13.6 suraTzea naCvenebi, dedamiwis simkvrive
simkvrive (103 kg/m3)
radiusis gaswvriv icvleba, amaTan, dedamiwis qerqis

simkvrive zedapiris sxvadasxva regionebSi sxvadasxvaa.
maSasadame, dedamiwis zedapiris yovel regions Tavisi g
aqvs.
2. dedamiwa ar aris sfero. dedamiwa elifsoidia, romelic
polusebTan brtyeldeba, xolo ekvatorTan iburceba. manZili dedamiwis centridan (106 m)
misi ekvatoruli radiusi polarul radiusze 21 km-iT
sur. 13.6. dedamiwis simkvrivis
metia. maSasadame, polusze mdebare nawilaki dedamiwis
damokidebuleba centridan manZil
mkvriv birTvTan ufro axloa, vidre ekvatorze ze. aq naCvenebia myari Sida birTvis,
mdebare wertili. es aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc Txevadi gare birTvisa da myari
mantiis sazRvrebi. dedamiwis qerqi
Tavisufali vardnis g aCqareba ekvatoridan polusisken
grafikze saCveneblad metismetad
gadaadgilebisas izrdeba. Txelia.
3. dedamiwa brunavs. brunvis RerZi dedamiwis CrdiloeT
da samxreT polusebze gadis. dedamiwis zedapirze (garda polusebisa) mdebare sagani amave
RerZis garSemo moZraobs da, maSasadame, centrisken mimarTuli aCqareba unda hqondes. es
centriskenuli aCqareba aseve centrisken mimarTuli Zalis arsebobas gulisxmobs.
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor iwvevs dedamiwis brunva g-s ag-sgan gansxvavebas, gavaanalizoT ubralo
situacia, rodesac m masis yuTi ekvatorze mdebare sasworze dgas. 13.7a suraTze es situacia
CrdiloeT polusis Tavze mdebare wertilidanaa naCvenebi.
13.7b suraTi – yuTis Tavisufali sxeulebis diagrama, yuTze moqmed or Zalas gviCvenebs. orive

Zala dedamiwis centridan gamomavali r RerZis gaswvriv moqmedebs. sasworidan yuTze moqmedi FN
sayrdenis drekadobis Zala mimarTulia gareT, r RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. mizidulobis
sur. 13.7. a) CrdiloeT polusis Tavze, dedamiwis brunvis

RerZze mdgari damkvirveblis mier danaxuli, dedamiwis
ekvatorze mdebare sasworze dadebuli yuTi. b) Tavisufali
sxeulebis diagrama, dedamiwis centridan gamomavali r RerZiT.

yuTze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala misi ma g eqvivalentiTaa
warmodgenili. FN sasworidan yuTze moqmedi drekadobis Zalaa.

dedamiwis brunvis gamo yuTs dedamiwis centrisken mimarTuli a
centriskenuli aCqareba aqvs.

Zala, ma g , mimarTulia dedamiwis centrisken. vinaidan
yuTi dedamiwis centris garSemo dedamiwasTan erTad

brunavs, amitom mas dedamiwis centrisken mimarTuli a
(a) centriskenuli aCqareba aqvs. 10.23 formulidan (ar=ω2r)
viciT, rom es aCqareba tolia ω2R-isa, sadac ω dedamiwis
kuTxuri siCqarea, xolo R – wris radiusi (daaxloebiT
dedamiwis radiusi). maSasadame, r RerZis gaswvriv moqmedi
ZalebisTvis (Ft,r = mar) niutonis meore kanoni SeiZleba
daiweros ase:
FN – mag = m(–ω2R) (13.12)
(b) FN drekadobis Zala sasworze naCvenebi mg wonis tolia.

FN-is nacvlad mg-s CasmiT miviRebT:
mg = mag – m(ω2R) (13.13)
rac niSnavs Semdegs:
( gasazomi
wona )(
=
gravitaciuli
Zala )(
–
masa gamravlebuli
centriskenul aCqarebaze )
maSasadame, yuTis wona dedamiwis brunvis gamo yuTze moqmed mizidulobis Zalaze naklebia.
g-sa da ag-s Sesabamisi gamosaxulebis misaRebad 13.13 formulidan gamovricxoT m da davweroT:
g = ag – ω2R (13.14)
anu
( Tavisufali vardnis
aCqareba )(=
gravitaciuli
aCqareba )(–
centriskenuli
aCqareba ) .
maSasadame, Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba, dedamiwis brunvis gamo, gravitaciul aCqarebaze

naklebia.
g da ag aCqarebebs Soris sxvaobaa ω2R. es sxvaoba ekvatorze maqsimaluria (imitom, rom yuTis mier
ganvlili wrewiris radiusi ekvatorze maqsimaluria). gansxvavebis sapovnelad 10.5 formulis
(ω=Δθ/Δt) da dedamiwis radiusis R=6,37×106m gamoyeneba SegviZlia. dedamiwis erTi brunisTvis
θ=2π, xolo Δt drois Sualedi daaxloebiT 24 saaTia. am monacemebis gamoyenebiT (da saaTebis
wamebSi gadayvaniT) vnaxavT, rom g mxolod 0,034m/wm2-iT naklebia ag-ze, rac arc ise bevria
9,8m/wm2-Tan SedarebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, g-sa da ag-s Soris sxvaobis ugulebelyofa xSirad
gamarTlebulia. aseve xSirad gamarTlebulia wonasa da mizidulobis Zalas Soris sxvaobis
ugulebelyofac.
13.5. miziduloba dedamiwis SigniT 447

a) h=1,7 m simaRlis astronavti uwonadobis es Sedegi imas niSnavs, rom astronavtis
gamo vertikalurad hkidia kosmosur xomal fexis gravitaciuli aCqareba astronavtis
dSi, romelic dedamiwis garSemo brunavs misi Tavis gravitaciul aCqarebaze odnav metia.
centridan r=6,77×10 6
metris daSorebiT. aCqarebebs Soris sxvaoba astronavtis sxeuls
risi tolia astronavtis fexisa da Tavis odnav Wimavs, Tumca gansxvaveba imdenad
gravitaciul aCqarebebs Soris sxvaoba? mcirea, rom daWimuloba SeumCnevelia.
amoxsna: ME masis erTgvarovan

dedamiwa b) Tu astronavti imave r = 6,77×106m radiusis
sferod warmovidginoT. maSin, 13.11 for orbitaze imyofeba Mh=1,99×1031kg (mzis masaze
mulidan gamomdinare, gravitaciuli aCqare aTjer meti) masis Savi xvrelis maxloblad,
ba dedamiwis centridan nebismier r manZilze risi tolia misi fexebisa da Tavis gravitaciul
iqneba: aCqarebebs Soris sxvaoba? Sav xvrels gaaCnia
GME Rh=2,95×104 m radiusis maTematikuri zedapiri
ag = (13.15)
r2 (movlenebis horizonti). am zedapiridan an mis
am formulis gamoyeneba orjer SegviZlia. mier SemosazRvruli aredan sinaTlesac ki ar
erTxel r=6,77×106 m manZiliT fexisa da SeuZlia gamoRweva. aRvniSnoT, rom astronavti
meored r=6,77×106+1,7m manZiliT TavisaTvis. sakmaod daSorebulia am zedapiridan r=229 Rh
miuxedavad amisa, kalkulatorma ag-s erTi da manZilze yofnis dros.
igive sidide orjer SeiZleba mogvces, radgan
amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSic astronavtis Tavsa da
h manZili r-ze gacilebiT mcirea, amitom
fexs Soris r-is dr diferencialuri cvlileba
aCqarebebs Soris gansxvavebac nulovani iqneba.
gvaqvs, amitom 13.16 formulis gamoyeneba
vinaidan astronavtis fexsa da Tavs Soris r-is
kvlav SegviZlia. amjerad ME-s nacvlad
cvlilebaa dr, modiT vipovoT 13.15 formulis
Mh = 1,99×1031kg masas CavsvamT da miviRebT:
diferenciali r-is mimarT. miviRebT: (6,67×10–11m3/kg·wm2)(1,99×1031kg)
GME dag = –2 (1,7m)
dag = –2  dr , (13.16) (6,67×106 m)3
r3
sadac dag gravitaciuli aCqarebis diferen = –14,5 m/wm2. (pasuxi)
cialuri cvlilebaa r-is dr cvlilebis Se es imas niSnavs, rom astronavtis fexze
degad. astronavtisTvis dr=h da r=6,77×10 m. 6
moqmedi gravitaciuli aCqareba astronavtis
13.16 formulaSi monacemebis CasmiT vipoviT: Tavze moqmed gravitaciul aCqarebaze
(6,67×10–11m3/kg·wm2)(5,98×1024kg) mniSvnelovnad metia. amis Sedegad sxeulis
dag = –2 (1,7m)
(6,67×106 m)3 daWimuloba asatani, Tumca sakmaod
= – 4,37 × 10 m/wm ,
–6 2
(pasuxi) mtkivneuli iqneba. Sav xvrelTan miaxloebis
sadac ME sidide C danarTidanaa aRebuli. SemTxvevaSi daWimuloba mkveTrad gaizrdeba.
13.5. miziduloba dedamiwis SigniT

niutonis Teorema sferuli garsis Sesaxeb im SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba, rodesac nawilaki
erTgvarovani garsis SigniT mdebareobs:
erTgvarovani sferuli garsis SigniT moTavsebul nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli

Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia.
yuradRebiT! es ar niSnavs, rom sferuli garsis sxvadasxva nawilebidan nawilakze moqmedi

gravitaciuli Zalebi jadosnurad gaqra, ubralod, yvela nawilidan am nawilakze moqmedi
Zalebis veqtorebis jami nulis tolia.
dedamiwis masa rom Tanabrad yofiliyo ganawilebuli, nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala
dedamiwis zedapirze maqsimaluri iqneboda da dedamiwidan daSorebis Sedegad Semcirdeboda.
nawilakis dedamiwis siRrmeSi, magaliTad maRaroSi Casvlisas sruli gravitaciuli Zala ori
mizeziT Seicvleboda: 1) nawilakis dedamiwis centrTan miaxlovebis Sedegad mizidulobis Zala
gaizrdeboda; 2) nawilakis dedamiwis centrisken gadaadgilebisas dedamiwis im sferuli garsis
sisqe, romlis gravitaciuli zemoqmedeba nawilakze nulis toli iqneboda, gaizrdeboda, ris
Sedegadac nawilakze moqmedi sruli gravitaciuli Zala Semcirdeboda.
erTgvarovani dedamiwisTvis meore tendencia imZlavrebda da wertilze moqmedi Zala dedamiwis
centrTan miaxloebis Sedegad nulamde Semcirdeboda. asea Tu ise, realuri (araerTgvarovani)
dedamiwis SemTxvevaSi, nawilakze moqmedi Zala dedamiwis centrisken moZraobisas jer izrdeba,
garkveul siRrmeze maqsimums aRwevs da Semdeg TandaTan mcirdeba.

jorj grifitis fantastikur moTxrobaSi
`polusidan polusamde~ sami mkvlevari
samxreT polusidan CrdiloeT polusisken
kafsuliT mgzavrobas bunebrivad Seqmnili
(da, ra Tqma unda, ararealuri) gvirabis
saSualebiT cdilobs (sur. 13.8). moTxrobis
mixedviT, rodesac kafsula dedamiwis centrs
uaxlovdeba, mogzaurebze moqmedi mizi
dulobis Zala mkveTrad izrdeba da Semdeg,
zustad centrSi, wamierad qreba. amis Semdeg
sur. 13.8. m masis kafsula dedamiwis CrdiloeTi
kafsula CrdiloeT polusisken gvirabis da samxreTi polusebis damakavSirebel gvirabSi
meore nawilSi moZraobas ganagrZobs. moZraobs. rodesac kafsula dedamiwis centridan r
manZilzea, am radiusis sferoSi moqceuli dedamiwis
gamoTvale m masis kafsulaze moqmedi
masaa MSiga.
mizidulobis Zala dedamiwis centridan r
manZilze da Seamowme grifitis aRwera. dauSvi, GmMSiga
F= (13.17)
rom dedamiwa ρ simkvrivis erTgvarovani r2
sferoa. MSiga masis r radiusis saSualebiT Casawerad
viTvaliswinebT, rom am masis Semcveli
amoxsna: niutonis Teorema sferuli garsis 4
moculobaa VSiga= 3 πr3. garda amisa, vinaidan
Sesaxeb amocanis amoxsnisTvis sam gasaRebs
davuSviT, rom dedamiwas erTgvarovani
gvaZlevs:
simkvrive aqvs, maSin ρSiga=MSiga/VSiga simkvrive
1. rodesac kafsula dedamiwis centridan
dedamiwis ρ simkvrivea. maSasadame, gveqneba:
r radiuszea, r radiusis sferos gareT
4pr3
darCenili dedamiwis nawili kafsulaze MSiga = ρVSiga = ρ (13.18)
3
mizidulobis ZaliT ar moqmedebs. am formulis 13.17 formulaSi CasmiT
2. am sferos SigniT moxvedrili dedamiwis miviRebT:
nawili kafsulaze mizidulobis ZaliT 4pGmρ
F=  r (pasuxi) (13.19)
moqmedebs. 3
3. dedamiwis am SigniTa nawilis MSiga masa es formula gvauwyebs, rom F Zalis sidide
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc dedamiwis dedamiwis centridan r manZilze wrfivadaa
centrSi mdebare nawilakis masa. damokidebuli. maSasadame, roca r mcirdeba,
samive punqti gvauwyebs, rom 13.1 formula F agreTve mcirdeba (grifitis aRweris
kafsulaze moqmedi gravitaciuli ZalisTvis sawinaaRmdegod), sanam dedamiwis centrSi
Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba daiweros: nuls ar gautoldeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
13.6. mizidulobis potenciuri energia 449
dedamiwis centrSi nulovani mizidulobis 13.20 formulas
 hukis kanonis (formula
Zala grifitma sworad asaxa.  7.20, F = - kd ) saxe aqvs, amitom moTxrobaSi
13.19 formula aseve SeiZleba F Zalis warmodgenil idealizirebul situaciaSi
veqtorisa da dedamiwis centridan gamomavali kafsula zambaraze Camokidebuli tvirTiviT

radialuri RerZis gaswvriv kafsulis r rxevas daiwyebda, xolo rxevis centri
mdebareobis veqtoris saSualebiT Caiweros. K dedamiwis centri iqneboda. samxreT polu
asoTi aRvniSnoT mudmivebis jgufi 4πGmρ/3. sidan dedamiwis centrisken Camovardnis
maSin formula 13.19 miiRebs saxes: Semdeg kafsula centridan CrdiloeT polu
  sisken gadaadgildeboda (rogorc grifiti
F =– Kr (13.20)
 ambobs) da Semdeg ukan dabrundeboda. es

`minus~ niSani aCvenebs, rom F da r cikli mudmivad gagrZeldeboda.
veqtorebi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa.
13.6. mizidulobis potenciuri energia

8.4 qveTavSi nawilaki-dedamiwis sistemis gravitaciuli
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia ganvixileT. nawilaks
dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos vaCerebdiT, raTa gravitaciuli
Zala mudmivad migveCnia. Semdeg sistemis sawyis konfiguracias
virCevdiT, romelSic sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri
energia nulis toli iyo. xSirad am konfiguraciaSi nawilaki sur. 13.9. sami sxeulisgan Semdgari
dedamiwis zedapirze mdebareobda. nawilakisTvis, romelic ar sistema. sistemis gravitaciuli
potenciuri energia sxeulebis
mdebareobs dedamiwis zedapirze, gravitaciuli potenciuri samive wyvilis gravitaciul
energia nawilaksa da dedamiwas Soris manZilis SemcirebasTan potenciur energiaTa jamia.
erTad mcirdeboda.
amjerad Cvens Tvalsawiers gavafarTovebT da r manZiliT daSorebuli m da M masis wertilebis
U mizidulobis potenciur energias ganvixilavT. Tavdapirvelad kvlav sawyis konfiguracias
virCevT, rodesac U nulis tolia. garda amisa, formulebis gasamartiveblad sawyis
konfiguraciaSi r manZili imdenad didia, rom SegviZlia CavTvaloT rogorc usasrulosTan
miaxlovebuli. manZilis SemcirebasTan erTad gravitaciuli potenciuri energia mcirdeba.
vinaidan r=∞-sTvis U=0, amitom nebismieri sasruli manZilisTvis potenciuri energia
uaryofiTia da manZilis SemcirebasTan erTad kidev ufro uaryofiTi xdeba.
am faqtebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, rogorc SemdgomSi davamtkicebT, ori sxeulisgan Semdgari
sistemisTvis gravitaciuli potenciuri energia iqneba:
GMm
U = – r (gravitaciuli potenciuri energia) (13.21)
gaiTvaliswine, rom roca r usasrulobas uaxlovdeba, U(r) nuls uaxlovdeba, da r-is nebismieri
sasruli sididisTvis U(r)-is sidide uaryofiTia.
13.21 formuliT mocemuli potenciuri energia ori sxeulis sistemis maxasiaTebelia da ara
cal-calke sxeulebisa. am energias ver gavyofT da erT nawils pirvel, meores ki meore sxeuls
ver mivakuTvnebT. miuxedavad amisa, Tu M >> m, rac simarTlea M masis dedamiwisa da m masis
beisbolis burTisTvis, maSin vsaubrobT `beisbolis burTis potenciur energiaze~. am gamoTqmam
SecdomaSi SeiZleba Segviyvanos, vinaidan, rodesac beisbolis burTi dedamiwis maxloblad
moZraobs, burTi-dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri energiis cvlileba TiTqmis mTlianad
beisbolis burTis kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaSi gamoixateba, radgan dedamiwis kinetikuri
energiis cvlileba metad mcirea. 13.8 TavSi aseTive principiT dedamiwis orbitaze `xelovnuri
Tanamgzavris potenciur energiaze~ vsaubrobT, vinaidan Tanamgzavris masa dedamiwis masaze
bevrad mcirea. rodesac sadari masebis sxeulebis potenciur energiaze vsaubrobT, am sxeulebis
sistemas yuradRebiT unda movepyroT.
rodesac sistema orze met sxeuls Seicavs, sxeulTa wyvilebs rigrigobiT ganvixilavT. 13.21
formuliT maT gravitaciul potenciur energias ise gamovTvliT, TiTqos sxva sxeulebi arc
arsebobs, Semdeg ki Sedegebs algebrulad SevkrebT. magaliTad, 13.9 suraTze gamosaxuli sami
wyvilisTvis 13.21 formulis misadageba mogvcems:
U = – ( Gm1m2 Gm1m3 Gm2m3

r12 + r13 + r23 ) (13.22)

modiT, beisbolis burTi dedamiwidan 13.10 suraTze naCvenebi
traeqtoriiT avisroloT. unda vipovoT P wertilSi myofi,
dedamiwis centridan R manZiliT daSorebuli burTis U
gravitaciuli potenciuri energia. amisaTvis jer gamovTva-
loT W muSaoba, romelsac gravitaciuli Zala Seasrulebs
burTis P wertilidan usasrulo manZiliT gadaadgilebisas.

vinaidan F (r) gravitaciuli Zala cvladia (damokidebulia
r-ze), amitom muSaobis gamosaTvlelad 7.8 qveTavis meTodi
unda gamoviyenoT. veqtorul Canawers aseTi saxe eqneba:
(13.23)

integrali F (r) Zalis da burTis traeqtoriis gaswvriv
 sur. 13.10. beisbolis burTi
diferencialuri dr gadaadgilebis veqtoris skalarul
dedamiwis centridan R manZiliT
namravls Seicavs. am namravls SegviZlia aseTi saxe mivceT: daSorebuli P wertilis gavliT
  aisroles. suraTze
 naCvenebia
F (r ) ⋅ dr = F(r)dr cos φ (13.24) burTze moqmedi F mizidulobis
  
Zala da dr gadaadgilebis veqtori.
sadac φ F (r ) da dr veqtorebis mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxea.
orive veqtori r radialuri RerZis
φ-s nacvlad 180°-is da F(r)-is nacvlad 13.1 formulis CasmiT, gaswvrivaa mimarTuli.
13.24 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
  GMm
F (r ) ⋅ dr = –  2  dr ,
r
sadac M dedamiwis masaa, xolo m burTis masa.
am formulis 13.23 formulaSi Casma da integreba mogvcems:

GMm GMm
= 0 –  R  = –  R ,  (13.25)
sadac W burTis P wertilidan (R manZilze) usasrulobamde
gadaadgilebisTvis saWiro muSaobaa. 8.1 formula (ΔU = –W)
gvamcnobs, rom am muSaobis Cawera potenciuri energiebis
saSualebiTac SeiZleba:
U∞ – U = –W.
vinaidan U∞ potenciuri energia usasrulobaSi nulis tolia,
U potenciuri energiaa P wertilSi, xolo W 13.25 formuliTaa sur. 13.11. dedamiwasTan axlos,
beisbolis burTi A wertilidan G
mocemuli, amitom gveqneba: wertilisken gadaadgildeba tra
GMm
U = W = –  eqtoriiT, romelic radialuri
R monakveTebisa da wris rkalebisgan
R-is r-iT CanacvlebiT miviRebT 13.21 formulas, risi Sedgeba.
damtkicebac gvsurda.
13.6. mizidulobis potenciuri energia 451
traeqtoriisgan damoukidebloba
13.11 suraTze beisbolis burTi A wertilidan G wertilisken gadaadgildeba traeqtoriiT,
romelic sami radialuri monakveTisa da sami rkalisgan Sedgeba. unda vipovoT burTis A-dan
G-mde gadaadgilebisas F gravitaciuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli  W muSaoba. yovel rkalze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba nulis tolia, vinaidan nebismier wertilSi F rkalis perpendikularulia.
maSasadame, W muSaoba sam radialur monakveTze Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jamis tolia.
axla warmovidginoT, rom rkalebi nulamde Semcirda. am SemTxvevaSi burTi A-dan G-mde erTi
radialuri monakveTis gaswvriv imoZravebs. Seicvleba Tu ara W? ara, vinaidan rkalebis gaswvriv
 mniSvnelobas ar Secvlis. A-dan G-mde

muSaoba ar Sesrulebula da maTi gamoricxva muSaobis
burTis traeqtoria aSkarad gansxvavebulia, magram F Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba igivea.
aseTi Sedegi 8.3 qveTavSi zogadad ukve ganvixileT. maSasadame, mizidulobis Zalis mier i sawyisi
wertilidan f saboloo wertilamde sxulis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba moZraobis
traeqtoriaze damokidebuli ar aris. 8.1 formulis Tanaxmad, i wertilidan f wertilamde
gravitaciuli potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlileba iqneba:
ΔU = Uf – Ui = –W (13.26)
vinaidan W muSaoba traeqtoriaze damokidebuli ar aris, amitom ΔU gravitaciuli potenciuri
energiis cvlileba traeqtoriisgan aseve damoukidebelia.
potenciuri energia da Zala


13.21 formulis damtkicebisas potenciuri energiis U(r) funqcia F (r ) Zalis funqciidan
gamoviyvaneT. SeiZleba sxva gziT wasvlac anu potenciuri energiis funqciidan dawyeba da Zalis
funqciis gamoyvanac. 8.22 formulidan gamomdinare (F(x) = –dU(x)/dx), SegviZlia davweroT:
F = – 
dU
– 
dr = dr
d
(
GMm
  – r )
GMm
= – r2 . (13.27)
es niutonis mizidulobis kanonia (formula 13.1). `minus~ niSani imas niSnavs, rom m masaze
modebuli Zala mimarTulia radialurad SigniT, M masis mimarTulebiT.
gaqcevis siCqare
Tu sxeuls zeviT aisvri, is Seneldeba, meyseulad gaCerdeba da Semdeg dedamiwaze dabrundeba.
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs minimaluri sawyisi siCqare, romliTac es sxeuli mudmivad zeviT
imoZravebs da, Teoriulad, mxolod sadRac usasrulobaSi gaCerdeba. am minimalur siCqares
(dedamiwidan) gaqcevis siCqare ewodeba.
ganvixiloT m masis sxeuli, romelic planetis (sxva astronomiuli sxeulis an sistemis)
1
zedapirs v gaqcevis siCqariT Sordeba. sxeulis energiaa K= 2 mv2, xolo U potenciuri energia
mocemulia 13.21 formuliT:
GMm
U=–
R
sadac M planetis masaa, xolo R _ planetis radiusi.
rodesac sxeuli usasrulobas miaRwevs, is SeCerdeba, anu am dros misi kinetikuri energia nulis
toli gaxdeba. sxeuls arc potenciuri energia eqneba, vinaidan or sxeuls Soris usasrulo
daSoreba nulovani potenciuri energiis mizezi xdeba. sxeulis mTliani energia usasrulobaSi
nulis tolia. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mTliani energia planetis
zedapirzec nulis toli unda iyos:
1
K + U = 2 mv2 + – ( GMm
R ) =0
saidanac gamomdinareobs:
(13.28)
gaiTvaliswine, rom v dedamiwidan gasrolis mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris. Tumca, am

siCqaris miRweva ufro advilia, roca gasrolis mimarTuleba RerZis garSemo dedamiwis brunvis
mimarTulebas emTxveva. magaliTad, kanaveralis koncxidan raketebs aRmosavleTiT uSveben, raTa
dedamiwis moZraobis gamo koncxis aRmosavleTiT mimarTuli 1500 km/sT siCqaris upiratesoba
gamoiyenon.
13.28 formula nebismieri astronomiuli sxeulidan gasrolili sxeulis gaqcevis siCqaris
gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba, sadac M aris astronomiuli sxeulis masa, xolo R _ misi radiusi.
13.2 cxrilSi mocemulia gaqcevis siCqareebi zogierTi astronomiuli sxeulisTvis.
cxrili 13.2
gaqcevis siCqaris magaliTebi
sxeuli masa (kg) radiusi (m) gaqcevis siCqare (km/wm)

cerera a 1,17×1021 3,8×105 0,64
mTvare 7,36×10 22
1,74×10 6
2,38
dedamiwa 5,98×10 24
6,37×10 6
11,2
iupiteri 1,9×10 27
7,15×10 7
59,5
mze 1,99×10 30
6,96×10 8
618
sirius B  b
2×10 30
1×10 7
5200
neitronuli varskvlavi  g
2×10 30
1×10 4
2×105
a
yvelaze masiuri asteroidi
b
TeTri juja (Tavisi ganviTarebis saboloo stadiaSi myofi varskvlavi), siriusis Tanamgzavri.
g
zeaxali varskvlavis (supernovas) afeTqebis Semdeg darCenili Zveli varskvlavis birTvi.
sakontrolo wertili 4. m masis burTs M masis sferos aSoreb. a) izrdeba Tu mcirdeba burTi-
sferos sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri energia? b) dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi burTsa da
sferos Soris moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba?

asteroidi pirdapir dedamiwisken mofrinavs maSasadame, saboloo meqanikuri energia
12 km/wm siCqariT. dedamiwis centrsa da (rodesac asteroidi dedamiwis zedapirs
asteroids Soris manZili 10-jer metia miaRwevs) sawyisi meqanikuri energiis tolia.
dedamiwis radiusze. ugulebelyavi aste Tu kinetikuri energiaa K, xolo gravitaciuli
roidze dedamiwis atmosferos zemoqmedeba potenciuri energia U, gveqneba:
da gamoTvale asteroidis vf siCqare dedamiwis Kf + Uf = Ki + Ui (13.29)
zedapirTan.
Tu davuSvebT, rom sistema izolirebulia,
amoxsna: atmosferosgan asteroidze maSin vardnis ganmavlobaSi sistemis impulsi
zemoqmedebis ugulebelyofis gamo, dedamiwa- SenarCundeba. maSasadame, dedamiwisa da
asteroidis sistemis meqanikuri energia asteroidis impulsis cvlilebebi sididiT
vardnis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli rCeba. toli, niSniT ki sawinaaRmdego unda iyos. garda
13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi: kepleris kanonebi 453
amisa, vinaidan dedamiwis masa asteroidis = (12 × 103 m/wm)2
masaze bevrad metia, amitom dedamiwis siCqaris 2(6,67×10–11m3/kg·wm2)(5,98×1024kg)
+  0,9
cvlileba asteroidis siCqaris cvlilebasTan 6,37×106 m
SedarebiT umniSvneloa. ase rom, dedamiwis = 2,567 × 108 m2/wm2
kinetikuri energiis cvlilebac umniSvneloa. da vf = 1,6 × 104 m/wm = 16 km/wm (pasuxi)
aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davuSvaT,
am siCqariT moZravi asteroidi patarac rom
rom 13.29 formulaSi Semavali kinetikuri
iyos, dedamiwaze Camovardnisas mniSvnelovan
energiebi mxolod asteroidisaa.
zians moitans. 5m diametris asteroidis Ca
davuSvaT, m asteroidis masaa, xolo M –
movardnisas gamoyofili energia hirosimaSi
dedamiwis (5,98×1024kg). asteroidis
masa
atomuri bombis afeTqebis energiaze naklebi
sawyisi daSorebaa 10R, saboloo daSoreba ki
ar iqneba. samwuxarod, daaxloebiT 500 mi
R, sadac R dedamiwis radiusia (6,37×106 m). U-s
lioni aseTi zomis asteroidi dedamiwis or
nacvlad 13.21 formulis, xolo K-s nacvlad
1 bitis maxloblad imyofeba. 1994 wels erT-
2
mv2-s CasmiT 13.29 formula Semdeg saxes
erTma asteroidma dedamiwis atmosferoSi
miiRebs:
SeaRwia da wynari okeanis samxreTidan 20 km
1 GMm 1 2 GMm
mvf2 – = 2 mvi – simaRleze afeTqda (riTac eqvsma samxedro
2 R 10R
am formulis gardaqmniT da cnobili Tanamgzavrma birTvuli afeTqebis Sesaxeb
monacemebis CasmiT miviRebT: gafrTxileba miiRo). 500 m siganis asteroidis
( )
Sejaxebas Tanamedrove civilizaciis gaqroba
2GM 1
vf2 = vi2 + 1 – 10
R SeuZlia, arada, dedamiwis orbitasTan axlos
aseTi milionia.
13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi: kepleris kanonebi

kacobriobis istoriis ganTiadidan moyolebuli, varskvlavebis fonze planetebis moZraoba
adamianisTvis namdvili Tavsatexi iyo, marsis moZraoba ki (sur. 13.12) _ gansakuTrebiT
amoucnobi saidumlo. iohan keplerma (1571-1630) mTeli sicocxlis kvlevis Semdeg am moZraobebis
warmmarTveli empiriuli kanonebi Camoayaliba. tiqo brahem
(1546-1601), ukanasknelma astronomma, romelic dakvirvebebs
teleskopis gareSe atarebda, yovlismomcveli monacemebi
Seagrova, rac keplers planetebis moZraobis sami kanonis
CamoyalibebaSi daexmara. mogvianebiT, niutonma (1642-1727)
daamtkica, rom mis mizidulobis kanons kepleris kanonebamde
mivyavarT.
am TavSi kepleris samive kanons ganvixilavT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom kepleris kanonebs mzis sistemis planetebisTvis
gamoviyenebT, es kanonebi dedamiwis orbitis bunebrivi Tu
sur. 13.12. 1971 wels dedamiwidan
xelovnuri TanamgzavrebisTvis da nebismieri masiuri ciuri
danaxuli marsis traeqtoria Txis
sxeulebisTvisac gamosadegia. rqis Tanavarskvlavedis fonze.
suraTze naCvenebia planetis mde
1. orbitebis kanoni. yvela planeta elifsur bareoba oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi.
orbitaze moZraobs, romlis erT-erTi fokusi mzea. marsic da dedamiwac mzis garSemo
moZraobs da Cven dedamiwis mimarT
13.13 suraTze naCvenebia aseT orbitaze M masis mzis garSemo marsis mdebareobas vxedavT. es
fardobiTi moZraoba zogjer marsis
moZravi m masis planeta. davuSvaT M>>m, ise rom, planeta- traeqtorias maryuJis formas
mzis sistemis masaTa centrad SegviZlia mzis centri miviCnioT. aZlevs.
13.13 suraTze orbita aRwerilia a didi naxevarRerZiT

da e eqscentrisitetiT. es ukanaskneli isea arCeuli, rom
ea elifsis centridan F an F’ fokusamde manZilis tolia.
nulovani eqscentrisiteti Seesabameba wres, romelSic ori
fokusi erTmaneTs erwymis da erTi centri formirdeba.
planetebis orbitebis eqscentrisitetebi mcirea da
amitom orbitebs qaRaldze gadmotanisas wriuli forma
aqva. 13.13 suraTze sizustis mizniT gadidebuli elifsis
eqscentrisiteti 0,74-is tolia. dedamiwis orbitis
eqscentrisiteti mxolod 0,0167-ia. sur. 13.13. m masis planeta
elifsur orbitaze moZraobs M masisa
2. farTobebis kanoni: planetis mzesTan da elifsis F fokusSi mdebare mzis
garSemo. meore F´ fokusi cariel
damakavSirebeli xazi drois Tanabar SualedebSi sivrceSia. TiToeuli fokusi
planetis orbitis sibrtyeze Tanabari farTobis elifsis centridan ea manZilzea,
segmentebs Semowers, anu A farTobis Semoweris dA/dt siCqare sadac e elifsis eqscentrisitetia.
suraTze agreTve naCvenebia elifsis
mudmivia.
a didi naxevarRerZi, periheliumis
(mzesTan yvelaze axlo poziciis)
meore kanoni gvauwyebs, rom mzes daSorebuli planeta nela Rp manZili da afelionis (mzisgan
moZraobs, xolo mzes miaxlovebuli _ swrafad. kepleris yvelaze Sori poziciis) Ra manZili.
meore kanoni impulsis Senaxvis kanonis eqvivalenturia.
modiT davamtkicoT es.
13.14 a suraTze gamuqebuli segmentis farTobi daaxloebiT r manZiliT daSorebuli mzisa da
planetis damakavSirebeli xazis mier Semowerili farTobia Δt droSi. segmentis ΔA farTobi
daaxloebiT rΔθ fuZis da r simaRlis samkuTxedis farTobis tolia. vinaidan samkuTxedis
1
farTobi fuZisa da simaRlis namravlis naxevaria, amitom ΔA≈  2  r2Δθ. ΔA-s gamosaxuleba ufro
zusti xdeba, rodesac Δt (da maSasadame Δθ) nuls uaxlovdeba. farTobis Semoweris myisi siCqare
tolia:
dA 1 dθ 1
= r2 = r2 ω,
(13.30)
dt 2 dt 2
sadac ω mzisa da planetis damakavSirebeli mbrunavi xazis kuTxuri siCqarea.
 
13.14 b suraTze naCvenebia planetis p impulsi p -s radialuri da perpendikularuli

komponentebis CaTvliT. 11.20 formulaSi ( L = rp⊥ ) mzis mimarT planetis L impulsis momenti

r-isa da p⊥ -s namravliTaa mocemuli, sadac p⊥ warmoadgens p veqtoris r-is perpendikularul
komponents. m masis planetisTvis gveqneba:
L = r p⊥ = (r)(mv⊥) = (r)(mωr) = mr2ω , (13.31)
sadac v misi ωr eqvivalentiT CavanacvleT (formula 10.18). 13.30 da 13.31 formulebs Soris r2ω-
is gamoricxva mogvcems:
dA L
= . (13.32)
dt 2m

Tu, rogorc keplerma Tqva, dA/dt mudmivia, maSin, 13.32 formulidan gamomdinare, L L -ic mudmivia
– impulsis momenti inaxeba. faqtiurad kepleris meore kanoni impulsis momentis mudmivobis
kanonis eqvivalenturia.
3. periodebis kanoni: nebismieri planetis periodis kvadrati misi orbitis didi

naxevarRerZis kubis proporciulia.
amis dasamtkiceblad 13.15 suraTze naCvenebi r radiusis (wrewiris radiusi elifsis didi
naxevarRerZis eqvivalenturia) wriuli orbita ganvixiloT. 13.15 suraTze orbitaze myofi
planetisTvis niutonis meore kanonis (F=ma) gamoyeneba mogvcems:
13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi: kepleris kanonebi 455
sur. 13.14. a) Δt droSi mzis da planetis damakavSirebeli r sigrZis xazi Δθ sur. 13.15. m masis pla

kuTxiT gadaadgildeba da ΔA farTobs Semowers (gamuqebulia). b) planetis p neta mzis garSemo r ra
impulsi da misi komponentebi. diusis wriul orbitaze
moZraobs.
GMm
r2 = (m)(ω r). (13.33)
2
cxrili 13.3
kepleris periodebis kanoni mzis sistemisTvis
planeta didi naxevarRerZi a (1010 m) periodi T (w) T2/a3(10-34 w2/m3)
merkuri 5,79 0,241 2,99

venera 10,8 0,615 3
dedamiwa 15 1 2,96
marsi 22,8 1,88 2,98
iupiteri 77,8 11,9 3,01
saturni 143 29,5 2,98
urani 287 84 2,98
neptuni 450 165 2,99
plutoni 590 248 2,99
aq F Zalis nacvlad 13.1 formula CavsviT, xolo 10.23 formula centriskenuli aCqarebis
nacvlad ω2r-is Casasmelad gamoviyeneT. Tu, 10.20 formulis daxmarebiT, ω-s nacvlad 2πT-s
CavsvamT, sadac T moZraobis periodia, miviRebT kepleris mesame kanons:
T 2 = ( ) 
4p2
GM
r3 (periodebis kanoni) (13.34)
frCxilebSi Casmuli sidide mudmivia da mxolod centraluri sxeulis M masazea damokidebuli,

romlis garSemoc planeta brunavs.
13.34 formula elifsis formis orbitebsac miesadageba, Tumca r-s elifsis a didi naxevarRerZi
enacvleba. am kanonis Tanaxmad, T 2/a3 wiladis sidide mocemuli masiuri sxeulis garSemo
nebismieri planetaruli orbitisTvis erTi da igivea. 13.3 cxrilSi naCvenebia, ramdenad kargad
miesadageba es kanoni mzis sistemis planetebs.
sakontrolo wertili 5. pirveli Tanamgzavri planetis garSemo garkveul wriul orbitaze

moZraobs. meore Tanamgzavri ufro did wriul orbitaze moZraobs. romel Tanamgzavrs aqvs
a) ufro xangrZlivi periodi da b) ufro didi siCqare?

mzis garSemo haleis kometis brunvis periodi Ra = 2a – Rp
76 welia. 1986 wels kometa mzesTan yvelaze = (2)(2,7×1012m) – 8,9×1010 m
axlos (periheliumi) Rp=8,9×1010 m manZilze = 5,3×1012m (pasuxi)
mivida. 13.3 cxrilSi Cans, rom am dros is 13.3 cxrilSi Cans, rom es Sedegi plutonis
merkurisa da veneras orbitebs Soris iyo. orbitis did naxevarRerZze odnav naklebia.
a) risi tolia mzidan kometis maqsimaluri maSasadame, kometa mzes plutonze didi
daSoreba anu Ra afeliumis manZili? manZiliT ar daSordeba.
amoxsna: 13.13 suraTze vxedavT, rom Ra+Rp=2a, b) risi tolia haleis kometis orbitis e
sadac a orbitis didi naxevarRerZia. maSasa eqscentrisiteti?
dame, Ra-s povna a-s povnis Semdeg SeiZleba. amoxsna: 13.13 formulis saSualebiT e, a da Rp
garda amisa, periodebis kanoniT (formula erTmaneTs SegviZlia davukavSiroT. vxedavT,
13.34) a-s mocemul periodTan dakavSireba rom ea = a – Rp, anu
formulaSi a-s nacvlad r-is CasmiT SeiZleba. a – Rp Rp
e= a =1– a
( )
amis Sedegad viRebT:
GMT  2 1/3
a= (13.35) 8,9 × 1010 m
4p2 =1– = 0,97 (pasuxi)
Tu 13.35 formulaSi M mzis masis nacvlad 2,7 × 1012 m
1,99×1030kg-s, xolo kometis T periodis pasuxi gvamcnobs, rom roca eqscentrisiteti
nacvlad 76 wels anu 2,4×109 wams CavsvamT, erTs uaxlovdeba, orbita grZeli, Txeli
miviRebT, rom a=2,7×1012 m. sabolood, elifsi unda iyos.

davubrundeT Tavis dasawyiSi moTxrobil
ambavs. 13.16 suraTze naCvenebia xiluli
varskvlavi S2, romelic irmis naxtomis
galaqtikis centrSi mdebare sagitarius
A -s saxelis uxilavi da amoucnobi sxeulis
*
garSemo brunavs. sagitarius A*-s garSemo

S2-is brunvis periodia T=15,2 w, xolo orbitis
sagitarius A*
didi naxevarRerZis a sigrZe 5,5 sinaTlis dRis (Sgr A*)
(1,42×1014m) tolia. ras udris sagitarius A*-s M
masa? ra aris sagitarius A*?
amoxsna: kepleris meore kanoniT T periodi
da orbitis a didi naxevarRerZi sagitarius
sur. 13.16. sagitarius A*-s (SgrA*) garSemo moZravi S2
A*-s M masas ukavSirdeba. 13.34 formulaSi
varskvlavis orbita. elifsuri orbita asimetriulia,
wriuli orbitis r radiusis a-Ti CanacvlebiT vinaidan mas pirdapir zemodan ar vuyurebT.
miviRebT: dakvirvebis vadebi wlis aTwiladebis saxiTaa
T2 = ( 4p2
GM ) a3 (13.36)
mocemuli. S2-s mdebareobaTa ganuzRvrelobebi
jvrebiTaa aRniSnuli. sagitarius A*-s mdebareobis
ganuzRvreloba wreSi Caxazuli jvriTaa aRniSnuli.
cnobili monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
4p 2 a 3 sagitarius A*-s bunebis gasagebad es masa mzis
M = =
GT 2 masaze (Mmze=1,99×1030 kg) gavyoT:
4p2(1,42×1014 m)3
= M = (3,7×106)Mmze
( )[ ( )]
2 2 2 2
6,67×10–11n·m2 (15,2 weli) 3,16×107n·m2
kg kg sagitarius A*-s masa 3,7 milioni mzis masis
= 7,35×1036 kg (pasuxi) tolia! miuxedavad amisa, Cven mas ver vxedavT.

13.8. Tanamgzavrebi: orbitebi da energia 457
maSasadame, is ukiduresad kompaqturi sxeu xvreli imaleba (sagitarius A*-s garSemo
lia. mcire sxeulis aseTi uzarmazari masa im moZrav varskvlavebze gadaRebuli filmebi
daskvnis saSualebas iZleva, rom es sxeuli internetSia ganTavsebuli. moZebne saxeliT:
supermasiuri Savi xvrelia. marTlac, faq black hole galactic center - `Savi xvreli galaq
tebi adastureben, rom galaqtikebis um tikis centrSi~).
ravlesobis centrSi supermasiuri Savi
13.8. Tanamgzavrebi: orbitebi da energia

dedamiwis garSemo elifsuri traeqtoriiT moZravi Tanamgzavris siCqare mis K kinetikur
energias gansazRvravs, xolo dedamiwis centridan daSoreba – U potenciur energias.
Tanamgzavris siCqare da dedamiwis centridan daSoreba fiqsirebul periodebSi icvleba, Tumca
Tanamgzavris E meqanikuri energia ucvleli rCeba (imis gamo, rom Tanamgzavris masa dedamiwis
masaze gacilebiT mcirea, dedamiwa-Tanamgzavris sistemis U da E sidideebs mxolod Tanamgzavrs
mivakuTvnebT).
13.21 formuliT sistemis potenciuri energiaa mocemuli:
GMm
U=–
r
(usasrulod didi manZilisTvis U=0). aq r Tanamgzavris
orbitis radiusia, rodesac is wriuli formisaa, xolo M da
m, Sesabamisad, dedamiwisa da Tanamgzavris masaa.
wriul orbitaze Tanamgzavris kinetikuri energiis gamo
saTvlelad niutonis meore kanons Semdegi saxiT vwerT:
GMm v2
= m  (13.37)
r 2
r sur. 13.17. M sxeulis garSemo
sadac ν2/r Tanamgzavris centriskenuli aCqarebaa. Semdeg sxvadasxva e eqscentrisitetebis
mqone oTxi orbitaa. oTxive orbitas
13.37 formulidan vigebT kinetikur energias: Tanabari a didi naxevarRerZi aqvs
1 GMm da, maSasadame, oTxive erTsa da
K = 2 mv2 =  , (13.38)
2r imave E srul meqanikur energias
rac imaze metyvelebs, rom wriul orbitaze moZravi Seesabameba.
TanamgzavrisTvis
U
K = 2 (13.39) energia
mbrunavi Tanamgzavris mTliani meqanikuri energia iqneba:

GMm GMm
E=K+U= –
2r r
GMm
an E=– (wriul orbita) (13.40)
2r
am formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom wriul orbitaze moZ
ravi Tanamgzavris E sruli energia mis K kinetikur energias
udris uaryofiTi niSniT:
E = –K (wriuli orbita) (13.41)
sur. 13.18. wriul orbitaze moZravi
a didi naxevarRerZis mqone elifsur orbitaze moZravi TanamgzavrisTvis K kinetikuri
Tanamgzavris meqanikuri energiis gamosaTvlelad 13.40 energiis, U potenciuri energiisa
da E sruli energiis cvlileba
formulaSi r-is nacvlad a CavsvaT:
r-is mixedviT. r-is nebismieri
GMm sididisTvis U da E uaryofiTia,
E=– (wriuli orbita) (13.42)
2a
K dadebiTi, xolo E= –K. rodesac
13.42 formulis Tanaxmad, Tanamgzavris mTliani energia r→∞, samive energiis mrudi nuls
mxolod orbitis did naxevarRerZzea damokidebuli da ara e uaxlovdeba.
eqscentrisitetze. magaliTad, 13.17 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da imave didi naxevarRerZis mqone
oTxi orbita. oTxive orbitaze moZrav Tanamgzavrs Tanabari E sruli meqanikuri energia eqneba.
13.18 suraTze naCvenebia masiuri sxeulis garSemo wriul orbitaze moZravi Tanamgzavris K-s,
U-sa da E-s cvlilebebi r-is mixedviT.
sakontrolo wertili 6. suraTze naCvenebi kosmosuri

xomaldi Tavdapirvelad dedamiwis garSemo r radiusis
wriul orbitaze moZraobs. P wertilSi piloti mcire xniT
win mimarTul reaqtiul Zravas rTavs, raTa xomaldis K
kinetikuri energia da E meqanikuri energia Seamciros.
a) romel daStrixul elifsur orbitaze imoZravebs xomaldi?
b) xomaldis T brunvis periodi (P wertilSi dabrunebis dro)
wriuli orbitis brunvis periodze didia, mcire Tu igivea?

astronavti garTobis mizniT dedamiwis 13.40 formula gamodgeba. amis nacvlad, unda
garSemo wriul orbitaze, h=350 km simaRleze, vipovoT E0=K0+U0, sadac K0 burTis kinetikuri
m=7,2 kg masis keglis burTs uSvebs. energiaa, xolo U0 _ burTi-dedamiwis sistemis
a) risi tolia burTis E meqanikuri energia gravitaciuli potenciuri energia. U0-is
orbitaze? gamosaTvlelad 13.21 formulas viyenebT da
vwerT:
amoxsna: E-s gamoTvla orbitaluri energiis
GMm
13.40 formulidan (E= –GMm/2r) SeiZleba, Tu U0 = –
R
Tavdapirvelad orbitis r radiuss vipoviT.
(6,67×10–11 n·m2/kg2)(5,98×1024kg) (7,2 kg)
radiusi iqneba: =–
6,37×106 m
r = R + h = 6370km + 350 km = 6,72 × 106 m,
sadac R dedamiwis radiusia. 13.40 formulidan
= – 4,51 × 108 j = – 451 mj (pasuxi)
gamomdinare, meqanikuri energia iqneba: burTis K0 kinetikuri energia dedamiwis

GMm brunvis gamo burTis moZraobiTaa gamowveuli.
E=–
2r SegiZlia aCveno, rom K0 1 megajoulze na
(6,67×10–11 n·m2/kg2)(5,98×1024kg) (7,2 kg) klebia, rac U0-Tan SedarebiT umniSvneloa.
=–
(2)(6,72×106 m) maSasadame, asafren moedanze burTis meqani
= – 2,14 × 10 j = – 214 mj
8
(pasuxi) kuri energiaa:
E0 = K0 + U0 ≈ 0 – 451mj = –451mj (pasuxi)
b) risi tolia kanaveralis koncxis asafren asafreni moednidan orbitamde burTis
moedanze moTavsebuli burTis E0 meqanikuri meqanikuri energiis nazrdia:
energia? risi tolia gasrolis wertilidan ΔE=E–E0=(–214mj)–(–451mj)=237mj (pasuxi)
orbitamde burTis meqanikuri energiis ΔE rogorc xedavT, es arc ise didi energiaa.
cvlileba? naTelia, rom sxvadasxva sagnebis orbitaze
amoxsna: asafren moedanze moTavsebuli gayvanis didi xarjebi amisTvis saWiro
burTi orbitaze ar imyofeba, amitom arc meqanikur energiasTan araa dakavSirebuli.
13.9. ainStaini da gravitacia 459
13.9. ainStaini da gravitacia

eqvivalentobis principi
albert ainStainma erTxel aseTi ram ganacxada: `bernSi,
patentebis biuroSi vmuSaobdi, rodesac uecrad
erTi azri momivida: Tu adamiani Tavisufali vardnis
procesSia, is sakuTar wonas ver grZnobs. gavogndi. am
ubralo azrma Cemze Rrma STabeWdileba moaxdina da
swored man mibiZga gravitaciis Teoriisken~.
ainStainis TqmiT, swored ase daiwyo fardobiTobis
zogadi Teoriis Seqmna. am Teoriis fundamentur sur. 13.19. a) dedamiwaze uZravad mdgar
postulats sxeulebis mizidulobis Sesaxeb yuTSi myofi fizikosi a=9,8m/wm 2 aCqarebiT
eqvivalentobis principi ewodeba, romlis Tanaxmad, moZrav gogras xedavs. b) Tu fizikosi da
yuTi Soreul kosmosur sivrceSi 9,8m/wm 2-
gravitacia da aCqareba eqvivalenturia. Tu fizikoss,
iT aCqardebian, gogras fizikosis mimarT
rogorc 13.19 suraTzea naCvenebi, patara yuTSi igive aCqareba eqneba. fizikoss ar SeuZlia
CavketavT, is ver gaigebs, yuTi dedamiwaze uZravad yuTis SigniT Catarebuli eqsperimentebis
saSualebiT daadginos, romel situaciaSi
dgas da mxolod dedamiwis mizidulobis Zalis
imyofeba is. saswori, romelzec fizikosi
qmedebas ganicdis Tu varskvlavTaSoris sivrceSi 9,8m/ dgas, orive situaciaSi erTsa da imave wonas
wm2-iT Cqardeba da aCqarebis gamomwvevi Zalis qmedebas aCvenebs.
ganicdis. orive situaciaSi fizikosi erTsa da imaves

igrZnobs da sasworic erTnair wonas uCvenebs. ufro metic, nebismier sxeuls, romelic yuTs
Caufrens, orive SemTxvevaSi fizikosis mimarT Tanabari aCqareba eqneba.
sivrcis gamrudeba
aqamde gravitacias vxsnidiT, rogorc masebs Soris moqmedi ZaliT gamowveul movlenas.
ainStainma ki daamtkica, rom gravitacia gamowveulia sivrcis gamrudebiT, rasac es masebi
iwveven (rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, sivrce da dro erTmaneTSia CaxlarTuli da gamrudeba,
romelzec ainStaini laparakobs, sinamdvileSi sivrce-drois, Cveni samyaros oTxi ganzomilebis
erTobliobis gamrudebaa).
sivrcis (magaliTad, vakuumis) gamrudeba aRweras Znelad emorCileba. SeiZleba Semdegi analogia
sivrcis
gamrudeba
brtyeli paraleluri dedamiwasTan
sivrce traeqtoriebi axlos
dedamiwidan
Sors
traeqtoriebis
daaxloveba
dedamiwa
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 13.20. a) meridianebis gaswvriv moZravi ori sxeuli dedamiwis zedapiris simrudis gamo samxreT polusTan
erTmaneTs Sexvdeba. b) Tavisuflad vardnili ori sxeuli dedamiwasTan axlos mdebare sivrcis simrudis
gamo dedamiwis centrTan erTmaneTs Sexvdeba. g) dedamiwidan moSorebiT sivrce brtyelia da paraleluri
traeqtoriebi paralelurobas inarCuneben. dedamiwasTan axlos, paraleluri traeqtoriebi erTmaneTs
uaxlovdeba, vinaidan dedamiwis masis gamo sivrce gamrudebulia.
dagvexmaros: davuSvaT, orbitidan vakvirdebiT ori gemis Sejibrs, romlebic moZraobas dedamiwis
ekvatoridan samxreTisken iwyeben da erTmaneTisgan 20 km manZiliT arian daSorebulebni (sur.
13.20a). mezRvaurebis TvalTaxedviT, gemebi brtyel, paralelur traeqtoriebze moZraoben.
sinamdvileSi gemebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da samxreT polusTan Sexvdebian kidec.
mezRvaurebs es movlena gemebze moqmedi ZalebiT SeuZliaT axsnan, magram kosmosidan kargad
Cans, rom gemebis daaxloeba dedamiwis zedapiris simrudiTaa gamowveuli. CvenTvis amis danaxva
SesaZlebelia, vinaidan Sejibrs dedamiwis zedapiridan moSorebiT vakvirdebiT.
13.20 b suraTze aseTive Sejibria naCvenebi: ori vaSli dedamiwaze erTi da imave simaRlidan
vardeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaSlebs paraleluri traeqtorebi aqvT, dedamiwis centrisken
moZraobis gamo, isini erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian. vaSlebis moZraobis axsna dedamiwidan vaSlebze
moqmedi mizudulobis Zalis saSualebiT SegviZlia. moZraobis axsna aseve SesaZlebelia dedamiwis
masis gamo dedamiwasTan axlos mdebare sivrcis simrudis saSualebiT. amjerad, sivrcis simrudes
ver vamCnevT, vinaidan gemebis SemTxvevisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavadac am sivrceSi vimyofebiT.
miuxedavad amisa, simrudis asaxva 13.20 g suraTze mocemuli naxaziT SeiZleba. naxazze vaSlebi
dedamiwisken moZraoben, romlis masis gamo dedamiwasTan axlos mdebare sivrce gamrudebulia.
dedamiwasTan axlos gavlisas sinaTlis traeqtoria sivrcis simrudis gamo odnav mruddeba.
am movlenas gravitaciuli fokusireba ewodeba. rodesac sinaTle ufro masiur struqturas,
magaliTad, galaqtikas an didi masis mqone Sav xvrels Cauvlis, misi traeqtoria ufro metad
mruddeba. roca aseTi masiuri struqtura Cvensa da kvazars (Zalian kaSkaSa da Zalian Sors
mdebare sinaTlis wyaro) Sorisaa, kvazaridan momavali sinaTle masiuri struqturis garSemo
ixreba da Cvensken moemarTeba (sur. 13.21 a). am SemTxvevaSi, sinaTle TiTqos ramdenime sxvadasxva
mimarTulebidan modis, Cven ki yvela am mimarTulebiT erTsa da imave kvazars vxedavT. zogjer
kvazarebi, romlebsac vxedavT, erTmaneTs erwymis da gigantur manaTobel rkals qmnis, romelsac
ainStainis rgoli ewodeba (sur. 13.21 b).
ras unda mivaweroT gravitacia, masebis arsebobis Sedegad sivrcis gamrudebas Tu masebs Soris
moqmed Zalas? an iqneb, rogorc zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoria amtkicebs, gravitacia gravitonad
wodebuli fundamenturi nawilakis moqmedebis maxasiaTebelia? jerjerobiT am kiTxvebis pasuxi
ar viciT.
kvazaridan momavali
sinaTlis traeqtoria
kvazaris xiluli
mimarTulebebi
galaqtika an didi Savi

xvreli
saboloo traeqtoriebi
dedamiwaze mdebare deteqtori
sur. 13.21. a) Soreuli kvazaridan momavali sinaTle galaqtikis an didi Savi xvrelis maxloblad mrudi
traeqtoriiT moZraobs, vinaidan galaqtikis an Savi xvrelis masam mimdebare sivrce gaamruda. b) MG1131+0456
saxeliT cnobili ainStainis rgoli teleskopis kompiuteris ekranze. sinaTlis wyaro (radiotalRebi, romlebic
uxilavi sinaTlis nairsaxeobaa) rgolis warmomqneli didi, uxilavi galaqtikis ukan mdebareobs. sinaTlis wyaros
nawili rgolze mdebare ori naTeli laqis saxiT moCans.
13.9. ainStaini da gravitacia 461
gravitaciis kanoni. samyaroSi nebismieri rac gvaZlevs:

wertili meore wertils gravitaciuli GM
ag = (13.11)
ZaliT miizidavs, romlis sididea: r2
m1m2 Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba da wona.
F = G  (niutonis mizidulobis kanoni) (13.1)
r2 dedamiwis masis araTanabrad ganawilebisa
sadac m1 da m2 wertilebis masebia, r _ maT da dedamiwis brunvis gamo, dedamiwasTan

Soris manZili, xolo G (=6,67×10-11n⋅m2/kg2) _ axlos wertilis g Tavisufali vardnis aC

gravitaciuli mudmiva. qareba gravitaciuli ag aCqarebisgan cota
Ti gansxvavdeba. sxeulis wona mg aseve gan
erTgvarovani sferuli garsis gravi
sxvavdeba am sxeulze moqmedi gravitaciuli
taciuli Tvisebebi. 13.1 formula mxolod
Zalis sididisgan, romelsac 13.1 formuliT
nivTieri nawilakebisTvis gamodgeba. ganfenil
gamoviTvliT.
sxeulebs Soris moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala
maT SigniT arsebul nawilakebze moqmedi gravitacia sferuli garsis SigniT.
Zalebis SekrebiT unda gamoiTvalos. magram nivTierebis erTgvarovani garsidan masSi
Tu erT-erTi sxeuli erTgvarovani sferuli moTavsebul nawilakze moqmedi sruli
garsia, maSin mis gareT mdebare meore sxeulze gravitaciuli Zala nulis tolia. es imas
moqmedi sruli gravitaciuli Zala ise unda niSnavs, rom roca nawilaki erTgvarovani
gamoiTvalos, TiTqos garsis mTeli masa mis birTvis centridan r manZilzea, masze moqmedi
centrSia moTavsebuli. gravitaciuli Zala mxolod r radiusis sferos
SigniT darCenili MSiga masiTaa gamowveuli. es
zeddeba. gravitaciuli Zalebi zeddebis
masa gamoiTvleba formuliT:
princips emorCileba. Tu gvaqvs n raodenobis
 4pr3
nawilaki, pirvel nawilakze moqmedi F1,t Zale MSiga = ρVSiga , (13.18)
3
bis tolqmedi sxva nawilakebis mxridan masze
sadac ρ birTvis simkvrivea.
moqmedi Zalebis jamis tolia:
gravitaciuli potenciuri energia.
, (13.5)
r manZiliT daSorebuli M da m masis mqone
sadac jami pirvel nawilakze 2, 3, ..., n ori nawilakis sistemis U(r) gravitaciuli

nawilakebidan moqmedi F1 j Zalebis veqtoruli potenciuri energia erTi nawilakidan

jamia. sxeulidan nawilakze moqmedi F1 gra meoreze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis mier
vitaciuli Zala rom vipovoT, sxeuli dm Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia uaryofiTi
masis nawilebad unda davyoT, romelTagan niSniT, rodesac sxeulebs Soris manZili

TiToeuli nawilakze dF ZaliT moqmedebs, usasrulodan r-mde mcirdeba. es energia
Semdeg ki am Zalebis jamis mosaZebnad gamoiTvleba formuliT:
integreba unda movaxdinoT: GMm
U = –  (gravitaciuli potenciuri energia) (13.21)
r
(13.6)
sistemis potenciuri energia. roca
sistema orze met nawilaks Seicavs, misi U
gravitaciuli aCqareba. m masis nawilakis
sruli gravitaciuli potenciuri energia
ag gravitaciuli aCqareba mxolod am nawilakze
am nawilakTa yvela wyvilis potenciuri
moqmedi gravitaciuli ZaliTaa gamowveuli.
energiebis jamia. magaliTad, m1, m2 da m3 masis
rodesac nawilaki M masis erTgvarovani
sami nawilakisTvis gveqneba:
sferuli sxeulidan r manZilze mdebareobs,
masze moqmedi gravitaciuli
formuliT gamoiTvleba. maSasadame, niutonis
Zala 13.1 U = – ( Gm1m2 Gm1m3 Gm2m3
r12 + r13 + r23 ) (13.22)
meore kanonis Tanaxmad: gaqcevis siCqare. sxeuli M masisa da R

F=mag (13.10) radiusis astronimiuli sxeulis gravitaciul
mizidulobas gaeqceva, Tu am astronimiuli

sxeulis zedapirTan misi siCqare gaqcevis
T 2 = ( )
4p2 3
GM
r (periodebis kanoni), (13.34)
siCqaris toli an metia. gaqcevis siCqare sadac M mimzidveli sxeulis, Cvens Sem
gamoiTvleba formuliT: TxvevaSi, mzis masaa. elifsuri planeturi

orbitebisTvis r radiusis nacvlad a did
(13.28)
naxevarRerZs vwerT.
kepleris kanonebi. gravitaciuli mizi planetebis moZraobis energia. rodesac

duloba mzis sistemis sxeulebs erTmaneTTan m masis planeta an Tanamgzavri r radiusis
akavebs da SesaZlebels xdis dedamiwis garSemo wriul orbitaze moZraobs, misi U potenciuri
xelovnuri Tu bunebrivi Tanamgzavrebis energia da K kinetikuri energia gamoiTvleba
moZraobas. planetebis moZraoba kepleris formulebiT:

GMm GMm
sam kanons emorCileba, romlebic pirdapir U = –  da K = (13.21, 13.38)
r 2r
gamomdinareobs niutonis moZraobisa da mizi
aqedan gamomdinare, E = K + U meqanikuri ener
dulobis kanonebidan.
gia iqneba:
1. orbitebis kanoni. yvela planeta elifsur GMm
E=– (13.40)
orbitaze moZraobs, romlis erT-erTi 2r
fokusi mzea. a didi naxevarRerZis mqone elifsuri or
2. farTobebis kanoni. nebismieri planetisa bitisTvis:
GMm
da mzis damakavSirebeli monakveTi drois E=– (13.42)
2a
tol SualedebSi Tanaswor farTobebs
ainStainis Sexeduleba gravitaciaze.
Semowers (es kanoni impulsis mudmivobis
ainStainma daamtkica, rom gravitacia da
kanonis eqvivalenturia).
aCqareba eqvivalenturia. eqvivalentobis
3. orbitaze brunvis periodebis kanoni.
principma ainStaini gravitaciis Teoriamde
nebismieri planetis T periodis kvad
(fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria) miiyvana,
rati misi a didi naxevarRerZis kubis
romelic gravitaciul efeqtebs sivrcis
proporciulia. r radiusis wriuli orbi
gamrudebiT xsnis.
tebisTvis
SekiTxvebi
1. 13.22 suraTze m da 2m masis ori nawilaki erT cemulia. daalage es situaciebi garsidan
wrfezea ganlagebuli. a) sad unda moTavsdes P nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis
RerZze (usasrulobis garda) mesame, 3m masis sididis klebadobis mixedviT.
nawilaki ise, rom danarCeni oridan masze
moqmedi sruli gravitaciuli Zala nulis
toli iyos: pirveli ori nawilakidan marcxniv,
marjvniv, or nawilaks Soris ufro masiurTan
axlos Tu naklebad masiurTan axlos?
b) Seicvleba Tu ara pasuxi, Tu mesame nawilakis
masaa 16m? g) arsebobs Tu ara am wrfis gareT
adgili (usasrulobis garda), sadac mesame
nawilakze moqmedi 3. 13.24 suraTze
sruli Zala nulis centraluri na
tolia? wilaki sxva nawi
2. 13.23 suraTze naCvenebia sami situacia, lakebis ori rgo
romlebSic m masis mqone P nivTieri nawilaki liTaa garSemor
da Tanabrad ganawilebuli M masis sferuli tymuli, romelTa
garsi monawileobs. garsebis radiusebi mo radiusebia r da R
463
(R>r). yvela nawilakis masaa m. risi tolia romel meoTxedSi
centralur nawilakze rgolis nawilakebidan unda ganTavsdes D
moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedis wertili da romel
sidide da mimarTuleba? RerZTan unda iyos
4. 13.25 suraTze M axlos?
masis centraluri 8. 13.29 suraTze
nawilaki kvadratze naCvenebia oTxi
ganlagebuli nawi planetis ag gravi
lakebiTaa garSe taciuli aCqarebis planetis centridan r
mortymuli, romel manZilze damokidebulebis funqcia, planetis
13.25. SekiTxva 4.
Ta Soris manZilebia zedapiridan dawyebuli (radiusiT R1, R2,
d an d/2. risi tolia sxva nawilakebidan R3 da R4). pirveli da meore grafikebi r ≥ R2
centralur nivTier nawilakze moqmedi SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs emTxveva. mesame da
gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedis sidide da meoTxe grafikebi r ≥ R4 SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs
mimarTuleba? emTxveva. daalage oTxi planeta a) masebisa da
5. 13.26 suraTze b) simkvrivis klebadobis mixedviT.
naCvenebia identuri
nawilakebis sami gan
lageba. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi sami
nawilaki 0,2m radiusis wreze, xolo meoTxe
_ wris centrSi mdebareobs. a) daalage
variantebi sami sxva nawilakidan centralur
nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
tolqmedis sididis klebadobis mixedviT. sur. 13.29. SekiTxva 8.
b) daalage variantebi oTxi nawilakis 9. 13.30 suraTze naCvenebia sami erTgvarovani,
sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri energiis Tanabari zomisa da masis sferuli planeta.
klebadobis mixedviT. mocemulia planetebis brunvis T periodebi
6. 13.27 suraTze da gamosaxulia eqvsi wertili, sami _
naCvenebia sami nivTieri ekvatorze, sami ki _ CrdiloeT polusze.
nawilaki. B da C daalage wertilebi maTi g Tavisufali
identuri nawilakebi vardnis aCqarebis klebadobis mixedviT.
y RerZis mimarT si
metriulad aris gan
lagebuli da A nawi
lakidan d manZiliT aris daSorebuli. a) ra
mimarTuleba aqvs A nawilakze moqmed tolqmed

Ft gravitaciul Zalas? b) Tu C nawilaks
aTvlis saTaves davacilebT, Seicvleba Tu ara
Ft -is mimarTuleba? Tu Seicvleba, rogor da
10. daalage me-2 sakontrolo wertilSi
sadamde?
mocemuli oTxi Tanabari masis nivTier
7. 13.28 suraTze naCvenebia sami nivTieri nawilakTa sistema maTi gravitaciuli
nawilaki. B nawilakis masa C nawilakis masaze
potenciuri energiis absoluturi mniSvne
metia. SeiZleba Tu ara meoTxe D nawilaki ise
lobis klebadobis mixedviT.
movaTavsoT, rom A nawilakze B-dan, C-dan
11. 13.31 suraTze naCvenebia mTvaris garSemo
da D-dan moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
mbrunavi raketis eqvsi SesaZlo traeqtoria
tolqmedi nulis toli iyos? Tu SeiZleba,
a-dan b-mde moZrao wertilidan sam SesaZlo a, b da c wertilSi

bisTvis. daalage unda gadaadgildes. m da 2m masis ori sxva
t r a e q t o r i e b i nawilaki uZravia. daalage sami SesaZlo
a) raketa-mTva mdebareoba uZravi nawilakebidan moZrav
ris sistemis gra nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
vitaciuli poten tolqmedis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis
ciuri energiis klebadobis mixedviT.
cvlilebisa da b) mTvaridan raketaze moqmedi
gravitaciuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
sruli muSaobis klebadobis mixedviT.
12. 13.32 suraTze m masis nawilaki (ar sur. 13.32. SekiTxva 12.
aris naCvenebi) usasrulod Sors myofi
amocanebi
ebidan B sferoze moqmedi gravitaciuli

Manual-Si. Zalebis tolqmedis a) sidide da b)
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze mimarTuleba x RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebis
mimarT?
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. •5. dedamiwidan ra manZilze unda iyos kos
mosuri zondi, raTa mzis gravitaciulma
• – ••• mizidulobam dedamiwis miziduloba gaawo
amocanis sirTules
nasworos? SSM WWW
Tavi 13.2 niutonis gravitaciis kanoni •6. 13.34 suraTze m1=5g, m2=3 g, m3=1g da m4=5g
•1. ra manZili unda iyos 5,2 kg masis nawilaksa masebis sferoebi 20
da 2,4kg masis nawilaks Soris, raTa maT Soris sm gverdis sigrZis
moqmedi gravitaciuli miziduloba 2,3×10-12n mqone kvadrats
iyos? SSM qmnis. risi tolia
•2. mze da dedamiwa mTvareze gravitaciuli am sferodebidan
ZalebiT moqmedebs. risi tolia am ori Zalis m5=2,5g masis
Tanafardoba Fmze/Fdedamiwa? (mzesa da mTvares c e n t r a l u r
Soris saSualo manZili mzesa da dedamiwas sferoze moqmedi
Soris manZilis tolia). gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedi (gamosaxeT
•3. M masa dayofilia garkveuli manZiliT erTeulovani veqtorebis saSualebiT)?
daSorebul, or m da M-m nawilad. m/M •7. erTi ganzo

Tanafardobis romeli mniSvnelobisTvisaa mileba. 13.35 su
am nawilebs Soris gravitaciuli Zala maqsi raTze d manZiliT
maluri? daSorebuli ori sur. 13.35. amocana 7.
nawilaki x RerZzea
Tavi 13.3 gravitacia da zeddebis
ganlagebuli. A nawilakis masaa mA, xolo
principi
B nawilakis _ 3mA. 75mA masis mqone mesame
•4. 13.33 suraTze
C nawilaki x RerZze, A da B nawilakebTan
5 kg masis sami sfero
axlos unda moTavsdes. x RerZis romel
daSorebulia
wertilSi unda iyos C nawilaki, raTa B da C
d1 = 0,3 m da d2 = 0,4 m
nawilakebidan A-ze moqmedi gravitaciuli
manZilebiT. rogo
Zalebis tolqmedi nulis toli iyos? ILW
ria A da C sfero
sur. 13.33. amocana 4. ••8. 13.36 a suraTze A nawilakis koordinatia
465
Ft,x x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi -163,80
kuTxiTaa daxrili da 2,77×10-14n sididisaa.
risi tolia C nawilakis a) x koordinati da b)
y koordinati?
••11. 13.39 suraTze
m R=4 sm radiusis
tyviis birTvSi
sur. 13.36. amocana 8. sferuli formis
fuRuro moCans.
x = –0,2m, xolo 1 kg masis B nawilakis mdebare- fuRuros zedapiri
oba aTvlis saTaves emTxveva. C nawilaki birTvis centrze gadis da birTvis marjvena
(romelic ar Cans) x RerZis gaswvriv, B mxares exeba. fuRuros gaCenamde sferos
nawilaksa da x=∞ Soris SeiZleba moZraobdes. M=2,95 kg masa hqonda. ra gravitaciuli ZaliT
13.36 b suraTze naCvenebia A da C nawilakebidan miizidavs tyviis birTvi m=0,431 kg masis
B nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis momcro birTvs, romelic tyviis birTvis
tolqmedis Ft,x x komponenti, rogorc C centridan d=9sm manZiliTaa daSorebuli?
nawilakis x mdebareobis funqcia. sinamdvileSi SSM.
grafiki marjvniv grZeldeba da rodesac ••12. ori ganzo

x→∞ – 4,17×10 -is asimptots uaxlovdeba.
–10
mileba. 13.40 sura
risi tolia a) A nawilakisa da b) C nawilakis Tze sami nawilaki
masebi? xy sibrtyezea gan
••9. rogorc 13.37 lagebuli. A nawi
suraTze Cans, m lakis masaa mA, B
masis ori sfero nawilakisa – 2mA,
da M masis mesame xolo C nawilakisa – 3mA. 4mA masis meoTxe D
sfero tolgverda nawilaki danarCen sam nawilakTan axlos unda
samkuTxeds qmnis, moTavsdes. rogori unda iyos D nawilakis
xolo m4 masis a) x koordinati da b) y koordinati, raTa B,
meoTxe sfero sur. 13.37. amocana 9. C da D nawilakebidan A nawilakze moqmedi
samkuTxedis gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedi nulis toli
centrSia. sxva sferoebidan centralur iyos?
sferoze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis •••13. sami ganzomileba. sami nivTieri wertili
tolqmedi nulis tolia. a) ramdenjer xyz koordinatTa sistemaSia ganlagebuli.
didia M m-ze? b) Tu m4-s gavaormagebT, risi aTvlis saTaveSi mdebare A wertili mA masisaa.
toli iqneba centralur sferoze moqmedi 2mA masis B nawilakis koordinatebia (2d, d, 2d),
gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedi? xolo 3mA masis C nawilakis koordinatebia
••10. sami nivTieri nawilaki xy sibrtyezea (-d, 2d, -3d). 4mA masis meoTxe D nawilaki
ganlagebuli. ori maTgani, 6 g masis A nawilaki danarCen nawilakebTan axlos unda moTavsdes.
da 12 g masis B nawilaki, 13.38 suraTzea rogori unda iyos D nawilakis a) x, b) y da g)
naCvenebi. am nawilakebs Soris manZilia dAB=0,5 z koordinatebi, raTa B, C da D nawilakebidan
m. AB monakveTi x RerZTan θ=30 kuTxes qmnis.
0 A nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
6 g masis C nawilaki tolqmedi nulis toli iyos?
ar aris naCvenebi. B Tavi 13.4. miziduloba dedamiwis zeda
da C nawilakebidan pirTan axlos
A nawilakze moqmedi
•14. 1956 wels, frenk loid raitma CikagoSi
gravitaciuli
asagebi erTi milis simaRlis Senobis proeqti
Zalebis tolqmedi sur. 13.38. amocana 10
warmoadgina. davuSvaT, es Senoba marTlac 13.41 suraTzea na

aSenda. ugulebelyavi dedamiwis brunva da Cvenebi. gamoTvale
gamoTvale liftis kabiniT bolo sarTulamde am garsebidan m
moZraobisas wonis cvlileba, Tu pirvel masis mqone nawi
sarTulze Seni wonaa 600 n. lakze moqmedi gra
•15. dedamiwis zedapiridan ra simaRleze vitaciuli Zalebis
iqneba gravitaciuli aCqareba 4,9m/wm2? SSM tolqmedi, rodesac
es ukanaskneli a) a, sur. 13.41. amocana 20.
•16. a) rogori iqneba sxeulis wona mTvaris
b) b da g) c manZilzea.
zedapirze, Tu dedamiwis zedapirze misi wonaa
100 n? b) dedamiwis radiusze ramdenjer meti ••21. erTgvarovani birTvis masaa 1×104 kg,
manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli es sxeuli xolo radiusi _ 1 m. risi tolia am birTvidan
dedamiwis centridan, raTa imaves iwonides, m masis nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli
rasac mTvareze? Zala, Tu nawilaki birTvis centridan a) 1,5 m
da b) 0,5 m manZilzea? g) birTvis centridan
••17. garkveuli planetis modelis birTvis
r≤1 m manZiliT daSorebul nawilakze moqmedi
radiusia R, masa M, xolo misi garsis Siga
gravitaciuli ZalisTvis dawere zogadi
radiusia R, gare radiusia 2R, xolo masa _
formula.
4M. Tu M=4,1×1024 kg da R=6×106 m, risi tolia
planetis centridan a) R da b) 3R manZiliT ••22. davuSvaT, planeta R radiusis erT
daSorebuli nawilakis gravitaciuli aCqa gvarovani birTvia, romelsac centris gavliT
reba? gvirabi kveTs (sur. 13.8). aseve davuSvaT,
rom SegviZlia vaSlis moTavseba gvirabSi an
••18. Savi xvrelis Rh radiusi da Mh masa
birTvis gareT. planetis zedapirze yofnisas
erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba Rh=2GMh/c2 formuliT,
vaSlze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalaa FR.
sadac c sinaTlis siCqarea. davuSvaT, Savi
zedapiridan ra manZilze iqneba wertili,
xvrelis centridan r0=1,001Rh manZiliT
sadac vaSlze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalaa
daSorebuli sxeulis ag gravitaciuli
1/2FR, Tu vaSls a) vaSorebT planetas da
aCqareba 13.11 formuliT ganisazRvreba.
b) vamoZravebT gvirabSi?
a) gamoTvale ag da r0 Mh-ebSi. b) izrdeba Tu
mcirdeba r0-is Sesabamisi ag Mh-is zrdisas? ••23. 13.42 suraTze naCvenebia dedamiwis kveTa.
g) risi tolia r0-is Sesabamisi ag, Tu didi Savi dedamiwa sam nawilad iyofa: qerqad, mantiad
xvrelis masa 1,55×1012-jer metia mzis masaze da Sida birTvad. am nawilebis masebi da zomebi
(1,99×1030kg)? d) Tu amocanis amoxsnis 13.3 suraTzea mocemuli. dedamiwis mTliani
nimuSSi astronavti r0 wertilSia, risi tolia masaa 5,98×10 kg, xolo radiusi _ 6370 km.
24
fexis da Tavis gravitaciul aCqarebebs Soris ugulebelyavi dedamiwis brunva da dauSvi,

gansxvaveba? e) Zlierad daiWimeba Tu ara rom dedamiwa sferuli formisaa. a) gamoTvale
astronavtis sxeuli? ag dedamiwis zedapirze. b) davuSvaT, qerqSi 25
••19. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi
neitronis varskvlavi (gansakuTrebiT mkvri
vi varskvlavi) sakuTari RerZis garSemo
wamSi erT srul bruns asrulebs. Tu aseTi
varskvlavis radiusia 20 km, rogori unda
iyos misi minimaluri masa, raTa planetis
zedapirze mdebare materiam swrafi moZraobis
dros mdebareoba ar Seicvalos? ILW
Tavi 13.5. miziduloba dedamiwis SigniT

•20. Tanabarad ganawilebuli M1 da M2 masis
ori sferuli formis koncentruli garsi sur. 13.42. amocana 23.
467
km siRrmeze WaburRilis burRi Seiyvanes. risi saTaves RS radiusis planetis zedapiridan
toli iqneba ag xvrelis bolos? g) davuSvaT, iRebs. ra minimaluri kinetikuri energia
dedamiwa imave masisa da zomis erTgvarovani dasWirdeba zedapiridan gasrolil Wurvs
birTvia. risi tolia iqneba ag 25 km siRrmeze? planetidan `gasaqcevad~?
(ag-s sididis gansazRvra dedamiwis Siga ••30. Wurvi dedamiwis zedapiridan isroles.
struqturis zusti analiziT xdeba, Tumca ugulebelyavi dedamiwis brunva. raze unda
masis ganawilebis lokalurma cvlilebebma gavamravloT dedamiwis RE radiusi, rom
SeiZleba Sedegebis cdomileba gamoiwvios). miviRoT simaRle, romelsac Wurvi miaRwevs,
SSM WWW. Tu a) misi sawyisi siCqare dedamiwidan
gaqcevis siCqaris naxevaria da b) misi sawyisi
Tavi 13.6. gravitaciuli potenciuri
kinetikuri energia dedamiwidan gaqcevisTvis
energia
saWiro kinetikuri energiis naxevaria? g) ra
•24. a) risi tolia pirvel amocanaSi ori minimaluri sawyisi meqanikuri energia dasWir
nawilakis sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri deba Wurvs dedamiwidan gasaqcevad?
energia? Tu nawilakebs Soris manZils gaa ••31. 13.44 suraTze gamosaxulia mA=80 g,
sammageb, ra muSaobas Seasrulebs b) werti mB=10 g da mC=20 g masebis sami birTvi,
lebs Soris moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala da romelTa centrebi erTi wrfis gaswvrivaa.
g) Sen? L=12 sm da d=4 sm. B birTvs wrfeze amoZraveb,
•25. marsisa da dedamiwis saSualo diametri sanam misi centri C-s centrs d=4 sm manZilze
Sesabamisad aris 6,9×103 km da 1,3×104 km. marsis ar miuaxlovdeba. a) ra muSaoba Seasrule B-s
masa 0,11-jer metia dedamiwis masaze. a) risi gadaadgilebiT? b) ra muSaoba Seasrula A da C
tolia marsis saSualo simkvrivis fardoba birTvebidan B birTvze moqmedi gravitaciuli
dedamiwis saSualo simkvrivesTan? b) risi Zalebis tolqmedma?
tolia gravitaciuli aCqareba marsze? g) risi
tolia gaqcevis siCqare marsze? SSM
•26. mesame amocanaSi m/M fardobis romeli
mniSvneloba gvaZlevs sistemis umcires
gravitaciul potenciur energias?
•27. raze unda gavamrvaloT dedamiwidan
••32. planetis masaa 5×1023 kg, xolo radiusi
gaqcevisTvis saWiro energiis sidide, rom
3×106 m. planetas atmosfero ara aqvs. 10 kg
miviRoT a) marsidan da b) iupiteridan gaqcevis masis kosmosuri zondi planetis zedapiridan
energia? vertikalurad unda gauSvan. a) Tu zondi
•28. 13.43. suraTze 5×107j sawyisi energiiT gauSves, rogori
naCvenebia Wurvis iqneba misi kinetikuri energia planetis
centridan 4×106 m manZilze? b) Tu zondma
U(109 j)
potenciuri ener
giis U(r) funqcia, planetis centridan 8×106 m maqsimalur
romelic saTaves RS manZils unda miaRwios, rogori sawyisi
radiusis planetis kinetikuri energiiT unda gauSvan planetis
zedapiridan iRebs. sur. 13.43.Bamocanebi 28 zedapiridan?
da 29.
Tu Wurvi zeda ••33. a) risi tolia 500 km radiusisa da
piridan –2×10 j meqanikuri energiiT ra
9 zedapirze 3 m/wm2 gravitaciuli aCqarebis
dialurad isroles, risi tolia a) misi mqone sferuli asteroididan gaqcevis
kinetikuri energia r = 1,25RS radiusze da siCqare? b) zedapiridan ra manZilze
b) misi Semobrunebis wertili (ixile qveTavi gadaadgildeba nawilaki, Tu asteroids
8.6)? 1000 m/wm radialuri siCqariT datovebs? g)
ra siCqariT daecema sxeuli asteroids, TuU
•29. 13.43 suraTze naCvenebia Wurvis
zedapiridan 1000 km simaRlidan Camoagdeben?
potenciuri energiis U(r) funqcia, romelic
SSM
••34. Ria kosmosSi 20 kg masis A sfero x RerZis Tavi 13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi:
saTaveSia moTavsebuli, xolo 10 kg masis B kepleris kanonebi
sfero x = 0,8 m wertilSi. B sfero moZraobs, •38. kosmosuri namsxvrevebisa da moqmedi
A sfero ki uZravia. a) risi tolia ori sferos xelovnuri Tanamgzavris pirveli cnobili
sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri energia, Sejaxeba 1996 wels moxda. erTi wlis frangul
rodesac B moZraobas iwyebs? b) risi tolia mzverav Tanamgzavrs 700 km simaRleze
B-s kinetikuri energia mas Semdeg, rac A-s raketa àrianes~ nawili Seejaxa, romelic
mimarTulebiT 0,2 m manZilze gadaadgildeba? orbitaze 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda.
••35. or neitronul varskvlavs Soris manZilia Sejaxebis Sedegad Tanamgzavri wyobidan
1×1010 m. TiToeulis masaa 1×1030kg, xolo gamovida da umarTavi gaxda. risi toli iyo
radiusi _ 1×105 m. Tavdapirvelad varskvla Sejaxebamde raketis nawilis siCqare km/
vebi erTmaneTis mimarT uZrav mdgomareobaSi sT-ebSi Tanamgzavris mimarT, Tu orive
arian. aTvlis am uZrav sistemaSi, ra siswrafiT wriul orbitaze moZraobda, xolo Sejaxeba
moZraoben varskvlavebi, a) rodesac maT Soris moxda a) pirispir da b) perpendikularuli
manZili ganaxevrdeba, da b) uSualod Sejaxebis traeqtoriebiT?
win? SSM ILW •39. marsis Tanamgzavri fobosi 9,4×106 m
••36. 13.45 a suraTze naCvenebia A nawilaki, radiusis wriul orbitaze moZraobs da
romelic y RerZis gaswvriv aTvlis misi periodia 7 sT da 39 wT. am informaciis
saTavidan usasrulo manZilze SeiZleba safuZvelze gamoTvale marsis masa.
gadaadgildes. aTvlis saTave erTnairi masis •40. marsidan mzemde saSualo manZili
B da C nawilakebs Sorisaa, romlebic x RerZze dedamiwidan mzemde manZilze 1,52-jer metia.
mdebareoben. D manZili 0,3057 m-is tolia.
kepleris periodebis kanonis daxmarebiT
13.45 b suraTze naCvenebia am sami nawilakis
gamoTvale marsis mier mzis garSemo erTi
sistemis U potenciuri energiis A nawilakis
brunis SemowerisTvis saWiro wlebis
mdebareobaze damokidebulebis grafiki.
raodenoba. Seni pasuxi C danarTSi mocemul
grafiki marjvniv grZeldeba da rodesac
mniSvnelobas Seadare.
y→∞, -2,7×10-11 j asimptots uaxlovdeba. ras
udris a) B da C wertilis masa? b) A wertilis •41. irmis naxtomis galaqtikis centridan
masa? 2,2×1020 m manZiliT daSorebuli mze
galaqtikis centris garSemo erT srul
wres 2,5×10 weliwadSi asrulebs. davuSvaT,
8
galaqtikis yoveli varskvlavis masa mzis masis

(2×1030kg) tolia, galaqtikis centris garSemo
U(10–10 j)
varskvlavebi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli da

mze am sferos kideze imyofeba. gamoTvale
galaqtikaSi varskvlavebis raodenoba. SSM
WWW
•42. Tanamgzavri dedamiwis garSemo wriul

sur. 13.45. amocana 36. orbitaze gauSves, romlis radiusi mTvaris
••37. 13.46 suraTze naCvenebia 20 g masis orbitis radiusis naxevaria. risi tolia
oTxi nivTieri nawilaki, romlebic d = 0,6 m Tanamgzavris brunvis periodi mTvaris Tvee
gverdis mqone kvadrats qmnis. Tu d 0,2 m-mde bSi? (mTvaris Tve mTvaris brunvis periodia).
Semcirda, risi to •43. a) ra wrfivi siCqare unda hqondes deda-
li iqneba am oTxi miwis Tanamgzavrs, raTa dedamiwis zedapi-
nawilakis sistemis ridan 160 km simaRlis wriul orbitaze
gravitaciuli po imyofebodes? b) risi toli iqneba Tanamgzav
tenciuri energiis ris brunvis periodi?
cvlileba? sur. 13.46. amocana 37.
469
•44. mzis centri dedamiwis orbitis erT ••49. 1610 wels galileo galileim teleskopiT
fokusSia. ra manZilzea misgan meore fokusi iupiteris oTxi mTvare aRmoaCina. maTi
a) metrebSi da b) mzis radiusebSi (6,96×108 m)? orbitebis saSualo a radiusebi da T periodebi
dedamiwis orbitis eqscentrisitetia 0,0167, Semdegia:
xolo didi naxevarRerZi _ 1,5×10 m. 11
saxeli a (108 m) T (dRe)
•45. elifsur orbitaze moZravi Tanamgzavri io 4,22 1,77
evropa 6,71 3,55
dedamiwis zedapiridan uSores wertilSi 360 km ganimede 10,7 7,16
simaRleze imyofeba, xolo uaxloes wertilSi kalisto 18,8 16,7
– 180 km simaRleze. gamoTvale orbitis a) didi a) aage log a-s (y RerZi) log T-ze (x RerZi)
naxevarRerZi da b) eqscentrisiteti. SSM damokidebulebis grafiki da aCvene, rom es
•46. orbitaze moZravi Tanamgzavri mbrunavi grafiki wrfea. b) gazome am wrfis daxriloba
dedamiwis ekvatoris erT-erTi wertilis da Seadare kepleris mesame kanonis Tanaxmad
Tavzea gaCerebuli. risi tolia orbitis (e.w. miRebul sidides. g) am wrfisa da y RerZis
geosinqronuli orbitis) simaRle? gadakveTis wertiliT gamoTvale iupiteris
•47. kometa, romelic Cinelma astronomebma masa.
574 wlis aprilis erT dRes dainaxes, dedamiwis ••50. 20 kg masis Tanamgzavri 2,4 sT periodiT
caze kvlav gamoCnda 1994 wlis maisSi. davuSvaT, 8×106 m radiusis wriul orbitaze brunavs
am kometis brunvis periodia dakvirvebebs ucnobi masis planetis garSemo. Tu planetis
Soris dro, xolo eqscentritetia 0,11. risi zedapirze gravitaciuli aCqarebaa 8 m/wm2,
tolia a) kometis orbitis didi naxevarRerZi risi tolia planetis radiusi?
da b) kometis maqsimaluri daSoreba mzidan, ••51. ori varskvlavis sistemaSi TiToeul
plutonis orbitis Rp saSualo radiusebSi? varskvlavs Cveni mzis toli masa aqvs da
•48. 1993 wels kosmosurma xomaldma sistemis masaTa centris garSemo brunavs.
`galileim” dedamiwaze asteroid `243 aida~- am varskvlavebs Soris manZili dedamiwasa
sa da mis garSemo moZravi patara mTvaris da mzes Soris manZilis tolia. risi tolia
gamosaxuleba gamogzavna (sur. 13.47). es brunvis periodi wlebSi? ILW
iyo asteroidi-mTvaris sistemis pirveli •••52. Soreuli varskvlavis garSemo moZravi
damtkicebuli SemTxveva. am gamosaxulebaze uxilavi planetis arsebobas zogjer am
1,5 km siganis mTvare 55 km sigrZis asteroidis varskvlavis moZraobidan vaskvniT. vinaidan
centridan 100 km manZilze imyofeba. mTvaris varskvlavi da planeta varskvlavi-planetis
orbitis forma kargad ar aris cnobili. sistemis masaTa centris garSemo brunavs,
davuSvaT, es orbita wriulia da misi periodia amitom varskvlavi e.w. xedvis wrfis gaswvriv
27 sT. a) risi tolia asteroidis masa? b) gazomili siCqariT Cvensken moemarTeba da
`galileis” mier miRebuli gamosaxulebiT Semdeg gvSordeba. 13.48 suraTze naCvenebia
Tu vimsjelebT, asteroidis moculoba 14100 varskvlav `14 herkulesis~ siCqaris droze
km3ia. risi tolia asteroidis simkvrive? damokidebulebis grafiki. varskvlavis masa
Cveni mzis masaze 0,9-jer metia. davuSvaT,
sur. 13.47. amocana 48. patara mTvare (marjvniv)

asteroid `243 aida~-s garSemo brunavs. sur. 13.48. amocana 52.
varskvlavis garSemo mxolod erTi planeta meti: ayvanis energia Tu orbitaze yofnis
moZraobs da Cven orbitis sibrtyeSi kinetikuri energia?
vimyofebiT. am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT •58. 13.49 suraTze
gamoTvale a) planetis masa iupiteris mj m=125 kg masis ori
masebSi da b) planetis orbitis radiusi A da B xelovnuri
dedamiwis orbitis rE radiusebSi. Tanamgzavri deda
•••53. wrewirze mbrunavi M masis sami erTnairi miwis garSemo r =
varskvlavi tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis, 7,87×106 m radiusis sur. 13.49. amocana 58.
romelic sakuTari centris garSemo brunavs. wriul orbitaze
samkuTxedis gverdis sigrZea L. risi tolia urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZra
varskvlavebis siCqare? SSM obs da, maSasadame, erTmaneTs unda Seejaxos.
a) gamoTvale dedamiwisa da ori Tana
Tavi 13.8. Tanamgzavrebi: orbitebi da
mgzavrisgan Semdgari sistemis sruli
energia
EA+EB meqanikuri energia Sejaxebamde. b)
•54. Tanamgzavri ucnobi masis planetis gar- Tu Sejaxebis Semdeg ori sxeuli erTmaneTs
Semo 2×107 m radiusis wreze brunavs. planeti-
Seerwymeba (masa=2m), risi toli iqneb mTliani
dan Tanamgzavrze moqmedi gravitaciuli
meqanikuri energia Sejaxebis Semdeg? g)
Zalaa F=80 n. a) risi tolia Tanamgzavris
uSualod Sejaxebis Semdeg namsxvrevebi
kinetikuri energia am orbitaze? b) rogori
dedamiwis centrisken Camovardeba Tu
iqneba F, Tu orbitis radiusi 3×107 m-mde
dedamiwis garSemo orbitaze imoZravebs?
gaizrdeba?
••59. dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavri
•55. dedamiwis masaze 2×104-jer naklebi masis r radiusis wriul orbitaze moZraobs.
mqone asteroidi mzis garSemo wriul orbitaze
orbitiT SemosazRvruli A farTobi r2-zea
brunavs da mzidan orjer met manZilze
damokidebuli, vinaidan A=πr2. gansazRvre,
imyofeba, vidre dedamiwa. a) gamoTvale
rogor aris Tanamgzavris Semdegi
asteroidis brunvis periodi wlebSi. b) risi
maxasiaTeblebi r-ze damokidebuli: a) periodi,
tolia asteroidis kinetikuri energiis
b) kinetikuri energia, g) impulsis momenti da
fardoba dedamiwis kinetikur energiasTan?
d) siCqare.
SSM WWW
••60. dedamiwis orbitaze moZrav xelovnur
•56. m masis A da B xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebi Tanamgzavrze Tavdasxmis erT-erTi saSualebaa
dedamiwis garSemo wriul orbitaze unda
imave orbitaze, oRond sawinaaRmdego
gauSvan. A Tanamgzavri 6370 km simaRleze
mimarTulebiT burTebis grovis gaSveba.
imoZravebs, xolo B Tanamgzavri – 19110 km
davuSvaT dedamiwis zedapiridan 500 km
simaRleze. dedamiwis RE radiusia 6370 km. a)
simaRleze moZravi Tanamgzavri wriul
risi toli iqneba orbitaze B Tanamgzavris
orbitaze 4 g masis burTs Seejaxa. a) risi
potenciuri energiis fardoba A Tanamgzavris
tolia Sejaxebamde burTis kinetikuri energia
potenciur energiasTan? b) risi toli
Tanamgzavris aTvlis inerciul sistemaSi?
iqneba orbitaze B Tanamgzavris kinetikuri
b) risi tolia am kinetikuri energiis fardoba
energiis fardoba A Tanamgzavris kinetikur
4 g masis tyviis kinetikur energiasTan,
energiasTan? g) Tu TiToeuli Tanamgzavris
romelic Tanamedrove SaSxanidan 950 m/wm
masaa 14,6 kg, romel maTgans eqneba ufro meti
siCqariT isroles?
sruli energia? d) ramdeniT meti?
•••61. risi tolia dedamiwis zedapiridan 640
•57. a) dedamiwis zedapiridan ra simaRlezea km simaRlis wriul orbitaze moZravi 220 kg
Tanamgzavris am simaRlemde ayvanis energia
masis Tanamgzavris a) siCqare da b) periodi?
Tanamgzavris imave simaRlis orbitaze
davuSvaT, orbitaze erTi sruli brunis
yofnis kinetikuri energiis toli? b) ufro
Sesrulebisas Tanamgzavri 1,4×105 j meqanikur
didi simaRleebisTvis romeli energiaa
energias kargavs. Tanamgzavris orbita
471
wrewiria, romlis radiusi TandaTan mcirde- zRvruli masa, romelsac aseT manZilze
ba. gansazRvre Tanamgzavris g) simaRle, gauZleb? gaiTvaliswine sakuTari simaRle. b)
d) siCqare da e) periodi 1500 brunis Semdeg. es zeda zRvaria (ufro mcire masebis gaZleba
v) risi tolia Tanamgzavrze moqmedi saSualo SegiZlia) Tu qveda (ufro didi masebis gaZleba
Semanelebeli Zala? inaxeba Tu ara dedamiwis SegiZlia)?
centris garSemo z) Tanamgzavris impulsis 65. 1,5 kg masis oTxi erTnairi nawilaki 20
momenti da T) Tanamgzavri-dedamiwis sistemis sm gverdis sigrZis kvadratis kuTxeebSia
impulsis momenti (im daSvebiT, rom sistema ganlagebuli. risi tolia sxva nawilakebidan
izolirebulia)? SSM erT-erTze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
Tavi 13.9. ainStaini da miziduloba tolqmedi?
•62. 13.19 b suraTze 60 kg masis fizikosi 66. a) legendaruli niutonis vaSli mzis
sasworze dgas, romelic 220 n wonas aCvenebs. ra masaze 1,6-jer meti masisa da 20 km radiusis
dro dasWirdeba gogras iatakze dasavardnad, mqone neitronuli varskvlavis zedapirze
Tu fizikosi mas 2,1 m simaRlidan daagdebs? 2 m simaRlidan rom Camovardniliyo, risi
toli iqneboda vaSlis siCqare varskvlavis
zedapirze dacemisas? b) vaSli rom varskvlavis
63. 13.50 suraTze naCvenebia dedamiwis
zedapirze yofiliyo, daaxloebiT risi toli
centrisken vardnisas centridan r manZilze
iqneboda vaSlis zeda da qveda nawilebze
asteroidis K kinetikuri energiis damo
moqmed gravitaciul aCqarebebs Soris
kidebulebis grafiki. a) risi tolia
gansxvaveba? am kiTxvis pasuxi adasturebs,
(daaxloebiT) asteroidis masa? b) risi tolia
rom neitronul varskvlavTan axlos vaSli
asteroidis siCqare, Tu r=1,945×107 m?
ver gadarCeboda.
67. 80 kg masis A sfero xy koordinatTa
sistemis aTvlis saTaveSia moTavsebuli. 60 kg
masis B sfero (0,25 m, 0) wertilSi mdebareobs.
0,2 kg masis C sfero pirvel meoTxedSia, A
sferodan 0,2m manZilze, xolo B sferodan
_ 0,15 m manZilze. risi tolia A da B-dan C-
ze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala (gamosaxeT
erTeulovani veqtorebis saSualebiT)?
68. Tanamgzavri 7×1024 kg masis planetis
sur. 13.50. amocana 63. garSemo elifsur orbitaze 8×104 wm periodiT
moZraobs. afeliumSi, romlis radiusia
64. Savi xvrelis Rh radiusi maTematikuri
r=4,5×107 m, Tanamgzavris kuTxuri siCqarea
sferos radiusia, romlis centri Savi xvrelis
7,158×10-5 rad/wm. risi tolia kuTxuri siCqare
centrs emTxveva. am warmosaxviT sferos
periheliumSi?
movlenaTa horizonti ewodeba. movlenaTa
horizontis SigniT momxdar movlenebze 69. kapitani jeinuei m = 3000 kg masis kos
informacia gare samyaroSi ar aRwevs. mosuri xomaldiT M=9,5×1025 kg masis pla
ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, netis garSemo r=4,2×107 m radiusis wriul
Rh=2GM/c2, sadac M Savi xvrelis masaa, xolo orbitaze moZraobs. risi tolia a) brunvis
c – sinaTlis siCqare. periodi da b) kosmosuri xomaldis siCqare?
jeinuei mcire droiT win mimarTul reaqtiul
davuSvaT, Savi xvrelis Seswavla 50Rh man
Zravas rTavs, rac xomaldis siCqares 2%-iT
Zilidan gsurs, magram ar ginda, rom Sens Tavsa
amcirebs. risi tolia amis Semdeg kosmosuri
da fexze moqmed gravitaciul aCqarebebs
xomaldis g) siCqare, d) kinetikuri energia,
Soris gansxvaveba 10 m/wm2-s aWarbebdes.
e) gravitaciuli potenciuri energia da
a) mzis Ms masaze ramdenjer didia Savi xvrelis
v) meqanikuri energia? z) risi tolia elifsu 73. mA=40 kg, mB=35 kg, mC=200 kg da mD=50
ri orbitis didi naxevarRerZi, romelzec kg masis oTxi erTgvarovani birTvis
xomaldi amjerad moZraobs? T) risi tolia koordinatebia, Sesabamisad: (0, 5 sm), (0, 0),
Tavdapirvelad wriul orbitaze da Semdeg (-80 sm, 0) da (40 sm, 0). rogori saxe aqvs sxva
elifsur orbitaze moZraobis periodebis birTvebidan B birTvze moqmedi gravitaciuli
sxvaoba? i) romel orbitas aqvs ufro mcire Zalebis tolqmeds (gamosaxeT erTeulovani
periodi? veqtorebis saSualebiT)?
70. SesaniSnav moTxrobaSi `patara princi” 74. a) 73-e amocanidan A birTvi amoiRe da
amoucnobi stumari `saxlze odnav didi~ darCenili sami birTvis sistemis gravitaciuli
planetidan Camodis. davuSvaT, planetis potenciuri energia gamoTvale. b) Tu A birTvs
simkvrive dedamiwis simkvrivis tolia da ukan davabrunebT, oTxi birTvis sistemis
planeta umniSvnelo siCqariT brunavs. potenciuri energia a) sistemis potenciur
gamoTvale a) Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba energiaze meti iqneba Tu naklebi? g) a)-Si A
planetis zedapirze da b) planetidan gaqcevis birTvis amoRebisas Sens mier Sesrulebuli
siCqare. muSaoba dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi? d) b)-
71. tipur neitronul varskvlavs SeiZleba Si A-s dabrunebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba
mzis toli masa da mxolod 10 km radiusi dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi?
hqondes. a) risi tolia gravitaciuli aCqareba 75. pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavri 30
aseTi varskvlavis zedapirze? b) ra siCqariT m diametrisa da 20kg masis, haeriT savse
imoZravebs sxeuli, Tu aseTi varskvlavis aluminis burTi iyo. davuSvaT, 7 kg masis
zedapirze 1 m manZilidan Camovardeba (dauSvi, meteori Tanamgzavris zedapiridan 3 m
rom varskvlavi ar brunavs)? manZilze Caivlis. risi tolia Tanamgzavridan
72. vakvirdebiT m masis or, A da B identur meteorze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala?
astronomiur sxeulebs, romlebic maTi 76. R radiusis erTgvarovani birTvi ze
gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis gamo dapirze ag gravitaciul aCqarebas war
erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraoben. moqmnis. ra manZilzea centridan sferos
sxeulebis centrebs Soris manZilia Ri. a) SigniT da b) gareT mdebare wertilebi, sadac
davuSvaT, rom Cven am ori sxeulis sistemis gravitaciuli aCqarebaa ag /3?
masaTa centris mimarT uZrav aTvlis inerciul 77. tyvia dedamiwis zedapiridan 10 km/wm
sistemaSi vimyofebiT. gamoiyene meqanikuri sawyisi siCqariT vertikalurad isroles.
energiis mudmivobis kanoni (Kf+Uf=Ki+Ui), Tu haeris zemoqmedebas ugulebelvyofT,
raTa centrebs Soris 0,5Ri dacilebis dros dedamiwis zedapiridan ra manZils miaRwevs
gamoTvalo a) sistemis sruli kinetikuri tyvia?
energia, b) TiToeuli sxeulis kinetikuri
78. 50 kg masis Tanamgzavri planetis garSemo
energia, g) Cvens mimarT sxeulebis siCqare da
erT sruls wres 6 sT-Si asrulebs. planetidan
d) B sxeulis siCqare A-s mimarT.
Tanamgzavrze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalaa
Semdeg davuSvaT, rom A sxeulTan 80 n. risi tolia a) orbitis radiusi? b)
dakavSirebul aTvlis inerciul sistemaSi Tanamgzavris kinetikuri energia? g) planetis
vimyofebiT (anu am sxeulze vdgavarT). axla masa?
vxedavT, rom B sxeuli Cveni mimarTulebiT
79. ori varskvlavis sistemaSi 3×1030 kg masis
mofrinavs. am aTvlis sistemaSic gamoiyene
varskvlavebi sistemis masaTa centris garSemo
Kf+Uf=Ki+Ui formula, raTa sxeulebs Soris
1×1011 m radiusiT brunavs. a) risi tolia maTi
0,5Ri dacilebis dros gamoTvalo e) B sxeulis
saerTo kuTxuri siCqare? b) Tu meteori
kinetikuri energia da v) B sxeulis siCqare A
sistemis masaTa centrs varskvlavebis
sxeulis mimarT. z) ratom gansxvavdeba d)-s da
orbitaluri sibrtyis perpendikularulad
v)-s pasuxebi erTmaneTisgan? romeli pasuxia
Cauvlis, ra minimaluri siCqare unda hqondes
swori?
473
mas, raTa am ori varskvlavis sistemas 84. 7×1024 kg masisa da 1600 km radiusis planeta
ùsasrulobaSi~ gaeqces? Tavdapirvelad mis mimarT uZrav meteors
80. dedamiwis ekvatorze mdebare sxeuli a) miizidavs. meteori planetisken moZraobs.
dedamiwis brunvis gamo dedamiwis centrisken davuSvaT, planetaze haeri ar aris. risi toli
Cqardeba, b) mzis garSemo dedamiwis wriul iqneba meteoris siCqare planetis zedapiris
orbitaze brunvis gamo mzisken Cqardeba da miRwevisas?
g) galaqtikis centris garSemo mzis brunvis 85. mzis garSemo dedamiwis orbita TiTqmis
gamo galaqtikis centrisken Cqardeba. g) wriulia: uaxloesi da uSoresi manZilebia
SemTxvevaSi brunvis periodia 2,5×108 w, xolo 1,47×108 km da 1,52×108 km. gansazRvre a) sruli
radiusi 2,2×1020 m. gamoTvale es sami aCqareba, energiis, b) gravitaciuli potenciuri
rogorc g=9,8m/wm2-is jeradi. energiis, g) kinetikuri energiisa da d)
81. sami sferos masebi da koordinatebia: 20 kg, orbitaluri siCqaris Sesabamisi cvlilebebi
x=0,5 m, y=1 m; 40 kg, x = – 1 m, y = – 1 m; 60 kg, x=0 m, am manZilebze. (miniSneba: gamoiyene energiisa
y = – 0 , 5 m. risi tolia am sami sferodan aTvlis da impulsis momentis mudmivobis kanonebi).
saTaveSi mdebare 20 kg masis sferoze moqmedi 86. kalkulatoriT 13.3 cxrilSi mocemuli
gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedi? planetebis T periodebis sia da a didi
82. 1865 wels Jiul vernma romanSi `dedamiwidan naxevarRerZebis sia Seadgine. T sidideebi
mTvaremde” aRwera, rogor gaisroles Sesabamis koeficientze gaamravle, raTa
zarbazniT sami astronavti mTvareze. vernis periodebi wamebSi gamoxato. a) T2-isa da
Tanaxmad, aluminis kafsula, romelSic a3-is mniSvnelobebiT ori axali sia Sead
astronavtebi iyvnen moTavsebulebi, 220 m gine. kalkulatorze Seadgine T2-is a3-ze
sigrZis zarbaznis lulaSi nitrocelulozis damokidebulebis wrfivi regresiuli Sesa
afeTqebis Sedegad aCqarda 11 km/wm siCqaremde. bamisoba. misi parametrebiT da G sididis
a) risi tolia zarbaznis lulaSi kafsulis da daxmarebiT gansazRvre mzis masa. b) aage
astronavtebis saSualo aCqareba g-ebSi? b) logT-s loga-ze damokidebulebis grafiki
es aCqareba astronavtebisTvis asatania Tu da Seadgine grafikis Sesabamisi wrfivi
momakvdinebeli? regresiuli Sesabamisoba. am Sesabamisobis
parametrebiTa da G sididis daxmarebiT
iaraRidan gasrolili kosmosuri xomaldis
gansazRvre mzis masa.
(Tumca mgzavrebis gareSe) Tanamedrove
versiac arsebobs. am versiaSi specialuri 87. planetas 6×1030 kg masis mzis garSemo
zarbaznis lulaSi meTanisa da haeris afeTqebis sruli wris Sesasruleblad 300 dedamiwis
Sedegad dguSi wyalbadiT savse konteiners dRe sWirdeba. risi tolia planetis a) orbitis
awveba, sadac maRali wneva warmoiqmneba da radiusi da b) orbitaluri siCqare?
raketas isvris. am dros raketa 3,5 km manZils 88. 20 kg masis sferoebi y RerZzea ganlagebuli
gadis da 7 km/wm siCqares aRwevs. g) rogori da maTi koordinatebia y=0,4 m da y=–0,4 m. amis
iqneba zarbazanSi moZravi raketis saSualo Semdeg moZraobas iwyebs 10 kg masis burTi x
aCqareba g-ebSi? d) ra damatebiTi siCqare RerZis im wertilidan, romelic sferoebidan
dasWirdeba raketas, raTa dedamiwis garSemo Zalian Sors, praqtikulad usasrulo manZil
700 km simaRlis orbitaze imoZraos? ze mdebareobs. Tu burTze modebulia mxolod
83. 150 kg masis raketa 3,7 km/sT siCqariT sferoebidan moqmedi mizidulobis Zala, maSin
dedamiwas Sordeba. dedamiwis zedapiridan rogori iqneba mis mier (0,3 m, 0) wertilis
200 km simaRleze misi Zrava gamoirTveba. miRwevisas a) misi kinetikuri energia da
a) ugulebelyavi haeris zemoqmedeba da b) sferoebidan masze moqmedi Zalebis tol
gamoTvale raketis kinetikuri energia qmedi erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
dedamiwis zedapiridan 1000 km simaRleze. b) 89. ra siCqariT Caivlis fosta dedamiwis
zedapiridan ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs centrs, Tu amocanis amoxsnis 13.4 nimuSSi
raketa? naxseneb gvirabSi vardeba?
90. 125 kg masis Tanamgzavri planetis garSemo e) dedamiwis mimarTulebiT gadaadgilda

7×106 m radiusis wriul orbitaze moZraobs. Tanamgzavri Tu sapirispiro mimarTulebiT?
Tu periodia 8050 wm, risi tolia Tanamgzavris 95. m masis sxeuli dedamiwis centridan
meqanikuri energia? r=3RE manZilzea, sadac RE dedamiwis radiusia.
91. m masis kosmosuri mtvris nawilaki dedamiwis masaa ME. modebuli Zala sxeuls
dedamiwis centridan R manZilze, xolo r=4RE manZilze gadaadgilebs. gamoTvale
mTvaris centridan r manZilzea. Tu dedamiwis moZraobis dros am Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
masaa ME, xolo mTvaris masa Mm, risi tolia muSaoba Zalis sididis integrebiT.
nawilaki-dedamiwis sistemisa da nawilaki- 96. ramdenime pla
mTvaris sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri neta (iupiteri, sa
energiebis jami? turni, urani) gar
92. kosmosuri xomaldi dedamiwasa da mTvares Semortymulia rgo
Soris wrfivi traeqtoriiT moZraobs. lebiT, romlebic,
dedamiwidan ra manZilzea kosmosur xomaldze savaraudod, war
moqmedi mizidulobis Zalebis tolqmedi moqmnilia arSem
nulis toli? dgari Tanamgzavris materiiT. amas garda,
93. risi tolia mzis mimarT dedamiwis aCqarebis bevri galaqtika rgolis msgavs struqturebs
procentuli cvlileba mzis dabnelebidan Seicavs. ganvixiloT M masisa da R gare radi
(mTvare dedamiwasa da mzes Sorisaa) mTvaris usis Txeli erTgvarovani rgoli (sur. 15.31).
dabnelebamde (dedamiwa mTvaresa da mzes a) ra gravitaciuli mizidvis ZaliT moqmedebs
Sorisaa)? es rgoli m masis nawilakze, romelic rgolis
centralur RerZzea ganlagebuli centridan
94. sakomunikacio Tanamgzavris yvelaze
x manZilze? b) davuSvaT, rgolis mizidulobis
Rirebuli orbita geosinqronuli orbitaa,
gamo nawilaki moZraobs. ra siCqariT gaivlis
rodesac brunvis dros Tanamgzavri
is rgolis centrs?
dedamiwis ekvatoris erTi wertilis
Tavze rCeba. aseTi Tanamgzavri, gadamcemi 97. daamtkice, rom D siRrmis vertikaluri
Tu mimRebi aRWurvilobidan, magaliTad Saxtis fskerze ag gravitaciuli aCqarebaa:
londonSi, yovelTvis cis erT wertilSi Cans.
samwuxarod, geosinqronuli orbitis sivrce
( )
ag = ags 1 –
D
R
SezRudulia, vinaidan aseT orbitaze moZravi sadac ags dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli
Tanamgzavrebi signalis xarisxis gauaresebis sididea. dauSvi, rom dedamiwa R radiusis
gamo ar SeiZleba erTmaneTTan axlos iyos. erTgvarovani birTvia.

minimaluri daSoreba 3600-iani orbitidan 30- 98. planetis brunvis uswrafesi SesaZlo
is tolia. risi tolia a) orbitaze moZravi siCqare is siCqarea, romliTac ekvatorze
aseTi Tanamgzavrebis maqsimaluri raodenoba mdebare materiaze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala
da b) maTi orbitis radiusi? g) risi tolia zustad brunvisTvis saWiro centriskenul
orbitaze Tanamgzavrebs Soris minimaluri d Zalas warmoqmnis (ratom?). a) daamtkice, rom
daSoreba? brunvis Sesabamisi umoklesi periodia:
magnitur qariSxals Tanamgzavris damsxvreva,

,
dedamiwaze Camogdeba da dedamiwidan Sors
gadatana SeuZlia. davuSvaT, magniturma sadac ρ sferuli planetis simkvrivea.
qariSxalma Tanamgzavri `hoT berd 2~ gamorTo b) gamoTvale brunvis periodi, Tu simkvrivea
da rodesac inJinrebma is kvlav CarTes, is 3 g/sm3, rac tipuri sididea bevri planetis,
Tavisi orbitaluri adgilmdebareobidan Tanamgzavrisa Tu asteroidisTvis. dRemde ar
aRmosavleTiT iyo daZruli. d) axla ufro aRmoCenila astronomiuli sxeuli, romlis
metia Tanamgzavris periodi Tu naklebi? periodic am analiziT gansazRvrulze ufro

mokle iqneba.
475
99. Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTisgan didi moqmedi F Zalis r-ze damokidebulebis
manZiliT daSorebul m da M masebis or uZrav grafiki, roca 0≤r≤∞. is SemTxvevebi, roca r=0,
nawilaks Soris moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala r=b, r=a da r=∞, ganixile cal-calke. b) aage
maT erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT gadaaadgi- sistemis U(r) potenciuri energiis Sesabamisi
lebs. daamtkice, rom nebismier momentSi na grafiki.
wilakebis siCqare erTmaneTis mimarT aris 103. sami varsk
2G ( M + m) / d , sadac d am momentSi nawilakebs vlavis sistema r
Soris manZilia (miniSneba: gamoiyene energiisa radiusis wriul
da impulsis mudmovobis kanonebi). orbitaze moZravi
100. M masisa da R radiusis planetidan m masis ori var
Wurvi gaisroles. gasrolis siCqarea skvlavisa da cen
(GM/R) . 1/2
gamoiyene energiis mudmovobis traluri M masis sur. 13.53. amocana 102.
kanoni da gansazRvre planetis centridan varsklavisgan Sed

Wurvis maqsimaluri simaRle. gamosaxe Sedegi geba (sur. 13.53). ori mbrunavi varskvlavi
R-is saSualebiT. yovelTvis orbitis diametris mopirdapire
101. aCvene, rogor mividoda niutoni wertilebSia. miiRe varskvlavebis brunvis
kepleris kanonebis daxmarebiT im daskvnamde, periodis gamosaTvleli formula.
rom Zala, romelic mTvares wriul orbitaze 104. zogierT adamians sjera, rom planetebis
akavebs, mTvaresa da dedamiwis centrs Soris ganlageba bavSvis dabadebis dros mis
manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulia. cxovrebaze gavlenas axdens. sxvebi am mo
102. rogorc 13.52 sazrebas uaryofen da acxadeben, rom axal
suraTzea naCvenebi, Sobilze meane ufro didi mizidulobis ZaliT
M masisa da a moqmedebs, vidre planetebi. am mosazrebis
radiusis birTvis dasamtkiceblad, gamoTvale 3 kg masis bavSvze
koncentruli Rrus moqmedi mizidulobis Zala a) 70 kg masis da
radiusia b. a) aage 1 m manZiliT daSorebuli meanidan, b) pla
m masis mqone da neta iupiteridan (m = 2×1027 kg), rodesac is
birTvis centridan yvelaze axlosaa dedamiwasTan (6×1011 m) da
r manZiliT daSorebul nawilakze birTvidan g) rodesac yvelaze Sorsaa dedamiwidan
(9×1011 m). d) romeli mosazrebaa swori?
14 siTxeebi
mravali saxeobis sportuli avtomobili uaryofiT amwev Zalazea
(qveviT mimarTul wevis Zalaze) damokidebuli, romelic gzis zedapiris
marTobi mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da swrafi moxvevisas avtomobils
kedelze Sejaxebisgan icavs. uaryofiTi amwevi Zalis nawils avtomobilze
damagrebuli erTi an meti frTa iwvevs. fotoze gamosaxulia
aerodinamikuri mili da kargad Gans, rogor miedineba avtomobilis win
gamoSvebuli boli avtomobilis zurgze damagrebuli frTis gavliT.
danarGen uaryofiT amwev Zalas miwis efeqti ewodeba da is avtomobilis
qvemoT haeris dinebis Sedegad warmoiSveba. miwis efeqti saimedoa,
rodesac erTaderTi manqana uxvevs, magram gamocdilma mZRolebma ician,
rom rbolis dros miwis efeqti SesaZloa gaqres.
ra iwvevs miwis efeqts da ratom qreba is?

siTxeebis fizika hidroteqnikis safuZvelia. hidroteqnika sainJinro saqmis nawilia da
mraval sferoSi gamoiyeneba. birTvuli inJineria birTvuli reaqtoris xangrZlivi muSaobisas
hidravlikur sistemaSi siTxeebis dinebas Seiswavlis, xolo samedicino inJineria - moxuci
pacientis arteriebSi sisxlis dinebas. ekologiuri inJineria udabno teritoriebis sadrenaJo
sistemebs an damuSavebuli miwebis irigacias exeba. sazRvao inJineri myvinTavebis usafrTxoebas
an CaZiruli wyalqveSa navidan ekipaJis evakuaciis problemebs ganixilavs. saaviacio inJineri
hidravlikur sistemebs qmnis, raTa reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis miwaze dajdomisas frTebis
farfati gaakontrolos. garda amisa, hidroteqnika brodveis da las-vegasis SouebSic
gamoiyeneba, rodesac hidravlikuri sistemebi uzarmazar mowyobilobebs maRla da dabla sweven.
vidre siTxeebis fizikis gamoyenebas SevexebiT, pasuxi gavceT SekiTxvas: `ra aris siTxe?~
14.2. ra aris siTxe?

siTxes, myari nivTierebisgan gansxvavebiT, dena SeuZlia. siTxe nebismieri WurWlis formas
miiRebs, romelSic CavasxamT, vinaidan is zedapiris mxebi Zalis moqmedebas ar ganicdis (12.7
paragrafis ufro formaluri eniT rom vTqvaT, Txevadi nivTiereba imis gamo miedineba, rom mas
ar SeuZlia mxeb Zabvas SeewinaaRmdegos. samagierod siTxes Tavisi zedapiris perpendikularuli
Zala moyavs moqmedebaSi). zogierTi nivTiereba, magaliTad fisi, WurWlis formas karga xnis
Semdeg iRebs, Tumca sabolood es mainc xdeba. maSasadame, amgvar nivTierebebsac siTxeebs
vuwodebT.
476
14.3. simkvrive da wneva 477
SesaZloa gagiCndeT kiTxva, ratom movuyareT Tavi Txevad nivTierebebs da airebs da ratom
vuwodeT maT yvelas siTxe? Txevadi wyali xom orTqlisa da yinulisgan gansxvavdeba?
sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. yinulis Semadgeneli atomebi, kristalisebri myari sxeulebis
msgavsad, zustad organizebul samganzomilebian masivs qmnian. am masivs kristaluri meseri
ewodeba. aseTi ganlageba orTqlSi da Txevad wyalSi ar gvxvdeba.
14.3. simkvrive da wneva

rodesac myar sxeulebs SeviswavliT, SevexebiT iseT nivTierebebs, rogorebicaa xis blokebi,
beisbolis burTebi an liTonis Reroebi. niutonis kanonebis gamosaxvisTvis xelsayreli
sidideebia masa da Zala. magaliTad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 3,6kg bloki 25n ZaliT moqmedebs.
siTxeebis SemTxvevaSi ganfenil nivTierebebs vexebiT da maTi Tvisebebi sxvadasxva wertilSi
gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos. am SemTxvevaSi, masasa da Zalaze ufro metad simkvrivis da wnevis
gamoyenebaa mosaxerxebeli.
simkvrive
nebismier wertilSi siTxis ρ simkvrivis gamosaTvlelad, wertilis garSemo ΔV mcire moculobas
gamovyofT da am elementSi ganlagebuli siTxis Δm masas gamovTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi simkvrive
iqneba:
Δm
r=
(14.1)
ΔV
Teoriulad, siTxis nebismier wertilSi simkvrive 14.1 Sefardebis zRvaria, vinaidan elementis
ΔV moculoba sul ufro mcirdeba. praqtikaSi vuSvebT, rom siTxis nimuSi atomur zomebTan
SedarebiT didia da, maSasadame, ùswormaswori~ ki ar aris, aramed `gluvia~ (gaaCnia erTgvarovani
simkvrive). aseTi daSvebis Semdeg 14.1 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
m
r = (erTgvarovani simkvrive) (14.2)
V
m da V, Sesabamisad siTxis nimuSis masa da moculobaa.
cxrili 14.1 . simkvriveebi
simkvrive simkvrive
nivTiereba an sagani nivTiereba an sagani
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
varskvlavTSorisi sivrce 10-20 rkina 7,9×103
saukeTeso laboratoriuli vakuumi 10-17 vercxliswyali 13,6×103
haeri: 20°C da 1 atm. wneva 1,21 dedamiwa: saSualo 5,5×103
20°C da 50 atm. wneva 60,5 birTvi 9,5×103
penoplasti 1×102 qerqi 2,8×103
yinuli 0,917×103 mze: saSualo 1,4×103
wyali: 20°C da 1 atm. wneva 0,998×103 birTvi 1,6×105
20°C da 50 atm. wneva 1×103 TeTri juja varskvlavi (birTvi) 1010
zRvis wyali: 20°C da 1 atm. wneva 1,024×103 uranis birTvi 3×1017
sisxli 1,06×103 neitronuli varskvlavi (birTvi) 1018
478 Tavi 14 siTxeebi
simkvrive skalaruli sididea. SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia kg/m3. 14.1 cxrilSi mocemulia
zogierTi nivTierebis simkvrive da zogierTi sagnis saSualo simkvrive. gaiTvaliswineT, rom
airis simkvrive (ix. haeri) wnevasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad icvleba, Tumca siTxis simkvrive (ix.
wyali) mudmivia. es niSnavs, rom airebis SekumSva SeiZleba, xolo siTxeebis ara.
wneva
davuSvaT, wnevisadmi mgrZnobiare mcire mowyobiloba
(sensori) siTxiT savse WurWelSia Setivtivebuli (sur. 14.1a).
sensori (sur. 14.1b) ΔA farTobis zedapiris mqone dguSisgan
Sedgeba, romelic kargad morgebul cilindrSi moZraobs da
zambarazea damagrebuli. Cvenebis wamkiTxavi mowyobilobis
daxmarebiT vafiqsirebT garemomcveli siTxiT gamowveul
dakalibrebuli zambaris SekumSvis xarisxs, rac gviCvenebs
dguSis perpendikularulad moqmedi ΔF Zalis sidides.
siTxidan dguSze moqmedi wnevaa:
ΔF
p= (14.3)
ΔA
Teoriulad, siTxis nebismier wertilSi arsebuli wneva am
Sefardebis zRvaria, rodesac am wertilze centrirebuli
dguSis zedapiris ΔA farTobi sul ufro mcire da mcire xdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu A sibrtyeze Zala Tanabrad moqmedebs,
maSin 14.3 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
sur. 14.1. a) siTxiT savse WurWeli
F b)-ze naCveneb wnevis sensors Seicavs.
p =  (erTgvarovani Zalis wneva sibrtyeze) (14.4)
A sensorSi moTavsebuli moZravi dgu
sadac F - perpendikularuli Zalis sididea A farTobze Sis fardobiTi mdebareobis mixed
viT wneva izomeba.
(“farTobze moqmedi Zala erTgvarovania” niSnavs, rom Zala
am farTobis yvela wertilze Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli).
eqsperimentiT dgindeba, rom uZravi siTxis nebismier mocemul wertilSi 14.4 formuliT
gansazRvruli wneva sensoris orientaciis miuxedavad erTi mniSvnelobisaa. wneva aris skalari,
romelsac ar gaaCnia mimarTulebasTaan dakavSirebuli Tvisebebi. wnevis sensoris dguSze
moqmedi Zala veqtoruli sididea, magram 14.4 formula mxolod am Zalis sidides anu skalarul
ricxvs Seicavs.
SI sistemaSi wnevis erTeulia n/m2 anu paskali (pa). metruli sistemis mqone qveynebSi avtomobi
lis saburavSi wnevis sazomi manometrebi kilopaskalebSia dagraduirebuli. paskali wnevis sxva
cxrili 14.2 . wnevebi

wneva (pa) wneva (pa)
mzis centri 2×10 16
avtomobilis saburavia 2×105
dedamiwis centri 4×1011 atmosfero zRvis doneze 1×105
sisxlis normaluri sistoluri
udidesi laboratoriuli wneva 1,5×1010 wnevaa,b
1,6×104
saukeTeso laboratoriuli
okeanis udidesi Rrmuli (fskeri) 1,1×108 10-12
vakuumi
fexsacmlis quslebi sacekvao
darbazSi
106
a
atmosferul wnevaze metia
b
samedicino manometrze 120 toris tolia
14.4 siTxeebi uZrav mdgomareobaSi 479
gavrcelebul erTeulebs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
1 atm = 1,01×105 pa = 760 tori = 14,7 funti/duimi2.
saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, atmosfero (atm) atmosferos miaxloebiTi saSualo wnevaa zRvis
doneze. tors (1674 wels vercxliswylis barometris gamomgoneblis, evanjelista toriCelis
saxelis sapativcemulod) Tavdapirvelad vercxliswylis milimetri (mm Hg) ewodeboda. funti
kvadratul duimze xSirad iwereba psi (pounds per square inch). formiT. 14.2 cxrilSi naCvenebia
zogierTi wneva.

sastumro oTaxis zomebia 3,5m, 4,2m da 2,4m. b) ra ZaliT moqmedebs atmosfero oTaxis
iatakze?
a) ras iwonis oTaxSi haeri, rodesac haeris
wnevaa 1atm? amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom atmosfero iatakze erTgvarovani
amoxsna: 1) haeris wonaa mg, sadac m haeris
F sididis ZaliT moqmedebs. maSasadame,
masaa. 2) m masa haeris ρ simkvrives da V
atmosferos mier warmoqmnili wneva F Zalas
moculobas 14.2 formuliT (ρ=m/V) ukav
da iatakis A farTobs 14.4 formuliT (p=F/A)
Sirdeba. Tu am or punqts erTad movuyriT
ukavSirdeba:
Tavs da 14.1 cxrilis mixedviT haeris
simkvrived 1 atm-s aviRebT, gveqneba:
F = pA = (1 atm)( 1 atm )
1,01×105 n/m2
(3,5 m)(4,2 m)
mg = (ρV)g = 1,5×106 n (pasuxi)

= (1,21 kg/m3)(3,5 m × 4,2 m × 2,4 m)(9,8 m/wm2)
es uzarmazari Zala haeris svetis wonis
= 418 n ≈ 420 n (pasuxi) tolia, romelic iataks faravs da atmosferos
es daaxloebiT 110 boTli pepsis tolia. zedapiramde grZeldeba.
14.4 siTxeebi uZrav mdgomareobaSi

14.2a suraTze naCvenebia wyliT an raime sxva siTxiT savse Ria avzi. nebismierma myvinTavma
icis, rom wylisa da haeris gamyofi zedapiridan siRrmeSi Casvlisas wneva izrdeba. myvinTavis
siRrmismzomi 14.1b suraTze gamosaxuli wnevis sensoris msgavsia. aseve nebismierma mTamsvlelma
icis, rom simaRlis matebasTan erTad wneva mcirdeba. myvinTavis da mTamsvlelis mier gancdil
wnevas hidrostatikuri ewodeba, vinaidan mas statikur (uZrav) mdgomareobaSi myofi siTxe
(igulisxmeba haeric) iwvevs. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven hidrostatikuri wnevis gamosaxulebis dadgena
siRrmis an simaRlis funqciis saxiT gvsurs.
Tavdapirvelad wylis zedapiridan siRrmeSi Casvlisas wnevis zrda ganvixiloT. vertikaluri
y RerZi avzSi gavavloT, misi saTave haerisa da wylis gamyof zedapirs davamTxvioT da
dadebiTad zemo mimarTuleba aviRoT. Semdeg ganvixiloT wylis sveti, romelsac A farTobis
horizontaluri fuZis (waxnagis) mqone warmosaxviTi wesieri wriuli cilindri Seicavs, Tanac
y1 da y2 (orive uaryofiTi ricxvia) cilindris zeda da qveda waxnagebis siRrmea wylisa da haeris
gamyofi zedapiridan.
14.2b suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali sxeulebis diagrama cilindrSi arsebuli wylisTvis.
wyali statikuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSia anu uZravia da
 masze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs
F1 Zala cilindris
abalansebs. wylis svetze sami vertikaluri Zala moqmedebs:  zeda zedapirze
moqmedebs da cilindris Tavze arsebuli wyliTaa gamowveuli. F2 Zala cilindris qveda
zedapirze moqmedebs da cilindris qvemoT arsebuli wyliTaa gamowveuli. cilindrSi arsebul

wyalze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala m g -a, sadac m aris wylis masa. am Zalebis balansi Semdegi
formuliT Caiwereba:
haeri 
F2=F1+mg (14.5) F2
y = 0
wyali
Cven 14.5 formulis gardaqmna da masSi wnevis sididis Setana
y1 done 1, p1
gvsurs. 14.4 formulidan gamomdinareobs:
y2  done 2, p2
F1 = p1A da F2 = p2A (14.6)  mg
F1
cilindrSi arsebuli wylis m masa 14.2 formulidan aris
m=ρV, sadac cilindris V moculoba waxnagis A farTobis da
(a)
y1-y2 simaRlis namravlis tolia. maSasadame m=ρA(y1-y2). Tu am
Sedegs da 14.6 formulas 14.5-Si CavsvamT, miviRebT:
p2A = p1A + ρAg(y1 – y2)
anu p2 = p1 + ρg(y1 – y2) (14.7)
am formulis gamoyeneba rogorc siTxeSi (siRrmis funqciis
saxiT), aseve atmosferoSi (simaRlis funqciis saxiT) wnevis
gamosaTvlelad SeiZleba. magaliTis saxiT davuSvaT, rom
siTxis zedapiridan h siRrmeze p wnevis gamoTvla gvsurs.
(b)
am SemTxvevaSi pirvel doned zedapirs miviCnevT, meore
doned misgan h siRrmeze (14.3 suraTis msgavsad), xolo p0- sur. 14.2. a) wyliT savse avzi,
iT zedapirze moqmed atmosferul wnevas aRvniSnavT. Semdeg romelSic A farTobis horizon
taluri fuZis mqone warmosaxviTi
14.7 formulaSi CavsvamT: 
cilindria gamoyofili. F1 Zala
y1 = 0, p1 = p0 da y2 = –h, p2 = p cilindris zeda zedapirze mo

qmedebs, F2 Zala - cilindris qveda
da miviRebT: zedapirze. cilindrSi arsebul
p = p0 + ρgh (wneva h siRrmeze) (14.8) wyalze moqmedi gravitaciuli Za

laa m g . b) Tavisufali sxeulebis
gaiTvaliswineT, rom siTxis mocemul siRrmeze moqmedi diagrama wylis svetisaTvis.
wneva am siRrmezea damokidebuli da ara horizontalur
zomebze.
statikuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi myofi siTxis nebismier wertilSi moqmedi

wneva am wertilis siRrmezea damokidebuli da ara siTxis an WurWlis romelime
horizontalur zomaze.
maSasadame, 14.8 formula WurWlis formaze damokidebuli ar aris. Tu WurWlis qveda zedapiri
h siRrmezea, maSin 14.8 formula am wertilSi moqmed p wnevas gvaZlevs.
14.8 formulaSi, meore doneze moqmed p-s srul anu absolutur wnevas uwodeben. amis mizezi is
aris, rom 14.3 suraTis meore doneze moqmedi p wneva ori komponentisgan Sedgeba: 1) atmosferos
mier gamowveuli p0 wneva siTxes awveba da 2) meore donis zemoT
arsebuli siTxis mier gamowveuli ρgh wneva meore dones awveba. haeri
y = 0
absolutur wnevasa da atmosferul wnevas Soris sxvaobas p0 done 1
siTxe
manometruli wneva ewodeba (manometri am wnevaTa sxvaobas
h
zomavs). 14.3 suraTis SemTxvevaSi manometruli wneva ρgh-ia.
14.7 formula aseve gamosadegia siTxis zedapiris zeda p done 2
nawilisTvis. formula pirveli donidan nebismier simaRleze

moqmed atmosferul wnevas pirvel doneze moqmedi atmosferuli
wnevis saSualebiT gvaZlevs (Tu davuSvebT, rom am manZilis sur. 14.3. p wneva wylis zeda
farglebSi atmosferos simkvrive erTgvarovania). magaliTad, piridan h siRrmis zrdasTan
erTad 14.8 formulis mixedviT
14.3 suraTis pirveli donidan d simaRleze moqmedi atmosferuli izrdeba
14.4 siTxeebi uZrav mdgomareobaSi 481
wnevis gamosaTvlelad CavsvamT:
y1 = 0, p1 = p0 da y2 = d, p2 = p,
Semdeg, ρ=ρhaeri tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT, miviRebT:
p = p0 – ρhaeri gd
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia zeiTunis zeTis oTxi WurWeli. daalageT isini
h siRrmeze wnevis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
a) b) g) d)

damwyebi akvalangisti auzSi varjiSobs, sisxlis wneva agreTve mcirdeba da normaluri
filtvebs haeriT ivsebs, Semdeg L siRrmeze xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan akvalangists
haeris WurWels xels uSvebs da zedapirisken ar amousunTqavs, filtvebSi moqmedi haeris
mocuravs. instruqciebis ignorirebis wneva L siRrmeze arsebulis toli rCeba.
Sedegad akvalangisti curvisas amosunTqvas zedapirze amosvlisas filtvebSi moqmed
ver axerxebs. zedapirze amoyvinTvisas, maRal wnevasa da gulmkerze moqmed dabal
akvalangistze moqmed gare wnevasa da wnevas Soris sxvaobaa:
filtvebSi haeris wnevas Soris sxvaoba 9,3kpa- ∆p = p – p0 = ρgL,
ia. ra siRrmidan amoyvinTa akvalangistma? ra saidanac gamovTvliT:
potenciuri safrTxe emuqreba akvalangists? Δp 9300 pa
L = =
amoxsna: rodesac akvalangisti L siRrmeze pg (998kg/m3) (9,8m/w2)
filtvebs ivsebs, masze moqmedi gare wneva = 0,95 m (pasuxi)
(da maSasadame filtvebSi haeris wneva) es arc ise didi siRrmea! miuxedavad amisa,
normalurze metia da 14.8 formuliT Semdegi wnevebs Soris 9,3kpa (atmosferuli wnevis
saxiT gamoisaxeba: daaxloebiT 9%) sxvaoba sakmarisia, raTa
p = p0 + ρgL, myvinTavis filtvebi gaskdes da haeri sisxls
Seerios. Semdeg sisxli haers gulTan miitans
sadac p0 atmosferuli wnevaa, xolo ρ aris
da es myvinTavis sikvdils gamoiwvevs. Tu
wylis simkvrive (14.1 cxrilidan 998kg/m3). myvinTavi zedapirze amoyvinTvis dros
siRrmidan amoyvinTvis dros akvalangistze TandaTanobiT amosunTqvas SeZlebs, mis
moqmedi gare wneva mcirdeba da zedapirze filtvebSi moqmedi wneva gare wnevas
p0 atmosferuli wneva xdeba. akvalangistis gauTanabrdeba da safrTxe aRar iarsebebs.

U-mili statikur wonasworobaSi or sxvadasxva zeTis gamyof zedapirze moqmedi p wneva
siTxes Seicavs (sur. 14.4). mis marjvena mxar ρx simkvrivesa da am zedapiridan zeTis
Si ρw (=998kg/m3) simkvrivis wyalia, xolo simaRlezea damokidebuli. marjvena mxarSi
marcxena mxarSi – ucnobi ρx simkvrivis zeTi. Casxmul wyals igive doneze igive p wneva
gazomvebis Sedegad dadginda, rom l = 135 mm unda gaaCndes, vinaidan wyali statikur
wonasworobaSia da amitom Tanabari donis
da d = 12,3 mm. risi tolia zeTis simkvrive?
nebismier wertilebSi moqmedi wneva Tanabari
amoxsna: marcxena mxarSi wylisa da
unda iyos, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu wertilebi

horizontalurad gancalkevebulia.
zeTi d
marjvena mxarSi Casxmuli wylis Tavisufal sur. 14.4. marcxena mxarSi

zedapirsa da gamyof zedapirs Soris manZilia Casxmuli zeTi marjvena
mxarSi arsebul wyalze
wyali l
l da 14.8 formulidan miviRebT:
maRal doneze dgas, vinaidan
p = p0 + ρwgl (marjvena mxari) misi simkvrive wylisaze
marcxena mxarSi Casxmuli zeTis Tavisufal naklebia. gamyofi zedapiris gamyofi
doneze orive siTxe Tanabari done
zedapirsa da gamyof zedapirs Soris manZilia
p wneviT moqmedebs.
l+d. amjerad 14.8 formulidan miviRebT:
p = p0 + ρxg(l + d) (marcxena mxare).
am ori gamosaxulebis gatoleba da ucnobi
simkvrivisTvis amoxsna mogvcems: gaiTvaliswineT, rom pasuxi p0 atmosferul
l 135 mm
ρx = ρW = (998kg/m3) wnevaze an g Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaze
l+d 135 mm + 12,3 mm damokidebuli ar aris.
= 915 kg/m3 (pasuxi)
14.5. wnevis gazomva

vercxliswylis barometri
14.5a suraTze naCvenebia atmosferos wnevis gazomvisTvis saWiro vercxliswylis barometri.

suraTze vercxliswyliT savse minis grZeli mili vercxliswylis WurWelSi Ria boloTia Casmu
li. vercxliswylis svetis zeda sivrce mxolod vercxliswylis orTqls Seicavs. Cveulebriv
temperaturaze orTqlis wneva imdenad mcirea, rom misi ugulebelyofa SeiZleba.
Cven SegviZlia 14.7 formula gamoviyenoT, raTa vercxliswylis svetis h simaRlis saSualebiT
p0 atmosferuli wneva gamovTvaloT. 14.2 suraTis pirvel doned haerisa da vercxliswylis
gamyofi zedapiri avirCioT, xolo meore doned - vercxliswylis svetis zeda zedapiri. Semdeg
14.7 formulaSi CavsvaT:
y1 = 0, p1 = p0 da y2 = h, p2 = 0
da miviRebT:
p0 = ρgh , (14.9)
sadac ρ vercxliswylis simkvrivea.
mocemuli wnevisTvis, vercxliswylis svetis h simaRle vertikaluri milis ganivi kveTis
farTobze damokidebuli ar aris. 14.5b suraTze naCvenebi vercxliswylis ucnauri barometri
14.5a suraTze gamosaxuli barometris msgavs Cvenebas iZleva. mniSvneloba mxolod vercxlis-
wylis doneebs Soris h vertikalur manZils aqvs.
14.9 formulidan Cans, rom mocemuli wnevis SemTxvevaSi, vercxliswylis svetis simaRle
barometris mdebareobis adgilze g-s sidideze da vercxliswylis simkvrivezea damokidebuli,
romelic temperaturasTan erTad icvleba. svetis simaRle (milimetrebSi) ricxobrivad wnevis
(torebSi) tolia, Tu barometris mdebareobis adgilze g-s standartuli 9,80655m/wm2 mniSvne-
loba aqvs da vercxliswylis temperaturaa 00C. Tu es pirobebi ar sruldeba (rac sakmaod xSi-
rad xdeba), maSin mcire koreqciaa saWiro, vidre vercxliswylis svetis simaRlis wnevaSi
gadayvana SesaZlebeli gaxdeba.
14.6. paskalis kanoni 483
y
p≈0
p≈0
done 1
done 2
h
h
p0
p0 done 2
done 1
sur. 14.5. a) vercxliswylis barometri. b) kidev sur. 14.6. Ria milis mqone manometri rezervuarzea
erTi vercxliswylis barometri. h manZili orive mierTebuli, raTa airis manometruli wneva gaizomos.
SemTxvevaSi Tanabaria U-milis marjvena mxare atmosferosadmi Riaa.
Ria milis mqone manometri
Ria milis mqone manometri (sur. 14.6) airis pairi manometrul wnevas zomavs. manometri siTxis
Semcveli U-milisgan Sedgeba. milis erTi bolo gasazomi wnevis mqone WurWelTanaa mierTebuli,
xolo meore bolo atmosferosadmi Riaa. Cven SegviZlia 14.7 formula gamoviyenoT da 14.6
suraTze naCvenebi h simaRlis daxmarebiT wneva gamovTvaloT. modiT pirveli da meore done 14.6
suraTis Tanaxmad avirCioT, Semdeg 14.7 formulaSi CavsvaT:
y1 = 0, p1 = p0 da y2 = –h, p2 = p
da gamovTvaloT:
pairi = p – p0 = ρgh, (14.10)
sadac ρ aris milSi Casxmuli siTxis simkvrive. pairi wneva h-is pirdapirproporciulia.
manometruli wneva SesaZloa iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, rac imazea damokidebuli p metia p0-ze
Tu piriqiT. haeriT gaberil saburavebSi an adamianis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi, absoluturi
wneva atmosferul wnevaze metia da manometruli wneva dadebiTi sididea, romelsac zogjer
Warb wnevasac uwodeben. miliT siTxis amowrupvisas, Tqvens filtvebSi moqmedi absoluturi
wneva atmosferul wnevaze naklebi iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi filtvebSi arsebuli manometruli
wneva uaryofiTia.
14.6. paskalis kanoni

rodesac tubis erT bolos vuWerT, raTa kbilis pasta meore bolodan gamovides, Cven paskalis
kanonis moqmedebas vakvirdebiT. am kanons efuZneba agreTve haimlixis meTodi, rodesac
mucelze moqmedi wnevis mkveTri zrda yelze gadadis da gaWedili sakvebi amovardeba. blez
paskalma kanoni 1652 wels Camoayaliba:
SemosazRvrul, ukumSvad siTxeze moqmedi wnevis cvlileba Semcirebis gareSe siTxis

yvela nawilsa da WurWlis kedelze gadadis.
paskalis kanonis demonstracia

ganvixiloT magaliTi, rodesac ukumSvadi siTxe 14.7 suraTis
msgav maRal cilindrSia moTavsebuli. cilindri aRWurvilia
dguSiT, romelzec tyviiT savse WurWeli uZravad devs.
atmosfero, WurWeli da tyvia dguSs (da maSasadame siTxes)
pdaw wneviT awveba. siTxis nebismier P wertilze moqmedi p
wnevaa:
p = pdaw + ρgh (14.11)
modiT WurWels tyvia davumatoT da pdaw wneva ∆pdaw sididiT sur. 14.7. dguSze moTavsebuli
tyvia (tyviis patara burTulebi)
gavzardoT. 14.11 formulaSi ρ, g da h sidideebi ar icvleba
SemosazRvrul (ukumSvad) siTxeze
da maSasadame P wertilSi wnevis cvlilebaa: pdaw wneviT moqmedebs. tyviis
damatebiT pdaw-s gazrdis dros,
∆p=∆pdaw (14.12) siTxis nebismier wertilSi moqmedi
wneva Tanabari sididiT izrdeba.
wnevis cvlileba h-ze damokidebuli ar aris, amitom paskalis
kanonis mixedviT cvlileba siTxis nebismieri wertilisTvis Tanabaria.
paskalis kanoni da hidravlikuri berketi

14.8 suraTze naCvenebia paskalis kanonze dafuZnebuli
hidravlikuri berketi. davuSvaT Fi sididis gare Zala
Ai farTobis zedapiris mqone marcxena (Semaval) dguSze
moqmedebs da qvemoT aris mimarTuli. am SemTxvevaSi,
mowyobilobaSi Casxmuli ukumSvadi siTxe A0 farTobis
zedapiris mqone marjvena (gamomaval) dguSze maRla
mimarTuli F0 sididis ZaliT moqmedebs. sistemis wonasworuli
mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad, gare datvirTvidan (naCvenebi sur. 14.8. hidravlikuri meqanizmi

ar aris) gamomaval dguSze F0 sididis qvemoT mimarTuli
 Zala Fi Zalis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba.
unda moqmedebdes. marcxena dguSze moqmedi Fi Zala da gare Sesrulebuli muSaoba ar imatebs da
Semavali da gamomavali ZalebisTvis
datvirTvidan qvemoT mimarTuli, marjvena dguSze moqmedi
 Tanabaria.
F0 Zala siTxis wnevis ∆p cvlilebas iwvevs:
Fi Fo
∆p = = ,
Ai Ao
maSasadame
Ao
Fo = Fi , (14.13)
Ai
14.13 formulidan Cans, rom tvirTze moqmedi gamomavali
F0 Zala Semaval Fi Zalaze meti unda iyos, Tu 14.8 suraTis
msgavsad A0 > Ai.
Tu Semaval dguSs di manZiliT qvemoT CavwevT, gamomavali
dguSi d0 manZiliT maRla aiwevs da orive dguSis mxares
Tanabari V moculobis ukumSvadi siTxe gadaadgildeba. am
sur. 14.9. Txeli kedlebis mqone
SemTxvevaSi miviRebT: wyliT savse plastikuri tomara
auzSi statikur wonasworobaSi
V = Aidi = A0d0 , imyofeba. tomaraze moqmedi gravi
taciuli Zala garemomcveli wyli
romelic ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
dan moqmedma maRla mimarTulma
Ai
do = di , (14.14) Zalam unda daabalansos.
Ao
14.7. arqimedes kanoni 485
aqedan Cans, rom Tu A0>A (rogorc 14.8 suraTze), maSin gamomavali dguSi SemavalTan SedarebiT
nakleb manZils gadis.
14.13 da 14.14 formulebis Tanaxmad gamomavali muSaobaa:

A
Ai
( )( )
A
W = F0d0 = Fi o di i = F1d1 ,
Ao
(14.15)
formulidan Cans, rom modebuli Zalis mier Semaval dguSze Sesrulebuli W muSaoba, gamomavali
dguSis mier masze moTavsebuli tvirTis awevaze Serulebuli muSaobis tolia.
hidravlikuri berketis upiratesoba Semdegia:
hidravlikuri berketis saSualebiT, mocemul manZilze moqmedi mocemuli Zala

ufro mcire manZilze moqmed ufro did Zalad SeiZleba gardaiqmnas.
Zalisa da manZilis namravli ucvlelia da Sesrulebuli muSaobac ar icvleba. miuxedavad

amisa, ufro didi Zalis modeba xSirad uzarmazar upiratesobas iZleva. magaliTad, umetesoba
CvenTagans avtomobilis xeliT aweva ar SeuZlia. amisTvis hidravlikuri domkrati gamoiyeneba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven saxeluris gadaadgileba ufro did manZilebze gviwevs, vidre
avtomobili maRla iweva. domkratis saSualebiT di gadaadgileba ara erTi sruli svliT, aramed
mcire svlebis seriiT xorcieldeba.
14.7. arqimedes kanoni

14.9 suraTze, sacurao auzSi myofi studenti wyliT savse Zalian Txel tomaraze (umniSvnelo
masis) zemoqmedebs. tomara da masSi moTavsebuli wyali statikur
 wonasworobaSia da qvemoT an
zemoT ar moZraobs. wyalze moqmedi qvemoT mimarTuli Fg
gravitaciuli Zala tomris garemomcveli wylidan moqmedma
zemoT mimarTulma tolqmedma Zalam unda daabalansos.
zemoT mimarTuli tolqmedi Zala am amomgdebi Zalaa. misi
arseboba siRrmis zrdasTan erTad garemomcvel wyalSi
wnevis zrdiTaa gamowveuli. maSasadame, tomris fskerze
moqmedi wneva mis zeda nawilze moqmed wnevaze metia da es
niSnavs, rom wnevis Sedegad tomaraze moqmedi Zalebis sidide
tomris fskerze metia, vidre mis zeda nawilze. zogierTi
Zala 14.10a suraTzea warmodgenili, sadac tomris mier
dakavebuli sivrce carielia. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am sivrcis
fskerTan gavlebuli ZalTa veqtorebis (zemoT mimarTuli
komponentebiT) sigrZe tomris zeda nawilTan gavlebul
veqtorebTan (qvemoT mimarTuli komponentebiT) SedarebiT
metia. Tu wylidan tomaraze moqmed Zalebs veqtorulad
SevkrebT, horizontaluri komponentebi gabaTildeba,
vertikaluri komponentebi Seikribeba da tomaraze moqmedi,
maRla mimarTuli am amomgdebi Zala miiReba (14.10a suraTze,
am Zala auzis marjvnivaa gamosaxuli).
sur. 14.10. a) xvrelis garSemo arsebuli wyali xvrelSi moTavsebul

nebismier saganze zemoT mimarTuli amomgdebi ZaliT moqmedebs.
b) xvrelis moculobis mqone qvisTvis gravitaciuli Zala amomgdeb
Zalas aWarbebs. g) igive moculobis xis SemTxvevaSi gravitaciuli
Zala amomgdeb Zalaze naklebia.
vinaidan wyliani tomara statikur wonasworobaSia, am Zalis sidide tomaraze moqmedi g
gravitaciuli Zalis sididis tolia Fam = mf  g (f indeqsi siTxes, am SemTxvevaSi ki wyals aRniSnavs).
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amomgdebi Zalis sidide tomaraSi moTavsebuli wylis wonis tolia.
14.10b suraTze wyliani tomara qviT SevcvaleT. amboben, rom qvam wyali gamodevna anu manamde
wyliT savse sivrce daikava. xvrelis forma ar Segvicvlia, amitom xvrelis zedapirze moqmedi
Zalebi igive unda iyos. maSasadame, wyliT savse tomaraze moqmedi zemoT mimarTuli amomgdebi
Zala qvazec moqmedebs. es niSnavs, rom amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide qvis mier gamodevnili wylis
mf g wonis tolia.
wyliT savse tomrisgan gansxvavebiT qva ar imyofeba statikur wonasworobaSi. qvaze moqmedi
qvemoT mimarTuli g gravitaciuli Zala zemoT mimarTul amomgdeb Zalaze metia, rogorc es
14.10b suraTze gamosaxuli Tavisufali sxeulebis diagramidan Cans. maSasadame, qva aCqardeba da
auzis fskerze iZireba.
Semdeg 14.10a suraTis xvreli msubuqi wonis xis napobiT SevavseT (sur. 14.10g). xvrelis zedapirze
moqmedi Zalebi amjeradac ar Secvlila da amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide gamodevnili wylis mf g
wonis tolia. qvis msgavsad napobic ar aris statikur wonasworobaSi. magram am SemTxvevaSi g
gravitaciuli Zala amomgdeb Zalaze naklebia da napobi wylis zedapirze amodis.

tomrisTvis, qvisTvis da xis napobisTvis miRebuli Sedegebi yvela siTxisTvis arqimedes kanons
emorCileba:
rodesac sxeuli srulad an nawilobriv CaZirulia siTxeSi, garemomcveli siTxe
am amomgdebi ZaliT moqmedebs sxeulze. es Zala mimarTulia zemoT da sxeulis mier

gamodevnili siTxis mf g wonis tolia.
siTxeSi CaZirul sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi Zalaa:
Fam = mf g (amomgdebi Zala), (14.16)
sadac mf aris sxeulis mier gamodevnili siTxis masa.
tivtivi
rodesac msubuqi wonis xis napobs wylis zedapirze CavuSvebT, napobis nawili wyalSi iZireba,
vinaidan gravitaciuli Zala dabla miaqanebs. rac ufro metad iZireba napobi wyalSi, miT ufro
izrdeba zemoT mimarTuli amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide. saboloo jamSi, roca Fam Zala napobze
moqmed Fg gravitaciul Zalas gauTanabrdeba, napobi Cerdeba. amis Semdeg napobi statikur
wonasworobaSia da wyalSi tivtivebs. zogadad:
rodesac sxeuli siTxeSi tivtivebs, sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide sxeulze
moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis Fg sididis tolia.
es mtkiceba Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
Fam = Fg (tivtivi). (14.17)
14.16 formulidan viciT, rom Fam = mf g, maSasadame:
rodesac sxeuli siTxeSi tivtivebs, sxeulze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis Fg sidide

sxeulis mier gamodevnili siTxis mf g wonis tolia.
es mtkiceba Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
Fg = mf g (tivtivi) (14.18)
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, motivtive sxeuli sakuTari wonis siTxes gamodevnis.
14.7. arqimedes kanoni 487
moCvenebiTi wona siTxeSi
Tu qvas wonis gasazomad dagraduirebul sasworze movaTavsebT, sasworis Cveneba qvis wona
iqneba, magram Tu igive moqmedebas wyalSi gavimeorebT, wylidan qvaze moqmedi amomgdebi Zala
Cvenebas Seamcirebs. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs moCvenebiT wonas. moCvenebiTi wona sxeulis
namdvil wonas da sxeulze moqmed amomgdeb Zalas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
( moCvenebiTi
wona ) (
=
namdvili
wona )(
–
amomgdebi Zalis
sidide ),
am formulis Cawera asec SeiZleba:

wonamoCv. = wona – Fam (moCvenebiTi wona) (14.19)
Tu sakuTari Zalis Sesamowmeblad mZime qvis awevas ganizraxavT, amas wylis qveS ufro advilad
gaakeTebT. am dros Tqvens mier modebuli Zala mxolod qvis moCvenebiT wonas unda aRematebodes
da ara mis udides namdvil wonas, vinaidan zemoT mimarTuli amomgdebi Zala qvis awevaSi
gexmarebaT.
motivtive sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi Zalis sidide sxeulis wonis tolia. 14.19 formulis
Tanaxmad motivtive sxeulis moCvenebiTi wona nulis tolia, anu sasworze sxeulis wonis Cveneba
nulia (rodesac astronavtebi kosmosSi rTuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad emzadebian, isini
wylis qveS varjiSoben, sadac kosmosis msgavsad moCvenebiTi wona nulis tolia).
sakontrolo wertili 2. pingvini Tavdapirvelad ρ0 simkvrivis siTxeSi, Semdeg 0,95ρ0

simkvrivis siTxeSi, dabolos 1,1ρ0 simkvrivis siTxeSi tivtivebs. a) simkvriveebi pingvinze
moqmedi amomgdebi Zalis sidideebis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. b) simkvriveebi
pingvinis mier gamodevnili siTxis raodenobis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.

zRvis wyalSi motivtive aisbergis moculobis aqedan Cans, rom mi=mf. maSasadame, aisbergis
ra nawili moCans? masa gamodevnili siTxis (zRvis wylis)
masis tolia. miuxedavad masebis arcodnisa,
amoxsna: davuSvaT Vi aris aisbergis mTliani
Cven SegviZlia isini 14.1 cxrilSi mocemul
moculoba. aisbergis uxilavi nawili wylis
yinulisa da zRvis wylis simkvriveebs 14.2
qvemoTaa da, maSasadame, am nawilis moculoba
formuliT (ρ=m/V) davukavSiroT. vinaidan
aisbergis mier gamodevnili siTxis (zRvis
mi=mf, miviRebT:
wylis) Vf moculobis tolia. Cven veZebT
ρi Vi = ρf Vf
aisbergis xilul nawils, magram moculobebi
ar viciT: Vf ρ
anu = i .
Vi – Vf V Vi ρf
saZiebeli nawili aris = 1 – f (14.20)
Vi Vi
am formulis 14.20 formulaSi CasmiT da
vinaidan aisbergi tivtivebs, 14.18 formula
cnobili simkvriveebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
(Fg = mf g) gamosadegia. es formula Semdegi
ρ 917 kg/m3
saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros: saZiebeli nawili = 1 – i = 1 –
ρf 1024 kg/m3
mi g = mf g
= 0,1 an 10% (pasuxi)

heliumiT savse sferuli formis buStis ρhaeri simkvrivea 1,25kg/m3? davuSvaT, rom haers
radiusia 12m. buStis, damxmare bagirebis da mxolod buSti gamodevnis.
kalaTis masaa 196kg. ra maqsimaluri M tvirTis amoxsna: buSti, bagirebi, kalaTa, tvirTi
gaZleba SeuZlia buSts iseT simaRleze, sadac da heliumi motivtive sxeulebia, romelTa
heliumis ρHe simkvrivea 0,16kg/m , xolo haeris
3
sruli masaa m+M+mHe , sadac mHe heliumis
masaa. am SemTxvevaSi, am sxeulze moqmedi mula simkvriveebiT SeiZleba Caiweros.

sruli gravitaciuli Zalis sidide mis mier Tavdapirvelad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom tvirTi,
gamodevnili haeris wonis toli unda iyos damxmare bagirebi da kalaTa umniSvnelo
(haeri siTxea, sadac es sxeuli tivtivebs). raodenobis haers gamodevnian da gamodevnili
davuSvaT, mhaeri sxeulis mier gamodevnili haeris moculoba sferos formis buStis V
haeris masaa. 14.18 formulidan (Fg=mf g) (=4/3πR3) moculobis tolia. am SemTxvevaSi
gveqneba: 14.21 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
(m + M + mHe) g = mhaeri g M = ρhaeriV – ρHeV – m
anu M = mhaeri – mHe – m (14.21) 4
= ( πR3)(ρhaeri – ρHe) – m
3
Cven ar viciT mHe da mhaeri, magram viciT 4
= ( π)(12m)3(1,25kg/m3 – 0,16kg/m3) – 196kg
Sesabamisi simkvriveebi. maSasadame, 14.2 3
formulis (ρ = m/V) gamoyenebiT 14.21 for = 7694 kg ≈ 7690 kg (pasuxi)
14.8. idealuri siTxeebis moZraoba

realuri siTxeebis moZraoba sakmaod rTuli da arcTu
bolomde Seswavlili procesia. Cven mxolod idealuri
siTxeebis moZraobas ganvixilavT, rac maTematikur
aRweras ufro martivad eqvemdebareba da sakmaod
gamosadeg Sedegebsac iZleva. idealuri siTxeebisTvis
oTx daSvebas vakeTebT. oTxive maTgani dinebas Seexeba:
1. dineba stacionarulia. stacionaruli

(laminaruli) dinebis dros, nebismier wertilSi
moZravi siTxis siCqare da mimarTuleba droSi ar
icvleba. wynari nakadis centrTan axlos wylis
neli dineba stacionarulia, xolo Cqerobis dineba sur. 14.11. bolisa da gaxurebuli airis
stacionaruli nakadi garkveul wertilSi
stacionaruli ar aris. 14.11 suraTze naCvenebia
turbulenturSi gardaiqmneba.
bolis nakadis stacionarulidan arastacionarul
(aralaminarul anu turbulentur) dinebaze gadasvla.
bolis wertilebis siCqare simaRlis matebasTan erTad izrdeba da garkveul kritikul siCqareze
dineba stacionarulidan arastacionarulSi gadadis.
2. dineba ukumSvadia. uZravi siTxeebis msgavsad, idealuri siTxisTvisac vuSvebT, rom is

ukumSvadia. es niSnavs, rom misi simkvrive mudmivi, erTgvarovani sididea.
3. dineba arablantia. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, siTxis siblante dinebisadmi misi winaRobis sazomia.
magaliTad, sqeli Tafli wyalTan SedarebiT dinebisadmi ufro mdgradia da Tafls wyalze
ufro blant nivTierebas uwodeben. siblante myari nivTierebebis xaxunis analogia. orive
meqanizmis saSualebiT moZravi sagnebis kinetikuri energia Termul energiad gardaiqmneba.
xaxunis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sagani horizontaluri zedapiris gaswvriv mudmivi siCqariT
imoZravebs. aseTive principiT, Tu arablant siTxeSi moZravi sagani blanti winaRobis Zalis anu
siblantiT gamowveuli winaRobis Zalis moqmedebas ar ganicdis, is siTxeSi mudmivi siCqariT
moZraobas SeZlebs. ingliselma mecnierma, lordma jon releim sworad SeniSna, rom idealur
siTxeSi xomaldis Zrava ar imuSavebda, magram amave dros idealur siTxeSi xomalds Zrava
saerTod ar dasWirdeboda, Tu mas Tavdapirvelad aamoZravebdnen!
4. dineba aragrigaluria. miuxedavad imisa, rom SemdgomSi ar dagvWirdeba, Cven agreTve
vuSvebT dinebis aragrigalurobas! am Tvisebis Sesamowmeblad mtvris pawawina nawilaki
14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba 489
denis wiri
siTxis elementi
sur. 14.13. siTxis elementi moZraobisas denis

wirs miyveba. elementis siCqaris veqtori ne
sur. 14.12. saRebavis Sesxurebis Semdeg cilindris bismier wertilSi denis wiris mxebia.
garSemo moCans siTxis stacionaruli dineba.
siTxesTan erTad avamoZraoT. sacdelma sxeulma SesaZloa wriuli traeqtoriiT imoZraos,

magram aragrigaluri dinebis SemTxvevaSi sxeuli masaTa centrze gavlebuli RerZis garSemo
ar ibrunebs. analogiisTvis getyviT, rom èSmakis borbalis~ moZraoba grigaluria, xolo misi
mgzavrebis moZraoba _ aragrigaluri.
siTxis dinebis danaxvas gagviadvilebs siTxis nakadis mraval wertilze misxurebuli saRebavi
(sur. 14.12) an airis nakads damatebuli bolis nawilakebi (sur. 14.11). saRebavis TiToeuli
nawilaki denis wirs miyveba, romelic warmoadgens siTxis pawawina elementis traeqtorias
siTxis dinebisas. meoTxe Tavidan gavixsenoT, rom nawilakis siCqare misi traeqtoriis mxebia. am
SemTxvevaSi nawilaki siTxis elementia da misi siCqare yovelTvis denis wiris mxebia (sur. 14.13).
denis ori wiri erTmaneTs arasdros gadakveTs, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gadakveTis wertilSi
misul elements erTdroulad ori siCqare eqneba, rac SeuZlebelia.
14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba

albaT SeginiSnavT, rom baRis Slangze cera TiTis daWeriT gamomavali wylis siCqare izrdeba.
rogorc Cans, wylis ν siCqare Slangis ganivi kveTis A farTobzea damokidebuli.
Cven gvsurs gamoviyvanoT formula, romelic sxvadasxva ganivi kveTis mqone milebSi gamavali
idealuri siTxis stacionaruli dinebis SemTxvevaSi (sur. 14.14) ν-s da A-s daakavSirebs. suraTze
wyali marjvniv miedineba da milis naCvenebi monakveTis sigrZea L. monakveTis marcxena boloSi
siTxis siCqarea ν1, xolo marjvena boloSi - ν2. milis marcxena kidis ganivi kveTis farTobia A1,
xolo marjvena kidis - A2. davuSvaT, ∆t drois SualedSi milis monakveTSi marcxena kididan ∆V
moculobis siTxe Sedis (14.14 suraTze es moculoba mewamuli feriTaa gamoyofili). vinaidan
siTxe ukumSvadia, monakveTis marjvena bolodan igive ∆V moculobis siTxe unda gamovides (14.14
suraTze es moculoba mwvane feriTaa gamoyofili).
siCqareebis da farTobebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisTvis ∆V moculoba SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
Tavdapirvelad 14.15 suraTi ganvixiloT, sadac erTgvarovani A farTobis ganivi kveTis mqone
milis gverdiTi xedia naCvenebi. 14.15a suraTze siTxis e elementi milis siganis gaswvriv
gavlebul daStrixul xazs gadakveTs. elementis siCqarea ν da maSasadame ∆t drois SualedSi
milis gaswvriv ∆x = ν∆t manZils gadis. ∆t drois SualedSi daStrixuli xazis gavliT gasuli
siTxis ∆V moculobaa:
∆V = A∆x = Aν∆t (14.22)
→
ν2
→
ν1 A2
(a) t dro
L sur. 14.14. siTxe milis L sigrZis monakveTSi marcxnidan

marjvniv, stacionarulad miedineba. marcxena kideze
siTxis siCqarea ν1, xolo marjvena kideze – ν2. marcxena
kideze milis ganivi kveTis farTobia A1, xolo marjvena
kideze - A2. a)-ze naCveneb t drosa da b)-ze naCveneb t+∆t
(t+∆t) dro drois SualedSi mewamuli feriT aRniSnuli siTxe
marcxena kididan Sedis da mwvane feriT aRniSnuli igive
raodenobis siTxe meore bolodan gamodis.
Tu 14.22 formulas 14.14 suraTze naCvenebi milis monakveTis marcxena da marjvena kideebisTvis
gamoviyenebT, miviRebT:
∆V = A1ν1 ∆t = A2ν2 ∆t
anu A1ν1= A2ν2 (uwyvetobis gantoleba) (14.23)
siCqarisa da ganivi kveTis farTobis amgvar kavSirs idealuri siTxis dinebis uwyvetobis
gantoleba ewodeba. formula gvauwyebs, rom ganivi kveTis farTobis Semcirebisas dinebis
siCqare izrdeba.
14.23 formula gamosadegia ara mxolod namdvili milisTvis, e →
ν
aramed e.w. denis milisTvis. denis mili warmosaxviTia, romlis
sazRvari denis wirebisgan Sedgeba. aseTi mili realuris (a) t dro
msgavsad moqmedebs, vinaidan siTxis elements denis wiris
e →
gadakveTa ar ZaluZs da denis milSi gamavali siTxe milis ν
sazRvrebs ar scdeba. 14.16 suraTze naCvenebia denis mili,
(b) ∆x
romlis ganivi kveTis farTobi dinebis mimarTulebis gaswvriv t+∆t dro
A1-dan A2-mde izrdeba. 14.23 formulidan viciT, rom farTobis sur. 14.15. siTxe milSi mudmivi ν
zrdasTan erTad siCqare unda Semcirdes, rac asaxulia kidec siCqariT miedineba. a) t droSi siT
xis e elementi daStrixul xazs ga
14.16 suraTis marjvena mxares, sadac denis wirebs Soris
dakveTs. b) t+∆t droSi e elementi
dacileba ufro metia. aseTive principiT, 14.12 suraTze daStrixuli xazidan ∆x=ν+∆t man
dinebis siCqare cilindris zemo da qvemo ubnebis siaxloves Zilzea.
yvelaze ufro meti iqneba.

14.23 formula Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia CavweroT:
RV = Aν = mudmiva
(moculobis dinebis siCqare, uwyvetobis gantoleba) (14.24)
sadac RV siTxis moculobis dinebis siCqarea (mocemul

A2
wertilSi Cavlili moculoba drois erTeulSi). SI sistemaSi
A1
misi erTeulia m3/wm. Tu siTxis ρ simkvrive Tanabaria, 14.24
formula simkvriveze SegviZlia gavamravloT da Rm masis sur. 14.16. denis mili denis
wirebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mis
dinebis siCqare (masa drois erTeulSi) miviRebT:
kideebs qmnian. denis milis ne
Rm = ρRV = ρAν = mudmiva (masis dinebis siCqare) (14.25) bismieri ganivi kveTisTvis mocu
lobis dinebis siCqare Tanabari
SI sistemaSi masis dinebis siCqaris erTeulia kg/wm. 14.25 unda iyos.
14.10 bernulis gantoleba 491
formula gvauwyebs, rom 14.14 suraTze mocemuli milis monakveTSi yovel wamSi Semavali masa
toli unda iyos segmentidan yovel wamSi gamomavali masis.
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia mili da erTi monakveTis garda yvelasTvis

mocemulia moculobis dinebis siCqare (sm3/wm-ebSi) da dinebis mimarTuleba. risi tolia am
monakveTSi moculobis dinebis siCqare da ra mimarTuleba aqvs dinebas?
2 5
6
4 8 4
14.17 suraTze naCvenebia rogor `viwrovdeba~

onkanidan gadmosuli wylis nakadi. mocemuli
ganivi kveTebis farTobebia A0=1,2sm2 da
A=0,35sm2. am or dones Soris vertikaluri
manZilia h=45mm. risi tolia onkanidan
moculobis dinebis siCqare?
amoxsna: ufro maRla mdebare ganivkveTSi

moculobis dinebis siCqare dabla mdebare sur. 14.17. onkanidan gadmosvlisas wylis siCqare
ganivkveTSi moculobis dinebis siCqaris to izrdeba. vinaidan nakadis nebismier horizontalur
li unda iyos. maSasadame 14.24 formulidan ganivkveTze moculobis dinebis siCqare Tanabari
unda iyos, nakadi iZulebulia `Seviwrovdes~.
gamomdinareobs:
A0ν0 = Aν (14.26)
sadac ν0 da ν, Sesabamisad A0 da A doneebze wylis

siCqareebia. aseve SesaZlebelia 2.16 formulis
gamoyeneba, vinaidan wyali Tavisuflad ecema
g aCqarebiT: = 0,286 m/w = 28,6 sm/w.
14.24 formulis Tanaxmad RV moculobis di
ν2= ν02 + 2gh (14.27)
nebis siCqarea:
14.26 da 14.27 formulebidan ν-s gabaTileba RV = A0ν0 = (1,2 sm2)(28,6 sm/wm)
da ν0-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
=34sm3/wm (pasuxi)
14.10 bernulis gantoleba
14.18 suraTze naCvenebia mili, romelSic idealuri siTxe stacionarulad miedineba. davuSvaT
∆t drois SualedSi milis marcxena bolodan mewamuli feriT aRniSnuli ∆V moculobis siTxe
Sedis da meore bolodan mwvane feriT aRniSnuli igive moculobis siTxe gamodis. gamomavali
da Semavali moculoba erTmaneTis toli unda iyos, vinaidan siTxe ukumSvadia da mudmivi ρ
simkvrivisaa.
davuSvaT, y1, ν1 da p1 marcxnidan Semavali siTxis simaRle, siCqare da wnevaa, xolo y2, ν2 da p2
- marjvnidan gamomavali siTxis Sesabamisi sidideebi. Tu siTxes energiis Senaxvis kanons
mivusadagebT, gamoCndeba, rom es sidideebi Semdeg urTierTkavSirSia:
1 1
p1 + 2 ρν12 + ρgy1 = p2 + 2 ρν22 + ρgy2 (14.28) L
es formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:

1
p + 2 ρν2 + ρgy = mudmiva (bernulis gantoleba) (14.29)
v1
14.28 da 14.29 formulebi bernulis gantolebis eqvi
valenturebia. daniel bernuli siTxeebis dinebas 1700-ian p1
t
wlebSi swavlobda1. uwyvetobis gantolebis (14.24 formula) y1
msgavsad bernulis gantolebac ar aris axal kanonze

(a)
dafuZnebuli da mxolod kargad cnobili kanonis axali
formulirebaa, romelic siTxeebis meqanikisTvis ufro
mosaxerxebelia. Sesamowmeblad bernulis gantoleba uZrav v2
siTxeebs mivusadagoT da 14.28 formulaSi CavsvaT ν1=ν2=0.
Sedegad miviRebT: p2
p2 = p1 + ρg(y1 – y2),
rac 14.7 formulaa. gamomavali
y2
bernulis gantolebis winaswarmetyveleba iolad SeiZleba,
Tu y-s mudmivad miviCnevT anu dinebisas siTxe simaRles ar t+∆t
icvlis. am SemTxvevaSi 14.28 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

(b)
1 1
p1 + ρν 2 =
2 1
p2 + ρν 2
2 2
(14.30) sur. 14.18. siTxe L sigrZis milis
Sesasvleli kididan gasasvleli
formula gvauwyebs: kidisken stacionarul reJimSi
miedineba. a)-ze gamosaxuli t drodan
Tu siTxis elementis siCqare horizontaluri denis b)-ze gamosaxul t+∆t dromde,
wiris gavlisas izrdeba, siTxis wneva mcirdeba da mewamuli feriT aRniSnuli siTxis
raodenoba milis erTi bolodan
piriqiT.
Sedis da mwvane feriT aRniSnuli
igive raodenobis siTxe meore
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, rodesac denis wirebi SedarebiT
bolodan gamodis.
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli (siCqare SedarebiT didia), wneva
SedarebiT mcirea da piriqiT.
siCqarisa da wnevis cvlilebebs Soris kavSirs kargad mivxvdebiT, Tu siTxis elements gan
vixilavT. rodesac elementi viwro ubans uaxlovdeba, masze uknidan moqmedi ufro didi wneva
elements aaCqarebs da am ubanSi elementis siCqare meti iqneba. rodesac elementi ufro farTo
ubans uaxlovdeba, masze winidan ufro didi wneva moqmedebs, elementi neldeba da misi siCqare
mcirdeba.
bernulis gantoleba zustad mxolod idealur siTxeebs miesadageba. Tu blanti Zalebi arsebo
ben, maSin gasaTvaliswinebelia siTburi energiac, magram am yvelafers gantolebis qvemoT
moyvanil damtkicebaSi ar viTvaliswinebT.
bernulis gantolebis damtkiceba
14.18 suraTze naCvenebi idealuri siTxis mTliani moculoba sistemad miviCnioT. am sistemas
energiis Senaxvis kanoni mivusadagoT, rodesac is sawyisi mdgomareobidan (sur. 14.18a) saboloo
mdgomareobaSi (sur. 14.18b) gadadis. 14.18 suraTze, L manZiliT daSorebul or vertikalur
sibrtyes Soris arsebuli siTxis maxasiaTeblebi procesis dros ar icvleba. Cven mxolod
Sesasvlel da gasasvlel napirebze momxdari cvlilebebi gvWirdeba.
1
aragrigaluri dinebis SemTxvevaSi, 14.29 formulis mudmivas mniSvneloba denis milis yvela wertilisTvis
Tanabaria. ar aris aucilebeli wertilebi erTi da igive denis wiris gaswvriv iyos ganlagebuli. analo-
giurad 14.28 formulaSi 1 da 2 wertilebi denis milis nebismier adgilze SeiZleba iyos ganlagebuli.
Tavdapirvelad energiis Senaxvis kanoni muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis saxiT CavweroT:
W = ∆K (14.31)
formula gvauwyebs, rom Cveni sistemis kinetikuri energiis cvlileba sistemaze Sesrulebuli
sruli muSaobis toli unda iyos. kinetikuri energiis cvlileba milis kideebs Soris siCqaris
cvlilebiT gamoiwveva da tolia:
1 1 1
∆K = ∆m ν22 – ∆m ν12 = ρ ∆V (ν22 – ν12 ), (14.32)
2 2 2 
sadac ∆m(=ρ∆V) aris ∆t drois mcire SualedSi milSi Semavali da gamomavali siTxis masa.

muSaoba sistemaze ori wyarodan sruldeba. pirvel rigSi mizidulobis Zalam (∆m g ) ∆m masis
siTxeze muSaoba Sesvlis donidan gasvlis doneze vertikaluri awevisas unda Seasrulos:
Wg = –∆m g(y2 – y1) = – ρg ∆V (y2 – y1), (14.33)
es muSaoba uaryofiTia, radgan gadaadgilebis da gravitaciuli Zalis mimarTulebebi urTi
erTsawinaaRmdegoa.
garda amisa, muSaoba unda Sesruldes sistemaze (Sesasvlelze), raTa siTxe milSi Sevides da
muSaoba unda Seasrulos sistemamac (gamosasvlelze), raTa gamomavali siTxis win arsebul
siTxes win ubiZgos. A farTobis milSi arsebuli siTxis ∆x manZilze gadasaadgileblad F sididis
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
F ∆x = (pA)(∆x) = p(A ∆x) = p∆V.
am SemTxvevaSi, sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaobaa P1∆V, xolo sistemis mier Sesrulebuli muSao
ba _ –P2∆V. maTi Wp jami tolia:
Wp = –p2∆V + p1∆V = –(p2 – p1)∆V (14.34)
14.31 formulis muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
W = Wg + Wp = ∆K.
14.32, 14.33 da 14.34 formulebis Casma mogvcems:
1
– ρg∆V(y2 – y1) – ∆V(p2 – p1) = 2 ρ ∆V (ν22 – ν12 ).
mcire gardaqmnebis Semdeg es formula 14.28-is formas miiRebs, ris damtkicebasac vcdilobdiT.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCveneb daRma

mimaval milSi wyali stacionarulad miedineba. milis
danomrili ubnebi dididan mcireze daalageT a) RV
moculobis dinebis siCqaris, b) ν dinebis siCqaris da
g) p wylis wnevis mixedviT.

ρ=791kg/m3 simkvrivis eTanoli konusis formis formulidan gamomdinareobs:
horizontalur milSi Tanabrad miedineba RV=ν1A1=ν2A2 (14.35)
(14.14 suraTis msgavsad). milis ganivi kveTis ori ucnobi siCqaris gamo RV-s gamoTvla
farTobi A1=1,2×10-3m2-dan A2=A1/2-mde mcir SeuZlebelia.
deba. milis viwro da farTo monakveTebs Soris vinaidan dineba Tanabaria, bernulis gan
wnevis sxvaobaa 4120pa. risi tolia eTanolis toleba gamoviyenoT. 14.28 formulidan
RV moculobis dinebis siCqare? miviRebT:
1 1
amoxsna: vinaidan milis farTo monakveTSi p1 + 2 ρν12 + ρgy = p2 + 2 ρν22 + ρgy , (14.36)
gamavalma siTxem viwro monakveTSic srulad
1 da 2 indeqsebi, Sesabamisad milis viwro da
unda gaiaros, orive monakveTSi RV moculobis
farTo monakveTebs aRniSnaven, xolo y maTi
dinebis siCqare Tanabaria. maSasadame, 14.24
saerTo simaRlea. formula erTi SexedviT wnevaTa sxvaoba 4120 pa-ia, magram p1–p2 aris
naklebad gamosadegi Cans, vinaidan sasurvel 4120 pa Tu –4120 pa? pirveli variantis
RV-s ar Seicavs da arc ν1 da ν2 siCqareebi viciT. siswore advilad misaxvedria, vinaidan sxva
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs am formulis SemTxvevaSi 14.38 formula warmosaxviT
gardaqmnis saSualeba. Tavdapirvelad 14.35 (kompleqsur) ricxvs mogvcemda, magram
formula gamoviyenoT da gaviTvaliswinoT, mixvedris da marCielobis nacvlad logikas
rom A2=A1/2: mivyveT. 14.35 formulidan Cans, rom viwro
RV R 2R monakveTSi (A2) ν2 siCqare farTo monakveTSi
da ν2 = V = V
ν1 = (14.37)
A1 A2 A1 (A1) ν1 siCqareze metia. Tu horizontalur
Semdeg es gamosaxulebebi 14.36 formulaSi traeqtoriaze moZraobisas siTxis siCqare
CavsvaT, ucnobi siCqareebi gavabaTiloT da izrdeba (rogorc am SemTxvevaSi), maSin siTxis
moculobis dinebis siCqare warmovadginoT. wneva mcirdeba. maSasadame p1 metia p2-ze da
RV-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems: p1 – p2 = 4120 pa. am da sxva monacemebis 14.38
formulaSi Casma mogvcems:
(14.38)
Cven kidev erTi gadawyvetileba gvaqvs RV = 1,2 × 10–3 m2
misaRebi. viciT, rom or monakveTs Soris
= 2,24 × 10–3 m3/w (pasuxi)

Zvel dasavleTSi xuliganma wylis rezervuars
tyvia daaxala (sur. 14.19) da wylis zeda
piridan h manZilze gaxvrita. risi tolia
rezervuaridan gadmosuli wylis ν siCqare?
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad wyali A farTobis

ganivi kveTis mqone farTo milSi (rezervuarSi)
ν0 siCqariT moZraobs, xolo Semdeg a farTobis
ganivi kveTis viwro milidan (xvrelidan) ν
siCqariT gadmodis. vinaidan farTo milSi
gamavalma wyalma viwro milSic mTlianad unda
gaiaros, orive `milSi~ RV moculobis dinebis
siCqare Tanabari iqneba. 14.24 formulidan
gamomdinareobs:
sur. 14.19. wylis zedapiridan h manZilze gakeTebuli
RV=aν=Aν0 xvrelidan wyali gaedineba. wylis zedapirze da
a naxvretze moqmedi wneva p0 atmosferuli wnevis
maSasadame: ν0 = ν,
A tolia.
vinaidan a A, amitom ν0 ν.
ν da ν0 siCqareebis dakavSireba bernulis mxariT aris warmodgenili, xolo xvreli -
gantolebis (14.28 formula) saSualebiT marjvena mxariT. marjvena mxares dawerili
SeiZleba. xvrelis dones aTvlis doned 0 aTvlis dones aRniSnavs). vidre 14.39
miviCnevT, raTa simaRleebi (da, maSasadame, formulas ν-sTvis amovxsniT, gamoviyenoT
gravitaciuli potenciuri energia) gavzomoT. adre miRebuli Sedegi ν0 ν da gavamartivoT
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom rezervuaris zedapirze formula. vuSvebT, rom ν02 da maSasadame 14.39
1
da xvrelze arsebuli wneva p0 atmosferuli formulis ρν02wevri sxva wevrebTan SedarebiT
2
wnevaa (vinaidan orive adgili atmosferos umniSvneloa da vabaTilebT mas. formulis
zemoqmedebas ganicdis) da 14.28 formula darCenili nawilis ν-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
Semdegi saxiT CavweroT: ν= (pasuxi)
1 1
p0 + 2 ρν02 + ρgh = p0 + 2 ρν2 + ρg(0) (14.39) igive siCqare eqneboda h simaRlidan Camo
(rezervuaris zedapiri formulis marcxena vardnil sxeuls.

sportuli avtomobili 27,25m/wm siCqariT simkvrive da A0, A1 farTobebis mniSvnelobebi
moZraobs da haeri manqanis zemoT da qvemoT CavsvaT da miviRebT:
gaedineba (sur. 14.20a). manqanis qvemoT gamavali
haeri jer manqanis wina nawilis (sur. 14.20b)
1
p1 = p0 – 2 (1,21kg/m3)(27,25 m/w)2 ( (0,033 m2) 2
(0,031 m2) 2
–1)
A0=0,033m2 farTobis vertikalur ganivkveTs = p0 – 59,838 pa ≈ p0 – 59,8 pa (pasuxi)
gaivlis da Semdeg manqanis qveda nawilis
maSasadame, manqanis qvemoT gamavali haeris wne
A1=0,031m2 farTobis vertikalur ganivkveTs.
va atmosferul wnevaze 59,8  pa-iT naklebia.
CaTvaleT, rom dineba stacionarulia da haeri
faqtobrivad uZrav horizontalur milSi b) Tu manqanis horizontaluri ganivi kveTis
gadis, romlis ganivi kveTis farTobi A0-dan farTobia Ah=4,86m2, risi tolia manqanis ze
A1-mde mcirdeba (sur. 14.20g). moT da qvemoT gamavali haeris wnevis mier
gamowveuli tolqmedi Ft,y vertikaluri Za
a) A0-Si gavlisas, haeris wneva p0 atmosferuli
la?
wnevis tolia. ra p1 wneviT gaivlis haeri A1-
Si? amoxsna: zedapirze moqmedi wneva farTobis
erTeulze moqmedi Zalaa, romelic 14.4 for
amoxsna: vinaidan dineba stacionarulia,
muliT (p=F/A) moicema. am SemTxvevaSi Cven
bernulis gantolebis (14.28 formula)
vexebiT Tanabari Ah farTobis zeda da qveda
gamoyeneba SeiZleba. mocemuli indeqsebis
zedapirebs. manqanis Tavze moZravi haeris
gaTvaliswinebiT formula Semdegi saxiT
wneva p0 atmosferuli wnevaa da manqanas ver
Caiwereba:
1 1
tikaluri komponentiT awveba:
p0 + 2 ρν02 + ρgy = p1 + 2 ρν12 + ρgy, (14.40)
Fy,zemoT = –p0Ah .
sadac ρ haeris simkvrivea, xolo y – haeris
nakadis miwidan dacileba. manqanis qvemoT moZravi haeris wnevaa
vinaidan A0 farTobis ganivkveTSi gamavali p1 = p0 – 59,838 pa da is manqanas vertikaluri
haeri A1 farTobis ganivkveTSic gadis, orive komponentiT awveba:
SemTxvevaSi RV moculobis dinebis siCqare Fy,qvemoT = ( p0 – 59,838 pa) Ah
Tanabaria. maSasadame, 14.24 formulidan ga am SemTxvevaSi tolqmedi vertikaluri Zalaa:
momdinareobs: Ft,y = Fy,qvemoT + Fy,zemoT
A0ν0 = A1ν1,
= (p0 – 59,838pa)Ah – p0Ah
A
anu ν1 = ν0 A0 . (14.41) = –(59,838 pa)(4,86 m2) = –291 n (pasuxi)
1
14.41 formulis 14.40 formulaSi Casma da qvemoT mimarTuli tolqmedi Zala manqanis
gardaqmna mogvcems: qvemoT moZravi haeris Semcirebuli wneviTaa
( A
)
2
1 gamowveuli da is manqanaze moqmedi miwis
p1 = p0 – 2 ρν02 A – 1 0
2 (14.42)
1 efeqtia. miwis efeqti manqanis trekze moZ
manqanis wina nawilis A0 farTobze gamavali raobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro uaryofiTi
haeris siCqarea 27,25m/wm, rac manqanis siCqaris amwevi Zalis daaxloebiT 30%-ia. uaryofiTi
tolia. 14.42 formulaSi es siCqare, ρ=1,21kg/m3 amwevi Zalis gareSe manqanam moxvevisas Zalian
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 14.20. a) haeri sportuli manqanis zemoT da qvemoT miedineba. b) manqanis qvemoT gamavali haeri A0 farTobis
mqone vertikalur ganiv kveTSi Sedis. g) Semdeg nakadi viwrovdeba da A1 farTobis vertikaluri ganivi kveTis
mqone milSi gadis.
unda Seanelos siCqare, raTa trekis kedels stacionarul dinebas aferxebs da miwis
ar Seejaxos. Sejibris dros mZRoli haeris efeqts gamoricxavs. Tu ukan mimyoli manqanis
wevas sxva manqanis devniT amcirebs, rasac mZRoli amas ar gaiTvaliswinebs da siCqares
berva ewodeba. miuxedavad amisa, win mimavali ar Seanelebs, kedelTan Sejaxeba gardauvali
manqana ukan mimyoli manqanis qvemoT haeris iqneba.
simkvrive. nebismieri nivTierebis ρ sim paskalis kanoni. daxurul WurWelSi
kvrive moculobis erTeulSi nivTierebis moTavsebul siTxeze moqmedi wnevis cvlileba
masaa: siTxis yvela nawilze da WurWlis kedlebze
Δm Semcirebis gareSe gadadis.
r= , (14.1)
ΔV
rodesac nivTierebis zoma atomurTan Seda arqimedes kanoni. rodesac sxeuli sru
rebiT bevrad didia, 14.1 formula Semdegi lad an nawilobriv CaZirulia siTxeSi, ga
saxiT iwereba: remomcveli siTxe masze am amomgdebi ZaliT
m moqmedebs. es Zala mimarTulia zemoT da misi
r = (14.2)
V sididea:
siTxis wneva. siTxe iseTi nivTierebaa, Fam = mf g , (14.16)
romelsac dena SeuZlia. siTxe WurWlis sadac mf sxeulis mier gamodevnili siTxis
formas iRebs, vinaidan mas mxebi Zabvisadmi masaa.
winaaRmdegobis gaweva ar SeuZlia. samagierod rodesac sxeuli siTxeSi tivtivebs, maRla
siTxes SeuZlia zedapiris perpendikularuli mimarTuli Fam sididis amomgdebi Zala sxeul
Zalis warmoqmna. es Zala p wnevis saSualebiT ze moqmedi qvemoT mimarTuli Fg simZimis Za-
aisaxeba: lis tolia. sxeulis moCvenebiTi wona nam
ΔF dvil wonas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
r=, (14.3)
ΔA wonamoCv. = wona – Fam (14.19)
sadac ∆F aris zedapiris ∆A farTobis ele
mentze moqmedi Zala. Tu Zala sibrtyeze idealuri siTxeebis dineba. idealuri
Tanabrad nawildeba, maSin 14.3 formula siTxe ukumSvadia, ar aris blanti da misi
Semdeg saxes iRebs: dineba stacionaruli da aragrigaluria.
F denis wiri aris siTxis calkeuli nawilakis

r =  (14.4) dinebis traeqtoria. denis mili denis wi-
A
siTxis garkveul wertilSi moqmedi siTxis rebis erTobliobaa. dinebis procesi ne
wneviT gamowveuli Zalis sidide yvela mimar bismier denis milSi uwyvetobis gantolebas
TulebiT erTnairia. manometruli wneva nam emorCileba:
dvil wnevasa (absolutur wnevasa) da atmos RV = Aν = mudmiva, (14.24)
ferul wnevas Soris sxvaobaa. sadac RV moculobis dinebis siCqarea, A –
denis milis nebismier wertilSi ganivi kveTis
wnevis cvlileba simaRlesa da siRrmes
farTobi, xolo ν - am wertilSi siTxis siCqare.
Tan erTad. uZrav siTxeSi arsebuli wneva y-is
vertikalur mdebareobasTan erTad icvleba: Rm masis dinebis siCqarea:
Rm = ρRV = ρAV = mudmiva (14.25)
p2 = p1 + ρg(y1 – y2) (14.7)
siTxeSi moqmedi wneva erTi da igive donis bernulis gantoleba. Tu idealuri siTxis
yvela wertilisTvis Tanabaria. Tu h aris raime dinebisaTvis meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis
p0 wnevis mqone aTvlis donidan gadazomili kanons gamoviyenebT, miviRebT bernulis
siRrme, maSin 14.7 formula Semdeg saxes gantolebas:
iRebs: nebismieri denis milis gaswvriv

1
p = p0 + ρgh , (14.8) p + 2 ρν2 + ρgy = mudmiva (14.29)
sadac p siTxis wnevaa.
497
SekiTxvebi
1. 14.21 suraTze 4. 3kg masis sxeuli wyalSi srulad CavZireT.
naCvenebia wyliT sxeulis mier dakavebul sivrceSi wylis masa
savse rezervuari. 2kg iyo. a) rodesac sxeuls xels gavuSvebT
rezervuari xuTi is amoZravdeba zeviT, qveviT Tu saerTod
h o r i z o n t a l u r i uZravi darCeba? b) Tu sxeuls gansxvavebuli
iatakisa da Weris simkvrivis siTxeSi CavZiravT da Semdeg xels
gan Sedgeba. maTi gavuSvebT, rogor imoqmedebs es sxeuli?
farTobebi Tana 5. 14.24 suraTze naCvenebia wyliT piramde
baria da rezer sur. 14.21. SekiTxva 1. savse sami identuri Ria WurWeli. saTamaSo
vuaris zedapiridan ixvi or WurWelSi tivtivebs. WurWeli da
dacilebulia L, 2L da 3L-iT. daalageT isini maTi Semcveloba wonebis mixedviT dididan
dididan mcireze wylidan moqmedi Zalis mcireze daalageT.
mixedviT.
2. Caidanis efeqti.
Caidnidan gadmosul
wyals sakmaod did (a) (b) (g)
manZilze SeuZlia sur. 14.24. SekiTxva 5.

Caidnis cxvirs ga
sur. 14.22. SekiTxva 2. 6. Ruziani navi sacurao auzSi tivtivebs.
yves, vidre qvemoT
wylis done aiwevs, daiwevs Tu igive darCeba,
Camoisxmeba (wylis fena cxviris qveda nawilze
rodesac Ruzas a) wyalSi CavagdebT an b)
atmosferuli wnevis Sedegad Cerdeba). 14.22
napirze visvriT? g) ra mouva wylis dones, Tu
suraTze, a wertili Caidnis cxvirSi moZravi
tivtivas navidan wyalSi CavagdebT?
wylis zedapirze mdebareobs, xolo b wertili
7. 14.25 suraTze pg
- fskerze, c wertili Caidnis cxviris gareTa
naCvenebia pg mano
nawilze moZravi wylis zedapirze mdebareobs, a
metruli wnevis h b
xolo d wertili – fskerze. es wertilebi
siRrmeze damokide c
wyalSi moqmedi manometruli wnevis mixedviT
bulebis grafiki
daalageT.
sami siTxisTvis. Tu
3. 14.23 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi situacia, h
plastmasis myar
rodesac wiTeli da nacrisferi siTxeebi sur. 14.25. SekiTxva 7.
burTulas TiToeul
U-milSi moZraoben. erTerT situaciaSi
siTxeSi CavZiravT, burTulaze moqmedi amom
SeuZlebelia orive siTxe statikur wonaswo
gdebi Zalis sididis mixedviT grafikebi
robaSi iyos. a) romelia es situacia? b) da
dididan mcireze daalageT.
vuSvaT, danarCen sam situaciaSi statikuri
8. marTkuTxa blo WmoCv
wonasworoba gvaqvs. wiTeli siTxis simkvrive
ki sam sxvadasxva
TiToeul situaciaSi metia, naklebia Tu
siTxeSi rigrigo a
nacrisferi siTxis simkvrivis tolia?
biT CauSves. 14.26 b
s u r a T z e h
с
naCvenebia blokis
WmoCv moCvenebiTi sur. 14.26. SekiTxva 8.
wonis h siRrmeze
damokidebulebis grafikebi. daalageT siT
xeebi moculobis erTeuleSi wonis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
9. wyali hori K
zontalur milSi
laminarulad mie x
A B C
dineba. 14.27 su sur. 14.27. SekiTxva 9.
raTze naCvenebia
milis gaswvriv gavlebuli x RerZis gaswvriv
moZravi wylis elementis K kinetikuri
energia. milis dasaTaurebuli monakveTebi
radiusebis mixedviT dididan mcireze
daalageT.
10. 14.28 suraTze naCvenebia milTa oTxi
ganlageba, romlebSic wyali laminarulad
marjvniv miedineba. suraTze mocemulia milis sruli muSaoba a) nulis toli, b) dadebiTi da
monakveTebis radiusebi. romel ganlagebaSia g) uaryofiTi?
wylis moculobis erTeulze Sesrulebuli
amocanebi
•5. mtknari wylis siRrmeSi Casasvlelad
Tevzi forovan ZvalSi an sahaero tomaraSi
Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze dagrovil haers iyenebs, raTa misi saSualo
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday simkvrive wylisas gauTanabrdes. davuSvaT,
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- Tevzis sahaero tomara dazianda da Tevzis
com/college/halliday. simkvrivea 1,08g/sm3. gafarToebuli sxeulis
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs moculobis ra nawiliT unda gaberos Tevzma
• – •••
amocanis sirTules sahaero tomrebi, raTa misi simkvrive wylisas
gauTanabrdes? ILW
paragrafi 14.3. simkvrive da wneva •6. Tqven manqanis wina saburavebs 28 funti/
•1. ofisis fanjris zomebia 3,4m da 2,1m. duimi2-mde beravT. Semdeg sisxlis wnevas
Stormis Sedegad gare haeris wneva 0,96atm-mde izomavT da Cveneba 120/80-ia (mm Hg). metri-
ecema, magram oTaxis wneva 1atm-a. ra sididis kuli sistemis mqone qveynebSi aseTi wnevebi
tolqmedi Zala ubiZgebs fanjaras? SSM kilopaskalebSi (kpa) gamoisaxeba. risi tolia
•2. sami siTxe, romlebic erTmaneTSi ar ireva, kilopaskalebSi a) saburavis wneva da b) sisx-
cilindris formis WurWelSia Casxmuli. lis wneva?
siTxeebis moculobebi da simkvriveebia: 0,5l, ••7. 1654 wels, sahaero tumbos gamomgonebelma
2,6g/sm3; 0,25l, 1g/sm3 da 0,4l, 0,8g/sm3. ra oto fon gerikem saRvTo romis imperiis aris-
sididis Zala moqmedebis WurWlis fskerze tokratebisTvis Cveneba moawyo. CvenebaSi rva
am 1l=1000sm3 (atmosferos
siTxeebidan? cxenisgan Semdgari ori gundi monawileobda,
moqmedeba ugulebelyaviT). romlebmac TuTiis ori carieli naxevars-
•3. gamoTvaleT SpricSi siTxis wnevis mateba, feros gancalkeveba ver SeZles. a) davuSvaT,
rodesac medda 1,1sm radiusis wriul dguSs naxevarsferos kedlebi imdenad Txelia, rom
42n ZaliT awveba. SSM 14.29 suraTze R Sida da gare radiusad Sei-
•4. nawilobriv savse hermetul WurWels Zleba miviCnioT.
77m2 farTobis zedapiri da umniSvnelo masis daamtkiceT, rom
mWidro xufi aqvs. Tu xufis mosaxsnelad 480n naxev arsferoebis
Zalaa saWiro da atmosferuli wnevaa 1×105pa, gancalkevebisTvis
risi tolia WurWelSi haeris wneva xufis saWiro F Zalis si
moxsnamde? didea F=πR2∆p, sasur. 14.29. amocana 7.
499
dac ∆p aris sferos Sida da gare wnevebs So- Tu saketi maSin amo
ris sxvaoba. b) Tu R=30sm, Sida wnevaa 0,1atm, vardeba, rodesac
xolo gare wneva – 1atm, ra ZaliT unda imoqme- masze moqmedi Zala
don cxenebis gundebma, raTa naxevarsferoebi 9,8n-s gadaaWarbebs,
ganacalkevon? g) axseniT ratom SeZlebda cxra simaRleze unda sur. 14.30. amocanebi
enebis mxolod erTi gundi naxevarsferoebis iyos grZel mxarSi 13 da 67.
gancalkevebas, Tu naxevarsferoebs myar ke- wyali, raTa saketi
dels miamagrebdnen? SSM WWW amovardnis piras mivides?
paragrafi 14.4. siTxeebi uZrav mdgo •14. 14.31 suraTze,

mareobaSi L=1,8m sigrZis da
•8. myvinTavis dmax maqsimalur siRrmeze A=4,6sm2 farTobis
CayvinTvas wylis simkvrive da wnevebs Soris ganivi kveTis mqone
maqsimaluri sxvaoba (mkerdis SigniT da Ria mili,D = 1,2m

gareT) gansazRvravs, romelzec adamianis diametris da H =
filtvebi moqmedebs. es sxvaoba 0,05atm-a. 1,8 m simaRlis ci

risi tolia mtknar wyalsa da mkvdar zRvas lindruli formis
(samyaroSi yvelaze ufro mariliani bunebrivi kasris Tavsaxurzea
wylis simkvrivea 1,5×103kg/m3) Soris dmax-ebis damagrebuli. kasri
sxvaoba? da mili wyliT savsea.

gamoTvaleT kasris
•9. gamoTvaleT sisxlis wnevaSi hidrosta
fskerze moqmedi
tikuri sxvaoba tvinsa da terfs Soris, Tu sur. 14.31. amocana 14.
h i d r o s t a t i k u r i
adamianis simaRlea 1,83 m. sisxlis simkvrivea
Zalis Sefardeba
1,06 × 103 kg/m3.
kasrSi Casxmul wyalze moqmed simZimis
•10. wynari okeanis marianis Rrmuli “Chal ZalasTan. ratom ar aris Sefardeba 1-is
lenger Deep“ 10,9 km siRrmeze mdebareobs da toli? (atmosferuli wnevis gaTvaliswineba
samyaroSi yvelaze Rrma adgilia. 1960 wels,
saWiro ar aris).
donald uolSma da Jak pikarma batiskaf
••15. cilindruli formis ori identuri
Trieste-s saSualebiT Challenger Deep-s miaRwies.
WurWeli erT donezea ganlagebuli da
davuSvaT, rom zRvis wylis erTgvarovani
TiToeuli 1,3×10 kg/m
3 3
simkvrivis wyals
simkvrivea 1024kg/m3. daaxloebiT ra hidro
Seicavs. orive WurWlis Ziris farTobia 4sm2,
statikur wnevas (atmosferoebSi) gauZlo
magram erT WurWelSi wyali 0,854m simaRleze
Trieste-m?
asxia, xolo meore WurWelSi - 1,56m simaRleze.
•11. ekipaJis wevrebi zedapiridan 100 m siR Tu or WurWels davakavSirebT, ra muSaoba
rmeze CaZiruli, dazianebuli wyalqveSa
unda Seasrulos gravitaciulma Zalam wylis
navidan gaqcevas cdiloben. ra Zala unda moe
doneebis gasaTanabreblad? SSM ILW
dos 1,2 m × 6 m zomebis mqone liuks, raTa is
••16. garkveuli geologiuri maxasiaTeblebis
gaixsnas? dauSvi, rom okeanis wylis simkvrivea
analizisas xSirad xelsayrelia daSveba,
1024kg/m3. SSM
rom dedamiwis siRrmeSi, garkveuli hori
•12. ra manometruli wneva unda warmoqmnas zontaluri kompensaciis doneze moqmedi
meqanizmma, raTa 1800kg/m3 simkvrivis talaxi
wneva did teritoriaze Tanabaria da zeda
1,5m simaRlis milSi Seiwovos? fenebze moqmedi simZimis ZaliT gamowveul
•13. 14.30 suraTze gamosaxuli plastmasis wnevas udris. maSasadame, kompensaciis doneze
milis ganivi kveTis farTobia 5sm2. milSi moqmedi wneva siTxis wnevis formuliT
wyali Caasxes, vidre misi mokle mxari (d=0,8m) moicema. magaliTad, mTebis sakontinento
Seivseboda. Semdeg mokle mxari daxures da kldeebis Zirebi ufro mkvriv qerqSi
did mxarSi TandaTanobiT wylis Casxma daiwyes. vrceldeba (sur. 14.32). ganvixiloT H=6km
ra minimaluri manometruli wneva unda

mTa warmoiqmnas filtvebSi?
••21. ra iqneba atmosferos simaRle, Tu haeris
kontinenti 2,9 g/sm 3 simkvrive a) erTgvarovania da b) simaRlesTan
erTad wrfivad mcirdeba nulamde? dauSviT,
qerqi 2,9 g/sm 3 rom zRvis doneze haeris wneva 1atm-a, xolo
haeris simkvrivea 1,3kg/m3. SSM
paragrafi 14.6. paskalis kanoni
kompensaciis done
•22. hidravlikuri
sur. 14.32. amocana 16. wnexis a farTobis
ganivi kveTis mqone
simaRlis mTa T=32km sisqis kontinentze.
dguSi siTxeze   f
sakontinento kldis simkvrivea 2,9g/sm3, xolo
sididis ZaliT mo
kldis qvemoT arsebuli qerqis simkvrivea
qmedebisTvis ga
3,3g/sm3. gamoTvaleT kldis Ziris D siRrme sur. 14.35. amocanebi
moiyeneba. dama
(miniSneba: a da b wertilebze wneva Tanabaria. 22 da 75.
kavSirebuli mili
kompensaciis donis y siRrme baTildeba).
A farTobis ganivi kveTis mqone ufro did
••17. 5m simaRlis did akvariumSi wyali 2m dguSs uerTdeba (sur. 14.35.). a) ra F sididis
siRrmezea Casxmuli. akvariumis erTi kedeli Zala moqmedebs uZrav did dguSze? b) Tu
8m siganis sqeli plastmasia. ramdeniT dguSebis diametrebia 3,8sm da 53sm, mcire
gaizrdeba am kedelze moqmedi sruli Zala, Tu dguSze moqmedi ra sididis Zala daabalansebs
akvariums wliT 4m simaRlemde Seavseben? did dguSze moqmed 20kn Zalas?
••18. 14.33 suraTze •23. 14.36 suraTze
naCvenebia wyliT 3×104n/m sixistis
savse L-is formis zambara xist Ze
Ria rezervuari. Tu laksa da hidrav
d=5m, risi tolia likuri berketis
wylis gamo moqmedi gamomaval dguSs
Zala a) A waxnagze da Soris aris dama sur. 14.36. amocana 23.
b) B waxnagze? grebuli. umniS
••19. 14.34 suraTze vnelo masis carieli WurWeli Semaval
W=314m siganis dguSzea moTavsebuli. Semavali dguSis
dambis ukan wyali farTobia Ai, xolo gamomavali dguSis - 18Ai.
D=35m simaRleze Tavdapirvelad zambara aradeformirebul
dgas. gamoTvaleT a) mdgomareobaSia. ramdeni kilogrami qviSa
wylis manometruli unda CavyaroT WurWelSi TandaTanobiT, raTa
wneviT gamowveuli zambara 5sm-iT SeikumSos?
dambaze moqmedi paragrafi 14.7. arqimedes kanoni
horizontaluri sruli Zala da b) O wertilze
•24. mtknar wyalSi motivtive navi 35,6kn
gamavali dambis siganis paraleluri wrfis
wonis wyals gamodevnis. a) risi tolia navis
mimarT am Zalis mier gamowveuli brunvis
mier gamodevnili wylis wona, rodesac is
momenti. g) gamoTvaleT am brunvis momentis
1,1 × 103kg/m3 simkvrivis marilian wyalSi
mxari. SSM WWW
tivtivebs? b) ra sxvaobaa gamodevnili mtkna
paragrafi 14.5. wnevis gazomva ri wylis da gamodevnili mariliani wylis
•20. 4sm maqsimaluri simaRlis miliT moculobebs Soris?
1000kg/m3 simkvrivis limonaTis Sesawovad •25. 7870kg/m3 simkvrivis rkinis Ruza wyalSi
501
haerTan SedarebiT 200n-iT msubuqia. a) ra naxevrad CaZiruli tivtivebs. a) ra masisaa
moculobisaa Ruza? b) ras iwonis Ruza haerSi? garsi? b) gamoTvaleT garsis nivTierebis
SSM simkvrive. SSM WWW
•26. 14.37 suraT ••32. siTxeSi sru
ze, L=0,6m sigrZis lad CaZirul uZrav
gverdis da 450kg myar burTs xeli
masis kubi 1030 kg/m3 gauSves da 4sm-is
simkvrivis siT gavlis Semdeg mi
xiT savse Ria re si kinetikuri
zervuarSi TokiT energia gazomes. sur. 14.38. amocana 32
aris CaSvebuli. 14.38 suraTze
a) gamoTvaleT siTxidan da atmosferodan naCvenebia K kinetikuri energiis siTxis
kubis zeda nawilze moqmedi qvemoT mimarTu- ρsiTxe simkvriveze damokidebulebis grafiki
li Zalis sidide, Tu atmosferuli wneva 1atm- mravali siTxisTvis. risi tolia burTis
a. b) gamoTvaleT kubis fskerze moqmedi ze- a) simkvrive da b) moculoba?
moT mimarTuli Zalis sidide. g) gamoTvaleT ••33. TiTqmis mTlianad CaZiruli sferuli
Tokis daWimuloba. d) arqimedes kanonis dax- formis rkinis garsi wyalSi tivtivebs. gare
marebiT gamoTvaleT kubze moqmedi amomgdebi diametria 60sm, xolo rkinis simkvrivea
Zalis sidide. ra kavSiria am sidideebs Soris? 7,87 g/sm . gamoTvaleT Sida diametri. ILW
3
•27. samma bavSvma, TiToulma woniT 356 n, 0,3m ••34. 14.39a suraTze, marTkuTxed bloks
diametris da 1,8m sigrZis morebi Sekra da siTxeSi TandaTanobiT Ziraven. blokis si
tivi daamzada. ramdeni moria saWiro, raTa maRlea d, xolo zeda da qveda waxnagebis
tivma mtknar wyalSi itivtivos? nafotebis farTobia A=5,67sm2. 14.39b suraTze naCvenebia
simkvrivea 800kg/m .
3
blokis WmoCv moCvenebiTi wonis h siRrmeze
•28. tivtiva marTkuTxa cilindris formisaa, damokidebulebis grafiki. ra simkvrivisaa
romlis simaRlea 0,5m, xolo zedapiris siTxe?
farTobia 4m2. tivtivas simkvrive mtknari
wylis simkvriveze 0,4-jer metia Tavdapir
velad tivtiva mtknar wyalSi srulad CaZires
WmoCv
da misi zedapiri wylis zedapirs daamTxvies.

Semdeg tivtivam maRla aiwia da tivtivi
daiwyo. ra samuSao Seasrula amomgdebma Zalam
tivtivas maRla asvlis dros?
•29. xis blokis mtknar wyalSi tivtivis dros
misi V moculobis ori mesamedi iZireba. zeTSi
blokis 0,9V iZireba. gamoTvale a) xis da sur. 14.39. amocana 34
b) zeTis simkvrive. SSM ••35. ramdenime Rrus mqone rkinis sxmulis

•30. siTxeSi srulad CaZirul 5kg wonis wona haerSi 6000n, xolo wyalSi 4000n-ia.
uZrav sagans xeli gauSves. sagnis mier risi tolia sxmulis yvela Rrus mTliani
gamodevnili siTxis masaa 3kg. ra manZilze moculoba? rkinis simkvrivea 7,87g/sm3. SSM
da ra mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba sagani ••36. davuSvaT wylis auzis zedapiridan 0,6m
0,2wm-is ganmavlobaSi, Tu davuSvebT, rom is siRrmeze patara burTs xeli gauSviT. Tu
Tavisuflad moZraobs da wylidan moqmedi burTis simkvrive wylis simkvrivis 0,3-ia
winaRobis Zala umniSvneloa? da wylidan burTze moqmedi winaRobis Zala
••31. 8sm Sida radiusis da 9sm gare radiusis umniSvneloa, zedapiridan ra simaRleze amo
sferuli garsi 800kg/m3 simkvrivis siTxeSi vardeba burTi? (burTis mier warmoqmnil
Sxefebze da talRebze energiis gadacema ugu dasamyareblad 637,76g wonis gamokleba gaxda
lebelyaviT). saWiro. risi tolia a) modelis da b) namdvili
••37. 1800kg manqanis salonSi haeris mo tiranozavris moculoba? g) Tu tiranozavris
culobaa 5m3, Zravis da wina borblebis simkvrive daaxloebiT wylis simkvrivis
moculobaa 0,75m3, xolo ukana borblebis, toli iyo, ra masisaa
sawvavis avzis da sabargulis moculobaa tiranozavri?
0,8m . wyals mxolod samgzavro kupeSi SeuZlia
3
•••40. 14.42 su
SeaRwios. manqana tbaSi Sedis. a) Tavdapirvelad raTze naCvenebia
samgzavro kupeSi wyali ar aRwevs. manqanis sur. 14.42. amocana 40
umniSvnelo masis
ra nawilia (m -ebSi) wylis zedapirs qvemoT,
3
Tokze Camokidebuli rkinis burTula. To
rodesac manqana tivtivebs (sur. 14.40)?
ki cilindrzea mimagrebuli, romelic
b) wyali nel-nela Sedis da manqana iZireba.
wyalSi nawilobriv CaZirulia da tivtivebs.
ramdeni m3 wyalia manqanaSi, rodesac is wylis
cilindris simaRlea 6sm, zeda da qveda
zedapiridan gaqreba? (Tu sabargulSi mZime
waxnagebis farTobi - 12sm2, xolo simkvrive
tvirTia moTavsebuli, manqana horizontalur
- 0,3g/sm3. cilindris simaRlis 2sm wylis
mdgomareobaSi rCeba).
zedapirze maRlaa. risi tolia rkinis burTis
radiusi?
paragrafi 14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba
•41. 1,9sm Sida diametris baRis sarwyavi mili
gamSxefebelzea mimagrebuli. gamSxefebeli
sur. 14.40. amocana 37. 24 naxvretis mqone WurWlisgan Sedgeba,
••38. xis blokis masaa 3,67kg, xolo simkvrive romelTa diametrebia 0,13 sm. Tu milSi wylis
- 600kg/m3. xis bloks tyvia (1,13×104kg/m3) ise siCqarea 0,91 m/wm, ra siCqariT gamova wyali
unda mivamagroT, rom blokis moculobis naxvretebidan? SSM
0,9 wyalSi CaiZiros da itivtivos. ra masis •42. 14.43 suraTze ori nakadi erTmaneTs
tyviaa saWiro, Tu is blokis a) zedapirze da b) uerTdeba da mdinares warmoqmnis. erTi
fskerze unda damagrdes? nakadis siganea 8,2m, siRrme - 3,4m da dinebis
••39. rodesac mkvle siCqare - 2,3m/wm. meore nakadis siganea 6,8m,
varebi dinozav siRrme - 3,2m da dinebis siCqare - 2,6m/wm. Tu
ris sakmarisad di mdinaris siganea 10,5m da siCqarea 2,9m/wm, ra
di zomis namarxs iqneba misi siRrme?
pouloben, plastma
sisgan damzadebuli
da dinozavris Zvle sur 14.41. amocana 39.
bis zomebze agebuli
masStaburi modelis mixedviT dinozavris
masas da wonas adgenen. modelis masStabia
1/20, anu sigrZe namdvilis 1/20-ia, farTobi
namdvilis (1/20)2 da moculoba namdvilis
(1/20)3. models sasworis erT mxarze kideben
da meore mxares sawonebs umateben, vidre
wonasworoba damyardeba. Semdeg models
wyalSi CaZiraven da meore mxars sawons
moakleben, raTa kvlav wonasworoba damyardes
(sur. 14.41). magaliTad, tiranozavris sur. 14.43. amocana 42
modelis SemTxvevaSi wonasworobis
••43. wyali datborili sardafidan 5m/wm
503
siCqariT 1sm radiusis SlangiT amotumbes. iqneba milis Tavisufal da daviwroebul
Slangi wylis donidan 3m simaRleze mdebare nawilebs Soris wnevebis sxvaoba?
fanjaraSi gadis. ra simZlavrisaa tumbo? SSM •49. didi diametris mqone cilindris
••44. 1,9sm Sida diametris mqone milSi formis rezervuari D=0,3m siRrmeze aavses.
gamdinare wyali 1,3sm diametris mqone sam rezervuaris fskerze gaCenili A=6,5sm2
milSi gadadis. a) Tu mcire milebSi wylis farTobis ganivi kveTis mqone xvreli wyals
xarjis siCqareebia 26, 19 da 11l/wT, ris uSvebs. a) ra tempiT (m3/wm) gamova wyali
tolia wylis xarjis siCqare 1,9sm-ian milSi? rezervuaridan? b) rezervuaris fskeridan ra
b) ris tolia wylis siCqareTa Sefardeba manZilze iqneba nakadis ganivi kveTis farTobi
1,9 sm-an da 26l/wT wylis xarjis siCqaris xvrelis farTobis naxevari? SSM
mqone milebisaTvis? •50. 14.45 suraTze naCvenebia gorakSi gamavali
paragrafi 14.10. bernulis gantoleba Zvel milTa sistemis ori monakveTi. manZilebia
•45. 4sm2 farTobis ganivi kveTis milSi wyali dA=dB=30m da D=110m. gorakis orive mxares
5m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. milis ganivi kveTis milis radiusia 2sm, xolo gorakSi milis
farTobi 8sm2-mde izrdeba da wyali 10m-iT radiusi ar viciT. am radiusis gasagebad
dabla Cadis. a) ras udris wylis siCqare yve hidroinJinrebi Tavdapirvelad marcxena da
laze dabal doneze? b) Tu maRal doneze marjvena nawilebSi wylis dinebis siCqares
wnevaa 1,5×105pa, risi toli iqneba wneva dabal adgenen, rac 2,5m/wm-ia. Semdeg wylis raime
doneze? SSM A wertilSi niSans CauSveben da igeben, rom
B wertilamde misvlas 88,8wm sWirdeba. risi
•46. 14.44 suraTze
tolia milis saSualo radiusi gorakSi?
Semwovis ganivi
kveTis farTobia
0,74m ,
2
xolo
wylis dinebis si sur. 14.44. amocana 46.
Cqarea 0,4m/wm.
gamosasvleli Semwovze D=180m-iT dabla
imyofeba, ganivi kveTis farTobi ufro mcire sur. 14.45. amocana 50.
aqvs da wylis gamodinebis siCqarea 9,5m/wm. •51. ra muSaobas Seasrulebs 13mm Sida
ras udris Sesasvlelze da gamosasvlelze diametris milSi gamaval 1,4m3 wyalze wneva,
wnevebis sxvaoba? Tu milis boloebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaobaa
•47. 2,5sm Sida diametris mili wyals saxlis 1atm?
sardafisken 0,9m/wm siCqariT da 170kpa wneviT •52. davuSvaT, ori Ria rezervuari sxvadasxva
atarebs. Tu mils 1,2sm-mde SevaviwrovebT siTxes Seicavs. orive rezervuaris gverdze,
da 7,6m-iT maRla mdebare meore sarTulze siTxis zedapiridan h siRrmeze, xvrelia
avuSvebT, ris toli iqneba a) wylis siCqare da gakeTebuli, magram pirveli rezervuaris
b) wneva meore sarTulze? ILW xvrelis ganivi kveTis farTobi meoreze
•48. torpedos models zogjer gamdinare orjer naklebia. a) risi tolia siTxeebis
wylis horizontalur milebSi amowmeben, simkvriveebis ρ 1/ ρ 2 Sefardeba, Tu masis
xolo TviTmfrinavis modelis Sesamowmeblad dinebis siCqare orive xvrelSi Tanabaria?
aerodinamikuri mili gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT b) risi tolia ori rezervuaridan moculobis
25sm Sida diametris wriuli mili da milis dinebis siCqareTa RV /RV Sefardeba?
1 2
RerZis gaswvriv mdebare torpedos modeli. g) garkveul momentSi, pirveli rezervuaris

modelis diametria 5sm da Semowmebisas wyalma siTxis done xvrelidan 12sm simaRlezea. Tu
mis mimarT 2,5m/wm siCqariT unda gaiaros. a) ra rezervuarebSi moculobis dinebis siCqareebi
siCqariT unda gaiaros wyalma milis im nawilSi, Tanabaria, xvrelidan ra doneze iqneba am
romelsac modeli ar aviwroebs? b) ris toli momentSi siTxe meore rezervuarSi?
••53. 14.46 Sebrunebul kvadratze damokidebulebis

suraTze, dambis grafiki, romelic garkveuli mniSvnelobis
ukan moqceuli moculobis dinebis siCqarisTvisaa mosa
mtknari wylis lodneli, Tu wylis dineba yvela SemTxvevaSi
siRrmea D=15m. laminaruli iqneboda. suraTze naCveneb pi
4sm diametris ho robebSi, risi tolia a) A2 da b) moculobis
rizontaluri mi sur. 14.46. amocana 54. dinebis siCqare?
li dambas d=6m si ••57. 900kg/m3 simkvrivis siTxe A monakveTSi
–2
Rrmeze kveTs. milis gasasvleli sacobiT aris 1,9×10 m2 farTobis ganivi kveTis da B mo
aRWurvili. a) gamoTvaleT sacobsa da milis –2
nakveTSi 9,5×10 m2 farTobis ganivi kveTis
kedels Soris moqmedi xaxunis Zala. b) sacobi mqone horizontalur milSi miedineba. or
moxsnes. ra moculobis wyali gamova milidan 3 monakveTs Soris wnevaTa sxvaobaa 7,20×10 pa.
3
saaTSi? ILW risi tolia a)

••54. 14.47 moculobis dinebis
suraTze, wyali siCqare da b) masis
jer hori dinebis siCqare?
zontalur milSi,
sur. 14.47. amocana 54. ••58. 14.50 suraTze,
xolo Semdeg wyali milis marcxena monakveTidan (r1=2R)
atmosferoSi ν1=15m/wm siCqariT miedineba. Sua monakveTis (R) gavliT marjvena mo
milis marcxena da marjvena monakveTebis nakveTisken (r3=3R) stacionarulad miedineba.
diametrebia 5 da 3 sm. a) ra moculobis wyali Sua monakveTSi wylis siCqarea 0,5m/wm. ra
gava atmosferoSi 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi? muSaoba Sesruldeba 0,4m3 moculobis wyalze
milis marcxena monakveTSi risi tolia b) ν2 marcxena monakveTidan marjvena monakveTze
siCqare da g) manometruli wneva? gadaadgilebisTvis?
••55. 14.48 suraTze ••59. venturimetri milSi siTxis dinebis
naCvenebia H=40sm siCqaris gasazomad gamoiyeneba. sazomi
simaRlemde gav milis or monakveTs Soris aris damagrebuli
sebuli rezervu (sur. 14.51). sazomis Sesasvlelis da
aris zedapiridan gamosasvlelis ganivi kveTis A farTobi
h=10sm siRrmeze milis ganivi kveTis farTobs Seesabameba.
mdebare xvrelSi Sesasvlels da gamosasvlels Soris siTxe
gamavali wylis na V siCqariT gamoedineba milidan da Semdeg
kadi. a) ra x man a farTobis ganivi kveTis viwro `yelSi~ ν
Zilze daisxmeba nakadi iatakze? b) ra siRrmeze siCqariT miedineba. sazomis farTo da viwro
unda gakeTdes meore xvreli, raTa x-is monakveTebs manometri akavSirebs. siTxis
igive mniSvneloba miviRoT? g) ra siRrmeze
unda gakeTdes xvreli x-is maqsimaluri
mniSvnelobis misaRebad?
••56. mtknari wyali
milis A1 farTobis
ganivi kveTis pirve
li monakveTidan
A2 farTobis ga
nivi kveTis meo 4
re monakveTSi mie sur. 14.49. amocana 56.

dineba. 14.49 suraTze
naCvenebia wnevaTa p2-p1 sxvaobis A1–2 farTobis sur. 14.51. amocanebi 59 da 60.
505
siCqaris cvlilebas Tan axlavs ∆p wnevis Cerdeba da νA=0. B wertilSi haeris siCqare
cvlileba, rac manometris or mxarSi h TviTmfrinavis ν siCqaris tolia. a) bernulis
simaRlis gansxvavebas iwvevs (am SemTxvevaSi gantolebis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom:
∆p niSnavs yelSi arsebul wnevas gamoklebuli
,
milSi arsebuli wneva). a) Tu pirveli da
meore wertilebisTvis bernulis gantolebas
sadac ρ aris U-milSi siTxis simkvrive,
da uwyvetobis gantolebas gamoviyenebT,
xolo h - am milSi siTxis doneebs Soris
daamtkiceT, rom:
sxvaoba. b) davuSvaT mili spirts Seicavs da
, doneebs Soris h sxvaobaa 26sm. risi tolia
TviTmfrinavis siCqare haeris mimarT? haeris
sadac ρ siTxis simkvrivea. b) davuSvaT, siTxe simkvrivea 1,03kg/m3, xolo spirtis - 810kg/m3.
mtknari wyalia, milis ganivi kveTis farTobia
••62. pitometri (ix. amocana 61) did simaRleze
64sm2, yelis ganivi kveTis farTobia 32sm2,
moZrav TviTmfrinavze 180pa wnevis sxvaobas
milSi wnevaa 55kpa da yelSi wnevaa 41kpa. risi
zomavs. risi tolia TviTmfrinavis siCqare Tu
tolia wylis xarjis siCqare milSi? (Sedegi
haeris simkvrivea 0,031kg/m3?
gamosaxeT m3/wm erTeulebSi). SSM WWW
•••63. saxlisTvis gankuTvnili wvimis
••60. amjerad 59-e amocanis venturis mili da
sadrenaJo sistemis Zalian gamartivebuli
14.51 suraTi manometris gareSe ganvixiloT.
sqema 14.53 suraTzea naCvenebi. daxril
davuSvaT A=5a da A wertilSi p1=2atm.
saxuravze dacemuli wvima kideebze gakeTe-
gamoTvaleT a) A wertilSi V siCqaris da b) a
buli Txrilebis saSualebiT wyalsadinar
wertilSi ν siCqaris mniSvnelobebi, romleb
milebSi (mxolod erTi Cans) Caedineba da
ic a wertilSi p2 wnevas nuls gautolebs.
sardafis qvemoT ganlagebul mTavar M
g) gamoTvaleT moculobis dinebis Sesabamisi
sadrenaJo milSi xvdeba, romelsac wyali
siCqare, Tu A wertilze diametria 5sm.
quCis ufro did milSi gadaaqvs. 14.53
a wertilSi p2-s ganulebis movlenas
suraTze, sardafSi gakeTebuli CasaSvebi
kavitacia ewodeba. wyali mcire buStulebSi
xvreli agreTve M sadrenaJo mils uerTdeba.
orTqldeba.
davuSvaT:
••61. TviTmfrinavis siCqaris gasazomad 1. wyalsadinari milis simaRlea h1=11m
pitometri (sur. 14.52) gamoiyeneba. 2. CasaSvebi xvrelis simaRlea h2=1,2m
pitometri gare milisgan Sedgeba, romelsac 3. M milis radiusia 3sm
haeris gasatareblad B mcire xvrelebi 4. saxlis siganea w=30m, xolo sigrZe - L=60m
aqvs gakeTebuli (suraTze oTxi xvrelia 5. saxuravze dacemuli wvima mTlianad M
naCvenebi). es mili U-milis erT mxaresTan milSi xvdeba
aris mierTebuli. U-milis meore mxare 6. wyalsadinar milSi wylis sawyisi siCqare
mowyobilobis wina nawilze gakeTebul, umniSvneloa
TviTmfrinavis mimarTulebis mimaniSnebel
A xvrelzea mierTebuli. A wertilSi haeri
sur. 14.52. amocanebi 61 da 62. sur. 14.53. amocana 63.

7. qaris siCqare umniSvneloa (wvimis wveTebi aRWurvilobis saSualo simkvrivea 1020kg/m3.

vertikalurad ecema) moTxilamureze moqmedi simZimis Zalis ramden
ra intensiurobis (sm/sT) wvimis SemTxvevaSi procents gaabaTilebs Tovlidan moqmedi
miaRwevs M milSi gamavali wyali CasaSvebi amomgdebi Zala?
xvrelis simaRles da sardafs datborviT 69. 14.54 suraTze
daemuqreba? naCvenebia Wur
damatebiTi amocanebi Wlidan siTxis da

sacleli mowyo
64. xvelebis dros traqeasa da zeda bronqSi
biloba - sifoni.
haeri maRali siCqariT moZraobs da gzadagza
ABC mili Tavidan
zedmet nadeb lorwos aSorebs. haeris aCqareba
savse unda iyos,
Semdegnairad xdeba: didi raodenobiT haeris
Tumca amis Semdeg
SesunTqvisas yia (viwro xvreli xorxSi)
siTxe milSi
ixureba da haeri SigniT rCeba. Semdeg haeris
denas iwyebs,
wneva filtvebis SekumSviT izrdeba, traqeas
vidre WurWelSi
da zeda bronqis nawilobriv Sesustebas sur. 14.54. amocana 69.
Casxmuli siTxis
savali gzis Seviwroeba mosdevs da haeri am
zedapiris done A wertilSi milis Ria bolos
gzaze yiis uecari gaRebis Semdeg miemarTeba.
dones gauTanabrdeba. siTxis simkvrivea
davuSvaT haeris gamoSvebis dros moculobis
1000kg/m ,
3
xolo siblante umniSvneloa.
dinebis siCqarea 7×10-3m3/wm. bgeris siCqaris
mocemuli manZilebia: h1=25sm, d=12sm,
(νs=343m/wm) erTeulebSi ras udris traqeaSi
h2=40sm. a) ra siCqariT gamova siTxe milidan C
gamavali haeris siCqare, Tu traqeis diametri
wertilSi? b) Tu atmosferuli wnevaa 1x105pa,
a) inarCunebs Tavis normalur mniSvnelobas -
risi tolia B umaRles wertilSi siTxis
14mm da b) SekumSulia 5,2mm-mde?
wneva? g) Teoriulad ra udides h1 simaRleze
65. rodesac 8sm simaRlis marTkuTxa bloki
SeuZlia sifons wylis ayvana?
pirvel siTxeSi tivtivebs, misi simaRlis 6sm
70. davuSvaT Tqveni sxeulis erTgvarovani
siTxis zedapiris zemoT imyofeba. blokis ra
simkvrive wylis 0,95-ia. a) Tu sacurao auzSi
simaRle iqneba zedapirs zemoT, Tu bloki 0,5-
tivtivebT, Tqveni sxeulis moculobis ra
jer mkvriv meore siTxeSi tivtivebs?
nawilia wyals zemoT?
66. 2sm radiusis minis burTi 1,03g/sm3
wylovani qviSa warmoadgens siTxes,
simkvrivis rZiT savse WurWlis fskerzea
romelic maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac
mimagrebuli. WurWlis qveda zedapiridan
–2
wyali qviSas Seereva da qviSis marcvlebs
burTze moqmedi Zalis sididea 9,48×10 n.
ise daacilebs erTmaneTs, rom isini xaxunis
ra masisaa burTi?
Sedegad Seqmnil kavSirebs kargaven. wylovani
67. 14.30 suraTze naCvenebia Secvlili U-mili qviSa maSinac SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac
- marjvena mxari marcxenaze moklea. marjvena wyali gorakebidan mindvrebSi Caedineba,
mxaris Ria daboloeba laboratoriis sadac qviSiani raionia. b) Tu wyalze 1,6-jer
magididan d=10sm simaRlezea. milis radiusia ufro mkvriv Rrma wylovan qviSaSi SexvalT,
1,5sm. wyals marcxena mxaris Ria boloSi Tqveni sxeulis ra nawili aRmoCndeba wylovani
TandaTanobiT asxamen, vidre marjvena mxaris qviSis zedapiris zemoT? g) CaiZirebiT Tu ara
Ria bolodan gadmova. Semdeg 0,8g/sm3 simkvrivis wylovan qviSaSi imdenad, rom sunTqva ver
siTxes marcxena mxarSi amateben, vidre siTxis SeZloT?
simaRle 8sm-s miaRwevs (siTxe wyals ar ereva).
71. dinozavri diplodokusi uzarmazari
ramdeni wyali gadmova marjvena mxridan?
zomis iyo, hqonda grZeli kiseri da kudi, xo
68. zvavSi moxvedrili moTxilamure 96kg/m3 lo mis masas Ronieri fexebi uZlebdnen (sur.
simkvrivis TovlSi mTlianad Caeflo. da 14.55). hipoTezis Tanaxmad, wyalSi gadasvlisas
vuSvaT, moTxilamuris, tansacmlis da mTeli taniT CaZiruli diplodokusis wo
507
nas amomgdebi Za aCqareba, Tu buStis gareT da buStis SigniT
la aneitralebda haeris simkvriveebis Sefardebaa 1,39? buStis
da fexebisTvis qsovilis da kalaTis wona ugulebelyaviT.
datvirTvas amci 77. wyali horizontalur milSi miedineba,
rebda. hipoTezis romelic or adgilze farTovdeba. sawyisi
Sesamowmeblad di radiusia 0,2m, Sualeduri radiusia 0,4m, xolo
plodokusis si saboloo radiusia 0,6m. Tu wylis dinebis
–2
mkvrived wylis 0,9 sawyisi siCqarea 9×10 m/wm, ris toli iqneba
aiReT da dauSviT, sur. 14.55. amocana 71. dinebis saboloo siCqare?
rom misi wona daaxloebiT 1,85×10 kg iyo. a)
4
78. saTevzaod 0,4sm3 moculobis da 11,4g/sm3
ra iqneboda diplodokusis namdvili wona? simkvrivis tyviis tvirTi gamoiyeneba.
gamoTvaleT diplodokusis moCvenebiTi wona, tvirTi vertikalur Tokzea Camokidebuli,
rodesac misi sxeulis moculobis b) 0,5 g) romlis meore bolo tbis zedapirze motiv
0,8 da d) 0,9 wyalSi iyo CaZiruli. rodesac tive sferuli formis sacobzea (0,2g/sm3 sim
diplodokuss wylidan mxolod Tavi mouCanda, kvrivis) mimagrebuli. ugulebelyaviT Tokis,
misi filtvebi zedapiridan daaxloebiT 8m kauWis da satyuaras moqmedeba da gamoTvaleT
siRrmeze iyvnen. e) am siRrmeze risi toli sacobis radiusi, Tu man naxevrad CaZirulma
iqneboda wylis wnevasa da filtvebSi haeris unda itivtivos.
wnevas Soris sxvaoba? SesasunTqad dinozavris 79. warmosaxviTma inJinerma 14.56 suraTze
filtvis kunTebs filtvebi wnevis am sxvaobis naCvenebi milTa sistema aago. milis mo
sawinaaRmdegod unda gaefarToebinaT. es nakveTebis radiusebi RB=2sm-is saSualebiT
albaT SeuZlebeli iqneboda 8kpa-ze meti moicema. milis monakveTebze dawneviTi
sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi. v) yvinTavda Tua ara milebia damagrebuli. es milebi sakmarisad
diplodokusi hipoTezis Tanaxmad? maRalia, raTa sistemaSi arsebuli wnevis
72. Tu qafian wyalSi buStula 0,225m/wm 2 Sedegad wyali ar gadmovides. milebis meore
aCqarebiT moZraobs da misi radiusia 0,5mm, boloebi Riaa da maTze 1atm. haeris wneva
risi tolia buStulis masa? dauSviT, rom moqmedebs. a) Tu D monakveTze damagrebul
buStulaze moqmedi winaRobis Zala umniS dawneviT milSi wyali 0,5m simaRleze ava
–3
vneloa. da moculobis dinebis siCqarea 2×10 m3/wm,
ra simaRleze aiwevs wyali B monakveTze
73. daxSul kasrSi siTxis (1g/sm3 simkvrivis)
damagrebul dawneviT milSi? b) Semdgomi
donidan 50sm siRrmeze 0,25sm2 farTobis
gamoTvlebis gareSe dawneviTi milebi maTSi
xvrelia gakeTebuli. ra siCqariT gamova
wylis donis mixedviT dididan mcireze
siTxe naxvretidan, Tu siTxis Tavze haeris
daalageT.
manometruli wneva a) nulis tolia da b)
0,4atm-a?
74. dasvenebuli adamianis aortis (gulidan
gamomavali sisxlis ZiriTadi ZarRvi) ganivi
kveTis farTobia 3sm2, xolo masSi gamavali
sisxlis siCqarea 30sm/wm. tipuri kapilaris
(diametri≈6mkm) ganivi kveTis farTobia
7
3×10– sm2, xolo dinebis siCqare – 0,05sm/wm. sur. 14.56. amocana 79.
ramdeni aseTi kapilari aqvs adamians?
80. gamoTvaleT okeanis 150m siRrmeze
75. 22-e amocanis hidravlikur wnexSi ra absoluturi wneva paskalebSi. zRvis wylis
manZiliT unda gadaadgildes didi dguSi,
simkvrivea 1,03g/sm3, xolo zRvis doneze
raTa mcire dguSi 0,85m manZiliT aiwios?
atmosferuli wnevaa 1,01×105pa.
76. risi tolia gaxurebuli airis buStis
81. mcire bidonis sruli moculobaa 1200sm3, miaWireT, Semdeg

xolo masa - 130g. 11,4g/sm3 simkvrivis tyviis marjvena xeliT
ramden grams gauZlebs bidoni wyalSi Wiqa aiReT da rac
CaZirvamde? SeiZleba swrafad
82. martivi, Ria U-mili vercxliswyals Seicavs. gadmoatrialeT.

arsebobs Sansi sur. 14.57. amocana 88.
rodesac milis marjvena mxarSi 11,2sm wyali
Caasxes, ra manZiliT aiwia vercxliswyalma rom marcxena xelis mocilebis Semdeg wyali
marcxena mxarSi? ar gadmoisxas (sur. 14.57b). furceli odnav

gaibereba, magram Wiqis kides ar moSordeba.
83. sagani zambarian sasworze kidia. saswori
Tu h=11sm, risi tolia WiqaSi wylis Tavze
haerSi 30n-s aCvenebs, wyalSi - 20n-s, xolo
mdebare haeris manometruli wneva?
ucnobi simkvrivis mqone siTxeSi - 24n-s. ra
simkvrivisaa es siTxe? 89. Tqven gTxoves axali sastumros 10m×10m
zomis sacurao auzis gegmis ganxilva. wylis
84. 5sm radiusis 7kg-iani sfero 1025kg/m3
miwodeba R1=6sm radiusis horizontaluri
saSualo simkvrivis zRvis wyalSi 1,2km
miliT moxdeba, xolo wylis wneva 2atm
siRrmezea CaZiruli. risi tolia a) manomet
iqneba. Semdeg R2=1sm radiusis vertikaluri
ruli wneva, b) sruli wneva da g) sferos ze
miliT wyali 9,4m simaRleze ava da iqidan
dapirze moqmedi Sesabamisi sruli Zala?
auzSi Caisxmeva, vidre wylis siRrme 2m-s
d) risi tolia sferoze moqmedi amomgdebi
miaRwevs. a) ra dro dasWirdeba auzis avsebas?
Zalis sidide? risi tolia e) sferos aCqarebis
b) Tu ramdenime dRe miuRebeli droa, xolo
e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba, Tu is Tavisuflad
ramdenime saaTze naklebi saSiSia, aris Tu ara
moZraobs?
avsebis dro misaRebi da usafrTxo?
85. 20m siganis da 4m siRrmis mdinare 3000km2
90. vertikalur cilindrSi pirveli (1,2g/
farTobis teritoriaze moedineba, sadac
sm3 simkvrivis da 8sm simaRlis) da meore (2g/
saSualo naleqianobaa 48sm/weli. aorTqlebis
sm3 simkvrivis da 4sm simaRlis) siTxe inaxeba.
Sedegad naleqis 1/4 atmosferoSi brundeba,
Tavdapirvelad siTxeebi gancalkevebulia da
xolo darCenil raodenobas mdinare iTvisebs.
pirveli meoreze maRla dgas, Tumca Semdeg
risi tolia mdinaris dinebis saSualo
siTxeebi ireva. davuSvaT, pirveli da meore
siCqare?
siTxe Tanabrad gazavda da sruli moculoba
86. eqsperimentSi h simaRlis marTkuTxa bloks
ar Seicvala, risi tolia narevis simkvrive?
oTx sxvadasxva siTxeSi ativtiveben. bloki
91. mkvdar zRvaSi motivtive adamianis sxeulis
wyalSi (pirvel siTxeSi) srulad iZireba. A,
daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi zedapirze maRla
B da C siTxeebSi blokis simaRlis h/2, 2h/3 da
iqneba. davuSvaT adamianis sxeulis simkvrivea
h/4 wylis zemoT eqceva. risi tolia a) A-s, b)
0,98g/sm3, risi tolia mkvdari zRvis wylis
B-s da g) C-s fardobiTi simkvriveebi wylis
simkvrive? (ratom aris is 1g/sm3-ze amdenad
mimarT?
meti?)
87. erT-erTi samTavrobo dadgenilebis
92. a) risi tolia mtknar wyalSi motivtive
mixedviT, TviTmfrinavis `Sav yuTebs~ wylis
0,3m sisqis yinulis zedapiris minimaluri
wnevis gaZleba 6km siRrmeze unda SeeZloT.
farTobi, Tu is 1100kg avtomobils uZlebs?
davuSvaT, wylis erTgvarovani simkvrivea
b) aqvs Tu ara yinulze manqanis mdebareobas
1024kg/m3, risi tolia dadgenilebis mixedviT
mniSvneloba?
gansazRvruli Sesabamisi wneva?
93. a) 1,03g/sm3 simkvrivis zRvis wylisTvis
88. maRali sasmeli Wiqa nawilobriv, h
gamoTvaleT 200m siRrmeze myof wyalqveSa
simaRlemde SeavseT wyliT. Semdeg Wiqis pirze
navze moqmedi wylis wona, Tu korpusis
ufro farTo kvadratuli formis furceli
horizontaluri ganivi kveTis farTobia
moWeriT. furceli Wiqaze daafineT (sur.
3000m . b) wylis ra wnevas ganicdis myvinTavi
2
14.57a). marcxena xeliT furceli Wiqis kides
509
am siRrmeze (wneva gamosaxeT atmosferoebSi)? betonisgan aris
g) SeZlebda Tu ara dazianebuli wyalqveSa damzadebuli. na
navis ekipaJi am siRrmidan specialuri Cvenebi manZilebia:
aRWurvilobis gareSe Tavis daRwevas? d1=180m, d2=71m,
94. 5sm sigrZis, 4sm siganis 2sm simaRlis d3=24m da d4=48m.
erTgvarovani bloki 1025kg/m3 simkvrivis wyali dambas ho
zRvis wyalSi tivtivebs da erTi farTo waxnagi rizontalurad
wylis zedapiridan 1,5sm siRrmeze aqvs. risi awveba da mas dam
basa da qans Soris sur. 14.59. amocana 97.
tolia blokis masa?
arsebuli statikuri xaxunis Zala ewinaaR
95. 24m2 farTobis mTliani zedapiris mqone
mdegeba. statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,47.
kubi wyalSi vertikalurad tivtivebs. Tu
a) gamoTvaleT srialisadmi usafrTxoebis
wylis simkvrive kubisaze 4-jer metia, ra
koeficienti, anu maqsimaluri xaxunis Zalis
siRrmeze CaiZireba kubi wyalSi?
wylis Zalaze Sefardebis sidide. wyali
96. wyliT nawi
aseve cdilobs damba A wertilze gamavali
lobriv savse mi
wrfis garSemo abrunos. dambaze moqmedi si
nis Wiqa niJaraSi
mZimis ZaliT gamowveuli brunvis momenti am
moaTavses (sur.
wrfis mimarT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa.
14.58). Wiqis masaa
b) amoTvaleT brunvisadmi usafrTxoebis
390g, xolo Sida
sur. 14.58. amocana 96. koeficienti, anu simZimis ZaliT gamowveuli
moculoba - 500sm3.
brunvis momentis Sefardeba wylidan da
Semdeg niJaris wyliT gavseba daiwyes da
haeridan moqmedi Zalebis tolqmediT
aRmoCnda, rom Tu Wiqa naxevarze carielia,
gamowveul brunvis momentTan.
maSin is tivtivebs, xolo Tu Wiqa naxevarze
98. spilenZis sawonebis simkvrivea 8 g/sm3,
savsea, maSin is niJaris fskerze Cerdeba,
xolo haeris – 0,0012g/sm3. ra procentul
vidre niJaraSi wylis done Wiqas dafaravs.
Secdomas miviRebT, Tu berketian sasworze
risi tolia Wiqis minis simkvrive?
(ixile 5.6 suraTi) m masis da ρ simkvrivis
97. 14.59 suraTze naCvenebia damba da
sagnis awonvisas ar gaviTvaliswinebT haeris
mis ukan ganlagebuli mtknari wylis rezer
amomgdeb Zalas?
vuaris nawili. damba 3,2g/sm3 simkvrivis
15 rxevebi
wyalSi xtomaSi asparezobisas rTuli meqanikuri sistema - tramplini
gamoiyeneba, romlis marTva gamocdil wyalSi mxtomels kargad unda
SeeZlos. magaliTad, kargma mxtomelma icis, rogor gadadgas dafaze
sami nabiji (rodesac tramplini rxevas daiwyebs) da Semdeg haerSi maRla
asaxtomad dafis kideze daxtes. moyvarulma mxtomelma igive moqmedeba
SesaZloa cudad Seasrulos da, ar aris gamoricxuli, sulac dafas
daenarcxos.
rogor xteba gamocdili sportsmeni ase maRla?

Cveni samyaro savsea rxevebiT, rodesac sagnebi win da ukan ganmeorebiT moZraoben. zogierTi
saxis rxeva sasacilo da Semawuxebelia, xolo nawili finansurad mniSvnelovani da sulac
saxifaTo. magaliTad, rodesac burTis Camwodebeli beisbolis burTs urtyams, tafelas rxeva
Camwodebels mwvave tkivils ayenebs da SesaZloa tafelas damtvrevis mizezadac ki iqces.
qaris Sedegad eleqtrogadamcemi xazis rxevam (eleqtronJineriaSi `navardma~) SesaZloa xazi
gawyvitos da mosaxleobas energiis miwodeba Seuwydes. rodesac TviTmfrinavi haerSi mifrinavs,
haeris turbulenturobiT gamowveul frTebis rxevas liTonis gamofitva da dazianebac ki
SeiZleba mohyves. rodesac matarebeli mrudi traeqtoriiT moZraobs, misi borblebi moxvevisas
horizontalurad irxeva (manqanaTmSeneblobis terminiT am movlenas `midevneba~ ewodeba).
qalaqTan axlos momxdari miwisZvrisas, Senobebis Zlieri rxeva maT rRvevas iwvevs. rodesac
mSvildidan gavisvriT, isris boloze damagrebuli bumbulebi rxevis Sedegad isars Semoexveva.
Tu monetas liTonis Semkreb firfitaSi CavagdebT, monetis rxevis Sedegad gamowveuli xmauriT
misi Rirebulebis dadgena SeiZleba. kovboebis SejibrSi xaris Wenebisas xari daxtis da trialebs,
xolo kovboi Zalian Zlierad irxeva (yovel SemTxvevaSi amis imedi mainc arsebobs).
rxevebis Seswavla da kontroli fizikisa da inJineriis ori umTavresi amocanaa. am wignSi Cven
rxevis ZiriTad saxeobas ganvixilavT, romelsac martivi harmoniuli moZraoba ewodeba.
15.2. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba (SHM)

15.1a suraTze naCvenebia martivi merxevi sistemis `fotosuraTebi~, rodesac nawilaki x RerZis
aTvlis saTavis mimarT win da ukan periodulad moZraobs. mogvianebiT ganvixilavT rogor
miiRweva amgvari moZraoba.
merxevi moZraobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli sixSire anu yovel wamSi Sesrulebuli
rxevebis ricxvia. sixSiris simboloa f, xolo SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia herci (hc), sadac:
510
15.2. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba (SHM) 511
(b)
sur. 15.1. a) drois tol SualedebSi gadaRebuli

`fotosuraTebis~ mimdevroba x RerZis aTvlis
saTavis mimarT, +xm da –xm sazRvrebSi win da
ukan merxevi nawilakis mdebareobas gviCvenebs.
veqtoris isrebis zomebi nawilakis siCqares asaxavs.
nawilakis aTvlis saTaveSi yofnisas misi siCqare
maqsimaluria, xolo ±xm wertilSi - nulis toli.
Tu nawilakis +xm wertilSi yofnis t dros nulad
miviCnevT, maSin nawilaki +xm wertilSi t=T dros
brundeba, sadac T moZraobis periodia. SemdgomSi
moZraoba meordeba. b) x-is droze damokidebulebis
(a) grafiki a)-ze naCvenebi moZraobisTvis.
1 herci = 1 hc = 1 rxeva wamSi = 1 wm–1 (15.1)
sixSires ukavSirdeba moZraobis T periodi, rac erTi sruli gadaadgileba

t droSi
rxevis (anu ciklis) Sesrulebis droa: faza
1
T = (15.2)
f
regularul drois SualedebSi ganmeorebad moZraobas dro
amplituda
perioduli moZraoba anu harmoniuli moZraoba ewodeba.
kuTxuri fazuri
am SemTxvevaSi Cven ganvixilavT moZraobas, romelic 15.1a sixSire mudmiva
anu fazuri
suraTze naCvenebis msgavsad sakuTar Tavs gansakuTrebuli kuTxe
saxiT imeorebs. amgvari moZraobisas, aTvlis saTavidan
sur. 15.2. martivi harmoniuli
nawilakis x gadaadgilebis droze damokidebuleba funqciis moZraobis 15.3 formulis sidideebis
saxiT aris mocemuli: mosaxerxebeli aRwera.
x (t) = xm cos (ωt+φ) (gadaadgileba), (15.3)
sadac xm, ω da φ mudmivebia. aseT moZraobas martivi harmoniuli moZraoba (simple harmonic
motion – SHM) ewodeba da niSnavs, rom perioduli moZraoba drois sinusoiduri funqciaa.
15.3 formulaSi sinusoiduri funqcia kosinusis funqciaa da 15.1b suraTzea asaxuli (am
grafiks miviRebT, Tu 15.1a suraTs saaTis isris sawinaaRmdegod 90°-iT SevatrialebT da Semdeg
nawilakis mdebareobis wertilebs grafikis saxiT mimdevrobiT SevaerTebT). grafikis formis
ganmsazRvreli sidideebi 15.2 suraTzea asaxuli. modiT ganvixiloT es sidideebi.
xm sidides moZraobis amplituda ewodeba. amplituda dadebiTi mudmivaa da misi mniSvneloba
moZraobis sawyis pirobebzea damokidebuli. m indeqsi maqsimums aRniSnavs, vinaidan amplituda
orive mimarTulebiT nawilakis maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa. 15.3 formulaSi mocemuli kosinusis
funqcia ±1 sazRvrebSi meryeobs, amitom x(t) gadaadgilebac ±xm sazRvrebSia.
15.3 formulaSi droze damokidebul sidides (ωt+φ) moZraobis faza ewodeba, xolo φ mudmivas –
fazuri mudmiva (anu fazuri kuTxe). φ-s mniSvneloba t=0 droSi nawilakis gadaadgilebasa da
siCqarezea damokidebuli. 15.3a suraTze naCveneb x(t) grafikebze fazuri mudmiva nulis tolia.
ω mudmivas moZraobis kuTxuri sixSire (wriuli sixSire) ewodeba. misi gansazRvrisTvis
Tavdapirvelad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom moZraobis erTi T periodis Semdeg x(t) gadaadgileba
sawyis mniSvnelobas unda daubrundes, anu nebismieri t-sTvis x(t)=x(t+T). analizis kidev ufro
gamartivebisTvis 15.3 formulaSi φ=0 CavsvaT da miviRebT:
xm cos ωt = xm cos ω(t+T) (15.4)

512 Tavi 15 rxevebi
(a) (b)
sur. 15.3. samive SemTxvevaSi lurji grafiki 15.3 formulidan
miiReba, rodesac φ=0. a) wiTeli grafiki lurjisgan mxolod
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom wiTeli grafikis x´m amplituda metia
(maqsimaluri gadaadgilebebi metia). b) wiTeli grafiki
lurjisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom wiTeli grafikis
periodia T´=T/2 (wiTeli grafiki horizontalurad ikumSeba).
g) wiTeli grafiki lurjisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba,
rom wiTeli grafikisTvis φ=–π/4radiani (φ-s uaryofiTi
mniSvneloba wiTel grafiks marjvniv gadaadgilebs). (g)
kosinusis funqcia pirvelad maSin meordeba, rodesac misi argumenti (faza) 2π radianiT
gaizrdeba. maSasadame 15.4 formula mogvcems:
ω (t + T) = ωt+2π
anu ωT = 2π.
maSasadame, 15.2 formulidan gamomdinare kuTxuri sixSirea:
2π
ω= = 2πf (15.5)
T
SI sistemaSi kuTxuri sixSiris erTeulia radiani wamSi (φ radianebSi unda iyos mocemuli).
15.3 suraTze Sedarebulia ori martivi harmoniuli moZraobis x(t), romlebic erTmaneTisgan
amplitudiT, periodiT (maSasadame sixSiriT da kuTxuri sixSiriT) an fazuri mudmiviT
gansxvavdebian.
sakontrolo wertili 1. nawilaki T periodis martiv

harmoniul rxevas asrulebs (15.1 suraTis msgavsad) da t=0
droSi -xm wertilzea. nawilaki –xm-Si, +xm-Si, 0-Si, –xm-
gadaadgileba
sa da 0-s Soris Tu 0-sa da +xm Soris imyofeba, rodesac a)

t=2T, b) t=3,5T da g) t=5,25T? t
(a)
SHM-s siCqare
siCqare
15.3 formulis diferencireba martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi t
myof nawilakis siCqaris gamosaxulebas gvaZlevs:

dx(t) d (b)
ν(t) = = [x cos (ωt+φ)]
dt dt m 
aCqareba
anu ν(t) = – ωxm sin (ωt+φ) (siCqare) (15.6) t
15.4a suraTi 15.3 formulis grafikia, rodesac φ=0. 15.4b

suraTi 15.6 formulas gviCvenebs, rodesac agreTve φ=0. 15.3
(g)
sur. 15.4. SHM-iT merxevi nawilakis
formulaSi xm amplitudis analogiurad, 15.6 formulaSi ωxm x(t) gadaadgileba, rodesac fazuri
dadebiT sidides νm siCqaris amplituda ewodeba. rogorc kuTxe nulis tolia. T periodi erT
15.4b suraTidan Cans, merxevi nawilakis siCqare ±νm=±ωxm srul rxevas aRniSnavs. b) nawilakis
ν(t) siCqare. g) nawilakis a(t)
sazRvrebSi meryeobs. am suraTze agreTve SevniSnoT, rom ν(t)
aCqareba.
15.2. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba (SHM) 513
grafiki x(t) grafikidan marcxniv 1/4 periodiTaa daZruli. rodesac gadaadgilebis mniSvneloba
udidesia (anu x(t)=xm), siCqaris mniSvneloba umciresia (anu ν(t)=0). rodesac gadaadgilebis
mniSvneloba umciresia (anu nulis tolia), siCqaris mniSvneloba udidesia (anu νm= ωxm).
SHM-s aCqareba
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis ν(t) siCqaris codnis SemTxvevaSi, merxevi nawilakis aCqarebis
gamosaxulebis povnisTvis kidev erTxel diferencirebaa saWiro. maSasadame, 15.6 formulidan
gvaqvs:
dv(t) d
a(t) = = [–ωxm sin(ωt+φ)]
dt dt
anu a(t) = –ω2xmcos (ωt+φ) (aCqareba) (15.7)
15.4g suraTi 15.7 formulis grafikia, rodesac φ=0. 15.7 formulis ω2xm sidides am aCqarebis
amplituda ewodeba. 15.4g suraTze, nawilakis aCqareba ±am=±ω2xm sazRvrebSi meryeobs.
1
agreTve yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom a(t) aCqarebis grafiki ν(t) siCqaris grafikisgan marcxniv T
4
periodiTaa daZruli.
15.3 da 15.7 formulebis gaerTianeba mogvcems:
a(t) = –ω2x(t) (15.8)
es formula martivi harmoniuli moZraobis ZiriTad Tvisebas aRwers:
SHM-s SemTxvevaSi aCqareba gadaadgilebis proporciuli da sawinaaRmdego niSnisaa,

xolo es ori sidide erTmaneTs kuTxuri sixSiris kvadratiT ukavSirdeba.
maSasadame, 15.4 suraTidan Cans, rom rodesac gadaadgilebas udidesi dadebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs, aCqarebas udides uaryofiT mniSvnelobas iZens da piriqiT. rodesac gadaadgileba nulis
tolia, aCqarebac nulia.
taqtika 1: fazuri kuTxeebi erTmaneTisadmi arafazur mdgomareobaSia.
ganvixiloT φ fazuri kuTxis zegavlena

magaliTad, 15.3g suraTze gamosaxul
grafikebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba π/4 radiania.
x(t) grafikze. rodesac φ=0, x(t) grafiki
vinaidan SHM moZraoba T periodis Semdeg
15.4a suraTze asaxulis msgavsia anu tipuri
meordeba, xolo kosinusis funqcia - 2π
kosinusuri grafikia. φ kuTxis gazrda grafiks
radianis Semdeg, erTi T periodi Seesabameba
t RerZis gaswvriv, marcxniv gadaadgilebs.
φ kuTxis Semcireba grafiks marjvniv Zravs, 2π radianis tol fazur sxvaobas. 15.4
suraTze x(t) grafiki ν(t) grafikisgan marjvniv
rogorc es xdeboda 15.3g suraTze φ=-π/4 –is
SemTxvevaSi.
1/4 periodiT anu -π/2 radianiTaa daZruli,
xolo a(t) grafikisgan - 1/2 periodiT anu -π
gansxvavebuli fazuri kuTxeebis SHM-is or
radianiT. 2π radianis fazuri Zvris Sedegad
grafiks fazuri sxvaobis mqones uwodeben.
TiToeuli maTgani fazurad daZrulia anu
SHM grafiki sakuTar Tavs emTxveva anu
ucvlelad gamoiyureba.
514 Tavi 15 rxevebi
15.3. Zalis kanoni martivi harmoniuli moZraobisTvis

Cven ukve gavigeT rogor icvleba nawilakis aCqareba droSi, amitom niutonis meore kanonis
gamoyenebiT davadginoT, ra Zalam unda imoqmedos nawilakze, raTa mas amgvari aCqareba mianiWos.
gavaerTianoT niutonis meore kanoni da 15.8 formula:
F = ma = –(mω2)x (15.9)
Sedegad miviReT Zala, romelic gadaadgilebis proporciuli da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. es ki

hukis kanonia:
F = –kx (15.10)
zambaris SemTxvevaSi, zambaris sixistea:

k = mω2. (15.11)
15.10 formula martivi harmoniuli moZraobis alternatiuli gansazRvrebaa:
martiv harmoniul moZraobas asrulebs nawilaki, romelzec nawilakis gadaadgilebis

proporciuli da niSniT sawinaaRmdego Zala moqmedebs.
15.5 suraTze gamosaxul zambara-blokis sistemas wrfivi martivi harmoniuli oscila

tori ewodeba. `wrfivi~ niSnavs, rom F proporciulia x-is. blokis martivi harmoniuli moZrao
bis ω kuTxuri sixSire k zambaris sixistes da blokis m masas 15.11 formuliT ukavSirdeba:
(kuTxuri sixSire) (15.12)
15.5 da 15.12 formulebis gaerTianeba, 15.5 suraTze

gamosaxuli wrfivi oscilatoris periodisTvis gvaZlevs:
(periodi) (15.13) sur. 15.5. wrfivi martivi harmoniuli

oscilatori. zedapiri xaxunisgan Ta
15.12 da 15.13 formulebis Tanaxmad, did kuTxur sixSires visufalia. 15.1 suraTis nawilakis
msgavsad bloki harmoniulad moZraobs,
(da maSasadame mcire periods) adgili aqvs xisti zambaris
rodesac mas x=0 poziciidan ubiZgeben.
(didi k) da msubuqi blokis (mcire m) SemTxvevaSi. blokis gadaadgileba 15.3 formuliT
nebismier merxev sistemas, iqneba es tramplini Tu violinos moicema.
simi, `drekadobis~ da ìnerciis~ (an masis) elementebi
gaaCnia da, maSasadame, wrfiv oscilators waagavs. 15.5 suraTze gamosaxul wrfiv oscilatorSi
es elementebi sistemis sxvadasxva nawilebSia ganlagebuli. drekadoba masis armqoned miCneul
zambaraSia, xolo inercia - myar blokSi. rogorc me-16 paragrafSi vnaxavT, violinos simis
SemTxvevaSi orive elementi simSia moTavsebuli.
sakontrolo wertili 2. nawilakze moqmed F Zalasa da nawilakis x mdebareobas Soris

romeli kavSiri asaxavs martiv harmoniul moZraobas: a) F = –5x, b) F = –400x2, g) F = 10x Tu
d) F = 3x2?

680g masis bloki 65n/m sixistis zambarazea amoxsna: bloki-zambaris sistema wrfiv martiv
mimagrebuli. bloks wonasworuli x=0 mde harmoniul oscilators qmnis da bloki SHM
bareobidan t=0 droSi x=11sm manZilze moZraobas ganicdis. am SemTxvevaSi kuTxuri
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze ubiZges. sixSire 15.12 formulidan miiReba:
a) risi tolia moZraobis kuTxuri sixSire,

sixSire da periodi?
= 9,8 rad/wm (pasuxi)
15.3. Zalis kanoni martivi harmoniuli moZraobisTvis 515
sixSire 15.5 formulidan miiReba: amoxsna: maqsimaluri aCqarebis am mniSvneloba
ω 9,8 rad/wm 15.7 formulaSi ω2xm aCqarebis amplitudaa:
f  =  =  2π rad =1,56hc≈1,6hc (pasuxi)
2π
am=ω2xm=(9,78rad/wm)2(0,11m)=11m/wm2 (pasuxi)
periodi 15.2 formulidan miiReba:
1 1 bloki maqsimalur aCqarebas traeqtoriis
T= =  = 0,64 wm ≈ 640 mwm (pasuxi)
f 1,56 hc bolo wertilebSi aRwevs. am wertilebSi
blokze maqsimaluri Zala moqmedebs. SeadareT
b) ras udris rxevis amplituda?
15.4a da 15.4g suraTebi, sadac gadaadgileba
amoxsna: vinaidan xaxuni ar gvaqvs, zambara-
da aCqareba maqsimaluri erTdroulad xdeba.
blokis sistemis meqanikuri energia inaxeba.
wonasworuli mdebareobidan 11sm manZilze e) risi tolia moZraobis φ fazuri mudmiva?
gaSvebuli blokis sawyisi kinetikuri energia amoxsna: 15.3 formula blokis gadaadgilebas
nulis tolia, xolo sistemis drekadobis drois funqciis saxiT gvaZlevs. Cven viciT, rom
potenciuri energia maqsimaluria. maSasadame, rodesac t=0, bloki x=xm wertilSi mdebareobs.
wonasworuli mdebareobidan 11sm manZilis am sawyisi pirobebis 15.3 formulaSi CasmiT da
gavlis Semdeg blokis kinetikuri energia xm-s gabaTilebiT, miviRebT:
kvlav nulis toli gaxdeba da es niSnavs, 1 = cos φ (15.14)
rom bloki arasdros gascdeba 11sm manZils. Sebrunebuli kosinusis gamoyeneba mogvcems:
maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa: φ = 0 radiani (pasuxi)
xm = 11 sm (pasuxi) (nebismieri kuTxe, romelic 2π radianis mTeli
jeradia, 15.14 formulas akmayofilebs. Cven
g) risi tolia merxevi blokis maqsimaluri
umciresi kuTxe avirCieT).
νm siCqare da sad iqneba bloki am siCqaris
ganviTarebisas? v) ra iqneba zambara-blokis sistemis x(t)
amoxsna: νm maqsimaluri siCqare 15.6 for gadaadgilebis funqcia?
mulaSi ωxm siCqaris amplitudaa: amoxsna: x(t) funqciis zogadi forma 15.3
νm= ωxm=(9,87rad/wm)(0,11m)=1,1m/wm (pasuxi) formulaa. am formulaSi cnobili sidideebis
CasmiT miviRebT:
bloki maqsimalur siCqares aTvlis saTaveze
x(t) = xm cos (ωt+φ)
gavlisas aRwevs. SeadareT 15.4a da 15.4b
= (0,11m ) cos [(9,8rad/wm)t+0]
suraTebi, sadac siCqare x=0 mdebareobaze
= 0,11 cos (9,8t), (pasuxi)
maqsimaluria.
x metrebSia, xolo t - wamebSi.
d) risi tolia blokis am maqsimaluri
aCqareba?

rodesac t=0, 15.5 suraTze gamosaxulis ν (0) = – ωxm sinφ (15.16)
msgavsi wrfivi oscilatoris blokis x(0) da a(0) = –ω2xmcosφ (15.17)
gadaadgilebaa -8,5sm (x(0) `drois nulovan
15.15 formulaSi ω gaqra. 15.16 da 15.17 for
momentSi x-s~ niSnavs). blokis ν(0) siCqarea -
mulebis marcxena nawilebis mniSvnelobebi
0,92m/wm, xolo a(0) aCqareba - +47m/wm2.
viciT, magram ar viciT xm da φ. miuxedavad
a) risi tolia sistemis ω kuTxuri sixSire?
amisa, Tu 15.17 formulas 15.15 formulaze
amoxsna: blokis gadaadgilebas, siCqares
gavyofT, xm da φ gabaTildeba da formulis
da aCqarebas, Sesabamisad 15,3, 15,6 da 15,7
ω-sTvis amoxsnas SevZlebT:
formulebi gvaZlevs da yoveli maTgani ω-
s Seicavs. modiT t=0 TiToeul formulaSi
CavsvaT da vnaxoT SevZlebT Tu ara ω-s
gamoTvlas: = 23,5 rad/wm (pasuxi)
x(0)=xmcosφ (15.15)
516 Tavi 15 rxevebi
b) risi tolia φ fazuri mudmiva da xm am gantolebas ori amoxsna aqvs:

amplituda? φ = –25° da φ = 180° + (–25°) = 155°
amoxsna: a) nawilSi gamoyenebuli meTodi am (kalkulatori mxolod pirvel pasuxs
SemTxvevaSic gamogvadgeba, magram amjerad ω gviCvenebs). swori amoxsnis gasagebad
viciT da φ da xm mniSvnelobebis gageba gvsurs. xm mniSvnelobis gamoTvlisas orive
Tu 15.16 formulas 15.15 formulaze gavyofT, pasuxi gamoviyenoT. 15.15 formulidan
miviRebT: gamomdinareobs, rom Tu φ = –25°:
v(0) – ω xm sin φ x(0) –0,085 m
 =  x cos φ = – ω tan φ. xm = = = – 0,094 m.
x(0) m 
cos φ cos (–25°)
igive principiT rodesac φ=155°, xm= 0,094 m.
tg φ-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
vinaidan SHM-s amplituda dadebiTi mudmiva
v(0) – 0,92 m/wm
tg φ =  = –  unda iyos, swori fazuri mudmiva da amplituda
ωx(0) (23,5 rad /wm)(–0,085 m)
Semdegia:
= – 0,461. φ=155° da xm = 0,094 m = 9,4 sm (pasuxi)
taqtika 2: SHM-is amocnoba zogierT amocanaSi F Zala x gadaadgilebis
wrfivi SHM-is dros, sistemis a aCqareba da x funqciis saxiT miiReba. Tu moZraoba wrfivi
gadaadgileba Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba SHM-ia, Zala da gadaadgileba Semdeg
erTmaneTs: urTierTkavSirSia:
a = – (dadebiTi mudmiva) x F = – (dadebiTi mudmiva) x
am formulis Tanaxmad, aCqareba wonasworuli am formulis Tanaxmad Zala gadaadgilebis
mdebareobidan gadaadgilebis proporciuli proporciuli da sawinaaRmdego mimar
da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa. mas Semdeg Tulebisaa. aseTi gamosaxulebis miRebis
rac merxevi sistemisTvis amgvar gamosaxule Semdeg, SegiZliaT 15.10 formulas

is
bas miiRebT, SegiZliaT is 15.8 formulas SeadaroT da dadebiT mudmivad k gansazRvroT.
SeadaroT, dadebiTi mudmiva ω2-s tolad Tu masis mniSvneloba iciT, 15.12, 15.13 da
gansazRvroT da moZraobis kuTxuri sixSiris 15.5 formulebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, raTa

gamosaxuleba miiRoT. Semdeg 15.5 formuliT ω kuTxuri sixSire, T periodi da f sixSire
T periodi da f sixSire gamoiTvleba. gamoiTvalos.
15.4 energia martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi

me-8 paragrafidan viciT, rom wrfivi oscilatoris energia kinetikuri energiidan potenciur
energiaSi gadadis da piriqiT, xolo am ori energiis jami - oscilatoris E meqanikuri energia -
mudmivia. modiT es SemTxveva raodenobrivad ganvixiloT.
15.5 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsi wrfivi oscilatoris potenciuri energia mTlianad zambaras
ukavSirdeba. misi mniSvneloba zambaris deformaciaze (gaWimvaze an SekumSvaze) anu x(t)-zea
damokidebuli. gamoviyenoT 8.11 da 15.3 formulebi da miviRebT:
1 1
U(t) = 2  kx2 = 2  kxm2 cos2(ωt + φ) (15.18)
gafrTxileba: cos2A funqcia (cosA)2-s niSnavs da cosA2-s toli ar aris, rac Tavis mxriv cos(A2)-s
niSnavs.
15.5 suraTze gamosaxuli sistemis kinetikuri energia mTlianad bloks ukavSirdeba. kinetikuri
energia blokis moZraobis siCqareze anu ν(t)-zea damokidebuli. 15.6 formulis saSualebiT
miviRebT:
15.4 energia martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi 517
1 1
K(t) = 2  mv2 = 2  mω2xm2 sin2(ωt + φ) (15.19)
Tu ω2-is k/m-iT SecvlisTvis 15.12 formulas gamoviyenebT,
energia
15.19 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
1 1
K(t) = 2  mv2 = 2  kxm2 sin2(ωt + φ) (15.20)
meqanikuri energia 15.18 da 15.20 formulebis saSualebiT (a)

gamoiTvleba:
E=U+K
1 1
= 2  kxm2 cos2(ωt + φ) + 2  kxm2 sin2(ωt + φ)
energia
1
= 2  kxm2 [cos2(ωt + φ) + sin2(ωt + φ)].
nebismieri α kuTxisTvis:
(b)
cos2α + sin2α = 1
sur. 15.6. a) wrfivi harmoniuli
maSasadame, zemoT miRebul formulaSi kvadratul frCxilebSi oscilatoris U (t) potenciuri
Casmuli sidide erTis tolia da gveqneba: energiis, K (t) kinetikuri energiis
da E meqanikuri energiis t droze
1
E = U + K = 2  kxm2 (15.21) damokidebulebis grafikebi. gaiTva
liswineT, rom yvela energia dade
wrfivi oscilatoris meqanikuri energia marTlac mudmivia da biTia, xolo kinetikuri da potenci-
droze damokidebuli ar aris. wrfivi oscilatoris kineti- uri energiebi yovel periodSi piks
orjer aRweven. b) xm amplitudis
kuri da potenciuri energiebis t droze damokidebulebis
mqone wrfivi harmoniuli oscila-
grafikebi 15.6a suraTze aris mocemuli, xolo x gadaadgile toris U(x) potenciuri energi-
bis funqciis saxiT 15.6b suraTze Cans. is, K(x) kinetikuri energiis da E
meqanikuri energiis x mdebareobaze
axla, SesaZloa, mixvdiT, ratom Seicavs merxevi sistema
damokidebulebis grafikebi. rode-
drekadobis da inerciis elementebs. pirveli maTgani sac x=0, energia mTlianad kinetiku-
potenciur energias inaxavs, xolo meore – kinetikur energias. ria, xolo rodesac x=±xm, energia
mTlianad potenciuria.
sakontrolo wertili 3. 15.5 suraTze blokis kinetikuri

energiaa 3j, xolo rodesac bloki x=+2sm wertilSi imyofeba, zambaris drekadobis
potenciuri energiaa 2j. a) risi tolia kinetikuri energia, rodesac bloki x=0 wertilSi
imyofeba? risi tolia drekadobis potenciuri energia, rodesac bloki b) x = –2sm da g) x = –
xm wertilSi imyofeba?

a) risi tolia 15.1 amocanis nimuSSi mocemuli gamovTvaloT:
wrfivi oscilatoris E meqanikuri energia? 1 1 1
E = K + U = 2  mv  2 + 2  kx2 = 0 + 2  (65 n/m)(0,11 m)2
(blokis sawyisi mdebareobaa x=11sm, xolo
sawyisi siCqarea ν=0. zambaris sixistea 65n/m). = 0,393 j ≈ 0,39 j (pasuxi)
amoxsna: E meqanikuri energia (blokis K=

1 b) risi tolia oscilatoris U potenciuri
 mν2 kinetikuri energiis da zambaris U=
2 energia da K kinetikuri energia, rodesac
1 2
 kx potenciuri energiis jami) oscilatoris 1 1
2 bloki x =  2  xm da x = –  2  xm wertilebSi
moZraobis ganmavlobaSi mudmivia. maSasadame,
imyofeba?
E-s gamoTvla moZraobis nebismier wertilSi
dasaSvebia. vinaidan oscilatoris sawyisi amoxsna: vinaidan blokis mdebareoba moce
pirobebia x=11sm da ν=0, E am pirobebisTvis muli gvaqvs, zambaris potenciuri energia

518 Tavi 15 rxevebi
1 U = 14  ( 12 kxm2 ) = 14  E = 14 (0,393j) = 0,098j   (pasuxi)

U =  2  kx2 formuliT martivad gamoiTvleba.
1 axla gaviTvaliswinoT, rom E = K + U da
rodesac x =   xm:
2
1 1 1 davweroT:
U = 2  kx2 =  2  k( 2  xm)2 = ( 12 )( 14 )kxm2
K = E – U = 0,393j – 0,098j ≈ 0,3j (pasuxi)
1
SegviZlia k da xm CavsvaT an a)-dan gavixsenoT, Tu gamoTvlebs x = –   xm-sTvis gavimeorebT,
1 2
rom sruli meqanikuri energiaa
2
k xm2 . am igive pasuxebs miviRebT, rac 15.6b
SemTxvevaSi zemoT moyvanili formula Semdeg suraTis marcxena-marjvena simetriasTan
saxes miiRebs: SesabamisobaSia.
15.5. kuTxuri martivi harmoniuli oscilatori

15.7 suraTze naCvenebia martivi harmoniuli oscilatoris kuTxuri versia. wina SemTxvevisgan
gansxvavebiT, drekadobis elementi zambaris gaWimvasTan an SekumSvasTan ki ar asocirdeba,
aramed sakidi gvarlis grexasTan. mowyobilobas grexiTi qanqara ewodeba.
Tu 15.7 suraTze naCveneb diskos sawyisi uZravi mdebareobidan
damagrebuli bolo
(rodesac aTvlis xazi Seesabameba θ=0) gadavadgilebT raime θ
kuTxiT da xels gavuSvebT, is sawyisi mdebareobis mimarT rxevas
daiwyebs da misi moZraoba kuTxuri martivi harmoniuli
sakidi gvarli
iqneba. nebismieri mimarTulebiT diskos θ kuTxiT brunva
aRmdgen brunvis moments warmoSobs:
aTvlis xazi
τ = –κθ , (15.22)
κ (berZnuli kapa) grexis mudmivaa, romelic sakidi gvarlis

sigrZeze, diametrze da nivTierebazea damokidebuli.
15.22 formulis 15.10 formulasTan Sedareba eWvs badebs, rom
15.22 formula hukis kanonis kuTxuri versiaa da wrfivi SHM-s sur. 15.7. grexiTi qanqara wrfivi
periodis 15.13 formula kuTxuri SHM-s periodis formulad harmoniuli oscilatoris kuTxuri
SeiZleba gardaiqmnas. 15.13 formulaSi zambaris k sixiste 15.22 variantia. disko horizontalur
sibrtyeSi irxeva, xolo aTvlis xazi
formulis κ mudmiviT SevcvaloT, xolo m masa - merxevi diskos - θ kuTxuri amplitudiT. sakidi
I inerciis momentiT. gadanacvlebebis Sedegad miviRebT: gvarlis grexa zambaris msgavsad
potenciur energias inaxavs da
(grexiTi qanqara) (15.23) aRmdgen brunvis moments warmoSobs.
am formuliT gamoiTvleba kuTxuri martivi harmoniuli

oscilatoris anu grexiTi qanqaris periodi.

taqtika 3: kuTxuri SHM-s gansazRvra amgvari gamosaxulebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac sistema kuTxur martiv harmoniul dadebiT mudmivad ω2 SegiZliaT miiCnioT da
moZraobas asrulebs, mis α kuTxur aCqarebas Semdeg ω, f da T gansazRvroT.
da θ kuTxur gadaadgilebas Soris Semdegi kuTxuri SHM-is gansazRvra aseve SeiZleba,
kavSiria: Tu τ brunvis momenti kuTxuri gadaadgilebis
α = –(dadebiTi mudmiva) θ saSualebiT aris mocemuli:
es formula 15.8-is (α = –ω2x) kuTxuri τ = – (dadebiTi mudmiva) θ
eqvivalentia. mis Tanaxmad α kuTxuri es formula 15.10-is (F = –kx) kuTxuri
aCqareba wonasworuli mdebareobidan θ eqvivalentia. mis Tanaxmad τ brunvis momenti
kuTxuri gadaadgilebis proporciuli da wonasworobis mdebareobidan θ kuTxuri
gadaadgilebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa. gadaadgilebis proporciulia, magram
15.6. qanqarebi 519
sistemis gadaadgilebis sawinaaRmdego mudmivad sistemis κ grexis mudmiva SegiZliaT
mimarTulebiT brunvas cdilobs. amgvari miiCnioT. Tu sistemis I inerciis momenti iciT,
gamosaxulebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi dadebiT maSin T-s gansazRvrac SeiZleba.

15.8a suraTze naCvenebia L=12,4sm sigrZis
da m=135g masis Txeli Rero, romelic Sua sakidi
gvarli
wertiliT grZeli gvarliTaa dakiduli. Reros
kuTxuri SHM-s Ta periodia 2,53 wm. Semdeg X-
Rero
ad wodebuli araregularuli formis sagani
igive gvarlze Camokides (sur. 15.8b) da misi Tb
brunvis periodi 4,76 wm aRmoCnda. risi tolia (a)
Camokidebis RerZis mimarT X sagnis inerciis
X sagani
momenti? (b)
amoxsna: Reros an X sagnis inerciis
sur. 15.8. grexiTi qanqarebi a) gvarlisa da Rerosgan
momenti gazomil periods 15.23 formuliT da b) igive gvarlisa da araregularuli formis
ukavSirdeba. 10.2e cxrilis Tanaxmad, Txeli sagnisgan Sedgebian.
Reros inerciis momenti mis Sua wertilze
gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis mimarT
aris
1
 mL2. maSasadame, 15.8a suraTze orive SemTxvevaSi gvarlis κ mudmiva erTi
12
gamosaxuli RerosTvis gveqneba: da igivea. gansxvaveba mxolod periodebsa da
inerciis momentebSia.
1
Ia = 12
 mL2 = ( 121 )(0,135 kg)(0,124 m)2 modiT TiToeuli formula kvadratSi
= 1,73 × 10 kg·m–4 2 aviyvanoT, meore pirvelze gavyoT da Semdeg
Ib-sTvis amovxsnaT:
axla 15.23 formula jer RerosTvis, xolo
T2 (4,76 wm)2
Semdeg X sagnisTvis davweroT: Ib = Ia b2 = (1,73 × 10–4 kg·m2) ×
Ta (2,53 wm)2
da = 6,12 × 10–4 kg·m2 (pasuxi)
15.6. qanqarebi
amjerad martivi harmoniuli oscilatorebis iseT saxeobas ganvixilavT, sadac drekadoba
mizidulobis Zalas ukavSirdeba da ara gvarlis grexas an zambaris SekumSva-gaWimvas.
martivi qanqara
Tu vaSls damagrebul Tokze CamokidebT da mcire manZilze gaaqanebT, gamoCndeba, rom vaSlis
moZraoba periodulia. aris Tu ara es moZraoba martivi harmoniuli? Tu aris, maSin risi tolia T
periodi? pasuxebis gasacemad martivi qanqara (maTematikuri qanqara) ganvixiloT, romelic masis
armqone, uWimadi L sigrZis erTi boloTi damagrebuli sakidi Tokisa da masze Camokidebuli m
masis nawilakisgan (qanqaris balansiri) Sedgeba (sur. 15.9a). balansiri wignis furclis sibrtyeze
win da ukan, xolo sayrden wertilze gamavali wrfis marjvniv da marcxniv Tavisuflad qanaobs.
 
balansirze moqmedebs ori Zala: Tokidan T Zala da Fg gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zala.
es Zalebi 15.9b suraTzea naCvenebi, rodesac Toki vertikalidan θ kuTxiTaa gadaxrili. Fg
Zala Fgcosθ radialur da balansiris traeqtoriis mxeb Fgsinθ komponentebad davSaloT. mxebi
520 Tavi 15 rxevebi
komponenti qanqaris brunvis centris mimarT aRmdgen brunvis

moments warmoqmnis, vinaidan es komponenti yovelTvis
balansiris gadaadgilebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs da
mis centralur mdebareobaSi dabrunebas cdilobs. am
mdebareobas wonasworuli mdebareoba (θ=0) ewodeba, vinaidan
gaqanebis gareSe qanqara am wertilSi uZravi iqneboda.
10.41 formulidan ( τ = r⊥ F) aRmdgeni brunvis momenti ase (a)
SeiZleba Caiweros:
τ = –L(Fgsinθ), (15.24)
sadac minus niSani aRniSnavs, rom brunvis momenti θ-is

Semcirebas cdilobs, da L aris Fgsinθ Zalis komponentis
momentis mxari brunvis centris mimarT. 15.23 formula 10.44
formulaSi (τ=Iα) CavsvaT, Semdeg Fg-s nacvlad mg SevitanoT
da miviRebT:
– L(mg sin θ) = Iα ,
(15.25)
(b)
sadac I aris qanqaris inerciis momenti brunvis centris
mimarT, xolo α - kuTxuri aCqareba am wertilis mimarT. sur. 15.9. a) martivi qanqara.
15.25 formula gamartivdeba, Tu θ kuTxes sakmarisad mcired b) balansirze Fg gravitaciuli
miviCnevT da sinθ-s miaxloebiT θ-Ti SevcvliT (magaliTad Tu Zala da Tokidan T Zala moqmedebs.
gravitaciuli Zalis F sinθ kom
θ=5°=0,0873radiani, maSin sinθ=0,0872 da gansxvaveba mxolod ponenti aRmdgeni Zalaa,g romelic
0,1%-ia). amgvari daSvebis da gardaqmnis Semdeg miviRebT: qanqaris centralur mdebareobaSi
mgL dabrunebas cdilobs.
α = –  θ , (15.26)
I
es formula 15.8-is (SHM-s niSnis) kuTxuri eqvivalentia. mis Tanaxmad, qanqaris α kuTxuri
aCqareba θ kuTxuri gadaadgilebis proporciuli da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. maSasadame, rodesac
balansiri 15.9a suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsad marjvnisken moZraobs, marcxnisken mimarTuli
aCqareba izrdeba, vidre balansiri gaCerdeba da marcxnisken moZraobas daiwyebs. Semdeg, rodesac
balansiri marcxnivaa wonasworobis mdebareobidan, marjvnisken mimarTuli aCqareba balansiris
ukan dabrunebas cdilobs da a.S. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, mcire kuTxeebiT moqanave martivi
qanqaris moZraoba daaxloebiT SHM-a. mcire kuTxeebis pirobis dadgena sxvagvaradac SeiZleba:
moZraobis θm kuTxuri amplituda (maqsimaluri kuTxe) mcire unda iyos.
15.26 da 15.8 formulebis Sedarebidan Semdeg Cans, rom qanqaris kuTxuri sixSirea . Tu
am gamosaxulebas 15.5 formulaSi (ω=2π/T) CavsvamT, qanqaris periodi Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
(15.27)
martivi qanqaris mTeli masa nawilakis msgavsi balansiris m masaSia Tavmoyrili, romelic
brunvis centridan L radiuszea. maSasadame, 10.33 formula (I=mr2) SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, raTa
qanqaris inerciis momentisaTvis I=mL2 formula daiweros. am formulis 15.27 formulaSi Casma
da gamartiveba mogvcems:
(martivi qanqara, mcire amplituda) (15.28)
15.28 formula mcire kuTxeebze moqanave martivi qanqaris periodis ufro martivi gamosaxulebaa
(am TavSi kuTxeebs mcired miviCnevT).
15.6. qanqarebi 521
fizikuri qanqara
realur qanqaraSi, romelsac Cveulebriv fizikur qanqaras
uwodeben, masis ganawileba sakmaod rTulia da martivi
qanqarisgan gansxvavdeba. ganicdis Tua ara fizikuri qanqara
SHM-s? Tu ganicdis, risi tolia misi periodi?
 erT mxares θ kuTxiT gadaadgilebuli
15.10 suraTze naCvenebia
fizikuri qanqara. Fg gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zala O
brunvis centridan h manZilze mdebare C masaTa centrze
moqmedebs. 15.10 da 15.9b suraTebis Sedareba fizikur
da martiv qanqarebs Soris mxolod erT mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebas gviCvenebs. fizikuri qanqaris SemTxvevaSi
sur. 15.10. fizikuri qanqara.
gravitaciuli Zalis Fgsinθ komponents brunvis centris
aRmdgeni brunvis momentia hFgsinθ.
mimarT h manZilis momentis mxari gaaCnia da ara Tokis L rodesac θ=0, C masaTa centri
sigrZis. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, 15.27 formulis CaTvliT zustad O brunvis centris qvemoTaa.
martivi qanqaris analizi fizikuri qanqaris analizis
identuria. am SemTxvevaSic (mcire θm-sTvis) gamoCndeba, rom
moZraoba daaxloebiT SHM-a.
15.27 formulaSi L SevcvaloT h-iT da periodisTvis CavweroT:
(fizikuri qanqara, mcire amplituda) (15.29)
iseve, rogorc martivi qanqaris SemTxvevaSi, I aris qanqaris inerciis momenti O-s mimarT.
miuxedavad amisa, amjerad I ubralod mL2 ar aris (fizikuri qanqaris formazea damokidebuli),
magram kvlav m-is proporciulia.
fizikuri qanqara ar iqanavebs, Tu Camokidebis wertili mis sakuTar masaTa centrs emTxveva.
es mdgomareoba 15.29 formulaSi h=0 Casmas Seesabameba. Semdeg formula mogvcems T=∞, rac
niSnavs, rom amgvari qanqara erT rxevasac ver Seasrulebs.
O brunvis centris garSemo T periodiT merxev fizikur qanqaras igive T periodis da L0 sigrZis
martivi qanqara Seesabameba. L0-is gamoTvla 15.28 formuliT xdeba. O wertilidan fizikuri
qanqaris gaswvriv L0 manZilze mdebare wertils fizikuri qanqaris rxevis centri ewodeba
mocemuli Camokidebis wertilisaTvis.
g-s gazomva
fizikuri qanqara dedamiwis zedapiris garkveul adgilze Tavisufali vardnis g aCqarebis
gasazomad gamoiyeneba (geofizikuri kvlevebis dros mravali aTasi amgvari gamoTvla Catarda).
simartivisTvis qanqara L sigrZis erTgvarovan Rerod miviCnioT, romelic erTi boloTi
1
damagrebulia. amgvari qanqaris brunvis centrsa da masaTa centrs Soris h manZilia L. 10.2e
2
cxrili gvauwyebs, rom masaTa centrze gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis mimarT amgvari
1
qanqaris inerciis momentia 12
mL2. Semdeg paraleluri RerZebis Sesaxeb Teoremis 10.36
formulidan (I=Icom+Mh ), Reros erT boloze gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis mimarT
2
inerciis momenti gamovTvaloT:

1 1
I = Icom + mh2 = 12
mL2 + m( 2 L)2 = 13  mL2 (15.30)
1 1
Tu 15.29 formulaSi h= L da I= mL2 CavsvamT da g-sTvis amovxsniT, miviRebT:
2 3
8p2L
g= (15.31)
3T 2
maSasadame, L-is da T periodis gazomvis Semdeg qanqaris mdebareobis adgilze g-s mniSvnelobis
gamoTvla SeiZleba (zusti gamoTvlebis SemTxvevaSi ramdenime Sesworebaa saWiro. magaliTad,
qanqara vakuumur kameraSi unda irxeodes).
522 Tavi 15 rxevebi

15.11a suraTze, 1 m sigrZis joxi masaTa cen sur. 15.11. a) sa
zomi joxi erTi bo
tridan h manZilze mdebare brunvis centris
loTi fizikuri qan
mimarT qanaobs. qaris saxiT aris Ca
a) risi tolia rxevis T periodi? mokidebuli. b) L0 si
amoxsna: joxi martivi qanqara ar aris, vinaidan grZis martivi qanqara
isea arCeuli, rom ori
misi masa sayrdeni wertilis mopirdapire qanqaris rxevis periodi
boloSi ar koncentrirdeba. maSasadame, Tanabaria. (a) qanqaris P
joxi fizikuri qanqaraa. am SemTxvevaSi misi wertili rxevis centrs
aRniSnavs. (b)
periodi 15.29 formuliT gamoiTvleba da
(a)
sayrdeni wertilis mimarT joxis I inerciis
momenti gvWirdeba. Cven SegviZlia joxi fizikuri qanqaris toli periodi aqvs. 15.28
L sigrZis da m masis erTgvarovan Rerod da 15.32 formulebis gatolebis SemTxvevaSi
miviCnioT. amis Semdeg, 15.30 formulis miviRebT:
1
Tanaxmad I =  mL2, xolo 15.29 formulaSi h = 
3 .
1
 L. am mniSvnelobebis 15.29 formulaSi Casma
2
mogvcems: gamokvlevis Sedegad dgindeba, rom:
2 2
(15-32) L0 =  3 L = ( 3 )(100 sm) = 66,7 sm (pasuxi)
15.11a suraTze, Camokidebis O wertilidan

am manZils P wertili aRniSnavs. maSasadame, P
(pasuxi)
wertili mocemuli Camokidebis wertilisTvis
joxis rxevis centria.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom pasuxi qanqaris m masaze
damokidebuli ar aris.
sakontrolo wertili 4. m0, 2m0 da 3m0
b) risi tolia joxis O sayrden wertilsa da masis sami fizikuri qanqara erTi formisa
rxevis centrs Soris L0 manZili? da zomisaa da erTi da igive wertiliTaa
amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvsurs martivi Camokidebuli. masebi qanqarebis perio
qanqaris (sur. 15.11b) L0 sigrZis gageba, debis mixedviT Ydididan mcireze daa
romelsac 15.11a suraTze gamosaxuli lageT.

saSejibro tramplini damagrebis adgilidan
mTliani sigrZis daaxloebiT erT mesamed
manZilze sayrden wertilze zis (sur. 15.12a).
wyalSi mxtomeli sayrdeni wertilis gavliT
tramplinze sam nabijs swrafad gadadgams,
(a) (b)
raTa tramplinis Tavisufali bolo dabla
daixaros. rodesac tramplini horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi brundeba, wyalSi mxtomeli
maRla da tramplinis bolosken xteba (sur.
15.12b). gamocdili mxtomeli varjiSobs, raTa (g) (d)
tramplinis boloze maSin daxtes, rodesac
tramplinma mxtomelis haerSi yofnis dros sur. 15.12. a) tramplini. b) tramplinis horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi dabrunebisas wyalSi mxtomeli maRla
2,5 rxeva Seasrula. aseT dros daxtomisas da win xteba. g) daxtoma 2,5 rxevis Semdeg xdeba.
tramplinis Tavisufali bolo udidesi siCqa d) merxevi tramplinis modeli.
riT moZraobs vertikalurad qveviT (sur.
15.6. qanqarebi 523
5.12g), xolo daxtoma mniSvnelovnad gazrdis I-s da F-is gamosaxulebebis 15.34 formulaSi
mis dabla gadaxras, amis Semdgom Tavisufali Casma mogvcems:
bolos ukusvlisas tramplini mxtomels mL2a
= – LKx . (15.35)
Zalian maRla gaisvris. 3
15.12d suraTze naCvenebia tramplinis martivi, amjerad x wrfivi gadaadgileba (vertikaluri)
magram realuri modeli. sayrdeni wertilis da α kuTxuri aCqareba (saxsaris mimarT)
miRma tramplini L sigrZis xisti Reroa, gaerTianda. 15.35 formulaSi α-s x RerZis
romelic tramplinis Tavisufali bolos gaswvriv mimarTuli a wrfivi aCqarebiT
qvemoT ganlagebul warmosaxviT zambaras Secvla mxebi aCqarebis 10.22 formulis
kumSavs da sayrden wertilze damagrebuli (a =αr) saSualebiT SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi
t
saxsaris garSemo brunva SeuZlia. Tu Reros mxebi aCqarebaa a, xolo r brunvis radiusia L.
masaa m=20kg, xolo mxtomelis haerSi maSasadame, α=a/L. amis Semdeg 15.35 formula
yofnis xangrZlivoba t 1 = 0,62 wm, zambaris Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
ra k sixistis SemTxvevaSi iqneba tramplinze mL2a
= – LKx ,
daxtoma swori? 3L
saidanac gveqneba:
amoxsna: vinaidan zambara gvaqvs, rxevebi
3k
SHM-d SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram Cven amgvar a=–  x. (15.36)
m
daSvebas ar gavakeTebT. Tu Rero SHM-iT 15.36 formulas arsebiTad 15.8 formulis
moZraobs, maSin Reros merxevi bolos aCqareba (a=–ω2x) saxe aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, Rero
da gadaadgileba erTmaneTs 15.8 formuliT marTlac SHM-s ganicdis da 15.36 da 15.8
(a=–ω2x) unda daukavSirdes. Tu es asea, maSin formulebis Sedareba gvaZlevs:
jer ω-s gamovTvliT, xolo Semdeg sasurvel 3k
ω2 =
k-s. modiT Reros marjvena bolos aCqarebis da m
gadaadgilebis kavSiri SevamowmoT. es formula k-sTvis amovxsnaT da 15.5
vinaidan Tavisufali bolos rxevis dros formulidan (ω=2π/T) ω CavsvaT:
Rero saxsaris garSemo brunavs,
momenti arsebobs. brunvis moments zambaridan
brunvis k=
m
3 ( ) 2p
T
2
, (15.37)
  sadac T tramplinis rxevis periodia. Cven
Reroze moqmedi F Zala iwvevs. F Zala da,
gvsurs, rom haerSi yofnis t1 dro tramplinis
maSasadame, brunvis momenti
 droSi icvleba.
da, maSasadame, Reros 2,5 rxevis ganmavlobaSi
miuxedavad amisa, da F sidideebi nebismier
gagrZeldes. maSasadame, t1=2,5T. es da sxva
mocemul momentSi 10.39 formuliT (τ = rFsinφ)
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. am SemTxvevaSi
monacemebi 15.37 formulaSi CavsvaT da
miviRebT:
( )
gveqneba:
m 2p 2
τ = LFsin 90°, (15.33) k=  2,5 (15.38)
 3 t1
sadac L aris F Zalis momentis mxari, xolo
90° momentis mxarsa da Zalis moqmedebis wrfis =
(20 kg)
3 ( 2p
0,62wm
 2,5 ) 2
Soris kuTxea. gavaerTianoT 15.33 da 10.44

= 4,28 × 103 n/m (pasuxi)
(τ=Iα) formulebi da miviRebT:
es aris tramplinis zambaris k sixiste.
Iα = LF , (15.34)
sadac I aris Reros inerciis momenti saxsaris
15.38 formulidan Cans, rom Tu mxtomeli
haerSi ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
mimarT, xolo α - am wertilis mimarT Reros
imyofeba, maSin tramplinis kideze sworad
kuTxuri aCqareba. 15.30 formulidan Reros
1 dasaxtomad naklebi sixistis zambaraa
inerciis momentia I =  mL2.
3
saWiro. k-s mniSvneloba sayrdeni wertilis
amjerad Reros merxev marjvena boloze x
Tavisufali bolosken gadaadgilebisas
vertikaluri RerZi gavavloT da dadebiTad
izrdeba, xolo sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
maRla mimarTuleba miviCnioT. maSin Reros
gadaadgilebisas mcirdeba. gamocdili
marjvena boloze zambaridan moqmedi
mxtomeli haerSi yofnis t1 dros srulyofs da
Zala iqneba F = –kx, sadac x marjvena kidis
vertikaluri gadaadgilebaa. icis, rogor ganalagos sayrdeni wertili.
524 Tavi 15 rxevebi
dasav.
sur. 15.13. dedamiwidan danaxuli kuTxe iupiter-

sa da Tanamgzavr kalistos Soris. wreebi gali-
leis gazomvebzea dafuZnebuli. grafiki Zalian
mogvagonebs martiv harmoniul moZraobas. rode-
sac iupiteri dedamiwidan saSualo manZiliT aris
aRm. dacilebuli, rkalis 10 wuTi 2×106km-s Seesabam-
eba (nasesxebia a.p. frenCisgan, niutonis meqanika,
v.v. nortoni da kompania, niu iorki, 1971, gv. 288).
ianvari Tebervali marti
15.7. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba da Tanabari wriuli moZraoba

1610 wels, galileim axlad agebuli teleskopis saSualebiT
iupiteris oTxi mTvare (Tanamgzavri) aRmoaCina. kvireebis
manZilze dakvirvebis Sedegad, mecniers TiToeuli mTvare
planetisadmi win da ukan moZravad eCveneboda (rasac dRes
martiv harmoniul moZraobas davarqmevdiT), xolo planetis
disko moZraobis Sua wertili iyo. mecnieris xeliT gakeTebuli
Canawerebi dRemde arsebobs. a.p. frenCma galileis monacemebis
gamoyenebiT iupiteris mimarT mTvare kalistos mdebareoba
daadgina. 15.13 suraTze naCvenebia gamokvlevis Sedegebi.
wreebi galileis kvlevebs efuZneba, xolo grafiki monacemebs (a)
saukeTesod Seesabameba. naCvenebi grafiki aucileblad

gagvaxsenebs 15.3 formulas da SHM-s gadaadgilebis funqcias.
grafikis saSualebiT periodi daaxloebiT 16,8 dRe-Rames
Seadgens.
sinamdvileSi, kalisto mudmivi siCqariT da iupiteris garSemo
zustad wriul orbitaze moZraobs. misi moZraoba martivi
harmoniuli ki ar aris, aramed Tanabari wriuli moZraobaa.
is, rac galileim dainaxa da dainaxav Senc, Tu kargi binokliT
da mcire moTminebiT SeiaraRdebi – moZraobis sibrtyeze
gavlebul wrfeze erTgvarovani wriuli moZraobis gegmilia.
galileis kvlevebs mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom martivi (b)
harmoniuli moZraoba gverdidan danaxuli erTgvarovani
wriuli moZraobaa. ufro formaluri eniT rom vTqvaT:
martivi harmoniuli moZraoba erTgvarovani wriuli

moZraobis gegmilia im wrewiris diametrze, romelzec
wriuli moZraoba xdeba.
15.14a suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi. P´ sakontrolo nawilaki

Tanabrad, ω mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT sabaziso wrewirze
sur. 15.14. a) P´ sakontrolo nawilaki erTgvarovnad wriulad moZraobs

xm radiusis sabaziso wrewirze. x RerZze misi P gegmili martiv harmoniul
 (g)
moZraobas asrulebs. b) sakontrolo nawilakis ν siCqaris gegmili SHM-s

siCqarea. g) sakontrolo nawilakis a radialuri aCqarebis gegmili SHM-s
aCqarebaa.
15.8. milevadi martivi harmoniuli moZraoba 525
moZraobs. wrewiris xm radiusi nawilakis mdebareobis veqtoris maqsimaluri sididea. nebismier
t droSi, nawilakis kuTxuri mdebareobaa ωt+φ, sadac φ aris kuTxuri mdebareoba, rodesac t = 0.
P´ nawilakis x RerZze gegmili P wertilia, romelsac meore nawilakad miviCnevT. P´ nawilakis
mdebareobis veqtoris x RerZze gegmili P-s x(t) mdebareobas gvaZlevs. maSasadame:
x(t) = xm cos (ωt+φ),
rac zustad 15.3 formulaa. Cveni daskvna sworia. Tu P´ sakontrolo nawilaki Tanabrad moZraobs
wrewirze, maSin misi gegmilis P nawilaki am wrewiris diametris gaswvriv martiv harmoniul
moZraobas asrulebs.
15.14b suraTze naCvenebia sakontrolo nawilakis siCqare. 10.18 formulidan (ν=ωr) gamom
dinare, siCqaris veqtoris maqsimaluri sididea ωxm. siCqaris veqtoris x RerZze gegmili:
ν(t) = –ωxm sin(ωt+φ),
rac zustad 15.6 formulaa. vinaidan P-s siCqaris komponenti marcxena anu x-is uaryofiTi
mimarTulebisaa, formulaSi minus niSani Cndeba.

15.14g suraTze naCvenebia sakontrolo wertilis a radialuri aCqareba. 10.23 formulidan
(ar=ω2r) radialuri aCqarebis veqtoris maqsimaluri sididea ω2xm. aCqarebis veqtoris x RerZze
gegmili:
a(t) = –ω2xm cos(ωt+φ),
rac zustad 15.7 formulaa. maSasadame, gadaadgilebis, siCqarisa Tu aCqarebis mixedviT, Tana-
bari wriuli moZraobis gegmili marTlac martivi harmoniuli moZraobaa.
15.8. milevadi martivi harmoniuli moZraoba

qanqara wylis qveS mxolod mcire xniT iqanavebs, vinaidan wyali masze winaRobis ZaliT moqmedebs
da moZraobas aCerebs. qanqara haerSi ukeTesad moZraobs, magram saboloo jamSi Sedegi igivea,
vinaidan haeric winaRobis ZaliT moqmedebs (da xaxunic moqmedebs sayrden wertilSi) da qanqaris
moZraobas energias arTmevs.
rodesac oscilatoris moZraobas gare Zala amcirebs, oscilators da mis moZraobas milevadi
ewodeba. milevadi oscilatoris idealizebuli magaliTi 15.15 suraTzea naCvenebi, sadac m
masis bloki k sixistis zambaraze vertikalurad irxeva. blokidan siTxeSi CaZirul frTamde
myari sayrdeni gadaWimulia Rero (frTas da Reros masa ar gaaCniaT).
rodesac frTa maRla da dabla moZraobs, siTxe masze
da, maSasadame, mTel merxev sistemaze winaRobis ZaliT
drekadoba, k
moqmedebs. bloki-zambaris sistemis meqanikuri energia
droSi mcirdeba, vinaidan is siTxis da frTis siTbur
energiaSi gadadis.
masa
davuSvaT, siTxe frTaze da blokis siCqaris pro
porciuli w
winaRobis ZaliT moqmedebs (daSveba sworia,
Tu frTa nela moZraobs). am SemTxvevaSi, 15.15 suraTis
frTa
x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis gveqneba:
Fw = –bν, (15.39)
mileva, b
sadac b aris siTxis da frTis maxasiaTeblebze
damokidebuli milevis mudmiva da SI sistemaSi misi
sur. 15.15. idealizebuli milevadi erTeulia kg/wm. minus niSani aRniSnavs, rom Zala
w
martivi harmoniuli oscilatori.
siTxeSi CaZiruli frTa blokze wi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegoa.
naRobis ZaliT moqmedebs da bloki x zambaridan blokze Fd = –kx drekadobis Zala moqmedebs.
RerZis paralelurad irxeva. davuSvaT, rom blokze moqmedi gravitaciuli mizidulobis
526 Tavi 15 rxevebi
Zala Fw-s da Fd-is mimarT umniSvneloa. am SemTxvevaSi x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis

(Ft,x = max) niutonis meore kanoni Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
– bν – kx = ma (15.40)
ν SevcvaloT dx/dt-iT, xolo a – d2x/dt2-iT. gardavqmnaT gamosaxuleba da miviRebT diferencia-

lur gantolebas:
d 2x dx
m   +b   + kx = 0 (15.41)
dt2 dt
gantolebis amoxsna mogvcems:
x(t) = xm e –bt/2m cos (ω´t+φ) (15.42)
sadac xm da ω´ Sesabamisad milevadi oscilatoris amplituda da kuTxuri sixSirea. kuTxuri

sixSiris formulaa:
 . (15.43)
Tu b=0 (mileva ar gvaqvs), maSin 15.43 formula miulevadi oscilatoris kuTxuri sixSiris
15.12 formulaze ( ) daiyvaneba, xolo 15.42 formula – miulevadi oscilatoris
gadaadgilebis 15.3 formulaze. Tu milevis mudmiva mcirea, magram nulis toli ar aris
(b<< ), maSin ω´ ≈ ω.
15.42 formula kosinusis funqciad SegviZlia ganvixiloT, romlis xme–bt/2m amplituda droSi
mcirdeba, rac 15.16 suraTzea gamosaxuli. miulevadi oscilatoris meqanikuri energia mudmivia
da 15.21 formuliT (E= 1 k xm ) gamoiTvleba. Tu oscilatori milevadia, maSin meqanikuri energia
2
2
droSi mcirdeba. Tu mileva sustia, maSin 15.21 formulaSi xm-s xme–bt/2m-iT (milevadi rxevis
amplitudiT) SevcvliT da E(t)-s gamovTvliT:
1
E(t) ≈ 2  kxm2 e –bt/m (15.44)
15.44 formula gvauwyebs, rom meqanikuri energia amplitudis msgavsad droSi eqsponencialurad
mcirdeba.
sakontrolo wertili 5. mocemulia zambaris sixistis, milevis mudmivas da milevadi

oscilatoris masis mniSvnelobebis sami wyvili. wyvilebi meqanikuri energiis sawyisi
mniSvnelobis 1/4-mde SemcirebisTvis saWiro drois mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
wyvili 1 2k0 b0 m0
wyvili 2 k0 6b0 4m0
wyvili 3 3k0 3b0 m0
sur. 15.16. 15.15 suraTze naCvenebi milevadi

oscilatoris x(t) gadaadgilebis funqcia.
sidideebi 15.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSia
mocemuli. xme–bt/2m amplituda droSi eqspo
nencialurad mcirdeba.
15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da rezonansi 527

15.15 suraTze gamosaxuli milevadi maSasadame:
oscilatoris m=250g, k=85n/m da b=70g/wm. –2mln 12 –(2)(0,25 kg)(ln 12 )
t= b = = 5 wm (pasuxi)
a) risi tolia moZraobis periodi? 0,07 kg/wm
vinaidan T = 0,34 wm, es daaxloebiT 15 rxevis
amoxsna: vinaidan b<< = 4,6 kg/wm, periodi
droa.
daaxloebiT miulevadi oscilatoris msgavsia.
amis Semdeg 15.13 formulidan miviRebT: g) ra dro dasWirdeba meqanikuri energiis
ganaxevrebas?
=   = 0,34 wm (pasuxi) amoxsna: 15.44 formulidan gamomdinare, t

1
droSi meqanikuri energiaa
2
k xm2 e-bt/m. rode
1 2
b) ra dro dasWirdeba milevadi rxevebis sac t=0, meqanikuri energiaa k xm . maSasa
2
amplitudis ganaxevrebas? dame, Cven unda gamovTvaloT t-s mniSvnelo-
amoxsna: 15.42 formulaSi, t droSi amplitudaa ba, romlisTvisac:
xme–bt/2m. rodesac t=0, amplitudaa xm. maSasadame, 1 1 1 2

 kx 2 e –bt/m = ( k xm ).
2 m 2 2
Cven unda gamovTvaloT t, romlisTvisac: 1 2
1
Tu gantolebis orive mxares k xm -ze gavyofT
2
xme–bt/2m = 2  xm. da t-sTvis amovxsniT, miviRebT:
xm gavabaTiloT da darCenili formulis –mln 12 –(0,25 kg)(ln 12 )
t= b = = 2,5 wm (pasuxi)
naturaluri logariTmi aviRoT. formulis 0,07 kg/wm
1
marjvena mxares gveqneba ln da marcxena miRebuli dro b)-Si gamoTvlilis zustad
2
mxares: naxevari anu 7,5 rxevis droa. 15.16 suraTi am
ln(e ) = –bt/2m
–bt/2m
amocanis ilustraciaa.
15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da rezonansi

biZgebis gareSe saqanelaze moqanave adamiani Tavisufali rxevis magaliTia. Tu saqanelas vinme
periodulad ubiZgebs, maSin adgili aqvs iZulebiT anu amyol rxevas. iZulebiT rxevasTan ori
kuTxuri sixSire asocirdeba: 1) sistemis sakuTari ω kuTxuri sixSire, romelic aris misi rxevis
kuTxuri sixSire im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistema asrulebs Tavisufal rxevas; 2) iZulebiTi rxevis
gamomwvevi gare Zalis ωd kuTxuri sixSire.
15.15 suraTi idealizebul iZulebiT martiv harmoniul oscilators asaxavs, Tu `myari sayrdeni~
cvalebadi ωd kuTxuri sixSiriT maRla da dabla moZraobs. msgavsi iZulebiTi oscilatori
mmarTveli Zalis ωd kuTxuri sixSiriT irxeva da misi x(t)
gadaadgilebaa: b=50 gr/wm
x(t) = xm · cos(ωd t + φ), (15.45)
amplituda
b=70 gr/wm
sadac xm rxevebis amplitudaa. b=140 gr/wm
xm gadaadgilebis amplitudis sidide ωd-s da ω-s rTul
funqciazea damokidebuli. rxevebis νm siCqaris amplitudis
asaxva ufro martivia da misi mniSvneloba udidesia, rodesac:
ωd = ω (rezonansi) (15.46)

sur. 15.17. iZulebiTi oscilatoris
am mdgomareobas rezonansi ewodeba. 15.46 formula daa xm gadaadgilebis amplituda Zalis
xloebiT iseT mdgomareobasac asaxavs, rodesac rxevebis xm ωd kuTxur sixSiresTan erTad
icvleba. mocemuli grafikebi b
gadaadgilebis amplituda udidesia. maSasadame, Tu saqane
milevis mudmivas sam mniSvnelobas
las sakuTari kuTxuri sixSiriT ubiZgebT, gadaadgilebis da Seesabameba.
528 Tavi 15 rxevebi
siCqaris amplitudebis mniSvneloba izrdeba. es yvelaferi

bavSvebma sakmaod kargad ician. sxva kuTxuri sixSiriT (didi
an mcire) biZgebis SemTxvevaSi, gadaadgilebis da siCqaris
amplitudebi mcire iqneba.
15.17 suraTze naCvenebia oscilatoris gadaadgilebis
amplitudis Zalis ωd kuTxur sixSireze damokidebulebis
grafiki b milevis koeficientis sami mniSvnelobisTvis.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom samive koeficientisTvis amplituda
udidesia, rodesac ωd /ω = 1 (15.46 formula, rezonansi).
15.17 suraTis grafikebidan Cans, rom naklebi mileva ufro
maRal da viwro rezonansul piks gvaZlevs.
nebismier meqanikur struqturas erTi an meti sakuTari
kuTxuri sixSire gaaCnia. Tu meqanikur struqturaze moqmedi
Zala erT-erTi amgvari kuTxuri sixSiriT moqmedebs, rxeva sur. 15.18. 1985 wels, qalaqidan
Zlieria da struqturis dazianebac SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, Sors momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad
mexiko-siTiSi saSualo simaRlis
TviTmfrinavis damproeqteblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom
Senobebi Camoingrnen. ufro maRali
frTis rxevebis sakuTari kuTxuri sixSire Zravis kuTxur da ufro dabali Senobebi gadarCnen.
sixSires ar daemTxves. Zravis garkveul siCqareebze frTis
Zlieri rxeva sakmaod saSiSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
1985 wlis seqtembers, meqsikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze miwisZvris (8,1 bali rixteris skalaze)
Sedegad mexiko-sitis Senobebi daingra da amis mizezi swored rezonansi gaxda. miwisZvris
Sedegad gamowveuli seismuri talRebi, romelTac daaxloebiT 400km-iT daSorebul mexiko-
sitis miaRwies, TavisTavad saSiSi ar iyo. miuxedavad amisa, mexiko-siti uZvelesi tbis adgilzea
gaSenebuli, sadac miwa jer kidev wyliT rbildeba, amitom seismuri talRebis mcire amplituda
qalaqis miwaze gaizarda. talRebis aCqarebis amplituda 0,2g gaxldaT, xolo kuTxuri sixSire
- 3radiani/wm. qalaqis saSualo simaRlis mravali Senobis rezonansuli sixSirec daaxloebiT
3radiani/wm iyo da aqedan gamomdinare miwisZvris dros (sur. 15.18) ufro dabali da ufro maRali
Senobebi gadarCa, xolo saSualo simaRlis Senobebi _ daingra.
sixSire. perioduli anu rxeviTi moZraobis f mudmivaa. ω kuTxuri sixSire moZraobis
sixSire wamSi Sesrulebuli rxevebis ricxvia. periodsa da sixSires Semdegi formuliT
SI sistemaSi sixSiris erTeulia herci: ukavSirdeba
1 herci = 1hc = 1 rxeva wamSi = 1 wm–1 (15.1) 2π
ω= = 2πf (kuTxuri sixSire) (15.5)
periodi. T periodi erTi sruli rxevisTvis T
15.3 formulis diferencireba wertilis
anu ciklisTvis saWiro droa. periods da
SHM-s siCqares da aCqarebas drois funqciis
sixSires Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
saxiT gvaZlevs:
1
T= (15.2)
f ν(t) = – ωxm sin (ωt+φ) (siCqare) (15.6)
martivi harmoniuli moZraoba. mar da a(t) = –ω xmcos (ωt+φ) (aCqareba)
2
(15.7)
tivi harmoniuli moZraobis (SHM) dros, 15.6 formulaSi ωxm dadebiTi sidide
wonasworuli mdgomareobidan wertilis x(t) moZraobis νm siCqaris amplitudaa. 15.7
gadaadgilebaa: formulaSi ω xm dadebiTi sidide moZraobis
2
x (t) = xm cos (ωt+φ) (gadaadgileba), (15.3) am aCqarebis amplitudaa.
sadac xm gadaadgilebis amplitudaa, ωt+φ wrfivi oscilatori. m masis nawilaki,

sidide moZraobis fazaa, xolo φ fazuri romelic hukis kanonis F = –kx aRmdgeni Zalis
15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da rezonansi 529
zegavleniT moZraobs, martiv harmoniul martivi harmoniuli moZraobis Sesabamis
moZraobas asrulebs: parametrebSi proecirdeba.
milevadi harmoniuli moZraoba. realur mer-
(kuTxuri sixSire) (15.12)
xev sistemebSi, E meqanikuri energia gare Za-
lis (magaliTad, winaRobis Zalis) zemoqmede-
da (periodi) (15.13) bis Sedegad mcirdeba, vinaidan amgvari Zala
rxevas aferxebs da meqanikur energias siTbur
energia. martivi harmoniuli moZraobis
1 energiaSi gardaqmnis. realur oscilators da
SemTxvevaSi nawilaks nebismier dros K= mν2
2 mis moZraobas am SemTxvevaSi milevadi ewode-
1
kinetikuri energia da U= kx2 energia gaaCnia.  
2 ba. Tu winaaRmdegobis Zalaa Fd = –b ν , sadac
Tu xaxuni ar arsebobs, maSin E=K+U meqanikuri 
ν oscilatoris siCqarea, xolo b - milevis
energia K-s da U-s cvlilebis drosac mudmivi
mudmiva, maSin oscilatoris gadaadgilebaa:
rCeba.
x(t) = xm e –bt/2m cos (ω´t+φ), (15.42)
qanqara. martivad harmoniulad moZravi
mowyobilobebis magaliTebia 15.7 suraTze sadac ω’ milevadi oscilatoris kuTxuri
gamosaxuli grexiTi qanqara, 15.9 suraTze sixSirea da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
gamosaxuli martivi qanqara da 15.10 suraTze
 . (15.43)
gamosaxuli fizikuri qanqara. mcire rxevebis
dros maTi rxevis periodebia: Tu milevis mudmiva mcirea (b<< ), maSin
ω’=ω, sadac ω aris miulevadi oscilatoris
(grexiTi qanqara) (15.23)
kuTxuri sixSire. mcire b-sTvis oscilatoris
E meqanikuri energiaa:
(martivi qanqara) (15.28)
1
E(t) ≈ 2  kxm2 e –bt/m (15.44)
(fizikuri qanqara) (15.29)
iZulebiTi rxevebi da rezonansi. Tu
ωd sixSiris gare Zala ω sakuTari kuTxuri
martivi harmoniuli moZraoba da
sixSiris mqone merxev sistemaze moqmedebs,
Tanabari wriuli moZraoba. martivi
sistema ωd kuTxuri sixSiriT irxeva. sistemis
harmoniuli moZraoba Tanabari wriuli
νm siCqaris amplituda udidesia, rodesac:
moZraobis gegmilia wrewiris diametrze,
romelzec wriuli moZraoba xdeba. 15.14 ωd = ω (15.46)
suraTze Cans, rom wriuli moZraobis yvela
am mdgomareobas rezonansi ewodeba. sistemis
parametri (mdebareoba, siCqare da aCqareba)
xm amplituda aseT mdgomareobaSi udidesia.
SekiTxvebi
1. nawilakis a aCqarebis da x gadaadgilebis b) nawilakis siCqare meoTxe wertilSi dade

romeli kavSiri iwvevs SHM-s? a) a = 0,5x, biTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia? g) mexuTe
b) a = 400x2, g) a = –20x, d) a = –3x2. wertilSi mdebare nawilaki –xm , +xm , 0, –xm-sa
2. SHM-iT moZravi da 0-s Soris Tu 0-sa da +xm-s Sorisaa?
nawilaki 15.19 su 3. romeli utoloba aRwers φ-s 15.20a suraTze

raTze naCveneb a(t) naCvenebi SHM-sTvis?
aCqarebas ganicdis. a) –π < φ < –π/2;
a) niSandebuli wer b) π < φ < 3π/2;
tilebidan romeli g) -3π/2 < φ < – π.
Seesabameba –xm-ze 4. SHM-iT moZravi nawilakis ν(t) siCqaris
mdebare nawilaks? sur. 15.19. SekiTxva 2. grafiki naCvenebia 15.20b suraTze. nawilaki
530 Tavi 15 rxevebi
7. Tqven 15.23a suraTi unda SeavsoT, raTa masze

gamosaxuli iyos 15.23b suraTze naCvenebi
zambara-blokis oscilatoris a aCqarebis t
droze damokidebulebis grafiki. a) 15.23a
suraTze, asoebiT aRniSnul romel wertilSi
an wertilebs Soris romel monakveTSi unda
sur. 15.20. SekiTxvebi 3 da 4
gadakveTos a RerZma t RerZi? (magaliTad
RerZebi A wertilSi an A-sa da B-s Soris
uZrav mdgomareobaSia, –xm-sken moZraobs Tu
monakveTSi unda gadaikveTos). b) Tu blokis
+xm-sken moZraobs a) grafikis A wertilSi
aCqarebaa a = –am cos(ωt+φ), risi tolia φ? Tu
da b) grafikis B wertilSi? nawilaki –xm-Si,
zust mniSvnelobas ver gansazRvravT, maSin
+xm-Si, 0-Si, –xm-sa da 0-s Soris Tu 0-sa da
mniSvnelobaTa are gamoTvale (magaliTad,
+xm-s Soris imyofeba, rodesac mis siCqares
g) A wertili warmoadgens da d) B wertili
0-sa da π/2-s Soris).
warmoadgens? e) A wertilSi da v) B wertilSi
t=0
nawilakis siCqare izrdeba Tu mcirdeba?
5. 15.21 suraTze naCvenebia martiv harmo x
–xm 0 xm
niul oscilatorTa wyvilis (A da B) x(t) (a) (b)
gadaadgilebebi sam sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi.
oscilatorebi yvelafriT identuria, garda
fazebisa. TiToeuli wyvilisTvis ra fazuri 8. 15.24 suraTze naCvenebia SHM-iT merxevi
Zvraa (radianebSi da gradusebSi) saWiro, raTa zambara-yuTis sistemaze Catarebuli sami eqs
A grafiki B-s daemTxevs? mravali SesaZlo perimentis x(t) grafiki. daalageT grafikebi
pasuxidan umciresi mniSvnelobis airCieT. dididan mcireze a) sistemis kuTxuri sixSi-
ris, b) t=0 droSi zambaris potenciuri
energiis, g) t=0 droSi yuTis kinetikuri
energiis, d) t=0 droSi yuTis siCqaris da
e) yuTis maqsimaluri kinetikuri energiis
(a)K (b)K (g)K mixedviT.
6. Tqven 15.22a suraTi unda SeavsoT, raTa masze

gamosaxuli iyos 15.22b suraTze naCvenebi
zambara-blokis oscilatoris ν siCqaris t
droze damokidebulebis grafiki. a) 15.22a
suraTze, asoebiT aRniSnul romel wertilSi
an wertilebs Soris romel monakveTSi unda
gadakveTos ν RerZma t RerZi? (magaliTad,
RerZebi A wertilSi an A-sa da B-s Soris
monakveTSi unda gadaikveTos) b) Tu blokis 9. 15.25 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da igive masis
siCqarea ν = –νm sin(ωt+φ), risi tolia φ? Tu sami harmoniuli oscilatoris K kinetikuri
zust mniSvnelobas ver gansazRvravT, maSin energiis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis
mniSvnelobaTa are gamoTvale (magaliTad 0-sa grafiki. daalageT
da π/2-s Soris). grafikebi a) zambaris
Sesabamisi sixisteebis
t=0
da b) rxevis Sesabamisi
x periodebis mixedviT
–xm 0 xm
dididan mcireze.
sur. 15.22. SekiTxva 6. sur. 15.25. SekiTxva 9.
531
10. 15.26 suraTze garSemo brunva SeuZlia. daalageT qanqarebi
naCvenebia SHM-iT rxevis periodis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
moZrav zambara-blo 12. Tqven 15.28 suraTze naCvenebi rxevis
kis sistemaze Cata gadamcemi mowyobiloba unda aagoT.
rebuli ori eqspe sur. 15.26. SekiTxva 10 mowyobiloba drekad Reroze Camokidebuli
rimenti. pirvel zambara-blokis ori sistemisgan Sedgeba.
eqsperimentSi, bloki wonasworuli mdgo rodesac pirveli sistemis zambara gaWimes da
mareobidan d1 manZilze gadaadgiles da Semdeg Semdeg xeli gauSves, sistemis SHM Reros f1
xeli gauSves. meore eqsperimentSi bloki sixSiriT arxevs. Semdeg Rero meore sistemaze
ufro did d2 manZilze gadaadgiles da kvlav igive f1 sixSiris ZaliT moqmedebs. mocemuli
xeli gauSves. SeadareT erTmaneTs pirveli da gaqvT 1600, 1500, 1400 da 1200nm sixistis oTxi
meore eqsperimentis a) amplituda, b) periodi, zambara da 800, 500, 400 da 200kg masis oTxi
g) sixSire, d) maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia bloki. gansazRvreT romeli zambara romel
da e) maqsimaluri potenciuri energia. blokTan unda damagrdes TiToeul sistemaSi,
11. 15.27 suraTze raTa meore sistemis rxevis amplituda
naCvenebia umniS maqsimaluri iyos.
vnelo masis iden Rero
tur Reroebze mya

rad damagrebuli
Tanabari masebis
erTgvarovani sfe
roebisgan Semdgari sistema 1 sistema 2
sami fizikuri qanqara. TiToeuli qanqara sur. 15.28. SekiTxva 12.

vertikaluria da O damagrebis wertilis
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions zambara warmoqmnis, risi tolia zambaris
Manual-Si.
sixiste?
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday •3. 1×10-20kg masis nawilaki martivi harmoniuli
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- moZraobiT irxeva. rxevis periodia 1×20–5 wm,
com/college/halliday. xolo maqsimaluri siCqare - 1×103m/wm. gamo
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs TvaleT nawilakis a) kuTxuri sixSire da

amocanis sirTules b) maqsimaluri gadaadgileba.
•4. risi tolia platformis maqsimaluri
paragrafi 15.3. Zalis kanoni martivi aCqareba, romelic 2,2 sm amplitudiT da 6,6 hc
harmoniuli moZraobisTvis sixSiriT irxeva?
•1. eleqtrosaparsis danis piri 2mm manZilze •5. oscilatori zambaraze damagrebuli 0,5kg
120hc sixSiriT martiv harmoniul moZraobas masis blokisgan Sedgeba. 35sm amplitudiT
asrulebs. gamoTvaleT a) amplituda, b) danis rxevis dros, oscilatori moZraobas yovel
piris maqsimaluri siCqare da g) danis piris 0,5 wamSi imeorebs. gamoTvaleT a) periodi,
maqsimaluri aCqareba. SSM b) sixSire, g) kuTxuri sixSire, d) zambaris
•2. 0,12kg masis sxeuli 8,5sm amplitudis da sixiste, e) maqsimaluri siCqare da v) zambaridan
0,2wm periodis martiv harmoniul moZraobas blokze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zalis sidide.
asrulebs. a) risi tolia masze moqmedi SSM
maqsimaluri Zalis sidide? b) Tu rxevas •6. bloki-zambaris merxevi sistema moZraobas

532 Tavi 15 rxevebi
0,75 wamSi imeorebs. gamoTvaleT a) periodi, b) funqcia 15.31 suraTzea naCvenebi, xolo
sixSire hercebSi da g) kuTxuri sixSire radian mdebareobis x(t) funqciaa x = xm cos(ωt+φ)?
wamebSi. •13. dinamiki bgeras diafragmis rxevis Sedegad
•7. martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi myof sxeuls gamoscems, romlis maqsimaluri amplitudaa
nulovani siCqaris wertilidan meore amgvar 1 mkm. a) ra sixSirezea diafragmis a aCqareba
wertilamde misvlisTvis 0,25wm sWirdeba. g-s toli? b) ufro maRal sixSireebze a metia
wertilebs Soris manZilia 36sm. gamoTvaleT a) Tu naklebi g-ze? SSM
periodi, b) sixSire da g) moZraobis amplituda. ••14. wylis mimoqcevis Sedegad navsayudelSi
•8. rodesac vertikaluri rxevebiT vinte okeanis zedapiri iweva maRla da dabla d
resdebiT, avtomobili oTx identur zam manZiliT (umaRlesidan umcires donemde).
baraze Semdgar sagnad SegviZlia miviCnioT. moZraoba martivi harmoniulia da misi
garkveuli avtomobilis zambarebi isea periodia 12,5 sT. ra dro dasWirdeba wyals
SerCeuli, rom rxevis sixSire 3hc iyos. a) umaRlesi donidan 0,25d manZiliT dasawevad?
risi tolia TiToeuli zambaris sixiste, Tu ••15. bloki moTavsebulia martiv harmoniul
manqanis masaa 1450kg da es masa zambarebze moZraobaSi myof horizontalur zedapirze,
Tanabrad nawildeba? b) risi toli iqneba romelic 2hc sixSiriT win da ukan irxeva.
rxevis sixSire, Tu saSualod 73kg masis xuTi bloksa da zedapirs Soris statikuri xaxunis
mgzavri avtomobiliT moZraobs da masebi koeficientia 0,5. ra maqsimaluri sididis
Tanabrad nawildeba? SeiZleba iyos SHM-s amplituda, raTa bloki
•9. sxeulis martivi harmoniuli moZraoba zedapiris gaswvriv ar gasrialdes? SSM WWW
x = (6 m) cos [(3π rad/wm)t + π/3 rad] funqciiT
••16. 15.32 suraTze 0,2kg masis pirveli
moicema. rodesac t=2wm, risi tolia a)
bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 8m/wm
gadaadgileba, b) siCqare, g) aCqareba da d)
siCqariT misrialebs. es bloki drekad
moZraobis faza? garda amisa, risi tolia
Seejaxebas ganicdis meore uZrav blokTan,
moZraobis e) sixSire da v) periodi?
romelic 1208,5n/m sixistis zambarazea
•10. risi tolia harmoniuli oscilatoris damagrebuli (dauSviT, rom zambara Sejaxebaze
fazuri mudmiva, gavlenas ar axdens). Sejaxebis Semdeg meore
Tu mdebareobis bloki SHM-iT irxeva 0,14wm periodiT.
x(t) funqcia 15.29 pirveli bloki sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
suraTzea naCvenebi mocuravs da h=4,9m simaRlidan d manZilze
da x = xm cos(ωt+φ)? ecema. risi tolia d?
•11. 15.30 suraTze sur. 15.32. amocana 16.
7580 n/m sixistis sur. 15.29. amocana 10.
ori identuri zam-
bara 0,245kg masis
blokzea damagre
buli. bloki xaxu
nisgan Tavisufal sur. 15.30. amocanebi 11
da 24. ••17. oscilatori zambaraze (k=400n/m)
zedapirze irxeva.
damagrebuli blokisgan Sedgeba. drois t
risi tolia rxevis
momentisaTvis blokis mdebareoba (aTvlili
sixSire?
sistemis wonasworuli mdebareobidan),
•12. risi tolia
siCqare da aCqarebaa x=0,1m, ν = – 13,6m/wm da
harmoniuli osci
a = –123m/wm2. gamoTvaleT a) rxevis sixSire,
latoris fazuri
b) blokis masa da g) moZraobis amplituda. ILW
mudmiva, romlis
siCqaris ν(t) sur. 15.31. amocana 12. ••18. 15.33a suraTze naCvenebia 1,2rad/wm
533
kuTxuri sixSiris ••23. masis armqone zambara Werzea
martivi harmoniuli Camokidebuli da mis qveda boloze patara
oscilatoris x(t) sagani kidia. Tavdapirvelad sagani yi
mdebareobis fun wertilSi uZravad ukaviaT da am dros zambara
qciis grafiki. deformirebuli ar aris. Semdeg sagans
15.33b suraTze aTavisufleben da is maRla da dabla rxevas
Sesabamisi ν(t) iwyebs, Tanac misi yvelaze qveda mdebareoba
siCqaris fun yi-dan 10sm manZilzea. a) risi tolia rxevis
qciis grafikia. ri sixSire? b) risi tolia sagnis siCqare,
si tolia SHM-s rodesac sawyisi mdebareobidan 8sm-iT dabla
fazuri mudmiva, imyofeba? g) pirvel saganze 300g masis meore
Tu x(t) mdeba- sagani daamagres, ris Sedegadac sistemis
reobis funqciaa rxevis sixSire ganaxevrda. ra masisaa pirveli
x = xm cos(ωt + φ)? sur. 15.33. amocana 18 sagani? d) yi-s qvemoT ra manZilze iqneba axali
••19. martivi wonasworuli mdebareoba, rodesac zambaraze
harmoniuli oscilatori 100 n/m sixistis ori sagania damagrebuli? SSM
zambaraze damagrebuli 2kg masis ••24. 15.30 suraTze, blokze ori zambaraa
blokisgan Sedgeba. rodesac t=1wm, blokis damagrebuli. bloks xaxunisgan Tavisufal
mdebareobaa x=0,129m, xolo siCqare – zedapirze rxeva SeuZlia. Tu marcxena
ν=3,415m/wm. a) risi tolia rxevis ampli- zambaras moxsnian, bloki 30hc sixSiriT irxeva,
tuda? risi tolia blokis b) mdebareoba da xolo Tu marjvena zambaras moxsnian, maSin
g) siCqare, rodesac t = 0 wm? rxevis sixSire 45hc iqneba. ra sixSiriT irxeva
••20. bloki moTavsebulia dguSze, romelic bloki, rodesac orive zambara damagrebulia?
vertikaluri mimarTulebis martiv harmoniul •••25. 15.34 suraT
moZraobaSi imyofeba. a) Tu SHM-s periodia ze naCvenebia hori
1wm, moZraobis ra amplitudaze gancal zontalur, xaxu
kevdebian bloki da dguSi? b) Tu dguSis nisgan Tavisufal
amplitudaa 5sm, ra maqsimalur sixSireze zedapirze ganla sur. 15.34. amocana 25.
iqnebian bloki da dguSi mudmiv kontaqtSi? gebuli ori bloki
••21. ori nawilaki A sigrZis saerTo wrfis (m=1kg da M=10kg) da zambara (k=200n/m).
monakveTis gaswvriv martivi harmoniuli blokebs Soris xaxunis koeficientia 0,4.
moZraobiT irxeva. TiToeuli nawilakis zambara-blokis sistemis martivi harmoniuli
rxevis periodia 1,5wm, magram maTi fazuri moZraobis ra amplituda miiyvans mcire bloks
sxvaobaa π/6 radiani. a) ra manZilia nawilakebs dididan Camovardnis kideze?
Soris naklebi fazuri mudmivas mqone •••26. 15.35 suraTze
nawilakis mier traeqtoriis erTerTi bolos ori erTmaneTze
datovebidan 0,5 wm-is Semdeg? b) am dros isini gadabmuli zamba
erTi mimarTulebiT, erTmaneTis Semxvedri ra 0,245kg masis sur. 15.35. amocana 26.
mimarTulebiT Tu urTierTsawinaaRmdego blokzea damagre
mimarTulebiT moZraoben? buli, romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal zeda
••22. ori nawilaki paraleluri wrfeebis pirze irxeva. TiToeuli zambaris sixistea
gaswvriv Tanabari amplitudis da sixSiris k=6430n/m. risi tolia rxevebis sixSire?
martiv harmoniul moZraobs asrulebs. •••27. 15.36 suraTze 14n wonis bloki
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZravi damagrebulia 0,45m sigrZis, 120n/m sixistis
nawilakebi erTmaneTs Cauvlian, rodesac maTi da masis armqone zambaraze. zedapiris
gadaadgileba amplitudis naxevaria. risi daxris kuTxea θ=40°. a) daxrili zedapiris
tolia fazuri sxvaoba?
534 Tavi 15 rxevebi
umaRlesi wertilidan fiki. risi tolia zambaris sixiste?

ra manZilzea blokis •33. horizontalur, xaxunisgan Tavisufal
wonasworuli wertili? zedapirze 5kg masis sagani k=1000n/m
b) Tu bloks odnav sixistis zambarazea damagrebuli. sagani
Caacureben da Semdeg wonasworuli mdebareobidan 50sm manZilze
xels gauSveben, risi horizontalurad gadaadgilda da Semdeg
toli iqneba rxevebis ukan dasabruneblad 10m/wm sawyisi siCqare
periodi? mieniWa. risi tolia a) moZraobis sixSire,
paragrafi 15.4. energia martiv harmo b) bloki-zambaris sistemis sawyisi potenciuri
niul moZraobaSi energia, g) sawyisi kinetikuri energia da
d) moZraobis amplituda? ILW
•28. bloki-zambaris merxevi sistemis
meqanikuri energiaa 1j, amplituda - 10sm, xolo ••34. Tu SHM-iT moZravi bloki-zambaris
maqsimaluri siCqare - 1,2m/wm. gamoTvaleT a) sistemis fazuri kuTxea π/6 radiani, xolo
zambaris sixiste, b) blokis masa da g) rxevis blokis mdebareobaa x=xmcos(ωt+φ), risi
sixSire. tolia kinetikuri energiis potenciurTan
Sefardeba, rodesac t=0?
•29. bloki-zambaris sistemis zambaris
sixistea 1,3n/sm, xolo rxevis amplituda - ••35. SHM-iT moZravi 10g masis nawilakis
2,4sm. gamoTvaleT am sistemis meqanikuri amplitudaa 2mm, maqsimaluri aCqarebaa
energia. 8×103 m/wm2, xolo φ fazuri mudmiva ucnobia.
risi tolia a) moZraobis periodi, b) nawilakis
•30. 15.37 suraTze
maqsimaluri siCqare da g) oscilatoris sruli
naCvenebia 2kg na
meqanikuri energia? risi tolia nawilakze
wilakis potenciu
moqmedi Zalis sidide, rodesac nawilaki
ri energiis erT
d) maqsimalur gadaadgilebas miaRwevs da
ganzomilebiani or
e) maqsimaluri gadaadgilebis naxevarzea?
mo (U(x) funqcias
bx2 saxe aqvs). a) ••36. 15.39 suraTze,
Tu nawilaki wo zambaraze damag
nasworul mdebareobas 85sm/wm siCqariT rebuli 2 kg masis
Cauvlis, mobrundeba Tu ara ukan, vidre meore bloki 20 mwm sur. 15.39. amocana 36.
x=15sm miaRwevs? b) Tu diax, maSin ra periodis SHM-iT

mdebareobaze mobrundeba nawilaki da Tu ara, irxeva. blokis mdebareobaa x=(1sm)cos(ωt+π/2).
maSin risi tolia nawilakis siCqare x=15sm 4kg masis pirveli bloki zambaris gaswvriv
mdebareobaze? meore blokisken 6m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
rodesac t=5mwm, ori bloki erTmaneTTan
•31. rodesac SHM-s gadaadgileba xm
absoluturad aradrekad Sejaxebas ganicdis
amplitudis naxevaria, sruli energiis ra
(Sejaxebis xangrZlivoba moZraobis periodze
nawilia a) kinetikuri energia da b) potenciuri
bevrad mcirea). risi tolia SHM-s amplituda
energia? g) ra mdebareobazea Sesabamisad
Sejaxebis Semdeg?
kinetikuri da potenciuri energiebi sruli
energiis naxevari? SSM ••37. M=5,4kg masis
bloki xaxunisgan
•32. 15.38 suraTze
Tavisufal ho
naCvenebia martivi
rizontalur ze
harmoniuli osci sur. 15.40. amocana 37.
dapirze uZravad
latoris K kineti
Zevs dak=6000n/m sixistis zambarazea
kuri energiis x
mimagrebuli. m=9,5g masis da 630m/wm siCqariT
mdebareobaze damo
moZravi tyvia bloks ejaxeba da masSi rCeba
kidebulebis gra sur. 15.38. amocana 32.
535
(sur. 15.40). dauSviT, rom zambara blokSi TvaleT qanqaris
tyviis gaCerebisas umniSvnelod ikumSeba inerciis momenti
da gamoTvaleT a) blokis siCqare Sejaxebis sayrdeni wer
Semdeg da b) Sedegad miRebuli martivi tilis mimarT.
harmoniuli moZraobis amplituda. b) ra manZilia
sayrden wertilsa
paragrafi 15.5. kuTxuri martivi harmo
da qanqaris masaTa
niuli oscilatori
centrs Soris?
•38. 95kg masis da 15sm radiusis myari sfero
g) gamoTvaleT
vertikalur mavTulzea Camokidebuli. sfe
rxevis periodi. sur. 15.41. amocana 43
ros 0,85 radiani kuTxiT mosabruneblad da
SSM
Semdeg am mimarTulebis SesanarCuneblad
•44. 15.42 suraT
0,2n•m brunvis momentia saWiro. risi tolia
ze naCvenebi fizi
sferos gaSvebis Semdeg miRebuli rxevebis
kuri qanqara erT
periodi?
gvarovani myari dis
••39. saaTis balansiri π radiani kuTxuri
kosgan (R=2,35sm)
amplitudiT da 0,5wm periodiT irxeva. ga sur. 15.42. amocana 44.
Sedgeba, romelic
moTvaleT a) balansiris maqsimaluri kuT
diskos centridan
xuri siCqare, b) kuTxuri siCqare π/2 radianiT
d=1,75sm manZilze ganlagebuli WanWikiT
gadaadgilebisas da g) kuTxuri aCqareba π/4
vertikalur sibrtyezea damagrebuli. disko
radianiT gadaadgilebisas. SSM WWW
mcire kuTxiT gadaadgiles da Semdeg xeli
paragrafi 15.6. qanqara gauSves. risi tolia Sedegad miRebuli
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis periodi?
•40. a) Tu 15.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
mocemuli fizikuri qanqara Seabrunes da •45. fizikuri qanqara erTmetriani sazomi
P wertilze Camokides, risi toli iqneba Rerosgan Sedgeba. Rero 50sm-is niSnulidan
misi rxevis periodi? b) SeadareT periodis d manZilze gakeTebuli mcire naxvretiT
miRebuli da wina mniSvnelobebi. aris damagrebuli. rxevis periodia 2,5wm.
gamoTvaleT d. ILW
•41. 15.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi fizikuri
qanqaris rxevaTa centri Camokidebis •46. trapeciaze Semomjdari msaxiobi 8,85wm
wertilidan 2L/3 manZilze iyo. aCveneT, rom periodiT win da uqan qanaobs. Tu msaxiobi
nebismieri formis fizikuri qanqarisTvis fexze adgeba da trapecia+msaxiobis sistemis
Camokidebis wertilsa da rxevaTa centrs masaTa centri 35sm-iT maRla aiwevs, risi
Soris manZilia I/mh, sadac I-s da h-s toli iqneba sistemis axali periodi?
mniSvnelobebi 15.29 formulis mixedviT trapecia+msaxiobis sistema martivi qanqaraa.
miiReba, xolo m qanqaris masaa. •47. 15.43 suraTze
•42. davuSvaT, martivi qanqara umniSvnelo naCvenebia erT
masis Tokze Camokidebuli 60g balansirisgan maneTze dama
Sedgeba. Tu Toksa da vertikals Soris grebuli erT
kuTxea: metriani sigrZis
sazomi Reroebisgan
θ = (0,08radiani)cos[(4,43radiani/wm)t + φ].
Semdgari fizikuri qanqara. risi tolia
risi tolia a) qanqaris sigrZe da b) misi
horizontaluri Reros centris A wertilis
maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia?
mimarT qanqaris rxevis periodi?
•43. 15.41 suraTze naCvenebi qanqara L=500mm
••48. Txeli erTgvarovani Rero (masa=0,5kg)
sigrZis 270g masis erTgvarovan RerosTan
mis erT boloze gamaval da rxevis sibrtyis
mimagrebuli r=10sm radiusis da 500g masis
perpendikularuli RerZis mimarT irxeva.
erTgvarovani diskosgan Sedgeba. a) gamo
536 Tavi 15 rxevebi
Reros periodia 1,5wm, xolo kuTxuri xeva. a) Reros masaTa centrsa da O sayrden
amplituda - 10°. a) ra sigrZisaa Rero? wertils Soris ra x manZili iZleva umcires
b) risi tolia Reros maqsimaluri kinetikuri periods? b) risi tolia umciresi periodi?
energia? ••52. 15.47 suraTze 3kg
••49. 15.44 suraT kedeli masis kubis gverdis
ze 0,6kg masis sigrZea d=6sm da kubi
erTgvarovani Re sakuTar centrze ga
ro horizonta brunvis RerZi maval RerZzea dama
lur sibrtyeSi mis sur. 15.44. amocana 49.
grebuli. zambara (k = sur. 15.47. amocana 52.
centrze gamavali 1200n/m) kubis zeda
vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad kuTxes kedelTan akavSirebs. Tavdapirvelad
brunavs. k=1850n/m sixistis zambara Re zambara wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Tu
ros erT bolosa da kedels Soris aris kubs 3°-iT movabrunebT da xels gavuSvebT,
damagrebuli. wonasworul mdgomareobaSi risi toli iqneba Sedegad miRebuli SHM-s
Rero kedlis paraleluria. risi tolia Reros periodi?
odnav mobrunebis da xelis gaSvebis Sedegad ••53. 15.9b suraTze gamosaxuli qanqaris
miRebuli mcire rxevebis periodi? kuTxea θ=θmcos[(4,44radiani/wm)t+φ]. rodesac
••50. marTkuTxa t=0, θ=0,04 radians da dθ/dt = – 0,2 rad/wm. risi
bloki, romlis wax tolia a) φ fazuri mudmiva da b) θm maqsimaluri
nagis gverdebis kuTxe? (miniSneba: θ-s cvlilebis siCqare dθ/dt
sigrZeebia a=35sm ar agerioT SHM-s ω-sTan).
da b=45sm, viw ••54. 15.48a suraTze liTonis dafa masaTa
ro xvrelSi gama centrze gamaval RerZzea damagrebuli.
val Txel hori k=2000n/m sixistis zambara kedels masaTa
zontalur Rero centridan r=2,5sm manZilze mdebare kidis
ze unda Camoiki sur. 15.45. amocana 50
wertilTan akavSirebs. Tavdapirvelad
dos. Semdeg blo zambara wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Tu
kma Reros garSemo qanqaris msgavsad unda dafas 7°-iT movabrunebT da Semdeg xels
Seasrulos rxevebi mcire kuTxeebiT, raTa gavuSvebT, is RerZis mimarT SHM-iT ibrunebs
SHM miviRoT. 15.45 suraTze naCvenebia blokis da kuTxuri mdebareoba 15.48b suraTiT
centridan r manZiliT daSorebuli da blokis moicema. risi tolia dafis inerciis momenti
kuTxisa da centris damakavSirebul wrfeze masaTa centris mimarT?
mdebare xvreli. a) aageT qanqaris periodis am
wrfis gaswvriv r manZilze damokidebulebis
grafiki ise, rom minimumi Candes. b) r-is ra
mniSvnelobisTvis Cndeba es minimumi? sinam
dvileSi blokis centris garSemo im wertilTa
xazi arsebobs, ro
melTa mimarTac
rxevis periodi igi
ve minimaluri mniS (a) (b)
vnelobisaa. g) ra
formisaa es xazi?
•••55. grZeli Txeli Rero sakuTari
••51. 15.46 suraTze
wertilis garSemo brunavs da qanqaras qmnis.
L=1,85m sigrZis Re
eqsperimentebis seriaSi, periodi sayrden
ro fizikuri qan
wertilsa da Reros centrs Soris d manZilis
qaris msgavsad ir sur. 15.46. amocana 51
537
funqciis saxiT izomeba. a) Tu Reros sigrZea asacilebeli sistemisTvis gamoTvaleT a) k
L=2,2m da misi masaa m=22,1g, risi tolia zambaris sixiste da b) b milevis mudmiva, Tu
minimaluri periodi? b) Tu d periodis TiToeuli borblis datvirTva 500kg tolia.
minimumamde dasayvanad aris SerCeuli da
paragrafi 15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da
Semdeg L izrdeba, periodi izrdeba, mcirdeba
rezonansi
Tu igive rCeba? g) Tu m izrdeba da L ar
•61. horizontalur Zelakze cxra martivi
icvleba, periodi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive
qanqara kidia, romelTa sigrZeebia a) 0,1, b) 0,3,
rCeba? SSM WWW
g) 0,4, d) 0,8, e) 1,2, v) 2,8, z) 3,5, T) 5 da i) 6,2m.
•••56. 15.49 su
davuSvaT Zelaki 2 rad/wm-dan 4 rad/wm-mde
raTze 2kg ma
kuTxuri sixSireebis horizontalur rxe
sis da D = 42 sm
vebs ganicdis. romeli qanqara mova Zlier mo
diametris disko
ZraobaSi?
L = 76 sm sigrZis
•62. 15.45 formulisTvis davuSvaT, rom xm
da umniSvnelo
amplitudaa:
masis Rerozea Ca
mokidebuli. a) Tu ,
masis armqone
sadac Fm 15.15 suraTze gamosaxuli myari
grexiT zambaras
sur. 15.49. amocana 56. sayrdenidan zambaraze moqmedi gare merxevi
movxsniT, risi to
Zalis amplitudaa. rezonansis dros risi
li iqneba rxevis periodi? b) rodesac grexiTi
tolia merxevi sagnis a) amplituda da b)
zambara damagrebulia, Rero wonasworul
siCqaris amplituda?
mdgomareobaSi vertikaluria. risi tolia
••63. 1000kg masis manqanas oTxi 82kg-iani
zambaris grexis mudmiva, Tu rxevis periodi
adamiani gadayavs. manqana oRroCoRro gzaze
0,5wm-iT mcirdeba?
moZraobs, sadac uswormasworoba yovel
paragrafi 15.8. milevadi martivi harmo 4m manZilze gvxvdeba. manqana maqsimaluri
niuli moZraoba amplitudiT irxeva, rodesac misi siCqarea
•57. 15.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi risi tolia 16km/sT. Semdeg manqana Cerdeba da xalxi
milevadi rxevebis amplitudis Sefardeba me- gadmodis. ra manZiliT aiwia manqanis Zaram?
20 ciklis bolos sawyis amplitudasTan?
•58. milevadi oscilatoris amplituda
64. risi tolia m/wm2
yoveli ciklis ganmavlobaSi 3%-iT mcirdeba.
harmoniuli osci
oscilatoris meqanikuri energiis ramdeni
latoris fazuri
procenti ikargeba yovel ciklSi?
mudmiva, Tu misi a(t)
•59. 15.15 suraTze blokis masaa 1,5kg, xolo aCqarebis funqciis
zambaris sixistea 8 n/m. winaaRmdegobis Za grafiki. 15.50 su
la mocemulia –b(dx/dt) formuliT, sadac raTzea mocemuli,
b=230g/wm. bloki 12sm-iT dabla Camowies da xolo x(t) mdeba
Semdeg xeli gauSves. a) gamoTvaleT Sedegad reobis funqciaa x=xmcos(ωt+φ)?

miRebuli rxevebis amplitudisTvis saWiro
65. 15.51 suraTze naCvenebia zambaris boloze
dro, raTa is sawyisi mniSvnelobis erTi
SHM-iT merxevi 20g-iani blokis mdebareobis
mesamedi gaxdes. b) ramden rxevas Seasrulebs
cvlilebis grafiki. a) risi tolia blokis
bloki am droSi? SSM
maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia da b) wamSi
••60. 2000kg avtomobilis kiduli sistema ramdenjer miiRweva es maqsimumi? (miniSneba:
Sasis moTavsebisas 10sm-iT `jdeba~. garda grafikis daxrilobis gazomva albaT arcTu
amisa, rxevis amplituda yovel ciklSi 50%-iT ise zusti iqneba. SegiZliaT sxvagvari meTodi
mcirdeba. erTi borblis zambarisa da dartymis moifiqroT?)
538 Tavi 15 rxevebi
71. 4kg masis bloki k=500n/m sixistis zambarazea

Camokidebuli. zustad qvemodan bloks 50g
masis tyvia 150m/wm siCqariT xvdeba da blokSi
rCeba. a) gamoTvaleT Sedegad miRebuli
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis amplituda.
b) tyviis sawyisi kinetikuri energiis ramde-
ni procenti gadava oscilatoris meqanikur
energiaSi?
72. borbali da
sur. 15.51. amocanebi 65 da 66.
magrebuli Rer
66. 15.51 suraTze naCvenebia zambaris boloze Zis garSemo Ta
SHM-iT merxevi blokis x(t) mdebareoba. visuflad bru
risi tolia Sesabamis erTgvarovan navs. zambara bor
wriul moZraobaSi nawilakis a) siCqare da blis erT-erT
b) radialuri aCqareba? manaze, RerZidan sur. 15.53. amocana 72.
67. 15.52 suraTze r manZilzea dama
naCvenebia martivi grebuli, rogorc es 15.53 suraTze Cans.
qanqaris K kine a) davuSvaT, borbali m masis da R radiusis
tikuri energiis rkalia. risi tolia am sistemis mcire rxevebis
vertikalidan gada ω kuTxuri sixSire, gamosaxuli m, R, r da k
xris θ kuTxeze da zambaris sixistis saSualebiT? risi tolia ω
mokidebulebis gra Tu a) r=R da g) r=0?
fiki. qanqaris ba sur. 15.52. amocana 67.
73. grexiTi qan
lansiris masaa 0,2kg. ra sigrZisaa qanqara? qara liTonis
68. bloki zambaris SHM-iT
boloze diskosgan Se
moZraobs da misi mdebareobaa x=xmcos(ωt+φ). dgeba. diskos
Tu φ=π/5radiani, maSin, roca t=0, sruli centrze mav
meqanikuri energiis ramden procents Sead- Tuli gadis da
gens potenciuri energia? disko adgilzea
69. 55g masis bloki zambaris boloze SHM-iT mirCiluli.
irxeva. k=1500n/m da x=xmcos(ωt+φ). ra dro mavTuli mom
dasWirdeba bloks +0,8xm mdebareobidan a) Werebzea dama
0,6xm da b) -0,8xm mdebareobamde misaRwevad? grebuli da bo
lomdea daWimuli. 15.54a suraTze naCvenebia
70. miuxedavad imisa, rom kalifornia
centris garSemo brunvisTvis (da maSasadame
miwisZvrebiT cnobilia, misi sakmaod didi
mavTulis grexisTvis) saWiro brunvis momentis
teritoria myife kldeebiT aris dafaruli,
τ sididis θ brunvis kuTxeze damokidebulebis
romelTa dangreva sust miwisZvrasac ki
grafiki. disko θ=0,2radianiT moabrunes
SeuZlia. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom aseTi
da Semdeg xeli gauSves. 15.54b suraTze
kldeebi aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi dganan
naCvenebia Sedegad miRebuli rxevis θ kuTxuri
da amtkiceben, TiTqos am teritoriaze
mdebareobis t droze damokidebulebis
miwisZvra didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar momxdara.
grafiki. a) risi tolia centris mimarT
Tu miwisZvra amgvar kldes 2,2hc sixSiris da
diskos inerciis momenti? a) risi tolia
1sm amplitudis sinusoiduri (miwis zedapiris
diskos maqsimaluri dθ/dt kuTxuri siCqare?
paraleluri) rxevis mdgomareobaSi moiyvans,
(gafrTxileba: ar agerioT SHM-s (mudmivi)
klde Camoingreva. ras udris rxevis
kuTxuri sixSire da mbrunavi diskos (cvladi)
maqsimaluri aCqarebis sidide (pasuxi gamo-
kuTxuri siCqare, miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
saxe g-s saSualebiT?
539
maTgani ω simboloTi aRiniSneba. miniSneba: da gamoTvaleT darCenili ori vagonis rxevis
grexiTi qanqaris U potenciuri energia a) sixSire da b) amplituda.
1 2 1
2
κθ -is tolia, rac zambaris
U= 2 kx2 potenci- 80. k=8600n/m sixistis erTgvarovani zambara
uri energiis gamosaxulebis analogiuria). L1=7sm da L2=10sm sigrZis pirvel da meore
74. a) 15.41 formulaSi gamoTvaleT maqsi nawilad aris daWrili. risi tolia a) k1 da
maluri winaaRmdegobis Zalis (–bdx/dt) b) k2? sawyis zambaraze 15.5 suraTis msgavsad
Sefardeba zambaris maqsimalur ZalasTan damagrebuli bloki 200hc sixSiriT irxeva.
(–kx), rodesac milevad martiv harmoniul risi tolia g) pirvel nawilze da d) meore
oscilatorSi pirveli rxeva sruldeba. nawilze damagrebuli blokis rxevis sixSire?
gamoiyeneT 15.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis 81. 1,3kg masis blokis Camokidebisas ver
monacemebi. b) icvleba Tu ara es Sefardeba tikaluri zambara 9,6sm-iT iWimeba. a) gamo
SesamCnevad Semdgomi rxevebi dros? TvaleT zambaris sixiste. Semdeg es bloki
75. zambariani sasworis skala 12sm sig kidev 5sm-iT dabla Camowies da xeli gauSves.
rZisaa da 0-dan 15kg-mde aCvenebs. sas gamoTvaleT Sedegad miRebuli SHM-s
worze Camokidebuli yuTi 2hc sixSiriT b) periodi, g) sixSire, d) amplituda da
vertikalurad irxeva. a) risi tolia zambaris e) maqsimaluri siCqare.
sixiste? b) ra wonisaa yuTi? 82. brtyeli erTgvarovani wriuli diskos
76. dinamikis diafragma 440hc sixSiris masaa 3kg, xolo radiusi - 70sm. disko mis
martiv harmoniul rxevas asrulebs da misi centrSi damagrebul vertikalur mavTulzea
maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa 0,75mm. risi tolia Camokidebuli da imyofeba horizontalur
a) kuTxuri sixSire, b) maqsimaluri siCqare da sibrtyeSi. Tu diskos mavTulis garSemo 2,5
g) maqsimaluri aCqareba? radianiT movabrunebT, am mimarTulebis
77. orTqlmavlis cilindrebis TavakSi dguSis SesanarCuneblad 0,06n•m brunvis momenti
svla (amplitudaze orjer meti) 0,76m-ia. Tu iqneba saWiro. gamoTvaleT a) mavTulis mimarT
dguSi 180bruni/wT kuTxuri sixSiris martiv diskos inerciis momenti, b) grexis mudmiva da
harmoniul moZraobas asrulebs, risi tolia g) merxevi grexiTi qanqaris kuTxuri sixSire.
misi maqsimaluri siCqare? 83. R=12,6sm radiusis erTgvarovani wriuli
78. kamertonis Canglis wveri 1000hc sixSiris disko fizikuri qanqaris saxiT sakuTari
da 0,4mm amplitudis martiv harmoniul fersos wertiliT aris Camokidebuli. a) risi
moZraobas asrulebs. risi tolia am wveris a) tolia periodi? b) ra radialur r<R manZilzea
maqsimaluri aCqareba, b) maqsimaluri siCqare, sayrdeni wertili, romelic igive periods
g) aCqareba 0,2mm gadaadgilebisas da d) siCqare gvaZlevs?
0,2mm gadaadgilebisas? 84. martivi qanqarisTvis gamoTvaleT θm
79. 15.55 suraTze kuTxuri amplituda, rodesac martivi
madnis sabados harmoniuli moZraobisTvis saWiro aRm
10000kg masis sami dgeni brunvis momenti arsebuli brunvis
vagoni liandagis momentisgan 1%-iT gansxvavdeba (ix. E damateba.
paraleluri kabe `trigonometriuli formulebi~).
lis saSualebiT 85. risi tolia 2m sigrZis martivi qanqaris
uZravad dgas. lian sixSire a) oTaxSi, b) 2m/wm2 aCqarebiT maRla
dagis daxraa θ=300. moZrav liftSi da g) Tavisufali vardnisas?
kabeli 15sm-iT iWi 86. 20sm sigrZis da 5g masis martivi qanqara
meba, vidre qveda 50m radiusis wreze 70m/wm siCqariT moZrav
or vagons Soris sportul avtomobilSia Camokidebuli. Tu
kavSiri gawydeba da bolo vagoni Cagordeba. qanqara wonasworuli mdebareobis mimarT
dauSviT, rom kabeli hukis kanons emorCileba radialuri mimarTulebis mcire rxevebs
540 Tavi 15 rxevebi
ganicdis, risi tolia rxevis sixSire? kinetikuri energia rxevisas?

87. nawilaki x=0 wertilis garSemo 0,25hc 93. martivi har
sixSiris wrfiv SHM-s asrulebs. rodesac moniuli osci
t=0, gadaadgilebaa x=0,37sm da siCqare nulis latori k=200n/m
tolia. gamoTvaleT moZraobis a) periodi, sixistis zambaraze
b) kuTxuri sixSire, g) amplituda, d) x(t) damagrebuli blo sur. 15.56. amocana 93.
gadaadgileba, e) ν(t) siCqare, v) maqsimaluri kisgan Sedgeba.
siCqare, z) maqsimaluri aCqareba, T) bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze
gadaadgileba, rodesac t=3wm da i) siCqare, srialebs, misi wonasworuli mdebareobaa
rodesac t=3wm? x = 0, xolo amplituda – 0,2m. 15.56 suraTze
88. 50g masis qva vertikaluri zambaris naCvenebia blokis ν siCqaris t droze damo
bolozea damagrebuli da irxeva. Tu qvis kidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia a) SHM-s
maqsimaluri siCqarea 15sm/wm da periodia periodi, b) blokis masa, g) gadaadgileba,
0,5wm, gamoTvaleT a) zambaris sixiste, b) rodesac t=0, d) aCqareba, rodesac t=0,1wm da
moZraobis amplituda da g) rxevis sixSire. e) maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia?
89. 2kg masis bloki zambarazea Camokidebuli. 94. martivi har

blokze Camokidebuli 300g masis sxeuli moniuli oscila
zambaras kidev 2sm-iT Wimavs. a) risi tolia tori zambaraze
zambaris sixiste? b) 300g masis sxeuli moxsnes damagrebuli 0,5kg
da bloki rxevas iwyebs. gamoTvaleT moZraobis blokisgan Sedgeba.
periodi. bloki xaxunisgan
Tavisufal zeda
90. zambaris bolo 2wm periodiT irxeva,
pirze win da ukan srialebs da misi wonas
rodesac masze m masis blokia damagrebuli.
woruli mdebareobaa x=0. rodesac t=0, bloki
Tu masas 2kg-iT gavzrdiT, periodi 3wm
x=0 wertilSi imyofeba da x-is dadebiTi
gaxdeba. gamoTvaleT m.
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. 15.57 suraTze
91. 0,1kg masis bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal 
naCvenebia blokze moqmedi F tolqmedi Zalis
zedapirze wrfis gaswvriv irxeva. aTvlis
mdebareobaze damokidebulebis grafiki. risi
saTavidan blokis gadaadgilebaa:
tolia moZraobis a) amplituda da b) periodi,
x=(10sm)cos[(10radiani/wm)t+π/2radiani]. g) maqsimaluri aCqareba da d) maqsimaluri
a) risi tolia rxevis sixSire? b) risi tolia kinetikuri energia?
blokis maqsimaluri siCqare? g) x-is ra 95. 3kg nawilaki erT ganzomilebaSi martiv
mniSvnelobisTvis aRwevs bloki maqsimalur harmoniul moZraobas asrulebs Semdegi
siCqares? d) risi tolia blokis maqsimaluri formulis mixedviT:
aCqareba? e) x-is ra mniSvnelobisTvis aRwevs
x = (5m)cos[(π/3radiani/wm)t – π/4radiani],
bloki maqsimalur aCqarebas? v) zambaridan
sadac t wamebSia. a) x-is ra mniSvnelobisTvis
blokze moqmedi ra Zala iwvevs mocemul
aris nawilakis potenciuri energia sruli
rxevas?
energiis naxevari? b) ra dro dasWirdeba
92. 20n wonis bloki k=100n/m sixistis
nawilaks wonasworuli mdebareobidan x-is am
vertikalur zambarazea Camokidebuli
mdebareobamde misaRwevad?
da irxeva. zambaris meore bolo Werzea
96. 15.58 suraTze,
mimagrebuli. garkveul momentSi zambara 0,3m-
horizontalur
iT iWimeba da blokis siCqare nulis tolia.
zambaraze (k=3 n/m)
a) risi tolia am momentSi blokze moqmedi
damagrebuli mya
tolqmedi Zala? risi tolia miRebuli martivi sur. 15.58. amocana 96.
ri cilindri ho
harmoniuli moZraobis b) amplituda da g)
rizontalur zedapirze srialis gareSe go
periodi? d) risi tolia blokis maqsimaluri
541
ravs. Tu sistema uZravi mdgomareobidan rxevis amplituda? b) ramden rxevas asrulebs
Tavisufldeba maSin, rodesac zambara bloki 10 wamSi? g) risi tolia blokis
0,25m-iTaa daWimuli, gamoTvaleT cilindris maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia? d) risi
a) gadataniTi moZraobis kinetikuri energia tolia blokis siCqare, rodesac x=0,15m?
da b) brunviTi moZraobis kinetikuri energia, 101. 10n wonis bloki vertikalur
rodesac is wonasworul mdebareobas Cauvlis. zambarazea (k=200n/m) damagrebuli.
g) daamtkiceT, rom aseT pirobebSi cilindris zambaris meore bolo Werzea mimagrebuli.
masaTa centri martiv harmoniul moZraobas bloki vertikalurad irxeva da zambaris
asrulebs, romlis periodia: aradeformirebuli mdgomareobis wertilSi
, misi kinetikuri energiaa 2j. a) risi tolia

rxevis periodi? b) gamoiyeneT energiis
sadac M cilindris masaa (miniSneba: gamo Senaxvis kanoni da gansazRvreT blokis mier
TvaleT sruli meqanikuri energiis droiT zambaris aradeformirebuli mdgomareobis
warmoebuli). wertilidan maRla da dabla ganvlili
97. k=480n/m sixistis horizontalur zam- maqsimaluri manZili (ar aris aucilebeli
baraze damagrebuli 1,2kg masis bloki xa orive manZili Tanabari iyos). g) risi tolia
xunisgan Tavisufal horizontalur zeda rxevis amplituda? d) risi tolia merxevi
pirze irxeva. davuSvaT, x aris blokis gad- blokis maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia?
aadgileba im mdebareobidan, romlisTvisac 102. saaTis qanqara
zambara ar aris deformirebuli. rodesac r=15sm radiusis da
t=0, bloki x=0 wertils 5m/wm siCqariT Cauv- 1kg masis Txeli
lis da x-s dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. TiTberis diskosgan
risi tolia blokis rxevis a) sixSire da b) am- Sedgeba, romelic
plituda? g) dawereT x-is droze damokideb- umniSvnelo masis
ulebis funqciis gamosaxuleba. grZel Txel Rero-
98. 19n/m sixistis masis armqone zambara zea mimagrebuli.
vertikalurad aris Camokidebuli. 0,2kg qanqara Reros per-
masis sxeuli zambaraze daamagres da Semdeg pendikularuli da
xeli gauSves. dauSviT, rom xelis gaSvebamde diskos sawinaaRm-
zambara daWimuli ar iyo. gamoTvaleT dego boloze gama-
a) sawyisi mdebareobidan ra manZiliT daiwevs vali RerZis mimarT Tavisuflad irxeva, ro-
sxeuli da Sedegad miRebuli SHM-s b) sixSire gorc es 15.59 suraTze Cans. Tu qanqaras 2wm
da g) amplituda. periodi unda gaaCndes, sadac g=9,8m/wm2, ra L
sigrZis unda iyos Rero?
99. inJiners 10kg masis ucnauri formis
sxeulis masaTa centrze gamavali RerZis 103. 2kg bloki 200n/m sixistis horizontalur
garSemo inerciis momentis gamoTvla surs. zambarazea mimagrebuli da SHM-s asrulebs.
sagani sasurveli RerZis gaswvriv gaWimul xaxunisgan Tavisufal horizontalur
mavTulzea damagrebuli. mavTulis grexis zedapirze mosriale blokis maqsimaluri
mudmivaa κ=0,5n•m. Tu grexiTi qanqara 20 siCqarea 3m/wm. risi tolia a) blokis
cikls 50 wamSi asrulebs, risi tolia sagnis moZraobis amplituda, b) maqsimaluri aCqareba
inerciis momenti? da g) minimaluri aCqareba? d) ra dro sWirdeba
bloks 7 ciklis Sesasruleblad?
100. martivi harmoniuli oscilatori
zambaraze (k=200n/m) damagrebuli 0,8kg 104. 600n/m sixistis horizontalur zambaraze
masis blokisgan Sedgeba. bloki xaxunisgan mimagrebuli bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal
Tavisufal horizontalur zedapirze x=0 zedapirze srialebs. bloki wonasworuli
wonasworuli mdebareobis mimarT 4j sruli mdebareobis wertilis mimarT 0,4wm periodis
meqanikuri energiiT srialebs. a) risi tolia da 0,2m amplitudis SHM-s asrulebs. rodesac
542 Tavi 15 rxevebi
bloki wonasworuli mdebareobis wertils moqanave segmentis sigrZea 17m. a) gamoTvaleT

Cauvlis, 0,5kg masis sagozavi vertikalurad periodi, Tu davuSvebT, rom sistema martivi
vardeba da blokze ecema. Tu sagozavi bloks qanqaraa. b) aris Tu ara periodi burTis masaze
ewebeba, gamoTvaleT a) moZraobis axali damokidebuli?
periodi da b) moZraobis axali amplituda. 110. fizikuri qanqaris rxevis centrs
105. 4kg masis bloki zambarazea Camokidebuli Semdegi saintereso Tviseba aqvs: Tu impulsi
da 16sm-iT Wimavs. a) risi tolia zambaris (horizontaluri da rxevis sibrtyeSi mdebare)
sixiste? b) bloki moxsnes da igive zambaraze rxevis centrze moqmedebs, sayrden wertilSi
0,5kg masis sxeuli Camokides. Tu zambaras rxeva ar igrZnoba. beisbolis moTamaSeebma
gaWimaven da Semdeg xels gauSveben, risi toli (da sxva sportsmenebma) ician, rom Tu burTi
iqneba rxevis periodi? tafelas am wertilSi (`tkbil wertilSi~) ar
106. myar sxeulebSi atomTa rxevis sixSi moxvda, maSin dartymiT gamowveuli rxeva
re normalur temperaturaze 1013hc-ia. xelebs atkenT. am Tvisebis Sesamowmeblad
warmoidgineT erTmaneTze zambariT gada 15.11a suraTze gamosaxuli joxi beisbolis

bmuli atomebi. davuSvaT, vercxlis erTi tafelas ganasaxierebs. davuSvaT, F ho
atomi amgvari sixSiriT irxeva, xolo danarCeni rizontaluri Zala (burTis dartymiT ga
atomebi uZravia. gamoTvaleT zambaris sixis mowveuli) P rxevis centrze marjvniv
te. erTi moli vercxlis (6,02×10 atomi) masaa
23 moqmedebs. burTis momwodebels tafela
108g. sayrden O wertilSi uWiravs.
 a) ra aCqarebas
107. rodesac 20n wonis bidoni vertikalur

ganicdis O wertili F Zalis Sedegad?
 b) ra
kuTxur aCqarebas warmoqmnis F Zala joxis
zambaraze Camokides, zambara 20sm-iT daiWima.
masaTa centris mimarT? g) ra wrfiv aCqarebas
a) risi tolia zambaris sixiste? b) Semdeg
ganicdis O wertili b)-Si miRebuli kuTxuri
zambara xaxunisgan Tavisufal magidaze
aCqarebis Sedegad? d) a)-sa da g)-Si aCqarebebis
horizontalurad moaTavses, misi erTi bolo
mimarTulebisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilviT
daafiqsires, xolo meore boloze 5n wonis
darwmundiT, rom P marTlac `tkbili
bidoni miamagres. Semdeg bidoni aamoZraves
wertilia~.
(zambara daWimes) da xeli gauSves. risi tolia
Sedegad miRebuli rxevis periodi? 111. bavSvis garTobis
108. milevadi harmoniuli oscilatori kargi saSualebaa ka
blokisgan (m=2kg), zambarisgan (k=10n/m) da ris CarCoze drekadi

milevis Zalisgan (F=–bν) Sedgeba. rxevis TokebiT Camokidebuli
amplitudaa 25wm. oTxi rxevis Sesrulebis asawevi skami (sur. 15.61).
Semdeg amplituda sawyisi mniSvnelobis sami dauSviT, rom skamis
meoTxedi xdeba. a) risi tolia b? b) ra energia orive mxare erTi TokiT
`daikarga~ oTxi rxevis Sesrulebis Semdeg? aris Camokidebuli.
109. 15.60 suraTze 2500kg masis sangrevi rodesac bavSvi skamze

birTvi amwes boloze qanaobs. bagiris jdeba, Tokebi iWimeba
da skami ds manZiliT
qvemoT iwevs. Semdeg skams dm manZiliT dabla
daqaCaven da xels gauSveben. bavSvi zambaraze
Camokidebuli blokis msgavsad vertikalur
irxeva. davuSvaT, Tqven xarT skamis warmoebis
usafrTxoebis inJineri da ar gsurT, rom
bavSvis aCqareba 0,2g-s aRematebodes. Tu
dm=10sm, ds-s ra mniSvneloba Seesabameba amgvar
aCqarebas?

543
112. 2kg masis bloki 350n/m sixistis zambarazea periodia T. Semdeg
Camokidebuli da F=(15n)sin(ωdt) ZaliT irxeva, qanqaras abruneben
sadac ωd=35radiani/wm. milevis mudmivaa da B wertilze
b=15kg/wm. rodesac t=0, bloki uZravia, xolo kideben. B wertilis
zambara aradeformirebul mdgomareobaSia. gadaadgilebis Semdeg
a) cifruli integrebis saSualebiT periodi kvlav T
gamosaxeT blokis gadaadgileba pirveli 1 xdeba. daamtkiceT,
wamis ganmavlobaSi. gamoiyeneT erTwamiani rom qanqaris sur. 15.62. amocana 113.
intervalis dasasrulis maxloblad arsebuli mdebareobaze
moZraoba, raTa SeafasoT amplituda, periodi arsebuli Tavisufali vardnis g aCqarebaa:
da kuTxuri sixSire. gaimeoreT gamoTvlebi
b) ωd= k / m da g) ωd=20 radiani/wm
mniSvnelobebisTvis. sadac L aris Tanabari T periodebisTvis
A-sa da B-s Soris manZili (es meTodi
113. 15.62 suraTze gamosaxul fizikur
gamosadegia, raTa g-s mniSvneloba qanqaris
qanqaras A da B SesaZlo brunvis centrebi
inerciis momentisa da zomebis codnis gareSe
gaaCnia. A-s mdebareoba fiqsirebulia,
gamovTvaloT. saWiroa mxolod L-is codna)
xolo B-s mdebareoba qanqaris gaswvriv
regulirdeba. A-ze Camokidebuli qanqaris
16 talRebi - I
2000 wlis agvistoSi, ruseTis GrdiloeTiT, barencis zRvaSi wrTvnebis

dros birTvuli wyalqveSa navi `kurski~ GaiZira. rodesac danakargis
Sesaxeb xmebi gavrcelda, GrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi moRvawe seismologebma
gaixsenes, rom kurskis daRupvis dRes barencis zRvaSi ucnauri seismuri
talRebi dafiqsirda. monacemebis analizis Sedegad wyalqveSa navis
GaZirvis ara marto mizezi, aramed siRrmec ki dadginda.
rogor SeiZleba Zalian Sor manZilze gakeTebuli gazomvebis

Sedegad wyalqveSa navis siRrmis dadgena?

fizikis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sagani talRaa. Tanamedrove samyaroSi talRebis
mniSvnelobis aRsaqmelad musikaluri industria ganvixiloT. nebismieri musika, iqneba es
universitetis teritoriaze retro-pank jgufis gamosvla Tu internetiT gadacemuli raime
daxvewili koncerti, Semsruleblebis mier talRebis warmoqmnaze da Tqvens mier am talRebis
miRebazea damokidebuli. warmoqmnasa da miRebas Soris, talRebSi dacul informacias gadacema
(internetiT translaciis dros) an Cawera da Semdeg aRwarmoeba (CD, DVD an dResdReobiT
arsebuli sxva saSualebebiT) SeiZleba dasWirdes. musikaluri talRebis marTva finansurad
Zalian mniSvnelovania da marTvis meqanizmebis Semqmnel inJinrebs sakmaod didi jildoc
ergebaT.
mocemul TavSi aqcenti gakeTebulia daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZrav talRebze, rogorc es
aris, magaliTad, gitaris SemTxvevaSi. momdevno TavSi bgeriTi talRebs ganvixilavT, romelTac,
magaliTad, gitaris simi warmoqmnis. vidre am yvelafers SevexebodeT, jer samyaroSi arsebuli
uricxvi talRebis klasifikacia movaxdinoT.
544
16.2. talRebis saxeobebi 545
16.2. talRebis saxeobebi

arsebobs sami ZiriTadi saxeobis talRa:
1. meqanikuri talRebi. amgvari talRebi yvelaze kargad nacnobia, vinaidan maT TiTqmis yov-
el wams vexebiT. gavrcelebuli magaliTebia wylis talRebi, bgeriTi talRebi da seismuri
talRebi. meqanikur talRas ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aqvs: 1) emorCileba niutonis kanonebs da
2) arsebobs mxolod nivTier garemoSi, rogoricaa wyali, haeri, klde da a.S.
2. eleqtromagnituri talRebi. amgvari talRebi naklebad nacnobia, magram maT mudmivad viyen-
ebT. gavrcelebuli magaliTebia: xiluli da ultraiisferi sinaTle, radio da satelevizio
talRebi, mikrotalRebi, rentgenis sxivebi da radaruli talRebi. eleqtromagnitur tal-
Rebs arsebobisTvis nivTieri garemo ar sWirdeba. magaliTad, varskvlavebidan momavali si-
naTle dedamiwaze Camosvlamde vakuumSi moZraobs. yvela eleqtromagnituri talRa vakuumSi
Tanabari c=299 792 458m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
3. nivTieri talRebi. amgvari talRebi Tanamedrove teqnologiebSi farTod gamoiyeneba, ma-
gram TqvenTvis albaT naklebad nacnobia. nivTieri talRebi ukavSirdeba eleqtronebs,
protonebs, sxva fundamentalur nawilakebs da atomebsa da molekulebsac ki. vinaidan aseT
nawilakebs nivTierebis Semadgenel elementebs vuwodebT, maTTan dakavSirebul talRebs
nivTieri talRebi ewodebaT.
mocemul paragrafSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis umravlesoba yvela saxis talRebs miesadageba,
magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi meqanikur talRebs vexebiT.
16.3. ganivi da grZivi talRebi

daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRa meqanikuri tal-
Ris umartivesi formaa. Tu daWimuli Tokis bolos maR-
la da dabla mkveTrad aamoZravebT, calkeuli impulsis
formis talRa Tokis gaswvriv gaivlis, rogorc es aris
16.1a suraTze. impulss da moZraobas Tokis daWimuloba
(a)
iwvevs. rodesac Tokis bolos maRla awevT, Toki mim-
debare monakveTs maRla ubiZgebs, es monakveTi Semdeg
monakveTs ubiZgebs da a.S. Semdeg Tokis bolos qvemoT
moZraobisas mimdebare monakveTebi erTmaneTs qveviT
ubiZgeben. Sedegad Tokis formis miRebuli cvlileba
(impulsi) Tokis gaswvriv raRac siCqariT moZraobs.
Tu xelis martivi harmoniuli moZraobiT Tokis bolos
maRla da dabla aamoZravebT, uwyveti talRa Tokis gas-
wvriv siCqariT amoZravdeba. vinaidan Tqveni xelis moZ-
(b)
raoba drois sinusoiduri funqciaa, talRas nebismier sur. 16.1. a) daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv
mocemul momentSi sinusoiduri forma aqvs, rogorc es erTi impulsi igzavneba. Tokis tipuri el-
ementi (wertiliT aRniSnuli) jer maRla
aris 16.1b suraTze. es niSnavs, rom talRas sinusis an ko-
iwevs, xolo impulsis gavlisas dabla eS-
sinusis forma aqvs. veba. elementis moZraoba talRebis moZ-
Cvens SemTxvevaSi mxolod ìdealur~ Toks ganvixilavT, raobis mimarTulebis perpendikularulia
da, maSasadame, impulsi ganivi talRaa.
rodesac TokSi ar arsebobs talRis Camqrobi xaxunis
a) Tokis gaswvriv sinusoiduri talRa ig-
magvari Zala. garda amisa vuSvebT, rom Tokis sigrZe zavneba. Tokis tipuri elementi maRla da
usasruloa da talRa misi meore bolodan ar airekleba. dabla moZraobs. am SemTxvevaSic adgili
16.1 suraTze gamosaxuli talRebis SeswavlisTvis aqvs ganiv talRas.
546 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
marjvnisken moZravi talRis formas davakvirdeT. aseve

SegviZlia davakvirdeT Tokis elementis moZraobas,
rodesac is talRis gavlisas maRla da dabla irxeva.
Tokis nebismieri merxevi elementis gadaadgileba talRis
moZraobis mimarTulebis perpendikularulia da es 16.1b
suraTze kargad Cans. amgvar moZraobas ganivi, xolo talRas
ganivi talRa ewodeba.
16.2 suraTze naCvenebia rogor warmoqmnis haeriT savse
milSi moTavsebuli dguSi bgeriT talRas. Tu dguSs jer sur. 16.2. dguSis win da ukan moZ-
raoba haeriT savse milSi warmoqmnis
marcxniv da Semdeg marjvniv swrafad aamoZravebT, milis bgeriT talRas. radgan haeris el-
gaswvriv bgeris impulsi gaigzavneba. dguSis marjvnisken ementis oscilatorebi (aRniSnuli
moZraoba mis maxloblad mdebare haeris elementebs wertiliT) paraleluria talRis moZ-
raobis mimarTulebisa, talRa iqneba
marjvniv gadaadgilebs da mimdebare areSi haeris wnevas sigrZivi talRa.
Secvlis. Semdeg gazrdili wneva marjvnisken ubiZgebs
milis gaswvriv kidev ufro Sor manZilze mdebare haeris elementebs. rodesac dguSi macxnisken
gadaadgildeba, haeris wneva mcirdeba. Sedegad, jer dguSis axlos ganlagebuli elementebi da
Semdeg ufro Soreuli elementebi marcxnisken moZraoben. maSasadame, haeris moZraoba da haeris
wnevis cvlileba impulsis saxiT milis gaswvriv marjvnisken vrceldeba.
Tu 16.2 suraTis msgavsad dguSs martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi moiyvanT, maSin milis gaswvriv
sinusoiduri talRa gaivlis. vinaidan haeris elementebis moZraoba talRis moZraobis
mimarTulebis paraleluria, moZraobas grZivi ewodeba, xolo talRebs - grZivi talRebi.
mocemul TavSi ZiriTadad ganiv talRebs ganvixilavT, xolo me-17 TavSi - grZiv talRebs,
konkretulad ki bgeriT talRebs.
ganiv da grZiv talRebs msrbol talRebs uwodeben, vinaidan isini erTi wertilidan meore
wertilisken moZraoben (16.1 suraTze Tokis erTi bolodan meorisken, xolo 16.2 suraTze milis
erTi bolodan meorisken). gaiTvaliswineT, rom talRa vrceldeba erTi bolodan meorisken da
ara nivTiereba garemoSi (TokSi an haerSi).

seismur talRebs dedamiwis SigniT an talRebs afiqsireben, magram maTve evalebaT
miwis gaswvriv moZrav talRebs uwodeben. dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos didi odenobis
seismologiuri sadgurebi ZiriTadad energiis gamoyofis Sedegad (magaliTad
miwisZvris Sedegad warmoqmnil seismur afeTqeba) warmoqmnili seismuri talRebis
nanometrebi
(b)
sur. 16.3. a) Camweri mowyobilobis mier Seqmnili

grafiki, rodesac `kurskidan~ momavalma seismur-
ma talRebma mowyobilobas Cauara. amplituda
vertikalzea aRniSnuli, xolo dro marjvnisken
izrdeba. kurskis pirvelma afeTqebam isriT
aRniSnuli mcire amplitudis talRebi warmoqmna.
meore afeTqebas ufro didi amplitudis talRe-
bi mohyva. b) D siRrmeze CaZiruli wyalqveSa navis
afeTqebis Sedegad impulsebi rogorc qvemoT mi-
dro (wm) waSi, aseve zemoT wyalSi igzavneba.
(a)
16.4. talRis sigrZe da sixSire 547
dafiqsireba. rodesac seismuri talRebi da okeanis fskers ramdenjerme `Seejaxa~.
sadgurs Cauvlis, isini Camwer kalams arxeven fskerTan Sejaxebis dros is miwaSi kidev erT
da kalami grafiks xazavs. 16.3a suraTze impulss gzavnida da seismologiur sadgurze
naCvenebia wyalqveSa nav `kurskis~ CaZirvis miwis impulsebi erTi meoris miyolebiT
Sedegad gamowveuli seismuri talRebis mier modioda. maSasadame, sesmologiur sadgurze
Seqmnili grafiki. kalamis Tavdapirveli rxeva dafiqsirebul miwis nebismier or impulss
isriTaa aRniSnuli da mcire amplitudisaa. Soris Δt drois Sualedi toli iyo im droisa
134 wamis Semdeg bevrad Zlieri rxeva iwyeba. rac sWirdeboda wylis impulss, raTa fskeridan
analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom pirveli wylis zedapiramde asuliyo da kvlav okeanis
seismuri talRebi torpedos warumatebeli fskers dabruneboda. 2.2 formulis (νsaS.=Δx/Δt)
gasrolis Sedegad momxdarma afeTqebam saSualebiT wylis impulsis ν siCqare mTlian
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, afeTqebam wyalqveSa 2D manZils da Δt drois Sualeds Semdegi
navi gaxvrita, gaCnda xanZari da navi CaiZira. formuliT ukavSirdeba:
navis CaZirvis Semdeg bevrad Zlieri seismuri 2D
ν = 
talRebi gaCnda da isini savaraudod gamoiwvia Δt
v Δt
navis bortze ramdenime raketis erTdroulma anu D =  . (16.1)
2
afeTqebam. am Zlieri afeTqebiT gamowveuli
talRebi wyalSi daaxloebiT 1500m/wm siCqariT
talRebi seismologiur sadgurze Δt=0,11wm
moZraobs. am mniSvnelobis da Δt=0,11wm-is 16.1
drois SualediT gancalkevebuli impulsebis
formulaSi CasmiT miviRebT kurskis CaZirvis
saxiT mivida. ra D siRrmeze CaiZira wyalqveSa
miaxloebiT siRrmes:
navi?
(1500 m/wm)(0,11wm)
amoxsna: davuSvaT, rom Zlieri afeTqeba maSin D =  =
2
moxda, rodesac `kurski~ okeanis fskerze
daeSva. afeTqebis Semdeg impulsi qvemoT = 82,5 m ≈ 83 m (pasuxi)
miwaSi da zemoT wyalSi gaigzavna (sur. 16.3b). sinamdvileSi, navis namsxvrevebi daaxloebiT
wyalSi mimavali impulsi wylis zedapirsa 115m siRrmeze ipoves.
16.4. talRis sigrZe da sixSire

TokSi gamavali talRis sruli aRwerisTvis talRis formis funqcia gvesaWiroeba. es niSnavs,
rom saWiroa y=h(x,t) saxis damokidebuleba, sadac y aris Tokis nebismieri elementis ganivi
gadaadgileba, rogorc t drois da Tokis elementis x mdebareobis h funqcia. 16.1b suraTze
naCvenebi talRis zogadi aRwera sinusis da kosinusis fuqnciis saxiT SeiZleba. orive funqcia
talRis erTi da igive formas gvaZlevs. mocemul TavSi Cven sinusis funqcias viyenebT.
16.1b suraTze gamosaxuli sinusoiduri talRa x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. rodesac
talRa Tokis momdevno elementebze (Zalian mcire segmentebze) vrceldeba, elementebi y RerZis
paralelurad irxeva. t droSi x mdebareobaze myofi elementis y gadaadgilebaa:
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx–ωt) (16.2)
vinaidan formula x mdebareobis saSualebiT aris Cawer-

ili, is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Tokis nebismieri elementis
gadaadgilebis droze damokidebulebis funqciis mosaZe-
bnad. maSasadame, es formula drois nebismieri momenti-
saTvis talRis formas da Tokis gaswvriv talRis moZrao-
bisas misi formis cvlilebas gvauwyebs.
sur. 16.4. ganivi sinusoiduri talRis 16.2 formulis sidideebis saxelwodebebi 16.4 suraTzea
16.2 formulis sidideebis saxelebi
naCvenebi da maT mogvianebiT ganvsazRvravT. vidre am
sidideebs ganvixilavT, modiT 16.5 suraTi gavarCioT, romelzec x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
moZravi sinusoiduri talRis xuTi `fotosuraTia~ naCvenebi. talRis moZraobas marjvniv
mimarTuli mokle isari asaxavs, xolo Toki mxolod y RerZis paralelurad moZraobs. amis
naTlad dasanaxad, modiT Tokis wiTlad SeRebili x=0 elementis moZraobas mivyveT. pirvel
fotosuraTze (16.5a), am elementis gadaadgilebaa y=0. Semdeg fotosuraTze, elementi
maqsimalurad qvemoT aris gadaadgilebuli, vinaidan talRis Rrmuli (udablesi wertili)
masze gadis. Semdeg elementi kvlav y=0 mdebareobas ubrundeba. meoTxe fotosuraTze elementi
maqsimalurad maRal wertilSia, vinaidan talRis Txemi (umaRlesi wertili) masze gadis. mexuTe
fotosuraTze elementi kvlav y=0 mdebareobas ubrundeba da erT srul rxevas asrulebs.
amplituda da faza
16.5 suraTze moyvanilis msgavsi talRis ym amplituda warmoadgens elementebis maqsimaluri
gadaadgilebebis sidides wonasworuli mdebareobebidan, rodesac maTze talRa gadis. (m indeqsi
maqsimums aRniSnavs). vinaidan ym sididea, gazomvis mimarTulebis miuxedavad is yovelTvis
dadebiTia.
16.2 formulaSi sinusis kx–ωt argumenti talRis fazaa. rodesac talRa gadis garkveul x
mdebareobaze myofi Tokis elementze, misi faza t drois mixedviT wrfivad icvleba. es niSnavs,
rom sinusic icvleba da +1 da –1-s Soris meryeobs. udidesi
dadebiTi mniSvneloba (+1) elementze gamavali talRis
Txems Seesabameba. am momentSi x mdebareobaze y=ym. umciresi
uaryofiTi mniSvneloba (–1) elementze gamavali talRis
Rrmuls Seesabameba. am momentSi x mdebareobaze y = –ym.
maSasadame, sinusis funqcia da droze damokidebuli (a)
talRis faza Tokis elementis rxevas Seesabameba da

talRis amplituda elementis maqsimalur gadaadgilebebs
gansazRvravs.
(b)
talRis sigrZe da kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi

talRis λ sigrZe talRis formis ganmeorebebs Soris
manZilia (talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis paralelurad). (g)
16.5a suraTze aRniSnulia sabaziso talRis sigrZe. am
suraTze talRa gamosaxulia t=0 drois momentSi. drois am
momentisaTvis, 15.2 formula talRis formis aRwerisTvis
mogvcems:
(d)
y(x,0)=ymsinkx (16.3)
ganmartebis Tanaxmad am talRis sigrZis orive boloSi

(anu x=x1 da x=x1+λ mdebareobebze) Tokis elementebis y
gadaadgileba erTi da igive. maSasadame, 16.3 formulis
(e)
mixedviT:
sur. 16.5. x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
ymsinkx1 = ymsink(x1+λ)
moZravi talRis xuTi `foto~. naCvenebia
= ymsin(kx1+kλ). (16.4) ym amplituda da x1 mdebareobidan
gazomili λ sabaziso talRis sigrZe.
16.4. talRis sigrZe da sixSire 549
sinusis funqcia maSin meordeba, rodesac kuTxe (argumenti) 2π radianiT izrdeba. maSasadame 16.4
formulaSi kλ=2π anu:
2π
k=
(kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi) (16.5)
λ
k-s kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi ewodeba. SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia radiani/m (gaiTvaliswineT,
rom k simbolo uwindeburad zambaris sixistes ar aRniSnavs).
16.5 suraTis erTi fotodan meoreze talRa 1/4λ-iT marjvniv gadaadgildeba. e.i. mexuTze
fotoze talRis gadaadgilebaa 1λ.
periodi, kuTxuri sixSire da sixSire

16.6 suraTze naCvenebia 16.2 formulis y gadaadgilebis t droze damokidebulebis grafiki Tokze
garkveuli mdebareobisTvis, romelic pirobiTad aris x=0. Tu Toks daakvirdebiT, dainaxavT,
rom am mdebareobaze arsebuli Tokis elementi 16.2 formuliT mocemul martiv harmoniul
moZraobas maRla da dabla asrulebs:
y(0,t) = ym sin(–ωt) = –ymsinωt (x=0) (16.6)
am SemTxvevaSi gamoviyeneT faqti, rom sin(–α)=–sinα, sadac

α nebismieri kuTxea. 16.6 suraTze mocemulia am formulis
grafiki. es suraTi talRis formas ar gviCvenebs. sur. 16.6. Tokis x = 0 mdebareobis
talRis rxevis T periodi aris dro, romelic Tokis nebismier elementis gadaadgilebis droze
damokidebulebis grafiki, rodesac
elements erTi sruli rxevis Sesasrulebad sWirdeba. 16.6
16.5 suraTis sinusoiduri talRa am
suraTis grafikze aRniSnulia sabaziso periodi. Tu drois elementze gadis. naCvenebia ym am-
Sualedis orive bolosTvis 16.6 formulas gamoviyenebT da plituda. aseve naCvenebia drois t1
Sedegebs gavatolebT, miviRebT: momentidan gadazomili sabaziso T
periodi.
–ymsinωt1 = –ymsinω(t1+T) = –ymsin(ωt1+ωT) (16.7)
es formula, sworia Tu ωT=2π, anu:

2π
ω= (kuTxuri sixSire) . (16.8)
T
ω-s talRis kuTxuri sixSire ewodeba. SI sistemaSi misi
(a)
erTeuli radiani/wm.
davubrundeT 16.5 suraTze gamosaxuli moZravi talRis xuT
1
fotos. fotoebs Soris droa 4 T. maSasadame, mexuTe fotoze
Tokis yvela elements erTi sruli rxeva aqvs Sesrulebuli.
f aris talRis sixSire da 1/T da ω kuTxur sixSires Semdegi
(b)
formuliT ukavSirdeba:
sur. 16.7. a) 0 da b) π/5 radianis φ
1 ω
f= = (16.9) fazuri mudmivis sinusoiduri msrboli
(sixSire)
T 2π talRa, rodesac t = 0.
me-15 TavSi ganxiluli martivi harmoniuli moZraobis
sixSiris msgavsad, es f sixSirec drois erTeulSi Tokis elementis rxevebis ricxvia, rodesac
masze talRa gadis. f am SemTxvevaSic hercebSi an kilohercebSi izomeba
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTi sami fotosgan Sedgeba. TiToeulze

gamosaxulia Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRa. talRebis fazebia
a) 2x–4t, b) 4x–8t da g) 8x–16t. romeli faza romel talRas Seesabameba?
fazuri mudmiva
rodesac sinusoiduri msrboli talRa 16.2 formulis funqciiT moicema, x=0 mdebareobis
axlos talRa 16.7a suraTis msgavsad gamoiyureba. gaiTvaliswineT, rom x=0 mdebareobaze
gadaadgilebaa y=0 da grafikis daxriloba maqsimalur dadebiT mniSvnelobas aRwevs. Cven
SegviZlia 16.2 formulas zogadi saxe mivceT, Tu talRis funqciaSi φ fazur mudmivas CavsvamT:
y = ym sin(kx – ωt + φ) (16.10)
φ-s mniSvneloba ise SegviZlia avirCioT, rom funqciam raime sxva gadaadgileba da daxriloba
mogvces x=0 wertilSi, rodesac t=0. magaliTad, φ=+π/5 radiani 16.7b suraTze naCveneb
gadadgilebas da daxrilobas gvaZlevs, rodesac t=0. talRa kvlav sinusoiduria da ym, k da ω
mniSvnelobebi igivea, Tumca amjerad talRa 16.7a suraTze gamosaxulis mimarT (sadac φ=0)
wanacvlebulia.
16.5. msrboli talRis siCqare

16.8 suraTze naCvenebia 16.2 formulis talRis ori foto.
fotoebi drois mcire Δt intervalSia gadaRebuli. talRa
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT (16.8 suraTze marjvniv)
moZraobs da Δt drois SualedSi Δx manZils gadis. Δx/Δt Se-
fardeba (diferencialur zRvarSi dx/dt) talRis ν siCqa-
rea. rogor gamovTvaloT siCqare?
16.8 suraTze gamosaxuli talRis moZraobisas, moZravi
sur. 16.8. 16.5 suraTze gamosaxuli
talRis formis TiToeuli wertili, magaliTad Txemis talRis ori foto. erT fotoze t = 0,
A aRniSnuli wertili, y gadaadgilebas inarCunebs xolo meore fotoze t = Δt. talRa
marjvniv siCqariT moZraobs da
(Tokis wertilebi Tavis gadaadgilebas ar inarCuneben,
Δt drois ganmavlobaSi grafiki Δx
xolo talRis formis wertilebi Tavis gadaadgilebas manZiliT iZvreba. A wertili talRis
inarCuneben). Tu A wertili moZraobisas Tavis formasTan erTad moZraobs, xolo
Tokis elementebi mxolod maRla da
gadaadgilebas inarCunebs, 16.2 formulaSi, romelic am
dabla moZraoben.
gadaadgilebas gansazRvravs, faza mudmivi unda iyos:
kx – ωt = mudmiva. (16.11)
gaiTvaliswineT, rom argumentis mudmivobis miuxedavad x da t icvleba. marTlac, rodesac t

izrdeba, x-ic unda gaizardos, raTa argumenti kvlav mudmivi iyos. es adasturebs, rom talRuri
suraTi x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
talRis ν siCqaris gamosaTvlelad 16.11 formula gavawarmooT da miviRebT:
dx
k   – ω = 0
dt
dx ω
anu =v= (16.12)
dt k
16.5 (k=2π/λ) da 16.8 formulebis (ω=2π/T) gamoyenebis Semdeg talRis siCqarea:
ω λ
v= = = λ f (talRis siCqare) (16.13)
k T
formula ν=λ/T gvauwyebs, rom talRis siCqare periodSi ricxobrivad erTi talRis sigrZea.
rxevis erTi periodis ganmavlobaSi talRa erTi talRis sigrZis manZils gadis.
16.2 formula x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZrav talRas aRwers. Cven SegviZlia gamovTvaloT
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZravi talRis formula, Tu 16.2 formulaSi t-s -t-Ti SevcvliT.
amisTvis Semdegi piroba unda dakmayofildes:
16.5. msrboli talRis siCqare 551
kx + ωt = mudmiva. (16.14)
rac Tavis mxriv x-is droSi Semcirebas moiTxovs. maSasadame, uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZrav
talRas Semdegi formula aRwers:
y(x,t) = ym sin(kx + ωt). (16.15)
Tu 16.15 formuliT mocemul talRas gaaanalizeb, rogorc es 16.2 formulisTvis gavakeTeT,

maSin talRis siCqare iqneba:
dx ω
– (16.16)
dt = k
minus niSani (SeadareT 16.12 formulas) adasturebs, rom talRa marTlac x-is uaryofiTi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da drois cvladis niSnis Secvla gamarTlebulia.
axla ganvixiloT nebismieri formis talRa:
y(x,t) = h(kx ± ωt), (16.17)
sadac h aris nebismieri funqcia, maT Soris SesaZlebelia sinusis funqcia. wina analizma aCvena,
rom yvela talRa, romlisTvisac x da t cvladebi kx±ωt kavSirSi Sedis, msrboli talRaa. ufro
metic, yvela msrboli talRa 16.17 formulis formis unda iyos. maSasadame y(x,t)= SesaZlo
msrboli talRaa. meores mxriv, ν(x,t)=sin(ax –bt) funqcia msrbol talRas ar warmoadgens.
2

Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRa Semdegi Semdeg 16.8 formulis saSualebiT T da ω
formuliT aRiwereba: davakavSiroT:
y(x,t)=0,00327sin(72,1x–2,72t), (16.18) 2π 2π rad
T  =  = = 2,31 wm. (pasuxi)
ω 2,72 rad/wm
sadac ricxobrivi mudmivebi SI sistemis
16.9 formulidan miviRebT:
erTeulebSia (0,00327m, 72,1rad/m da 2,72rad/
1 1
wm). f = = = 0,433 hc. (pasuxi)
T 2,31 wm
a) risi tolia talRis amplituda? g) risi tolia talRis siCqare?
amoxsna: 16.18 formulas 16.2 formulis saxe amoxsna: talRis siCqare 16.13 formuliT
aqvs: gamoiTvleba:
y=ym sin(kx – ωt) (16.19) 2,72 rad/wm
v  = ω   = = 0,0377 m/wm
k 72,1 rad/m
maSasadame talRa sinusoiduria. am ori
formulis Sedarebis Semdeg amplituda = 3,77 sm/wm. (pasuxi)
iqneba:
vinaidan 16.18 formulaSi Sesuli faza
ym = 0,00327 m = 3,27 mm (pasuxi)
x mdebareobis cvlads Seicavs, talRa x
b) risi tolia talRis sigrZe, periodi da RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs. garda amisa,
sixSire? talRis formula 16.2-is saxiT aris
amoxsna: 16.18 da 16.19 formulebis Sedarebidan Cawerili, amitom ωt-s win minus niSani x
Cans, rom talRis kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi da RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobas
kuTxuri sixSirea: asaxavs (gaiTvaliswineT, rom b)-sa da g)-Si
k = 72,1 rad/m da ω = 2,72 rad/wm. gamoTvlili sidideebi talRis amplitudaze
Semdeg 16.5 formulis saSualebiT λ talRis damokidebuli ar aris).
sigrZe da k erTmaneTTan davakavSiroT:
d) risi tolia y gadaadgileba, rodesac
2π 2π rad
λ  =  = x=22,5sm da t=18,9wm?
k 72,1 rad/m
= 0,0871 m = 8,71 sm (pasuxi) amoxsna: 16.18 formula gadaadgilebas
x mdebareobis da t drois funqciis saxiT
gvaZlevs. formulaSi cnobili monacemebis = 0,00192 m = 1,92 mm (pasuxi)

Casma mogvcems: maSasadame, gadaadgileba dadebiTia (sinusis
y = 0,00327 sin(72,1 × 0,225 – 2,72 × 18,9) gamoTvlamde kalkulatori radianebis re
= (0,00327 m) sin(– 35,1855 rad) JimSi gadaiyvaneT).
= (0,00327 m)(0,588)

16.2d amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi gamoCnda, rom amoxsna: ay ganivi aCqareba ganivi siCqaris
rodesac t=18,9wm da x=0,225m, 16.18 formulis cvlilebis tempia. 16.21 formulaSi x kvlav
talRis mier gamowveuli Tokis elementis y mudmivad CavTvaloT, xolo t icvlebodes:
gadaadgileba 1,92mm-ia. ∂u
ay =    – ω2ym sin(kx – ωt).
∂t =
a) risi tolia igive elementis u ganivi siCqare
16.20 formulasTan Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom
drois igive momentSi? (es siCqare Tokis
am formulis Semdegi saxiT Cawera SeiZleba:
elementis ganiv rxevas ukavSirdeba da y-
ay = –ω2y.
is mimarTulebisaa. ar agerioT x-is RerZis
gamoCnda, rom Tokis merxevi elementis ganivi
gaswvriv moZravi talRis ν mudmiv siCqareSi).
aCqareba ganivi gadaadgilebis proporciulia
amoxsna: u ganivi siCqare elementis y ga da niSniT sawinaaRmdego. es SemTxveva srul
daadgilebis cvlilebis tempia. gadaadgileba SesabamisobaSia elementis moqmedebasTan,
Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba: romelic martiv harmoniul moZraobas gani-
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx – ωt) (16.20) vad asrulebs. CavsvaT ricxviTi mniSvnelobe-
garkveul x mdebareobaze myofi elementisTvis bi da miviRebT:
y-is cvlilebis temps 16.20 formulis t-Ti ay = – (2,72 rad/wm)2(1,92 mm)
gawarmoebiT miviRebT, Tu x-s mudmivad = –14,2 mm/wm2 (pasuxi)
CavTvliT. warmoebuls, rodesac erT-erTi
maSasadame, rodesac t = 18,9 wm, x = 22,5 sm mde
cvladi mudmivad miiCneva, kerZo warmoebuli
bareobaze myofi Tokis elementi wonasworuli
ewodeba da d/dx simbolos nacvlad ∂/∂x
mdebareobidan y-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
simboloTi aRiniSneba. am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs:
1,92 mm-iT gadaadgilda da aCqareba y-is uar
∂y
u =   = – ωym cos(kx – ωt). (16.21) yofiTi mimarTulebiT 14,2 mm/wm2-ia.
∂t
16.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSidan ricxobrivi
sakontrolo wertili 2. mocemulia sami
mniSvnelobebi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
talRis gantoleba:
u = (–2,72 rad/wm)(3,27 mm) cos(–35,1855 rad)
1) y(x,t)=2sin(4x–2t),
= 7,2mm/wm. (pasuxi)
2) y(x,t)=sin(3x–4t)
maSasadame, rodesac t=18,9wm, x=22,5sm mdeba
3) y(x,t)=2sin(3x–3t)
reobaze myofi Tokis elementi y-s dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT 7,2mm/wm siCqariT moZraobs. daalageT talRebi a) talRis siCqaris da
b) maqsimaluri ganivi siCqaris mixedviT
b) risi tolia igive elementis ay ganivi
dididan mcireze.
aCqareba drois igive momentSi?

taqtika 1: didi fazebis gamoTvla trigonometriuli funqciebis mniSvnelobas
zogjer, rogorc magaliTad 16.2d da ar cvlis. magaliTad, 16.2d amocanis amoxsnis
16.3 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebSi, saWiro nimuSSi –35,1855 radiani kuTxe gamoviyeneT.
xdeba 2π radianze (360°) meti kuTxeebis Tu am kuTxes (6)(2π rad) davumatebT, miviRebT:
sinusis an kosinusis gamoTvla. 2π radianis
– 35,1855 rad + (6)(2π rad) = 2,51361 rad
mTeli jeradis damateba an gamokleba
16.6 talRis siCqare daWimul Tokze 553
es kuTxe 2π radianze mcirea da –35,1855
radianis toli trigonometriuli funqciaa
(sur. 16.9). 2,51361radianis da –35,1855
radianis sinusia 0,588.
Tqveni kalkulatori msgavs did kuTxeebs
avtomaturad Seamcirebs. gafrTxileba:
nu daamrgvaleT did kuTxeebs, Tu maTi
sinusis an kosinusis gamoTvla gsurT.
Zalian didi kuTxis sinusis gamoTvlis radiani radiani
dros, kuTxis didi nawili saerTod ar
sur. 16.9. ori kuTxe erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba,
gamoiyeneba da mxolod darCenili nawilis magram maTi trigonometriuli funqciebi identuria.
sinusi iTvleba. Tu magaliTad –35,1855
radians –35 radianamde daamrgvalebT (0,5%- radianebSi gadayvanis dros zusti gadayvanis
iT SecvliT), kuTxis sinusi 27%-iT Seicvleba. koeficienti gamoiyeneT (180° = π radiani) da
garda amisa, didi kuTxeebis gradusebidan ara miaxloebiTi (57,3° ≈ 1radiani).
16.6 talRis siCqare daWimul Tokze

talRis siCqare talRis sigrZes da sixSires 16.13 formuliT ukavSirdeba, magram mis mniS-
vnelobas garemos maxasiaTeblebi gansazRvravs. rodesac talRa wyalSi, haerSi, liTonSi an
daWimul Tokze moZraobs, man garemos nawilakebis rxeva unda gamoiwvios. amisTvis saWiroa, rom
garemos masa (kinetikuri energia) da drekadoba (potenciuri energia) gaaCndes. masa da dreka-
doba garemoSi talRis moZraobis siCqares gansazRvravs anu talRis siCqaris gansazRvra am max-
asiaTeblebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. daWimuli Tokis SemTxvevaSi talRis siCqare ori meTodiT
ganisazRvreba.
ganzomilebaTa analizi
ganzomilebaTa analizis dros mocemul mdgomareobaSi arsebuli yvela fizikuri sididis
ganzomilebas vakvirdebiT, raTa maT mier warmoqmnili sidideebi ganvsazRvroT. am SemTxvevaSi,
masas da drekadobas vakvirdebiT, raTa ν siCqare gamovTvaloT. siCqaris ganzomileba manZili
gayofili drozea.
masis SemTxvevaSi Tokis elementis masas viyenebT. Tokis elementis masa Tokis m masis Tokis l
sigrZeze gayofiT miiReba. am Sefardebas Tokis μ wrfiv simkvrives vuwodebT. maSasadame μ=m/l
da misi ganzomilebaa masa Sefardebuli sigrZeze.
talRa Tokis gaswvriv ver imoZravebs, Tu Toki daWimuli ar aris anu mis orive boloze Zalebi
ar moqmedeben. Tokis τ daWimuloba am ori Zalis saerTo sididea. rodesac talRa Tokis gaswvriv
moZraobs, Tokis elementebi gadaadgilebian, erTmaneTs ubiZgeben da damatebiT gaWimvas iwveven.
maSasadame, Tokis daWimuloba mis drekadobasTan SegviZlia gavaigivoT. Tokis τ daWimulobis
ganzomileba Zalis ganzomilebas emTxveva.
Cveni mizani μ-s da τ-s dakavSirebaa, raTa ν siCqare miviRoT. sxvadasxva kombinaciebis mosinjva
saboloo jamSi mogvcems:
(16.22)
C ganzomilebis armqone mudmivaa, romelic ar ganisazRvreba. talRis siCqaris gansazRvris

meore meTodSi gamoCndeba, rom 16.22 formula sworia da C=1.
niutonis meore kanonis gamoyeneba

16.1b suraTze gamosaxuli sinusoiduri talRis nacvlad
16.10 suraTze gamosaxuli simetriuli impulsi ganvixiloT,
romelic Tokis gaswvriv marjvnidan marcxniv ν siCqariT
moZraobs. sicxadisTvis, Cvens mier arCeul aTvlis sistemaSi
impulsi uZravia anu impulsTan erTad vmoZraobT. am aTvlis
sistemaSi Toki Cvens mimarT ν siCqariT moZraobs.
ganvixiloT impulsis SigniT Δl sigrZis Tokis elementi. el-
ementi R radiusis rkals qmnis da wris centridan 2θ kuTxis sur. 16.10. simetriuli impulsi,
naCvenebia aTvlis sistemaSi, romlis
rkals Semowers. elementis orive boloze mxebi Zala moq-
mimarTac impulsi uZravia, xolo
medebs, romlis sidide Tokis daWimulobis tolia. am ZalTa Toki marjvnidan marcxniv ν siCqariT
horizontaluri komponentebi baTildeba, xolo vertikal- moZraobs. ν siCqares Tokis Δl sigrZis

uri komponentebi ikribeba da F sididis radialur aRmdgen elementze niutonis meore kanonis
gamoyenebiT gamovTvliT. elementi
Zalas qmnis: impulsis wverzea ganlagebuli.
F = 2(τ sin θ) ≈ τ ( 2θ ) ≈ τ  Δl (Zala) (16.23)
R
formulaSi sinθ-s θ-mde vamrgvalebT, vinaidan 16.10 suraTze θ mcire kuTxea. igive suraTidan
2θ = Δl/R formulas viyenebT.
elementis masaa:
Δm = μ Δl (masa) , (16.24)
sadac μ Tokis wrfivi simkvrivea.
16.10 suraTze naCveneb momentSi, Δl Tokis elementi wrewiris rkalze moZraobs. maSasadame, mas
centriskenuli aCqareba gaaCnia:
a= v
2
(aCqareba). (16.25)
R
16.23, 16.24 da 16.25 formulebi niutonis meore kanonis elementebs Seicaven. gavaerTiaenoT
isini:
Zala = masa × aCqareba
τ Δl
= (μ Δl) v .
2
da miviRebT:
R R
am formulis ν siCqarisTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
(siCqare) , (16.26)
siCqaris formula 16.22 formulasTan zust SesabamisobaSia, Tu C mudmiva erTis tolia. 16.26
formula 16.10 suraTze gamosaxuli impulsis siCqares da igive daWimulobis Tokze moZravi
nebismieri sxva talRis siCqares gvaZlevs.
16.26 formulis mixedviT:
daWimuli idealuri Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRis siCqare mxolod Tokis

daWimulobasa da wrfiv simkvrivezea damokidebuli da ara talRis sixSireze.
talRis sixSires talRis warmomqmneli winaswar gansazRvravs (magaliTad, 16.1b suraTze aseTi
adamiania). talRis sigrZe 16.13 formuliT gamoiTvleba λ=ν/f.
sakontrolo wertili 3. Tqven Tokis erT bolos arxevT da talRas am Tokis gaswvriv
gzavniT. Tu rxevis sixSires gazrdiT a) talRis siCqare da b) talRis sigrZe gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba? Tu Tokis daWimulobas gazrdiT g) talRis siCqare da d)
talRis sigrZe gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba?
16.7. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRis energia da simZlavre 555

16.11 suraTze ori Toki erTmaneTze gadaabes daWimuli, τ daWimuloba Tanabaria da udris
da myar sayrdenebs Soris daWimes. Tokebis 400n-s.
wrfivi simkvriveebiaμ1=1,4×10 kg/m da
-4
Tu am sam mosazrebas Tavs erTad movuyriT,
μ2=2,8×10 kg. Tokebis sigrZeebia L1=3m da
-4
pirveli Tokis impulsi kvanZs Semdeg droSi
L2=2m, xolo pirveli Toki 400n ZaliTaa miaRwevs:
daWimuli. myari sayrdenebidan orive Tokze L1
t1 = = L1  = (3 m)
impulsi kvanZis mimarTulebiT erTdroulad v1
igzavneba. romeli impulsi miaRwevs kvanZs
= 1,77 × 10–3 wm.
pirvelad?
amoxsna: 1. L sigrZis gasavlelad saWiro t aseTive principiT gamovTvliT meore Tokis
droa t=L/ν, sadac ν aris impulsis mudmivi impulsis dros:
siCqare; 2. daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZravi t2 = L2  = 1,67 × 10–3 wm.

impulsis siCqare Tokis τ daWimulobaze
maSasadame, meore Tokis gaswvriv moZravi
da μ wrfiv simkvrivezea damokidebuli. es
impulsi kvanZs pirveli miaRwevs.
damokidebuleba 16.26 formulaSia mocemuli
axla zemoT moyvanil me-2 punqts davubrundeT.
( ); 3. vinaidan orive Toki erTad aris
meore Tokis wrfivi simkvrive pirveli Tokis
wrfiv simkvriveze metia, amitom meore Tokze
gamavali impulsi pirveli Tokis impulsze
neli unda iyos. mivxvdebodiT Tu ara pasuxs am
faqtidan gamomdinare? vera, vinaidan pirvel
sur. 16.11. L1 da L2 sigrZis ori Toki erTmaneTzea punqtSi kargad Cans, rom impulsis mier
gadabmuli da or myar sayrdenzea damagrebuli. ganvlil manZilsac mniSvneloba aqvs.
16.7. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRis energia da simZlavre

rodesac daWimul Tokze talRas vaCenT, Tokis moZraobisTvis saWiro energias warmovqmniT.
moZraobisas talRas kinetikuri da drekadobis potenciuri energia gadaaqvs. modiT orive
maTgani ganvixiloT.
kinetikuri energia
Tokis dm masis elementi martivi harmoniuli moZraobiT
ganivad irxeva, rodesac masze talRa gaivlis. elementis

kinetikuri energia u ganiv siCqaresTan asocirdeba.
rodesac elementi (16.12 suraTze b elementi) y=0
mdebareobas Cauvlis, misi ganivi siCqare da, maSasadame,
kinetikuri energia, maqsimaluria. rodesac elementi sur. 16.12. Tokze moZravi talRis foto
t=0 droSi. a elementi y=ym mdebareobaze
(16.12 suraTze a elementi) ukidures y=ym mdebareobaze
imyofeba, xolo b elementi – y=0
imyofeba, misi ganivi siCqare da, maSasadame, kinetikuri mdebareobaze. elementis kinetikuri
energia, nulis tolia. energia orive SemTxvevaSi elementis
ganiv siCqarezea damokidebuli. poten
ciuri energia elementis daWimulobazea
damokidebuli, rodesac talRa masze
gaivlis.
drekadobis potenciuri energia

swor Tokze sinusoiduri talRis moZraobisas, talRam Toki aucileblad unda daWimos. rodesac
dx sigrZis elementi ganivad irxeva, misi sigrZe periodulad unda izrdebodes da mcirdebodes,
raTa elementi sinusoiduri talRis formas moergos. drekadobis potenciuri energia swored
sigrZis cvlilebasTan asocirdeba.
rodesac Tokis elementi (16.12 suraTze a) y=ym mdebareobazea, misi sigrZe dx normaluri
mniSvnelobisaa da drekadobis potenciuri energia nulis tolia. rodesac elementi y=0
mdebareobazea, is maqsimalurad daWimulia da maSasadame maqsimaluri drekadobis potenciuri
energia aqvs.
energiis gadatana
Tokis merxev elements maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia da maqsimaluri drekadobis potenciuri
energia y=0 mdebareobaze aqvs. 16.12 suraTze, maqsimaluri gadaadgilebis adgilze Tokis
monakveTebs energia ar gaaCniaT, xolo nulovani gadaadgilebis adgilze Tokis monakveTebis
energia maqsimaluria. rodesac talRa Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs, Tokis daWimulobiT gamowveuli
Zalebi mudmivad asruleben muSaobas da energiis mqone monakveTebidan energiis armqone
monakveTebze gadaaqvT energia.
davuSvaT, horizontaluri x RerZis gaswvriv gaWimul Tokze talRa moZraobs da 16.2 formula
Tokis gadaadgilebas asaxavs. talRis gagzavna Tokis erTi bolos mudmivi rxeviT SeiZleba,
rogorc es xdeba 16.1b suraTze. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven moZraobisTvis da Tokis daWimvisTvis saWiro
energias mudmivad warmovqmniT. Tokis monakveTebi x RerZis perpendikularulad irxeva da maT
kinetikuri da elastiuri potenciuri energia gaaCniaT. rodesac talRa manamde uZravad myof
monakveTebze gadis, energia am axal monakveTebs gadaecema. maSasadame, vambobT, rom talRas
energia Tokis gaswvriv gadaaqvs.
energiis gadatanis tempi

dm masis Tokis elementis dK kinetikuri energia Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
dK =  1  dm u2 (16.27)

2
sadac u aris Tokis merxevi elementis ganivi siCqare. u-s gamosaTvlelad 16.2 formulas droiT
vadiferencirebT da x-s mudmivad miviCnevT:
∂y
u =   = – ωym cos(kx – ωt). (16.28)
∂t
gamoviyenoT es formula, CavsvaT dm=μdx da 16.27 formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
dK =  1 (μ dx)(–ωym)2cos2(kx – ωt). (16.29)

2
16.29 formulis dt-ze gayofa Tokis elementze kinetikuri energiis gavlis temps mogvcems da,
maSasadame, talRis mier kinetikuri energiis gadatanis temps gavigebT. am SemTxvevaSi, 16.29
formulis marjvena mxares miRebuli dx/dt Sefardeba talRis ν siCqarea da gveqneba:
dK 1
 =   μvω2ym2 cos2(kx – ωt). (16.30)
dt 2
kinetikuri energiis gadatanis saSualo tempia:
( dKdt )  =  1  μvω2ym2 [cos2(kx – ωt)]saS 

saS 2
1
=   μvω2ym2. (16.31)
4
16.8. talRuri gantoleba 557
am SemTxvevaSi, saSualo mniSvneloba talRis sigrZis mTeli ricxvisTvisaa gamoTvlili da
gaTvaliswinebulia is faqti, rom kosinusis kvadratis saSualo mniSvneloba periodebis mTeli
1
ricxvisaTvis -ia.
2
talRas drekadobis potenciuri energia 16.31 formulaSi mocemuli igive saSualo tempiT
gadaaqvs. damtkicebis gareSe gavixsenoT, rom qanqaris an zambara-blokis merxevi sistemis
saSualo kinetikuri energia da saSualo potenciuri energia erTmaneTis tolia.
talRis mier orive saxis energiis gadatanis saSualo simZlavre anu saSualo simZlavrea:
P saS = 2 ( dKdt )
saS
 
(16.32)
16.31 formulidan gvaqvs:
P saS = 1  μvω2ym2 (saSualo simZlavre) (16.33)

2
am formulaSi μ da ν koeficientebi Tokis nivTierebasa da daWimulobazea damokidebuli, xolo
ω da ym koeficientebi - talRis gamomwvev procesze. talRis saSualo simZlavris amplitudis
kvadratze da aseve kuTxuri sixSiris kvadratze damokidebuleba zogadi Sedegia da yvela saxis
talRisTvis gamodgeba.

daWimuli Tokis wrfivi simkvrivea μ=525g/m, Semdeg 16.33 formuliT gamovTvliT:
xolo daWimuloba – τ=45n. Tokis gaswvriv
P saS = 1  μvω2ym2
f=120hc sixSiris da ym=8,5mm amplitudis 2
1
talRa moZraobs. ra saSualo tempiT gadaaqvs = ( 2 )(0,525kg/m)(9,26m/wm)(754rad/wm)2(0,0085m)2
talRas energia? ≈ 100 vt (pasuxi)
amoxsna: energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi
PsaS. saSualo simZlavrea da 16.33 formuliT sakontrolo wertili 4. amocanis
gamoiTvleba. formulis gamoyenebamde ω amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul Toksa da
kuTxuri sixSire da talRis ν siCqare unda talRas sam parametrs mivusadegebT. es
gamovTvaloT. 16.9 formulidan gvaqvs: parametrebia: Tokis daWimuloba, talRis
ω = 2πf = (2π)(120 hc) = 754 rad/wm sixSire da talRis amplituda. Tokis
gaswvriv energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi
gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba,
= = 9,26 m/wm rodesac a) daWimulobas, b) sixSires da
g) amplitudas gavzrdiT?
16.8. talRuri gantoleba

rodesac talRa daWimuli Tokis nebismier elements gaivlis, elementi talRis moZraobis
mimarTulebis perpendikularulad moZraobs. elementis moZraobisTvis niutonis meore
kanonis misadageba zogad diferencialur gantolebas mogvcems, romelsac talRuri gantoleba
ewodeba. talRuri gantoleba nebismieri talRis moZraobas asaxavs.
16.13a suraTze naCvenebia dm masis da l sigrZis Tokis elementi, rodesac talRa horizontaluri
x RerZis gaswvriv daWimuli μ wrfivi simkvrivis Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs. davuSvaT, talRis
amplituda imdenad mcirea, rom elementi x RerZidan mxolod odnav gadaixreba. elementis

marjvena boloze moqmedi F2 Zala Tokis τ daWimulobis tolia da odnav maRlaa mimarTuli.

elementis marcxena boloze moqmedi F1 Zala agreTve τ daWimulobis tolia, magram odnav
qvemoT aris mimarTuli. elementis mcireodeni gadaxris Sedegad, es ori Zala elementze iseTi
tolqmedi ZaliT moqmedebs, romelic mas maRla mimarTul ay

aCqarebas aniWebs. niutonis meore kanoni y komponentebisTvis
(Fnet,y=may) CavweroT da miviRebT:
F2y – F1y=dmay (16.34)
modiT es formula nawil-nawil gavarCioT.

masa. elementis dm masa Tokis μ wrfivi simkvrivis da
(a)
elementis l sigrZis saSualebiT Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba
dm=μl. mcire gadaxris gamo l ≈ dx (sur. 16.13.a) da miviRebT
formulas:
dm = μ dx (16.35)
aCqareba. 16.34 formulaSi mocemuli ay aCqareba y gadaa

dgilebis meore rigis warmoebulia droiT:
(b)
d 2y
ay = (16.36)
dt 2 sur. 16.13. a) Tokis elementi,
 rodesac sinusoiduri ganivi talRa
Zalebi. 16.13b suraTze Cans, rom F2 Zala Tokis elementis daWimul Tokze gadis.  marcxena
 da
marjvena boloSi Tokis mxebia. maSasadame, am Zalis marjvena boloebze F1 da F2 Zala
komponentebi da Tokis S2 daxriloba elementis marjvena moqmedebs. es Zalebi ay vertikaluri

komponentis mqone a aCqarebas war-
boloSi Semdeg kavSirSia:
moqmnis. b) elementis marjvena bo-
F 2y loze moqmedi Zala elementis mar-
= S2 . (16.37)
F 2x jvena bolos mxebis gaswvrivaa mi-
marTuli.
komponentebi da F2 (=τ) sidide asec SeiZleba davakavSiroT:
anu (16.38)
vinaidan davuSviT, rom elementi mxolod mcirediT gadaixreba F2y<<F2x da, aqedan gamomdinare,
16.38 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
τ = F2x (16.39)
CavsvaT es formula 16.37 formulaSi da F2y-sTvis amovxsnaT:
F2y = τS2 (16.40)
Tokis elementis marcxena bolosTvis igive analizi CavataroT da miviRebT:
F1y = τS1 (16.41)
exla SegviZlia 16.35, 16.36, 16.40 da 16.41 formulebi 16.34 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
d 2y
τS2 – τS1 = (μ dx) ,
dt 2
S2 – S1 μ d 2y
anu = (16.42)
dx τ dt 2
vinaidan Tokis elementi moklea, S2 da S1 daxrilobebi mxolod dS diferencialuri sididiT
gansxvavdebian, sadac S aris daxriloba nebismier wertilSi:
dy
S =  (16.43)
dx
Tavdapirvelad 16.42 formulaSi S2 – S1 SevcvaloT dS-iT da Semdeg 16.43 formula gamoviyenoT,
raTa S-s dy/dx CavanacvloT:
dS μ d 2y
= ,
dx τ dt 2
16.9. talRebis superpoziciis principi 559
d(dy/dx) μ d 2y
= ,
dx τ dt 2
∂2y μ ∂2 y
da = , (16.44)
∂x2 τ ∂t 2
ukanasknel safexurze kerZo warmoebulis aRniSvnaze gadavediT, vinaidan formulis marcxena
mxares mxolod x-iT xdeba diferencireba, xolo marjvena mxares - mxolod t-iT. da bolos, 16.26
formulis Casma mogvcems:
∂ 2y 1 ∂ 2 y
= (talRis gantoleba) (16.45)
∂x2 v2 ∂t 2
es aris zogadi diferencialuri gantoleba, romelic yvela saxis talRis moZraobas asaxavs.
16.9. talRebis superpoziciis principi

xSirad ori an meti talRa erTi da igive ares erTdroulad gaivlis. magaliTad, koncertis
mosmenisas mravali instrumentidan momavali bgeriTi talRebi yuris barabnebSi erTdroulad
xvdeba. radios da satelevizio mimRebebis antenebSi arsebul eleqtronebs mravali
samauwyeblo centridan momavali eleqtromagnituri talRebi erTdroulad amoZravebs.
tbis an navsayudelis wylis simSvide ramdenime gemis nakvalevze gaCenilma talRam SeiZleba
daarRvios.
davuSvaT, ori talRa erTi da igive daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv erTdroulad moZraobs. y1(x,t)
an y2(x,t) gadaadgilebas Toki maSin ganicdis, Tu TiToeuli talRa marto imoZravebs. rodesac
talRebis zeddeba xdeba, Tokis gadaadgileba algebruli jamia:
y´(x,t) = y1(x,t) + y2(x,t) (16.46)
Tokis gaswvriv gadaadgilebebis aseTi Sekreba niSnavs, rom:
urTierTgadafaruli talRebi algebrulad ikri

bebian da jamur talRas (anu tolqmed talRas)
warmoqmnian.
es superpoziciis principis kidev erTi magaliTia,

romelic gvauwyebs, rom rodesac ramdenime moqmedeba
erTdroulad xdeba, maTi jamuri moqmedeba individualuri
moqmedebebis jamis tolia.
16.14 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da igive daWimul Tokze
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZravi ori
impulsis fotoebi. rodesac impulsebi erTmaneTs
gadafaravs, Sedegad miRebuli impulsi maTi jamia. ufro
metic, TiToeuli impulsi meoreSi ise moZraobs, TiTqos
meore impulsi arc arsebobdes:
sur. 16.14. daWimuli Tokis gas
urTierTgadafaruli talRebi erTmaneTis moZra wvriv urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimar
obaze gavlenas ar axdens. TulebiT moZravi ori impulsis
fotoebi. superpoziciis principi
erTimeoreSi gamaval impulsebs
miesadageba.
16.10. talRebis interferencia

warmoidgineT, rom erTi da igive talRis sigrZis da amplitudis ori sinusoiduri talRa
daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv erTi mimarTulebiT gagzavneT. am SemTxvevaSi superpoziciis principi
moqmedebs. rogori talRa miiReba TokisTvis?
Sedegad miRebuli talRa fazazea damokidebuli, anu rogor aris daZruli erTi talRa
meorisgan. Tu talRebi zustad erTnair fazaSi imyofebian (orive talRis Txemebi da Rrmulebi
zustad erTmaneTs emTxveva), maSin isini erTiandebian da erTi talRiT gamowveuli gadaadgileba
ormagdeba. Tu talRebi zustad sapirispiro fazaSi imyofebian (erTi talRis Txemebi zustad
meore talRis Rrmulebs emTxveva), maSin isini erTmaneTs abaTileben da Toki uZravia. talRebis
gaerTianebis fenomens interferencias vuwodebT, xolo talRebs - urTierTgadamkveTs (es
terminebi mxolod talRur gadaadgilebebs Seexeba. talRebis moZraoba ar icvleba).
davuSvaT, daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZravi erTi talRaa:
y1(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) (16.47)
xolo pirvelisgan daZruli meore talRaa:
y2(x, t) = ymsin(kx – ωt + φ). (16.48)
talRebis ω kuTxuri sixSire (maSasadame, f sixSire), k kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi (maSasadame, λ

talRis sigrZe) da ym amplituda Tanabaria. orive talRa x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT da 16.26
formuliT mocemuli Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs. am talRebs φ fazuri sxvaobis mqone ewodeba
da amboben, rom erTi talRa meorisgan φ faziT aris daZruli.
superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare (16.46 formula), Sedegad miRebuli talRa ori
urTierTgadamkveTi talRis algebruli jamia da misi gadaadgilebaa:
y´(x, t) = y1(x, t) + y2(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) + ym sin(kx – ωt + φ) (16.49)
E damatebaSi Cans, rom α da β kuTxeebis sinusebis jami ase

SeiZleba Caiweros:
1 1
sinα + sinβ = 2 sin  (α + β) cos  (α – β) (16.50)
2 2
16.49 formulaSi am gamartivebis gamoyeneba mogvcems:
sur. 16.15. 16.51 formulis talRa
1 1
y´(x,t)=[2ymcos φ]sin(kx – ωt +  φ) (16.51) ori sinusoiduri ganivi talRis
2 2 urTierTgadakveTis Sedegad miiReba
16.15 suraTidan Cans, rom Sedegad miRebuli talRa x-is da aseve sinusoiduri ganivi talRaa
amplitudiT da rxeviTi wevriT.
zrdadi mimarTulebiT moZraobs da agreTve sinusoiduria.
Tokze mxolod am erTaderT talRas dainaxavT (16.47 da
16.48 formulebis urTierTgadamkveT talRebs ver davinaxavT).
Tu daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv, erTi da igive mimarTulebiT Tanabari amplitudis

da talRis sigrZis ori sinusoiduri talRa vrceldeba, isini interferireben da
warmoqmnian igive mimarTulebiT moZrav jamur sinusoidur talRas.
jamuri talRa urTierTgadamkveTi talRebisgan ori aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba: 1) misi fazuri

1
′ amplituda 16.51 formulis frCxilebSi moTavsebuli sididea:
mudmivaa φ da 2) misi y m
2
1

y m′ = | 2ymcos  2 φ | (amplituda) (16.52)
Tu φ = 0 radians (0°), maSin ori urTierTgadamkveTi talRa 16.16a suraTis msgavsad zustad
erTnair fazaSia. am SemTxvevaSi 16.51 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
16.10. talRebis interferencia 561
sur. 16.16. ori identuri sinusoiduri talRa y1(x,t) da y2(x,t), x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, Tokis gaswvriv
moZraobs. isini interferireben da iZlevian jamur y´(x,t) talRas. jamuri talRa aris is, rasac faqtiurad
vxedavT Tokze. interferenciaSi monawile or talRas Soris φ fazuri sxvaobaa a) 0 radiani, b) π radiani anu
180° da g) 2/3 π radiani anu 120°. Sesabamisi jamuri talRebi d), e) da v) suraTebzea naCvenebi.
y´(x, t) = 2ym sin(kx – ωt) (φ = 0) (16.53)
jamuri talRis grafiki 16.16d suraTzea naCvenebi. suraTidan da 16.53 formulidan Cans, rom
jamuri talRis amplituda TiToeuli gadamkveTi talRis amplitudaze orjer metia. es aris
jamuri talRis udidesi SesaZlo mniSvneloba, vinaidan 16.51 da 16.52 formulebSi kosinuss
udidesi mniSvneloba (erTi) aqvs, rodesac φ=0. udidesi SesaZlo amplitudis warmomqmnel
interferencias srulad konstruqciuli interferencia ewodeba.
Tu φ=πradians (180°), urTierTgadamkveTi talRebi 16.16b suraTis msgavsad zustad sapirispiro
fazebSi imyofeba. am SemTxvevaSi cos1/2φ gaxdeba cosπ/2 da 16.52 formuliT mocemuli jamuri
talRis amplituda nuli iqneba. x-is da t-s nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis:
y´(x,t)=0 (φ =π radiani) (16.54)
jamuri talRis grafiki 16.16e suraTzea naCvenebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tokis gaswvriv ori
talRa gavgzavneT, Tokis moZraobas ver vamCnevT. amgvari saxis interferencias srulad
destruqciuli interferencia ewodeba.
sinusoiduri talRa formas yoveli 2π radianis Semdeg imeorebs da amitom φ=2π radiani (360°)
fazuri sxvaoba erTi talRis meorisgan erTi talRis sigrZis manZiliT daZvras Seesabameba.
maSasadame, fazuri sxvaobebi kuTxeebis msgavsad talRis sigrZeebSic SeiZleba aRiweros.
magaliTad, 16.16b suraTze SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom talRebi 0,5 talRis sigrZiT gansxvavebul
fazebSi imyofebian. 16.1 cxrilSi mocemulia fazuri sxvaobebis da maT mier warmoqmnili
interferenciis magaliTebi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom rodesac interferencia ar aris srulad
konstruqciuli an destruqciuli, mas Sualeduri interferencia ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi,
2
jamuri talRis amplituda 0-sa da 2ym-s Sorisaa. magaliTad, 16.1 cxrilSi 120° (φ= π radiani =
3
0,33 talRis sigrZe) fazuri sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi jamuri talRis amplitudaa ym.
erTi da igive sigrZis ori talRa erTnair fazaSia, Tu maTi fazuri sxvaoba nuli an talRis
sigrZis nebismieri mTeli ricxvia. maSasadame, talRis sigrZeebSi gamosaxuli nebismieri fazuri
sxvaobis mTeli nawili SeiZleba ukuvagdoT. magaliTad, 0,4 talRis sigrZis fazuri sxvaoba
2,4 talRis sigrZis fazuri sxvaobis eqvivalenturia da gamoTvlebSi am ori ricxvidan ufro
martivi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
cxrili 16.1
fazuri sxvaobebi da Sedegad miRebuli interferenciis saxea
fazuri sxvaoba
jamuri
talRis talRis interferenciis saxeoba
gradusebSi radianebSi amplituda
sigrZeebSi
0 0 0 2ym srulad konstruqciuli
120 2/3π 0,33 ym Sualeduri
180 π 0,5 0 srulad destruqciuli
240 4/3π 0,67 ym Sualeduri
360 2π 1 2ym srulad konstruqciuli
865 15,1 2,4 0,6ym Sualeduri

a
warmodgenili fazuri sxvaoba erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZravi, ym amplitudis mqone or
identur talRas Soris gansxvavebaa

ori identuri sinusoiduri talRa daWimuli amoxsna: kvlav amocanis a) nawilis princips
Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT viyenebT, oRond amjerad mocemuli gvaqvs
moZraobs da interferirebs. TiToeuli y´m amplituda da gvsurs φ -s gamoTvla. 16.52
talRis amplitudaa ym = 9,8 mm, xolo fazuri formulidan gveqneba:
sxvaobaa φ=100°. y m′ = | 2ymcos  1 φ | ,
2
a) risi tolia interferenciis Sedegad gamo amjerad:
1
wveuli jamuri talRis y´m amplituda da ra 4,9 mm = (2)(9,8 mm) cos  φ ,
2
saxeobis interferencia xdeba? rac gvaZlevs:
amoxsna: Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive 4,9 mm
φ = 2 cos–1
mimarTulebiT moZravi identuri ori sinu (2)(9,8 mm)
soiduri talRa interferenciis Sedegad = ±2,636 rad ≈ ±2,6 rad (pasuxi)
sinusoidur msrbol talRas warmoqmnis. pasuxi oria, vinaidan erTi da igive jamuri
vinaidan talRebi identuria, maTi amplitudebi talRa meore talRis mimarT pirveli talRis
Tanabaria. maSasadame, jamuri talRis y´m 2,6 radianis winswrebiT (pirveli talRa
amplituda 16.52 formuliT gamoiTvleba: meoreze win aris) an 2,6 radianis CamorCeniT
1 (meore talRa pirvelze win aris) SeiZleba
y m′ = | 2ymcos  2 φ | = | (2)(9,8 mm) cos (100°/2) |
miviRoT. talRis sigrZeebSi fazuri sxvaobaa:
= 13 mm (pasuxi) φ ± 2,636 rad
2π rad/talRis sigrZe = 2π rad/talRis sigrZe
interferencia Sualeduria, vinaidan fazuri
= ± 0,42 talRis sigrZe (pasuxi)
sxvaoba 0-sa da 180°-s Sorisaa da Sesabamisad
y´m amplituda 0-sa da 2ym-s (=19,6mm) Soris sakontrolo wertili 5. amocanis amo
meryeobs. xsnis nimuSSi or talRas Soris Semdegi fa
b) ra fazuri sxvaoba (radianebSi da talRis zuri sxvaobebia: 0,2, 0,45, 0,6 da 0,8 talRis
sigrZeebSi) mianiWebs jamur talRas 4,9mm sigrZe. daalageT isini jamuri talRis
amplitudas? amplitudis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
16.11 fazorebi 563
16.11 fazorebi
Tokze gamavali talRa (an nebismieri sxva saxis talRa) veqtoruli saxiT SegviZlia warmovadginoT
fazoris saSualebiT. fazori veqtoria, romelsac talRis amplitudis toli sidide aqvs da
aTvlis saTavis garSemo brunavs. fazoris kuTxuri siCqare talRis ω kuTxuri sixSiris tolia.
magaliTad:
y1(x, t) = ym1 sin(kx – ωt) (16.55)
16.55 formulis mqone talRa 16.17a suraTze fazoris saxiT aris asaxuli. fazoris sidide
talRis ym1 amplitudaa. vinaidan fazori aTvlis saTavis garSemo ω1 kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs,
vertikalur RerZze misi y1 gegmili ym1 maqsimumidan nulamde, Semdeg –ym1 minimumamde da kvlav ym1-
mde sinusoidurad icvleba. es cvlileba Tokis gaswvriv nebismieri wertilis y1 gadaadgilebis
sinusoidur cvlilebas Seesabameba, rodesac talRa am wertilze gaivlis.
rodesac ori talRa Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZraobs, isini am talRebis da
jamuri talRis fazorTa diagramiT aisaxeba. 16.17b suraTze naCvenebi fazorebi 16.55 formulis
talRas da meore talRas asaxaven, romelic Semdegi formuliT moicema:
y2(x, t) = ym2 sin(kx – ωt + φ) (16.56)
meore talRa pirvelisgan φ fazuri mudmiviT aris daZruli. vinaidan fazorebi Tanabari ω
kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, maT Soris kuTxe yovelTvis φ-s tolia. Tu φ dadebiTi sididea, maSin
meore talRis fazori brunvisas pirveli talRis fazors CamorCeba, xolo Tu φ uaryofiTi
sididea, maSin meore talRis fazori pirvelisas win uswrebs.
vinaidan y1 da y2-is k kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi da ω kuTxuri sixSire Tanabaria, 16.51 da 16.52
formulebidan gamomdinare maTi jamuri talRaa:
y´(x, t) = y´m  sin(kx – ωt + β), (16.57)
sadac y´m jamuri talRis amplitudaa, xolo β – fazuri mudmiva.

y´m -is da β-s mniSvnelobebis gamosaTvlelad talRebi unda
SevkriboT, rogorc es 16.51 formulis misaRebad gavakeTeT.
fazorTa diagramaze talRebis Sesakrebad ori fazori
moZraobis nebismier momentSi veqtorulad SevkriboT. 16.17g
suraTze swored ase moviqeciT, rodesac ym2 fazori ym1 fazoris
TavSi gadavitaneT. veqtoruli jamis sidide 16.57 formulis y´m
amplitudis tolia. veqtorul jamsa da y1 fazors Soris kuTxe
16.57 formulis β fazuri mudmivaa.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom 16.10 paragrafisgan gansxvavebiT:
Cven SegviZlia talRebis Sesakrebad fazorebi

gamoviyenoT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maTi amplitudebi
gansxvavebulia.
sur. 16.17. a) ym1 sididis fazori aTvlis saTavis garSemo ω kuTxuri

sixSiriT brunavs da sinusoidur talRas asaxavs. vertikalur RerZze
fazoris y1 gegmili nawilakis gadaadgilebaa, romelzec talRa gaivlis.
b) ym2 sididis meore fazori aseve ω kuTxuri sixSiriT da pirveli
veqtorisadmi φ mudmivi kuTxiT brunavs. es fazori φ fazuri mudmivis
mqone meore talRas asaxavs. g) jamur talRas ori fazoris y´m veqtoruli
jami asaxavs.

Tanabari talRis sigrZis ori sinusoiduri
y1(x,t) da y2(x,t) talRa Tokis gaswvriv erTi
da igive mimarTulebiT moZraobs. maTi
amplitudebia ym1=4mm da ym2=3mm, xolo fazuri
mudmivebia 0 da π/3 radiani. risi tolia
jamuri talRis y´m amplituda da β fazuri
(a) (b)
mudmiva? jamuri talRa 16.57 formulis saxiT
sur. 16.18. a) ym1 da ym2 sididis fazorebs
CawereT.
Soris fazuri sxvaobaa π/3. b) brunvis nebismier
momentSi am fazorebis veqtoruli Sekreba
amoxsna: or talRas ramdenime saerTo
jamuri talRis fazoris y´m sidides gvaZlevs.
maxasiaTebeli gaaCnia. vinaidan talRebi
erTi da igive Tokis gaswvriv moZraoben,
y´m fazori pirveli fazoris saTavidan meore
16.26 formulis Tanaxmad Tokis daWimuloba
fazoris bolomde gaivleba. β fazuri mudmiva
da wrfivi simkvrive maT Tanabar ν siCqares
y´m fazorsa da pirvel fazors Soris kuTxea.
mianiWebs. Tanabari λ talRis sigrZeebidan
y´m -s da β-s mniSvnelobebis gamosaTvlelad
gamomdinare k kuTxuri talRuri ricxvic
pirveli da meore fazori kalkulatorze
(=2π/λ) erT^maneTis tolia. garda amisa,
pirdapir SevajamoT (4 sididis da 0 kuTxis
Tanabari k talRuri ricxvidan da ν siCqaridan
veqtori da 3 sididis da π/3 radiani kuTxis
gamomdinare, maTi ω kuTxuri sixSirec (=kν)
veqtorebi SevkriboT) an maTi komponentebis
erTi da igive iqneba.
saSualebiT SevkriboT. horizontaluri kom
talRebis asaxva aTvlis saTavis garSemo Tana-
ponentebisTvis gveqneba:
bari ω kuTxuri siCqariT mbrunavi fazore-
biT SeiZleba. vinaidan meore talRis fazuri
y´mh = ym1 cos 0 + ym2 cos π/3
= 4 mm + (3 mm) cos π/3 = 5,5mm
mudmiva pirvelisaze π/3-iT metia, saaTis is-
vertikaluri komponentebisTvis gveqneba:
ris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunvisas meo-
re talRis fazori pirveli talRis fazors y´mν = ym1 sin 0 + ym2 sin π/3 
π/3 radianiT unda CamorCebodes, rogorc es = 0 + (3 mm) sin π/3 = 2,6 mm.
16.18a suraTzea gamosaxuli. pirveli da meore maSasadame, jamuri talRis amplitudaa:
talRebis interferenciis Sedegad gaCenili
jamuri talRa pirveli da meore fazorebis = 6,1 mm (pasuxi)
veqtoruli jamis saSualebiT aisaxeba. xolo fazuri mudmivaa:
veqtorebis Sekrebis gasamartiveblad 2,6 mm
β = tg–1 = 0,44 rad (pasuxi)
16.18a suraTze pirvel da meore fazorebs 5,5 mm
maSin vavlebT, rodesac pirveli fazori 16.18b suraTze β fazuri mudmiva pirveli
horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv Zevs. am fazorisadmi dadebiTi kuTxea. maSasadame,
SemTxvevaSi ukan mimdevari meore fazori π/3 jamuri talRa pirvel talRas β=+0,44
radian dadebiT kuTxes adgens. 16.18b suraTze radiani fazuri mudmiviT CamorCeba. 16.57
meore fazoris saTave pirveli fazoris bolos formulidan gamomdinare jamuri talRisTvis
davamTxvieT. am SemTxvevaSi, jamuri talRis SegviZlia davweroT:
y´(x, t) = (6,1 mm) sin(kx – ωt + 0,44 rad). (pasuxi)
16.12. mdgari talRebi

16.10 paragrafSi daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZravi, Tanabari talRis
sigrZis da amplitudis ori sinusoiduri talRa ganvixileT. ra moxdeba Tu isini sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZraoben? jamuri talRis gamoTvla kvlav superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad
xdeba.
16.12. mdgari talRebi 565
sur. 16.19. a) marcxniv moZravi talRis xuTi foto. drois t momenti g) suraTis qvemoT aris mocemuli (T
rxevis periodia). b) marjvniv moZravi identuri talRis xuTi foto drois igive momentebSi. g) ori talRis
1
superpoziciis Sesabamisi fotoebi. rodesac t = 0, 2 T da T, Txemebi da Rrmulebi erTmaneTs emTxveva da
1 3
srulad konstruqciuli interferencia xdeba. rodesac t =  4 T da 4 T, Txemebi Rrmulebs emTxveva da srulad
destruqciuli interferencia xdeba. zogierTi wertili (kvanZebi) arasdros irxeva, xolo zogierTi (burcobebi)
yvelaze metad irxeva.
16.19 suraTze, zemoT naxsenebi SemTxveva grafikulad aris asaxuli. 16.19a suraTze erTi talRa
marcxniv moZraobs, xolo 16.19b suraTze meore talRa marjvniv moZraobs. 16.19g suraTze
naCvenebia superpoziciis principiT miRebuli maTi jami. jamuri talRis gasaocari Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tokze kvanZebad wodebuli adgilebi Cndeba, romlebic mudmivad
uZravia. 16.19g suraTze wertilebiT aRniSnuli oTxi aseTi kvanZia naCvenebi. mimdebare kvanZebs
Soris Sua wertils burcobi ewodeba da am wertilSi jamuri talRis amplituda maqsimaluria.
16.19g suraTze naCveneb talRur models mdgari talRebi ewodeba, vinaidan isini marcxniv an
marjvniv ar moZraoben. minimumis da maqsimumis mdebareoba ar icvleba.
Tu Tanabari amplitudis da talRis sigrZis ori sinusoiduri talRa daWimuli Tokis

gaswvriv sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT moZraobs, maTi interferencia mdgar talRas
warmoqmnis.
mdgari talRis gasaanalizeblad ori Sesakrebi talRa Semdegi formulebiT CavweroT:
y1(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) (16.58)
da y2(x, t) = ym sin(kx + ωt) (16.59)
superpoziciis principi jamuri talRisTvis mogvcems:
y´(x, t) = y1(x, t) + y2(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) + ym sin(kx + ωt)
gamoviyenoT 16.50 formulis trigonometriuli kavSiri da miviRebT:
y´(x, t) = [2ym sin kx] cos ωt (16.60)
es trigonometriuli funqcia 16.20 suraTzea asaxuli.

formula msrboli talRis nacvlad mdgar talRas asaxavs,
vinaidan 16.17 formulis saxiT Cawerili ar aris.
16.60 formulis frCxilebSi Casmuli 2ymsinkx sidide
sur. 16.20. 16.60 formulis jamuri x mdebareobaze ganlagebuli Tokis elementis rxevis
talRa mdgari talRaa da Tanabari amplitudaa. vinaidan amplituda yovelTvis dadebiTia
amplitudis da talRis sigrZis
da sinkx uaryofiTic SeiZleba iyos, 2ymsinkx sididis
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebe
biT moZravi ori sinusoiduri talRis absolutur mniSvnelobas viRebT.
interferenciis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. msrboli sinusoiduri talRis amplituda Tokis yvela
elementisTvis Tanabaria. es ar Seexeba mdgar talRas, romlis amplituda mdebareobasTan erTad

icvleba. 16.60 formuliT mocemuli talRis SemTxvevaSi, amplituda 0-is tolia, Tu sinkx=0.
sinkx ki nulis tolia kx -is Semdegi mniSvnelobebisTvis:
kx = nπ, n = 0, 1, 2, ... (16.61)
am formulaSi k=2π/λ CavsvaT da gardavqmnaT:
λ
x = n  , n = 0, 1, 2, ... (kvanZebi) (16.62)
2
miviReT 16.60 formulis mdgari talRis nulovani amplitudis mdebareobebi anu kvanZebi.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mimdebare kvanZebi λ/2 talRis sigrZiT aris dacilebuli.
16.60 formuliT mocemuli mdgari talRis maqsimaluri amplitudaa 2y. maqsimaluri amplituda
kx-is iseTi mniSvnelobebisTvis miiRweva, rodesac |sin kx| = 1. es mniSvnelobebia:
1 3 5
kx = 2 π, 2 π, 2 π, ...
1
= (n +  2 ) π, n = 0, 1, 2, ... (16.63)
16.63 formulaSi k=2π/λ CavsvaT da gardavqmnaT:

1 λ
x = (n +  2 ) , n = 0, 1, 2, ... (burcobebi) (16.64)
2
miviRebT mdgari talRis maqsimaluri amplitudebis mdebareobebs anu burcobebs. burcobebs
Soris λ/2 manZilia da isini kvanZTa wyvilebs Soris SuaSi imyofebian.
arekvla kideze
daWimul Tokze mdgari talRa warmoiqmneba, Tu moZravi talRa Tokis boloze ise airekleba, rom
sakuTari Tavis gavliT ukan imoZravebs. dacemuli (sawyisi) talRa da arekvlili talRa 16.58 da
16.59 formulebis saSualebiT aisaxeba da maTi interferencia mdgar talRebs qmnis.
16.21 suraTze erTi impulsis gamoyenebiT kargad Cans rogor xdeba msgavsi arekvla. 16.21a
suraTze Tokis marcxena bolo damagrebulia. rodesac
impulsi am adgils miaRwevs, maRla mimarTuli ZaliT
kedelze imoqmedebs. niutonis mesame kanonis Tanaxmad
kedeli Tokze igive sididis da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis
ZaliT imoqmedebs. es meore Zala Tokis damagrebis wertilSi
axal impulss warmoqmnis, romelic Tokis gavliT sawyisi
impulsis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs. amgvari
arekvlis dros kedelze kvanZi unda iyos, vinaidan Toki
am wertilSi uZravia. am wertilSi arekvlil da dacemul
impulss sawinaaRmdego niSnebi unda hqondeT, vinaidan am
wertilSi isini erTmaneTs abaTileben.
16.21b suraTze Tokis marcxena bolo msubuq rgolzea
damagrebuli, romelic Reros gaswvriv xaxunis gareSe
curavs. rodesac sawyisi impulsi rgols miaRwevs, rgoli
sur. 16.21. a) marjvnidan mosuli impulsi kedelze myarad

damagrebuli Tokis marcxena bolodan airekleba. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom arekvlili impulsi dacemuli impulsis Sebrunebulia.
b) am SemTxvevaSi Tokis marcxena bolo Reros gaswvriv xaxunis gareSe
mosriale rgolzea damagrebuli. amjerad impulsi arekvlis Sedegad
ar trialdeba. (a) (b)
16.13. mdgari talRebi da rezonansi 567
maRla gadaadgildeba, moZraobisas Toks Wimavs da igive niSnisa da amplitudis mqone arekvlil
impulss warmoqmnis. maSasadame, amgvari “rbili” arekvlis dros sawyisi da arekvlili impulsebi
erTmaneTs aZliereben da Tokis boloSi burcobs qmnian. rgolis maqsimaluri gadaadgileba am
impulsebis amplitudebze orjer metia.
sakontrolo wertili 6. Tanabari amplitudis da talRis sigrZis ori talRa interferenciis

Sedegad Semdegi formulebiT mocemul jamur talRebs sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi qmnis:
1) y´(x, t) = 4 sin(5x – 4t)
2) y´(x, t) = 4 sin(5x) cos(4t)
3) y´(x, t) = 4sin(5x + 4t)
romel situaciaSi moZraoben interferenciaSi monawile talRebi a) x-is dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT, b) x-is uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da g) urTierTsawinaRmdego
mimarTulebiT?
16.13. mdgari talRebi da rezonansi

ganvixiloT or momWers Soris gabmuli gitaris simi. davuSvaT, simis gaswvriv marjvnisken
garkveuli sixSiris sinusoidur talRas vgzavniT. rodesac talRa marjvena kides miaRwevs, is
airekleba da ukan marcxnisken moZraobas iwyebs. rodesac marcxnisken mimavali talRa marcxena
kides miaRwevs, is kvlav airekleba da isev marjvnisken moZraobas daiwyebs. maSasadame marcxnisken
da marjvnisken moZravi talRebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven da interferenciul suraTs miviRebT.
garkveuli sixSiris SemTxvevaSi, interferencia kvanZebis da burcobebis mqone mdgar talRur
struqturas (rxevis pirobas) warmoqmnis. magaliTi 16.22 suraTzea naCvenebi.
msgavs mdgar talRas rezonansis dros warmoqmnili ewodeba, xolo Toks rezonansul sixSireebze
rezonirebads uwodeben. Tu Toki rezonansuli sixSirisgan gansxvavebuli sixSiriT irxeva,
maSin mdgari talRa ar warmoiqmneba. am SemTxvevaSi marcxniv da marjvniv moZravi talRebis
interferencia Toks mxolod odnav arxevs.
modiT Toki L manZiliT daSorebul momWerebs Soris gadavWimoT. Tokis rezonansuli sixSireebis
gamosaxulebis dasadgenad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom kvanZi Tokis orive boloSi unda arsebobdes,
radgan TiToeuli bolo damagrebulia da ar irxeva. 16.23a suraTze gamosaxulia am pirobis
damakmayofilebeli umartivesi magaliTebi. suraTze Tokis orive eqstremaluri gadaadgileba
Cans (daStrixuli da Cveulebrivi xazebi erT `maryuJs~ qmnian). erTaderTi burcobi Tokis
centrSi imyofeba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom talRis sigrZis naxevari Tokis L sigrZea. am pirobis
Tanaxmad, marcxniv da marjvniv moZravma talRebma interferenciis Sedegad amgvari suraTi rom
warmoqmnan, maTi talRis sigrZe unda iyos λ=2L.
sur. 16.22. marcxena boloze ganlagebuli oscilatoris rxevis Sedegad Tokze warmoqmnili mdgari
talRuri struqturebis stroboskopuli fotosuraTebi. stuqturebi Cndeba rxevaTa garkveuli sixSireebis
SemTxvevaSi.
meore magaliTi 16.23b suraTzea naCvenebi. am struqturas

sami kvanZi da ori burcobi gaaCnia da mas ormaryuJians
uwodeben. marcxniv da marjvniv mimaval talRebs λ=L talRis
sigrZe unda hqondeT. mesame magaliTi naCvenebia 16.23g
suraTze. am SemTxvevaSi oTxi kvanZi, sami burcobi da sami
2
maryuJi gvaqvs, xolo talRis sigrZea λ= L. Cven SegviZlia
3
kidev ufro rTuli suraTebi avagoT. TiToeul momdevno
safexurze suraTs erTi kvanZi da erTi burcobi daemateba,
xolo L manZilSi damatebiTi λ/2 unda moTavsdes.
maSasadame, L sigrZis Tokze mdgari talRis warmosaqmnelad
talRis sigrZe unda iyos:
2L
λ=  , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (16.65)
n
am talRis sigrZeebis Sesabamisi rezonansuli sixSireebi sur. 16.23. or momWers Soris
gadaWimuli Toki irxeva da mdgari
16.13 formulidan gamomdinareobs:
talRuri struqturebis speqtrs
v v warmoqmnis. a) umartivesi SesaZlo
f = =n  , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (16.66)
λ 2L struqtura erTi maryuJisgan
Sedgeba. b) momdevno struqturas
sadac ν aris Tokze moZravi talRis siCqare.
ori maryuJi aqvs. g) kidev momdevno
16.66 formula gvauwyebs, rom rezonansuli sixSireebi struqtura ukve sami maryuJisgan
umciresi f=ν/2L rezonansuli sixSiris mTeli jeradebia, Sedgeba
romelic n=1 Seesabameba. umciresi sixSiris rxevis pirobas

fundamenturi piroba anu pirveli harmonika ewodeba. meore
harmonika warmoadgens rxevis pirobas, rodesac n=2 da a.S.
rxevis pirobasTan dakavSirebuli sixSireebi f1, f2, f3 da a.S.
simboloebiT aRiniSneba. yvela SesaZlo rxevis pirobebis
erTobliobas harmoniuli mwkrivi ewodeba, xolo n-s –
harmonikis nomeri.
rezonansis movlena merxevi sistemebisTvis Cveulebrivi
movlenaa da or an sam ganzomilebaSic SeiZleba moxdes.
magaliTad, 16.24 suraTze naCvenebia organzomilebiani
mdgari talRis magaliTi qvabis merxev Tavsaxurze.
sur. 16.24. qvabis Tavsaxurze
warmoqmnili mdgari talRis struq
sakontrolo wertili 7. mocemul rezonansuli tura Tavsaxurze Sefrqveuli
muqi fxvnilis Sedegad Cans. Tav
sixSireebis mwkrivs erTi sixSire (400hc-ze naklebi) aklia:
saxuri meqanikuri oscilatoris
150, 225, 300, 375hc. a) ra sixSirea es? b) risi tolia meSvide saSualebiT erTi sixSiriT irxeva,
harmonikis sixSire? fxvnili kvanZebSi grovdeba. moce
mul organzomilebian magaliTSi
kvanZebi wreebi da swori xazebia.

16.25 suraTze, Toki P wertilSi mdebare
sinusoidur osciltorzea damagrebuli da
Q sayrdenze m masis blokiTaa daWimuli.
P-sa da Q-s Soris manZilia L=1,2m, Tokis
wrfivi simkvrivea 1,6g/m, xolo oscilatoris
sur. 16.25. Zabvis qveS myofi Toki dakavSirebulia
fiqsirebuli f sixSirea 120hc. P wertilis oscilatorTan. oscilatoris fiqsirebul sixSireze,
moZraobis amplituda sakmarisad mcirea da es Tokis Zabvis garkveuli sidideebze, mudmivi tal
Rovani grafiki warmoiqmneba.
wertili kvanZad SegviZlia miviCnioT. kvanZi
aseve Q wertilSic arsebobs. (16.68)
a) ra m masa miscems oscilators Tokze meoTxe 16.68 formulidan ν 16.67 formulaSi CavsvaT,
harmonikis warmoqmnis saSualebas? meoTxe harmonikisTvis n=4 aviRoT da m-sTvis
amoxsna: Toki rezonans mxolod garkveul amovxsnaT:
sixSireebze ganicdis, romlebic 16.66 4L2f 2μ
m= (16.69)
formulidan gamomdinare ν talRis siCqariT n2g
da Tokis L sigrZiT ganisazRvrebian: (4)(1,2 m)2(120 hc)2(0,0016 kg/m)
=
v (4)2(9,8 m/wm2)
f =n  , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (16.67)
2L = 0,846 kg ≈ 0,85 kg (pasuxi)
meoTxe harmonikis warmosaqmnelad (romli
sTvisac n=4), Cven gvWirdeba, rom am formulis b) mdgari talRis romeli piroba dakmayo
marjvena mxare, rodesac n=4, oscilatoris fildeba, Tu m=1kg?
sixSires (120hc) gauTanabrdes. amoxsna: Tu m-is mSvnelobas 16.69 formulaSi
16.67 formulaSi L-is regulireba SeuZle CavsvamT da n-sTvis amovxsniT, miviRebT, rom
belia, magram samagierod ν regulirdeba, n=3,7. n aucileblad mTeli ricxvi unda iyos,
vinaidan es siCqare Tokze Camokidebuli amitom n=3,7 miuRebelia. maSasadame, rodesac
blokis m masazea damokidebuli. 16.26 m=1kg, oscilatori Tokze mdgar talRas
formulis Tanaxmad . am SemTxvevaSi ver warmoqmnis da Tokis rxeva Zalian mcire
Tokis τ daWimuloba blokis mg wonis tolia iqneba.
da gveqneba:
taqtika 2: harmonikebi Tokze maSasadame, 5(λ/2)=L da λ=2L/5. Semdeg 16.13
rodesac mocemuli L sigrZis daWimul Tokze formulas (f=ν/λ) gamoiyenebT da harmonikis
garkveuli harmonikis Sesaxeb informaciis sixSires gamoTvliT.
miReba gindaT, Tavdapirvelad harmonika gaxsovdeT, rom harmonikis talRis sigrZes
daxateT (rogorc 16.23 suraTze). Tu mxolod Tokis L sigrZe gansazRvravs,
magaliTad mexuTe harmonikaze gekiTxebian, magram sixSire ν talRis siCqarezec aris
maSin fiqsirebul sayrden wertilebs Soris damokidebuli, rac Tavis mxriv Tokis
xuTi maryuJi daxateT. es niSnavs, rom λ/2 daWimulobasa da wrfiv simkvrivezea
sigrZis xuTi maryuJi Tokis L sigrZes ikavebs. damokidebuli (16.26 formula).
ganivi da grZivi talRebi. meqanikuri talRa y(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt), (16.2)
mxolod nivTier garemoSi arsebobs da niu- sadac ym talRis amplitudaa, k kuTxuri
tonis kanonebs emorCileba. ganivi meqanikuri talRuri ricxvia, ω kuTxuri sixSirea, xolo
talRebis SemTxvevaSi, garemos nawilakebi kx–ωt fazaa. λ talRis sigrZe k-s Semdegi
talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis perpendiku- formuliT ukavSirdeba:
larulad irxevian. talRebs, rodesac garemos 2π
k=
(16.5)
nawilakebi talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis λ
paralelurad irxevian, grZiv talRebs uwode- talRis T periodi da f sixSire ω-s Semdegi
ben. formuliT ukavSirdeba:
ω 1
= f = (16.9)
sinusoiduri talRebi. x RerZis dadebiTi 2π T
mimarTulebiT moZravi sinusoiduri talRis da bolos, ν talRis siCqare danarCen am
maTematikuri formaa: parametrebs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
ω λ imyofebian da maTi interferencia srulad

= v=
= λ f (16.13)
k T konstruqciulia. Tu φ=π radians, maSin
msrboli talRis gantoleba. nebismier talRebi zustad sapirispiro fazebSi
y(x,t)=h(kx±ωt) (16.17) imyofebian da maTi interferencia srulad

destruqciulia.
tipis funqcias SeuZlia 16.13 formuliT
mocemuli siCqaris mqone da h-is maTematikuri fazorebi. y(x,t) talRa fazoris saSualebiT
formiT mocemuli talRis formis mqone SeiZleba aisaxos. fazori warmoadgens
msrboli talRa warmoadginos. plus niSani x veqtors, romlis sidide talRis ym

RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobas amplitudis tolia da romelic aTvlis
asaxavs, xolo minus niSani - dadebiTi saTavis garSemo talRis ω kuTxuri sixSiris
mimarTulebiT moZraobas. toli kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. mbrunavi

fazoris gegmili vertikalur RerZze talRis
talRis siCqare daWimul Tokze. daWimul
moZraobis dros wertilis y gadaadgilebas
Tokze talRis siCqares Tokis maxasiaTeblebi
iZleva.
gansazRvravs. τ daWimulobis da μ wrfivi
simkvrivis Tokze talRis siCqarea: mdgari talRebi. urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZravi ori identuri
(16.26)
sinusoiduri talRis interferencia mdgar
simZlavre. daWimul Tokze moZravi sinu talRebs warmoqmnis. damagrebuli boloebis
soiduri talRis saSualo simZlavre anu mqone TokisTvis mdgari talRaa:
energiis gadatanis saSualo tempia: y´(x, t) = [2ym sin kx] cos ωt (16.60)

PsaS = 1  μvω2ym2 (16.33) mdgari talRebi nulovani gadaadgilebis
2
fiqsirebuli mdebareobebiT (kvanZebi) da
talRebis superpozicia. rodesac ori an
maqsimaluri gadaadgilebis fiqsirebuli
meti talRa erTi da igive garemoSi moZraobs,
mdebareobebiT (burcobebi) xasiaTdeba.
garemos nebismieri nawilakis gadaadgileba
individualuri talRebis mier miniWebuli rezonansi. Tokze mdgari talRebi Tokis
gadaadgilebebis jamis tolia. boloebze msrboli talRis arekvlis Sedegad

SeiZleba warmoiqmnas. Tu bolo damagrebulia,
talRebis interferencia. erTi da
maSin is kvanZis mdebareobas unda emTxveodes.
igive Tokze moZravi ori sinusoiduri
es zRudavs mdgari talRebis warmoqmnis
talRis interferenciis Sedegad, talRebi
sixSireebs mocemuli TokisTvis. yvela
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad erTmaneTs
SesaZlo sixSires rezonansuli sixSire
abaTileben an aZliereben. Tu erTi da igive ym
ewodeba, xolo Sesabamis mdgar talRur
amplitudis da sixSiris (aqedan gamomdinare
struqturas – rxevis piroba. damagrebuli
talRis sigrZis) ori talRa erTi da igive
boloebis mqone L sigrZis daWimuli TokisTvis
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da φ fazuri mudmiviT
rezonansuli sixSireebia:
gansxvavebuli fazebi gaaCniaT, Sedegad igive
v v
sixSiris erTi talRa miiReba: f = =n  , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (16.66)
λ 2L
1 1 n=1-is Sesabamis rxevis pirobas fundamentu-
y´(x,t)=[2ymcos φ]sin(kx – ωt +  φ)
(16.51)
2 2
ri piroba anu pirveli harmonika ewodeba,
Tu φ=0, talRebi zustad erTnair fazaSi
n=2-is Sesabamis pirobas - meore harmonika da
a.S.
571
SekiTxvebi
1. 16.26 suraTze simaRlis da d siganis marTkuTxa pikisgan

naCvenebia x RerZis da 2 erTeuli siRrmis da d siganis velisgan
gaswvriv gaWimul Sedgeba. talRa x RerZis gaswvriv marjvnisken
Tokze cal-calke moZraobs. 2, 3 da 4 variantebSi talRebi igive
gagzavnili sami saxisaa da RerZis gaswvriv pirveli talRis
talRa. daalageT gavliT marcxnisken moZraobs. marjvnisken
talRebi a) talRis moZravi pirveli talRa da marcxnisken
sigrZeebis b) siCqa moZravi erT-erTi talRa interferirdeba.
reebis da g) kuTxuri sixSireebis mixedviT marcxnisken moZrav romel talRasTan
dididan mcireze. interferencia gvaZlevs a) uRrmes vels, b)
2. 16.27a suraTze naCvenebia daWimuli Tokis brtyel xazs da g) 2d siganis piks?
gaswvriv x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZravi 5. Tanabari amplitudis ori sinusoidaluri
talRa. Tokis oTxi elementi gamoyofilia talRa Tokze fazurad moZraobs da Semdeg
asoTi aRniSnuli wertilebiT. TiToeuli erT-erTi maTganis faza 5,4 talRis sigrZiT
elementisTvis gansazRvreT elementi maRla iZvreba. ra saxis interferencia xdeba Tokze?
moZraobs, dabla moZraobs Tu uZravia. 6. sinusoidaluri talRa daWimuli Tokis
(miniSneba: warmoidgineT talRa, rodesac is gaswvriv moZraobs da energia PsaS,1 saSualo
Tokis am oTx elementze gadis.) 16.27b suraTze tempiT gadaaqvs. Semdeg pirveli talRis
naCvenebia x=0 wertilSi mdebare elementis identuri ori talRa, romelTa φ fazuri
gadaadgileba drois funqciis saxiT. asoTi sxvaobaa 0, 0,2 an 0,5 talRis sigrZe, igive Tokis
aRniSnuli drois momentebSi, elementi maRla gaswvriv moZraobs. a) daalageT φ fazuri
moZraobs, dabla moZraobs Tu uZravia? sxvaobebi talRebis mier energiis gadatanis
saSualo tempis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
b) rodesac φ = 0, risi tolia saSualo tempi
PsaS,1-is TermebSi?
7. Tanabari talRis sigrZis mqone talRebis
(a) (b) oTxis wyvilis fazuri sxvaobebia a) 2mm, 6mm da
π radiani, b) 3mm, 5mm da π radiani, g) 7mm, 9mm da
3. qvemoT CamoTvlili oTxi talRa Tanabari π radiani, d) 2mm, 2mm da 0 radiani. talRebis
wrfivi simkvriveebis mqone Tokebis gaswvriv TiToeuli wyvili Tokis gaswvriv erTi d igive
igzavneba (x metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi). daa mimarTulebiT moZraobs. daalageT wyvilebi
lageT talRebi a) talRis siCqaris da b) Tokis jamuri talRis amplitudis mixedviT dididan
daWimulobis mixedviT dididan mcireze mcireze.
1) y1=(3mm)sin(x–3t) 3) y3=(1mm)sin(4x–t)
8. 16.29 suraTze naCvenebia sami mdgomareobis
2) y2=(6mm)sin(2x–t) 4) y4=(2mm)sin(x–2t)
veqtoruli diagrama, rodesac ori talRa
4. 16.28 suraTze pirveli talRa 4 erTeuli erTi da igive Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs. eqvsive
talRis amplituda Tanabaria. daalageT
mdgomareobebi Tokze gamavali jamuri talRis
amplitudis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

9. Tokze meSvide harmonikis damyarebis

SemTxvevaSi a) ramdeni kvanZi arsebobs da
b) Tokis Sua wertilze kvanZia, antikvanZia
Tu raime Sualeduri mdgomareobaa? meeqvse
harmonikis damyarebis SemTxvevaSi g) meSvide
harmonikasTan SedarebiT rezonansuli
talRis sigrZe ufro metia Tu naklebia
da d) rezonansuli sixSire ufro metia Tu
naklebia?
10. A da B Tokebis sigrZe da wrfivi
simkvrive Tanabaria, magram B Toki ufro
11. a) Tu Tokze gamavali mdgari talRaa:
daWimulia. 16.30 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi
y´(t) = (3 mm) sin(5x) cos(4t)
mdgomareoba, rodesac orive Tokze mdgari
aris Tu ara kvanZi an antikvanZi Tokis x = 0
talRuri speqtria. romel mdgomareobaSia
mdebareobaze? b) Tu mdgari talRaa:
mosalodneli, rom A da B Tokebi Tanabari
y´(t) = (3 mm) sin(5x + π/2) cos(4t)
rezonansuli sixSiriT irxevian?
aris Tu ara kvanZi an antikvanZi x = 0 mdeba
reobaze?
amocanebi
y m  sin(kx – ωt + φ).
Manual-Si. risi tolia φ? (ga
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze frTxileba: kalku
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday latori Sebrunebu-
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. li trigonometriu
com/college/halliday. li funqciis swor
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs pasuxs yovelTvis
• – ••• sur. 16.31. amocana 4.
amocanis sirTules
ar iZleva, amitom
paragrafi 16.5. moZravi talRis siCqare pasuxi da ω-s daSvebuli mniSvneloba y(x,t)
•1. sinusoidaluri talRa Tokis gaswvriv funqciaSi CasviT da SeamowmeT).
moZraobs. maqsimaluri gadaadgilebidan nu ••5. 500 hc sixSiris sinusoidaluri talRa
lamde gadaadgilebisTvis garkveul wertils 350 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. a) ra manZilzea
0,17 wm sWirdeba. risi tolia a) periodi da π/3 radiani fazuris sxvaobis mqone ori
b) sixSire? g) talRis sigrZea 1,4 m. risi tolia wertili? b) risi tolia fazuri sxvaoba or
talRis siCqare? gadaadgilebas Soris 1mwm-is intervalSi? ILW
•2. talRas 110 radiani/wm kuTxuri sixSire da ••6. Zalian grZeli Tokis gaswvriv moZravi
1,8m talRis sigrZe aqvs. gamoTvaleT a) talRis ganivi talRis gantolebaa y = 6 sin(0,02πx+4πt),
kuTxuri ricxvi da b) talRis siCqare. sadac x da y santimetrebSia, xolo t - wamebSi.
•3. Tu Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRaa y(x,t) gansazRvreT a) amplituda, b) talRis sigrZe,
= (6 mm) sin(kx + (600 radiani/wm) t + φ), ra dro g) sixSire, d) siCqare, e) talRis gavrcelebis
dasWirdeba Tokis nebismier wertils y = + 2 mm mimarTuleba da v) Tokis nawilakis
maqsimaluri ganivi siCqare. z) risi tolia
da y = –2 mm mdebareobebs Soris manZilis
gasavlelad? ganivi gadaadgileba x=3,5sm mdebareobaze,
rodesac t = 0,26 wm?
••4. 16.31 suraTze naCvenebia u ganivi si
Cqaris Tokis x = 0 mdebareobis wertilze ••7. ganivi sinusoiduri talRa x RerZis
damokidebulebis grafiki, rodesac talRa dadebiTi mimarTulebiT Tokis gaswvriv 80m/wm
masze gadis. talRis gamosaxulebaa y(x,t) = siCqariT moZraobs. rodesac t=0, x=0 wertilSi
573
mdebare Tokis nawilakis wonasworuli sinusis uaryofiTi funqcia? risi tolia b) ym,
mdebareobidan ganivi gadaadgilebaa 4sm da ar g) k, d) ω, e) φ, v) ω-s swori niSani da z) talRis
moZraobs. Tokis nawilakis maqsimaluri ganivi siCqare? T) risi tolia x=0 wertilSi mdebare
siCqarea 16m/wm. a) risi tolia talRis sixSire? nawilakis ganivi siCqare, rodesac t=5wm?
b) risi tolia talRis sigrZe? Tu talRis paragrafi 16.6. talRis siCqare daWimul
gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt+φ), risi tolia Tokze
g) ym, d) k, e) ω, v) φ da z) ω-s swori niSani? •12. violinos yvelaze mZime da yvelaze
••8. y(x,t)=(15sm)cos(πx–15πt) funqcia, sadac x msubuqi simebis wrfivi simkvriveebia 3 da
metrebSia da t wamebSi, daWimul Tokze moZrav 0,29 g/m. risi tolia yvelaze mZime simis
talRas asaxavs. risi tolia Tokze mdebare diametris Sefardeba yvelaze msubuqi simis
wertilis ganivi siCqare, rodesac am wertilis diametrTan Tu davuSvebT, rom simebi erTi da
gadaadgilebaa y=+12sm? igive nivTierebisgan aris damzadebuli?
••9. 16.32 suraTze Tokis gaswvriv moZravi •13. risi tolia 500 n daWimulobis, 2 m sigrZis
sinusoiduri talRa orjer aris naCvenebi. da 60 g masis Tokze gamavali ganivi talRis
talRis A maqsimumi x RerZis dadebiTi siCqare?
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da 4mwm-Si d=6sm •14. orive boloTi momWerebze damagrebuli
manZils gadis. RerZis niSnulebs Soris mavTulis daWimuloba mavTulis sigrZis
manZili 10sm-ia. Tu talRis gantolebaa Secvlis gareSe gaaormages. risi tolia
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi tolia a) ym, b) k, g) ω da mavTulis gaswvriv moZravi ganivi talRebis
d) ω-s swori niSani? axali siCqaris Sefardeba Zvel siCqaresTan?
•15. Tokis wrfivi simkvrivea 1,6x10-4kg/m.
Tokze gamavali ganivi talRis gantolebaa:
y=(0,021m)sin[(2m-1)x+(30wm-1)t].
risi tolia a) talRis siCqare da b) Tokis
daWimuloba?
•16. rodesac Tokis daWimulobaa 120n, masze
sur. 16.32. amocana 9. gamavali ganivi talRis siCqarea 170m/wm. ra
sididiT unda Seicvalos daWimuloba, raTa
••10. sinusoiduri
talRis siCqare 180m/wm gaxdes?
talRa daWimuli
Tokis gaswvriv •17. daWimuli Tokis masa sigrZis erTeulze
moZraobs. 16.33 su- aris 5g/sm, xolo daWimuloba - 10n. am Tokze
raTze naCvenebia gamavali sinusoiduri talRis amplitudaa
daxriloba Tokis gaswvriv, rodesac t=0. risi 0,12mm, xolo sixSire – 100hc. talRa x RerZis
tolia talRis amplituda? uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Tu
talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi
••11. 20sm talRis
tolia a) ym, b) k, g) ω da d) ω-s swori niSani?
sigrZis ganivi si
SSM WWW
nusoiduri talRa
x RerZis dadebiTi •18. Tokze gamavali ganivi talRis
mimarTulebiT To gantolebaa:
kis gaswvriv moZraobs. x=0 wertilSi mdebare y=(2mm)sin[(20m–1)x+(600wm–1)t].
Tokis nawilakis y gadaadgileba t drois Tokis daWimulobaa 15n. a) risi tolia
funqciis saxiT aris mocemuli 16.34 suraTze. talRis siCqare? b) gamoTvaleT Tokis wrfivi
talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=y msin(kx±ωt+φ). simkvrive g/m-ebSi.
a) rodesac t=0, y-is x-ze damokidebulebis
••19. sinusoiduri ganivi talRa Tokis
grafiki sinusis dadebiTi funqciaa Tu
gaswvriv x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
moZraobs. 16.35 naxevarbruns qmnis, Tokidan Skivze moqmedi

suraTze naCvenebia sruli Zala Tokis daWimulobaze orjer
gadaadgilebis grafiki metia). Semdeg bloki or nawilad daSales
mdebareobis funqciis (M1+M2=M) da mowyobiloba 16.36b suraTis
saxiT, rodesac t=0. saxiT Secvales. gamoTvaleT g) M1 da d)
y RerZis gadakveTa M2, rodesac orive Tokze gamavali talRis
4 sm-ze xdeba. Tokis siCqare Tanabari iqneba.
daWimulobaa 3,6 n, xo sur. 16.35. amocana 19. •••23. m masis da L sigrZis erTgvarovani Toki
lo wrfivi simkvrive – Werzea Camokidebuli. a) daamtkiceT, rom
25 g/m. gamoTvaleT a) amplituda, b) talRis Tokze ganivi talRis gavrcelebis siCqare
sigrZe da g) talRis siCqare da d) periodi, y-is funqciaa (manZili Tokis qveda bolodan)
e) gamoTvaleT Tokis nawilakis maqsimaluri da . b) daamtkiceT, rom Tokis sigrZis
ganivi siCqare. Tu talRis gantolebaa gavlisTvis ganiv talRas t = 2 L/ g dro
y(x,t)=y msin(kx±ωt+φ), risi tolia v) k, z) ω, dasWirdeba. SSM WWW
T) φ da i) ω-s swori niSani? SSM ILW paragrafi 16.7. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi
••20. sinusoiduri talRa Tokis gaswvriv talRis energia da simZlavre
40sm/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Tokis x=10sm •24. talRa 2,7m sigrZis 260g masis Tokis gas-
wertilSi mdebare nawilakebis gadaadgileba wvriv moZraobs. Tokis daWimulobaa 36n. ra
droSi y=(5sm)sin[(1–(4wm–1)t] formulis sixSire unda hqondes 7,7m amplitudis moZ-
mixedviT icvleba. Tokis wrfivi simkvrivea rav talRas, raTa saSualo simZlavre 85vt
4g/sm. risi tolia talRis a) sixSire da b) sigrZe? iyos?
Tu talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), ••25. sinusoiduri talRa 2g/m wrfivi
risi tolia g) ym, d) k, e) ω, v) ω-s swori niSani? simkvrivis Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs. misi
z) risi tolia Tokis daWimuloba? moZraobis dros masis elementebis kinetikuri
••21. 100g mavTulis daWimulobaa 250n. energiebi Tokis gaswvriv icvleba. 16.37a
mavTulis pirveli bolo x=0 mdebareobazea, suraTze naCvenebia garkveul momentSi
xolo meore bolo - x=10m mdebareobaze. Tokis elementebze gamavali kinetikuri
rodesac t=0, mavTulis meore bolodan pir energiis dK/dt Tokis gaswvriv x mdebareobaze
veli impulsi igzavneba. rodesac t=30mwm, damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki. 16.37b
mavTulis pirveli bolodan meore impulss suraTze naCvenebia garkveul masis elementze
gzavnian. ra x mdebareobaze Sexvdebian (garkveul mdebareobaze) gamavali kinetikuri
impulsebi? energiis, rogorc t drois funqciis grafiki.
•••22. 16.36a sura risi tolia talRis amplituda?
Tze pirveli Tokis
wrfivi simkvrivea
3g/m, xolo meore
Tokis – 5g/m. To
kebs M=500g masis
Camokidebuli (a)
bloki Wimavs. ga
moTvaleT tal sur. 16.37. amocana 25.
Ris siCqare a) pi paragrafi 16.8. talRis gantoleba
rvel Tokze da
•26. gamoiyeneT talRis gantoleba da talRis
b) meore Tokze
siCqare gamoTvaleT:
(miniSneba: rodesac
y(x,t)=(3mm)sin[(4m–1)x–(7wm–1)t].
Toki Skivis gar
Semo mxolod (b) ••27. gamoiyeneT talRis gantoleba da talRis
575
siCqare gamoTvaleT: Tokis meore boloSi gadaaqvs? b) Tu identuri
y(x,t)=(2mm)[(20m )x–(4wm )t] .
–1 –1 0,5 talRa gverdiT mdebare identur Tokze amave
dros moZraobs, risi toli iqneba sruli
•••28. gamoiyeneT talRis gantoleba da
saSualo tempi, romliTac am talRebs energia
talRis siCqare zogadi h(x,t) funqciis saxiT
orive Tokis meore boloSi gadaaqvs? Tu
gamoTvaleT:
orive talRa erTi da igive Tokis gaswvriv
y(x,t)=(4mm)h[(30m–1)x+(6wm–1)t].
erTdroulad moZraobs, risi toli iqneba
paragrafi 16.10. talRebis inter energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi, rodesac
ferencia maTi fazebis sxvaobaa g) 0, d) π/4 radiani da
•29. ori identuri talRa erTi da igive mi- e) π radiani?
marTulebiT moZraobs da maT Soris fazaTa paragrafi 16.11 fazorebi
sxvaobaa π/2 radiani. risi tolia jamuri
•33. Tanabari sixSiris ori sinusoiduri talRa
talRis amplituda, Tu is interferenciaSi
Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
monawile ori talRis saerTo ym amplitudi-
moZraobs. Tu ym1=3sm, ym2=4sm, φ1=0 da
Taa gamosaxuli? SSM
φ2=π/2 radiani, risi tolia jamuri talRis
•30. ras unda udrides daWimuli Tokis amplituda? SSM
gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZravi
••34. 5 da 7mm amplitudebis da Tanabari
ori identuri talRis fazaTa sxvaoba, rom
periodis ori sinusoiduri talRa daWimuli
jamuri talRis amplituda 1,5-jer meti
Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
iyos interferenciaSi monawile talRebis
moZraobs. maT mier warmoqmnili jamuri
saerTo amplitudaze? pasuxi a) gradusebSi,
talRis amplitudaa 9mm. 5mm talRis fazuri
b) radianebSi da g) talRis sigrZeebSi gaeciT.
mudmiva 0-istolia. risi tolia 7mm talRis
••31. Tanabari 9mm amplitudis da Tanabari fazuri mudmiva?
talRis sigrZis ori sinusoiduri talRa x
••35. Tanabari sixSiris ori sinusoiduri
RerZis gaswvriv daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv
talRa daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive
moZraobs. 16.38 suraTze jamuri talRa
mimarTulebiT unda gaigzavnos. erTi talRis
orjer aris naCvenebi, rodesac A Rrmuli
amplitudaa 5mm, xolo meoris - 8mm. a) or
x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 8mwm-
talRas Soris ra φ1 fazuri sxvaoba gamoiwvevs
Si d=56sm manZils gadis. RerZis niSnulebs
jamuri talRis umcires amplitudas?
Soris 10sm manZilia. davuSvaT, erTi talRis
risi tolia umciresi amplituda? g) ra φ2
gantolebaa y(x,t)=y m sin(kx±ωt+φ 1 ), sadac
fazuri sxvaoba gamoiwvevs jamuri talRis
φ1=0 da ω-sTvis swori niSani unda SearCioT.
udides amplitudas? d) risi tolia udidesi
meore talRis gantolebaSi risi tolia a) ym,
amplituda? e) risi tolia jamuri amplituda,
Tu fazuri kuTxea (φ1–φ2)/2?
••36. oTxi talRa erTi Tokis gaswvriv erTi da
igive mimarTulebiT unda gaigzavnos:
y1(x,t)=(4mm)sin(2πx–400πt)
y2(x,t)=(4mm)sin(2πx–400πt+0,7π)
y3(x,t)=(4mm)sin(2πx–400πt+π)
b) k, g) ω, d) φ2 da e) ω-s niSani?
y4(x,t)=(4mm)sin(2πx–400πt+1,7π)
risi tolia jamuri talRis amplituda?
•••32. 1200 radiani/wm kuTxuri sixSiris da
••37. ori talRa erTi da igive Tokis gaswvriv
3mm amplitudis sinusoiduri talRa 2g/m
moZraobs:
wrfivi simkvrivis da 1200n daWimulobis
y1(x,t)=(4,6mm)sin(2πx–400πt)
Tokis gaswvriv igzavneba. a) risi tolia
saSualo tempi, romliTac talRas energia y2(x,t)=(5,6mm)sin(2πx–400πt+0,8π radiani)
risi tolia jamuri talRis a) amplituda talRebis, romelTa superpozicia am mdgar

b) fazuri kuTxe (pirveli talRis mimarT)? talRas warmoqmnis, a) siCqare, b) talRis
g) Tu 5mm amplitudis mesame talRas igive sigrZe da g) sixSire. ILW
Tokis gawvriv wina ori talRis mimarTulebiT •44. τi daWimulobis Toki mesame harmonikaSi
gagzavnian, risi toli unda iyos misi fazuri f3 sixSiriT irxeva da Tokze arsebuli
kuTxe, raTa jamuri talRis amplituda talRebis sigrZeebia λ3. Tu daWimuloba τf=4τi
maqsimaluri gaxdes? mniSvnelobamde izrdeba da Toki kvlav mesame
paragrafi 16.13. mdgari talRebi da harmonikaSi irxeva, risi tolia a) am rxevis
rezonansi sixSire gamosaxuli f3-iT da b) am talRebis
•38. A Toki L manZiliT daSorebul or talRuri sigrZe gamosaxuli λ3-iT?
momWers Soris aris gadaWimuli. igive •45. Toki 75sm manZiliT daSorebul or
wrfivi simkvrivis da daWimulobis B Toki 4L fiqsirebul sayrdens Soris aris gadaWimuli
manZiliT daSorebul or momWers Soris aris da Sualeduri sixSireebis gareSe 420 da 315hc
gadaWimuli. ganvixiloT B Tokis pirveli 8 rezonansuli sixSireebi gaaCnia. risi tolia
harmonika. B-s am rva harmonikidan romeli a) umciresi rezonansuli sixSire da b) talRis
harmonikisTvis (Tu aseTi saerTod arsebobs) siCqare? SSM ILW
iqneba sixSire a) A-s pirveli harmonikis, •46. daWimuli Tokis erT-erTi harmoniuli
b) A-s meore harmonikis da g) A-s mesame sixSirea 325hc. momdevno harmoniuli sixSire
harmonikis sixSiris toli? 390hc-ia. ra harmoniuli sixSire mosdevs
•39. risi tolia 10m sigrZis, 100g masis da 195hc-s?
250n daWimulobis mavTulis mdgari talRebis ••47. Toki Semdegi formulis mixedviT irxeva:
a) umciresi sixSire, b) meore umciresi sixSire
da g) mesame umciresi sixSire? SSM WWW
π –1
y´ = (0,5 sm) sin
3
sm [ ]
cos[(40 π wm–1)t].
risi tolia ori talRis a) amplituda da
•40. orive boloTi damagrebuli 125sm sigrZis
b) sixSire, romelTa superpozicia amgvar
Tokis masaa 2g. Tokis daWimuloba 7n-ia. a) risi
rxevas iwvevs. moZraobis mimarTulebis
tolia Tokze gamavali talRis siCqare? b) risi
garda talRebi yvelanairad identuria.
tolia Tokis umciresi rezonansuli sixSire?
g) ra manZilia kvanZebs Sorebs? d) ra ganivi
•41. orive boloTi 8,4m
damagrebuli siCqariT moZraobs Tokis x=1,52m wertilSi
sigrZis Tokis masaa 0,12kg. daWimuloba 96 n. 9
mdebare nawilaki, rodesac t =  wm? SSM
8
Toki irxeva. a) risi tolia Tokze gamavali
••48. orive boloTi damagrebuli 200n
talRebis siCqare? b) risi tolia mdgari
daWimulobis Toki meore harmonikis mdgari
talRis udidesi SesaZlo talRis sigrZe?
talRis saxiT irxeva. Tokis gadaadgilebaa:
g) gamoTvaleT amgvari talRis sixSire. SSM
y=(0,1m)(sinπx/2)sin12πt,
•42. Tanabari talRis sigrZis da amplitudis
sadac x=0 Tokis erTi boloa, x metrebSia,
ori sinusoiduri talRa Tokis gaswvriv urT-
xolo t - wamebSi. risi tolia a) Tokis sigrZe,
ierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT 10sm/wm
b) Tokze gamavali talRebis siCqare da
siCqariT moZraobs. Tu Tokis gasworebis mo-
g) Tokis masa? d) Tu Toki mesame harmonikis
mentebs Soris 0,5wm droa, risi tolia talRis
mdgari talRis saxiT irxeva, ra iqneba rxevis
sigrZeebi?
periodi?
•43. gitaris nei D
••49. 3m sigrZis Tokze aRZruli ori talRa
lonis simis wrfivi
1sm amplitudis sammaryuJian mdgar talRas
simkvrivea 7,2g/m,
sur. 16.39. amocana 43 warmoqmnis. talRis siCqarea 100m/wm. davuSvaT
xolo daWimuloba
erTi talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx+ωt).
- 150n. damagrebis wertilebs Soris manZilia
meore talRis gantolebaSi risi tolia a) ym,
D=90sm. simi irxeva 16.39 suraTze naCveneb
b) k, g) ω da d) ω-s niSani? SSM WWW
mdgari talRis saxiT. gamoTvaleT msrboli
 
••50. Tokze arsebuli mdgari talRa Semdegi π
y = (6 sm) cos
[(2 m–1) x + (8 wm–1)t].
gantolebiT aisaxeba: 2
meore boloze moTavsebuli generatori ki
y(x,t) = 0,04(sin 5πx)(cos 40πt),
Semdeg talRas warmoqmnis:
 
sadac x da y metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. π
y = (6 sm) cos [(2 m–1) x – (8 wm–1)t].
x ≥ 0-sTvis ra mdebareobazea kvanZi x-is a) 2
umciresi, b) meore umciresi da g) mesame gamoTvaleT TiToeuli talRis a) sixSire,
umciresi mniSvnelobiT? d) risi tolia b) talRis sigrZe da g) siCqare. x≥0 areSi ra
nebismieri wertilis (kvanZis garda) rxevis adgilze mdebareobs x-is d) umciresi, e) meore
periodi? risi tolia ori msrboli talRis umciresi da v) mesame umciresi mniSvnelobis
e) siCqare da v) amplituda, romlebic mqone kvanZi? x≥0 areSi ra adgilze mdebareobs
interferenciis Sedegad am mdgar talRas x-is z) umciresi, T) meore umciresi da i) mesame
qmnian? t ≥ 0-sTvis, risi tolia z) pirveli, T) umciresi mniSvnelobis mqone burcobi? SSM
meore da i) mesame dro, rodesac Tokis yvela ••54. Tanabari amplitudis da talRis sigrZis
elementis ganivi siCqare nulis tolia? ori sinusoiduri talRa x RerZis gaswvriv
••51. grZel Tokze gaWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs. 16.41 sura-
garkveuli ga- Tze jamuri talRa orjer aris naCvenebi, rode-
nivi mdgari tal- sac A burcobi maqsimaluri maRla gadaadg-
Ris burcobi x = ilebidan maqsimalur dabla gadaadgile-
0 mdebareobazea, bamde 6mwm-Si moZraobs. davuSvaT, erT-erTi
xolo kvanZi - x = talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx+ωt). meore
0,1 m mdebareoba-
sur. 16.40. amocana 51. talRis gantolebaSi risi tolia a) ym, b) k,
ze. x = 0 wertilSi mdebare Tokis nawilakis g) ω da d) ω-s niSani?
y(t) gadaadgileba 16.40 suraTzea naCvenebi.
rodesac t=0,5wm, risi tolia Tokis a) x=0,2m
da b) x=0,3m wertilebSi mdebare nawilakebis
gadaadgileba? risi tolia Tokis x=0,2m
wertilSi mdebare nawilakis ganivi siCqare,
rodesac g) t=0,5wm da d) t=1wm? e) x=0-dan
x=0,4m-mde areSi mdgari talRa sqematurad
gamosaxeT, rodesac t=0,5wm. sur. 16.41. amocana 54.
••52. qvemoT mocemuli ori talRa •••55. 16.42 suraTze L1=60sm sigrZis, 1×10-2sm2
horizontaluri Tokis urTierTsawinaaR farTobis ganivi kveTis da 2,6g/sm3 simkvrivis
mdego mimarTulebiT ise igzavneba, rom aluminis mavTuli 7,8g/sm3 simkvrivis da igive
vertikalur sibrtyeSi mdgar talRas farTobis ganivi kveTis foladis mavTulzea
warmoiqmnas: gadabmuli. gaerTianebul mavTulze m=10kg
y1(x,t)=(6mm)sin(4πx–400πt) masis blokia Camokidebuli da SeerTebis
adgilidan Skivamde manZilia 86,6sm. mavTulze
y2(x,t)=(6mm)sin(4πx+400πt)
ganiv talRebs cvalebadi sixSiris mqone gare
x metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. burcobi A
wertilSi mdebareobs. am wertilis maq
simaluri maRla gadaadgilebidan maqsimalur
alumini foladi
dabla gadaadgilebamde moZraobis drois
SualedSi ra manZils gaivlis TiToeuli
talRa Tokis gaswvriv?
••53. Zalian grZeli Tokis erT boloze
moTavsebuli generatori Semdeg talRas sur. 16.42. amocana 55.
warmoqmnis:
wyaro warmoqmnis. kvanZi Skivze mdebareobs. si? g) h(x–5t) aageT x-is funqciis saxiT, rode-
a) gamoTvaleT umciresi sixSire, rodesac sac t=2wm. d) h(x–5t) aageT t-s funqciis saxiT,
mdgari talRis erT-erTi kvanZi SeerTebis rodesac x=10sm.
wertils emTxveva. b) ramdeni kvanZi iarsebebs 60. fazebis garda yvela sxva maxasiaTeblebiT
amgvar sixSireze? SSM identuri ori sinusoiduri talRa Tokis
•••56. 16.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZraobs
mowyobilobas mdgari talRebis Sesaqmnelad da y´(x,t)=(3mm)sin(20x–4t+0,82radiani) jamur
iyeneben, magram Toki gansxvavebulia. mdgari talRas warmoqmnis, sadac x metrebSia, xolo
talRa maSin Cndeba, rodesac Camokiduli t - wamebSi. risi tolia a) ori talRis λ sigrZe,
blokis masaa 286,1g an 447g. risi tolia Tokis b) maT Soris fazaTa sxvaoba da g) maTi ym
wrfivi simkvrive? amplituda?
damatebiTi amocanebi 61. Tanabari sixSiris sami sinusoiduri

talRa x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT Tokis
57. 16.43 suraTze
gaswvriv moZraobs. maTi amplitudebia y1, y1/2
naCvenebia Tokis
da y1/3, xolo fazuri mudmivebia 0, π/2 da π.
x=0 mdebareobis
risi tolia jamuri talRis a) amplituda da b)
wertilis y gadaa
fazuri mudmiva? g) gamosaxeT jamuri talRis
dgilebis t droze
sur. 16.43. amocana 57. forma, rodesac t=0 da ganixileT formis
damokidebulebis
cvlileba t-s zrdasTan erTad.
grafiki, rodesac am
wertilze talRa gadis. talRis gantolebaa 62. 12hc sixSiris
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx–ωt+φ). risi tolia φ? (gafrTx- da Tanabari ampli
ileba: kalkulatori Sebrunebuli trigono- tudis ori sinu
metriuli funqciis pasuxs yovelTvis swored soiduri talRa
ar iZleva, amitom pasuxi da ω-s mniSvneloba daWimuli Tokis
y(x,t)-Si CasviT da funqciis grafiki aageT). gaswvriv mimar-
Tuli x RerZis
58. 16.44 suraTze
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT unda gaigzavnos.
naCvenebia Tokis
talRebs SesaZlebelia erTnairi an erTmane-
x=0 mdebareobis
Tis mimarT wanacvlebuli fazebi gaaCndeT.
wertilis ay ga-
16.46 suraTze naCvenebia jamuri talRis y´
nivi aCqarebis t
amplitudis damokidebuleba fazuri wanacv-
droze damokide- sur. 16.44. amocana 58.
lebis manZilze. Tu talRebis gantolebaa
bulebis grafiki.
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi tolia a) ym, b) k, g) ω
am wertilze gamavali talRis gantolebaa
da d) ω-s swori niSani?
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx–ωt+φ). risi tolia φ? (gafrTx-
ileba: kalkulatori Sebrunebuli trigono- 63. t=0 droSi da Tokis gaswvriv x=0
metriuli funqciis pasuxs yovelTvis swored mdebareobaze, 440radiani/wm kuTxuri sixSiris
ar iZleva, amitom pasuxi da ω-s mniSvneloba sinusoiduri talRis gadaadgilebaa y=+4,5mm,
y(x,t)-Si CasviT da funqciis grafiki aageT). xolo ganivi siCqarea u=–0,75m/wm. Tu talRis
zogadi gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx–ωt+φ),
59. 16.45 suraTze
risi tolia φ fazuri mudmiva?
naCvenebia erTi im
pulsi, rodesac t=0. 64. oTxi sinusoiduri talRa Tokis gaswvriv
impulsis talRis mimarTuli x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
forma h(x–5t) funq- moZraobs. maTi sixSireebis Sefardebaa
ciiTaa mocemuli, sadac x santimetrebSia, 1:2:3:4, xolo maTi amplitudebis Sefardebaa
xolo t – wamebSi. risi tolia a) impulsis siC- 1:1/2:1/3:1/4. rodesac t=0, x=0 mdebareobaze
qare da b) ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs impul- pirveli da mesame talRa meore da meoTxe
579
talRisadmi 180° faziTaa wanacvlebuli. 69. 1sm amplitudis, 550hc sixSiris da 330m/wm
aageT jamuri talRis formis grafikuli siCqaris ganivi sinusoiduri talRa x RerZis
gamosaxuleba, rodesac t=0 da ganixileT misi uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Tu
qceva t-s zrdis SemTxvevaSi. talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi
65. 1,2kg masis horizontaluri Toki bolo tolia a) ym, b) ω, g) k da d) ω-s swori niSani?
ebiTaa daamagrebuli (x=0 da x=2m) da fun 70. 2sm amplitudis, 10sm talRis sigrZis da
damentur pirobaSi 5hc sixSiriT maRla da 400hc sixSiris ganivi sinusoiduri talRa x
dabla irxeva. rodesac t=0, x=1m mdebareobis RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Tu
wertilis gadaadgileba nulis tolia da talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi
wertili y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT tolia a) ym, b) k, g) ω da d) ω-s swori niSani?
5m/wm ganivi siCqariT maRla moZraobs. risi risi tolia e) Tokis wertilis maqsimaluri
tolia a) wertilis moZraobis amplituda da b) ganivi siCqare da v) talRis siCqare?
Tokis daWimuloba? g) dawereT mdgari talRis 71. Tanabari talRis sigrZis ori sinusoiduri
gantoleba fundamenturi pirobisaTvis. talRa daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv erTi da
66. ganivi sinusoiduri talRa grZeli hori- igive mimarTulebiT moZraobs. pirveli
zontaluri Tokis erTerT boloSi 1sm man- talRisTvis ym=3mm da φ=0. meore talRisTvis
Zilze maRla da dabla moZravi Reros saSu- ym=5mm da φ=70°. risi tolia jamuri talRis
alebiT iqmneba. moZraoba uwyvetia da wamSi a) amplituda da b) fazuri mudmiva?
120-jer meordeba. Tokis wrfivi simkvrivea 72. Tokze talRa aRiwereba Semdegi
120g/m, xolo daWimuloba - 90n. gamoTvaleT formuliT:
a) u ganivi siCqaris da b) τ daWimulobis gani-
y(x,t)=15sin(πx/8–4πt)
vi komponentis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba.
sadac x da y santimetrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi.
g) daamtkiceT, rom zemoT gamoTvlili ori
a) risi tolia Tokis x=6sm mdebareobis
maqsimaluri mniSvneloba talRis fazis erTi
wertilis ganivi siCqare, rodesac t=0,25wm?
da igive mniSvnelobisTvis miiReba. risi to-
b) risi tolia Tokis nebismieri wertilis
lia Tokis y ganivi gadaadgileba am fazebis
maqsimaluri ganivi siCqare? g) risi tolia
dros? d) ra maqsimaluri tempiT gadaicema
Tokis x=6sm mdebareobis wertilis ganivi
energia Tokis gaswvriv? e) risi tolia y gani-
aCqareba, rodesac t=0,25wm? d) risi tolia
vi gadaadgileba, rodesac energiis gadacema
Tokis nebismieri wertilis maqsimaluri
maqsimaluria? v) risi tolia energiis gada-
ganivi aCqareba?
tanis minimaluri tempi? z) risi tolia y gani-
vi gadaadgileba, rodesac energiis gadacema 73. talRis sigrZea 3,2m, xolo siCqare - 240m/wm.
minimaluria? risi tolia talRis a) sixSire da b) periodi?
67. ym amplitudis da λ talRis sigrZis ganivi 74. garkveuli stiliT dakvrisas violinos
sinusoiduri talRa daWimul Tokze moZraobs. simis umciresi rezonansuli sixSirea
a) gamoTvaleT nawilakis maqsimaluri siCqaris 440hc. risi tolia simis a) meore da b) mesame
(siCqare, romliTac Tokis calkeuli nawilaki harmonikis sixSire?
talRis ganivad moZraobs) Sefardeba talRis 75. 120sm sigrZis Toki or fiqsirebul
siCqaresTan. b) damokidebulia Tu ara es sayrdens Soris aris gadaWimuli. risi tolia
Sefardeba Tokis nivTierebaze? Tokze moZravi talRebis a) udidesi, b) meore
68. ra maqsimaluri siswrafis ganivi talRa udidesi da g) mesame udidesi talRis sigrZe,
SeiZleba gaigzavnos foladis mavTulis gas- Tu Tokze mdgari talRebi unda warmoiqmnas?
wvriv? usafrTxoebisTvis foladis mavTulis d) daxateT es mdgari talRebi.
maqsimaluri gaWimvis Zabvaa 7×108n/m2. fo- 76. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi ganivi talRis
ladis simkvrivea 7800kg/m3. daamtkiceT, rom gantolebaa:
pasuxi mavTulis diametrze damokidebuli ar y=0,15sin(0,79x–13t),
aris.
sadac x da y metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. talRa warmoiqmneba. risi tolia am msrboli

a) risi tolia y gadaadgileba, rodesac x=2,3m, talRis a) amplituda, b) siCqare da g) sigrZe?
t=0,16wm? pirvel talRas meore talRa emateba 82. 600hc kamertonis rxevis Sedegad orive
da Tokze mdgari talRebi warmoiqmneba. Tu boloTi damagrebul Tokze mdgari talRebi
meore talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), warmoiqmneba. talRis siCqarea 400m/wm. mdgar
risi tolia b) ym, g) k, d) ω da e) ω-s swori talRas oTxi maryuJi da 2mm amplituda aqvs.
niSani? v) risi tolia jamuri mdgari talRis a) ra sigrZisaa Toki? b) Tokis gadaadgilebis
gadaadgileba, rodesac x=2,3m, t=0,16wm? formula mdebareobis da drois funqciis
77. 1,5m sigrZis mavTulis masaa 8,7g, xolo saxiT CawereT.
daWimuloba - 120n. mavTulis orive bolo 83. mdgar talRebze Catarebul eqsperimentSi,
myarad aris damagrebuli da mavTuli irxeva. 90sm sigrZis Toki eleqtrulad marTvadi
a) risi tolia mavTulze talRebis siCqare? kamertonis Cangalze miaerTes. kamertoni
risi tolia im talRis sigrZe, romelic b) Tokis sigrZis perpendikularulad 60hc
erTmaryuJian da g) ormaryuJian mdgar talRas sixSiriT irxeva. Tokis masaa 0,044kg. ra
warmoqmnis? risi tolia talRis sixSire, daWimulobis unda iyos Toki, raTa rxevisas
romelic d) erTmaryuJian da e) ormaryuJian oTxi maryuJi warmoiqmnas?
mdgar talRas warmoqmnis?
84. mdgari talRa ori ganivi talRis jamia.
78. τ1 daWimulobis Tokze f1 sixSiris talRas ganivi talRebis gantolebebia:
energia P1 tempiT gadaaqvs. ra P2 tempiT
y1=0,05cos(πx–4πt)
gadaitans energias talRa, Tu a) daWimuloba
da y1=0,05cos(πx+4πt)
gaizarda da τ2=4τ1 da b) sixSire Semcirda da
f2=f1/2? (Sedegi gamosaxeT P1 saSualebiT). sadac x, y1 da y2 metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi.
a) x-is ra umciresi dadebiTi mniSvneloba
79. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi ganivi talRis
Seesabameba kvanZs? t=0-dan dawyebuli ra
gantolebaa:
dros aqvs x=0 wertilSi mdebare nawilaks
y=(2mm)sin[(20m–1)x–(600wm–1)t].
b) pirvelad, g) meored da d) mesamed nulovani
gamoTvaleT talRis a) amplituda, b) sixSire, siCqare?
g) siCqare (niSnis CaTvliT) da d) sigrZe.
85. javSani. rodesac maRali siCqariT moZravi
e) gamoTvaleT Tokis nawilakis maqsimaluri
tyviis an bombis namsxvrevi Tanamedrove
ganivi siCqare.
javSans xvdeba, javSnis qsovili sasrolis
80. 20sm talRis energias swrafad anawilebs did farTobze,
sigrZis ganivi si rac sasrols aCerebs da xels uSlis javSanSi
nusoiduri talRa SeRwevas. energiis gadatana Sejaxebis
x RerZis dadebiTi adgilidan (konusis formis CaRrmavebidan)
mimarTulebiT radialurad moZravi ganivi da grZivi
moZraobs. x = 0 wertilSi mdebare nawilakis impulsebis saSualebiT xdeba. grZivi impulsi
ganivi siCqaris droze damokidebulebis qsovilis boWkoebSi νl siCqariT moZraobs da
grafiki 16.47 suraTzea naCvenebi. risi tolia boWkoebis gaTxelebas da daWimvas iwvevs. am
a) talRis siCqare, b) amplituda da g) sixSire? dros nivTiereba CaRrmavebisken radialurad
d) daxateT talRa x = 0 da x = 20 sm Soris, miedineba. erT-erTi aseTi radialuri
rodesac t = 2 wm. boWko 16.48a suraTzea naCvenebi. sasrolis
81. ori talRis gantolebaa: energiis nawili swored am moZraobasa da
y1 = 0,3sin[π(5x–200t)] gaWimvaze ixarjeba. ganiv impulss, romelic
νt-ze ufro mcire siCqariT moZraobs,
da y2 = 0,3sin[π(5x–200t)+π/3],
Tavad CaRrmaveba iwvevs. rodesac sasroli
sadac y1 da y2 metrebSia, xolo t - wamebSi.
CaRrmavebis siRrmes zrdis, CaRrmavebis
rodesac es ori talRa erTiandeba, msrboli
radiusi izrdeba da boWkoebSi nivTiereba
581
sasrolis mimarTulebiT moZraobs (gani da daamtkiceT, rom rezinis lentis sigrZis
vi impulsis moZraobis mimarTulebis per gasavlelad saWiro dro ganivi impulsisTvis
pendikularulad). sasrolis danarCeni ener 1 / Dl -is proporciulia, Tu Δl << l da mudmi-
gia swored am moZraobaze ixarjeba. energia, via, Tu Δl >> l.
romelic boWkoebis plastikur deformaciaze 88. Semdegi gantolebebiT mocemuli ori
ar ixarjeba, sabolood siTbur energiad talRa daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs:
gardaiqmneba.
y1=(2,5mm)sin[25,1radiani/m)x–(440radiani/wm)t]
16.48b suraTze naCvenebia 10,2g masis tyviis ν
da
siCqaris t droze damokidebulebis grafiki.
y2=(1,5mm)sin[25,1radiani/m)x+(440radiani/wm)t]
tyvia specialuri pistoletidan javSans
esroles. νl=2000m/wm da konusuri formis a) wertilebisTvis x=0, λ/8, 3λ/8 da λ/2, sadac
CaRrmavebis naxevari kuTxea θ = 60°. Sejaxebis λ talRis sigrZea, jamuri talRa t-s funqciis
bolos risi tolia a) gaTxelebuli aris da saxiT gamosaxeT grafikulad. yvela grafiki
b) CaRrmavebis radiusi (CaTvaleT, rom jav unda iwyebodes t = 0 drois momentidan da
Sanis matarebeli adamiani uZravia). grZeldebodes aranaklebi erTi periodisa.
b) jamuri talRa mdgari talRis da msrboli
talRis superpoziciaa. ra mimarTulebiT
moZraobs msrboli talRa? g) rogor SeiZleba
Seicvalos sawyisi talRebi, raTa jamuri
talRa igive amplitudis mdgari da msrboli
talRebis superpozicia iyos, oRond amjerad
msrboli talRa sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
moZraobdes? Semdeg grafikebis gamoyenebiT
daadgineT rxevis d) maqsimaluri da e) mini
maluri amplitudis adgili. v) rogor ukav
Sirdeba maqsimaluri amplituda ori sawyisi
talRis amplitudas? z) rogor ukavSirdeba
minimaluri amplituda ori sawyisi talRis
amplitudas?
89. vakuumSi eleqtromagnituri talRebis
(maT Sorisaa xiluli sinaTle, radiotalRebi
da rentgenis sxivebi) siCqarea 3×108m/wm.
sur. 16.48. amocana 85. a) xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe iisferi
sinaTlis 400 nm-dan wiTeli sinaTlis
86. a) dawereT gantoleba, romelic Tokis
700 nm-mde meryeobs. risi tolia am talRebis
gaswvriv y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
sixSireTa are? b) mokletalRovani mimRebis
moZrav, 60 sm–1 kuTxuri talRuri ricxvis,
sixSireTa area 1,5-dan 300 mhc-mde. risi
0,2 wm periodis da 3mm amplitudis sinusoidur
tolia talRis sigrZeTa Sesabamisi are?
ganiv talRas asaxavs. ganiv mimarTulebad
g) rentgenis sxivebis talRis sigrZeTa area
z miiCnieT. b) risi tolia Tokis wertilis
5 nm-dan 1×10–2 nm-mde. risi tolia rentgenis
maqsimaluri ganivi siCqare?
sxivebis sixSireTa are?
87. beisbolis da golfis burTebSi gamo
90. Tokze moZravi ori talRis gantolebaa:
yenebuli rezinis lenti gaWimvebis farTo
areSi hukis kanons emorCileba. lentis y1=(0,1 m) sin2π[(0,5 m–1)x + (20 wm–1)t]
sigrZea l, xolo masaa m. F Zalis moqmedebis da y2=(0,2 m) sin2π[(0,5 m–1)x – (20 wm–1)t]
dros lenti Δl sigrZiT iWimeba. a) risi tolia Tokis x = 3 m mdebareobis wertilisTvis y-s
daWimuli rezinis lentze moZravi ganivi t-ze damokidebulebis grafiki aageT.
talRebis siCqare? b) gamoiyeneT a)-s pasuxi
91. Tokze moZravi talRis gantolebaa: A bagirs da 2L sigrZis B bagirs Tanabari

wrfivi simkvrive da daWimuloba aqvs. es ori
[ ( t x
y = 2 sin 2π  0,4 + 80 )], bagiri mokle bagiris Sua wertilze gamavali
horizontaluri TokiT aris gadabmuli.
Tavdapirvelad Toki arc moSvebulia da arc
sadac x da y santimetrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. daWimuli. rodesac t=0, qari bagirebs mar-
a) t=0 drois momentisaTvis aageT y-is jvniv gadaaadgilebs da fudamenturi piro-
x-ze damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki bis rxevas iwvevs. TA iyos A bagiris rxevis
intervalSi 0 ≤ x ≤ 160 sm. b) gaimeoreoT igive periodi da davuSvaT, rom bagirebis rxeva
t=0,05wm da t=0,1wm drois momentebisTvis. gadaubmelobis SemTxvevaSi Tanabari ampli
grafikebidan g) talRis siCqare da d) talRis tudis iqneboda. 0,25TA , 05TA , TA , 1,25TA , 1,5TA ,
moZraobis mimarTuleba gansazRvreT. 1,75TA da 2TA drois momentebidan romelSi
92. aCveneT, rom identuri amplitudebis ori iqneba Toki a) daWimuli, b) sawyis mdgomareobaSi
msrboli talRis mier warmoqmnili mdgari da g) moSvebuli? 16.50g suraTze naCvenebia
talRis maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia Tokis ganlagebis meore varianti. d) Seasus
TiToeul maryuJSi aris 2π2μy2m fν. tebs Tu ara es ori ganlageba bagirebis rxe-
93. 16.49 suraTze, ori impulsi Tokis gaswvriv vas fundamenturi rxevebis SemTxvevaSi?
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZra
obs. talRis siCqarea 2m/wm, xolo rodesac t=0,
impulsebs Soris manZilia D=6sm. a) daxateT
talRis suraTebi,
rodesac t=5, 10,
15, 20 da 25mwm. b)
ra saxisaa impulsis
energia, rodesac sur. 16.49. amocana 93.
t=15mwm?
94. safrangeTSi, mdinare senaze gadebuli le
pon de normandi msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli
bagiriani xidia (sur. 16.50a). agebis Semdeg
mcire qaric ki xidis bagirebze mdgar talRebs
qmnida. aseTi rxevebi gasaTvaliswinebeli
iyo, vinaidan maT bagiris liTonis
wnulebis wyobidan gamoyvana SeeZloT, es
ki xidis Cangrevas gamoiwvevda. problemis
aRmosafxvrelad mTamsvlelebi xidze aZvrnen
da mimdebare bagirebs Soris Tokebi daamagres.
ganvixiloT 16.50b suraTze naCvenebi ori (a) (b)
vertikaluri bagiris ganlageba. L sigrZis sur. 16.50. amocana 94.
talRebi - II 17
wyalSi yvinTvisa da Wamis Semdeg saimperatoro pingvini mewyvilesTan
brundeba. antarqtikis mkacr zamTarSi, rodesac temperatura -40°C-ia
da qaris siGqare 300km/sT-s aRwevs, gayinvisgan Tavis dasacavad pingvinebi
erTad jgufdebian da Zalian gvanan erTmaneTs. pingvini sakuTar mewyviles
vizualurad ver gamoarGevs.
rogor axerxebs pingvini Sejgufebul aTasobiT pingvins Soris sakuTari

mewyvilis gamorCevas?

mravali saxeobis samecniero JurnalSi bgeris talRebis
fizika statiebis ZiriTadi Temaa. magaliTad, fiziologebi
metyvelebis process, misi gamosworebis SesaZleblobas,
yurTasmenis daqveiTebas da xvrinvis movlenasac ki ganixi-
laven. xmis inJinrebi eklesiebis da sakoncerto darbaze-
bis akustikis gaumjobesebaze zrunaven, amcireben avtoma-
gistralebis Tu mSeneblobis xmaurs da musikas dinamikTa
sistemidan aJRereben. saaviacio inJinrebs Sexeba aqvT ze-
bgeriTi TviTmfrinavebis mier warmoqmnil dartymiT tal-
RebTan da aeroportis mimdebare dasaxlebebSi TviTmfri-
navebis xmauris Semcirebis problemasTan. zogierTi mediko-
si gulis da filtvebis mier gamocemuli xmauris saSualebiT
diagnozis dasmas cdilobs. paleontologebi dinozavris
namarxis mixedviT misi xmis warmodgenas cdiloben. samxedro
inJinrebi fiqroben rogor SeiZleba snaiperis tyviis xmis
sur. 17.1. 6 Tvis Canasaxis gamo
mixedviT snaiperis mdebareobis dadgena. biologebi katis
saxuleba ultrabgeris saSualebiT
krutuns Seiswavlian da a.S. aris gadaRebuli (ultrabgeris
vidre bgeraTa fizikis ganxilvas daviwyebT, pasuxi gavceT sixSire adamianis yurTasmenis
miRmaa).
SekiTxvas: `ra aris bgeriTi talRa?~
583
584 Tavi 17 talRebi - II
17.2. bgeriTi talRebi

me-16 TavSi vixileT, rom meqanikur talRebs arsebobisTvis garemo sWirdebaT. arsebobs
meqanikuri talRis ori saxeoba: ganivi talRebi talRis moZraobis perpendikularul rxevebs
moicaven, xolo grZivi talRebi – talRis moZraobis paralelur rxevebs.
am saxelmZRvaneloSi bgeriT talRas grZivad miviCnevT. seismuri movlenebis mkvlevrebi amgvar
talRebs dedamiwis qerqis Sesamowmeblad da navTobis sabados aRmosaCenad iyeneben. wyalqveSa
dabrkolebebis aRmosaCenad gemebi bgerebis damWeri mowyobilobiT (hidrolokatoriT) aris
aRWurvili. wyalqveSa gemebi erTimeores Zravis xmauris mosmeniT miyvebian. 17.1 suraTze
naCvenebia embrionis Tavis da mxris gamosaxuleba da kargad Cans, rogor SeiZleba bgeriTi
talRebis saSualebiT adamianis sxeulis qsovilebis gamokvleva. mocemul TavSi aqcents
gavakeTebT haerSi moZrav bgeris talRebze, romlebic adamianebs esmiT.
17.2 suraTze gamosaxulia Semdgom msjelobaSi gamoyenebuli ramdenime mosazreba. S werti-
li bgeris wyaroa, romelsac wertilovani wyaro ewodeba. wyaro bgeris talRebs yvela mimar-
TulebiT asxivebs. talRuri frontebi da sxivebi bgeris talRis moZraobis da gavrcelebis
mimarTulebas gviCvenebs. talRuri fronti zedapiria, romelzec bgeris talRiT gamowveuli
rxevebis mniSvnelobebi Tanabaria. wertilovani wyaros
organzomilebian gamosaxulebaze, msgavsi zedapirebi
mTliani an arasruli wreebis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
sxivebi talRuri frontis perpendikularuli mimarTu-
li wirebia da talRuri frontis moZraobis mimarTule-
bas asaxavs. 17.2 suraTis sxivebze dadebuli mokle ormagi
isari asaxavs im faqts, rom haeris grZivi rxevebi sxivebis
paraleluria.
sur. 17.2. bgeris talRa S wertilovani 17.2 suraTis msgavs wertilovan wyarosTan axlos talRuri
wyarodan samganzomilebian garemoSi fronti sferuli formisaa da samganzomilebian sivrceSDi
vrceldeba. talRuri fronti S cen
tris mqone sferoebs qmnis. sxivebi vrceldeba. amgvar talRebs sferuli ewodeba. talRuri
S-isadmi radialuria. mokle orTaviani frontebis moZraobisa da radiusebis zrdasTan erTad maTi
isrebi sxivebis paralelurad garemos simrude mcirdeba. wyarodan moSorebiT talRur frontebs
elementebis rxevas asaxavs.
sibrtyeebad miviCnevT da talRebs brtyels vuwodebT.
17.3. bgeris siCqare

nebismieri meqanikuri talRis, iqneba es ganivi Tu grZivi, siCqare garemos inerciulobis
maxasiaTebelze (kinetikuri energiis Senaxvaze) da drekadobis maxasiaTebelzea (potenciuri
energiis Senaxvazea) damokidebuli. maSasadame, daWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZravi ganivi talRis
siCqaris 16.26 formulis ganzogadeba SegviZlia:
, (17.1)
sadac (ganivi talRebisTvis) τ Tokis daWimulobaa, xolo μ – Tokis wrfivi simkvrive. Tu garemo
haeria da talRa grZivia, maSin μ-s Sesabamisi inerciulobis maxasiaTebeli haeris moculobiTi
ρ simkvrivea. ra iqneba drekadobis maxasiaTebeli?
daWimuli Tokis potenciuri energia Tokis elementis periodul daWimvas ukavSirdeba, rodesac
masze talRa gadis. vinaidan bgeriTi talRa haerSi moZraobs, potenciuri energia haeris mcire
moculobis elementebis periodul gafarToebas da SekumSvas ukavSirdeba. garemos elementis
moculobis cvlilebas, rodesac masze moqmedi wneva icvleba, B moculobiTi deformaciis
moduli asaxavs:
17.3. bgeris siCqare 585
Δp
B = –    (moculobiTi deformaciis modulis gansazRvreba) (17.2) cxrili 17.1
ΔV/V
bgeris siCqarea
aq ΔV/V aris wnevis Δp cvlilebiT gamowveuli moculo-
bis fardobiTi cvlileba. 14.3 Tavidan viciT, rom SI garemo siCqare (m/wm)
sistemaSi wnevis erTeulia n/m2, romelsac specialuri
airebi
saxeli – paskali (pa) ewodeba. 17.2 formulidan Cans,
haeri (0°C) 331
rom B-s erTeulic paskalia. Δp-s da ΔV-s niSnebi yov-
haeri (20°C) 343
elTvis urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. rodesac elementze
heliumi 965
moqmedi wneva izrdeba (Δp dadebiTia), moculoba mc-
wyalbadi 1284
irdeba (ΔV uaryofiTia). 17.2 formulaSi minus niSani
siTxeebi
SevitaneT, raTa B yovelTvis dadebiTi sidide iyos.
wyali (0°C) 1402
Semdeg 17.1 formulaSi τ-s nacvlad B CavsvaT, xolo μ-s
wyali (20°C) 1482
nacvlad – ρ:
zRvis wyalib 1522
v =  (bgeris siCqare) (17.3) myari nivTierebebi
alumini 6420
es formula B moculobiTi deformaciis modulis da
foladi 5941
ρ simkvrivis garemoSi bgeris siCqares gvaZlevs. 17.1 graniti 6000
cxrilSi CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva garemoSi moZravi
a
0°C-ze da 1atm. wnevaze, garda aRniSnulisa
bgeris siCqareebi. b
20°C-ze da 3,5% marilianobaze
wylis simkvrive haerisaze TiTqmis 1000-jer metia. Tu
mxolod es maxasiaTebelia arsebiTi, maSin 17.3 formulidan gamomdinare mosalodnelia, rom
wyalSi moZravi bgeris siCqare haerSi moZravi bgeris siCqareze bevrad naklebi iqneba. miuxedavad
amisa, 17.1 cxrili sapirispiros amtkicebs. vaskvniT (kvlav 17.3 formulidan gamomdinare), rom
wylis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli haerisaze 1000-jer meti unda iyos. es marTlac asea.
wyali haerze bevrad ukumSvadia (ix. 17.2 formula) anu wylis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli
bevrad metia.
17.3 formulis gamoyvana

amjerad 17.3 formulas niutonis
kanonebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT.
davuSvaT, calkeuli impulsi,
romelSic haeri SekumSulia, 16.2
suraTze gamosaxulis msgavs haeriT
savse grZel milSi ν siCqariT (a)
vrceldeba. modiT am impulss Tan
mivyveT imave siCqariT, anu Cvens
aTvlis sistemaSi impulsi uZravi iyos.
17.3a suraTze naCvenebia am aTvlis
sistemidan danaxuli situacia. (b)
impulsi uZravia, xolo haeri ν
sur. 17.3. SekumSuli impulsi haeriT savse grZel milSi
siCqariT moZraobs. marjvnidan marcxniv moZraobs. suraTze arCeul aTvlis
modiT, sadac haeri ar aris SeSfo sistemaSi impulsi uZravia da haeri marcxnidan marjvniv
Tebuli, misi wneva p iyos, xolo moZraobs. a) Δx siganis haeris elementi impulsisken ν
siCqariT moZraobs. b) elementis wina zedapiri impulsSi
impulsis SigniT wneva – p+Δp, sadac Sedis. wina da ukana zedapirebze moqmedi Zalebi (haeris
Δp SekumSvis SemTxvevaSi dadebiTia. wneviT gamowveuli) naCvenebia.
ganvixiloT Δx sisqis da A farTobis wina zedapiris mqone haeris elementi, romelic impulsisken
ν siCqariT moZraobs. rodesac elementi impulsSi Seva, misi wina zedapiri ufro maRali wnevis
areSi xvdeba da elementis siCqare ν+Δν-mde mcirdeba, sadac Δν uaryofiTia. Seneleba mTavrdeba
maSin, rodesac elementis ukana zedapiric impulsSi Seva, rasac Semdegi drois intervali
sWirdeba:
Δx
Δt =  (17.4)
v
amjerad elementisTvis niutonis meore kanoni gamoviyenoT. Δt drois SualedSi elementis ukana
zedapirze moqmedi da marjvnisken mimarTuli saSualo Zalaa pA, xolo wina zedapirze moqmedi
da marcxnisken mimarTuli saSualo Zala – (p + Δp)A (sur. 17.3b). aqedan gamomdinare, Δt drois
SualedSi elementze Semdegi saSualo tolqmedi Zala moqmedebs:
F = pA – (p + Δp)A = –ΔpA (tolqmedi Zala) (17.5)
minus niSani asaxavs, rom 17.3b suraTze gamosaxuli haeris elementze moqmedi tolqmedi Zala
marcxniskenaa mimarTuli. elementis moculobaa AΔx da 17.4 formulis saSualebiT masa Semdegi
saxiT Caiwereba:
Δm = ρ ΔV = ρA Δx = ρAν Δt (masa) (17.6)
Δt drois SualedSi elementis saSualo aCqarebaa:

Δv
a =  Δt (aCqareba) (17.7)
maSasadame, niutonis meore kanonidan (F=ma) gamomdinare 17.5, 17.6 da 17.7 formulebi
mogvcems:
Δv
–ΔpA = ( ρAν Δt )  .
Δt
rac asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
Δp
ρν2 = – 
 , (17.8)
Δv/v
impulsis gareT V moculobis (=AνΔt) mqone haeri impulsSi Sesvlisas ΔV (=AΔνΔt) moculobiT
ikumSeba, amitom:
ΔV A Δν Δt Δv
=  =  . (17.9)
V AνΔt v
17.8 formulaSi jer 17.9, xolo Semdeg 17.2 formula CavsvaT da miviRebT:
Δp Δp
ρν2 = –    = –  = B.
Δv/v ΔV/V
am formulis ν-sTvis amoxsna 17.3 suraTze marjvnisken moZravi haeris siCqaris 17.3 formulas
mogvcems da maSasadame marcxnisken moZravi impulsis namdvil siCqares gamovTvliT.

adamianis tvini bgeris wyaros mimarTulebis talRis
fronti
gansazRvrisTvis wyarosTan axlomdebare
yurze mosul bgerasa da moSorebul yurze
sur. 17.4. tal
mosul bgeras Soris Δt dayovnebis dros
Ruri fronti
iyenebs. davuSvaT, wyaro imdenad Sors mde- marjvena yurTan
bareobs, rom Tqvenamde moRweuli talRuri (R) SedarebiT d
fronti brtyelia, xolo Tqvens yurebs Soris manZiliT (=Dsinθ)
mets gadis, raTa Tqven marcxena yurTan (L) mivides.
manZilia D.
17.4. msrboli bgeriTi talRebi 587
a) gamosaxeT Δt wyaros mimarTulebasa da amoxsna: bgeris siCqare wyalSi aris νw, amitom
pirdapir mimarTulebas Soris θ kuTxis da D-s 17.10 formulaSi ν-s nacvlad νw CavsvaT, xolo
saSualebiT. θ-s nacvlad – 90°:
amoxsna: 17.4 suraTze naCvenebia situacia, d D sin 90° D
Δtw = 
rodesac talRuri frontebi Tqvens pirdapir v =  vw
= 
vw
(17.11)
da marjvniv mdebare wyarodan modis. Δt vinaidan νw ν-ze daaxloebiT oTxjer metia,
dayovnebis dro gamowveulia d manZiliT, Δtw wyalSi dayovneba haerSi maqsimaluri
romelic TiToeulma talRurma frontma dayovnebis drois daaxloebiT 1/4-ia.
marjvena yurTan (R) misvlis Semdeg marcxena cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
yuramde (L) unda gaiaros. 17.4 suraTidan Tqveni tvini dayovnebis drois Sualeds
gamomdinareobs: wyalSi iseve ganixilavs, rogorc haerSi.
d D sin θ maSasadame, bgeris wyaro mogeCvenebaT θ
Δt = 
v =  v , (pasuxi) (17.10)
kuTxiT, romelic 90°-ze naklebi iqneba. am
sadac ν aris bgeris siCqare haerSi. cxov kuTxis gamosaTvlelad 17.10 formulaSi Δt-
rebiseul gamocdilaze dayrdnobiT tvini s nacvlad D/νw dayovnebis drois Sualedi
Δt-s yovel mniSvnelobas (0-dan maqsimumamde) CavsvaT da miviRebT:
bgeris wyaros θ mimarTulebas (0-dan 90°-mde) D D sin θ
=  v . (17.12)
ukavSirebs. vw
b) davuSvaT, 20°C temperaturis wyalSi Semdeg 17.12 formulaSi ν = 343 m/wm da
xarT CaZiruli, rodesac talRuri fronti νw = 1482 m/wm (17.1 cxrilidan) mniSvnelobebs
zustad marjvnidan movida. dayovnebis drois CavsvamT da θ-sTvis amovxsniT:
mixedviT pirdapiri mimarTulebidan ra θ v 343 m/wm
sin θ =  =  = 0,231
kuTxiT gveCveneba wyaro? vw 1482 m/wm
maSasadame, θ=13° (pasuxi)
17.4. msrboli bgeriTi talRebi

mocemul paragrafSi haerSi moZrav sinu-
soidur bgeriT talRebTan dakavSirebul
gadaadgilebebs da wnevis cvlilebebs
ganvixilavT. 17.5a suraTze naCvenebia
haeriT savse grZel milSi marjvnisken
moZravi sinusoiduri talRa. me-16 Ta-
vidan gavixsenoT, rom amgvari talRis
warmoqmna milis marcxena boloSi ganla-
gebuli dguSis sinusoiduri moZraobiT
SeiZleba (rogorc 16.2 suraTze). dguSis
marjvniv moZraoba dguSis zedapiris mim-
debare haeris elements gadaaadgilebs sur. 17.5. a) haeriT savse grZel milSi ν siCqariT moZravi
da am haers kumSavs. rodesac dguSi mar- talRa haeris gafarToebebis da SekumSvebis perioduli
moZravi struqturisgan Sedgeba. talRa pirobiTad
cxniv moZraobs, haeris elementi mar-
arCeul momentSia naCvenebi. b) milis mcire nawilis
cxnisken gadaadgildeba da wneva mcird- horizontaluri mimarTulebiT gadidebuli xedi. talRis
eba. rodesac haeris yoveli elementi gavlisas, haeris Δx sisqis elementi martivi harmoniuli
moZraobiT wonasworuli mdebareobis mimarT marcxniv
mimdebares waubiZgebs, haeris marcxniv
da marjvniv irxeva. b)-ze naCveneb momentSi elementi
da marjvniv moZraoba da misi wnevis cv- wonasworuli mdebareobidan marjvniv s manZilzea
lileba milis gaswvriv bgeriTi talRis gadaadgilebuli. elementis maqsimaluri gadaadgileba
saxiT vrceldeba. (marcxniv da marjvniv) aris sm.
ganvixiloT 17.5b suraTze naCvenebi haeris Δx sisqis elementi.

rodesac talRa milis am monakveTze gaivlis, haeris elementi
martivi harmoniuli moZraobiT wonasworuli mdebareobis
mimarT marcxniv da marjvniv irxeva. maSasadame, bgeris talRiT
gamowveuli haeris TiToeuli elementis rxeva ganivi talRiT
gamowveuli Tokis elementis rxevas waagavs. gansxvaveba
imaSia, rom haeris elementi grZivad da ara ganivad irxeva.
sur. 17.6. amplitudisa da merxevi
vinaidan Tokis elementebi y RerZis paralelurad irxeva,
wevrisgan Semdgari msrboli bgeriTi
talRis a) gadaadgilebis funqcia da maTi gadaadgilebebi y(x,t) formiT iwereba. haeris elementebi
b) wnevis cvlilebis funqcia. x RerZis paralelurad irxeva, amitom damabneveli x(x,t)
formis nacvlad maT gadaadgilebebs s(x,t) formiT CavwerT.
sinusis an kosinusis funqciis gamoyenebiT vaCvenoT, rom s(x,t) gadaadgilebebi x-is da t-s
sinusoiduri funqciebia. am paragrafSi kosinusis funqcias viyenebT:
s(x,t) = sm cos(kx – ωt) (17.13)
17.6a suraTze dasaTaurebulia am formulis sxvadasxva nawilebi. sm gadaadgilebis amplituda

anu haeris elementis maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa wonasworuli mdebareobis nebismier mxares
(ixileT 17.5b suraTi). k kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi, ω kuTxuri sixSire, f sixSire, λ talRis sig-
rZe, ν siCqare da T periodi bgeris talRisTvis ganivi talRis msgavsad ganisazRvreba da ukav-
Sirdeba erTmaneTs. oRond amjerad λ aris manZili (moZraobis mimarTulebis gaswvriv), romlis
Semdeg talRiT gamowveuli SekumSvis da gafarToebis struqturebi sakuTar Tavs imeoreben (ix.
17.5a suraTi) (vuSvebT, rom sm bevrad mcirea λ-ze).
rodesac talRa moZraobs, 17.5a suraTis nebismier x mdebareobaze haeris wneva sinusoidurad
icvleba, rasac SemdgomSi davamtkicebT. cvlilebis aRwerisTvis vwerT:
Δp(x,t) = Δpm sin(kx – ωt) (17.14)
17.6b suraTze dasaTaurebulia am formulis sxvadasxva nawilebi. 17.14 formulaSi Δp wnevis
cvlilebis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba haeris gafarToebas Seesabameba, xolo dadebiTi mniSvn-
eloba – SekumSvas. Δpm wnevis amplitudaa da talRiT
gamowveuli wnevis maqsimalur zrdas an Semcirebas asax-
avs. Cveulebriv wnevis amplituda Δpm bevrad naklebia
haeris p wnevaze, romelic mas talRis ararsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi gaaCnia. SemdgomSi davamtkicebT, rom Δpm wnevis
amplituda 17.13 formulis sm gadaadgilebis amplitudas
(a)
Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
Δpm = (νρω)sm (17.15)
17.7 suraTze naCvenebia 17.13 da 17.14 formulebis grafike-
bi, rodesac t = 0. droTa ganmavlobaSi orive grafiki hor-
izontaluri RerZebis gaswvriv marjvniv gadaadgildeba.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom gadaadgilebas da wnevis cvlilebas
Soris fazuri sxvaobaa π/2 rad (90°). maSasadame, talRis
(b)
gaswvriv nebismier wertilze Δp wnevis cvlileba nulia,
sur. 17.7. a) gadaadgilebis funqciis rodesac gadaadgileba maqsimaluria.
grafiki (formula 17.13), rodesac t = 0.
wnevis cvlilebis funqciis msgavsi
sakontrolo wertili 1. rodesac 17.5b suraTze
grafiki (formula 17.14). orive grafiki
1000 hc sixSiris bgeriTi talRisaa, naCvenebi haeris merxevi elementi nulovani gadaadgi
romlis wnevis amplituda mtkivneuli lebis wertilis gavliT marjvniv moZraobs, elementSi
SegrZnebis zRurblzea. ixileT amocanis
moqmedi wneva wonasworuli mniSvnelobisaa, zrdas
amoxsnis nimuSi 17.2.
iwyebs Tu Semcirebas iwyebs?
17.4. msrboli bgeriTi talRebi 589
17.14 da 17.15 formulebis gamoyvana
17.5b suraTze naCvenebia haeris A farTobis ganivi kveTis da Δx sisqis mqone merxevi elementi.
elementis centri wonasworuli mdebareobidan s manZilzea gadaadgilebuli. 17.2 formulidan
gadaadgilebuli elementis wnevis cvlilebaa:
ΔV
Δp = – B   . (17.16)
V
17.16 formulaSi V sidide elementis moculobaa:
V = AΔx . (17.17)
17.16 formulaSi ΔV sidide elementis gadaadgilebis dros misi moculobis cvlilebaa.

elementis ori – wina da ukana zedapirebis – gadaadgileba Tanabari ar aris da Δs sididiT
gansxvavdeba. swored es aris moculobis cvlilebis mizezi. maSasadame, moculobis cvlileba
ase SeiZleba Caiweros:L
ΔV = AΔs . (17.18)
17.17 da 17.18 formulebi 17.16 formulaSi CavsvaT da diferencialur zRvarze gadavideT:

Δs ∂s
Δp = – B   = – B  . (17.19)
Δx ∂x
17.19 formulaSi ∂ simbolo kerZo warmoebuls aRniSnavs da gvauwyebs rogor icvleba x-Tan
erTad s, rodesac t dro mudmivia. 17.13 formulaSi t mudmivad miviCnioT da miviRebT:
∂s ∂
= [s cos(kx – ωt)] = –ks m sin(kx – ωt)
∂ x ∂ x m
es sidide 17.19 formulis kerZo warmoebulis nacvlad CavsvaT da miviRebT:
Δp = Bksm sin(kx – ωt).
gamoviyenoT Δpm=Bksm da 17.14 formulas miviRebT.

17.3 formulis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
Δpm = (Bk)sm = (ν2ρk)sm .

17.15 formula maSinve miiReba, rodesac 16.13 28 pa
sm =  
formulidan ω/υ-s k-s nacvlad CavsvamT. (343 m/wm)(1,21 kg/m3)(2π)(1000 hc)
adamianis yurs 28pa maqsimaluri Δpm wnevis = 1,1×10–5 m = 11mkm. (pasuxi)
amplitudis atana SeuZlia (rac 105pa haeris pasuxi am saxelmZRvanelos furclis sisqis
normalur wnevaze sakmaod mcirea). risi 1/7-ia. cxadia, yvelaze xmamaRali bgeris
tolia ρ=1,21kg/m3 simkvrivis haerSi 1000hc gadaadgilebis amplitudac ki, romlis
sixSiriT da 343m/wm siCqariT moZravi aseTi gaZleba yurs SeuZlia, Zalian mcirea.
bgeris sm gadaadgilebis amplituda? 1000hc sixSireze yvelaze susti deteq
amoxsna: bgeriTi talRis sm gadaadgilebis tirebadi bgeris Δpm wnevis amplitudaa
5
amplituda Δpm wnevis amplitudas 17.15 for 2,8×10– pa. zemoT moyvanili gamoTvla
muliT ukavSirdeba. formulis sm-sTvis amox sm=1,1×10-11m anu 11pm pasuxs mogvcems, rac
sna mogvcems: tipuri atomis radiusis daaxloebiT 1/10-ia.
Δpm Δpm yuri bgeris talRebis Zalian mgrZnobiare
sm =  –   
νρω νρ(2πf ) mimRebia.
CavsvaT cnobili monacemebi da miviRebT:
17.5. interferencia
ganivi talRebis msgavsad bgeriTi talRebic ganicdian
intereferencias. ganvixiloT erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
moZravi ori identuri bgeriTi talRis interferencia.
17.8 suraTze naCvenebia amgvari situaciis magaliTi. S1 da S2 sur. 17.8. S1 da S2 wertilovani
wertilovani wyaro Tanabari λ talRis sigrZis da erTnair wyaroebi erTnair fazaSi myof
fazaSi myof bgeriT talRebs asxiveben. maSasadame, orive sferul bgeriT talRebs asxiveben.
sxivebi P saerTo wertilis gavliT
wyaro imyofeba erTnair fazaSi anu wyaroebidan talRebis talRebis moZraobas asaxavs.
gamosxivebis dros maTi gadaadgilebebi identuria. Cven
gvainteresebs talRebi, romlebic 17.8 suraTze P wertilis gavliT moZraoben. vuSvebT, rom
P-mde manZili wyaroebs Soris manZilze bevrad metia da CavTvliT, rom orive talRa erTi da
imave mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
Tu talRebi P wertilamde Tanabari sigrZis traeqtoriebs gadian, maSin am wertilSi talRebi
erTnair fazaSi iqnebian. iseve, rogorc ganivi talRebis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom am wertilSi
talRebi srulad konstruqciul intereferencias ganicdian. magram, 17.8 suraTze S2-dan
gamosxivebuli talRis L2 traeqtoria S1-dan gamosxivebuli talRis L1 traeqtoriaze grZelia.
sigrZeebs Soris sxvaoba niSnavs, rom P wertilSi talRebi SesaZloa gansxvavebul fazebSi
iyvnen. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, P wertilSi φ fazuri sxvaoba traeqtoriis sigrZeebs Soris
sxvaobazea DL = L2 - L1 damokidebuli.
φ fazur sxvaobasa da ΔL traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa sxvaobas Soris kavSiris dasadgenad gavixsenoT
(16.4 paragrafi), rom 2π radiani fazuri sxvaoba erT talRis sigrZes Seesabameba. maSasadame,
SegviZlia davweroT Semdegi proporcia:
φ ΔL
=   (17.20)
2π λ
saidanac miviRebT:
ΔL
φ= 2π (17.21)
λ
srulad konstruqciuli interferencia maSin xdeba, rodesac φ aris nuli, 2π an 2π-is nebismieri
mTeli jeradi:
φ=m(2π), rodesac m = 0, 1, 2, ... (srulad konstruqciuli interferencia) (17.22)
17.21 formulidan gamomdinare, es maSin xdeba, rodesac ΔL/λ:

ΔL
= 0, 1, 2, ... (srulad konstruqciuli interferencia) (17.23)
λ
magaliTad, Tu 17.8 suraTze traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa Soris sxvaobaa ΔL = |L2 – L1| = 2λ, maSin
ΔL/λ=2 da talRebi P wertilSi srulad Semqmnel interferencias ganicdian. vinaidan S2-dan
momavali talRa S1-dan momavali talRisadmi 2λ faziT aris daZruli, P wertilSi talRebi
zustad erTnair fazebSia da adgili aqvs srulad konstruqciul interferencias.
srulad destruqciuli interferencia xdeba, rodesac φ aris π-s kenti jeradi:
φ=(2m+1)π, sadac m = 0, 1, 2, ... (srulad destruqciuli interferencia) (17.24)
17.21 formulidan gamomdinare es maSin xdeba, rodesac ΔL/λ:
ΔL
= 0,5, 1,5, 2,5, ... (srulad destruqciuli interferencia) (17.25)
λ
magaliTad, Tu 17.8 suraTze traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa Soris sxvaobaa ΔL = |L2–L1| = 2,5λ, maSin
ΔL/λ=2,5 da talRebi P wertilSi srulad destruqciul interferencias ganician. vinaidan
S2-dan momavali talRa S1-dan momavali talRisadmi 2,5λ faziT aris daZruli, P wertilSi
talRebi zustad sapirispiro fazebSi imyofebian da adgili aqvs srulad destruqciul
interferencias.
17.5. interferencia 591
ra Tqma unda, orma talRam Sualeduri interferencia SeiZleba warmoqmnas, rodesac magaliTad
ΔL/λ=1,2. es srulad konstruqciul interferenciasTan (ΔL/λ=1) ufro axlos iqneba, vidre
srulad destruqciul interferenciasTan (ΔL/λ=1,5).

17.9a suraTze erTnair fazaSi myof S1 da S2
wertilovan wyaroebs Soris manZilia D=1,5λ.
wyaroebi λ talRis sigrZis identur bgeriT
talRebs asxiveben.
a) risi tolia wertilovani wyaroebidan
momavali talRebis traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa
sxvaoba P1 wertilSi. P1 wertili D sigrZis
perpendikularul biseqtrisaze Zevs da
wyaroebidan D manZilze metiTaa daSorebuli. (a)
ra saxis interferencia xdeba P1 wertilSi?
amoxsna: vinaidan P1 wertilamde talRebi
Tanabar manZils gadis, traeqtoriebis
sigrZeTa sxvaobaa:
ΔL = 0 (pasuxi)
17.23 formulidan gamomdinare, talRebi P1
wertilSi srulad konstruqciul inter
ferencias ganicdian. (b)
b) risi tolia 17.9a suraTis P2 wertilSi sur. 17.9. a) D manZiliT daSorebuli S1 da S2

traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa sxvaoba da ra saxis wertilovani wyaroebi erTnairi fazis sferul
interferencia xdeba am wertilSi? bgeriT talRebs asxiveben. talRebi P1 wertilamde
Tanabar manZils gadian. P2 wertili S1 da S2 wyaroebze
amoxsna: S1-dan momavali talRa D(=1,5λ) gavlebul wrfeze mdebareobs. b) S1 da S2 wyaroebidan
damatebiT manZils gadis vidre P2 wertils gamosxivebuli talRebis traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa
miaRwevs. maSasadame, traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa sxvaoba ( L talRis sigrZiT gamosaxuli) wyaroebis
garSemo gavlebuli didi wrewiris 8 wertilSi.
sxvaobaa:
ΔL = 1,5λ (pasuxi)
traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa sxvaobaa ΔL=0λ. b)-
17.25 formulidan gamomdinare P2 wertilSi dan viciT, rom d wertilSi traeqtoriebis
talRebi zustad sapirispiro fazebSi imyo sigrZeTa sxvaobaa ΔL=1,5λ. maSasadame, a-sa
febian da srulad destruqciul interfer- da d-s Soris unda arsebobdes wertili,
encias ganicdian. sadac ΔL=λ. 17.23 formulidan gamomdinare,
g) 17.9b suraTze naCvenebia D-ze bevrad meti am wertilSi srulad konstruqciuli
radiusis mqone wrewiri. wrewiris centri S1 da interferencia xdeba. garda amisa, a-sa
S2 wyaroebs Soris Sua wertilia. risi tolia da d-s Soris srulad konstruqciuli
wrewirze mdebare wertilebis N raodenoba, interferenciis meti wertili ar arsebobs,
romlebSic srulad konstruqciuli inter vinaidan 0-sa da 1,5-s Soris 1-is garda sxva
ferencia xdeba? mTeli ricxvi ar aris.
Semdeg SegviZlia simetriis gamoyenebiT
amoxsna: warmoidgineT, rom wrewiris a
srulad konstruqciuli interferenciis sxva
wertilidan d wertilamde saaTis isris
wertilebis mdebareoba davadginoT. cd wrfis
moZraobis mimarTulebiT vmoZraobT. d
mimarT simetria b wertils gvaZlevs, sadac
wertilisken moZraobisas ΔL traeqtoriebis
ΔL=0λ. aseve arsebobs kidev sami wertili,
sigrZeTa sxvaoba izrdeba da interferenciis
sadac ΔL=λ. saboloo jamSi gveqneba:
saxe icvleba. a)-dan viciT, rom a wertilSi
N = 6 (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 2. Tu am amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi S1 da S2 wyaroebs Soris D manZilia

4λ, risi toli iqneba traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa sxvaoba da ra saxis interferencia moxdeba
a) P1 wertilSi da b) P2 wertilSi?
17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis done

Tu odesme gicdiaT daZineba, rodesac Tqvens
maxloblad vinme musikas xmamaRla ukravs, maSin
gecodinebaT, rom sixSiris, talRis sigrZis da
siCqaris garda, bgeras intensivobac gaaCnia. raime
zedapirze bgeriTi talRis I intensivoba aris am
zedapiris farTobis erTeulze energiis gadatanis
saSualo tempi:
P
I = (17.26)
A
sadac P aris bgeriTi talRis mier energiis
gadatanis tempi (simZlavre) da S aris zedapiris
farTobi, romelsac bgeriTi talRa gadakveTs.
I intensivoba bgeriTi talRis sm gadaadgilebis
amplitudas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
1
I =  ρυω2sm2 (17.27)
2
intensivobis cvlileba manZilTan erTad

bgeris realuri wyarodan manZilis cvlilebasTan erTad intensivoba xSirad sakmaod rTuli
saxiT icvleba. zogierTi realuri wyaro (magaliTad, mikrofoni) bgeras mxolod garkveuli
mimarTulebiT gadascems da garemo eqos (arekvlil bgeriT talRebs) warmoqmnis, romlebic
sawyis bgeriT talRebs gadafaraven. zogierT SemTxvevaSi eqo SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT da
davuSvaT, rom wertilovani wyaro izotropulia anu bgeras yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabari
intensivobiT asxivebs. 17.10 suraTze naCvenebia S wertilovani izotropuli wyarodan garkveul
momentSi gavrcelebuli talRuri frontebi.
davuSvaT, rom wyarodan gavrcelebisas bgeriTi talRebis
meqanikuri energia inaxeba. garda amisa, talRebis wyaroze
r radiusis warmosaxviTi sfero gavavloT, rogorc es
17.10 suraTzea naCvenebi. wyaros mier gamosxivebulma
mTelma energiam sferos zedapirSi unda gaiaros. maSasa-
dame, bgeriTi talRebis mier sferos zedapirze energiis
gadatanis tempi wyaros mier energiis gamosxivebis temps
(Ps wyaros simZlavres) unda udrides. 17.26 formulidan
gamomdinare sferoze I intensivobaa:
Ps
I = , (17.28)
4πr2
sur. 17.10. S wertilovani wyaro
bgeriT talRebs yvela mimarTulebiT sadac 4πr2 sferos zedapiris farTobia. 17.28 formulis
erTgvarovnad asxivebs. talRebi r Tanaxmad izotropuli wertilovani wyaros bgeris
radiusis da S centris mqone warmosaxviT intensivoba ukuproporciulia wyarodan r manZilis
sferoSi gaivlian.
kvadratisa.
17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis done 593
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia ori warmosaxviTi

sferos zedapirze ganlagebuli sami ubani. sferoebis centrs S
izotropuli wertilovani wyaro warmoadgens. samive ubnisTvis
bgeris talRebis mier gadatanili energiis tempi Tanabaria.
daalageT ubnebi a) maTze bgeris intensivobis da b) farTobebis
decibelebis skala
17.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi gamoCnda, rom adamianis yurisTvis gadaadgilebis amplituda
10–5 m-dan (uZlieresi bgera) 10–11 m-mde (usustesi bgera) meryeobs (Sefardeba 106-is tolia). 17.27
formulidan gamomdinare bgeris intensivoba amplitudis kvadratis saxiT icvleba da amitom
adamianis smenis aparatis ori zRvruli intensivobis Sefardebaa 1012. aqedan gamomdinare,
adamians intensivobebis uzarmazari diapazonis SegrZneba SeuZlia.
mniSvnelobaTa amgvari uzarmazari diapazonisTvis logariTmebs viyenebT. ganvixiloT kavSiri:
y = log x ,
sadac x da y cvladebia. am formulis maxasiaTebelia, rom Tu x-s 10-ze gavamravlebT, y 1-iT
gaizrdeba:
y´ = log(10x) = log10 + logx = 1+y
aseve Tu x-s 10 -ze gavamravlebT, y mxolod 12-iT gaizrdeba.
12
maSasadame, bgeriTi talRis I intensivobis nacvlad ufro mosaxerxebelia misi β xmamaRlobis

donis gamoyeneba:
I
β = (10 db) log   (17.29)
I0
db decibelis abreviaturaa. decibeli xmamaRlobis
donis erTeulia da aleqsandr grehem belis naSromebs cxrili 17.2
ukavSirdeba. 17.29 formulaSi I0 intensivobis xmamaRlobis doneebi (decibelebSi)
aTvlis standartuli donea (=10 vt/m ), romelic
-12 2
smenadobis zRvari 0
imis gamoa arCeuli, rom adamianis smenadobis qveda
foTlebis Sriali 10
zRvarTan axlosaa. rodesac I = I0, 17.29 formula
gvaZlevs β = 10 log1 = 0, amitom intensivobis aTvlis saubari 60
standartuli done nulovan decibels Seesabameba. rok-koncerti 110
yovelTvis rodesac bgeris intensivoba erTi rigiT tkivilis zRvari 120
izrdeba (10-ze gamravleba) misi xmamaRlobis done
reaqtiuli Zrava 130
10 decibeliT izrdeba. maSasadame β=40 intensivobis
aTvlis standartul doneze 104-jer met intensivobas Seesabameba. 17.2 cxrilSi mocemulia
sxvadasxva garemos xmamaRlobis doneebi.

17.5a suraTze dx sisqis, A farTobis da dm masis haeris Txeli fena win da ukan irxeva, rodesac
masze 17.13 formuliT gamosaxuli bgeriTi talRa gaivlis. haeris fenis dK kinetikuri energiaa:
1
dK = dm νs2 (17.30)
2
aq νs talRis siCqare ki ar aris, aramed haeris merxevi elementis siCqare. 17.13 formulidan
miviRebT:
∂s
νs = = – ωsm sin(kx –ωt).
∂t
am formulis gamoyenebiT da dm=ρAdx-is CasmiT 17.30 formula gardaiqmneba:
1
dK = (ρA dx)(– ωsm )2 sin2(kx –ωt). (17.31)
2
Tu 17.31 formulas dt-ze gavyofT, talRis gaswvriv kinetikuri energiis gadatanis temps
gavigebT. me-16 Tavidan viciT, rom dx/dt ganivi talRis νs siCqarea:
dK 1
= ρAvω2sm 2 sin2(kx –ωt). (17.32)
dt 2
kinetikuri energiis gadatanis saSualo tempia:
( )
dK
dt saS
=
1
2
ρAvω2sm 2 [sin2(kx –ωt)]saS
1
= ρAvω2sm 2 (17.33)
4
am formulis misaRebad gamoviyeneT faqti, rom erTi rxevis ganmavlobaSi sinusis (an kosinusis)
1
funqciis kvadratis saSualo mniSvneloba -ia.
2
vuSvebT, rom talRis gaswvriv potenciuri energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi igivea. talRis
I intensivoba aris farTobis erTeulSi orive saxis energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi da 17.33
formulidan miviRebT:
2(dK/dt)saS 1
I= A = ρvω2sm 2 ,
2
rac 17.27 formulaa.

eleqtruli naperwkali L=10m sigrZis wrfis naperwkali
monakveTis gaswvriv daxtis da radialurad

moZrav bgeris impulss asxivebs (naperwkals
bgeris wrfivi wyaro ewodeba). gamosxivebis
simZlavrea Ps=1,6×104vt.
a) risi toli iqneba bgeris I intensivoba,

rodesac is naperwklidan r = 12 m manZils
gaivlis?
sur. 17.11. L sigrZis wrfis monakveTze moZravi
amoxsna: 17.11 suraTze naperwklis garSemo naperwkali bgeriT talRebs radialurad asxivebs.
mdebare r=12m radiusis da L=10m sigrZis talRebi naperwkalze centrirebul, r radiusis da LL
sigrZis warmosaxviT cilindrSi gaivlian.
warmosaxviTi cilindri. cilindris zedapirze
I intensivoba P/A Sefardebaa, sadac P aris
formulis Tanaxmad wrfivi wyarodan gamo-
zedapirSi bgeris energiis gavlis tempi, xolo
mavali bgeris intensivoba r manZilis uku-
A – zedapiris farTobi. davuSvaT, bgeris
proporciulia (da ara wertilovani wyaros
energias energiis Senaxvis kanoni miesadageba.
msgavsad r manZilis kvadratisa). CavsvaT mo-
es niSnavs, rom cilindrSi energiis gavlis
cemuli monacemebi da miviRebT:
P tempi wyaros mier gamosxivebuli energiis
Ps tempis tolia. Tu am mosazrebebs Tavs 1,6×10 4 vt
I = 2π(12 m)(10 m)  = 21,2 vt/m2
erTad movuyriT da gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
≈ 21 vt/m2. (pasuxi)
cilindris zedapiris farTobia A=2πrL,
miviRebT: b) ra Pd tempiT miiRebs bgeriT energias Ad=2sm2
P Ps farTobis akustikuri deteqtori, romelic
I =  = (17.34)
A 2πrL
17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis done 595
naperwklidan r = 12m manZilzea moTavsebuli? zedapirze mdebare deteqtori. am SemTxvevaSi,
amoxsna: energiis gadatanis Pd tempi Ad deteqtorze bgeris intensivoba cilindris
farTobis deteqtorze aris: zedapirze bgeris intensivobis tolia
Pd (=21,2vt/m ). 17.35 formula Pd-sTvis amovxsnaT
2
I = (17.35)
Ad da miviRebT:
SegviZlia warmovidginoT a)-s cilindrul
Pd = (21,2 vt/m2)(2×10–4 m2) = 4,2 mvt (pasuxi)
mraval veteran rokers wlebis ganmavlobaSi

dinamikebTan axlos xmamaRali musikis
dakvrisgan an yursasmenebSi musikis
mosmenisgan smenis aparati mkveTrad
uziandebaT. magaliTad, ted niujents
dazianebul yurSi saerTod ar esmis, xolo
The Who-s wevrs pit taunSends yurebSi
gamudmebuli xmauri awuxebs. ukanasknel
wlebSi bevrma musikosma, magaliTad Metallica-
s lars ulrixma, specialuri yuris baliSebis
gamoyeneba daiwyo, raTa smenis aparati
dazianebisgan daecva. Tu yuris baliSi
sur. 17.12. Metallica-s musikosi lars ulrixi
bgeriTi talRebis xmamaRlobis dones 20
organizacia HEAR-is (smenis Sesaxeb ganaTleba
decibeliT amcirebs, risi tolia talRebis da codna rokerebisTvis) mxardamWeria, romelic
If saboloo intensivobis Sefardeba Ii sawyis Zalian xmamaRla mosmenis Sedegad smenis dazianebis
albaTobis Sesaxeb gvafrTxilebs.
intensivobasTan?
amoxsna: saboloo da sawyisi talRebisTvis
β xmamaRlobis done intensivobas 17.29 maSin 17.36 formulas Semdegi saxiT CavwerT:
formuliT ukavSirdeba. saboloo talRebis If
βf – βi = (10 db) log. (17.37)
Ii
Tvis gveqneba:
If radgan xmamaRlobis done 20 decibeliT
βf = (10 db) log ,
I0 Semcirda, amitom If – Ii = –20 db, maSin 17.37-dan
xolo sawyisi talRebisTvis miviRebT: miviRebT:
I If β –β –20 db
βi = (10 db) log i , log = f i = = –2
I0 Ii 10 db 10 db
xmamaRlobis doneebs Soris sxvaobaa: If
( )
= log–1 (–2) = 0,01 (pasuxi)
If I Ii
βf – βi = (10 db) log – log i .
I0 I0 maSasadame, yuris baliSi bgeriTi talRebis
Tu Cven Semdeg igiveobas gamoviyenebT: intensivobas sawyisi intensivobis 100-jer
a c ad amcirebs, rac ori rigiT Semcirebas niSnavs.
log – log = log ,
b d bc
17.7. musikaluri bgerebis wyaroebi

musikaluri bgerebi simebis (gitara, klaviSebi, violino),
membranebis (dafdafi, mcire barabani), haeris svetis
(fleita, hoboi, salamuri da 17.13 suraTze gamosaxuli
sayvirebi), xis blokebis an liTonis Reroebis (marimba,
qsilofoni) da mravali sxva merxevi sxeulis saSualebiT
miiReba. bevri instrumenti erTze meti merxevi nawilisgan
Sedgeba. magaliTad, violinoSi instrumentis sxeuli da
simebi bgeris warmoqmnaSi erTdroulad monawileoben.
me-16 Tavidan gavixsenoT, rom mdgari talRebi orive boloTi
damagrebul daWimul Tokze warmoiqmneba. maTi warmoqmnis
mizezi Tokis boloebze talRebis arekvlaa. Tu talRis
sigrZe Tokis sigrZes garkveuli saxiT Seesabameba, maSin
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZravi talRebis sur. 17.13. sayviris dakvrisas hae
ris sveti irxeva.
superpoziciis Sedegad mdgari talRis struqtura (rxevis
piroba) warmoiqmneba. amgvari SesabamisobisTvis talRis sigrZe Tokis rezonansul sixSires
unda Seesabamebodes. mdgari talRebis warmoqmnis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Semdeg
Toki stabiluri amplitudiT irxeva da garemomcvel haerze Zlierad moqmedebs, rac Tokis
rxevis sixSiris bgeris talRebs warmoqmnis. magaliTad, bgerebis amgvari warmoqmna gitaraze
damkvrelisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania.
haeriT savse milSi bgeris mdgari talRebis warmoqmna aseTive meTodiT xdeba. rodesac bgeris
talRebi milis gavliT haerSi moZraoben, isini milis kideebze aireklebian da ukan brundebian
(arekvla Ria kideebzec xdeba, magram iseTi sruli ar aris, rogorc Caketili kideebis
SemTxvevaSi). Tu bgeriTi talRis sigrZe milis sigrZis Sesabamisia, maSin urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZravi talRebis superpozicia mdgari talRis struqturas qmnis. saWiro
talRis sigrZe milis rezonansul sixSires unda Seesabamebodes. mdgari talRis upiratesoba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom milSi arsebuli haeri didi stabiluri amplitudiT irxeva da nebismier
Ria boloze igive rxevis sixSiris bgeriT talRas asxivebs. ra Tqma unda, bgeris amgvari
gamosxiveba Zalian mniSvnelovania magaliTad, organistisTvis.
mdgari bgeriTi talRa Tokze warmoqmnil mdgar talRas mravali aspeqtiT waagavs. magaliTad,
milis daxuruli bolo Tokis damagrebuli bolos msgavsia da am wertilSi kvanZi (nulovani
gadaadgileba) unda iyos, xolo milis Ria bolo Tavisuflad
moZrav rgolze damagrebul Tokis bolos waagavs da am
wertilSi burcobi unda iyos (sinamdvileSi, burcobi milis
Ria bolodan odnav moSorebiT mdebareobs, magram am detals (a)
aRar CavuRrmavdebiT).
ori Ria bolos mqone milSi warmoqmnili umartivesi mdgari
talRa naCvenebia 17.14a suraTze. TiToeuli Ria bolos (b)
gaswvriv burcobia. milis SuagulSi kvanZi mdebareobs.
sur. 17.14. a) ori Ria bolos mqone
mdgari grZivi bgeriTi talRis warmodgenis ufro martivi milSi grZivi bgeriTi talRebis
gza naCvenebia 17.14b suraTze, sadac bgeriTi talRa Tokis gadaadgilebisas umartivesi mdgari
talRis struqtura. milis orive
mdgari ganivi talRis saxiTaa naCvenebi.
boloSi burcobia (A), xolo SuaSi
17.14a suraTze naCveneb mdgari talRis struqturas – kvanZi (N) (ormagi isrebiT asaxuli
fundamenturi piroba anu pirveli harmonika ewodeba. grZivi gadaadgilebebi Zalian
gadidebulia). b) Sesabamisi mdgari
amgvari struqturis Sesaqmnelad L sigrZis milSi bgeriTi
talRis struqtura Tokis ganivi
talRis sigrZe unda ganisazRvrebodes L=λ/2 anu λ=2L. talRebisTvis.
17.7. musikaluri bgerebis wyaroebi 597
17.15a suraTze naCvenebia ori Ria bolos mqone milSi
warmoqmnili mdgari bgeriTi talRebis struqturebi.
meore harmonika λ=L talRis sigrZis bgeriT talRebs
moiTxovs, mesame harmonika – λ=2L/3 talRis sigrZis
bgeriT talRebs moiTxovs da a.S.
zogadad, ori Ria bolos mqone L sigrZis milis
rezonansuli sixSireebi Semdeg talRis sigrZeebs
(a)
Seesabameba:
2L
λ= , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (17.38)
n
sadac n aris harmonikis nomeri. Sesabamisad, ori Ria
bolos mqone milis rezonansuli sixSireebia:
v nv
f= = , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (ori Ria bolos mqone mili) (17.39)
λ 2L
sadac ν aris bgeris siCqare.
17.15b suraTze naCvenebia mxolod erTi Ria bolos
mqone milSi warmoqmnili mdgari bgeriTi talRebis
(b)
struqturebi. milis Ria boloSi burcobia ganlagebuli,
xolo daxurul boloSi – kvanZi. umartivesi struqtura sur. 17.15. Tokis mdgari talRebis
struqturebi milzea dadebuli, raTa
L=λ/4 gamosaxulebiT mocemul anu λ=4L talRis
milSi arsebuli mdgari bgeriTi talRis
sigrZis bgeriT talRas moiTxovs, Semdegi umartivesi struqturebi gamoCndes. a) rodesac
struqtura – L=3λ/4 anu λ=4L/3 talRis sigrZes da a.S. milis orive bolo Riaa, masSi nebismieri
harmonika SeiZleba gaCndes. b) rodesac
zogadad, mxolod erTi Ria bolos mqone L sigrZis milis
mils mxolod erTi bolo aqvs Ria, mxolod
rezonansuli sixSireebi Semdeg talRis sigrZeebs kenti harmonikebi Cndeba.
Seesabameba:
4L
λ= , n = 1, 3, 5, ... (17.40)
n
sadac n harmonikis nomeri kenti ricxvi unda iyos. rezonansuli sixSireebia:
v nv
f= = , n = 1, 3, 5, ... (erTi Ria bolos mqone mili) (17.41)
λ 4L
gaiTvaliswineT, rom erTi Ria bolos mqone milSi mxolod kenti harmonikebi SeiZleba arsebobdes.
magaliTad, n=2 meore harmonika amgvar milSi ver iarsebebs. aseve gaiTvaliswineT, rom amgvari
milis SemTxvevaSi frazis `mesame harmonika~ zmnizeda kvlav n harmonikis nomers Seexeba (da ara
magaliTad mesame SesaZlo harmonikas).
musikaluri instrumentis sigrZe im
bas-saqsofoni
sixSireTa diapazons asaxavs, romelSic baritoni-saqsofoni
gaTvaliswinebulia am instrumentis tenori-saqsofoni
alti-saqsofoni
funqcionireba da rac ufro mcirea soprano-saqsofoni
sigrZe, miT ufro maRal sixSireebs
niSnavs. 17.16 suraTze naCvenebia
saqsofonis da violinos saxeobebi, xolo
instrumentebis sixSireTa diapazoni
pianinozea gamosaxuli. gaiTvaliswineT,
sur. 17.16. saqsofonis da violinos saxeo violino

bebi. naCvenebia instrumentebis sigrZesa da alti
sixSireTa diapazons Soris kavSiri. TiToeuli violonCelo
instrumentis sixSireTa diapazoni klaviSebiT kontrabasi
gamosaxul sixSireTa skalaze Cans. marjvnisken
sixSire izrdeba.
rom yoveli instrumentis diapazoni nawilobriv faravs

mezobeli maRali da dabali sixSireebis instrumentebis
(a) diapazonebs.
musikaluri bgeris gamomwvev nebismier merxev sistemaSi,
iqneba es violinos simi Tu haeri salamurSi, fundamenturi
(b) da erTi an meti maRali harmonika erTdroulad
warmoiqmneba. maSasadame, Tqven harmonikebi erTdroulad
gesmiT. rodesac sxvadasxva instrumentebi erT nots
ukraven, isini Tanabar fundamentur sixSires, magram
sur. 17.17. a) fleitis da b) hobois maRali harmonikebisTvis gansxvavebul intensivobebs
mier erTi notis aRebisas warmoqmnili
erTnairi pirveli harmoniuli sixSiris
warmoqmnian. magaliTad, meoTxe harmonika erT instru
talRebi. mentze SeiZleba ufro xmamaRla JRerdes, vidre meoreze,
xolo zogierTi instrumentze es harmonika SeiZleba
saerTod ar iyos. maSasadame, sxvadasxva instrumenti gansxvavebul jamur talRebs warmoqmnis
da gansxvavebuli JReradobisaa. 17.17 suraTze naCvenebia sxvadasxva instrumentis mier erTi
notis aRebisas warmoqmnili jamuri talRebi.
sakontrolo wertili 4. L sigrZis A milis da 2L sigrZis B milis boloebi Riaa. B milis

romeli harmonikis sixSirea A milis fundamenturi sixSiris toli?

oTaxidan momavali susti xmauri ori Ria (magaliTad, meore harmonikas), maSin gagonili
bolos mqone L=67sm sigrZis muyaos milSi sixSire 256hc-s mTeli jeradi iqneba.
fundamentur mdgar talRas qmnis. davuSvaT,
b) Tu erT yurs milis boloze miadebT, ra
rom bgeris siCqare milSi aris 343m/wm.
fundamentur sixSires gaigonebT?
a) ra sixSire gesmiT milidan? amoxsna: rodesac yuri milis bolos faravs,
amoxsna: rodesac milis orive bolo Riaa, adgili aqvs asimetriul mdgomareobas anu
adgili aqvs simetriul mdgomareobas, milis Ria boloSi kvlav burcobia, xolo
romelSic mdgar talRas milis orive boloSi daxurul boloSi kvanZi Cndeba. 17.15b suraTze
burcobi gaaCnia. mdgari talRis struqtura naCvenebia mdgari talRis struqtura. sixSire
17.14b suraTzea naCvenebi. sixSire 17.39 17.41 formuliT gamoiTvleba, rodesac n=1
formuliT gamoiTvleba, rodesac n=1 (fundamenturi reJimi):
(fundamenturi reJimi): nv (1)(343 m/wm)
f= = = 128 hc (pasuxi)
nv (1)(343 m/wm) 4L 4(0,67 m)
f= = = 256 hc (pasuxi)
2L 2(0,67 m) Tu xmauri ufro maRal harmonikas qmnis, is
128hc-s kenti jeradi iqneba. es niSnavs, rom
Tu xmauri ufro maRal harmonikas qmnis
256hc sixSire am SemTxvevaSi ver iarsebebs.
17.8. pulsaciebi
Tu erTmaneTisgan ramdenime wuTis intervaliT daSorebul 552 da 564hc sixSiris or bgeras
gavigonebT, maT Soris gansxvavebs ver SevniSnavT. Tu bgerebi Cvens yurebs erTdroulad
moaRweven, maSin 558hc sixSiris bgeras gavigonebT, romelic sawyisi ori sixSiris saSualoa. garda
amisa gavigonebT am bgeris intensivobis mkveTr cvlilebas. intensivoba izrdeba da mcirdeba
neli, meryevi pulsaciebis saxiT, romlebic meordebian 12hc sixSiriT, rac ori sawyisi sixSiris
sxvaobis tolia. 17.18 suraTze naCvenebia pulsaciis fenomeni.
17.8. pulsaciebi 599
(a) (b) (g)

dro
sur. 17.18. a, b) cal-calke miRebuli ori bgeriTi talRis Δp wnevis cvlilebebi. talRebis sixSireebi TiTqmis
erTmaneTis tolia. g) jamuri wnevis cvlileba, rodesac talRebi erTdroulad miiReba.
davuSvaT, garkveul mdebareobaze ori bgeriTi talRis mier gamowveuli gadaadgilebebis droze
damokidebuli cvlilebaa:
s1 = sm cos ω1t da s2 = sm cos ω2t, (17.42)
sadac ω1>ω2. simartivisTvis vuSvebT, rom talRebis amplitudebi Tanabaria. superpoziciis

principis Tanaxmad jamuri gadaadgilebaa:
s = s1 + s2 = sm(cos ω1t + cos ω2t)
gamoviyenoT trigonometriuli igiveoba (ix. E damateba):

1 1
cos α + cos β = 2 cos [ (α – β)] cos [ (α + β)]
2 2
da jamuri gadaadgileba aseTi saxiT CavweroT:
1 1
S = 2sm cos [ (ω1 – ω2) t ] cos [ (ω1 + ω2) t ] (17.43)
2 2
Tu CavwerT:
1 1
ω´ = (ω1 – ω2) da ω = (ω1 + ω2) (17.44)
2 2
maSin 17.43 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
s(t) = [2sm cos ω´t] cos ωt (17.45)
exla davuSvaT, rom gaerTianebuli talRebis ω1 da ω2 sixSireebi TiTqmis Tanabaria anu 17.44
formulaSi ω>>ω´. maSin Cven SegviZlia 17.45 formula kosinusis funqciis saxiT ganvixiloT,
romlis kuTxuri sixSirea ω, xolo amplituda (romelic ar aris mudmivi da ω´ kuTxuri sixSiriT
icvleba) frCxilebSi Casmuli sididis absoluturi mniSvnelobaa.
maqsimaluri amplituda maSin miiReba, rodesac 17.45 formulaSi cosω´t-s mniSvneloba +1 an
–1-ia, rac kosinusis funqciis TiToeul gameorebaSi (periodSi) orjer xdeba. vinaidan cosω´t-s
kuTxuri sixSirea ω´, pulsaciebis kuTxuri sixSirea ω´pulsacia=2ω´. 17.44 formulis saSualebiT
daiwereba:
1
ω´pulsacia = 2ω´ = (2)( )(ω1 – ω2) = (ω1 – ω2)
2
vinaidan ω=2πf :
fpulsacia = f1 – f2 (pulsaciis sixSire) (17.46)
musikosebi instrumentebis bgeris dayenebisas pulsaciis fenomens iyeneben. Tu instrumenti

standartuli sixSiris fonze JRers (magaliTad, noti “A koncerti”, romelsac orkestris
pirveli hoboi ukravs) da pulsaciis gaqrobamdea dayenebuli, maSin instrumenti standartis
Sesabamisad JRers. musikalur qalaq venaSi A koncerti (440hc) satelefono servisis saxiT
qalaqis bevri musikosisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi.

bevri Citi qveda xorxad wodebuli xmis orga- gamoscemen xmebs. TiToeuli mxare Citis yel-
nos mxolod erT mxares iyenebs. saimperatoro sa da piris RruSi akustikur mdgar talRebs
pingvinebi organos orive mxaris gamoyenebiT warmoqmnis da situacia Zalian waagavs ori
Ria bolos mqone milis SemTxvevas. davuSvaT, f1=ν/2L, xolo meore harmonikis – f2=2ν/2L. am
A mxaris mier warmoqmnili pirveli harmonikis ori sixSiris Sedareba mogvcems:
sixSirea fA1=432hc, xolo B mxaris mier warmo- f2 = 2f1
qmnili pirveli harmonikis sixSirea fB1=371hc.
pingvinis SemTxvevaSi A mxaris meore
risi tolia am ori pirveli harmonikis six-
harmonikis sixSirea fA2 = 2fA1, xolo B mxaris
Sireebsa da ori meore harmonikis sixSireebs
meore harmonikis sixSirea fB2 = 2fB1. 17.46
Soris pulsaciis sixSire?
formulis gamoyenebiT pulsaciis sixSires
amoxsna: or sixSires Soris pulsaciis sixSire gamovTvliT:
17.46 formulis Tanaxmad maTi sxvaobaa
fpulsacia,2 = fA2 – fB2 = 2fA1 – 2fB1
(fpulsacia = f1 – f2). ori pirveli harmonikis si
xSireebisTvis: = 2(432hc) – 2(371hc) = 122hc (pasuxi)
fpulsacia,1 = fA1 – fB1 = 432 hc – 371 hc eqsperimentebidan Cans, rom pingvinebs aseTi
= 61 hc (pasuxi) maRali sixSireebis pulsaciis aRqma Seu-
vinaidan pingvinSi warmoqmnili mdgari ZliaT (adamianebs ki ara). maSasadame, pingvi-
talRebi ori Ria bolos mqone milis talRebs nis yvirili sxvadasxva harmonikebiT da sx-
gvanan, rezonansuli sixSireebi 17.39 for vadasxva pulsaciebis sixSireebiT mdidaria,
muliT (f=nν/2L) gamoiTvleba, sadac L aris Sesabamisad misi xmis amocnoba aTasobiT Se-
milis sigrZe. pirveli harmonikis sixSirea jguful pingvinTa xmebs Soris SeiZleba.
17.9. dopleris efeqti

policiis manqana trotuaris gverdzea gaCerebuli da 1000hc sixSiris sirenas gamoscems. Tu
Tqvenc trotuaris gverdze gaaCerebT Tqven manqanas, igive sixSires gaigonebT, xolo policiis
manqanisa da Tqvens Soris fardobiTi moZraobis SemTxvevaSi, gagonili sixSire gansxvavebuli
iqneba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven policiis manqanas uaxlovdebiT 120km/sT (daaxloebiT 75mili/sT)
siCqariT, ufro maRal sixSires gaigonebT (1096hc). Tu policiis manqanas SordebiT igive siC-
qariT, maSin sixSire ufro dabali iqneba (904hc).
zemoT moyvanili moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli sixSiris cvlilebebi dopleris efeqtis
magaliTebia. 1842 wels, avstrielma fizikosma iohan kristian doplerma efeqtis Sesaxeb
ganacxada, magram bolomde es sakiTxi mas ar daumuSavebia. 1845 wels, efeqti bais balotma
Seamowma da amisTvis manqanaSi Casmuli mesayvireebi da lokomotivi gamoiyena.
dopleris efeqti moqmedebs ara mxolod bgeriT talRebze, aramed eleqtromagnitur talRebzec,
rogoricaa mikrotalRebi, radiotalRebi da xiluli sinaTle. am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxolod
bgeriT talRebs SevexebiT da aTvlis sistemad haers miviCnevT, romelSic talRebi moZraobs. es
niSnavs, rom bgeriTi talRebis S wyaros da am talRebis D deteqtoris siCqareebs haeris mimarT
gavzomavT (Cven vTvliT, rom haeri miwisadmi uZravia da siCqareebi miwis mimarTac SeiZleba
gaizomos). Cven davuSvebT, rom S da D erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba an scildeba maTi SemaerTebeli
wrfis gaswvriv bgeris siCqareze naklebi siCqareebiT.
Tu deteqtori, wyaro an orive erTad moZraobs, f gamosxivebul sixSiresa da f ‘ miRebul sixSires
Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
v ± vD
f ´ = f  , (dopleris zogadi efeqti) (17.47)
v ± vS
sadac ν aris bgeris siCqare haerSi, νD – deteqtoris siCqare haeris mimarT da νS – wyaros siCqare
haeris mimarT. minus an plius niSnis arCeva Semdeg weszea damokidebuli:
rodesac deteqtori an wyaro erTimeorisken moZraobs, siCqaris niSanma sixSiris maRla

Zvra unda mogvces. rodesac deteqtori an wyaro erTimeorisgan moSorebiT moZraobs,
siCqaris niSanma sixSiris dabla Zvra unda mogvces.
17.9. dopleris efeqti 601
modiT ramdenime magaliTi ganvixiloT. rodesac deteqtori wyarosken moZraobs, 17.47 formulis
mricxvelSi plius niSani gamoiyeneT, raTa sixSiris maRla Zvra miiRoT. Tu deteqtori wyaros
Sordeba, maSin mricxvelSi minus niSani CasviT. Tu deteqtori uZravia, maSin νD=0. rodesac wyaro
deteqtorisken moZraobs, 17.47 formulis mniSvnelSi minus niSani Cajdeba da sixSiris maRla
Zvra miiReba. Tu wyaro deteqtors Sordeba, maSin wiladis mniSvnelSi plius niSani gvaqvs da
sixSiris dabla Zvras viRebT. Tu wyaro uZravia, maSin νS=0.
Tavdapirvelad, dopleris efeqtis formulebi qvemoT mocemuli ori gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevisTvis gamoviyvanoT da Semdeg zogadi 17.47 formula miviRoT:
1. rodesac deteqtori haeris mimarT moZraobs da wyaro haeris mimarT uZravia, moZraobis
Sedegad deteqtoris mier talRuri frontebis gadakveTis sixSire da, Sesabamisad, miRe-
buli bgeris talRis sixSire, icvleba.
2. rodesac wyaro haeris mimarT moZraobs da deteqtori haeris mimarT uZravia, moZraoba
bgeris talRis sigrZes da, maSasadame, miRebul sixSires, cvlis (gaixseneT sixSiris da tal-
Ris sigrZis damokidebuleba).
deteqtori moZraobs, wyaro uZravia

17.19 suraTze D deteqtori (yuri) S uZravi
wyarosken νD siCqariT moZraobs. wyaro λ talRis
sigrZis, f sixSiris da haerSi bgeris ν siCqariT
moZrav sferul talRur frontebs asxivebs.
talRur frontebs Soris dacileba erTi talRis
sigrZea. D deteqtoris mier miRebuli sixSire
talRuri frontebis (an individualuri talRis
sigrZeebis) gadakveTis tempia. Tu D uZravia,
maSin tempi f iqneba, magram vinaidan D talRuri
frontebisken moZraobs, maTi gadakveTis tempi
ufro metia da miRebuli f ‘ sixSire f-ze metia.
sur. 17.19. bgeris S uZravi wyaro sferuli formis
modiT ganvixiloT mdgomareoba, rodesac D talRur frontebs asxivebs. frontebs Soris
uZravia (sur. 17.20). t droSi, talRuri fronti erTi talRis sigrZis manZilia da isini ν siCqariT
vrceldebian. bgeris D deteqtori (yuri) wyarosken
marjvnisken νt manZils gadis. am manZilze
D
siCqariT moZraobs. Tavisi moZraobis Sedegad
talRis sigrZeebis ricxvi D deteqtoris mier t deteqtori ufro maRal sixSires grZnobs.
droSi gadakveTili talRis sigrZeebis ricxvia
da es ricxvi νt/λ-s tolia. D deteqtoris mier talRis sigrZeebis
gadakveTis tempi, romelic deteqtoris mier gazomili f
sixSirea, tolia:
νt/λ ν
f= = , (17.48) (a)
t λ
rodesac D uZravia, dopleris efeqti ar xdeba anu D de
teqtorze miRebuli sixSire S-is gamosxivebuli sixSiris
tolia.
(b)
sur. 17.20. 17.19 suraTis brtylad miCneuli talRuri frontebi

a) uZrav D deteqtors aRweven da b) Cauvlian. talRuri fronti t droSi
marjvnisken νt manZils gadis.
amjerad ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac D deteqtori

talRuri frontis siCqaris mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod
moZraobs (sur. 17.21). t droSi, talRuri fronti
(a) marjvnisken kvlav νt manZils gadis, magram D marcxnisken
νDt manZils gadis. maSasadame, talRuri frontis mier
D-s mimarT ganvlili manZilia νt+νDt. am manZilze talRis
sigrZeebis ricxvi D deteqtoris mier t droSi gadakveTili
talRis sigrZeebis ricxvia da (νt+νDt)/λ-s tolia. D
deteqtoris mier talRis sigrZeebis gadakveTis tempi f ´
(b)
sixSirea:
(νt + vDt)/λ ν + vD
f ´ = = . (17.49)
t λ
17.48 formulidan gvaqvs λ = ν/f. Semdeg 17.49 formula
sur. 17.21. marjvnisken moZravi tal miiRebs saxes:
Ruri fronti sawinaaRmdego mimar
ν + vD ν + vD
TulebiT moZrav D deteqtors a) aRwevs f ´ = =f . (17.50)
v/f v
da b) Cauvlis. t droSi, talRuri fronti
marjvnisken νt manZils gadis, xolo D gaiTvaliswineT, rom 17.50 formulaSi f‘ sixSire f-ze meti
marcxnisken νDt manZils gadis. unda iyos, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac νD=0 (deteqtori
uZravia).
aseve SegviZlia gamovTvaloT sixSire, rodesac D deteqtori wyaros Sordeba. am situaciaSi
talRuri fronti t droSi D-s mimarT νt-νDt manZils gadis da:
ν – vD
f ´ = f . (17.51)
v
17.51 formulaSi f´ sixSire f-ze naklebi unda iyos garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac νD=0.
gavaerTianoT 17.50 da 17.51 formulebi:
ν ± vD
f ´ = f (deteqtori moZraobs, wyaro uZravia) (17.52)
v
wyaro moZraobs, deteqtori uZravia

davuSvaT, D deteqtori haeris mimarT uZravia da S wyaro D-sken νS siCqariT moZraobs (sur.
17.22). S-is moZraoba gamosxivebuli bgeris talRebis sigrZes da, maSasadame, D-ze miRebul
sixSires cvlis.
cvlilebis dasanaxad T(=1/f) iyos dro W1
da W2 talRuri frontebis gamosxivebas
Soris. T drois ganmavlobaSi W1
talRuri fronti νT manZils gadis, xolo
wyaro – νST manZils. T drois dasasruls
sur. 17.22. D deteqtori uZravia, xolo S

wyaro misken νS siCqariT moZraobs. W1 talRuri
fronti maSin sxivdeba, rodesac wyaro S1
wertilSia, xolo W2 talRuri fronti maSin
sxivdeba, rodesac wyaro S7 wertils miaRwevs.
suraTze asaxul momentSi wyaro S wertilSia.
deteqtori ufro maRal sixSires iRebs, vinaidan
moZravi wyaro sakuTar talRur frontebs ukan
misdevs da Tavisi moZraobis mimarTulebiT
Semcirebul λ´ talRis sigrZes asxivebs.
17.9. dopleris efeqti 603
W2 talRuri fronti gamosxivdeba. S-is moZraobis mimarTulebiT W1 da W2 talRur frontebs
Soris manZili λ´, talRis sigrZea λ´ = νT – νST. Tu D am talRebs miiRebs, maSin iqneba:
ν ν ν ν
f ´ =   = = = f (17.53)
λ´ νT – νST ν/f – νS /f ν – νS
gaiTvaliswineT, rom f´ sixSire f-ze meti unda iyos, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac νS = 0.
S-is moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT λ´ = νT + νST. Tu D am talRebs miiRebs, maSin f´
sixSirea:
ν
f ´ = f (17.54)
v + vS
gaiTvaliswineT, rom rom f´ sixSire f-ze naklebi unda iyos, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac νS = 0.
gavaerTianoT 17.53 da 17.54 formulebi:
ν
f ´ = f (wyaro moZraobs, deteqtori uZravia) (17.55)
v ± vS
dopleris efeqtis zogadi formula

Tu 17.55 formulaSi f-s (wyaros sixSires) 17.52 formulis f´ -iT (deteqtoris moZraobasTan
dakavSirebuli sixSiriT) SevcvliT, dopleris efeqtis zogad formulas miviRebT. Sedegi 17.47
formulaa.
es zogadi formula gamosadegia deteqtorisa da wyaros erTdrouli moZraobisas da agreTve
zemoT moyvanil or gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi. rodesac deteqtori moZraobs da wyaro uZravia,
17.47 formulaSi νS=0 Casma 17.52 formulas gvaZlevs. rodesac wyaro moZraobs da deteqtori
uZravia 17.47 formulaSi νD=0 Casma 17.55 formulas gvaZlevs. maSasadame, 17.47 formula kargad
unda davimaxsovroT.

wyaro deteqtori wyaro deteqtori
naCvenebia uZrav haerSi deteqtoris
da bgeris wyaros moZraobis eqvsi (a) → • 0 siCqare (d) ← ←
SemTxveva. TiToeuli SemTxvevevis
Tvis miRebuli sixSire ufro metia (b) ← • 0 siCqare (e) → ←
Tu gamosxivebuli sixSire? namdvil

(g) → → (v) ← →
siCqareebze informaciis gareSe
gavcemT pasuxs am SekiTxvas?

raketa 242m/wm siCqariT uZravi boZisken CavsvaT, xolo νS-is nacvlad – 242m/wm, bgeris
(uZrav haerSi) moZraobs da f = 1250 hc sixSi- ν siCqaris nacvlad – 343m/wm (17.1 cxrilis
ris bgeriT talRebs asxivebs. mixedviT), xolo f sixSiris nacvlad – 1250hc:
a) ra f´ sixSires gazomavs boZze damagrebuli ν±v 343 m/wm ± 0
f ´ = f ν ± vD = (1250 hc) 
deteqtori? S 343 m/wm – 242 m/wm
amoxsna: f´ -is gamoTvla SesaZlebelia = 4245 hc ≈ 4250 hc (pasuxi)
dopleris efeqtis 17.47 formulis miRebuli sixSire gamosxivebul sixSireze
saSualebiT. vinaidan bgeris wyaro (raketa) metia.
haerSi uZravi deteqtorisken moZraobs, unda
b) boZamde misuli bgerebis nawili kvlav
avirCioT νS-is niSani, romelic bgeris sixSiris
raketisken airekleba eqos saxiT. eqos ra f´´
maRla Zvras mogvcems. maSasadame, 17.47
sixSires gazomavs raketaze damontaJebuli
formulis mniSvnelSi minus niSans viyenebT.
deteqtori?
Semdeg νD deteqtoris siCqaris nacvlad 0
amoxsna: mricxvelSi plius niSans viyenebT. garda amisa,

1. boZi bgeris wyaroa (vinaidan eqos war CavsvaT νD=242m/wm, νS=0, ν=343m/wm, f´ = 4245hc
moqmnis), xolo deteqtori amjerad ra da miviRebT:
ν±v 343 m/wm + 242 m/wm
ketazea damontaJebuli. f ´´ = f ´ ν ± vD = (4245 hc) 
2. wyarodan gamosxivebuli bgeris sixSire a) S 343 m/wm ± 0
= 7240 hc (pasuxi)
nawilSi gamoTvlili f´ -s tolia. am sixSires
boZi iRebs da aireklavs. miRebuli sixSire boZidan areklili bgeris
Cven SegviZlia 17.47 formula f´ wyaros sixSireze metia.
sixSirisa da f´´ miRebuli sixSirisTvis Cav
sakontrolo wertili 6. Tu amocanis
weroT:
ν±v amoxsnis nimuSSi haeri boZisken 20m/wm
f ´´ = f ´ ν ± vD . (17.56)
S siCqariT moZraobs, a) νS-is ra mniSvneloba
vinaidan deteqtori (raketaze) haerSi uZravi unda gamoviyenoT amocanis a) nawilis
wyarosken moZraobs, νD-sTvis iseTi niSani unda amoxsnisTvis da b) νD-s ra mniSvneloba
SevarCioT, romelic bgeris sixSiris maRla unda gamoviyenoT amocanis b) nawilis
Zvras mogvcems. maSasadame, 17.56 formulis amoxsnisTvis?
17.10 zebgeriTi siCqareebi, dartymiTi talRebi

Tu wyaro uZravi deteqtorisken bgeris siCqariT moZraobs anu νS=ν, 17.47 da 17.55 formulebidan
gamomdinare miRebuli f ‘ sixSire usasrulod didi iqneba. es niSnavs, rom wyaros moZraobis
siCqare sakuTari talRuri frontebis siCqaris tolia. es mdgomareoba 17.23a suraTzea naCvenebi.
ra xdeba rodesac wyaros siCqare bgeris siCqareze metia?
msgavsi zebgeriTi siCqareebisTvis 17.47 da 17.55 formulebi ar gamodgeba. 17.23b suraTze
naCvenebia wyaros sxvadasxva mdebareobisas warmoqmnili sferuli talRuri frontebi. mocemul
suraTze nebismieri talRuri frontis radiusia νt, sadac ν aris bgeris siCqare, xolo t – talRuri
frontis gamosxivebidan gasuli dro. gaiTvaliswineT, rom 17.23b suraTze yvela talRuri
fronti V-s formis organzomilebian CarCoSi iyris Tavs. sinamdvileSi, talRuri frontebi
sam ganzomilebaSi vrceldebian da konusis formas adgenen, romelsac maxis konusi ewodeba.
(a) (b)
sur. 17.23. a) bgeris S wyaro bgeris da, maSasadame, talRuri frontis siCqaris toli νS siCqariT moZraobs.
b) S wyaro bgeris da, maSasadame, talRuri frontebis siCqareze swrafad νS siCqariT moZraobs. rodesac wyaro S1
mdebareobaSi imyofeboda, W1 talRuri fronti warmoqmna, xolo rodesac wyaro S6 mdebareobaSi imyofeboda, W6
talRuri fronti warmoqmna. sferuli talRuri frontebi bgeris ν siCqariT vrceldebian, konusis zedapirze
iyrian Tavs da dartymiT talRas warmoqmnian. konuss maxis konusi ewodeba. konusis zedapiris naxevarkuTxea θ
da zedapiri yvela talRuri frontis mxebia.
17.10 zebgeriTi siCqareebi, dartymiTi talRebi 605
dartymiTi talRa am konusis zedapiris gaswvriv arsebobs, vinaidan talRuri frontebis erTad
Tavmoyra haeris wnevis swraf zrdas da klebas iwvevs, rodesac zedapiri nebismier wertilze
gaivlis. 17.23b suraTidan Cans, rom konusis θ naxevarkuTxea (maxis konusis kuTxe):
νt ν
sin θ = = (maxis konusis kuTxe) (17.57)
vS t vS
νS /ν Sefardebas maxis ricxvi ewodeba. TviTmfrinavi 2,3 maxiT mifrinavs niSnavs, rom misi siCqare
haerSi bgeris siCqares 2,3-jer aRemateba. zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavis (sur. 17.24) an sasrolis
mier warmoqmnili dartymiTi talRa Zlier xmaurs iwvevs, romelsac bgeriTi dartyma ewodeba.
bgeriTi dartymis dros haeris wneva Tavidan Zalian swrafad da mkveTrad izrdeba, xolo Semdeg
aseve swrafad normalurze mcire xdeba, vidre normaluris toli gaxdeba. SaSxanidan tyviis
gasrolis dros gamocemuli xmis nawili swored bgeriTi dartymaa. bgeriTi dartyma ismis
agreTve Soltis moqnevisas. Soltis moZraobis dros misi wveri bgeraze swrafad moZraobs da
mcire bgeriT dartymas warmoqmnis.
me-11 Tavis pirvel furcelze gamosa
xulia Thrust SSC manqana, rodesac is
nevadis bleq-rokis udabnoSi bgeraze
swrafad moZraobs. manqaniT warmoqmnili
dartymiTi talRis bgeriTi dartyma,
romelic udabnoSi vrceldeba, manqanis
siCqaris sizebgeriTobaze miuTiTebs.
fotosuraTze dartymiTi talRa manqanis
Tavze Cans. ukana xedi damaxinjebulia,
vinaidan sinaTle dartymiT talRaSi
sur. 17.24. Navy FA 18 TviTmfrinavis frTebis mier
gavlisas (fotokameramde mosvlamde) warmoqmnili dartymiTi talRebi. dartymiTi talRebi
haeris wnevis da simkvrivis Sedegad xilvadia, vinaidan haeris wnevis mkveTrma davardnam
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. cvlilebebma haerSi wylis molekulebis kondensacia gamoiwvia da nisli
warmoiqmna.
sinaTlis gadaxra gamoiwvia da Sedegad
fotografiis ukana xedi damaxinjda.
bgeriTi talRebi. bgeriTi talRebi myar garemos wonasworuli wnevis Δp-iT Secvlas
sxeulebSi, siTxeebSi da airebSi moZravi iwvevs:
grZivi meqanikuri talRebia. B moculobiTi Δp = Δpm sin(kx – ωt) (17.14)
deformaciis modulis da ρ simkvrivis sadac wnevis amplitudaa:
garemoSi moZravi bgeriTi talRis siCqarea:
Δpm = (νρω)sm (17.15)
v = (bgeris siCqare) (17.3)
interferencia. saerTo wertilze gamavali
20°C temperaturis haerSi bgeris siCqarea Tanabari talRis sigrZeebis mqone ori bgeriTi
343m/wm. talRis intereferencia am wertilSi maT
bgeriTi talRa garemoSi masis elementis s Soris φ fazur sxvaobazea damokidebuli. Tu
grZiv gadaadgilebas iwvevs: bgeriTi talRebi erTnair fazaSi gamosxivdnen
s = sm cos(kx – ωt), (17.13) da daaxloebiT erTi da igive mimarTulebiT

moZraoben:
sadac sm aris woansworuli mdgomareobidan
ΔL
(maqsimaluri φ= 2π (17.21)
gadaadgilebis amplituda λ
gadaadgileba), k=2π/λ, ω=2πf. λ da f bgeriTi sadac ΔL aris traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa
talRis sigrZe da sixSirea. bgeriTi talRa sxvaoba (saerTo wertilamde talRebis mier
ganvlil manZilebs Soris sxvaoba). srulad Sedareba xdeba. intensivobis 10-jer gazrdi-
konstruqciuli interferencia maSin xdeba, sas xmamaRlobis dones 10 decibeli emateba.
rodesac φ aris 2π-s mTeli jeradi: mdgari talRis struqturebi milebSi. mdgari
bgeriTi talRebis struqturebi milebSi
φ = m(2π), rodesac m=0,1,2,... (17.22)
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas. orive Ria bolos mqone
da ΔL talRis sigrZes Semdegnairad milSi rezonansi Semdeg sixSireebze miiReba:
ukavSirdeba: v nv
ΔL f= = , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (17.39)
= 0, 1, 2, ... (17.23) λ 2L
λ
sadac ν aris bgeris siCqare milis haerSi. erTi
srulad destruqciuli interferencia maSin
Ria da erTi daxuruli bolos mqone milisTvis
xdeba, rodesac φ aris π-s kenti jeradi:
rezonansuli sixSireebia:
φ = (2m + 1)π, rodesac m = 0, 1, 2, ... (17.24) v nv
f=
= , n = 1, 3, 5, ... (17.41)
λ 4L
da ΔL talRis sigrZes Semdegnairad ukav
pulsaciebi. pulsaciebi maSin warmoiqmneba,
Sirdeba:
ΔL rodesac erTmaneTisgan mcired gansxvavebuli
= 0,5, 1,5, 2,5, ... (17.25)
λ f1 da f2 sixSireebis ori talRis erTad miReba
bgeris intensivoba. bgeriTi talRis I xdeba. pulsaciis sixSirea:
intensivoba zedapirze aris talRis mier
fpulsacia = f1 – f2 (17.46)
farTobis erTeulSi energiis gadatanis
saSualo tempi zedapiris gavliT an dopleris efeqti. dopleris efeqti tal-
zedapirze: Ris sixSiris cvlilebaa, rodesac wyaro an
P deteqtori gadamtani garemos mimarT (magal-
I = , (17.26)
A
iTad, haeris mimarT) moZraobs. miRebuli
sadac P aris bgeriTi talRis energiis
bgeris f ´ sixSire f wyaros sixSiriT ase ga-
gadatanis tempi (simZlavre), xolo A – bgeris
moiTvleba:
gadamkveTi zedapiris farTobi. I intensivoba
v ± vD
bgeriTi talRis sm gadaadgilebis amplitudas f ´ = f  , (dopleris zogadi efeqti) (17.47)
v ± vS
Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba: sadac νD aris deteqtoris siCqare garemosadmi,
1 νS – wyaros siCqare garemosadmi, xolo ν –
I =  ρυω2sm2 (17.27)
2 bgeris siCqare garemoSi. niSnebi isea arCeuli,
Ps simZlavris bgeriTi talRebis gamomasxi rom erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraobisas
vebeli wertilovani wyarodan r manZilze
f ´ izrdeba, xolo moSorebiT moZraobisas
intensivobaa:
Ps mcirdeba.
I = , (17.28)
4πr2 dartymiTi talRebi. Tu wyaros siCqa
xmamaRlobis done decibelebSi. β re garemos mimarT garemoSi bgeris siCqares
xmamaRlobis done decibelebSi ase gani aRemateba, dopleris formula gamousa
sazRvreba: degaria. am SemTxvevaSi, dartymiTi talRebi

I Cndeba. maxis konusis θ naxevarkuTxea:
β = (10 db) log , (17.29) νt ν
I0 sin θ = = (maxis konusis kuTxe) (17.57)
sadac I0 (=10 vt/m ) aris intensivobis aT
–12 2 vS t vS
vlis done, romelTanac yvela intensivobis
607
SekiTxvebi
1. 17.25 suraTze 5. garkveuli milis eqvsi harmoniuli
erTnair fazaSi sixSiridan oTxia 300, 600, 750 da 900hc.
myofi S1 da S2 ori gamoTvaleT danarCeni ori sixSire Tu isini
identuri wyaro
1000hc-ze naklebia.
2m talRis sigrZis
6. A mils L sigrZe da Ria bolo aqvs. B mils 2L
identur bgeriT talRebs asxivebs. risi
sigrZe da ori Ria bolo aqvs. B milis romeli
tolia P wertilSi misuli talRebis fazuri
harmonikis sixSire Seesabameba A milis
sxvaoba talRis sigrZis TermebSi, Tu a) L1=38m
rezonansul sixSires?
da L2=34m da b) L1=39m da L2=36m? g) davuSvaT,
wyaroebs Soris dacileba L1-sa da L2-ze bevrad 7. 17.27 suraTze naCvenebia L sigrZis daWimuli
mcirea. ra saxis interferencia xdeba P Toki da L, 2L, L/2 da L/2 sigrZeebis a, b, c da
wertilSi a) da b) SemTxvevaSi? d milebi. Toks manamde Wimaven, vidre masze
gamavali talRebis siCqare haerSi moZravi
2. 17.26 suraTze,
sami grZeli mili bgeriTi talRebis siCqares gauTanabrdeba.
(A, B da C) sxva amis Semdeg Tokze rxevis fundamenturi

dasxva wnevis gan piroba myardeba. romel milSi gamoiwvevs
sxvavebuli aire TokiT warmoqmnili bgera rezonanss da romel
biTaa Sevsebuli. rxevis pirobas daamyarebs es bgera?
moculobiTi
deformaciis mo
dulis simkvri
vesTan Sefardeba
TiToeuli airis
Tvis B0/ρ0 sabaziso
Sefardebis saSua sur. 17.26. SekiTxva 2. sur. 17.27. SekiTxva 7.
lebiT aris mo
8. 17.28 suraTze bgeris mcire Sida wyaros
ceuli. TiToeuli milis marcxena boloSi
saSualebiT A mili mesame harmonikiT irxeva.
dguSia ganlagebuli, romelsac milSi
marjvena boloze gamosxivebuli bgera
bgeriTi impulsis gaSveba SeuZlia (16.2
oTx mimdebare milSi rezonirebs. oTxive
suraTis msgavsad). sami impulsi erTdroulad
igzavneba. daalageT milebi marjvena Ria mils erTi Ria bolo aqvs. B mili umciresi
boloSi impulsis misvlis mixedviT. harmonikiT irxeva, C mili – meore umciresi

harmonikiT, D mili – mesame umciresi
3. pirvel eqsperimentSi, sinusoiduri bgeriTi
harmonikiT, xolo E mili – meoTxe umciresi
talRa haeriT savse grZel milSi moZraobs da
harmonikiT. gamoTvlebis gareSe xuTi mili
energia PsaS,1 saSualo tempiT gadaaqvs. meore
eqsperimentSi, pirveli talRis identuri ori maTi sigrZeebis mixedviT daalageT dididan
bgeriTi talRa milSi erTdroulad igzavneba mcireze (miniSneba: skalaze jer mdgari
da maT Soris φ fazuri sxvaoba 0, 0,2 an 0,5 talRebi gaavleT, xolo Semdeg milebi).
talRis sigrZea. a) daalageT φ-s variantebi
energiis gadatanis saSualo tempis mixedviT
dididan mcireze. b) φ-s pirveli variantisTvis
risi toli iqneba PsaS,1-iT gamosaxuli energiis
gadatanis saSualo tempi?
4. milSi meeqvse harmonika warmoiqmna.
a) ramdeni Ria bolo aqvs mils? b) milis
Sua wertilSi kvanZia, burcobia Tu raime sur. 17.28. SekiTxva 8.
Sualeduri mdgomareoba?
9. 17.29 suraTze dgaxarT. karu

naCvenebia gar selis brunvasTan
kveuli sixSiris erTad Tqvens mi
bgeris gamomsxi er gagebuli si
vebeli moZravi S xSire icvleba.
wyaro da oTxi uZravi deteqtori. daalageT 17.30 suraTze na sur. 17.30. SekiTxva 10.
deteqtorebi maT mier miRebuli bgeris six- Cvenebia sixSiris
Siris mixedviT dididan mcireze. cvalebadobis sami grafiki. daalageT gra
10. megobari sam karuselze rigrigobiT fikebi a) bgeris wyaros ν wiriTi siCqaris,
brunavs da xelSi garkveuli sixSiriT izo b) karuselis ω kuTxuri siCqareebis da
tropulad gamomsxivebeli bgeris wyaro g) karuselis r radiusebis mixedviT dididan
uWiravs. Tqven samive karuselidan moSorebiT mcireze.
amocanebi
manZilze arian erTmaneTisgan mayureblebi?
SSM
Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze •4. risi tolia Jangbadis moculobiTi
deformaciis moduli, Tu 32g Jangbadi 22,4l
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. moculobas ikavebs da JangbadSi bgeris
com/college/halliday. siCqarea 317m/wm?
• – •••
amocanis sirTules ••5. qva WaSi Cavarda da Cavardnis xma 3 wamis
Semdeg gaisma. ra siRrmisaa Wa? SSM WWW
••6. Txeli Reros erT boloze CaquCi daartyes.
paragrafi 17.3. bgeris siCqare
ReroSi bgeris siCqare haerSi bgeris siCqareze
•1. jariskacTa kolona wuTSi 120 nabijs 15-jer metia. Reros meore bolosTan qals
gadis da kolonis saTaveSi myof medoles yuri axlos aqvs mitanili da dartymis xma
uwyobs nabijs. SemCneulia, rom ukana rigebSi 0,12wm drois SualedSi orjer esmis. erTi xma
momavali jariskacebi marcxena fexs win Rerodan modis, xolo meore xma – haeridan. Tu
dgamen, rodesac medole marjvena fexs dgams. haerSi bgeris siCqarea 343m/wm, ra sigrZisaa
risi tolia kolonis miaxloebiTi sigrZe? Rero?
•2. rodesac Sotlandiis qalaq hamiltonSi, ••7. miwisZvra bgeriT talRebs dedamiwis
mavzoleumis eklesiis kari ixureba, karebis SigniT Ywarmoqmnis. airisgan gansxvavebiT
SigniT mdgom adamians ukanaskneli eqo 15 wamis dedamiwaSi ganivi (S) da grZivi (P) bgeriTi
Semdeg esmis. a) Tu eqo karebis sawinaaRmdego talRebi SeiZleba gaCndes. S talRebis siCqare
kedelze erTi arekvliTaa gamowveuli, ra daaxloebiT 4,5km/wm-ia, xolo P talRebis
manZilzea kedeli karebidan? b) Tu kedeli siCqare – 8km/wm. seismografi miwisZvris
25,7m-iT moSorebiTaa, ramdenime arekvla (win Sedegad gaCenil P da S talRebs afiqsirebs.
da ukan) Seesabameba ukanasknel eqos? pirveli P talRa pirvel S talRamde 3 wuTiT
•3. monJuikis stadionze msxdomi ori adre modis. Tu talRebi wrfivad moZraoben,
gulSematkivari xedavs, rom burTs fexi ra manZilze moxda miwisZvra? SSM ILW
daartyes, mcire xnis Semdeg ki dartymis
paragrafi 17.4. msrboli bgeriTi talRebi
xmac esmis. A mayureblisTvis drois Sualedi
•8. msrbol bgeriT talRaSi moqmedi wnevaa:
0,23wm-ia, xolo B mayureblisTvis – 0,12wm. ori
mayureblis moTamaSis xedvis xazebi 90° kuTxiT Δp = (1,5 pa) sin π[(0,9 m–1)x – (315 wm–1)t].
kveTen erTmaneTs. ra manZilzea moTamaSidan gamoTvaleT a) wnevis amplituda, b) sixSire,
a) A mayurebeli da b) B mayurebeli? g) ra g) talRis sigrZe da d) talRis siCqare.
609
•9. 4,5mhc sixSiris diagnostikuri ultrab- trolis kvanZis
gera rbil qsovilebSi simsivnis gamosakvle- gamosavali mona-
vad gamoiyeneba. a) risi tolia amgvari bgeriTi cemebi. Tu tal-
talRis sigrZe haerSi? b) Tu qsovilSi bgeris Ris gadaadgi
siCqarea 1500m/wm, risi tolia talRis sigrZe lebis funqciaa
qsovilSi? SSM s = s m cos(kx – ωt),
•10. haerSi moZravi bgeriTi talRaa: risi tolia a) sm,
b) k da g) ω? Semdeg sur. 17.32. amocana 13.
s(x,t) = (5 nm) cos(kx + (3000 radiani/wm)t + φ)
haeri ise gaciv-
ra dro dasWirdeba haeris nebismier mole
da, rom misi simkvrive 1,35kg/m3 gaxda, xolo
kulas s = +2 nm da s = –0,2 nm gadaadgilebebs
bgeriTi talRis siCqare haerSi aris 320m/wm.
Soris manZilis dasafarad?
bgeris wyaro bgeriT talRebs igive sixSiriT
••11. amfiTeatrSi aplodismentebis Sedegad da wnevis igive amplitudiT asxivebs. exla
bgeriTi talRebi Cndeba, romlebic w = 0,75 mm risi tolia d) dm, e) k da v) ω?
siganis kibeebidan ganibneva (sur. 17.31). bgera paragrafi 17.5. interferencia
scenaze impulsebis perioduli seriis saxiT
•14. sxvadasxva wyarodan gamosxivebuli ori
brundeba da TiToeuli kibidan erTi impulsi
bgeriTi talRis sixSirea 540hc. talRebi
modis. impulsebis rigi erTi notis saxiT
erTi da igive mimarTulebiT 330m/wm siCqariT
JRers. a) davuSvaT, 17.31 suraTze yvela sxivi
moZraoben. wyaroebi erTnair fazaSi imyo
horizontaluria. gamoTvaleT impulsebis
febian. risi tolia erTi wyarodan 4,4m
dabrunebis sixSire (anu aRqmuli notis
manZilze da meore wyarodan 4m manZilze
sixSire). b) Tu kibeebis w sigane ufro mcirea,
dacilebul wertilSi talRebs Soris fazuri
sixSire naklebi iqneba Tu meti? SSM
sxvaoba?
••15. 17.33 suraTze
naCvenebia S1 da S2
izotropuli wer sur. 17.33. amocanebi 15
tilovani wyaro. da 100.
wyaroebi erTnairi
fazis 0,5m talRis sigrZis talRebs asxivebs.
wyaroebs Soris manZilia D=1,75m. Tu bgeris
deteqtors wyaroebs Soris Sua wertilis
garSemo gavlebul did wrewirze avamoZ-
••12. s=smcos(kx-ωt+φ) formis bgeriTi talRa ravebT, ramden wertilSi eqnebaT deteqtorze
grZel horizontalur milSi 343m/wm siCqariT
mosul talRebs a) zustad erTnairi faza da
moZraobs. garkveul momentSi haeris x=2m
b) zustad sapirispiro faza?
wertilSi mdebare A molekula Tavis 6nm-is
••16. 17.34 suraTze
toli maqsimaluri dadebiTi gadaadgilebis
40 sm talRis sig
mdgomareobaSia, xolo haeris x=2,07m wertilSi
rZis bgera wya
mdebare B molekula Tavis 2nm-is toli sur. 17.34. amocana 16.
rodan marjvniv
dadebiTi gadaadgilebis mdgomareobaSia. A-s
swori monakveTisa da naxevarwrewirisgan
da B-s Soris myofi molekulebi Sualeduri
Semdgar milSi moZraobs. bgeriTi talRis
gadaadgilebebis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. nawili naxevarwrewirs gaivlis da Semdeg
ra sixSirisaa talRa? isev talRis im nawils uerTdeba, romelmac
••13. 17.32 suraTze naCvenebia 1,21kg/m erT-3
swori monakveTi gaiara. SeerTebis Sedegad
gvarovani simkvrivis haerSi 343m/wm siCqa- interferencia xdeba. ra umciresi r radiusi
riT moZravi bgeriTi talRis traeqtoriis gamoiwvevs deteqtorze intensivobis
erTerT wertilSi damagrebuli wnevis kon- minimums?
••17. 17.35 suraTze umciresi fmin,1 sixSire, romelic msmenelisTvis

or dinamiks Soris minimalur signals gvaZlevs (destruqciuli
manZilia d1=2m da interferencia)? ra ricxvze unda gamravldes
isini erTnair fazaSi fmin,1, raTa minimaluri signalis momcemi b)
imyofebian. dauSviT, meore umciresi fmin,2 sixSire da g) mesame
rom msmenelis yur umciresi fmin,3 sixSire miviRoT? d) risi tolia
Tan, romelic erT msmenelis yurze maqsimaluri signalis
erTi dinamikidan (konstruqciuli interferencia) momcemi
d2=3,75m manZilzea, dinamikebidan momavali umciresi fmax,1 sixSire? ra ricxvze unda
bgeriTi talRebis amplituda daaxloebiT gamravldes fmax,1, raTa maqsimaluri signalis
Tanabaria. normaluri smenadobis diapazoni momcemi b) meore umciresi fmax,2 sixSire da
20hc-dan 20khc-mdea. a) risi tolia umciresi g) mesame umciresi fmax,3 sixSire miviRoT? ILW
fmin,1 sixSire, romelic msmenelis yurze •••20. 17.37 su
minimalur signals gvaZlevs (destruqciuli raTze naCvenebi
interferencia)? ra ricxvze unda gamravldes λ=2m talRis sig
fmin,1, raTa minimaluri signalis momcemi b) rZis bgeris gamo
meore umciresi fmin,2 sixSire da g) mesame msxivebeli ori
umciresi fmin,3 sixSire miviRoT? d) risi tolia wertilovani S1
msmenelis yurze maqsimaluri signalis da S2 wyaro. orive
(konstruqciuli interferencia) momcemi gamosxiveba izo
umciresi fmax,1 sixSire? ra ricxvze unda tropulia da erTnair fazaSia, xolo wyaroe-
gamravldes fmax,1, raTa maqsimaluri signalis bs Soris dacilebaa d=16m. x RerZis nebismier
momcemi b) meore umciresi fmax,2 sixSire da g) P wertilSi S1-dan da S2-dan momavali talRebi
mesame umciresi fmax,3 sixSire miviRoT? SSM interferencias ganicdian. rodesac P Zalze
••18. 17.36 suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze Sorsaa (x≈∞), risi tolia a) S1-dan da S2-dan
Tanabrad ganawilebuli oTxi izotropuli momaval talRebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba da b)
wertilovani bgeriTi wyaro. wyaroebi ra tipis interferencia xdeba? Tu x RerZis
bgerebs Tanabari λ talRis sigrZis, Tanabari gaswvriv P wertils S1-sken gadavaadgilebT
sm amplitudiT da erTnairi faziT asxiveben. g) talRebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba gaizrdeba
x RerZze aRebulia P wertili. dauSviT, Tu Semcirdeba? ra x manZilzea talRebs Soris
rom bgeriTi talRebi P wertilis gavliT fazuri sxvaoba d) 0,5λ, e) 1λ da v) 1,5 λ?
moZraoben da maTi amplitudebi umniSvnelod paragrafi 17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis
mcirdeba. sm-is ra jeradi iqneba P wertilSi done
jamuri talRis amplituda, Tu suraTze d
•21. wyaro bgeris talRebs izotropulad
manZilia a) λ/4, b) λ/2 da g) λ?
asxivebs. wyarodan 2,5m manZilze talRebis
–4
intensivobaa 1,91×10 vt/m2. davuSvaT, talRe
bis energia inaxeba. gamoTvaleT wyaros
simZlavre. SSM
•22. 1vt simZlavris wertilovani wyaro bgeris
••19. or dinamiks Soris manZilia 3,35m. talRebs izotropulad asxivebs. davuSvaT,
msmeneli erTi dinamikidan 18,3m manZilze talRebis energia inaxeba. gamoTvaleT
imyofeba, xolo meore dinamikidan – 19,5m intensivoba a) wyarodan 1m manZilze da
manZilze. xmis Semowmebis dros, signalis b) wyarodan 2,5m manZilze.
warmomqneli dinamikebs Tanabar amplitudaze,
•23. 300hc sixSiris bgeris talRis inten-
Tanabar sixSireze da erTnair fazaSi ayenebs.
sivobaa 1 mkvt/m2. risi tolia talRis mier
gadacemuli sixSire smenadobis diapazons
gamowveuli haeris rxevis amplituda?
gaivlis (20hc-dan 20khc-mde). a) risi tolia
611
•24. ori bgeris xmamaRlobis doneebs Soris
sxvaoba 1 decibelia. risi tolia meti inten-
sivobis Sefardeba nakleb intensivobasTan?
•25. bgeris wyaros xmamaRlobis done 30
decibeliT gaizarda. ramdenjer gaizarda
a) misi intensivoba da b) misi wnevis amplituda?
SSM WWW
•26. bgeris talRis wyaros simZlavrea

1mkvt. Tu wyaro wertilovania a) risi tolia sur. 17.39. amocana 29.
intensivoba wyarodan 3m manZilze da b) risi ••30. 30vt simZlavris wertilovani wyaro
tolia xmamaRlobis done (decibelebSi) am bgeras izotropulad asxivebs. wyarodan
manZilze? 200m-iT daSorebuli mcire mikrofoni bgeras
•27. saubris xmama 0,75sm2 farTobze iRebs. gamoTvaleT a) am
Rlobis done gabra adgilze bgeris intensivoba da b) mikrofonze
zebulze 70 deci- miRebuli simZlavre.
belia, xolo Se •••31. bgeris wyaro 3000radiani/wm kuTxuri
darebiT mSvidi sa sixSiris da 12nm amplitudis sinusoidur
ubrisas 50 deci bgeriT talRas haeriT savse milSi gzavnis.
beli (sur. 17.38). milis Sida radiusia 2sm. a) ra saSualo
davuSvaT, bgeris tempiT gadaitaneba energia (kinetikuri da
sixSire 500hc-ia. gamoTvaleT a) sawyisi da potenciuri energiebis jami) milSi? b) Tu
b) sabolo bgeris intensivoba. gamoTvaleT gverdiT mdebare identur milSi igive saxis
g) sawyisi da d) saboloo bgeris talRis talRa imavdroulad moZraobs, risi toli
amplituda. iqneba orive milSi energiis gadatanis sruli
••28. normaluri smenis mqone adamianTa saSualo tempi? Tu ori talRa erTi da igive
daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi yurebidan milSi erTdroulad igzavneba, risi toli
dabali intensivobis bgeras asxivebs. amgvar iqneba energiis gadatanis sruli saSualo
spontanur otoakustikur gamosxivebas tempi, rodesac talRebs Soris fazuri
adamianebi umetesad ver grZnoben, Tu sxvaobaa g) 0, d) 0,4π radiani da e) π radiani?
Zalian wynar adgilze ar moxvdnen. Zalian paragrafi 17.7. musikaluri bgeris wyaroebi
iSviaTad gamosxiveba imdenad xmamaRalia,
•32. parazavrolofus dinozavris Tavis qala
rom mas gverdze mdgomi adamianic igebs.
grZeli, daxrili, orive mxares gaxsnili mi-
erT-erTi dakvirvebis dros bgeris talRis
lis formis cxvir-xaxas Seicavs. savaraudod,
sixSirea 1665hc, xolo wnevis amplituda –
dinozavri am organoSi fundamentur pirobas
3
1,13×10– pa. risi tolia yuris mier ga qmnida da bgeras aseTi xerxiT gamoscemda.
mosxivebuli talRis a) gadaadgilebis ampli
a) Tu dinozavris namarxis cxvir-xaxis sig-
tuda da b) intensivoba?
rZe 2 m-ia, ra sixSire iqmneboda masSi? b) Tu
••29. A da B atmosferuli bgeris wyaroebi dinozavrs gavacocxlebdiT, gaigonebda Tu
mudmivi simZlavriT izotropulad asxive- ara mis bgeras 60 hc-dan 20 khc-mde smenado-
ben. 17.39 suraTze naCvenebia doneebis wyaro- bis diapazonis mqone adamiani? bgera maRali
dan r radialur manZilze maTi β xmamaRlo- Tu dabali sixSiris iqneboda? ufro mokle
bis damokidebulebis grafikebi. risi tolia cxvir-xaxis mqone Tavis qalis ConCxebs dedal
a) xmamaRlobis doneebs Soris sxvaoba, rode- dinozavrebs miaweren. g) dedali dinozavris
sac r=10m da b) risi tolia didi simZlavris fundamenturi sixSire ufro maRali iqneboda
mciresTan Sefardeba? Tu mamali dinozavris?
•33. A milSi garkveuli harmoniuli sixSiris sigrZis da ori Ria bolos mqone cilindris
Sefardeba momdevno umcires harmoniul formis mili. haeriT savse milSi bgeris
sixSiresTan aris 1,2. B milSi garkveuli siCqarea 344 m/wm. a) ra sixSireze amyarebs
harmoniuli sixSiris Sefardeba momdevno dinamikidan gamosuli bgera milSi rezonass?
umcires harmoniul sixSiresTan aris 1,4. risi tolia b) umciresi da g) meore umciresi
ramdeni Ria bolo aqvs a) A mils da b) B mils? sixSire, romelzec rezonansi xdeba? SSM
•34. bgeris talRa Txevad garemoSi dabrko ••40. ori Ria bolos mqone A milis erT-erTi
lebidan airekleba da mdgar talRas qmnis. harmoniuli sixSire 325hc-ia. momdevno
kvanZebs Soris manZilia 3,8sm, xolo gav umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 390hc. a) ra
rcelebis siCqare – 1500m/wm. gamoTvaleT umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 195hc-is
bgeris talRis sixSire. Semdeg? b) ra nomeria es harmonika?
•35. 15sm sigrZis orive boloTi damagrebu- mxolod erTi Ria bolos mqone B milis erT-
li violinos simis rxevis pirobaa n=1. simze erTi harmoniuli sixSire 1080hc-ia. momdevno
talRebis siCqarea 250m/wm, xolo haerSi bg- umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 1320hc? g)
eris siCqarea 348m/wm. risi tolia gamosxive- ra umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 600hc-is
buli bgeris talRis a) sixSire da b) talRis Semdeg? b) ra nomeria es harmonika?
sigrZe? ••41. vertikaluri Wa da wyali fskerze
•36. ori Ria bolos mqone A salamuris 7hc-iT rezonirdebian (Wis haeriT savse
fundamenturi sixSirea 300hc. erTi Ria bolos nawili erTi Ria bolos mqone milis msgavsad
mqone B salamuris mesame harmonikis sixSire A moqmedebs). WaSi haeris simkvrivea 1,1kg/m3,
salamuris meore harmonikis sixSiris tolia. xolo moculobiTi deformaciis moduli
ra sigrZisaa a) A salamuri da b) B salamuri? – 1,33×10 pa. Wis zedapiridan ra manZilzea
5
•37. a) gamoTvaleT violinos 800mg masis da wylis zedapiri?

22sm sigrZis simze moZravi talRebis siCqare, ••42. 1,2m sigrZis milis erTi bolo daxurulia.
Tu fundamenturi sixSirea 920hc. b) risi Ria bolosTan axlos daWimuli mavTulia
tolia Tokis daWimuloba. fundamenturi ganlagebuli. mavTuli 0,33m sigrZisaa da 9,6g
pirobis SemTxvevaSi risi tolia g) simze masa aqvs. mavTuli orive boloTi damagrebulia
moZravi talRis sigrZe da d) simis mier
da fundamenturi pirobiT irxeva. mavTuli
gamosxivebuli bgeriTi talRebis sigrZe? SSM
milSi arsebul haeris svets rezonansis
ILW
saSualebiT fundamenturi sixSiriT arxevs.
•38. 1m sigrZis minis vertikalur milSi wylis gamoTvaleT a) haeris svetis rxevis sixSire da
done regulirdeba. 686hc sixSiriT merxevi ka- b) mavTulis daWimuloba.
mertoni milis zeda bolos Tavze uWiravT da
••43. violinos 30sm sigrZis da 0,65g/m wrfivi
milis haeriT savse zeda nawilSi mdgar bgeriT
simkvrivis simi cvladi sixSiris audio
talRas warmoqmnian (haeriT savse nawili erTi
oscilatoriT aRWurvili dinamikis axlos
Ria bolos mqone milis msgavsad moqmedebs).
aris moTavsebuli. aRmoCnda, rom simi mxolod
a) wylis donis ramdeni poziciisTvis warmo-
880 da 1320hc sixSireebze irxeva, xolo
qmnis kamertonidan gamomavali bgera milis
oscilatoris sixSiris cvlilebis diapazoni
haeriT savse nawilSi rezonans? risi tolia
500-1500hc-ia. risi tolia simis daWimuloba?
b) wylis umciresi da g) meore umciresi done,
SSM
rodesac milSi rezonansi moxdeba?
••44. ori Ria bolos mqone 1,2m sigrZis A
•39. 17.40 suraTze
mili mesame umciresi harmoniuli sixSiriT
patara S dinamiki
irxeva. mili haeriT aris savse da masSi bgeris
1000 hc-dan 2000 hc-
siCqare 343m/wm-ia. erTi Ria bolos mqone B
mde sixSiris audio
mili meore umciresi harmoniuli sixSiriT
oscilatoriT imar
irxeva. B-s sixSire A-s sixSiris Sesabamisia. A
Teba. D aris 45,7sm sur. 17.40. amocana 39.
613
milis SigTavsis gaswvriv x RerZia gadaWimuli ••52. uZravi deteqtori 0,15mghc sixSiris
da milis erT boloze x = 0. a) ramdeni kvanZia bgeris talRebs 45m/wm siCqariT deteqtorisken
am RerZis gaswvriv? risi tolia am kvanZebis moZravi satvirTo manqanisken agzavnis. risi
mdebareobis b) umciresi da g) meore umciresi toli iqneba ukan deteqtorisken areklili
x. talRebis sixSire?
paragrafi 17.8. pulsaciebi ••53. signalizacia 28khc sixSiris talRebis
•45. ucnobi sixSiris kamertoni 384hc gamomsxivebeli wyarosgan Sedgeba. risi toli
standartuli sixSiris kamertonTan wamSi iqneba pulsaciis sixSire wyaros talRebsa
3 pulsacias asrulebs. pulsaciis sixSire da signalizaciisgan moSorebiT 0,95m/wm
pirvel kamertonze mcire raodenobis cvilis siCqariT mimavali mZarcvelidan arekvlil
dadebisas mcirdeba. risi tolia am kamertonis talRebs Soris? ILW
sixSire? ••54. 17.41 suraTze, Crdilo-atlantikis
•46. violinos A simi odnav zedmetad aris okeanis uZrav wyalSi franguli wyalqveSa navi
daWimuli. rodesac sims A koncertis sixSiriT da amerikuli wyalqveSa navi erTmaneTisken
(440hc) merxev kamertonTan erTad aaJRereben, moZraoben. franguli wyalqveSa navis siCqarea
pulsaciebi wamSi 4-jer ismis. risi tolia νF=50km/sT, xolo amerikulis – νU=70km/sT.
violinos simis rxevis periodi? franguli wyalqveSa navi 1000hc sixSiris
hidrolokaciur signals (wyalSi bgeris
••47. roialis ori identuri mavTulis
talRas) uSvebs. hidrolokaciuri talRa
fundamenturi sixSire Tanabari daWimulobis
5470km/sT siCqariT moZraobs. a) risi toli
pirobebSi 600hc-ia. erTi mavTulis
iqneba amerikul wyalqveSa navze miRebuli
daWimulobis ra fardobiTi zrda gamoiwvevs
signalis sixSire? b) risi toli iqneba
6pulsacia/wm mdgomareobas, rodesac orive
amerikuli wyalqveSa navidan arekvlili
mavTuli erTdroulad irxeva? SSM
signalis sixSire frangul wyalqveSa navze?
••48. xuTi kamertoni sxvadasxva erTmaneTTan
axlos mdebare sixSireze irxeva. risi tolia
ori kamertonis erTad aJRerebiT miRebuli
pulsaciebis sixSireTa a) maqsimaluri da b)
minimaluri SesaZlo ricxvi.
••55. A bgeris wyaro da B amrekli zedapiri
paragrafi 17.9. dopleris efeqti
erTmaneTisken moZraoben. A wyaros siCqare
•49. 540hc sixSiris stvenis xma 60sm radiusis
haeris mimarT aris 29,9m/wm, B zedapiris
wrewirze 15radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT
siCqare – 65,8m/wm, xolo bgeris siCqare – 329m/
moZraobs. risi tolia wrewiris centrisadmi
wm. wyarosTan dakavSirebuli aTvlis sistemis
uZravad myofi msmenelis mier gagonili a)
mimarT wyaro 1200hc sixSiris talRebs
umciresi da b) umaRlesi sixSire?
asxivebs. amrekl zedapirTan dakavSirebul
•50. patruli kanondamrRvevs swor gzaze aTvlis sistemaSi risi tolia bgeriTi
misdevs. orive transporti 160km/sT siCqariT talRebis a) sixSire da b) talRis sigrZe?
moZraobs. patrulis manqanaze damontaJebuli wyarosTan dakavSirebuli aTvlis sistemis
sirenis sixSire 500hc-ia. risi toli iqneba mimarT risi tolia ukan arekvlili bgeriTi
kanondamrRvevis mier gagonili sixSiris talRebis g) sixSire da d) talRis sigrZe?
dopleris Zvra?
••56. uZravi deteqtori jer misken Tanabari
•51. 1600hc sixSiris sirenis mqone saswrafo siCqariT moZravi bgeris wyaros sixSires
manqana 2,44m/wm siCqariT moZrav velosipe- zomavs, xolo Semdeg misgan moSorebiT
dists uswrebs. gaswrebis Semdeg velosipe- (wyaro deteqtors Cauvlis) moZravi bgeris
dists 1590hc sixSiris signali esmis. ra siC- wyaros sixSires. gamosxivebuli sixSirea f.
qariT moZraobs saswrafo manqana? moaxloebisas miRebuli sixSirea fápp, xolo
daSorebisas – f´rec. Tu (fápp-f´rec)/f=0,5, risi siCqariT uberavs? g) ra sixSiris bgeras gaige-

tolia wyaros siCqaris bgeris siCqaresTan ben meore matarebelSi, Tu qari sawinaaRmdego
Sefardeba νs/ν? mimarTulebiT uberavs?
••57. Ramura gamoqvabulSi frTxialebs. da- paragrafi 17.10. zebgeriTi siCqareebi,
vuSvaT, Ramuras gamosxivebuli bgeris six- dartymiTi talRebi
Sirea 39000hc. brtyel kedlisken swrafad •62. FA 18-is kabinidan momavali dartymiTi
moZraobisas Ramuris siCqare bgeris siCqaris talRis kuTxe 17.24 suraTze daaxloebiT 60°-
0,025-ia swrafad moZraobs. kedlidan arekv- ia. suraTis gadaRebis momentSi TviTmfrinavi
lil ra sixSires gaigebs Ramura? 1350km/sT siCqariT moZraobda. daaxloebiT
••58. 17.42 suraTze naCvenebia 1 an 2m sigrZis risi tolia bgeris siCqare TviTmfrinavis
da erTi an ori Ria bolos mqone oTxi mili. simaRleze?
TiToeul milSi mesame harmonika myardeba ••63. reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi 5000m simaRleze
da milebidan gamosul bgeras milebidan da 1,5 maxis siCqariT moZraobs. a) gamoTvaleT
moSorebiT moZravi D deteqtori iRebs. ra maxis konusis kuTxe. b) TviTmfrinavis
siCqare unda hqondes deteqtors (bgeris Cavlidan ra drois Semdeg mova dartymiTi
ν siCqaris erTeulebSi), raTa a) pirveli, talRa? bgeris siCqare 331m/wm-ia. SSM
b) meore, g) mesame da d) meoTxe milidan
••64. TviTmfrinavi bgeris siCqareze 1,25-jer
gamosuli bgeris sixSire milis fundamenturi
swrafad mifrinavs. bgeriTi dartyma miwaze
sixSiris toli iyos?
mdgom adamians mis Tavze TviTmfrinavis gad-
avlidan 1 wuTis Semdeg aRwevs. ra simaRleze
mifrinavs TviTmfrinavi? dauSviT, rom bger-
is siCqarea 330m/wm.
sur. 17.42. amocana 58. 65. mudmivi siCqariT moZravi deteqtori
•••59. gogona aRmosavleTisken 10 m/wm siC- uZrav bgeriT wyaros pirdapiri mimarTulebiT
qariT moZravi matareblis Ria fanjarasTan uaxlovdeba, Cauvlis mas da Semdeg pirdapiri
zis. gogonas biZa relsebTan axlos dgas da mimarTulebiT Sordeba mas. gamosxivebuli
matarebels uyurebs, romelic mas scil- sixSirea f. miaxloebis dros miRebuli six-
deba. lokomotivis sayviri 500 hc sixSiris
´ , xolo moSorebis dros – frec
Sirea fapp ´
. risi
bgeras asxivebs. haeri uZravia. a) ra sixSires tolia deteqtoris siCqaris bgeris siCqar-
gaigonebs biZa? b) ra sixSires gaigonebs gog- ´ – frec
esTan Sefardeba, Tu (fapp

´
)/f = 0,5?
ona? qari 10 m/wm siCqariT qrolvas iwyebs. 66. sinusoiduri bgeris talRa x RerZis
g) ra sixSires gaigonebs amjerad biZa? d) ra dadebiTi mimarTulebiT haerSi 343m/wm siC-
sixSires gaigonebs amjerad gogona? SSM WW qariT moZraobs. garkveul momentSi, haeris A
•••60. 2000 hc sixSiris sirena da samoqalaqo molekula RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
dacvis moxele miwis mimarT uZravia. ra six- maqsimalur gadaadgilebas aRwevs, xolo haer-
Sires gaigonebs moxele, Tu qari a) wyarodan is B molekula wonasworul mdebareobaSia. am
moxelisken da b) moxelidan wyarosken 12 m/wm dros molekulebs Soris manZilia 15sm, xolo
siCqariT uberavs? A da B-s Soris mdebare molekulebis gadaadg-
•••61. ori matarebeli erTmaneTisken miwis mi- ileba RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT Su-
marT 30,5 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. erTi matare- aleduria. a) ra sixSirisaa bgeriTi talRa?
beli 500 hc sixSiris signals gamoscems. a) ra msgavsi ganlagebis da gansxvavebuli sinu-
sixSiris bgeras gaigeben meore matarebelSi? soiduri bgeris talRis pirobebSi haeris C
b) ra sixSiris bgeras gaigeben meore matareb- molekula RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
elSi, Tu qari pirveli matareblisken 30,5m/wm maqsimalur gadaadgilebas aRwevs, xolo D
615
molekula RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT s harmoniuli sixSire A-s erTerT harmoniul
gadaadgilebis maqsimumzea. molekulebs So- sixSires udris?
ris manZili kvlav 15sm-ia da C-s da D-s Soris 72. 17.43 suraTze, 0,85m talRis sigrZis bgeras
mdebare molekulebis gadaadgileba Suale- izotropuli wertilovani S wyaro asxivebs.
duria. b) ra sixSirisaa bgeriTi talRa? pirveli sxivi pirdapir L=10m manZiliT
67. AB wrfe 5m-iT dacilebul or wertilovan daSorebuli D deteqtoriskenaa mimarTuli.
wyaros akavSirebs. wyaroebi Tanabari am meore sxivi D-sken brtyel zedapirze arekvlis
plitudis da zustad sapirispiro fazebis Sedegad miemarTeba. arekvla SD wrfis
bgeriT talRebs 300hc sixSiriT asxiveben. perpendikularul biseqtrisaze, wrfidan d
a) risi tolia umoklesi manZili AB-s manZilze xdeba. dauSviT, rom arekvla bgeris
Sua wertilsa da AB-s im wertils Soris, talRas 0,5λ-iT waanacvlebs. d-s ra umciresi
sadac interferirebadi talRebi haeris mniSvnelobisTvis (nulis garda) mivlen D-ze
molekulebis maqsimalur rxevas iwveven? risi pirdapiri bgera da arekvlil bgera a) zustad
tolia b) meore umciresi da g) mesame umciresi sapirispiro fazebSi da b) zustad erTnair
manZili? fazebSi?
68. 12nm amplitudis da 35sm talRis
sigrZis ori bgeriTi talRa grZeli milis
gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
moZraobs. talRebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba
π/3 radiania. risi tolia interferenciis
Sedegad warmoqmnili jamuri bgeriTi
talRis a) amplituda da b) talRis sigrZe? sur. 17.43. amocana 72.
Tu bgeriTi talRebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego 73. 17.44 suraTze λ talRis sigrZis A da B

mimarTulebiT moZraoben, risi tolia jamuri bgeriTi talRebi Tavdapirvelad erTnair
talRis g) amplituda da d) talRis sigrZe? fazaSia da marjvniv moZraoben. A talRa
69. oTxi bgeris talRa haeriT savse milSi oTxi zedapiridan airekleba da Semdeg
erTi da igive mimarTulebiT igzavneba: Tavdapirveli mimarTulebiT moZraobas
ganagrZobs moZraobas. λ talRis sigrZis raze
s1(x,t)=(9nm)cos(2πx-700πt)
gamravleba mogvcems L manZilis umcires
s2(x,t)=(9nm)cos(2πx-700πt+0,7π)
mniSvnelobas, romlis drosac arekvlebis
s3(x,t)=(9nm)cos(2πx-700πt+π) Semdeg A da B talRebs zustad sapirispiro
s4(x,t)=(9nm)cos(2πx-700πt+1,7π) fazebi eqnebaT?
risi tolia jamuri talRis amplituda?
(miniSneba: amocanis gasamartiveblad fazorTa
diagrama gamoiyeneT)
70. bgeris wyaro x RerZis gaswvriv A da B
deteqtorebs Soris moZraobs. A deteqtorze
miRebuli bgeris talRis sigrZe B deteqtorze
miRebuli talRis sigrZis 0,5-ia.risi tolia
wyaros siCqaris Sefardeba bgeris siCqaresTan
νs/ν?
74. 17.45 suraTze λ talRis sigrZis A da B
71. A mils mxolod erTi Ria bolo aqvs. B mili
bgeriTi talRebi Tavdapirvelad erTnair
A-ze oTxjer grZelia da ori Ria bolo aqvs.
fazaSi imyofebian da marjvniv moZraoben. A
B-s aTi umciresi nB harmonikis nomridan risi
talRa oTxi zedapiridan airekleba da Semdeg
tolia a) umciresi, b) meore umciresi da g)
Tavdapirveli mimarTulebiT moZraobas
mesame umciresi mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac B-
ganagrZobs. B talRa ori zedapiridan
airekleba da isic sixSireebis farTo diapazonSi rxevas iwvevs.

Tavdapirvel mimar Tu wyali Tavisuflad vardeba, maSin rxevebis
Tulebas ubrundeba. amplituda garkveul fm sixSireze udidesia.
suraTze gamosaxuli es faqti miuTiTebs, rom akustikuri
L manZili iyos rezonansi xdeba da fm fundamenturi sixSirea.
L=qλ. risi tolia cxrilSi mocemulia amerikuli da kanaduri
q-s a) umciresi da CanCqerebis fm-is da wylis vardnis L manZilis
b) meore umciresi sur. 17.45. amocana 74. mniSvnelobebi. monacemebis mixedviT gra
mniSvneloba, ro fiki ise aageT, rom wyalSi bgeris siCqare
desac arekvlebis Semdeg A-s da B-s zustad gamoTvaloT. Semdeg grafikis mixedviT bgeris
sapirispiro fazebi gaaCniaT? siCqare gamoTvaleT, Tu CanCqeris rezonansi
75. garkveul liTonSi bgeris siCqarea νm. am a) ori Ria bolos mqone da b) erTi Ria bolos
liTonis L sigrZis milis erT bolos urtyamen mqone milisas waagavs. haeris buStulebiT
Reros. meore boloSi mdgom msmenels ori savse turbulentur wyalSi bgeris siCqare
bgera esmis. erTi talRa milis liTonis mdore wyalSi 1400m/wm siCqaresTan SedarebiT
kedelSi mis gaswvriv vrceldeba, xolo meore 25%-iT naklebi SeiZleba iyos. g) a)-ze da
talRa – milSi arsebul haerSi. a) Tu ν aris b)-ze pasuxebis mixedviT gansazRvreT ramdeni
bgeris siCqare haerSi, ra t drois Sualedis Ria boloa sinamdvileSi CarTuli Canqeris
gansxvavebiT mova ori bgera msmenelis rezonansSi?
yuramde? b) Tu t=1wm da liToni foladia, risi CanCqeri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
tolia L sigrZe? fm (hc) 5,6 3,8 8 6,1 8,8 6 19 21 40
L (m) 97 71 53 49 35 24 13 11 8
76. 0,6m sigrZis da erTi Ria bolos mqone mili
ucnobi airiTaa savse. milis mesame umciresi 80. garkveuli dinamikebis sisteba 2000hc
harmoniuli sixSire 750hc-ia. a) risi tolia sixSiris da 0,96mvt/m2 intensivobis bgerebs
bgeris siCqare ucnob airSi? b) risi tolia 6,1m manZilze izotropulad asxivebs.
milis fundamenturi sixSire, rodesac is dauSviT, rom arekvla ar xdeba. a) risi tolia
ucnobi airiTaa savse? intensivoba 30m manZilze? 6,1m manZilze risi
77. 1000hc sixSiris bgeris gamomsxivebeli tolia bgeris b) gadaadgilebis amplituda da
sirena Tqven gSordebaT da kldisken 10m/wm b) wnevis amplituda?
siCqariT moZraobs. haerSi bgeris siCqarea 81. garkveul wertilSi ori talRa wnevis
330m/wm. a) risi tolia Tqvens mier gagonili cvlilebebs warmoqmnis: Δp1=Δpmsinωt da
bgeris sixSire? b) risi tolia Tqvens mier Δp2=Δpmsin(ωt – φ). am wertilSi risi tolia
gagonili bgeris sixSire kldidan arekvlis Δpr/Δpm, Tu Δpr aris jamuri talRis wnevis
Semdeg? g) risi tolia pulsaciis sixSire or amplituda da φ aris a) 0, b) π/2, g) π/3 da
bgeras Soris? aris Tu ara is SegrZnebadi d) π/4?
(is 20hc-ze naklebi ar unda iyos, raTa misi 82. zedapiridan 10km siRrmeze dedamiwis qer-
SegrZneba SevZloT)? qis saSualo simkvrivea 2,7g/sm3. Soreuli mi-
78. erTi mesayvire moZrav vagonze dgas, xolo wisZvridan momavali grZivi seismuri talRis
meore mesayvire liandagebTan axlos imyofeba siCqare am siRrmeze aris 5,4km/wm. gamoiyeneT
da orive 440hc sixSiris nots ukravs. or es informacia da am siRrmeze dedamiwis qer-
musikoss Soris uZravad mdgomi damkvirvebeli qis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli gamoT-
bgeris talRebs iRebs, romelTa pulsaciis valeT. SedarebisTvis, foladis moculobiTi
sixSire 4pulsacia/wm-ia. ra siCqariT moZraobs deformaciis modulia 16×1010 pa.
vagoni? 83. bgeris izotropuli wertilovani
79. CanCqeris akustika. wylis turbulenturi wyarodan 10m manZilze bgeris intensivobaa
biZgebi CanCqeris garSemo miwis dabali 0,008vt/m2. a) risi tolia wyaros simZlavre?
617
b) risi tolia bgeris intensivoba wyarodan dauSviT, rom porSes maqsimaluri siCqare
5m manZilze? g) risi tolia xmamaRlobis done 80m/wm-ia, xolo policiis manqanis – 54m/wm.
wyarodan 10m manZilze? rodesac orive manqana maqsimalur siCqares
84. vagonze mdgomi adamiani sayvirs 440hc miaRwevs, ra sixSiris bgeras gaigonebs porSes
sixSiriT ukravs. vagoni kedlisken 20m/wm mZRoli, Tu policiis manqanis sirenis sixSire
siCqariT moZraobs. gamoTvaleT a) kedelze 440hc-ia? haerSi bgeris siCqarea 340m/wm.

miRebuli bgeris sixSire da b) mesayvirisken 90. 17.46a suraTze naCvenebia wrfeze mdebare
areklili bgeris sixSire. ori wertilovani S1 da S1 bgeriTi wyaro.
85. ori identuri kamertoni 440hc sixSiriT wyaroebi Tanabari λ talRis sigrZis da
irxeva. adamiani kamertonebs Soris maT amplitudis bgerebs izotropulad asxiveben.
SemaerTebel wrfeze imyofeba. gamoTvaleT P1 deteqtori S1 da S2 wyaroebs Soris

am adamianis mier gazomili pulsaciis monakveTis perpendikularul biseqtrisaze
sixSire Tu a) is uZravad dgas da kamertonebi Zevs. P2 deteqtori wyaroebze gamaval wrfezea.
SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv erTi da igive P2 deteqtorze mosul talRebs Soris fazuri
mimarTulebiT 3m/wm siCqariT moZraoben sxvaoba 5 talRis sigrZea. a) ra manZilia
da b) kamertonebi uZravia da adamiani maTi wyaroebs Soris λ-s erTeulebSi? b) ra saxis
SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv 3m/wm siCqariT interferencia xdeba P1 wertilSi?
moZraobs. amjerad wyaroebi P1-sgan moSorebiT λ/2

86. udabnos qviSis zvavi sakmaod Zlier xmaurs manZiliT da θ=30° kuTxiT gadaaadgiles
gamoscems, romelic 10km-is moSorebiTac ki (sur. 17.46b). g) gamoTvaleT wyaroebis
ismis. xmauri srialis dros qviSis fenis sisqis damakavSirebul axal wrfeze mdebare P3
perioduli rxeviT (fenis sisqe periodulad wertilSi mosul talRebs Soris fazuri
izrdeba da mcirdeba) aris gamowveuli. Tu sxvaoba λ-s erTeulebSi. d) ra saxis
gamosxivebuli bgeris sixSirea 90hc, risi interferencia xdeba P3 wertilSi?
tolia a) qviSis fenis sisqis rxevis periodi

da b) bgeriTi talRis sigrZe?
87. Catesbeiana jiSis mamali bayayi sakmaod
xmamaRla yiyinebs. bgera bayayis piridan ki
ar gamoicema, aramed misi Tavis zedapirze
ganlagebuli yuris barabnebidan. Tu (a) (b)
gamosxivebuli bgeris sixSirea 260hc da

xmamaRlobis donea 85 decibeli (yuris
barabanTan axlos), risi tolia yuris barabnis 91. Weqa-quxilis Tqvengan daSorebis manZilis
rxevis amplituda? haeris simkvrivea 1,21kg/ gamoTvla SesaZlebelia, Tu gaelvebas da
m3. quxils Soris wamebs daiTvliT. ra mTel

ricxvze unda gayoT wamebis raodenoba, raTa
88. TiTebis tkacunis dros Rru farTovdeba
manZili kilometrebSi miiRoT?
da masSi sinovialuri siTxisTvis ufro meti
moculoba iqmneba. amis Sedegad siTxeSi 92. uwyveti grZivi sinusoiduri talRa
airis buStula Cndeba. buStis uecari rxevis wyaroze damagrebul Zalian grZel
gaCena (kavitacia) xmis impulss anu tkacuns cilindruli zambaris gaswvriv igzavneba.
warmoqmnis. dauSviT, rom bgera yvela talRa x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
mimarTulebiT Tanabrad vrceldeba. Tu moZraobs. wyaros sixSire 25hc-ia. drois
impulsis xmamaRlobis done Tqvens yurze 62 nebismier momentSi zambaris maqsimalurad
decibelia, SeafaseT ra tempiT warmoiqmneba gaWimvis mimdebare wertilebs Soris manZili
energia kavitaciis dros? 24sm-ia. zambaris nawilakis maqsimaluri

grZivi gadaadgileba 0,3sm-ia. x=0 mdebareobis
89. policiis manqana Porsche 911-s misdevs.
nawilakis gadaadgileba nulis tolia, rodesac sxvaoba 37decibelia. gamoTvaleT bgerebis

t=0. Tu talRis gantolebaa s(x,t)=smcos(kx±ωt), a) intensivobebi, b) wnevis amplitudebi da
risi tolia a) sm, b) k, g) ω, d) talRis siCqare g) nawilakis gadaadgilebebi.
da e) ω-s swori niSani? 97. tyvia 685 m/wm siCqariT isroles. ga
93. a) Tu haerSi da mtknar wyalSi moZravi moTvaleT dartymiT konussa da tyviis
ori bgeriTi talRis intensivoba Tanabaria, moZraobis wrfes Soris kuTxe?
risi tolia wyalSi moZravi talRis wnevis 98. 17.48 suraTze bgeriTi talRebis S
amplitudis Sefardeba haerSi moZravi talRis wertilovani wyaro AB amrekli kedlis
wnevis amplitudasTan? dauSviT, rom wylisa axlos aris ganTavsebuli. D deteqtori
da haeris temperaturaa 20°C (ix. cxrili 14.1). S-dan momaval pirdapir R1 sxivs iRebs. igive
b) Tu wnevis amplitudebi Tanabaria, risi deteqtorze modis kedlidan arekvlili R2
tolia talRebis intensivobebis Sefardeba? sxivi. am sxivis dacemis θi kuTxe arekvlis θr
kuTxis tolia. dauSviT, rom kedelze bgeris
94. bgeriTi talRa wertilovani wyarodan
arekvla 0,5λ fazur Zvras iwvevs. Tu 17.48
yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabrad vrceldeba.
suraTze gamosaxuli manZilebia: d1=2,5m,
a) daamtkiceT, gamtari garemos s gadaadg-
d2=20m da d3=12,5m. risi tolia a) umciresi da
ilebis gamosaxuleba wyarodan nebismier r
b) meore umciresi sixSire, rodesac D-sTan R1
manZilze:
da R2 erTnair fazaSia?
b
s= sin k(r – vt),
r
sadac b mudmivaa. ganixileT talRis siCqare,
gavrcelebis mimarTuleba, perioduloba da
intensivoba. b) ra ganzomilebisaa b mudmiva?
95. 17.47 suraTze
naCvenebia haeriT
savse akustikuri
interferometri,
romelic bgeriTi
talRebis inter
ferenciis saCve-
neblad gamoiyeneba. S bgeris wyaro merxevi sur. 17.48. amocana 98.
diafragmaa, xolo D aris bgeris deteqtori 99. x RerZze uZravad mdebare wertilovani
(yuris an mikrofonis msgavsi). SBD traeqto- wyaro 686hc sixSiris da 343m/wm siCqaris
riis sigrZe icvleba, xolo SAD traeqtoriis bgeriT sinusoidur talRas asxivebs. talRa
sigrZe ucvlelia. SBD traeqtoriiT D-ze wyarodan radialurad vrceldeba da haeris
momavali bgeris talRa SAD traeqtoriiT molekulebis radialurad SigniT da gareT
momaval bgeris talRasTan interferirebs. rxevas iwvevs. modiT talRuri fronti iyos
erT-erTi Cvenebisas, moZravi mxaris garkveul haeris molekulebis maqsimaluri gareT
mdebareobaze D-ze mosuli bgeris intensivo- gadaadgilebis wertilebis SemaerTebeli
ba 100 erTeulia da mxaris 1,65sm-iT daZvri- xazi. nebismier mocemul momentSi, talRuri
sas nel-nela maqsimalur 900 erTeuls aRw- frontebi koncentruli wrewirebia, romelTa
evs. gamoTvaleT a) wyarodan gamosxivebuli centri wyaroa. a) x RerZis gaswvriv ra manZilia
bgeris sixSire da b) D deteqtorze SAD tal- mimdebare talRur frontebs Soris? Semdeg
Ris da SBD talRis amplitudebis Sefardeba. wyaro x RerZis gaswvriv 110m/wm siCqariT
g) es talRebi erTi da igive wyarodan gamosx- moZraobs. x RerZis gaswvriv ra manZilia
ivda. ratom aris maTi amplitudebi gansxvave- b) wyaros win da g) wyaros ukan ganlagebul
buli? mimdebare talRur frontebs Soris?
96. or bgeras Soris xmamaRlobis doneebis 100. 17.33 suraTze S1 da S2 bgeris izotropuli
619
wertilovani wyaroebia. isini erTnairi TiToeulma saxeobam blokis energiis 20%
fazebis da 0,5m talRis sigrZis talRebs miiRo. ugulebelyaviT moZraobisas talRebis
asxiveben. wyaroebs Soris manZilia D=1,6m. meqanikuri energiis danakargi da gamoTvaleT
Tu wyaroebs Soris Sua wertilis garSemo a) moculobiTi talRis da b) zedapiruli
gavlebul wreze deteqtors avamoZravebT, talRis intensivobebi, rodesac maT 200km-
wris ramden wertilSi iqneba mosuli talRebi iT daSorebul seismografs miaRwies. d) am
a) zustad erTnair fazebSi da b) zustad gamoTvlebis mixedviT romeli talRa ufro
sapirispiro fazebSi? iolad aRmoaCina seismografma?
101. davuSvaT, sferos formis dinamiki bgeras 103. kaSalotis (sur. 17.50a) xmas mimdevrobiTi
izotropulad 10vt simZlavriT asxivebs tkacaniT vigebT. sinamdvileSi, kaSaloti
oTaxSi, romlis kedlebi, iataki da Weri Tavis wina nawilSi mxolod erT bgeras
srulad mSTanTqmeli zedapirebisgan Sedgeba. warmoqmnis da mimdevrobac amis Semdeg iwyeba.
a) risi tolia bgeris intensivoba wyaros bgeris nawili Tavidan wyalSi gamodis da
centridan d=3m manZilze? b) risi tolia d=4m mimdevrobis pirveli tkacani xdeba. bgeris
manZilze talRis amplitudis Sefardeba d=3m darCenili nawili spermacetis CanTaSi gadis,
manZilze talRis amplitudasTan? wina CanTidan (haeris fena) airekleba da
102. 1996 wlis 10 ivliss, iosemites velSi Semdeg kvlav spermacetis CanTaSi brundeba.
granitis bloki kedlidan mowyda. kedelze rodesac bgera Tavis wina nawilSi ganlagebul
Camocurebis Semdeg man gasrolili sxeuliv- periferiul CanTas (haeris kidev erTi fena)
iT gaagrZela moZraoba. rodesac bloki mi- miaRwevs, bgeris nawili wyalSi gamodis da
waze daeca, seismuri talRebi warmoiqmna da meore tkacans qmnis. bgeris darCenili nawili
es talRebi 200km-is daSorebiT myofma seis- kvlav spermacetis CanTaSi brundeba da a.S.
mografmac ki daafiqsira. gamoTvlebma aCve- 17.50b suraTze naCvenebia wylis qveS
na, rom blokis masa 7,3×10 kg-sa da 1,7×10 kg-s
7 8 ganlagebuli mikrofonis mier Cawerili
Soris iyo. “gasrolis” wertilidan (gasro- lenturi diagrama. diagramaze bgerebs Soris
lis kuTxe cnobili ar aris) bloki vertika- intervali 1mwm-ia. davuSvaT, spermacetis
lurad 500m qvemoT da horizontalurad 30m CanTaSi bgera 1372m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
win davarda. a) SeafaseT blokis kinetikuri gamoTvaleT CanTis sigrZe. amgvari gamo
energia dacemis momentSi. Tvlebis Sedegad mecnierebi kaSalotis
dacemis adgilidan ori saxis seismuri talRa sigrZes adgenen.
gavrcelda. naxevarsferuli moculobiTi

talRa miwaSi gafarToebadi naxevarsferos
saxiT gavrcelda. cilindruli zedapiruli
talRa miwis zedapiris gaswvriv gafarToebadi
vertikaluri cilindris saxiT gavrcelda
(sur. 17.49). miiCnieT, rom dacema 0,5wm-
is ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda, vertikaluri
cilindris siRrmea d=5m, xolo talRis
104. aRmosavleTisken 16m/wm siCqariT moZrav

manqanaSi mjdom mgzavrebs maT ukan igive
mimarTulebiT 40m/wm siCqariT (haeris da
miwis mimarT) moZravi teqnikuri daxmarebis

V 2 Δt
manqanidan 950hc sixSiris sirena esmiT. haerSi d= .
ΔV
bgeris siCqarea 340m/wm. a) ra sixSiris sirenas
b) rodesac V=5000m/wm da ΔV=200m/wm, Δt-s ra
ismens teqnikuri daxmarebis manqanaSi mjdomi
mniSvnelobaa mosalodneli, rodesac bgera
mgzavri? b) ra sixSiris sirenas gaigoneben
mozardi tiranozavris fexis Zvlis diametrs
manqanis mgzavrebi, rodesac teqnikuri
gadis? (SeafaseT Zvlis diametri).
daxmarebis manqana maT CauvliT?
107. adamianis
105. Tqven izotropuli wertilovani ultrabgera
smenadobis diapa
wyarodan D manZilze imyofebiT. Semdeg 50m
zonze maRali si
manZils wyarosken gadixarT da aRmoaCenT, rom
xSireebis bgeris arteria
bgeris intensivoba gaormagda. gamoTvaleT D
taRlebisgan Sem
manZili.
dgari ultrabgera
106. kldeSi na adamianis sxeulis
marxi dinozav SigTavsis gamosaxulebis warmoqmnisTvis
ris saZebnelad gamoiyeneba. ufro metic, ultrabgeris sa
pa-leontologebi SualebiT sisxlis moZraobis siCqarec
bgeris talRebs SeiZleba dadgindes, Tu sxeulSi Segzavnili
iyeneben da dino ultrabgeris sixSires sisxlidan ada
zavris kompiu mianis sxeulis zedapirisken arekvlili
terul gamosa ultrabgeris sixSires SevadarebT. sisxlis
xulebas qmnian. pulsirebis Sedegad sixSire icvleba.
Semdeg gamosaxu
davuSvaT, pacientis mxaris ultrabgeriT
lebis daxmarebiT paleontologebi kldes
gamosaxulebaze ultrabgeris moZraobis
Txrian (es meTodi film iuruli periodis
wrfisadmi θ=20° kuTxis mdgeneli arteria
parkis pirvel scenebSia naCvenebi). am meTodis
moCans (sur. 17.52). aseve warmovidginoT, rom
ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom miwis
arteriis sisxlidan arekvlili ultrabgeris
doneze ganlagebuli wyaro (seismuri Tofi)
sixSire sawyisi 5,000 000 mghc mniSvnelobidan
bgeris Zlier impulsebs gamoasxivebs da
maqsimum 5495hc mniSvnelobiT izrdeba.
Semdeg am impulsebs miwaSi gaTxril xvrelSi
a) 17.52 suraTze sisxli marjvniv miedine-
moTavsebuli hidrofoni iRebs. wyaro da
ba Tu marcxniv? b) adamianis mxarSi bgeris
erTi hidrofoni 17.51 suraTzea naCvenebi.
siCqarea 1540m/wm. ra maqsimaluri siCqariT
Tu bgeris talRa wyarodan hidrofonamde
moZraobs sisxli? (miniSneba: dopleris efeq-
17.51 suraTis msgavsad mxolod kldes
ti ultrabgeris moZraobis gaswvriv sis
gaivlis, maSin misi siCqarea V, xolo dro – T.
xlis siCqaris komponentiTaa gamowveuli).
Tu bgera zogierT adgilebSi kldis nacvlad
g) Tu θ kuTxe ufro metia, areklili sixSire
namarx Zvals gaivlis, maSin hidrofonamde
gaizrdeba Tu Semcirdeba?
misasvlelad mas odnav meti dro dasWirdeba.
108. pulsirebadi cvalebadi varskvlavis
mosalodnel da gazomil droebs Soris Δt
periodis Sefaseba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu
sxvaobis gazomvis Sedegad ZvalSi gavlili
CavTvliT, rom varskvlavi mdgari talRebis
d manZili dgindeba. es procedura wyaros
fundamentur pirobaSi grZiv radialur
da hidrofonebis mravali ganlagebisTvis
pulsaciebs asrulebs. es niSnavs, rom
meordeba da kompiuteri d manZilebis gagebis
varskvlavis radiusi, varskvlavis zedapirze
Semdeg namarxis gamosaxulebas qmnis.
mdebare gadaadgilebaTa burcobTan erTad,
a) davuSvaT namarx ZvalSi bgeris siCqarea
droSi icvleba. a) varskvlavis centri
V – ΔV, sadac ΔV mcirea V-sTan SedarebiT.
gadaadgilebaTa kvanZia Tu burcobi? b) erTi
daamtkiceT, rom d manZilia:
Ria bolos mqone milTan analogiis mixedviT
621
daamtkiceT, rom pulsaciis T periodia qariT momavali wyarodan f1 sixSiris signals
4R/ν, sadac R aris varskvlavis wonasworuli iRebs. Tu msmeneli moZravi wyarosken (dasav-
radiusi, xolo ν – varskvlavis nivTierebaSi leTisken) 25 m/wm siCqariT gadaadgildeba, f1
bgeris saSualo siCqare. g) tipuri TeTri sixSirisgan 37 hc-iT gansxvavebul f2 sixSires
juja varskvlavebi 1,33×10  pa moculobiTi
22 miiRebs. risi tolia wyaros sixSire? (haerSi
deformaciis modulis da 1010 kg/m3 simkvrivis bgeris siCqarea 340 m/wm.)
nivTierebisgan Sedgeba. maTi radiusebi 9×10
–3
111. gitaristi gitaris sims 440 hc funda
mzis radiusis tolia. daaxloebiT risi tolia mentur sixSireze ayenebs. a) risi toli iqneba
TeTri jujis pulsaciis periodi? fundamenturi sixSire, Tu gitaristi sims
109. 100 hc sixSiris sayviri, romelsac 20 %-iT ufro Zlierad daWimavs? b) risi toli
izotropul wertilovan wyarod miviCnevT, iqneba fundamenturi sixSire, Tu gitaristi
10 km manZilze odnav ismis. ra manZilze simis rxevis sigrZes Seamcirebs? sigrZis
gamoiwvevs sayviri tkivils? SemcirebisTvis gitaristi TiTs simis erT
110. uZravi (haerisa da miwis mimarT) msme- mesamed manZilze xidisken Camoacurebs.
neli misken (aRmosavleTisken) 15 m/wm siC-

18 temperatura, siTbo
da Termodinamikis
pirveli kanoni
Gxriala gveli Zalian Sxamiania da adamianisTvis saSiSia. rodesac gvels
dasaxlebul adgilze pouloben, mas maSinve klaven. miuxedavad amisa,
Gxriala gvelis sikvdili xifaTs mTlianad ar aqrobs. marTlac, uamrav
adamians dauSvia Secdoma da mkvdar gvels miaxloebia. Gxriala gveli
SesaZloa naxevari saaTis mkvdaric iyos, magram Sxamian kbils xels mainc
Gaasobs da sawamlavs amoanTxevs.
rogor axerxebs mkvdari Cxriala gveli xelze kbenas?
18.1. ra aris fizika? temperatura (K)
fizikis da inJineriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dargi

Termodinamikaa, romelic sistemebis siTburi energiis
(Sinagani energiis) gamoyenebas Seiswavlis. Termodinamikis
centraluri cneba temperaturaa. temperaturas Semdeg
paragrafSi SeviswavliT. adamiani siTburi energiisa da
temperaturis Sesaxeb codnas bavSvobidan iZens. magaliTad,
Tqven albaT iciT, rom cxel saWmels an Rumels unda
ufrTxildeT, xolo malfuWebadi sakvebi civ an gril adgilas
unda SeinaxoT. albaT aseve iciT rogor akontroloT
temperatura saxlSi da manqanaSi an rogor daicvaT Tavi
qaris sicivisa da mzis damwvrobisgan.
yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da mecnierebaSi Termodinamikis
gamoyenebis magaliTebi uricxvia. saavtomobilo inJinrebi
manqanis Zravis gadaxurebas exebian. sakvebi produqtebis
inJinrebi saWmlis sworad gacxelebas (magaliTad picis
gacxelebas mikrotalRuri RumeliT) da gaciebas (magaliTad sur. 18.1. zogierTi temperatura
uwyvet teqnologiur procesSi naxevarfabrikatebis gayinvas) kelvinis skalaze. T=0 temperatura
–∞
ikvleven. geologebi el ninos movlenis dros siTburi 10 –s Seesabama da am logariTmul
skalaze gamosaxuli ar aris
energiis gadacemas da arqtikasa Tu antarqtikaSi yinulis
622
18.2. temperatura 623
TanTadanobiT dnobas ganixilaven. sasoflo-sameurneo sferos muSakebs meteorologiur
pirobebTan aqvT Sexeba, romlebic gansazRvraven kidec viTardeba soflis meurneoba Tu ara.
eqimebi ikvleven Tu ra temperatura axasiaTebs msubuq virusul infeqcias an kibos zrdas.
Termodinamikis Seswavlas temperaturis cnebis gansazRvrebiT da misi gazomviT viwyebT.
18.2. temperatura
temperatura SI sistemis Svidi ZiriTadi sidididan erT-erTia. fizikosebi temperaturas
kelvinis skalaze kelvinebSi zomaven. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxeulis temperaturas zeda zRvari
ar gaaCnia, mas qveda zRvari aqvs. es zRvruli temperatura kelvinis skalaze nulia. oTaxis
temperatura am absoluturi nulidan daaxloebiT 290 kelvinia, rac 290K saxiT Caiwereba. 18.1
suraTze naCvenebia temperaturaTa farTo diapazoni.
rodesac samyaro 13,7 miliardi wlis win Seiqmna, misi temperatura daaxloebiT 1039kelvini (1039K)
iyo. mogvianebiT samyaro gacivda da dResdReobiT misi temperatura daaxloebiT 3 kelvinia (3K).
Cven, dedamiwaze mcxovrebi arsebebi odnav ufro Tbilebi varT, vinaidan varskvlavTan axlos
vcxovrobT. mzis gareSe Cveni temperaturac 3 kelvini iqneboda (anu saerTod ar viarsebebdiT).
18.3. Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni

rodesac Cven sxeulebis temperaturas vcvliT, Tundac maTi
gadataniT macivridan cxel RumelSi, maTi maxasiaTeblebi
icvleba. magaliTad, temperaturis zrdasTan erTad siTxis
moculoba izrdeba, liTonis Rero odnav ufro grZeldeba,
mavTulis eleqtruli winaRoba izrdeba, xolo airis wneva siTbosadmi mgrZnobiare
elementi
izrdeba. zemoT moyvanili maxasiaTeblebidan nebismieri
sur. 18.2. Termoskopi. xelsawyos
SegviZlia safuZvlad davudoT xelsawyos, romelic gaxurebisas ricxvebi izrdeba, xolo
temperaturis cnebis zustad gansazRvrebaSi dagvexmareba. gaciebisas - mcirdeba. siTbosadmi
mgrZnobiare elementi SesaZloa iyos
18.2 suraTze amgvari xelsawyoa naCvenebi. nebismier
mavTuli, romlis eleqtruli winaRoba
inJiners SeuZlia aseTi xelsawyo daaproeqtos da aagos,
izomeba da ekranze gamoisaxeba.
Tu nebismier zemoT moyvanil maxasiaTebels gamoiyenebs.
xelsawyo aRWurvilia cifruli ekraniT da mas Semdegi Tvisebebi gaaCnia: gaxurebisas ekranze
naCvenebi ricxvi izrdeba, xolo gaciebisas - mcirdeba. xelsawyo dagraduirebuli ar aris da
ricxvebs fizikuri mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT. xelsawyo Termoskopia da ara Termometri.
davuSvaT, 18.3a suraTis msgavsad Termoskopi (romelsac T sxeuls vuwodebT) sxva sxeulTan (A
sxeuli) mWidro kontaqtSi moviyvanoT. mTliani sistema sqeli kedlebis mqone maizolirebel
yuTSia moqceuli. Termoskopze gamosaxuli ricxvebi icvleba, vidre saboloo Sedegi ar miiReba
(vTqvaT Cveneba `137,04~-ia). sinamdvileSi vvaraudobT, rom T sxeulis da A sxeulis yvela
zomvadma maxasiaTebelma myari, ucvleli mniSvneloba SeiZina. Semdeg vambobT, rom ori sxeuli
erTmaneTTan siTbur wonasworobaSia. T sxeulis Cvenebebi dagraduirebuli ar aris, magram
vaskvniT, rom T–s da A–s temperatura (romelic ar aris cnobili) Tanabaria.
davuSvaT, Semdeg T sxeuli B sxeulTan mWidro kontaqtSi moviyvaneT (sur. 18.3b) da aRmoCnda, rom
ori sxeulis siTburi wonasworoba Termoskopis igive Cvenebis dros miiRweva. am SemTxvevaSic T
da B sxeulebis temperatura (romelic isev ucnobia) Tanabaria. Tu exla A da B sxeulebs mWidro
kontaqtSi moviyvanT (sur. 18.3g), iqnebian Tu ara isini erTmaneTTan siTburi wonasworobaSi?
eqsperimentis Sedegad Cven davadgenT, rom iqnebian.
18.3 suraTze naCvenebi eqsperimenti Termodinamikis nulovani kanoniT jamdeba:
624 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
sur. 18.3. a) T sxeuli (Termoskopi) da A sxeuli siTbur

wonasworobaSi imyofebian (S sxeuli Tbosaizolacio ekrania). b) T
sxeuli (Termoskopi) da B sxeuli Termoskopis igive Cvenebis dros
siTbur wonasworobaSia. g) Tu a) da b) marTalia, maSin Termodinamikis
nulovani kanonis Tanaxmad A da B sxeulebic siTbur wonasworobaSia.
Tu A da B sxeuli mesame T sxeulTan siTbur

wonasworobaSia, maSin es sxeulebi erTmaneTTan
(a)
siTbur wonasworobaSia.
ufro martivi eniT Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni

gvatyobinebs: `yvela sxeuls gaaCnia temperaturad wo
debuli maxasiaTebeli. rodesac ori sxeuli siTbur
wonasworobaSia, maTi temperaturebi Tanabaria da piriqiT~.
exla Termoskopi (mesame T sxeuli) Termometrad SegviZlia
gardavqmnaT da mis Cvenebas fizikuri mniSvneloba
(b)
mivaniWoT. amisTvis mxolod dagraduirebaa saWiro.
laboratoriaSi Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni mud
mivad gamoiyeneba. Tu gvsurs gavigoT, aris Tu ara or
WiqaSi moTavsebuli siTxeebis temperatura Tanabari,
TiToeulis temperaturas TermometriT gavzomavT. ori
sxeulis erTmaneTTan kontaqtSi moyvana da maTi siTburi
wonasworobis dadgena saWiro ar aris.
nulovanma kanonma dRis sinaTle mxolod 1930-ian wlebSi (g)
ixila. am dros Termodinamikis pirveli da meore kanonebi
ukve karga xnis aRmoCenili da dasaTaurebuli iyo. vinaidan es ori kanoni temperaturis cnebas
efuZneba, Tavad temperaturis ganmsazRvreli kanonis dasaTaureba nuli unda iyos.
18.4. temperaturis gazomva

Tavdapirvelad temperatura ganvsazRvroT da kelvinis skaliT gavzomoT. Semdeg Termoskops
davagraduirebT da Termometrs miviRebT.
wylis sammagi wertili

temperaturis skalis Sesaqmnelad ganmeorebadi siTburi movlena avirCioT da Semdeg mis garemos
kelvinis raime temperatura mivaniWoT. es niSnavs, rom standartuli fiqsirebuli wertili
avirCioT da mas standartuli fiqsirebuli temperatura mivaniWoT. Cven SegveZlo wylis
gayinvis an duRilis wertili agverCia, magram teqnikuri
airis
mizezebis gamo wylis sammag wertils virCevT. Termometris
baloni
Txevadi wyali, myari yinuli da wylis orTqli siTbur
orTqli
wonasworobaSi SeiZleba Tanaarsebobdnen wnevisa da
temperaturis mniSvnelobebis mxolod erTi wyvilis
sur. 18.4. sammagi wertilis WurWeli, romelSic myari yinuli,

Txevadi wyali da wylis orTqli siTbur wonasworobaSi Tanaarseboben.
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, am nazavis temperatura 273,16 kelvinia. yinuli
aseve naCvenebia WurWlis ormoSi moTavsebuli mudmivi moculobis
airis Termometris baloni. wyali
18.4. temperaturis gazomva 625
SemTxvevaSi. 18.4 suraTze naCvenebia sammagi wertilis WurWeli, sadac wylis e.w. sammagi
wertili SeiZleba miviRoT. saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT wylis sammag wertils temperaturis
273,16K mniSvneloba mieniWa, rogorc Termometris dagraduirebisTvis saWiro standartuli
fiqsirebuli temperatura:
T3=273,16K (sammagi temperatura) (18.1)
indeqsi 3 `sammag wertils~ niSnavs. igive SeTanxmebis mixedviT kelvinis absolutur nulsa da
wylis sammag wertilis temperaturas Soris sxvaobis 1/273,16 nawilia.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom kelvinis temperaturebis aRniSvnisas gradusis niSans ar viyenebT.
gvaqvs 300K (da ara 300°K) da ikiTxeba `300 kelvini~ (da ara `300 gradusi kelvini~). prefiqsebi
SI sistemaSi kelvinisTvis gamosadegia anu 0,0035K niSnavs 3,5milikelvins (3,5 mK). kelvinis
temperaturebi da temperaturis sxvaobebi terminologiurad ar gansxvavdebian, anu SegviZlia
vTqvaT: `gogirdis duRilis temperaturaa 717,8 kelvini~ da `wylis temperaturam 8,5 kelviniT
moimata~.
mudmivi moculobis airis Termometri

standartuli Termometri, romlis mixedviT yvela Termometri graduirdeba, mudmivi
moculobis airis wnevazea dafuZnebuli. 18.5 suraTze naCvenebia mudmivi moculobis airis
Termometri. Termometri airiT savse balonisgan Sedgeba, romelic miliT vercxliswylis
manometrs ukavSirdeba. R WurWlis aweviT da daweviT U-milis marcxena mxarSi Casxmuli
vercxliswylis done nuldeba, raTa airis moculoba mudmivi iyos (airis moculobis cvlilebam
temperaturis gazomvaze zegavlena SeiZleba iqonios).
balonTan siTbur kontaqtSi myofi nebismieri sxeulis temperaturaa (18.5 suraTze kolbis
garSemo Casxmuli siTxe):
T = Cp , (18.2)
sadac p aris airidan moqmedi wneva, xolo C mudmivaa. 14.10 formulidan p wnevaa:
p = p0 – ρgh , (18.3)
sadac p0 atmosferuli wnevaa, ρ - vercxliswylis simkvrive manometrSi, xolo h - milis or mxarSi
vercxliswylis doneebs Soris sxvaoba (18.3 formulaSi minus niSani imis gamoa, rom p wneva p0
wnevis donis maRla izomeba).
Tu balons sammagi wertilis WurWelSi (sur. 18.4)
skala
movaTavsebT, temperatura iqneba:
airis
T3 = Cp3 , (18.4) baloni
sadac p3 aris airis wneva. 18.2 da 18.4 formulebidan C-s

gamoricxva mogvcems:
()
p
()
p
T = T3 p3  = (273,16 K) p3  (pirobiTi) (18.5)
am TermometrTan kvlav problemebi gvaqvs. Tu mas,

magaliTad, wylis duRilis temperaturis gasazomad
gamoviyenebT, aRmoCndeba, rom balonSi moTavsebuli
sxvadasxva airebi odnav gansxvavebul Sedegebs mogvcemen.
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac balonis Sesavsebad sul
ufro mcire raodenobis airs viyenebT, Cvenebebi erT
sur. 18.5. mudmivi moculobis airis
temperaturisken miiswrafian. 18.6 suraTze sami sxvadasxva
Termometri. baloni CaZirulia siTxeSi,
airisTvis amgvari miswrafebaa naCvenebi. romlis T temperatura unda gaizomos.
sur. 18.6. mudmivi moculobis airis Ter

mometriT gazomili temperaturebi. Termo
metris baloni mduRare wyalSia CaZiruli.
18.5 formuliT temperaturis gamoTvlisas,
p3 wneva wylis sammag wertilSi iyo gazomili.
balonSi moTavsebuli sami gansxvavebuli airi
sxvadasxva wnevaze sxvadasxva Sedegs gvaZlevs,
magram rodesac airTa raodenoba mcirdeba
(p3 mcirdeba), samive grafiki 373,125K mniS
vnelobasTan ikribeba.
maSasadame, airis TermometriT temperaturis gazomvis saSualebaa:
T = (273,16 K)
p
p3 (  ) (18.6)
am formulis mixedviT T ucnobi temperatura ase unda gaizomos: Termometris baloni nebismieri
airis (magaliTad azotis) raime raodenobiT gaavseT da gazomeT p3 (sammagi wertilis WurWlis
gamoyenebiT) da p, airis wneva gasazom temperaturaze. (airis moculoba orive gazomvis dros
Tanabari iyos.) Semdeg p/p3 Sefardeba gamoTvaleT. Semdeg orive gazomva ufro mcire raodenobis
airisTvis gaimeoreT da ase ganagrZeT, vidre p/p3 Sefardebis eqstrapolirebas SeZlebT iseTi
situaciisaTvis, rodesac balonSi airi TiTqmis saerTod ar aris. eqstrapolirebuli Sefardeba
18.3 formulaSi CasviT da T temperatura gamoTvaleT (am temperaturas idealuri airis
temperatura ewodeba).
18.5 celsiusis da farengeitis skalebi

Cven mxolod kelvinis skala ganvixileT, romelic ZiriTadad samecniero muSaobaSi gamoiyeneba.
msoflios qveynebis umetesoba komerciuli Tu samecniero miznebisTvis celsiusis skalas
iyenebs. celsiusis temperaturebi gradusebSi izomeba da celsiusis gradusi kelvinis zomisaa,
magram celsiusis skalaze nuli absolutur nulze ufro mosaxerxebeli mniSvnelobisaa. Tu TC
celsiusis temperaturaa da T aris kelvinis temperatura, maSin:
TC = T – 273,15° (18.7)
celsiusis skalaze temperaturis gamosaxvisTvis gradusis simbolo gamoiyeneba. maSasadame,

celsiusis Cvenebas 20°C saxiT vwerT, xolo kelvinis Cvenebas - 293,15K saxiT.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamoyenebuli farengeitis skala celsiusis skalaze mcire
gradusebs moicavs da gansxvavebuli nulovani temperatura aqvs. am sxvaobis dasanaxad
Cveulebrivi oTaxis Termometri gamoiyeneT, romelsac orive skala aqvs. celsiusis da
farengeitis skalebs Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
9
TF = 5 TC + 32°, (18.8)
sadac TF aris farengeitis temperatura. or skalas Soris gadasvla iolad xdeba, Tu ramdenime
Sesabamis temperaturas, magaliTad wylis gayinvisa da duRilis temperaturebs daimaxsovrebT
(cxrili 18.1). 18.7 suraTzea erTmaneTTan Sedarebuli kelvinis, celsiusis da farengeitis
skalebi.
18.5 celsiusis da farengeitis skalebi 627
cxrili 18.1 zogierTi temperatura

temperatura °C °F
wylis duRilis temperaturaa 100 212
adamianis normaluri temperatura 37 98,6
komfortuli temperatura 20 68
wylis gayinvis temperatura a
0 32
nuli farengeitis skalaze ≈ -18 0
skalebis damTxveva -40 -40
sur. 18.7. kelvinis, celsiusis da farengeitis
a
ufro zustad, wylis duRilis temperatura celsiusis skalaze skalebis Sedareba.
99,975°C-ia, xolo gayinvis temperatura - 0,00°C. maSasadame, am or
temperaturas Soris 100°C-ze odnav naklebia.
C da F asoebs am or skalaze gazomili gradusebis gansxvavebisTvis viyenebT:
0°C = 32°F
es niSnavs, rom celsiusis skalaze 0° farengeitis skalaze 32° temperaturis tolia, maSin
rodesac:
5C° = 9F°
niSnavs, rom 5 gradusi celsiusi sxvaoba (SeniSneT, rom gradusis simbolo C-s Semdegaa) 9
gradusi farengeitis sxvaobis tolia.

warmoidgineT, rom Zvel mecnierul Canawers Z F
waawydiT, romelSic Z-ad wodebuli tempera- 65°Z duRili 212°F
turuli skalaa aRwerili. am skalaze wylis 79 Z° 180 F°
duRilis temperatura 65°Z-ia, xolo gayinvis –14°Z gayinva 32°F
temperatura — –14°Z. farengeitis skalaze 84 Z°
ra temperaturas Seesabameba T = –98°Z? dauS- T = –98°Z T = ?
viT, rom Z skala wrfivia anu Z gradusis zoma sur. 18.8. ucnobi temperaturuli skalis da
Z skalis nebismier adgilze Tanabaria. farengeitis temperaturuli skalis Sedareba
amoxsna: Cven mocemuli T temperatura Z ska-
lis orive cnobil temperaturasTan unda skalaze duRilis da gayinvis temperaturas
davakavSiroT. vinaidan T = –98°Z gayinvis Sorebs sxvaobaa 65°Z – (–14°Z) = 79Z°.

temperaturasTan (–14°Z) ufro axlosaa, vi- farengeitis skalaze 212°F – 32°F = 180F°.
dre duRilis temperaturasTan (65°Z), gayin- maSasadame 79Z° temperaturuli sxvaoba
vis temperaturas viyenebT. Semdeg viTval- 180F° sxvaobis eqvivalenturia (sur. 18.8)
iswinebT, rom T am temperaturaze naklebia da gadayvanis koeficientad (180F°)/(79Z°)
–14°Z – (–98°Z) = 84Z° (sur. 18.8). ganayofi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
amjerad Z–sa da farengeitis skalebs Soris vinaidan T gayinvis temperaturaze 84Z°-iT
gadayvanis koeficienti unda vipovoT, raTa naklebia, farengeitis skalaze:

180F°
es sxvaoba gadaviyvanoT. amisTvis Z skalis (84 Z°) = 191 F°.
79Z°
orive cnobil temperaturas da farengeitis vinaidan gayinvis temperaturaa 32°F:
skalaze Sesabamis temperaturebs viyenebT. Z T = 32°F – 191F ° = –159°F (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia

sami wrfivi temperaturuli skala da duRilis wertili
aRniSnulia wylis gayinvisa da duRilis

temperaturebi. a) daalageT skalebis
gradusebi zomebis mixedviT dididan
mcireze. b) daalageT Semdegi temperaturebi gayinvis wertili
dididan mcireze: 50°X, 50°W da 50°Y.
taqtika 1: temperaturis cvlileba. temperaturis cvlileba kelvinis an

celsiusis gradusebSi gamosaxuli cvlilebis
wylis duRilisa da gayinvis temperaturas So-
9
ris daaxloebiT 100 kelvini da 100 gradusi 5 -ia. magaliTad, farengeitis gradusebSi 10K
9
celsiusia. maSasadame, kelvini da celsiusis temperaturis cvlileba aris ( 5 )(10K) anu
gradusi Tanabari zomisaa. aqedan an 18.7 for- 18F°.
mulidan gamomdinare viciT, rom tempera- yuradRebiT iyaviT, raTa temperatura
turis cvlileba gamosaxuli kelvinebsa Tu da temperaturis cvlileba anu sxvaoba
celsiusis gradusebSi erTi da igive ricxvia. erTmaneTSi ar agerioT. 10K temperatura
magaliTad, 10K-iT temperaturis cvlileba ar aris 10°C an 18°F, magram rogorc zemoT
10C°-iT temperaturis cvlilebis eqvivalen- aRvniSneT 10C° an 18F° temperaturis
turia. cvlilebis tolia. es gansxvaveba Zalian
wylis duRilisa da gayinvis temperaturebs mniSvnelovania mxolod T-s Semcvel da
Soris 180 farengeitis gradusia. maSasadame ara temperaturis sxvaobis T2–T1 Semcvel
180F°=100K da farengeitis gradusi unda iyos gantolebebSi. T temperatura umetes wilad
5
kelvinis an celsiusis gradusis 100/180 anu 9 . kelvinebSi iqneba da ara gradusi celsiusebSi
aqedan an 18.8 formulidan gamomdinare viciT, an farengeitebSi. mokled rom vTqvaT,
rom farengeitis gradusebSi gamosaxuli moerideT `gaurkvevel T”-s.
18.6. siTburi gafarToeba

qilis magrad Camjdar liTonis Tavsaxurs iolad
movuSvebT, Tu mas cxeli wylis nakadSi daviWerT.
liTonis Tavsaxuri da qilis mina farTovdeba,
vinaidan cxeli wyali maT atomebs energias
matebs (atomTaSorisi zambarismagvari Zalebis
moqmedebis fonze, romlebic qmnian kidec myar
sxeulebs, damatebiTi miRebuli energiis Sedegad
atomebi erTmaneTisgan Cveulebrivze ufro did
manZilebze moZraoben.) miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan sur. 18.9. rodesac konkordi bgeris siCqareze
liTonis atomebi minis atomebze ufro did ufro swrafad dafrinavda, haeris xaxuniT
gamowveuli siTburi gafarToeba TviTmfrinavis
manZilebze Sordeba erTmaneTs, Tavsaxuri qilaze
sigrZes daaxloebiT 12,5sm-iT zrdida (TviT
metad farTovdeba da misi moxsna martivdeba. mfrinavis cxvirze temperatura 128°C-mde
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad nivTierebaTa izrdeboda, xolo kudze - daaxloebiT 90°C-mde.
kabinis fanjrebi Sexebisas SesamCnevad Tbili
siTburi gafarToeba mraval gavrcelebul
iyo).
18.6. siTburi gafarToeba 629
situaciaSia mosalodneli. magaliTad, rodesac xidi TiTberi
temperaturis did sezonur cvlilebebs ganicdis, misi
foladi
seqciebi gafarToebis budeebiT aris aRWurvili, raTa
T = T0
temperaturis matebis dros xidis seqciebi gafarTovdes
(a)
da xidi ar gaiRunos. rodesac kbilis Rrus avseben, Sesavseb
nivTierebas siTburi gafarToebis garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi
unda hqondes, vinaidan civi nayinis Wama da Semdeg cxeli
T > T0
yavis dayoleba sakmaod mtkivneuli iqneboda. rodesac
(b)
TviTmfrinavi konkordi (sur. 18.9.) aages, misi korpusisTvis
sur. 18.10 a) T0 temperaturis
siTburi gafarToebis movlena gaiTvaliswines, vinaidan
biliTonuri firfita erTmaneTTan
zebgeriTi siCqariT frenisas haeris xaxuni korpuss acxelebs. SeduRebuli foladis da TiTberis
zogierTi nivTierebis siTburi gafarToebis Tviseba firfitebisgan Sedgeba. b) firfi
ta gadaixreba, rodesac misi tem
sayovelTaod gamoiyeneba. Termometrebi da Termostatebi
peratura aTvlis temperaturaze me
biliTonuri firfitis komponentebs Soris gafarToebis tia. aTvlis temperaturaze naklebi
sxvaobebze SeiZleba aigos (sur. 18.10). garda amisa, temperaturis SemTxvevaSi firfita
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ixre
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Termometri swored im faqts
ba. mravali Termostati swored
efuZneba, rom vercxliswylis da spirtis magvari siTxeebi am principze moqmedebs, rodesac
minis WurWelTan SedarebiT ufro metad farTovdebian. eleqtruli kontaqti temperaturis
zrdasa da klebasTan erTad myardeba
da wydeba.
wrfivi gafarToeba
Tu L sigrZis liTonis Reros temperatura ΔT-Ti gaizarda, maSin misi sigrZe Semdegi sididiT
izrdeba:
ΔL = Lα ΔT , (18.9)
sadac α aris wiriTi gafarToebis koeficienti. α koeficientis erTeulia ` 1gradusze ~
1
an ` kelvinze ~ da nivTierebazea damokidebuli. α temperaturasTan erTad icvleba, magram
praqtikuli miznebisTvis mas gansakuTrebul nivTierebisTvis mudmivad miviCnevT. 18.2 cxrilSi
mocemulia wiriTi gafarToebis koeficientebi, gaiTvaliswineT, rom C° erTeuli kelviniT
SeiZleba Seicvalos.
myari sxeulis siTburi gafarToeba fotografiis gadidebas waagavs, Tumca is sam ganzomilebaSi
xdeba. 18.11b suraTze naCvenebia foladis saxazavis siTburi gafarToeba. 18.9 formula saxazavis
yovel wiriT zomas miesadageba, iqneba es napiri, sisqe, diagonalebi, masze gavlebuli wrewiris
Tu masSi amokveTili xvrelis diametrebi. Tu xvrelidan amoWrili disko xvrelSi kargad jdeba,
araferi ar Seicvleba, rodesac saxazavis da diskos temperatura erTnairad Seicvleba.
moculobiTi gafarToeba
Tu temperaturasTan erTad myari sxeulis yvela zoma farTovdeba, maSin myari sxeulis
moculobac unda gafarTovdes. siTxeebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod moculobiT gafarToebas aqvs
azri. Tu V moculobis mqone myari sxeulis an siTxis temperatura ΔT-iT gaizrda, moculoba
Semdegi mniSvnelobiT gaizrdeba:
ΔT = Vβ ΔT , (18.10)
sadac β aris siTxis an myari sxeulis moculobiTi gafarToebis koeficienti. myari

sxeulis moculobiTi gafarToebis koeficienti da wiriTi gafarToebis koeficienti Semdeg
urTierTkavSirSia:
β = 3α (18.11)
630 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni 630
sur. 18.11. foladis erTi da igive saxazavi sxvadasxva

temperaturaze. rodesac saxazavi farTovdeba, skala,
ricxvebi, sisqe, wris da wriuli xvrelis diametrebi
erTnairi koeficientiT izrdebian (sicxadisTvis
gafarToeba mniSvnelovnad gadidebulia)
yvelaze gavrcelebuli siTxe - wyali, sxva siTxeebis msgavsad ar iqceva. 4°C-ze zemoT, wyali
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad farTovdeba, magram 0-sa da 4°C-s Soris wyali temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad ikumSeba. maSasadame, daaxloebiT 4°C-ze wylis simkvrive maqsimums aRwevs.
yvela sxva temperaturaze wylis simkvrive maqsimalur mniSvnelobaze naklebia.
swored wylis es Tvisebaa imis mizezi, rom tba zemodan iyineba da ara fskeridan. rodesac tbis
zedapirze wyali, vTqvaT, 10°C-dan gayinvis temperaturisken civdeba, is ufro mkvrivi (`mZime~)
xdeba, vidre qveda donis wyali da fskerze iZireba. magram 4°C temperaturidan Semdgomi gaciveba
tbis zedapirze arsebul wyals naklebad mkvrivs (`msubuqs~) xdis da Sesabamisad wyali gayinvamde
zedapirze rCeba. maSasadame zedapiri iyineba, xolo mis qvemoT wyali isev Txevadi rCeba. tba rom
fskeridan iyinebodes, gadnobas zafxulSic ki ver moaswrebda, vinaidan zedapirze mdgomi wyali
mis fskers izolaciaSi moaqcevda. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, dedamiwis temperaturul zonebSi
arsebuli Ria wylis masebi nel-nela gaiyineboda da wyalSi cxovreba saerTod aRar iarsebebda.
cxrili 18.2
wrfivi gafarToebis koeficientebia
nivTiereba α (10-6/C°) nivTiereba α (10-6/C°)

yinuli (0°C-ze) 51 foladi 11
tyvia 29 mina (Cveulebrivi) 9
alumini 23 mina (pireqsi) 3,2
TiTberi 19 brilianti 1,2
spilenZi 17 invarib 0,7
betoni 12 mdnari kvarci 0,5
a
yvela nivTiereba oTaxis temperaturazea, garda yinulisa
b
am Senadnobs gafarToebis mcire koeficienti unda hqonoda. sityva inglisuri “invariable”-s Semoklebaa da “ucvlels”
niSnavs.

oTxi marTkuTxa liTonis dafa, romelTa gverdis
sigrZeebia L, 2L an 3L. dafebi erTi da igive
nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli da maTi temperaturebi
erTnairi sididiT izrdeba. daalageT dafebi a) maTi
vertikaluri simaRleebis da b) maTi farTobebis
mosalodneli zrdis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
18.7. temperatura da siTbo 631

las vegasSi mcxunvare dRes gadamzidma avzSi moculobac unda Semcirdes. 18.10 formulidan
37000l dizelis sawvavi CatvirTva. peisonSi gamomdinare moculobis cvlilebaa:
(iutas Stati) Semosvlisas las vegasTan
ΔV = Vβ α ΔT 
SedarebiT 23K-T naklebi temperatura iyo da
= (37000 l)(9,5 × 10–4/C°)(–23 K) = –808 l.
gadamzidma swored aq dacala tvirTi. ramdeni
maSasadame, daclili tvirTis moculobaa:
litri dacala gadamzidma? dizelis sawvavis
moculobiTi gafarToebis koeficientia Vdel = V + ΔV = 370000 l – 808 l 
9,5x10–4/C°, xolo foladis avzis wrfivi = 36190 l (pasuxi)
gafarToebis koeficentia 11x10–6/C°. mxedvelobaSi miiReT, rom foladis avzis
amoxsna: dizelis sawvavis moculoba gafarToebas amocanasTan araviTari kavSiri
temperaturazea damokidebuli. maSasadame, ar aqvs. sakiTxavi is aris, vin gadaixada
temperaturis Semcirebis Sedegad sawvavis dakarguli dizelis sawvavis Rirebuleba?
18.7. temperatura da siTbo

Tu macivridan koka-kolas gamoiRebT da samzareulos magidaze datovebT, misi temperatura
jer swrafad, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT gaizrdeba da oTaxis temperaturas miaRwevs. aseve,
Tu cxeli yavis Wiqas magidaze datovebT, misi temperatura
garemo TE daecema da oTaxis temperaturis toli gaxdeba.
mdgomareobis ganzogadebis mizniT yavas an koka-kolas
sistema
(a) sistemas (TS temperaturis mqones) vuwodebT, xolo
T S
samzareulos - sistemis garemos (TE temperaturis mqones).
Q
TS >TE Q <0 Cveni dakvirvebis mixedviT, Tu TS ar aris TE-s toli, maSin TS
icvleba (SesaZlebelia TE garemos temperaturac Seicvalos
mcire sididiT), vidre ori temperatura gaTanabrdeba da
garemo
TE siTburi wonasworoba damyardeba.
temperaturis amgvari cvlileba sistemis siTburi energiis
sistema (b) cvlilebiTaa gamowveuli, vinaidan sistemasa da sistemis
T S
garemos Soris energiis gacvla xdeba. (gaixseneT, rom siTburi
TS =TE Q=0 energia Sinagani energiaa, romelic sagnis SigniT mdebare
atomebis, molekulebis da sxva mikroskopuli sxeulebis qaosur
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli kinetikuri da potenciuri
garemo TE energiebisgan Sedgeba.) gadacemul energias siTbo ewodeba
da mas Q simboloTi aRniSnaven. siTbo dadebiTia, rodesac
sistema
(g) energia garemodan sistemis siTbur energiaSi gadadis (sistema
T S
siTbos STanTqavs). siTbo uaryofiTia, rodesac energia
Q
TS <TE Q >0 sistemis siTburi energiidan garemoSi gadadis (sistema siTbos
gamoyofs anu kargavs).
sur. 18.12. a) rodesac sistemis
temperatura mis garemos tempe energiis gadacema 18.12 suraTzea naCvenebi. 18.12a suraTze
raturas aWarbebs, Q siTbo TS>TE, energia sistemidan garemoSi gadadis da Q uaryofiTia.
sistemidan garemoSi gadadis da 18.12b suraTze TS=TE, energiis gadatana ar xdeba da Q nulis
b) siTburi wonasworoba myardeba.
g) rodesac sistemis temperatura tolia. 18.12g suraTze TS<TE da energia garemodan sistemaSi
garemos temperaturaze naklebia, gadadis anu Q dadebiTia.
sistema siTbos STanTqavs da kvlav siTbos gansazRvreba Semdegia:
siTburi wonasworoba myardeba.
siTbo aris sistemasa da mis garemos Soris arsebuli temperaturuli sxvaobis Sedegad
maT Soris gadacemuli energia.
gaixseneT, rom sistemasa da garemos Soris energiis gacvla sistemaze moqmedi Zalis W muSaobis
Sedegadac SeiZleba. temperaturis, wnevisa da moculobisgan gansxvavebiT, siTbo da muSaoba ar
warmoadgens sistemis Sinagan Tvisebas. isini mxolod sistemaSi an sistemidan energiis gadacemas
aRweren. kargi analogiaa fraza `$600-is transferi~, romelic angariSidan gadaricxvas an
angariSze Caricxvas niSnavs da ara angariSis Semcvelobas. angariSze ki Senaxulia fuli da
ara transferi. maSasadame swori iqneba fraza: ùkanaskneli 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi garemodan
sistemaSi 15j siTbo gadavida~ an ùkanaskneli wuTis ganmavlobaSi garemodan sistemaze 15j
muSaoba Sesrulda~, xolo frazebi: `sistema 450j siTbos Seicavs” an `sistema 385j muSaobas
Seicavs~ sruliad uazroa.
vidre mecnierebi gaiazrebdnen, rom siTbo gadacemuli energiaa, siTbo wylis temperaturis
gazrdis SesaZleblobiT izomeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, kaloria iyo siTbos raodenoba,
romelic 1g wylis temperaturas 14,5°C-dan 15,5°C-mde gazrdida. britaneTSi siTbos erTeuli
britanuli siTburi erTeuli (bse) iyo. is ganisazRvreboda, rogorc siTbos raodenoba,
romelic 1 funti wylis temperaturas 63°F-dan 64°F-mde gazrdida.
1948 wels, samecniero sazogadoebam gadawyvita, rom radganac siTbo (muSaobis msgavsad)
gadacemuli energiaa, amitom SI sistemaSi misi erTeuli energiis erTeuli anu jouli unda
iyos. dResdReobiT kaloria wylis gaTbobas aRar exeba da zustad 4,1868 joulia. (kvebasTan
dakavSirebuli termini kaloria, sinamdvileSi kilokaloriaa). siTbos erTeulebs Soris Semdegi
kavSiria:
1 kaloria = 3,969 × 10–3 bse = 4,1868 j. (18.12)
18.8. myari sxeulebis da siTxeebis mier siTbos STanTqma.

siTbotevadoba
sagnis C siTbotevadoba aris sagnis mier STanTqmul an gacemul Q siTbosa da ΔT temperaturis

cvlilebas Soris proporciulobis koeficienti:
Q = CΔT = C (Tf – Ti ), (18.13)
sadac Tf da Ti Sesabamisad sagnis sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebia. C siTbotevadobis
erTeulia energia gradusze an energia kelvinze. magaliTad, gamaTboblis marmarilos dafis C
siTbotevadoba SeiZleba iyos 179kal/C°, rac Cven aseve SegviZlia CavweroT rogorc 179kal/K
an 749j/K.
sityva `tevadoba~ sakmaod matyuaraa, vinaidan analogias aCens magaliTad wylis vedros
tevadobasTan. amgvari analogia swori ar aris da sagani siTbos `Semcvelad~ an SezRuduli
raodenobis siTbos mSTanTqmelad ar unda warmovidginoT. siTbos gadacemas SezRudva ar
gaaCnia, vidre aucilebeli temperaturuli gansxvaveba miiRweva. ra Tqma unda, siTbos gadacemis
procesSi sagani SeiZleba galRves an aorTqldes.
kuTri siTbotevadoba
erTi da igive nivTierebisgan, magaliTad marmarilosgan damzadebuli sagnebis siTbotevadoba
maTi masis proporciulia. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneba `masis erTeulze
siTbotevadobis~ anu c kuTri siTbotevadobis gansazRvreba SemoviRoT, romelic exeba ara
sagans, aramed nivTierebis masis erTeuls. am SemTxvevaSi 18.13 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
18.8. myari sxeulebis da siTxeebis mier siTbos STanTqma. 633
Q = cmΔT = cm(Tf – Ti ) (18.14)
eqsperimentis Sedegad gamoCndeba, rom marTalia romelime konkretuli marmarilos dafis

siTbotevadoba SesaZlebelia 179kal/C° (anu 749j/K) iyos, magram TviTon marmarilos (am
konkretul dafaSi an marmarilosgan damzadebul sxva saganSi) kuTri siTbotevadoba yovelTvis
0,21kal/g·C° (anu 880j/kg·K) iqneba.
kaloriis da britanuli siTburi erTeulis sawyisi gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare wylis kuTri
siTbotevadobaa:
c = 1kal/g·C° = 1 bse/funti · F° = 4190j/kg·K (18.15)
18.3 cxrilSi mocemulia zo cxrili 18.3

kuTri siTbotevadobebi da
gierTi nivTierebis kuT
moluri siTbotevadobebi oTaxis temperaturaze
ri siTbotevadoba oTa
xis temperaturaze. SeniS kuTri moluri
neT, rom wylis kuTri siTbotevadoba siTbotevadoba
nivTiereba
siTbotevadoba SedarebiT kal/g·K j/kg·K j/mol·K
maRalia. sinamdvileSi nebis
mieri nivTierebis kuTri ZiriTadi myari
nivTierebebi
siTbotevadoba temperatu
razea damokidebuli, magram
tyvia 0,0305 128 26,5
18.3 cxrilSi mocemuli
volframi 0,0321 134 24,8
mniSvnelobebi oTaxis tempe
vercxli 0,0564 236 25,5
raturasTan miaxloebuli tem
spilenZi 0,0923 386 24,5
alumini 0,215 900 24,4
peraturebis diapazonSi gamo
dgeba. sxva myari
nivTierebebi
TiTberi 0,092 380
sakontrolo wertili 3. Q graniti 0,19 790
siTbos garkveuli raodenoba
mina 0,2 840
yinuli (–10°C) 0,53 2220
1g A nivTierebas 3C°-iT
siTxeebi
aTbobs, xolo 1g B nivTierebas
4C°-iT. romeli nivTierebis
vercxliswyali 0,033 140
kuTri siTbotevadobaa meti?
eTilis spirti 0,58 2430
zRvis wyali 0,93 3900
wyali 1 4190
moluri siTbotevadoba
mraval SemTxvevaSi nivTierebis raodenobis gansazRvrebisTvis moli yvelaze mosaxerxebeli
erTeulia:
1 moli = 6,02×1023 elementaruli erTeuli
maSasadame 1moli alumini 6,02x1023 atoms (atomi elementaruli erTeulia) niSnavs, xolo 1moli
aluminis oqsidi - 6,02×1023 molekulas (molekula naerTis elementaruli erTeulia).
rodesac sidideebi molebSi gamoisaxeba, siTbotevadobac mols (da ara masas) unda Seicavdes. am
SemTxvevaSi mas moluri siTbotevadoba ewodeba. 18.3 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi myari niv-
Tierebis moluri siTbotevadoba oTaxis temperaturaze.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi
vidre nebismieri nivTierebis kuTr siTbotevadobas ganvsazRvravT da viyenebT, saWiroa
vicodeT pirobebi, rodesac energia siTbos saxiT gadaicema. myari sxeulebisa da siTxeebisTvis
Cveulebriv vuSvebT, rom gadacemis dros wneva (Cveulebriv, atmosferuli) mudmivia. aseve
SesaZlebelia, rom siTbos STanTqmis dros moculoba mudmivi iyos. es niSnavs, rom nimuSis siTbur
gafarToebas gare wnevis moqmedeba uSlis xels. myari sxeulebisa da siTxeebisTvis amgvari
eqsperimentis Catareba Zalian rTulia, magram gamoTvlebis Catareba SeiZleba da aRmoCndeba,
rom mudmivi wnevisa da mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi nebismieri myari sxeulisa Tu siTxis kuTri
siTbotevadobebi mxolod ramdenime procentiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. airebs mudmivi
wnevisa da mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli kuTri siTbotevadobebi aqvT.
gardaqmnis siTbo
rodesac myari sxeuli an siTxe energias siTbos saxiT STanTqavs, ar aris aucilebeli
temperatura gaizardos. amis nacvlad nimuSma faza anu mdgomareoba SeiZleba Seicvalos.
nivTiereba sam ZiriTad mdgomareobaSi arsebobs. myar mdgomareobaSi nivTierebis molekulebi
urTierTmizidulobis Sedegad myar struqturas qmnian. Txevad mdgomareobaSi molekulebis
energia metia da ufro mets moZraoben. maT SeuZliaT moklevadiani jgufebis Seqmna, magram
nivTierebas myari struqtura ar gaaCnia da miedineba an WurWlis formas iRebs. airad anu
orTqlis mdgomareobaSi molekulebs kidev ufro meti energia aqvT, erTmaneTisgan Tavisuflebi
arian da WurWlis mTeli moculobis Sevseba SeuZliaT.
myari sxeulis dnoba myari mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas niSnavs. es procesi
energias moiTxovs, vinaidan sxeulis molekulebi myari struqturidan unda gamonTavisufldnen.
gavrcelebuli magaliTia yinulis wylad gadaqceva. siTxis gamyareba (gayinva) dnobis Sebrunebuli
procesia da energiis Semcirebas moiTxovs, raTa molekulebma kvlav myari struqtura Seqmnan.
siTxis aorTqleba Txevadi mdgomareobidan airad mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas niSnavs. es procesi
dnobis msgavsad energias moiTxovs, vinaidan molekulebi jgufebidan unda ganTavisufldnen.
duRilisas Txevadi wylis gadaqceva wylis orTqlad sakmaod gavrcelebuli magaliTia. airis
kondensacia, romlis drosac siTxe warmoiqmneba, aorTqlebis Sebrunebuli procesia. am
procesis dros airs energia unda waerTvas, raTa molekulebi kvlav Sejgufdnen.
masis erTeulze siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiis raodenobas, rodesac nimuSi fazas srulad
icvlis, L gardaqmnis kuTri siTbo ewodeba. maSasadame, rodesac m masis nimuSi fazas srulad
icvlis, sruli gadacemuli energiaa:
Q = Lm (18.16)
rodesac nivTiereba Txevadidan airad mdgomareobaSi (siTbos STanTqavs) an airadidan Txevad

mdgomareobaSi (siTbos gascems) gadadis, gardaqmnis kuTr siTbos LV orTqladqcevis kuTri
siTbo ewodeba. duRilis an kondensaciis normaluri temperaturis SemTxvevaSi wylisTvis:
LV = 539 kal/g = 40,7 kj/mol = 2256 kj/kg. (18.17)
rodesac nivTiereba myaridan Txevad mdgomareobaSi (siTbos STanTqavs) an Txevadidan myar

mdgomareobaSi (siTxos gascems) gadadis, gardaqmnis siTbos LF dnobis kuTri siTbo ewodeba.
gayinvis an dnobis normaluri temperaturis SemTxvevaSi wylisTvis:
LF = 79,5 kal/g = 6,01 kj/moli = 333 kj/kg. (18.18)
18.4 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi nivTierebis gardaqmnis kuTri siTbo.

18.8. myari sxeulebis da siTxeebis mier siTbos STanTqma. 635
cxrili 18.4
gardaqmnis kuTri siTboebi
dnoba duRili
dnobis LF dnobis kuTri duRilis LV orTqladqcevis
nivTiereba temperatura siTbo temperatura kuTri siTbo
(K) (kj/kg) (K) (kj/kg)
wyalbadi 14 58 20,3 455
Jangbadi 54,8 13,9 90,2 213
vercxliswyali 234 11,4 630 296
wyali 273 333 373 2256
tyvia 601 23,2 2017 858
vercxli 1235 105 2323 2336
spilenZi 1356 207 2868 4730

a) ramdeni siTbo unda STanTqas m=720g gadacemul energias mxolod temperaturis
masis yinulma, raTa -10°C temperaturidan gazrda SeuZlia. Ti=0°C sawyisi mniSvnelobidan
15°C temperaturis Txevad mdgomareobaSi Tf=15°C saboloo mniSvnelobamde siTxis
gadavides? temperaturis gazrdisTvis saWiro Q3 siTbo
amoxsna: gaTbobis procesi sami safexurisgan 18.14 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
Sedgeba: Q3 = cwyalim(Tf – Ti)
safexuri 1. yinuli gayinvis wertilze qvemoT = (4190 j/kg·K)(0,72 kg)(15°C – 0°C)
mdebare temperaturaze ar SeiZleba gadnes, = 45252 j ≈ 45,25 kj.
amitom Tavidan yinulze gadacemuli siTbo mTliani siTbo am calkeul safexurze miRe-
yinulis temperaturas zrdis. Ti = –10°C buli siTbos jamis tolia:
sawyisi mniSvnelobidan Tf = 0°C saboloo Qsruli = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
mniSvnelobamde (dnobis temperaturamde) = 15,98 kj + 239,8 kj + 45,25 kj
gazrdisTvis saWiro Q1 siTbo 18.14 formuliT ≈ 300 kj (pasuxi)
moicema (Q=cmΔT). gamoviyenoT 18.3 cxrilSi SeniSneT, rom yinulis dnobisTvis saWiro
mocemuli yinulis kuTri siTbotevadoba siTbo yinulis gaTbobisa Tu Txevadi wylis
cyinuli da miviRebT: gaTbobisTvis saWiro siTboze bevrad metia.
Q1 = cyinulim(Tf – Ti) b) Tu yinuls mxolod 210kj energias mivawvdiT
= (2220 j/kg·K)(0,72 kg)[0°C – (–10°C)] (siTbos saxiT), rogori iqneba saboloo
= 15984 j ≈ 15,98kj. mdgomareoba da temperatura?
safexuri 2. temperatura 0°C-s ver gascdeba, amoxsna: pirveli safexuridan viciT, rom
vidre yinuli mTlianad ar gadneba, amitom yinulis dnobis temperaturamde misayvanad
yinulisTvis gadacemul siTbos yinulis 15,98kj energiaa saWiroa. am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod wylad gadaqceva SeuZlia. yinulis QdarC. darCenili siTbo aris 210 kj – 15,98 kj
dnobisTvis saWiro Q2 siTbo 18.16 formuliTaa anu daaxloebiT 194kj. meore safexuridan
mocemuli (Q = Lm). L am SemTxvevaSi LF dnobis gamomdinare, am raodenobis siTbo yinulis
kuTri siTboa da misi mniSvneloba 18.4 gadnobisTvis sakmarisi ar aris. vinaidan
cxrilSia mocemuli: yinuli bolomde ar dneba, miviRebT yinulisa
Q2 = LFm = (333 kj/kg)(0,72 kg) ≈ 239,8 kj. da Txevadi wylis nazavs, romlis temperatura
safexuri 3. amjerad Cven 0°C temperaturis 0°C iqneba.
siTxe gvaqvs. siTxisTvis siTbos saxiT gamdnari yinulis m masas QdarC. energiis
saSualebiT gamovTvliT Tu 18.16 formulas maSasadame darCenili yinulis masaa 720 g – 580
LF-sTan erTad gamoviyenebT: g anu 140g. maSasadame gvaqvs:
QdarC. 194 kj 580g wyali da 140g yinuli 0°C-ze (pasuxi)
m= = = 0,583 kg ≈ 583 g
LF 333 kj/kg

mc=75g masis spilenZis naWeri laboratoriul CavsvaT:
RumelSi T=312°C temperaturamde gaaxures.
cwmw(Tf – Ti) + Cb(Tf – Ti) + ccmc (Tf – T) = 0 (18.23)
Semdeg spilenZis naWeri mw=220g masis
wylis Semcvel minis WiqaSi Caagdes. Wiqis Cb 18.23-Si temperatura mxolod sxvaobebis
siTbotevadobaa 45kal/K. wylisa da Wiqis saxiTaa Sesuli. vinaidan celsiusis da
sawyisi Ti temperaturaa 12°C. davuSvaT, kelvinis skalaze sxvaobebi identuria,
spilenZis naWeri, Wiqa da wyali izolirebul am formulaSi nebismieri skala SegviZlia
sistemas qmnian da wyali ar orTqldeba. risi gamoviyenoT. formula Tf-sTvis amovxsnaT da
tolia sistemis Tf saboloo temperatura, miviRebT:
rodesac siTburi wonasworoba damyardeba? ccmcT + CbTi + cwmwTi
Tf = .
amoxsna: rodesac sistema izolirebulia, cwmw + Cb + ccmc
mxolod energiis Sida gadacema xdeba. am gamoviyenoT celsiusis temperaturebi da
SemTxvevaSi sam amgvar gadacemas aqvs adgili: 18.3 cxrilidan cc da cw mniSvnelobebi aviRoT.
spilenZis naWeri energias kargavs, wyali ener- mricxvelisTvis miviRebT:
gias iZens da WurWelic energias iZens. vinaid- (0,0923kal/g·K)(75 g)(312°C)+(45 kal/K)(12°C)
an am dros nivTierebaTa fazebi ar icvleba,
+ (1 kal/g·K)(220 g)(12°C) = 5339,8 kal
energiis gadacema mxolod temperaturas cv-
mniSvnelisTvis gveqneba:
lis. temperaturis cvlilebasTan energiis
(1 kal/g·K)(220 g) + 45 kal/K
gadacemis dasakavSireblad 18.13 da 18.14
+(0,0923k al/g·K)(75 g) = 271,9 kal/C°
formulebs viyenebT:
Semdeg miviRebT:
wylisTvis: Qw = cwmw(Tf – Ti) (18.19)
5339,8 kal
Tf = = 19,6°C ≈ 20°C (pasuxi)
WurWlisTvis: Qb = Cb(Tf – Ti) (18.20) 271,9 kal/C°
mocemuli monacemebidan gamomdinare Segi
spilenZis naWrisTvis: Qc = ccmc (Tf – T) (18.21)
ZliaT aCvenoT, rom
rodesac sistema izolirebulia, misi sruli
energia ar icvleba. es niSnavs, rom am sami
Qw ≈ 1670 kal, Qb ≈ 342 kal da Qc ≈ –2020 kal.
gadacemuli energiis jami nulis tolia: damrgvalebis Sedegad miRebul uzustobas Tu
ar gaviTvaliswinebT, am siTboebis jami 18.22
Qw + Qb + Qc = 0 (18.22)
formulis Tanaxmad marTlac nulis tolia.
18.19-18.21 formulebi 18.22 formulaSi
18.9. kidev erTxel siTbosa da muSaobis Sesaxeb 637
18.9. kidev erTxel siTbosa da muSaobis Sesaxeb

amjerad detalurad ganvixiloT rogor SeiZleba sistemasa da mis garemos Soris energia siTbos
da muSaobis saxiT gadavides. modiT Cvens sistemad moZravi dguSiT aRWurvil cilindrSi
moTavsebuli airi aviRoT, rogorc es aris 18.13 suraTze. airis wnevis Sedegad dguSze moqmedi
maRla mimarTuli Zala dguSze moTavsebuli tyviebis wonis tolia. cilindris kedlebi
saizolacio nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli, romelic energiis siTbos saxiT gadacemas ar uSvebs.
cilindris fskeri siTburi energiis sacavze – siTbur rezervuarzea moTavsebuli, romlis T
temperatura RilakiT regulirdeba.
sistema (airi) Tavdapirvelad i sawyis mdgomareobaSia da pi
wneviT, Vi moculobiT da Ti temperaturiT aRiwereba. Cven
gvsurs sistema f saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadaviyvanoT,
romelic pf wneviT, Vf moculobiT da Tf temperaturiT
aRiwereba. sistemis sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo
mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis process Termodinamikuri procesi
ewodeba. amgvari procesis ganmavlobaSi, sistemas energia
siTburi rezervuaridan SeiZleba gadaeces (dadebiTi siTbo)
an piriqiT waerTvas (uryofiTi siTbo). garda amisa, sistemas
SeuZlia datvirTuli dguSis awevaze (dadebiTi muSaoba)
an dawevaze (uaryofiTi muSaoba) Seasrulos muSaoba. Cven
vuSvebT, rom yvela aseTi cvlileba nela xdeba da sistema siTburi rezervuari
yovelTvis daaxloebiT siTbur wonasworobaSia (anu sistemis dasaregulirebuli
Rilaki
yvela nawili erTmaneTTan siTbur wonasworobaSia). sur. 18.13. airi moTavsebulia
davuSvaT, 18.13 suraTze gamosaxul dguSze dalagebuli moZravi dguSiT aRWurvil cilin

tyviebi SeamcireT da airma F zemoT mimarTuli Zalis drSi. airisTvis Q siTbos damateba an
gamokleba siTburi rezervuaris T
saSualebiT dguSs da darCenil tyviebs zemoT mimarTuli
 temperaturis regulirebiT xdeba.
ds diferencialuri gadaadgileba mianiWa. vinaidan airma dguSis awevaze an dawevaze W
gadaadgileba Zalian mcirea, SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom muSaoba SeiZleba Seasrulos.
 
gadaadgilebis dros F Zala mudmivia. am SemTxvevaSi F
Zalis absoluturi mniSvneloba pA tolia, sadac p aris airis wneva, xolo A - dguSis zedapiris
farTobi. airis mier gadaadgilebis dros Sesrulebuli diferencialuri dW muSaobaa:
 
dW = F · ds = (pA)(ds) = p(Ads) = pdV , (18.24)
sadac dV aris dguSis moZraobis Sedegad airis moculobis diferencialuri cvlileba. rodesac
tyvias sakmarisi raodenobiT SeamcirebT da airis moculoba Vi-dan Vf-ze Seicvleba, airis mier
Serulebuli sruli muSaobaa:
(18.25)
moculobis cvlilebis dros airis wneva da temperatura SeiZleba Seicvalos. 18.25 formulis
integralis gamosaTvlelad Cven unda vicodeT rogor icvleba wneva moculobasTan erTad im
konkretul procesSi, romliTac Cveni sistema i mdgomareobidan f mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
airis i mdgomareobidan f mdgomareobamde gadasayvanad umaravi meTodi arsebobs. erT-erTi
meTodi 18.14a suraTzea naCvenebi, sadac airis wnevis moculobaze damokidebulebis grafikia
gamosaxuli. am grafiks p–V diagramasac uwodeben. 18.14a suraTze Cans, rom moculobis zrdasTan
erTad wneva mcirdeba. 18.25 formulis integrali (da, maSasadame, airis mier Sesrulebuli W
muSaoba) grafikis i da f wertilebis Soris gamuqebuli ariTaa warmodgenili. vinaidan dguSis
maRla awevisas airis moculoba izrdeba, muSaoba dadebiTia.
sur. 18.14. a) gamuqebuli are sistemis mier Sesrulebul W muSaobas asaxavs,

rodesac sistema i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
W muSaoba dadebiTia, vinaidan sistemis moculoba izrdeba. b) W kvlav
dadebiTi da SedarebiT metia. g) W kvlav dadebiTi da SedarebiT mcirea.
d) W ufro mcire (i c d f traeqtoria) an ufro meti (ighf traeqtoria) SeiZleba
iyos. e) sistema f mdgomareobidan i mdgomareobaSi gadadis, rodesac airi
gare Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad ikumSeba. amjerad sistemis mier Sesrulebuli
W muSaoba uaryofiTia. v) sistemis mier sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi
(a)
Sesrulebuli Wj sruli muSaoba gamuqebuli ariTaa warmodgenili.
i mdgomareobidan f mdgomareobamde gadayvanis meore meTodi 18.14b

suraTzea naCvenebi. amjerad cvlileba ori safexurisgan Sedgeba,
jer i mdgomareobidan a mdgomareobamde da Semdeg a mdgomareobidan
f mdgomareobamde.
(b)
am procesis ia safexuri mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi mimdinareobs. es
niSnavs, rom 18.13 suraTis dguSze moTavsebuli tyviis burTulebi
xeluxlebelia. sakontrolo Rilakis gadatrialebiT airis
temperatura raime Ta temperaturamde imatebs da moculoba
izrdeba (Vi-dan Vf-mde). am dros airi dguSis awevaze dadebiT
muSaobas asrulebs da sistema siTburi rezervuaridan siTbos
STanTqavs. siTbo dadebiTia, vinaidan is sistemas emateba.
(g)
18.14b suraTis procesis af safexuri mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
mimdinareobs, amitom moZraobis aRsakveTad dguSis damagreba
mogiwevT. Semdeg sakontrolo Rilakis daxmarebiT temperatura
mcirdeba da wneva pa-dan pf-mde mcirdeba. am dros sistema siTbos
siTbur rezervuars gadascems.
sabolo jamSi, iaf procesis W muSaoba dadebiTia da mxolod ia
safexuri dros sruldeba. muSaoba grafikis gamuqebuli ariTaa
(d)
naCvenebi. energia siTbos saxiT ia da af safexurebis dros Q sruli
raodenobiT gadaicema.
18.14g suraTze naCvenebia mdgomareoba, rodesac zemoT aRwerili
ori safexuris Tanmimdevroba Secvlilia. am SemTxvevaSi W
muSaoba 18.14b suraTTan SedarebiT mcirea da sruli STanTqmuli
siTboc ufro naklebia. 18.14d suraTis mianiSnebs, rom airis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobis Semcireba (icdf traeqtoriis miyoliT) an
(e)
gazrda (ighf traeqtoriis miyoliT) Tqveni survilis mixedviT
xdeba.
saboloo jamSi sistemis gadayvana mocemuli sawyisi mdgo
mareobidan mocemul saboloo mdgomareobaSi usasrulo rao
denobis procesebiT SeiZleba. siTbo SeiZleba procesis nawili
iyos an ar iyos, xolo zogadad W muSaobas da Q siTbos sxvadasxva
procesebisTvis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi eqnebaT. vambobT, rom (v)
siTbo da muSaoba traeqtoriaze damokidebuli sidideebia.
18.14e suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi, rodesac gare Zala sistemas
kumSavs, mis moculobas amcirebs da sistema uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs. Sesrulebuli
muSaobis mniSvneloba kvlav grafikis qvemoT, gamuqebuli ariT aris gamosaxuli, magram radgan
airi ikumSeba, airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba uaryofiTia.
18.14v suraTze naCvenebia Termodinamikuri cikli, rodesac sistema i sawyisi mdgomareobidan
f sxva mdgomareobaSi gadadis da Semdeg kvlav i mdgomareobas ubrundeba. ciklis ganmavlobaSi
18.10. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni 639
sistemis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gafarToebis dros Sesrulebuli dadebiTi muSaobis da
SekumSvis dros Sesrulebuli uaryofiTi muSaobis jamis tolia. 18.14v suraTze jamuri muSaoba
dadebiTia, vinaidan gafarToebis mrudis (i-dan f-mde) qvemoTa are SekumSvis mrudis (f-dan i-mde)
qvemoTa areze didia.
sakontrolo wertili 4. p–V diagramze gamosaxulia airis eqvsi

mrudi treaqtoria. romeli ori traeqtoria iqneba daxuruli
ciklis nawili, Tu am ciklis ganmavlobaSi airis mier Sesrulebuli
jamuri muSaoba maqsimaluri dadebiTi mniSvnelobis unda iyos?
18.10. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni

rodesac sistema sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis, W Sesrulebuli
muSaoba da Q siTbo procesis bunebazea damokidebuli. eqsperimenti sakmaod ucnaur Sedegs
gvaZlevs: Q – W yvela procesisTvis Tanabaria. is damokidebulia mxolod sawyis da saboloo
mdgomareobebze da mniSvneloba ar aqvs, rogor gadadis sistema erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi.
Q da W yvela sxva kombinacia, iqneba es mxolod W, Q+W Tu Q+2W traeqtoriaze damokidebulia.
mxolod Q – W ar aris traeqtoriaze damokidebuli.
Q – W sidide sistemis garkveuli Siga maxasiaTeblis cvlilebas unda asaxavdes. am maxasiaTe
bels ES Sinagan energias vuwodebT:
ΔES = ES,f – ES,i = Q – W (pirveli kanoni) (18.26)
18.26 formula Termodinamikis pirveli kanonia. Tu Termodinamikuri sistema mxolod

diferencialur cvlilebas ganicdis, pirveli kanoni ase SeiZleba Caiweros1∗:
dES = dQ – dW (pirveli kanoni) (18.27)
sistemis ES Sinagani energia izrdeba, Tu energia Q siTbos saxiT emateba da mcirdeba,

Tu energia sistemis mier Sesrulebuli W muSaobis saxiT ikargeba.
me-8 paragrafSi izolirebuli sistemebisTvis anu sistemebisTvis, romlebSic energia garedan

arc Sedis da arc gamodis, energiis Senaxvis kanoni ganvixileT. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
am kanons araizolirebul sistemebze avrcelebs. am SemTxvevaSi, energia sistemaSi W Sesrule-
buli muSaobis an Q siTbos saxiT Sedis da gamodis. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonisTvis da-
vuSviT, rom sistemis, rogorc erTiani sxeulis, kinetikuri an potenciuri energia ar icvleba
anu Δ K= Δ U=0 .
mocemul paragrafamde termini muSaoba da W simbolo sistemaze Sesrulebul muSaobas niSnavda.
18.24 formulidan moyolebuli Termodinamikis Sesaxeb momdevno ori Tavis CaTvliT, aqcents
sistemis mier Sesrulebul muSaobaze gavakeTebT, rogorc airis 18.13 suraTze moyvanil
SemTxvevaSi.
∗ dQ da dW, dES-isgan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoadgenen namdvil diferencialebs. es niSnavs, rom mxolod sis-
temis mdgomareobaze damokidebuli Q(p,V) da W(p,V) funqciebi ar arsebobs. dQ da dW sidideebs arasruli
diferencialebi ewodeba da Cveulebriv đQ da đW simboloebiT aRiniSneba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, isini Segvi-
Zlia usasrulod mcire energiis gadacemad ganvixiloT.
sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba sistemis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis sawinaaRmdegoa. ase rom,
Tu 18.26 formulas sistemaze Sesrulebuli Won muSaobisTvis gadavwerT, miviRebT ΔES = Q + Won.
maSasadame, sistemis Sinagani energia izrdeba, Tu sistema siTbos STanTqavs an sistemaze
dadebiTi muSaoba sruldeba. aseve Sinagani energia mcirdeba, Tu sistema siTbos kargavs an
sistemaze uaryofiTi muSaoba sruldeba.
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia p–V diagramis

oTxi traeqtoria, romliTac airi i mdgomareobidan f
mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba gadavides. daalageT traeqtoriebi
a) airis ΔES Sinagani energiis cvlilebis, b) airis mier
Sesrulebuli W muSaobis da g) airsa da mis garemos Soris Q
siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiis sididis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.
18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi

amjerad oTx gansxvavebul Termodinamikur process ganvixilavT, rodesac sistema
garkveulwilad SezRudulia. Semdeg vnaxavT ra Sedegi mohyveba amgvari procesebisTvis
Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gamoyenebas. Sedegebi 18.5 cxrilSia Sejamebuli
1. adiabaturi procesebi. adiabaturi procesi maSin xdeba, rodesac procesi Zalian swrafia
an sistema imdenad kargad aris izolirebuli, rom sistemasa da garemos Soris siTbos saxiT
energiis gadacema ar xdeba. pirvel kanonSi (formula 18.26) Q = 0 CavsvaT da miviRebT:
ΔES = –W (adiabaturi procesi) (18.28)
formulis Tanaxmad Tu muSaobas sistema asrulebs (anu W dadebiTia), sistemis Sinagani energia
muSaobis odenobiT mcirdeba. aseve, Tu muSaoba sistemaze sruldeba (anu W uaryofiTia),
sistemis Sinagani energia muSaobis odenobiT izrdeba.
18.15 suraTze naCvenebia idealizebuli adiabaturi procesi.
izolirebul sistemaSi siTbo arc Sedis da arc gamodis.
maSasadame, sistemasa da garemos Soris energiis gadacemis
erTaderTi saSualeba muSaobaa. Tu tyvias dguSidan aviRebT
da airs gafarToebis saSualebas mivcemT, sistemis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia da airis Sinagani energia
mcirdeba.
cxrili 18.5
Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni: oTxi gansakuTrebuli
SemTxveva
kanoni: ΔES = Q – W (formula 18.26)

procesi SezRudva Sedegi
adiabaturi Q=0 ΔES = –W
mudmivi moculoba W=0 ΔES = Q sur. 18.15. adiabaturi gafarToeba
moxdeba, Tu dguSze dalagebul
Caketili cikli ΔES = 0 Q=W tyviebs nel-nela SevamcirebT. ne
Tavisufali gafarToeba Q=W=0 ΔES = 0 bismier stadiaze tyviebis damateba
procesis Seprunebas iwvevs.
18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi 641
2. procesebi mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi.
Tu sistemis (magaliTad, airis) moculoba mudmivia, is
muSaobas ver Seasrulebs. pirvel kanonSi (18.26 formula)
W = 0 Casma mogvcems:
ΔES = Q (procesi mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi) (18.29)
maSasadame, Tu sistema siTbos STanTqavs (anu Q dadebiTia),
maSin sistemis Sinagani energia izrdeba. Tu aseTi procesis
ganmavlobaSi siTbo ikargeba (anu Q uaryofiTia), maSin
sistemis Sinagani energia unda Semcirdes.
sur. 18.16. Tavisufali gafarToebis
procesis sawyisi etapi. rodesac 3. cikluri procesebi. arsebobs procesebi, rodesac
onkans gaxsnian, airi orive kameras siTbos da muSaobis garkveuli saxiT gacvlis Semdeg
Seavsebs da sabolood wonasworul sistema sawyis mdgomareobas ubrundeba. am SemTxvevaSi
mdgomareobaSi gadava.
sistemis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi da, maT Soris, Sinagani
energia ar icvleba. pirvel kanonSi (18.26 formula)
ΔES = 0 Casma mogvcems:
Q=W (cikluri procesi) (18.30)
maSasadame, cikluri procesis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba siTbos saxiT gadacemuli
energiis toli unda iyos. sistemis Sinagani energia ucvlelia. cikluri procesi p–V grafikze
Sekrul maryuJs qmnis da es 18.14v suraTze kargad Cans. amgvar procesebs detalurad me-20 TavSi
ganvixilavT.
4. Tavisufali gafarToeba. es aris adiabaturi procesi, rodesac sistemas da mis garemos

Soris siTbos gadacema ar xdeba da sistemaze an sistemis mier muSaoba ar sruldeba. maSasadame,
Q = W = 0 da pirveli kanonis Tanaxmad:
ΔES = 0 (Tavisufali gafarToeba) (18.31)
18.16 suraTze naCvenebia rogor xdeba amgvari gafarToeba. siTbur wonasworobaSi myofi airi
izolirebuli ormagi kameris erT mxares Camketi onkanis saSualebiT aris moqceuli. kameris
meore naxevari carielia. Semdeg onkans xsnian da airi Tavisuflad farTovdeba da kameris
orive mxares avsebs. airi ar iZens an kargavs siTbos, vinaidan izolirebulia. airi muSaobas ar
asrulebs, radgan vakuumSi Sedis da araviTari wneva ar eRobeba.
Tavisufali gafarToeba zemoT ganxiluli procesebisgan gansxvavdeba, vinaidan misi gakon-
troleba da nela Catareba SeuZlebelia. amgvari gafarToebis nebismier momentSi airi siTbur
wonasworobaSi ar aris da misi wneva araerTgvarovania. maSasadame, p–V diagramaze airis sawyisi
da saboloo mdgomareobebis ageba SesaZlebelia, magram Tavad gafarToebis grafiki ver aigeba.
sakontrolo wertili 6. p – V diagramaze naCvenebi erTi sruli

ciklisTvis a) airis ΔES da b) Q siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energia
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia?

18.17 suraTze 1kg masis Txevad wyals a) ra muSaobas asrulebs sistema procesis
standartuli atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi ganmavlobaSi?
(1,01×105pa)
100°C-ze aduReben da amave amoxsna: radgan moculoba izrdeba, sistemam
temperaturaze orTqlad aqceven. Txevadi dadebiTi muSaoba unda Seasrulos. W
wylis 1×10–3m3 sawyisi moculoba orTqlis muSaobis gamoTvla integrebiT SeiZleba
1,671m3 moculobad gadaiqceva. (18.25 formula), magram am SemTxvevaSi wneva
mudmivia (1,01×105pa) da p integrals gareT

SegviZlia gamovitanoT. Semdeg miviRebT:
= (1,01×105 pa)(1,671 m3 – 1×10–3 m3)
= 1,69×105 j = 169 kj. (pasuxi)
b) ra raodenobis energia gadaicema siTbos

saxiT procesis ganmavlobaSi?
amoxsna: duRilis procesSi siTbo mxolod
fazis Secvlas iwvevs da ara temperaturisa.
aqedan gamomdinare, siTbo 18.16 formuliT
(Q=Lm) gamoiTvleba. vinaidan wyali Txeva- sur. 18.17. wyals mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi aduReben.
didan airad mdgomareobaSi gadadis, L aris energia siTburi rezervuaridan siTbos saxiT
gadaicema, vidre Txevadi wyali mTlianad orTqlad
orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo LV da misi mniS-
gadaiqceva. muSaobas airi asrulebs, rodesac
vneloba 18.17 formuliT da 18.4 cxrilidan farTovdeba da datvirTul dguSs maRla wevs.
gamoiTvleba:
Q = LV m = (2256 kj/kg)(1 kg) ΔEint = Q – W = 2256kj – 169kj
= 2256 kj ≈ 2260 kj (pasuxi) ≈ 2090 kj = 2,09 mgj (pasuxi)
g) ramdeniT icvleba sistemis Sinagani energia sidide dadebiTia da niSnavs, rom sistemis Sina-
procesis ganmavlobaSi? gani energia duRilis dros gaizarda. es ener-
gia H2O molekulebis gancalkevebaze ixarje-
amoxsna: Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis
ba, romlebic Txevad mdgomareobaSi erTmaneTs
(18.26 formula) Tanaxmad sistemis Sinagani
Zlierad miizidaven. wylis duRili procesSi
energiis cvlilebas siTbos (am SemTxvevaSi
siTbos daaxloebiT 7,5%^(=169kj/2260kj) at-
sistemisTvis gadacemul energias) da muSaobas
mosferos Seviwroebaze Sesrulebul muSaoba-
(am SemTxvevaSi sistemidan gasul energias) ze ixarjeba. darCenili siTbo sistemis Sinagan
ukavSirdeba: energias emateba.
18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqanizmebi

Cven energiis siTbos saxiT gadacema sistemasa da mis garemos Soris ganvixileT, magram
ar gagvirCevia, rogor xdeba gadacema. siTbos gadacemis sami meqanizmi arsebobs, esenia:
Tbogamtaroba, konveqcia da gamosxiveba.
Tbogamtaroba
Tu liTonis saCxreks cecxlSi xangrZlivad gaaCerebT, misi saxeluri gacxeldeba. energia
cecxlidan saxelurs saCxrekis sigrZis gaswvriv Tbogamtarobis saSualebiT gadaecema. cecxlSi
moTavsebuli liTonis atomebis da molekulebis rxevis amplituda maRali temperaturis gamo
Zalian izrdeba. gazrdili amplituda da, maSasadame, energia mimdebare atomebis SejaxebaTa
dros saCxrekis gaswvriv atomidan atoms gadaecema. aseTi meTodiT gazrdili temperaturis are
saCxrekis saxeluramde aRwevs.
ganvixiloT A farTobis zedapiris da L sisqis firfita, romlis zedapirebi TH da TC temperaturebs
cxeli da civi rezervuarebis saSualebiT inarCuneben (18.18 suraTi). Q iyos firfitis cxeli
18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqanizmebi 643
L zedapiridan civ zedapirze siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energia t
droSi. eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom Tbogamtarobis tempia (drois
erTeulSi gadacemuli energiis raodenoba):
k
cxeli civi Q T H – TC
rezervuari rezervuari PTbogam = t = kA L , (18.32)
T HH Q TCH
sadac k kuTr Tbogamtarobad wodebuli mudmivaa da firfitis
nivTierebis gvarobazea damokidebuli. nivTierebas, romelic
energias iolad atarebs, kargi Tbogamtari ewodeba da misi k
THH > TCH maRali mniSvnelobisaa. 18.6 cxrilSi mocemulia gavrcele-
sur. 18.18. Tbogamtaroba. ener- buli liTonebis, airebis da samSeneblo nivTierebebis Tbo
gia THH temperaturis rezervua gamtarobebi.
ridan TC temperaturis ufro civ
rezervuarze L sisqis da k kuTri
Tbogamtarobis mqone firfitis cxrili 18.6
gavliT gadadis.
Tbogamtaroba
nivTiereba k (vt/m·K)
Tbogamtarobisadmi siTburi winaRoba liTonebi
uJangavi foladi 14
(R-sidide) tyvia 35
rkina 67
rodesac saxlis izolireba an piknikze koka-kolas TiTberi 109
qilebis dabali temperaturis SenarCuneba gsurT, alumini 235
Tqven cudi Tbogamtarebi karg Tbogamtarebze spilenZi 401
metad gainteresebT. amitom sainJinro praqtikaSi R vercxli 428
siTburi winaRobis cneba SemoiRes. L sisqis firfitis airebi
R-sididea: haeri (mSrali) 0,026
L heliumi 0,15
R= k (18.33)
wyalbadi 0,18
rac ufro naklebia nivTierebis kuTri Tbogamtaroba, samSeneblo nivTierebebi
miT metia misgan damzadebuli firfitis R-sidide. poliureTanis nimuSi 0,024
ase rom, Tu raime sxeulis R-sidide maRalia, maSin mineraluri matyli 0,043
es sxeuli siTbos cudi gamtaria da, Sesabamisad, is boWkovani mina 0,048
siTbos kargi izolatoria. TeTri fiWvi 0,11
gaiTvaliswineT, rom R konkretuli sisqis firfitis fanjris mina 1
maxasiaTebelia da ara misi nivTierebis. R-is
gavrcelebuli erTeulia futi2 · F°  · sT/bse (albaT
mixvdiT ratom iyeneben am erTeuls iSviaTad)
Sedgenili firfitis Tbogamtaroba

18.19 suraTze naCvenebia sxvadasxva L1 da L2 sisqis da sxvadasxva k1 da k2 kuTri Tbogamtarobis
mqone ori nivTierebisgan Sedgenili firfita. firfitis gare zedapirebis temperaturebia
TH da TC. firfitis TiToeuli zedpairis farTobia A. modiT firfitis Tbogamtarobis tempis
gamosaxuleba gamoviyvanoT, Tu davuSvebT, rom gadacema stacionaruli procesia anu firfitis
nebismier adgilze temperatura da energiis gadacemis tempi droSi ar icvleba.
stacionaruli procesis pirobebSi orive nivTierebaSi gamtarobis tempi Tanabari unda
iyos. es niSnavs, rom garkveul droSi erT nivTierebaSi gadatanili energia igive droSi
meore nivTierebaSi gadatanili energiis tolia. Tu ase L2 L1

ar aris, maSin firfitis temperaturebi Seicvleba da
stacionaruli procesi ar gveqneba. davuSvaT, TX aris
k2 k1
ori nivTierebis gamyofi zedapiris temperatura. 18.32 cxeli civi
formulis gamoyenebiT miiReba: rezervuari rezervuari
T HH Q T CH
k2A(TH – TX) k1A(TX – TC)
PTbogam = L2 = L1 (18.34)
18.34 formula TX -sTvis amovxsnaT: TX
k1 L2TC + k2 L1TH sur. 18.19. siTbo sxvadasxva sisqis da

TX = k1L2 + k2 L1 (18.35) sxvadasxva kuTri Tbogamtarobis ori
nivTierebisgan Semdgar firfitaSi
TX -is mniSvneloba 18.34 formulaSi CavsvaT:
stacionaruli tempiT gadaitaneba.
A(TH – TC) ori nivTierebis gamyof zedapirze TX
PTbogam = L /k + L /k (18.36) stacionaruli temperatura gvaqvs.
1 1 2 2
18.36 formula nebismieri n raodenobis nivTierebisgan

damzadebuli firfitisTvis SegviZlia ganvavrcoT:
A(TH – TC)
PTbogam = Σ (L/k) (18.37)
wiladis mniSvnelSi arsebuli jamis niSani gvauwyebs, rom L/k mniSvnelobebi yvela nivTierebisTvis
unda Seikribos.
sakontrolo wertili 7. suraTze naCvenebia identuri sisqis oTxi nivTierebisgan

Semdgari firfitis zedapirebis da gamyofi
zedapirebis temperaturebi. daalageT
nivTierebebi kuTri Tbogamtarobis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
konveqcia
rodesac sanTlis an asanTis als umzerT, Tqven Tvalyurs adevnebT konveqciis Sedegad
siTburi energiis gadatanas zeviT. energiis amgvari gadacema maSin xdeba, rodesac haeris an
wylis magvari denadi garemo ufro maRali temperaturis mqone saganTan modis kontaqtSi.
garemos im nawilis temperatura, romelic saganTan kontaqtSi imyofeba, izrdeba, umetes
SemTxvevaSi garemos nivTiereba farTovdeba da naklebad mkvrivi xdeba. vinaidan garemos
gafarTobuli nawili mis garemomcvel ufro civ nawilebTan SedarebiT msubuqia, amomgdebi
Zala mis maRla asvlas iwvevs. Semdeg garemomcveli civi nawilebi maRla asuli Tbili nawilis
adgils ikaveben da procesi SesaZloa gagrZeldes.
konveqcia mravali bunebrivi procesis Semadgeneli nawilia. atmosferuli konveqcia
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs globaluri klimatis da dRis ganmavlobaSi amindis cvlilebebSi.
planeris pilotebi da Citebi analogiurad eZeben Tbili haeris konveqciur dinebebs, raTa
simaRle SeinarCunon. igive procesis dros okeaneebSi uzarmazari raodenobis energiis gadacema
xdeba. energia mzis birTvuli keridan, romelic mis SuagulSi mdebareobs, mzis zedapirze
konveqciis uzarmazari raodenobis ujredebiT gadaicema. Tbili airi ujredis gulis gaswvriv
mzis zedapirze adis, xolo gulis garSemo arsebuli ufro civi airi mzis zedapirdan qvemoT
eSveba.
18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi 645
gamosxiveba
mesame saSualeba, romliTac sagans da mis gare-
mos siTbos saxiT energiis urTierTgacvla Seu-
ZliaT, eleqtromagnituri talRebia (xiluli
sinaTle eleqtromagnituri talRis magaliTia).
msgavsi meTodiT gadacemul energias siTbur ga-
mosxivebas uwodeben, raTa is eleqtromagnitu-
ri signalebisgan (magaliTad, televizorebSi) da
birTvuli gamosxivebisgan (birTvis mier gamosx-
ivebuli energia da nawilakebi) gaarCion. rode-
sac cecxlis win dgaxarT, misgan momaval siTbur
gamosxivebas STanTqavT da TbebiT. es niSnavs,
sur. 18.20 Termogramaze saxlis mier energiis
rom Tqveni siTburi energia izrdeba da cecxlis gamosxivebis tempi Cans. gamosxivebis tempebi
siTburi energia mcirdeba. gamosxivebis saSuale- TeTri, yviTeli, wiTeli, mewamuli, mwvane da Savi
biT siTbos gadacemisTvis garemo saWiro ar aris. ferebiTaa kodirebuli. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
gamosxivebas vakuumSi gavrceleba SeuZlia, ro- Weri da fanjrebi cudad izolirebulia.
gorc es xdeba magaliTad mzis SemTxvevaSi.

eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis saSualebiT sagnis mier energiis gamosxivebis Pgamosx simZlavre
sagnis zedapiris A farTobze da am farTobis T temperaturazea damokidebuli:
Pgamosx = σεAT 4, (18.38)
sadac σ = 5,6703×10-8vt/m2·K4 aris stefan-bolcmanis mudmiva. iozef stefanma, 1879 wels

18.38 formula eqsperimentulad aRmoaCina, xolo ludvig bolcmanma formula Teoriulad
gamoiyvana. ε simbolo sagnis zedapiris gamosxivebis koeficientia. es koeficienti 0-dan 1-mde
meryeobs da zedapiris struqturazea damokidebuli. maqsimaluri gamosxivebis koeficientis
mqone zedapirs absoluturad Savi sxeuli ewodeba, magram amgvari zedapiri idealuri zRvaria
da bunebaSi ar arsebobs. gaiTvaliswineT, rom 18.38 formulaSi temperatura kelvinebSi unda
iyos, raTa absoluturi nuli gamosxivebis ararsebobas Seesabamebodes. aseve gaiTvaliswineT,
rom 0K-ze maRali temperaturis mqone sagani (da maT Soris, Senc), siTbur radiacias asxivebs (ix.
sur. 18.20)
sagnis mier erTgvarovani Tgar temperaturis garemodan siTburi gamosxivebis saxiT energiis
STanTqmis tempi PST aris:
PST = σεAT 4 gar , (18.39)
18.39 formulaSi mocemuli ε gamosxivebis koeficienti 18.38 formulaSi mocemulis identuria.

idealizebuli absoluturad Savi sxeuli (ε = 1) mTlianad STanTqavs masze dacemul sxivur
energias (arekvlis an gabnevis gareSe).
vinaidan sagani garemodan energiis STanTqmis dros TviTonac asxivebs garemoSi energias, siT-
buri gamosxivebis saxiT energiis gacvlis Psr sruli tempi sagnisaTvis iqneba:
Psr = PST – Pgamosx = σεA(T 4 gar – T 4 ) (18.40)
Psr dadebiTia, Tu energia gamosxivebis saxiT STainTqmeba da uaryofiTia, Tu energia gamosxive-

bis saxiT ikargeba.
am Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili mkvdari Cxriala gvelis istoriaSi swored siTburi gamosxiveba
monawileobs. gvelis Tvalsa da nestos Soris CaRrmavebebi siTburi gamosxivebis sensorebia
(fotosuraTze daakvirdiT). rodesac, magaliTad, Tagvi Cxriala gvelis Tavs miuaxlovdeba,
Tagvisgan momavali siTburi gamosxiveba sensorebs Seexeba da refleqsur moqmedebas iwvevs,
romliTac gveli Tagvs kbils Caasobs da Sxams gamouSvebs. adamianis xelidan momavali siTburi
gamosxiveba igive refleqsur qmedebas iwvevs da miuxedavad imisa, rom gveli mkvdaria, misi
nervuli sistema moqmedebas ganagrZobs. gvelebis eqspertis rCeviT, mokluli Cxriala gveli
grZeli joxiT unda gadaagdoT da ara xeliT.

18.21 suraTze naCvenebia La sisqis TeTri
fiWvisgan da Ld (=2La) sisqis agurisgan
damzadebuli kedlis ganivi kveTi. am or
masalas Soris moqceulia identuri sisqis da
Tbogamtarobis mqone ucnobi nivTierebis ori
fena. fiWvis kuTri Tbogamtarobaa ka, xolo
aguris - kd (=5ka). kedlis zedapiris A farTobi
ucnobia. kedelSi siTburi energiis gadatanam
stacionarul reJims miaRwia. zedapirebis (a) (b) (g) (d)
temperaturebidan cnobilia T1 = 25°C, sur. 18.21. oTxi fenisgan Semdgar kedelSi siTbos
T2 = 20°C da T5 = –10°C. risi tolia zedapiris ucvleli gadacema xdeba.
T4 temperatura?
amoxsna: T4 temperaturis saSualebiT agurSi T1 – T 2 T 4 – T5
Pa = ka A La da Pd = kd A
Ld
energiis gatarebis Pd temps ganvsazRvravT
(18.32 formula). miuxedavad amisa, 18.32 Pa = Pd gantolebis T4-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
formulas T4-sTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan ka Ld
T4 = k L (T1 – T2) + T5 .
sakmarisi monacemebi ar gagvaCnia. vinaidan d  a
energiis gadatana stacionarul reJimSi xdeba, gavixsenoT, rom Ld=2La da kd=5ka, CavsvaT
agurSi Pd gatarebis tempi fiWvSi Pa gatarebis cnobili temperaturebi da miviRebT:
tempis toli unda iyos. 18.32 formulidan da ka (2 La)
T4 = (5 k ) L (25°C – 20°C) + (–10°C)
18.21 suraTidan miviRebT: a a
= –8°C (pasuxi)

udabno adgilebSi xangrZlivi xetialisas gayinvisTvis saWiro dro. gaiyineba Tu ara
Zalian mogindaT yinuli. saubedurod, wyali erT RameSi?
Rame haeris temperatura mxolod 6°C-mde amoxsna: gayinvis temperaturaze ufro maRali
ecema da wyali ar iyineba. miuxedavad amisa, temperaturis mqone wyali ver gaiyineba.
vinaidan umTvaro bneli Ramis ca Ts = –23°C aqedan gamomdinare, gamosxivebam wylis
temperaturis absoluturad Savi sxeuliviT temperatura 6°C-dan 0°C-mde unda Seamciros.
moqmedebs, yinulis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia, 18.14 formulis da 18.3 cxrilis daxmarebiT
Tu wylis Txel fenas amgvari cisTvis energias energiis danakargi gamovTvaloT:
gamoasxivebinebT. Tavdapirvelad, moaxdineT
Q1 = cm(Tf – Ti) 
konteineris miwisagan Tboizolireba,
risTvisac konteineris qveS moaTavseT mcire = (4190 j/kg·K)(4,5×10–3 kg)(0°C – 6°C) 
Tbogamtarobis mqone qafrezinis an Calis = –113 j.
fena. Semdeg konteinerSi wyali CaasxiT
maSasadame, wylidan 113j unda gamosxivdes,
ise, rom m = 4,5g masis, A = 9 sm2 farTobis
raTa misi temperatura gayinvis tempera-
zedapiris, d = 5 mm siRrmis, ε = 0,9 gamosxivebis turamde daeces.
koeficientis da 6°C sawyisi temperaturis Semdeg wyalma kidev Q2 energia unda dakargos,
erTgvarovani Txeli fena warmoiqmnas.
vidre gaiyineba. gamoviyenoT 18.16 formula
gamoTvaleT gamosxivebis saSualebiT wylis
647
(Q=mL) da L-is nacvlad 18.18 formulidan an maSasadame QmTl. energiis danakargisTvis
18.4 cxrilidan LF mniSvneloba CavsvaT. Semdeg saWiro t droa:
energiis danakargis aRsaniSnad minus niSani Q Q
mivuweroT da miviRebT: t= = (18.42)
Psr σεA(TS4 – T 4 )
Q2 = –mLF = –(4,5×10–3 kg)(3,33×105 j/kg) 
miuxedavad imisa, rom wylis gaciebisas misi T
= –1499 j. temperatura odnav mcirdeba, Cven SegviZlia
mTliani dakarguli energiaa: es temperatura gayinvis temperaturad anu
QmTl. = Q1 + Q2  = –113j – 1499j = –1612 j. 273K-d miviCnioT. rodesac Ts=250K, 18.42
rodesac gamosxivebisas wyali energias formulis mniSvnelia:
kargavs, amave dros cidan gamosxivebul (5,67×10–8 vt/m2·K4)(0,9)(9×10–4 m2)
energias STanTqavs. Cven gvsurs, rom t droSi × [(250K)4 – (273K)4] = –7,57×10–2 j/wm
am gacvlis mTliani energia QmTl. energiis da 18.42 formula gvaZlevs:
toli iyos. maSasadame gacvlis simZlavre –1612 j
unda davadginoT: t= = 2,13×104wm = 5sT (pasuxi)
–7,57×10–2 j/wm
mTliani energia QmTl
simZlavre = = (18.41) vinaidan t Ramis droze naklebia, wyali
dro t
erT RameSi gaiyineba. marTlac, msoflios
es energiis gacvlis simZlavre aseve
zogierTYnawilSi mcxovrebma adamianebma am
warmoadgens siTburi gamosxivebis Psr srul
meTodis Sesaxeb eleqtruli sayinuleebis
temps, romelic 18.40 formuliTaa mocemuli. gamogonebamdec kargad icodnen.
temperatura, Termometrebi. proporciulia. airis TermometriT gazomili

temperatura SI sistemis ZiriTadi erTeulia T temperaturaa:
da Cvens mier sicxisa da sicivis aRqmas
ukavSirdeba. temperatura TermometriT
T = (273,16 K) (  ) p
p3 (18.6)
izomeba, romelic gasazomi maxasiaTeblis, aq T kelvinebSia, xolo p3 da p, Sesabamisad,
magaliTad, sigrZis an wnevis mqone muSa airis wnevaa 273,16K temperaturaze da
nivTierebas Seicavs. gasazomi maxasiaTebeli gazomil temperaturaze.
muSa nivTierebis gacxelebisas an gacivebisas celsiusis da farengeitis skala. cel-

regularuli saxiT unda icvlebodes. siusis temperaturuli skalaa:
Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni. rode- TC=T–273,15°, (18.7)

sac Termometri da raime sxva sagani erTmaneT- sadac T kelvinebSia. farengeitis tempera
Tan kontaqtSia, isini siTbur wonasworobas turuli skalaa:
aRweven. am dros Termometris Cveneba sagnis 9
TF = TC + 32° (18.8)
temperaturaa. Termodinamikis nulovani 5
kanonis Tanaxmad: Tu A da B sxeuli mesame siTburi gafarToeba. temperaturis
C sxeulTan (TermometrTan) siTbur wonas- cvlilebasTan erTad yvela sagnis zoma
worobaSia, maSin A da B sxeulebi erTmaneTTan icvleba. ΔT temperaturis cvlilebis dros
siTbur wonasworobaSia. nebismieri wiriTi L zomis ΔL cvlilebaa:
kelvinis temperaturuli skala. SI ΔL = Lα ΔT , (18.9)

sistemaSi temperatura kelvinis skalaze sadac α aris wiriTi gafarToebis koe
izomeba, romelic wylis sammag wertilzea ficienti. myari sxeulis an siTxis moculobis
dafuZnebuli (273,16K). sxva temperaturebi ΔV cvlilebaa:
mudmivi moculobis airis TermometriT ΔV = Vβ ΔT , (18.10)
ganisazRvreba, romelSic airis moculoba sadac β=3α aris moculobiTi gafarToebis
mudmivia da, amitom, misi wneva temperaturis koeficienti.
siTbo. Q siTbo aris sistemasa da mis garemos saZlebelia icvlebodes moculobis cvlile-
Soris temperaturuli sxvaobiT gamowveuli basTan erTad.
energiis gadacema. siTbo SeiZleba joulebSi Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni. Termo
(j), kaloriebSi (kal), kilokaloriebSi dinamikuri procesisTvis energiis Senaxvis
(kkal) an britanul siTbur erTeulSi (bse) kanoni Termodinamikis pirveli kanoniT
gaizomos: gamoisaxeba:
–3
1 kal = 3,969 × 10 bse = 4,1868 j (18.12) ΔES = ES ,f – ES ,i = Q – W (pirveli kanoni) (18.26)
siTbotevadoba da kuTri siTboteva anu dES = dQ – dW (pirveli kanoni) (18.27)

doba. Tu sagani Q siTbos STanTqavs, maSin ES aris nivTierebis Sinagani energia, romel-
sagnis temperaturis Tf – Ti cvlileba Q-s Sem ic mxolod nivTierebis mdgomareobazea (tem
degi formuliT ukavSirdeba: peraturaze, wnevaze da moculobaze) damo
Q = C(Tf – Ti ) , (18.13) kidebuli. Q aris sistemasa da garemos Soris

siTbos saxiT gacvlili energia. Tu sistema
sadac C aris sagnis siTbotevadoba. Tu sagnis
siTbos STanTqavs, maSin Q dadebiTia, xolo
masaa m, maSin:
Tu sistema siTbos kargavs, maSin Q uaryofi-
Q = cm(Tf – Ti ) , (18.14)
Tia. W aris sistemis mier Sesrulebuli
sadac c aris sagnis nivTierebis kuTri
muSaoba. W dadebiTia, Tu sistema garedan
siTbotevadoba. nivTierebis moluri siTbo
moqmedi Zalis sawinaaRmdegod farTovdeba
tevadoba nivTierebis erTi molis anu nivTie
da uaryofiTia, Tu sistema gare Zalis moq-
rebis 6,02×1023 elementaruli nawilakis
medebis Sedegad ikumSeba. Q da W traeqtori-
siTbotevadobaa.
azea damokidebuli, xolo ΔES traeqtoriaze
gardaqmnis siTbo. nivTierebis mier STan
damokidebuli ar aris.
Tqmulma siTbom nivTierebis fizikuri mdgo
pirveli kanonis gamoyeneba. Termodi
mareoba SeiZleba Secvalos, magaliTad,
namikis pirveli kanoni ramdenime gansa
nivTiereba myaridan Txevad mdgomareobaSi an
kuTrebul SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba:
Txevadidan airad mdgomareobaSi gadavides.
adiabaturi procesebi: Q = 0, ΔES = –W
nivTierebis mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad
procesebi mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi:
masis erTeulze saWiro energiis raodenoba L
W = 0, ΔES = Q
gardaqmnis kuTri siTboa. maSasadame:
cikluri procesebi: ΔES = 0, Q = W
Q = Lm . (18.16)
Tavisufali gafarToeba: Q = W = ΔES = 0.
LV orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo aris siTxis
Tbogamtaroba, konveqcia da gamosxiveba.
orTqlad gadaqcevisas masis erTeulze
TH da TC temperaturis zedapirebis mqone
gadacemuli an airis kondensaciisas masis
firfitaSi energiis gatarebis PTbogam tempia:
erTeulisgan warTmeuli energiis raodenoba.
Q T H – TC
dnobis kuTri siTbo aris myari sxeulis PTbogam = t = kA L , (18.32)
dnobisas masis erTeulze gadacemuli an
sadac A aris firfitis zedapiris farTobi, L
siTxis gamyarebisas masis erTeulisgan
– sigrZe, xolo k – nivTierebis kuTri Tbogam
warTmeuli energiis raodenoba.
taroba.
moculobis cvlilebasTan dakavSire
konveqcia maSin xdeba, rodesac temperatu
buli muSaoba. airi garemosTan energias
ruli sxvaoba denadi garemos SigniT energi-
muSaobis saSualebiT cvlis. sawyisi Vi
is moZraobiT gadacemas iwvevs. gamosxiveba
moculobidan saboloo Vf moculobamde
eleqtromagnituri energiis gamosxivebis sa-
gafarToebis an SekumSvis dros airis mier
SualebiT energiis gadacemaa. siTburi gamo
Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
sxivebis saxiT sagnidan energiis gamosxivebis
(18.25) Pgamosx tempia:
Pgamosx = σεAT 4 , (18.38)
integreba aucilebelia, vinaidan p wneva Se
649
–8
sadac σ (=5,6703×10 vt/m2 · K4) stefan-bol temperaturis mqone garemodan siTburi
cmanis mudmivaa, ε aris sagnis zedapiris ga gamosxivebis saxiT energiis STanTqmis PST
mosxivebis koeficienti, A - sagnis zedapiris tempia:
farTobi, xolo T - zedapiris temperatura PST = σεAT 4 gar (18.39)
(kelvinebSi). sxeulis mier Tgar erTgvarovani
SekiTxvebi
1. 18.22 suraTze sawyisi temperatura samive eqsperimentSi

naCvenebi sami wrfivi Tanabaria. 18.23 suraTze mocemulia
temperaturuli ska samive eqsperimentisTvis sagnis da wylis
la da aRniSnulia T temperaturis t droze damokidebulebis
wylis duRilisa da grafikebi. daalageT grafikebi sagnebis kuTri
gayinvis tempera siTbotevadobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
turebi. daalageT sur. 18.22. SekiTxva 1.
5. 18.24 suraTze naCvenebia ori Caketili
skalebi maTze erTi
cikli airis p–V diagramebze. pirveli cik-
gradusis zomis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
lis sami nawili igive sigrZisa da formisaa,
2. cxrilSi mocemulia oTxi Reros L sawyisi rogoric meore ciklis sami nawili. TiToeu-
sigrZe, ΔT temperaturis cvlileba da ΔL li cikli saaTis isris moZraobis Tu sawinaaR-
Reros sigrZis cvlileba. daalageT Reroebi mdego mimarTulebiT unda Sesruldes, raTa
siTburi gafarToebis koeficientebis a) airis mier Sesrulebuli W sruli muSaoba
dadebiTi iyos da b) airis mier Q siTbos saxiT
Rero L(m) ΔT(C°) ΔL(m) gadacemuli sruli energia dadebiTi iyos?
a 2 10 4×10–4
b 1 20 4×10–4
c 2 10 8×10–4
d 4 5 4×10–4
3. A, B da C myari nivTierebebi dnobis tem

peraturazea miyvanili. 4kg-is dasadnobad A sur. 18.24. SekiTxva 5 da 6.
nivTiereba 200j saWiroebs, 5kg-is dasadnobad 6. 18.24 suraTze saaTis isris mimarTulebiT
B nivTiereba 300j saWiroebs, xolo 6kg-is Sesrulebuli romeli ciklisTvis iqneba a) W
dasanobad C nivTiereba 300j saWiroebs. ufro meti da b) Q ufro meti?
daalageT nivTierebebi dnobis kuTri
7. 18.25 suraTze naCvenebia 1, 2 da 3 nivTi
siTboebis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
erebaTa sxvadasxva ganlagebiT Semdgari
4. cxeli sagani Tboizolirebul wylis kedlebi. nivTierebebis kuTri Tbogamta
WurWelSi Caagdes da daelodnen, vidre
robebia k1>k2>k3. kedlis marcxena zedapiris
siTburi wonasworoba damyardeboda.
temperatura marjvena zedapiris tempe
eqsperimenti sxva cxeli sagnebisTvis
raturaze 20C°-iT metia. daalageT kedlebi
kidev orjer gaimeores. sami sagnis masa da
a) energiis gatarebis tempis mixedviT da
sawyisi temperatura, agreTve wylis masa da
b) pirveli nivTierebis gaswvriv temperaturis
sxvaobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

8. r gverdis sigrZis kubi, r radiusis birTvi

da r radiusis naxevarbirTvi erTi da igive
nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli. samive sagani
300K temperaturis garemoSi imyofeba da
maT erTnairi 350K temperatura gaaCniaT.
daalageT sagnebi garemosTan siTburi (a) (b) (g)
gamosxivebis gacvlis sruli tempis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
9. Tanabari masis
sami gansxvavebuli
nivTiereba spe
cialur sayinu
leSi moaTavses,
(d) (e) (v)
romelic nivTie
rebebs energias sur. 18.27. SekiTxvebi 10 da 11.
Tanabari tempiT aclis. gaciebis procesSi
TiToeuli nivTiereba Tavidan Txevad metia, naklebia Tu tolia? b) wonasworul
mdgomareobaSia da Semdeg myardeba. 18.26 mdgomareobaSi siTxe nawilobriv gaiyineba,
suraTze naCvenebia T temperaturis t droze srulad gaiyineba Tu saerTod ar gaiyineba?
damokidebulebis grafikebi. a) pirveli niv g) yinuli nawilobriv gadneba, srulad gad-
Tierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba Txevad neba Tu saerTod ar gadneba?
mdgomareobaSi metia Tu myar mdgomareobaSi? 11. me-10 SekiTvis gagrZeleba. 18.27 suraTis
daalageT nivTierebebi b) gamyarebis tempe b-v nawilebi damatebiTi grafikebia. erTi an
raturis, g) Txevad mdgomareobaSi kuTri ramdenime grafikis arseboba SesaZlebeli ar
siTbotevadobis, d) myar mdgomaroebaSi aris. a) romlis da ratom? b) SesaZlo arsebul
kuTri siTbotevadobis da e) dnobis kuTri grafikebSi wonasworuli temperatura wylis
siTbos mixedviT dididan mcireze. gayinvis temperaturaze metia, naklebia
10. Tanabari masis A Txevadi wyali da B yinuli Tu tolia? g) rodesac SesaZlo arsebul
Tboizolirebul WurWelSi moaTavses da SemTxvevebSi wonasworuli mdgomareoba
siTbur wonasworobaSi moiyvanes. 18.27a su- damyardeba, siTxe nawilobriv gaiyineba,
raTze naCvenebia T temperaturis t droze srulad gaiyineba Tu saerTod ar gaiyineba?
damokidebulebis grafikebi. a) wonasworuli yinuli nawilobriv gadneba, srulad gadneba
temperatura wylis gayinvis temperaturaze Tu saerTod ar gadneba?
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions wnevebs Soris, Tu orive baloni aduRebul
Manual-Si.
wyalSia moTavsebuli? (miniSneba: ix. sur. 18.6).
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday b) romeli airis wnevaa meti?
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- •2. wylis duRilis temperaturaze airis
com/college/halliday. temperaturaa 373,15K. risi toli iqneba
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs duRilis temperaturaze da wylis sammag
amocanis sirTules
wertilze airis wnevaTa Sefardebis zRvari?
paragrafi 18.4. temperaturis gazomva (dauSviT, rom orive temperaturaze airis

moculoba Tanabaria).
•1. mudmivi moculobis airis ori Termometri
azotiT da wyalbadiT aris avsebuli. orive •3. airis Termometri ori balonisganaa
Termometri Tanabari raodenobis airs Seicavs agebuli. TiToeuli baloni 18.28 suraTis
da p3=80kpa. a) ra sxvaobaa TermometrebSi msgavsad wylis TermostatSia moTavsebuli.
651
or balons Soris temperatura, Tu Reros sigrZea 10,009sm?
wnevebis sxvaoba •9. aluminis firfitaze gakeTebuli wriuli
v e r c x l i w y l i s xvrelis diametri 0°C-ze 2,725-sm-ia. risi
m a n o m e t r i T tolia xvrelis diametri, rodesac firfitis
i z o m e b a . temperatura 100°C-mde gaizrdeba? ILW
Sesabamisi Wur
•10. aluminis flagStokis simaRlea 33m.
Wlebi (suraTze naCvenebi ar aris), or
ramdeniT gazirdeba flagStokis sigrZe, Tu
balonSi airis moculobas mudmivobas
temperatura 15 C °-iT moimatebs?
unarCuneben. rodesac orive Termostati
•11. gamoTvaleT 10sm radiusis aluminis
wylis sammagi wertilis temperaturazea,
sferos moculobis cvlileba, rodesac sfero
wnevebs Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobs. rodesac
0°C-dan 100°C-mde gaaxures. SSM
erTi Termostati wylis sammagi wertilis
temperaturazea, xolo meore Termostati - •12. risi tolia tyviis burTis moculoba
wylis duRilis temperaturaze, wnevebs Soris 30°C-ze, Tu 60°C-ze burTis moculobaa 50sm3?
sxvaoba 120 toria. rodesac erTi Termostati •13. 20°C-ze TiTberis kubis gverdis sigrZea
wylis sammagi wertilis temperaturazea, 30sm. ramdeniT gaizrdeba kubis zedapiris
xolo meore Termostatis temperatura farTobi 20°C-dan 75°C-mde gaxurebisas?
ucnobia, 90 tori wneva izomeba. risi tolia ••14. 20°C temperaturis dros foladis
ucnobi temperatura? saxazavze Reros sigrZea 20,05sm. Semdeg Rero
paragrafi 18.5. celsiusis da farengeitis da saxazavi 270°C temperaturis RumelSi
skalebi moaTavses, sadac Reros sigrZe igive saxazavze
•4. ra temperaturazea farengeitis skalis 20,11sm-ia. risi tolia Reros nivTierebis
Cveneba a) celsiusis skalis Cvenebaze orjer wrfivi gafarToebis koeficienti?
meti da b) celsiusis skalis Cvenebaze orjer ••15. 100 sm3 tevadobis aluminis Wiqa 22°C-ze
naklebi? gliceriniT aavses. ra raodenobis glicerini
•5. a) 1964 wels, cimbiris sofel oimiakonSi gadmoiRvreba Wiqidan, Tu Wiqis da glicerin-
temperatura –71°C-mde daeca. ra tempera is temperaturas 28°C-mde gavzrdiT? (gli-
turaa es farengeitis skalaze? b) aSS-Si, cerinis moculobiTi gafarToebis koefici-
kaliforniis sikvdilis velSi rekordulad entia 5,1×10–4/C°) SSM WWW
maRali temperatura 134°F dafiqsirda. ra ••16. rodesac liTonis cilindris tempe
temperaturaa es celsiusis skalaze? ratura 0°C-dan 100°C-mde gazardes, misi
••6. temperaturis wrfiv X skalaze wyali sigrZe 0,23%-iT gaizarda. a) gamoTvaleT
-125°X-ze iyineba da 375°X-ze duRs. wrfiv simkvrivis procentuli cvlileba. b) ra li-
Y skalaze wyali –70°Y-ze iyineba da –30°Y- Tonisgan aris damzadebuli cilindri? ga-
ze duRs. 50°Y temperatura X skalis ra moiyeneT 18.2 cxrili.
temperaturas Seesabameba? ••17. 25°C-ze foladis Reros diametria 3 sm.
••7. davuSvaT, temperaturis wrfiv X skalaze igive temperaturaze TiTberis rgolis Sida
wyali –170°X-ze iyineba da –53,5°X-ze duRs. diametria 2,992 sm. ra saerTo temperaturaze
ra iqneba 340K temperatura X skalaze? (wylis gasrialdeba rgoli Reroze? ILW
duRilis temperatura 373K-mde daamrgvaleT) ••18. rodesac spilenZis monetis temperatura
ILW 100C°-iT gazardes, misi diametri 0,18%-iT
paragrafi 18.6. siTburi gafarToeba gaizarda. gamoTvaleT a) zedapiris farTobis,
b) sisqis, g) moculobis da d) monetis masis
•8. 20°C-ze aluminis Reros sigrZea 10sm, xolo
procentuli zrda. e) gamoTvaleT monetis
wylis duRilis temperaturaze - 10,015sm.
wiriTi gafarToebis koeficienti.
a) risi tolia Reros sigrZe wylis gayinvis
wertilis temperaturaze? b) risi tolia ••19. minis 1,28m sigrZis vertikaluri mili
20°C-ze siTxiT naxevrad savsea. ramdeniT dauSviT, rom cximis am raodenobiT dawvisas
Seicvleba siTxis svetis simaRle, Tu 3500kal siTbo gamoiyofa, romelic mTlianad
mils 30°C-mde gavaTbobT? αmina = 10–5/K da gadaecema gamdnar wyals. ratom ar aris
βsiTxe = 4×10 /K.
–5
sasurveli amgvari dietis dacva? (erTi litri
radioaqtiuri
••20. garkveul eqspe wyaro = 103sm3. wylis simkvrivea 1g/sm3).
rimentSi mcire ra •25. gamoTvaleT energiis raodenoba jou
dioaqtiuri wyaro lebSi, rac saWiroa 15°C temperaturis 130g
SerCeuli, uaRresad vercxlis srulad gasadnobad.
dabali siCqareebiT sur. 18.29. amocana 20. •26. ra masis karaqi, romlis sasargeblo
unda moZraobdes. es energia 6kkal/g-ia (=6000kal/g), iqneba 73kg
moZraoba aluminis Reros erTi boloze wyaros masis adamianis gravitaciuli potenciuri
damagrebiT da Semdeg Reros centraluri energiis cvlilebis eqvivalenturi, romelic
monakveTis gaxurebiT xorcieldeba. Tu zRvis donidan everestis mTis mwvervalze
18.29 suraTze Reros gaxurebuli monakveTis (8,84km simaRleze) adis? dauSviT, rom maRla
sigrZea d=2sm, ra mudmivi tempiT unda asvlisas saSualo g 9,8m/wm2-ia.
Seicvalos Reros temperatura, raTa wyarom
•27. mcire eleqtromaduRara 100g wylis
100nm/wm mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos?
gasacxeleblad gamoiyeneba. maduRaras awe-
•••21. 32C°-iT tem ria “200 vati” (am simZlavriT eleqtrul ener-
peraturis gaz gias siTbur energiaSi gardaqmnis). gamoTva-
rdisas centrSi leT wylis 23°C-dan 100°C-mde gacxelebis-
bzaris mqone fir Tvis saWiro dro. siTbos danakarebi ugule-
fita maRla iz belyaviT. SSM
niqeba (sur. 18.30).
•28. garaJis zedmeti gaciebisgan dacvis erT-
Tu L0=3,77m da
erTi saSualeba, rodesac Ramis ganmavlobaSi
firfitis wiriTi gafarToebis koeficientia
temperatura nuls qvemoT Camodis, wylis
25×10–6/C°, gamoTvaleT centris awevis x
kasris garaJSi moTavsebaa. Tu wylis masaa
manZili. SSM ILW
125kg da misi sawyisi temperatura 20°C-
paragrafi 18.8. myari sxeulebisa da ia, a) ra raodenobis energia unda gadasces
siTxeebis mier siTbos STanTqma wyalma garemos, raTa mTlianad gaiyinos da
•22. ra raodenobis wyali darCeba Txevad b) risi tolia wylis da garemos umciresi
mdgomareobaSi, Tu gayinvis temperaturaze temperatura, vidre wyali gaiyineba?
myof 260g Txevad wyals siTbos saxiT 50,2kj ••29. arametrikuli versia: ra dro dasWirdeba
energia waarTves? 2×105bse/sT wylis gamacxelebels, raTa 40
•23. garkveuli nivTierebis moluri masa aris galoni wylis temperatura 70°F-dan 100°F-
50g/moli. rodesac 30g nivTierebas 314j mde gazardos? metrikuli versia: ra dro
siTbo daumates, nivTierebis temperatura dasWirdeba 59kvt wylis gamacxelebels, raTa
25°C-dan 45°C-mde gaizarda. risi tolia 150l wylis temperatura 21°C-dan 38°C-mde
nivTierebis a) kuTri siTbotevadoba da b) gazardos?
moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba? g) ramdeni ••30. 150g masis spilenZis Tasi 220g wyals
molia nivTierebaSi? Seicavs da orives temperatura 20°C-ia. Semdeg
•24. dietologi pacientebs gamdnari wylis Zalian cxeli 300g masis spilenZis cilindri
dalevas urCevs. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, wyalSi Caagdes, wyli aduRda da 5g orTqlad
sxeulma sakmarisi raodenobis cximi unda iqca. sistemis saboloo temperaturaa 100°C.
dawvas, raTa wylis temperatura 0°C-dan ugulebelyaviT garemosTan energiis gacvla.
37°C-mde gazardos. ramdeni litri wyali a) ra raodenobis energia (kaloriebSi) miewoda
unda davlioT, raTa 454g cximi davwvaT? wyals siTbos saxiT? b) ra raodenobis energia
653
miiRo Tasma? g) ras udris cilindris sawyisi daelodnen. 18.32a suraTze naCvenebia nimuSe-
temperatura? bis T temperaturis t droze damokidebulebis
••31. 100°C temperaturis ra masis orTqli grafikebi. A nimuSis masaa 5kg, xolo B nimuSis
unda Seerios Tboizolirebul WurWelSi - 1,5kg. 18.32b suraTze gamosaxulia B nimuSis
moTavsebul, dnobis temperaturaze myof nivTierebis zogadi grafiki. masze naCven-
150g yinuls, raTa 50°C temperaturis Txevadi ebia nivTierebis temperaturis ΔT cvlileba,
wyali miviRoT? ILW rodesac nivTiereba masis erTeulze Q siTbos
••32. 0,4 kg masis saxiT gadacemul energias iRebs. risi tolia A
nivTiereba moTav- nimuSis kuTri siTbotevadoba?
sebulia gamaci- ••35. eTilis spirtis duRilis temperaturaa
T (K)
ebel aparatSi, 78°C, gayinvis temperatura _ –114°C,

romelsac energia
orTqladqcevis siTbo - 879kj/kg, dnobis
siTbos saxiT Tana-
siTbo - 109kj/kg, xolo kuTri siTbotevadoba
bari tempiT gamoy-
sur. 18.31. amocana 32. - 2,43kj/kg·K. ra energia unda dakargos
avs. 18.31 suraTze
Tavdapirvelad 78°C-ze airad mdgomareobaSi
naCvenebia niv-
0,51kg masis eTilis spirtma, raTa –114°C
Tierebis T temperaturis t droze damokide-
temperaturis myari sxeuli gaxdes?
bulebis grafiki. energiis gamosvlisas niv-
Tiereba myardeba. Txevad mdgomareobaSi myo- ••36. 0,53kg masis Txevadi wylis da yinulis
fi nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 3000j/ nimuSebi Termulad izolirebul WurWelSi
kg·K. risi tolia nivTierebis a) dnobis kuTri moaTavses. WurWeli Txevadi wylidan yinulze
siTbo da b) gamyarebul mdgomareobaSi kuTri P Tanabari tempiT energiis siTbos saxiT

siTbotevadoba? gadamtan mowyobilobas Seicavs. WurWelSi
Termuli wonasworoba myardeba. 18.33 sura-
••33. mzis gamacxelebelSi, mzidan mosuli
Tze gamosaxuli Txevadi wylis da yinulis
energia brtyeli Tavsaxuris koleqtoris mi-
T temperaturebis t droze damokidebuleb-
lebSi moZravi wylis mier ikribeba. mzis ga-
mosxiveba gamWvirvale safaris gavliT koleq- is grafikebi. a) risi tolia P tempi? b) risi
torSi Sedis da milebSi moZrav wyals aTbobs. tolia WurWelSi moTavsebuli yinulis saw-
Semdeg es wyali specialur konteinerSi Cait- yisi masa? g) rodesac Termuli wonasworoba
virTeba. dauSviT, rom mTliani sistemis margi myardeba, risi tolia am procesSi warmoqmni-
li yinulis masa?
qmedebis koeficienti 20%-ia (anu mzis sawyisi
energiis 80% ikargeba). ra farTobis koleq-
toria saWiro, raTa WurWelSi Casxmuli 200l
wyali erT saaTSi 20°C-dan 40°C-mde gaTbes?
mzis sinaTlis intensivobaa 700vt/m2.
••34. sxvadasxva temperaturis mqone A da B
nimuSi Termulad izolirebul WurWelSi
moaTavses da Termul wonasworobaSi moyvanas
••37. 500g cxelis Cais da dnobis temperaturis
igive masis yinulis Serevis Semdeg yinuliani
Cai damzadda. davuSvaT, rom es nazavi
garemosTan energias ar cvlis. Tu Termuli
wonasworobis damayrebisas Cais sawyisi
temperaturaa Ti=90°C, risi tolia a) nazavis Tf
temperatura da b) yinulis mf darCenili masa?
Tu Termuli wonasworobisas Ti=70°C, risi
sur. 18.32. amocana 34. tolia g) Tf da d) mf ?
••38. nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba tem- muSaobas Seasrulebs sistema ABCA ciklis
peraturasTan erTad icvleba c = 0,2 + 0,14T + ganmavlobaSi?
0,023 T , sadac T aris celsiusis gradusebSi,
2
xolo c - kaloria/g•K-ebSi. gamoTvaleT 2g

nivTierebis temperaturis 5°C-dan 15°C-mde S
gazrdisTvis saWiro energia.
wneva
••39. a) 50g masis yinulis ori kubi Termulad
izolirebul WurWelSi Casxmul 200g wyalSi
Caagdes. Tu wylis sawyisi temperaturaa 25°C
3
moculoba (m )
da yinuli sayinuleSi –15°C-ze miiReba, risi
tolia Termuli wonasworobisas saboloo
temperatura? b) risi toli iqneba saboloo
•43. airis nimuSi
temperatura, Tu mxolod erT kubs gamovi-
1m3-dan 4m3-mde
yenebT? SSM WWW
farTovdeba da
••40. izolirebul TermosSi 80°C tempe misi wneva 40pa-
wneva
raturis 130sm3 yava asxia. Semdeg TermosSi dan 10pa-mde
dnobis temperaturis mqone 12g yinuli ya- mcirdeba. ra
vis gasacieblad Caagdes. ramdeni gradusiT muSaobas Sea
gacivdeba yava, rodesac yinuli gadneba? yava srulebs airi,
moculoba
mtknar wylad miiCnieT da garemosTan energi- Tu misi wneva mo
is gacvla ugulebelyaviT. culobasTan er
Tad 18.36 suraTis a) A traeqtoriiT, b) B
•••41. 0°C tempe
traeqtoriiT da g) C traeqtoriiT icvleba?
raturis spilen
•44. davuSvaT,
Zis 20g masis rgo-
sistemaze 200 j
lis Sida diametria
muSaoba Sesru
D = 2,54 sm. 100°C
lda da sis
t e m p e r a t u r i s
wneva
temidan siTbos
aluminis sfer-
saxiT 70kaloria
os diametria d = sur. 18.34. amocana 41. e n e r g i a
2,54508 sm. sfero
d a i x a r j a .
rgolze moaTavses (sur. 18.34) da Termuli moculoba
Termodinamikis
wonasworobis damyarebas daelodnen. siTbo sur. 18.37. amocana 45.
pirveli kanonis
garemoSi ar ikargeba. wonasworuli temper- mixedviT risi tolia a) W, b) Q da g) ΔES
aturis damyarebisas sfero rgolSi gasri- mniSvnelobebi (niSnis CaTvliT)?
alda. risi tolia sferos masa? SSM •45. daxurul kameraSi moTavsebuli airi 18.37
paragrafi 18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli suraTis p-V diagramaze naCveneb cikls gadis.
kanonis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi gamoTvaleT erTi sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi
sistemisTvis siTbos saxiT damatebuli
•42. Termodinamikuri A mdgo
sistema
energia. SSM ILW
mareobidan B mdgomareobis gavliTYC mdgo
•46. airis nimuSi 18.38
mareobaSi gadaiyvanes da Semdeg kvlav A
suraTis p–V diagram-
mdgomareobaSi daabrunes. es yvelaferi
aze naCveneb abca cikls
18.35a suraTis p–V diagramazea naCvenebi. a)-
gadis. mTliani muSaoba
z) 18.35b cxrilis aRniSnul ujrebSi plius
+1,2j. ab traeqtoriaze
niSani, minus niSani an nuli CasviT. T) ra
Sinagani energiis cvli
655
lebaa +3j, xolo Sesrulebuli muSaobaa 5j. paragrafi 18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqa
ca traeqtoriaze airisTvis siTbos saxiT ga- nizmebi
dacemuli energiaa +2,5j. ra raodenobis ener- •50. civi klimatis pirobebSi sacxovrebeli
gia gadaica siTbos saxiT a) ab traeqtoriaze saxlis Weris R-is mniSvneloba 30 unda iyos.
da b) bc traeqtoriaze? amgvari izolirebisTvis ra sisqis unda iyos
•47. 18.39 suraTze a) poliureTanis qafis da b) vercxlis fena?
naCvenebia airis Caketi- •51. ganvixiloT 18.18 suraTze naCvenebi
li cikli (suraTi dag- firfita. davuSvaT L=25sm, A=90sm2 da
raduirebuli ar aris). nivTiereba spilenZia. Tu TH=125°C, TC=10°C
a-dan c mdgomareobaSi da ucvleli mdgomareoba gvaqvs, gamoTvaleT
abc traeqtoriiT gada firfitis Tbogamtarobis tempi (PTbogam). SSM
svlisas airis Sinagani •52. Tu kosmosSi aRWurvilobis gareSe mzidan
energiis cvlileba –200j-ia. c-dan d mdgo- moSorebiT gaiseirnebT, kosmosis sicives
mareobaSi gadasvlisas aris siTbos saxiT 180j igrZnobT. Tqven am dros energias asxivebT
energia unda gadaeces. d-dan a mdgomareobaSi da garemodan TiTqmis ar STanTqavT. a) ra
tempiT dakargavT energias? b) ra raodenobis
dabrunebisas siTbos saxiT damatebiT 80j
energiis gadacemaa saWiro. ra muSaoba srul- energias dakargavT 30 wamSi? dauSviT, rom
deba airze, rodesac c-dan d mdgomareobaSi Tqveni gamosxivebis koeficientia 0,9.
gadadis? •53. 1,2m sigrZis 4,8sm2 ganivi kveTis farTobis

•48. kameraSi moTav spilenZis Rero izolirebulia da zedapiridan
siTbos ar kargavs. Reros erTi bolo wylisa
sebuli airi 18.40 su
da yinulis nazavSia CaSvebuli, xolo meore
raTze naCveneb cikls
bolo aduRebuli wylis da orTqlis nazavSi.
gadis. gamoTvaleT CA
boloebs Soris temperaturuli sxvaobaa
procesis ganmavloba-
100C°. a) risi tolia Reros gaswvriv energiis
Si sistemis mier siT-
gatarebis tempi? b) ra tempiT dneba yinuli
bos saxiT gadacemuli
Reros civ boloze? ILW
energia, Tu AB proce-
•54. 0,5m radiusis, 27°C temperaturisa da
sis ganmavlobaSi siT- sur. 18.40. amocana 49.
0,85 gamosxivebis koeficientis sfero 77°C
bos saxiT damatebuli
temperaturis mqone garemoSi moaTavses.
energiaa QAB, BC procesis ganmavlobaSi ener-
ra tempiT a) asxivebs da b) STanTqavs sfero
gia siTbos saxiT ar gadaicema da ciklis gan- Termul gamosxivebas? g) ra tempiT cvlis
mavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba 15j-ia. energias garemosTan?
••49. rodesac ••55. 18.42a suraTze
sistema i mdgoma ori identuri liTo-
(a)
reobidan f mdgo nis Rero erTmaneTzea
mareobaSi 18.41 SeduRebuli. marcxena
suraTze naCvenebi kideze temperaturaa
iaf traeqtoriiT sur. 18.41. amocana 49. T1=0°C, xolo marjve- (b)
gadaiyvanes, Q = 50 na kideze - T2=100°C. sur. 18.42. amocana 55.

kaloria da W = 20 kaloria. ibf traeqtoriaze 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
Q = 36 kaloria. marjvnidan marcxniv 10j energia mudmivi
a) risi tolia W ibf traeqtoriaze? b) Tu fi tempiT gadaicema. ra dro dasWirdeba 10j en-
traeqtoriaze W = –13kaloria, risi tolia Q ergiis gatarebas, Tu Reroebi 18.42b suraTis
am traeqtoriaze? g) Tu E S ,i=10kaloria, risi msgavsad iqnebian SeduRebuli?
tolia E S ,f ? E S ,b=22kaloria, risi tolia Q ••56. r1=2,5sm radiusis, h1=5sm simaRlis, 0,85
d) ib traeqtoriaze da e) bf traeqtoriaze? gamosxivebis koeficientis da 30°C tempera-
SSM WWW turis myari cilindri 50°C temperaturis
garemoSi moaTavses. a) risi tolia cilindris temperaturaa 4°C. Tu yinulis da wylis

Termuli gamosxivebis gadacemis P1 tempi? erToblivi siRrme 1,4m-ia, ra sisqisaa yinuli?
b) Tu cilindris radiusi r2=0,5sm gaxdeba, (yinulis da wylis Tbogamtarobebia 0,4 da
Termuli gamosxivebis gadacemis tempi P2 0,12kaloria/m · °C · wm).
iqneba. risi tolia P2/P1? ••61. wylis rezer
••57. a) risi tolia 3mm sisqis minis fanjridan vuari civ amindSi
energiis dakargvis tempi (vt/m2-ebSi), Tu gare gareT gaaCeres da
temperaturaa -20°F, xolo Sida temperaturaa zedapirze 5sm sis-
+72°F? b) igive sisqis minis meore fanjara pir- qis yinulis fena
veli fanjris paralelurad aris ganlagebu- warmoiqmna (sur.
li da fanjrebs Soris 7,5sm manZilze haeria. 18.45). yinulis Tav
amjerad ra tempiT ikargeba energia, Tu gam- ze haeris tempe
taroba energiis dakargvis erTaderTi mniS- raturaa –10°C.
vnelovani meqanizmia? ILW gamoTvaleT yinu
••58. 18.43 su lis warmoqmnis
raTze naCvenebia tempi (sm/sT-ebSi).
sami fenisgan dam yinulis Tbogam sur. 18.45. amocana 61.
zadebuli kedlis tarobaa 0,004 ka-
ganivi kveTi. fe loria/wm · sm · C°, xolo simkvrive - 0,92g/sm3.
nebis sisqeebia sur. 18.43. amocana 58.
dauSviT, rom rezervuaris kedlebsa da fsk-
L1, L2=0,7L1 da L3=0,35L1. Tbogamtarobebia ers Soris energiis gadacema ar xdeba.
k1, k2=0,9k1 da k3=0,8k1. kedlis marcxena da
marjvena kideebze temperaturebia 30°C da
62. yuTidan civi Sokoladis amoRebisas
–15°C. kedlis Tbogamtaroba ucvlelia. a)
Sokoladze wneva moqmedebs da muSaoba
risi tolia meore fenaze ΔT2 temperaturuli
sruldeba. Sokoladis masis erTeulze
sxvaoba? (fenis marcxena da marjvena kideebs
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa p/ρ, sadac p aris
Soris. Tu k2=1,1k1 b) kedelSi gatarebuli
modebul wnevasa da Sokoladis amoRebis
energiis tempi ufro meti iqneba, naklebi
adgilze moqmed wnevas Soris sxvaoba,
iqneba da igive darCeba? g) ra iqneba am
xolo ρ Sokoladis simkvrivea. Sokoladis
SemTxvevaSi ΔT2?
temperaturis gazrdis nacvlad es muSaoba
••59. 18.44 suraTze naCvenebi oTxi fenisgan
kakaos adnobs. kakaos dnobis temperaturaa
Semdgari kedlis ganivi kveTi. fenebis Tbog-
150kh/kg. dauSviT, rom mTeli muSaoba dnobaze
amtarobebia k1=0,06vt/m · K, k3=0,04vt/m · K da
sruldeba da kakao Sokoladis masis 30%-
k4=0,12vt/m · K (k2 cnobili ar aris). fenebis
ia. kakaos ra procenti dadna Sokoladis
sisqeebia L1=1,5sm, L3=2,8sm da L4=3,5sm (L2 cno-
amoRebis dros, Tu p=5,5mpa da ρ=1200kg/m3?
bili ar aris). kedelSi energiis gadacema ucv-
63. 18.46 suraTze mo-
lelia. risi tolia mesame da meoTxe fenebis
gamyofi zedapiris temperatura? cemul p–V diagramaze
naCvenebia airis nimu-
Sis a mdgomareobidan
b mdgomareobaSi gada
yvanis ori SesaZlo
traeqtoria. pirvel
traeqtoriaze airs
sur. 18.44. amocana 59. siTbos saxiT 5p1V1 en-
••60. patara tbis zedapiri gaiyina da ucvleli ergia unda gadaeces. meore traeqtoriaze
mdgomareoba damyarda. yinulis Tavze haeris airs siTbos saxiT 5,5p1V1 energia unda gadae-
temperaturaa –5°C, xolo tbis fskeris ces. risi tolia p2/p1?
657
64. 20sm gverdis sigrZis aluminis myari kubi SeurTdeba, Tu amundsen-skotis samxreT
vercxliswyalSi tivtivebs. ramdeniT aiwevs polusis sadgurze temperatura –700C-s
vercxliswylis done kubis gverdebze, Tu qvemoT daecema. aseT dros jariskavi jer
temperatura 270-dan 320Kmde gaizarda? cxel saunaSi Tbeba, Semdeg ki fexsacmlis
(vercxliwylis moculobiTi gafarToebis amara gareT garbis (es, ra Tqma unda, Zalian
koeficientia 1,8×10-4/K). saxifaToa, magram amave dros samxreT
65. 18.9 formula (ΔL=αLΔT, sadac L aris polusis civi zamTris winaaRmdeg garkveuli
nebismieri mocemuli procesis sawyisi ritualicaa). davuSvaT, saunidan gamosvlisas
sigrZe) temperaturis cvlilebiT gamowveul jariskacis kanis temperaturaa 102°F, saunis
sigrZis cvlilebas miaxloebiT gvaZlevs. kedlebis, Weris da iatakis temperatura ki
modiT SevamowmoT es formula. 20kj energia 30°C-ia. gamoTvaleT jariskacis zedapiris
L=3m sawyis sigrZis da 0,4kg masis spilenZis farTobi da kanis gamosxivebis koeficientad
Reros siTbos saxiT gadaeca. davuSvaT 0,8 miiCnieT. a) daaxloebiT ra P tempiT
α=17×10 /°C spilenZis wrfivi gafarToebis
–6 kargavs jariskaci energias oTaxTan Termuli
gamosxivebis gacvlis Sedegad? gareT
zusti koeficientia da 386j/kg · K spilenZis
gamosvlisas jariskacis zedapiris farTobis
zusti kuTri siTbotevadobaa. 18.9 formulis
erTi naxevari Termul gamosxivebas –25°C
mixedviT a) ramdeniT gaizarda Reros sigrZe
temperaturis casTan cvlis, xolo meore
da b) risi tolia axali sigrZe? Semdeg
igive raodenobis energia Rerodan siTbos naxevari _ –80°C temperaturis TovlTan da
saxiT gamovida (Rero sawyis mdgomareobaSi miwasTan. risi tolia Termuli gamosxivebis
b) casTan da g) yinulTan da miwasTan gacvlis
dabrunda). 18.9 formulis mixedviT a) ram
Sedegad energiis dakargvis miaxloebiTi
deniT Semcirda Reros sigrZe da b) risi tolia
tempi?
axali sigrZe? e) ra sxvaobaa sawyis sigrZesa da
d)-s pasuxs Soris? 68. 0,3kg masis nimuSi
gamaciebel aparatSi
66. eqsperimentebis mimdinareobisas Tana
moaTavses, romelic
bari masis A da B blokebi Termulad izo
energias 2,81vt mud
lirebul WurWelSi moaTavses. TiToeul eqs
mivi tempiT aclis. 18.48
perimentSi B blokis sawyisi temperaturaa TB,
suraTze mocemulia ni-
magram A blokis TA temperatura sxvadasxva
muSis T temperaturis
eqsperimentebSi icvleba. nebismier eqspe
rimentSi Termuli wonasworobis damyarebis t droze damokideb-
ulebis grafiki. risi sur. 18.48. amocana 68.
Semdeg Tf saboloo temperatura iqmneba.
tolia nimuSis kuTri
18.47 suraTze mocemulia Tf temperaturis
siTbotevadoba?
TA temperaturis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebze
69. a) mzis zedapiris temperatura daax-
damokidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia
loebiT 6000K-ia. gamosaxeT es temperatura
a) TB temperatura da b) blokebis kuTri
farengeitis skalaze. b) adamianis sxeulis
siTbotevadobebis cB/cA Sefardeba?
normaluri 98,6°F temperatura celsiusis
skalaze gamosaxeT. g) amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, rojers pasSi, montanaSi rekordu-
lad dabali temperatura –70°F dafiqsirda.
gamosaxeT es temperatura celsiusis skalaze.
d) Jangbadis duRilis temperaturaa –183°C.
gamosaxeT es temperatura farengeitis ska-
laze.
TA(K)
70. ramdeniT gaizrdeba 5sm gverdis sigrZis
mqone aluminis kubis moculoba, Tu kubs
67. axlad gawveuli jariskaci naxevrad
10°C-dan 60°C-mde gavaxurebT.
gasaidumloebul `300 F~ klubs maSin
71. liTonis kuTri siTbotevadoba Semdegi
monacemebis mixedviT gamoTvaleT: liTonis- warmoidgineT, rom aisbergis yinulis gadnoba

gan damzadebuli WurWlis masaa 3,6kg da 14kg masze siTbos wyaroebis moTavsebiT scades.
wyals Seicavs. 180°C temperaturis da 1,8kg ra raodenobis energiaa saWiro, raTa 200 000
masis liTonis naWeri wyalSi Caagdes. WurWlis tona masis aisbergis 10% gadnes? (1 tona =
da wylis sawyisi temperatura iyo 16°C. siste- 1000 kg).
mis saboloo temperaturaa 18°C. 77. airis nimuSi
72. 18.49 suraTze a sawyisi mdgo
mareobidan b sa
wneva
naCvenebi p–V dia
gramaze B traeq wneva (pa) boloo mdgo
toriis gaswvriv mareobaSi 18.50
airis nimuSis mo suraTis p-V dia
culoba 1m -dan
3 gramaze naCvenebi moculoba
4m -mde
3
izrdeba. sami sxvadasxva
moculoba (m3) traeqtoriiT ga
Semdeg A trae-
sur. 18.49. amocana 72. dadis. pirvel procesSi (traeqtoriaze)
qtoriaze an C
airisTvis gadacemuli energiaa 10piVi. piVi-s
traeqtoriaze airis moculoba kvlav 1m3
TermebSi risi tolia a) meore procesSi
xdeba. gamoTvaleT airis mier sruli cik-
airisTvis gadacemuli energia da b) mesame
lis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba
procesSi airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba?
a) BA traeqtoriaze da b) BC traeqtoriaze.
78. CrdiloeT amerikis miwis zedapiridan
73. aTlets wonis dakleba dasWirda. a) ram energiis gatarebis saSualo tempi 54vt/m2-
denjer unda awios aTletma 80kg wona 1m ia, xolo zedapiris axlos mdebare qvebis
manZilze, raTa 1funti cximi dawvas. 1 funti Tbogamtarobaa 2,5vt/m · K. davuSvaT, zeda
cximi 3500 kaloriis eqvivalenturia. b) Tu piris temperaturaa 10°C. ra temperaturaa
aTleti wonas yovel 2 wamSi erTxel awevs, 35km siRrmeze (qerqis fskerTan axlos).
ramdeni dro dasWirdeba igive raodenobis radioaqtiuli elementebis mier warmoqmnili
cximis dawvas? siTbo ugulebelyaviT.
74. 6m sigrZis 1sm diametris spilenZis, 79. pireqsis diskos temperatura 10°C-dan
aluminis da TiTberis Reroebi erTad
60°C-mde gaizarda. diskos sawyisi radiusia
daalages da aluminis Rero SuaSi moaqcies.
8sm, xolo sawyisi sisqe - 0,5sm. risi tolia
spilenZis Reros Tavisufali bolo wylis
diskos moculobis cvlileba? (ix. cxrili
duRilis temperaturazea, xolo TiTberis
18.2)
Reros Tavisufali bolo - wylis gayinvis
temperaturaze. risi tolia a) spilenZis 80. mzis energiis saxlSi mzidan mosuli
da aluminis da b) aluminis da TiTberis energia wyliT savse kasrebSi inaxeba. zamTris
SeerTebis adgilis temperatura? 5 Rrubliani dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlis Sida
75. dedamiwis Seqmnidan mokle xanSi, temperaturis 22°C-ze SesanarCuneblad
radioaqtiuli elementebis daSlis Sedegad 1×10 kkaloria energiaa saWiro. davuSvaT,
6
gamoSvebulma siTbom Sinagani temperatura kasrebSi Casxmuli wylis temperaturaa 50°C

300-dan 3000K-mde gazarda. moculobiTi da wylis simkvrivea 1×103kg/m3. ra moculobis
gafarToebis saSualo koeficientia 3×10– wyalia saWiro?
K , ramdeniT gaizarda dedamiwis radiusi
5 –1 81. 10pa wnevis mqone airis nimuSi 1m3-dan
planetis Seqmnis Semdeg? 2m3-mde farTovdeba. gafarToebisas wneva da
76. Crdilo-atlantikis okeanis aisbergebi moculoba p=aV2 formuliT ukavSirdebian
zRvaosnobisTvis safrTxes warmoadgens, erTmaneTs, sadac a=10n/m8. gamoTvaleT airis
vinaidan sazRvao gzebis sigrZes daaxloebiT mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gafarToebisas.
30%-iT zrdian. aisbergebs afeTqebis, 82. 18.51 suraTze naCvenebia airis daxuruli
dabombvis, torpedos srolis, aSrevebis, Wris cikli. c-dan b-ze airidan siTbos saxiT 40j
da Savi Wvartlis saSualebiT anadgureben.
659
energia gamodis. 88. minis fanjara 10°C-ze 20×30sm-zea.
b-dan a-ze airidan ramdenjer gaizrdeba fanjris farTobi, Tu
siTbos saxiT 130j misi temperatura 40°C gaxda. dauSviT, rom
energia gamodis gafarToeba Tavisuflad xdeba.
da airis mier Ses- 89. 2,5kg masis aluminis naWeri 92°C-mde
rulebuli muS- gaacxeles da Semdeg 5°C temperaturis da 8kg
aobaa 80j. a-dan masis wyalSi Caagdes. dauSviT, rom naWeri-
c-ze airs 400j en- wylis sistema Termulad izolirebulia
ergia siTbos saxiT miewodeba. ra muSaobas da gamoTvaleT sistemis wonasworuli
Seasrulebs airi a-dan c-ze? (miniSneba: mona- temperatura.
cemebs plius da minus niSnebi unda Seusabamo). 90. 18.53a suraTze naCvenebia airis Semcveli
83. 18.52 suraTze da moZravi dguSiT daxuruli cilindri.
naCvenebia airis daxu cilindri yinulian wyalSia CaSvebuli. dguSi
ruli cikli. ca tra pirveli mdebareobidan meore mdebareobamde
eqtoriaze Sinagani swrafad Cawies da am mdgomareobaSi gaaCeres,
energiis cvlilebaa vidre airis temperatura kvlav yinuliani
–160j. ab traeqtori- wylis temperaturis toli gaxda. Semdeg
sur. 18.52. amocana 83. dguSi pirvel mdebareobaze nela daabrunes.
aze airisTvis siTbos
saxiT gadacemuli energiaa 200j, xolo bc 18.53b suraTze procesis p-V diagramaa.
traeqtoriaze 40j. ra muSaobas asrulebs airi ciklis ganmavlobaSi 100g yinuli dneba, ra
raodenobis muSaoba sruldeba airze?
a) abc traeqtoriaze da b) ab traeqtoriaze?
84. 20sm sigrZis foladis Reros temperatura
30°C-ia. ramdeniT gaizrdeba Reros sigrZe
50°C-ze?
85. 6kg masis sagani 50m simaRlidan vardeba
da meqanikuri kavSiris saSualebiT 0,6kg masis
wylis amamoZravebul borbals abrunebs.
davuSvaT, sagnis sawyisi mizidulobis
potenciuri energia srulad wylis Termul
energiad gardaiqmneba. wylis sawyisi
temperaturaa 15°C. ramdeniT moimatebs wylis
temperatura? sur. 18.53. amocana 90.
86. a) gamoTvaleT moTxilamuris 91. cilindris formis wylis didi
tansacmelSi sxeulis siTbos gamtarobis rezervuaris fskeris diametria 1,7m da 5,2mm
koeficienti, Tu sxeulis zedapiris sisqis rkinisganaa damzadebuli. rezervuarSi
farTobia 1,8m2 da tansacmeli 1sm sisqisaa. Casxmul wyals sanTuriT acxeleben, romelic
kanis temperaturaa 33°C, xolo tansacmlis fskeris firfitis zeda da qveda kideebs
zedapiris temperatura 1°C. tansacmlis Soris 2,3°C temperaturul sxvaobas amyarebs.
Tbogamtarobaa 0,04 vt/m · K. b) Tu dacemis ra raodenobis energia gaivlis fskeris
Semdeg moTxilamuris tansacmeli 0,5 vt/m · K firfitaSi 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi?
Tbogamtarobis wyliT dasvelda, ramdenjer 92. 25°C temperaturis foladis Rero orive
gaizarda gamtarobis koeficienti? boloTi daamagres da Semdeg gaacies. ra
87. 6×10-6m sigrZis gverdis da 0,75 gamosxivebis temperaturaze gadatydeba Rero? gamoiyeneT
koeficientis da –100°C temperaturis kubi 12.1 cxrili.
–150°C temperaturis garemoSi tivtivebs?
93. 0,7kg masis yinulis kubis temperatura
risi tolia kubis Termuli gamosxivebis
–150°C-mde Semcirda. Semdeg kubs garemodan
gadacemis tempi?
energia siTbos saxiT TandaTanobiT gadaeca.
mTliani gadacemuli energia 0,6993mgj-ia. energia fanjaraSi? (miniSneba: fanjris minaze

davuSvaT, rom 18.3 cxrilSi mocemuli cyinuli temperatura Zalian mcired klebulobs).
–150°C-dan 0°C-mde gamosadegia. ra tempera- b) gamoTvaleT minis Sida da gare zedapirebs
tura eqneba wyals sabolood? Soris temperaturuli sxvaoba?
94. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven 0,02 m radiusis, gareT SigniT

0,8 gamosxivebis koeficientis da 500K
temperaturis zedapiris mqone cxeli
sferodan gamosxivebul 5×10
–3
energias
iRebT. ramden energias miiRebT 2 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi?
95. a) risi tolia aluminis wrfivi gafarToe-
bis koeficienti farengeitis gradusebSi?
b) gamoiyeneT a) pasuxi da 40°F-dan 95°F-mde
gaxurebisas 6 m sigrZis aluminis Reros sigr-
Zis cvlileba gamoTvaleT. sur. 18.54. amocana 99.
96. pireqsis minis Tbogamtaroba 0° C-ze aris 100. Tanabari sigrZis da 20°C temperaturis
2,9×10–3kaloria/sm · C° · wm. gamosaxeT sidide aluminis, invaris da foladis Reroebi tol-
a) vt/m · K-ebSi da b) bse/futi · F° · sT-ebSi. gverda samkuTxeds qmnian. ra temperaturaze
iqneba invaris Reros sawinaaRmdego kuTxe
g) gamoiyeneT a) pasuxi da gamoTvaleT 6,4mm
sisqis pireqsis furclis R mniSvneloba.
59,95°C? saWiro trigonometriuli for-
mulebisTvis ix. damateba E, xolo monacemebi
97. minis marTkuTxa firfitis zomebia
0,2×0,3 m. minis wrfivi gafarToebis koe 18.2 cxrilSia.
ficientia 9×10-6/K. ramdeniT Seicvleba fir
101. yinulis ori naWris erTmaneTze xaxuniT
yinuli dneba. ra raodenobis muSaoba
fitis farTobi, Tu temperatura 20K-iT gaiz-
(joulebSi) unda Seasrulo, raTa 1g yinuli
arda?
gadnes?
98. 0,055kg masis da 0,837kj/kg•K kuTri
102. gamdinare kalorimetri siTxis kuTri
siTbotevadobis Termometri 15°C-s aCvenebs.
siTbotevadobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba.
Semdeg Termometri 0,3 kg masis wyalSi CaZires
rodesac siTxe kalorimetrSi cnobili tem-
da misi temperatura wylis temperaturis
piT gadis, siTxis nakads energia siTbos saxiT
toli gaxda. Tu am dros Termometris Cvenebaa
cnobili tempiT emateba. siTxis Semdinare da
44,4°C, risi toli iyo wylis temperatura gamdinare nakadebs Soris temperaturuli sx-
masSi Termometris CaZirvamde? vaobis gamoTvlis Semdeg siTxis kuTri siT-
99. 18.54 suraTze naCvenebia zamTris mS- botevadobis gamoTvla SesaZlebeli xdeba.
vidi dRis ganmavlobaSi erTminiani fanjri- davuSvaT, 0,85g/sm3 simkvrivis siTxe kalo-
dan monaberi haeris temperaturis droze
rimetrSi 8sm3/wm tempiT miedineba. rodesac
damokidebulebis grafiki. fanjris zomebia
eleqtruli gamacxeleblis saSualebiT na-
60×60×0,5 sm. davuSvaT, energia fanjris per-
kads energia 250vt tempiT emateba, Semaval
pendikularuli traeqtoriT fanjris erT
da gamaval nakadebs Soris temperaturuli
mxareze 8sm manZilidan fanjris meore mxar-
sxvaobaa 15°C. risi tolia siTxis kuTri siT-
eze 8sm manZilze gadis. a) ra tempiT gaivlis botevadoba?
airebis kinetikuri Teoria 19
suraTze gamosaxuli sarkinigzo cisternis SigTavsi orTqlis saSualebiT
gawmindes. vinaidan samuSao cvlis dasrulebamde saqmis damTavreba ver
moeswro, vagoni daxures da Rame datoves. meore dilas dabrunebulma
muSebma aRmoaGines, rom foladis kedlebiT aRWurvili cisterna raRacam
Gaangria, TiTqos fantastikuri filmidan mosulma gamZvinvarebulma
gigantma masze fexi dadgao.
ram gamoiwvia RamiT cisternis Cangreva?

Termodinamikis Seswavlis erT – erTi ZiriTadi sagani airebis fizikaa. airi atomebisgan
(individualuri atomebisgan an molekulebis saxiT gaerTianebuli atomebisgan) Sedgeba,
romlebic WurWlis moculobas avsebs da WurWlis kedlebze wneviT moqmedebs. amgvari airisTvis
temperatura SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT. airTan dakavSirebuli samive cvladi – moculoba, wneva
da temperatura – atomebis moZraobis Sedegia. atomebi Tavisuflad vrceldeba WurWelSi
da mTel moculobas ikaveben. igive atomebi WurWlis kedlebs ejaxebian da wnevas warmoqmnian,
xolo temperatura atomebis kinetikur energiasTan aris kavSirSi. am TavSi axsnili airebis
kinetikuri Teoria atomebis moZraobas airis moculobasTan, wnevasTan da temperaturasTan
akavSirebs.
airebis kinetikuri Teoriis gamoyenebis magaliTebi uricxvia. saavtomobilo inJinrebi
aorTqlebuli sawvavis (airis) manqanis ZravebSi wvas ganixilaven. sakvebi produqtebis
teqnologebs fermentaciuli airis warmoebasTan aqvT kavSiri, romelic cxobisas puris afuebas
iwvevs. sasmelebis specialistebi ludis WiqaSi airis mier qafis warmoqmnas an Sampanuris
boTlidan sacobis amogdebas swavloben. eqimebi da fiziologebi wylis zedapirze akvalangiT
amosvlisas pauzis xangrZlivobas adgenen, romlis drosac myvinTavis sisxlis mimoqcevis
sistemidan azotis airis gamoyofa xdeba. ekologebi okeanesa da atmosferos Soris siTbos
gacvlas da amindze mis zegavlenas swavloben.
airis kinetikuri Teoriis ganxilvis pirveli etapi airis raodenobis gazomvaa, risTvisac
avogadros ricxvs viyenebT.
661
662 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
19.2. avogadros ricxvi

rodesac Cveni azrovneba atomebsa da molekulebs exeba, kargi iqneba airis nimuSebi molebSi
gavzomoT. Tu ase moviqceviT, SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom Tanabari raodenobis
atomebis an molekulebis Semcvel nimuSebs vadarebT erTmaneTs. moli SI sistemis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi erTeulia:
1 moli aris 12g masis naxSirbad – 12-is nimuSSi atomebis ricxvi.
cxadia Cndeba SekiTxva: `ramdeni atomi an molekulaa erT molSi?~. pasuxi eqsperimentulad
dadgenilia da me – 18 Tavidan ukve viciT:
NA=6,02×1023moli–1 (avogadros ricxvi) (19.1)
moli–1 aris Sebrunebuli moli da niSnavs `molis erTeulze~. NA-s italieli mecnieris amadeo
avogadros (1776-1856) pativsacemad avogadros ricxvi ewodeba. avogadrom ganacxada, rom
temperaturis da wnevis erTnairi pirobebis dros Tanabari moculobis airebi erTi da igive
raodenobis atomebs an molekulebs Seicaven.
nebismieri nivTierebis nimuSSi molebis n raodenoba tolia nimuSSi N da 1 molSi NA molekulebis
raodenobaTa Sefardebas:
N
n= (19.2)
NA
(gafrTxileba: formulaSi Sesuli sami simbolo advilad SeiZleba erTmaneTSi agerioT, amitom
maTi mniSvnelobebi kargad daimaxsovreT). nimuSis molebis n ricxvis dadgena nimuSis Mnim masiT
da M moluri masiT (1 molis masa) an m molekuluri masiT (erTi molekulis masa) SeiZleba:
Mnim M
n= = nim . (19.3)
M mNA
19.3 formulaSi gamoviyeneT faqti, rom 1 molis M masa erTi molekulis m masis da 1 molSi
molekulebis NA raodenobis namravlia:
M = mNA (19.4)
taqtika 1: ra aris avogadros ricxvi? taruli nawilakebi, romlebic mocemul konk-

retul situaciaSi arseboben. magaliTad, Tu
19.1 formulaSi avogadros ricxvi gamo
nivTierebis elementaruli nawilaki ato-
saxulia moli–1 erTeulebSi, rac aris Sebru
nebuli moli anu 1/moli. amis nacvlad Cven mia, maSin NA=6,02×1023atomi/moli, xolo Tu
SegviZlia cxadad davafiqsiroT is elemen- elementaruli nawilaki molekulaa, maSin

NA=6,02×1023 molekula/moli.
19.3. idealuri airebi

am TavSi Cveni mizania airis makroskopuli maxasiaTeblebis, rogoricaa wneva da temperatura,
axsna misi Semadgeneli molekulebis maxasiaTeblebis _ moZraobis da urTierTqmedebis
saSualebiT. Tavidnave Cndeba kiTxva: romeli airi ganvixiloT? wyalbadi, Jangbadi, meTani Tu
uranis heqsaftoridi? yvela es airi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. eqsperimentebma aCvenes, rom
Tu 1 mol sxvadasxva airebs Tanabari moculobis yuTebSi movaTavseT da Tanabar temperaturaze
vamyofebT, maSin maTi wnevebi TiTqmis, magram ara absoluturad, Tanabari iqneba. Tu gazomvebs
ufro mcire simkvriveebis airebisTvis gavimeorebT, wnevebs Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis gaqreba.
19.3. idealuri airebi 663
momdevno eqsperimentebi amtkiceben, rom sakmarisad mcire simkvrivis pirobebSi yvela realuri
airi Semdeg formulas eqvemdebareba:
pV = nRT, (idealuri airis kanoni) (19.5)
sadac p aris absoluturi wneva, n – airis molebis ricxvi, xolo T – temperatura kelvinebSi. R
simbolos airis mudmiva ewodeba da yvela airisTvis:
R = 8,31 j/moli · K (19.6)
19.5 formulas idealuri airis kanoni ewodeba. airis mcire simkvrivis pirobebSi es kanoni
nebismieri erTi airisTvis an sxvadasxva airebis narevisTvis gamosadegia (narevis SemTxvevaSi n
iqneba molebis mTliani ricxvi).
19.5 formula k bolcmanis mudmivis saSualebiTac SeiZleba Caiweros. bolcmanis mudmiva ase
ganisazRvreba:
R 8,31 j/mol·K
k= = = 1,38×10–23 j/k (19.7)
NA 6,02×1023mol–1
maSasadame R=kNA da 19.2 formulis (n=N/NA) Tanaxmad Cven vxedavT, rom:
nR = Nk (19.8)
19.8 formula 19.5 formulaSi CavsvaT da idealuri airis kanonis meore gamosaxulebas
miviRebT:
pV = NkT (idealuri airis kanoni) (19.9)
(gafrTxileba: idealuri airis kanonis or gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba gaiTvaliswineT. 19.5

formulaSi n molebis ricxvia, xolo 19.9 formulaSi N aris molekulebis ricxvi).
SesaZloa gagiCndeT kiTxva: `ra aris idealuri airi da ratom aris is aseTi idealuri? pasuxi misi
kanonis (formulebi 19.5 da 19.9) simartiveSi mdgomareobs, romelic mis makroskopul Tvisebebs
aRwers. rogorc mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, am kanonis saSualebiT idealuri airis maxasiaTeblebis
gansazRvra martivad SeiZleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebaSi idealuri airi ar arsebobs,
mcire simkvrivis pirobebSi anu rodesac airis molekulebi did manZilebzea erTmaneTisgan
daSorebuli da erTmaneTTan ar urTierTqmedeben, yvela realuri airi idealur mdgomareobas
uaxlovdeba. maSasadame, idealuri airis cneba saSualebas iZleva miviRoT sasargeblo codna
realuri airebis Sesaxeb am zRvruli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi.
19.9 formulis mixedviT am Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanil fotosuraTze gamosaxuli sarkinigzo
cisternis damtvrevis mizezi SegviZlia avxsnaT. rodesac cisterna gawmindes, misi interieri
Zalian cxeli orTqliT aivso, rac wylis molekulebis airia. samuSao cvlis dasasruls
muSebma orTqli cisternis SigniT datoves da yvela sarqveli daxSes. am dros airis wneva
atmosferuli wnevis toli iyo, vinaidan wmendis procesSi sarqvelebi Ria iyo atmosferosTvis.
Ramis ganmavlobaSi cisterna da orTqli gacivda, orTqlma kondensacia daiwyo da airis
molekulebis N ricxvi da airis T temperatura Semcirda. maSasadame, 19.9 formulis marjvena
mxare Semcirda da vinaidan V moculoba mudmivi iyo, formulis marcxena mxares airis p wnevac
Semcirda. garkveul temperaturaze, cisternis SigniT airis wnevam imdenad daiwia, rom gare
atmosferulma wnevam cisternis foladis kedlebi daangria. gamwmend personals es incidenti
SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina da sarqvelebi Ria daetovebina. Sedegad haeri cisternaSi Sesvlas
SeZlebda da Sida wneva yovelTvis gare atmosferuli wnevis toli iqneboda.
mudmiv temperaturaze idealuri airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba

davuSvaT, idealuri airi me-18 paragrafSi aRweril dguSian cilindrSi movaTavseT. Semdeg
airi Vi sawyisi moculobidan Vf saboloo moculobamde gafarTovda da am procesis dros airis
temperatura mudmivi iyo. mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi mimdinare aseT process izoTermuli
gafarToeba (xolo sapirispiro process izoTermuli SekumSva) ewodeba.
p–V diagramaze izoTerma Tanabari temperaturis wertilebis SemaerTebeli wiria. maSasadame,
is aris airis wnevis moculobaze damokidebulebis grafiki, rodesac T mudmivia. idealuri airis
n molisTvis Sesabamisi grafiki Semdegi gantolebiT ganisazRvreba:
1 1
p = nRT = ( mudmiva) . (19.10)
V V
19.1 suraTze naCvenebia T -s sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis Sesabamisi sami izoTerma (gaiTvaliswineT,
rom izoTermebis T mniSvnelobebi maRla da marjvniv izrdeba). Sua izoTermaze naCvenebia
izoTermuli gafarToebisas airis mier ganvlili traeqtoria, rodesac misi mdgomareoba 310K
mudmiv temperaturaze i-dan f -ze Seicvala.
izoTermuli gafarToebisas idealuri airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlas 18.25
formuliT viwyebT:
W=
(19.11)
es formula nebismieri airis moculobis nebismieri cvlilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaobis zogadi

gamosaxulebaa. idealuri airis SemTxvevaSi 19.5 formula (pV = nRT) gamoviyenoT da p-s nacvlad
CavsvaT:
W= (19.12)
vinaidan izoTermul gafarToebas ganvixilavT, T

mudmivia da misi gamotana integralis niSnis gareT
SeiZleba:
W = nRT  = nRT (19.13)
frCxilebSi Casmuli sidide gamovTvaloT sazRvrebze da

Semdeg gamoviyenoT ln a – ln b = ln (a/b) igiveoba:
Vf
W = nRT ln  (idealuri airi, izoTermuli procesi) (19.14)
Vi
gavixsenoT, rom ln simbolo naturalur logariTms
aRniSnavs, romlis fuZea e.
gafarToebis SemTxvevaSi Vf > Vi da maSasadame 19.14
sur. 19.1. p – V diagramaze gamosaxuli formulaSi Vf /Vi Sefardeba erTze metia. erTze meti
sami izoTerma. Sua izoTermaze sididis naturaluri logariTmi dadebiTia, amitom
naCvenebi traeqtoria warmoadgens
izoTermuli gafarToebisas idealuri airis mier
airis izoTermul gafarToebas i
sawyisi mdgomareobidan f saboloo Sesrulebuli W muSaoba dadebiTia, rac mosalodnelic
mdgomareobamde. izoTermas gaswvriv iyo. SekumSvis dros Vf <Vi da amitom 19.14 formulaSi
f-dan i-mde gavlebuli traeqtoria
Vf /Vi Sefardeba erTze naklebia. aqedan gamomdinare,
Sebrunebuli procesis anu izoTermuli
SekumSvis amsaxveli iqneba. naturaluri logariTmi da, maSasadame, W Sesrulebuli
muSaoba, uaryofiTia.
19.3. idealuri airebi 665
mudmivi moculobis da mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba
19.14 formula idealuri airis mier Sesrulebul W muSaobas nebismieri Termodinamikuri
procesisTvis ar gvaZlevs. am formuliT mxolod mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi Sesrulebul
muSaobas gamovTvliT. Tu temperatura icvleba, maSin 19.12 formulis T simbolos 19.13
formulis integralis niSnis gareT ver gavitanT da maSasadame 19.14 formulamdec ver mivalT.
miuxedavad amisa, Cven SegviZlia 19.11 formulas davubrundeT da mudmivi wnevis da mudmivi
moculobis pirobebSi mimdinare procesis ganmavlobaSi idealuri airis (an nebismieri sxva
airis) mier Sesrulebuli W muSaoba gamovTvaloT. Tu airis moculoba mudmivia, maSin 19.11
formula gvaZlevs:
W = 0 (procesi mudmivi moculobis SemTxvevaSi) (19.15)
Tu moculoba icvleba da airis p wneva mudmivia, maSin 19.11 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
W = p(Vf – Vi) = pΔV (procesi mudmivi wnevis SemTxvevaSi) (19.16)
sakontrolo wertili 1. idealuri airis sawyisi wneva wnevis

sami erTeulia, xolo moculoba – moculobis oTxi erTeuli. a b c d e
cxrilSi mocemulia am airis saboloo wneva da moculoba (igive p 12 6 5 4 1
erTeulebSi) xuTi procesis SemTxvevaSi. romeli procesi V 1 2 7 3 12
iwyeba da mTavrdeba erT da igive izoTermaze?

cilindri 20°C temperaturis, 15 atmosferuli gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tu mocemul sawyis
wnevis da 12l moculobis Jangbads Seicavs. da saboloo moculobebs litrebidan m3-
Semdeg temperatura 35°C-mde izrdeba da ebSi gadaviyvanT, mamravli gadayvanis
moculoba 8,5l-mde mcirdeba. risi tolia koeficientebi 19.17 formulaSi gabaTildeba.
airis saboloo wneva? dauSviT, rom airi igive moxdeba wnevis atmosferuli wnevebidan
idealuria. paskalebSi gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad
amoxsna: vinaidan airi idealuria, misi amisa, mocemuli temperaturebis kelvinebSi
wneva, moculoba, temperatura da molebis gadayvana moiTxovs sididis damatebas,
ricxvi erTmaneTs idealuri airis kanoniT romelic ar gabaTildeba. maSasadame:
ukavSirdeba, iqneba es airis i sawyisi Tu Ti = (273 + 20) K = 293 K
f saboloo mdgomareoba. maSasadame, 19.5 da Tf = (273 + 35) K = 308 K
formulidan SegviZlia davweroT:
cnobili monacemebi 19.17 formulaSi CavsvaT
piVi = nRTi da pfVf = nRTf da miviRebT:
(15 atm)(308 K)(12 l)
meore formula pirvelze gavyoT da pf -sTvis pf = 
(293 K)(8,5 l)
amovxsnaT:
pi Tf Vi = 22 atm (pasuxi)
pf =  T V (19.17)
i f

erTi moli Jangbadi (dauSviT, rom is idealuri amoxsna: muSaobis gamoTvla airis wnevis
airia) T = 310 K mudmiv temperaturaze moculobiT integrebiT SeiZleba (19.11
Vi = 12 l moculobidan Vf = 19 l moculobamde formula). vinaidan airi idealuria da
farTovdeba. ra muSaobas asrulebs airi gafarToeba izoTermulia, integrebas 19.14
gafarToebisas? formulamde mivyavarT:
Vf
W = nRT ln 
Vi
19 l
= (1 mol)(8,31 j/mol)(310 K) ln 
12 l
= 1180 j. (pasuxi)
19.2 suraTis p–V diagramaze gafarToebis

grafikia naCvenebi. airis mier gafarToebisas
Sesrulebuli muSaoba if wiris monakveTs qvemoT
mdebare gamuqebuli ariTaa warmodgenili.
SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom Tu gafarToe-
bis nacvlad airi izoTermulad 19 l-dan
12l-mde ikumSeba, maSin airis mier Sesrule-
buli muSaobaa – 1180j. maSasadame, gare Zalam
airze 1180j muSaoba unda Seasrulos, raTa
sur. 19.2. gamuqebuli are 1 moli Jangbadis mier
airi SeikumSos.
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa, rodesac is 310K mudmiv
temperaturaze Vi -dan Vf -mde farTovdeba.
19.4. wneva, temperatura da saSualo kvadratuli siCqare

kinetikuri Teoriis pirvel amocanamdec movediT. davuSvaT idealuri airis n moli V moculobis
kubis formis yuTSi movaqcieT, rogorc es aris 19.3 suraTze. yuTis kedlebis temperaturaa T.
ra kavSiria airis mier kedlebze moqmed p wnevasa da molekulebis siCqareebs Soris?
yuTSi moqceuli airis molekulebi yvela mimarTulebiT da sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraoben, isini
erTmaneTs ejaxebian da kedlebidan aisxlitebian. Cven molekulebis erTmaneTTan Sejaxebebs
ugulebelvyofT da mxolod kedlebTan drekad Sejaxebebs ganvixilavT.
19.3 suraTze naCvenebia m masis da siCqariT moZravi tipuri airis molekula, romelic gamuqe-
bul kedels unda Seejaxos. vinaidan davuSviT, rom molekulis kedelTan Sejaxeba drekadia, siC-
qaris mxolod x komponenti icvleba da es cvlileba am komponentis SebrunebiT gamoixateba. es
niSnavs, rom nawilakis impulsi mxolod x RerZis gaswvriv icvleba:
Δpx = (–mνx) – (mνx) = –2mνx 
aqedan gamomdinare, Sejaxebisas kedlisTvis gadacemuli Δpx impulsi +2mνx-is tolia (vinaidan
am wignSi p simbolo wnevas da impulss erTdroulad asaxavs, gaiTvaliswineT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
p impulsi da veqtoruli sididea).
19.3 suraTze gamosaxuli molekula gamoyofil kedels
ganmeorebiT daejaxeba. Sejaxebebs Soris Δt dro aris νx
siCqariT moZravi molekulis sawinaaRmdego kedlamde
misvlisTvis da Semdeg ukan dabrunebisTvis (2L manZili)
saWiro dro. maSasadame Δt = 2L/νx (es Sedegi im SemTxvevaSic
sworia, Tu molekula moZraobisas damatebiT nebismier
sxva kedels an kedlebs Seejaxeba, vinaidan es kedlebi x-is
paralelurebia da maT νx-is Secvla ar ZaluZT). maSasadame,
sur. 19.3. L sigrZis gverdis mqone kubis gamoyofili kedlisTvis erTi molekulis mier impulsis
formis yuTi idealuri airis n mols
Seicavs. m masis da siCqaris mqone gadacemis saSualo tempia:
molekula L2 farTobis kedels ejaxeba. Δ px 2mνx mν 2
am kedlis normali naCvenebia.  =   =  x
Δt 2L/νx L
19.4. wneva, temperatura da saSualo kvadratuli siCqare 667
niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare ( =d /dt), kedlisTvis impulsis gadacemis tempi am

kedelze moqmedi Zalaa. mTliani Zalis gamosaTvlelad kedelze Sejaxebuli yvela molekulis
monawileoba unda gamovTvaloT da davuSvaT, rom yvela molekula sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraobs.
sruli Fx Zalis komponentis kedlis farTobze (=L2) gayofa kedelze moqmed p wnevas mogvcems. es
wneva ase SeiZleba gamoiTvalos:
Fx
p =  =  = , (19.18)
L2
sadac N aris molekulebis ricxvi yuTSi.
vinaidan N=nNA 19.18 formulis frCxilebis meore wyvilis SigniT nNA wevria. es sidide nNA(νx2 )saS.
-iT SegviZlia SevcvaloT, sadac (νx2 )saS. aris yvela molekuluri siCqaris x komponentebis
kvadratis saSualo mniSvneloba. 19.18 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
nmNA
p =  = (νx2 )saS
L3
mNA airis M moluri masaa (anu erTi moli airis masa). garda amisa, L3 yuTis moculobaa da aqedan
gamomdinare:
nM(νx2 )saS
p =  . (19.19)
V
nebismieri molekulisTvis ν2 = νx2 + νy2 + νz2. vinaidan molekulebi uricxvia da yvela sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, maTi siCqaris komponentebis kvadratebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi
1
Tanabaria da νx2 = ν2. maSasadame, 19.19 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
3
nM(ν2)saS
p =  . (19.20)
3V
(ν2)saS-dan kvadratuli fesvi saSualo siCqaris erTerTi saxeobaa, romelsac molekulebis saSu-
alo kvadratuli siCqare ewodeba da νsaS.kv simboloTi aRiniSneba. saxelwodeba Sinaarss sakmaod
kargad aRwers. Tqven kvadratSi agyavT TiToeuli siCqare, Semdeg poulobT am kvadratuli siC-
qareebis saSualo mniSvnelobas da Semdeg am saSualo mniSvnelobidan kvadratul fesvs iRebT.
saS.kv
da 19.20 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
nMνsaS.kv
2
p =  . (19.21)
3V
19.21 formulaSi naTlad Cans
kinetikuri Teoris suliskveTeba. cxrili 19.1
es formula gvauwyebs rogor aris saSualo kvadratuli siCqare oTaxis
airis wneva (makroskopuli sidide) temperaturaze (T=300K)a
molekulebis siCqareze (mikroskopuli
sidide) damokidebuli. moluri masa
airi ννsaS.kv (m/wm)
19.21 formula νsaS.kv-is gamosaTvlelad (10 – 3kg/moli)
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. amisTvis 19.21 wyalbadi (H2) 2,02 1920
formula idealuri airis kanonTan heliumi (He) 4 1370
(pV=nRT) gavaerTianoT: wylis orTqli (H2O) 18 645
azoti (N2) 28 517
νsaS.kv (19.22)
Jangbadi (O2) 32 483
19.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19.22 formu- naxSirorJangi (CO2) 44 412
lis saSualebiT gamoTvlili saSualo gogirdis dioqsidi (SO2) 64,1 342
kvadratuli siCqareebi, romlebic sak- a
simartivisTvis oTaxis temperaturas 300K-d mi-
maod maRalia. oTaxis temperaturaze viCnevT (27°C an 81°F), Tumca es sakmaod gamTbari
(300K) wyalbadis molekulebis saSualo oTaxis temperaturaa.
kvadratuli siCqarea 1920m/wm an 4300mili/sT, e.i. molekula tyviaze swrafad moZraobs. mzis
zedapirze, 2×106K temperaturis pirobebSi wyalbadis molekulebis saSualo kvadratuli siC-
qare 82-jer meti iqneba, magram amgvari siCqareebis dros molekulebi Sejaxebas ver uZleben da
iSlebian. daimaxsovreT, rom saSualo kvadratuli siCqare saSualo siCqaris erT-erTi saxeobaa.
airSi bgeris siCqare airis molekulebis saSualo kvadratul siCqaresTan axlo kavSirSia.
bgeris talRaSi SeSfoTeba molekulidan molekulas Sejaxebis Sedegad gadaecema. talRas
molekulebis `saSualo~ siCqareze swrafad moZraoba ar SeuZlia. ufro metic, bgeris siCqare
`saSualo~ molekulur siCqareze naklebic unda iyos, vinaidan yvela molekula talRis moZrao-
bis mimarTulebiT ar gadaadgildeba. magaliTad, oTaxis temperaturaze wyalbadis da azotis
molekulebis saSualo kvadratuli siCqarea 1920m/wm da 517m/wm. am or airSi bgeris siCqare igive
temperaturaze 1350m/wm da 350m/wm-ia.
xSirad Cndeba kiTxva: Tu molekulebi ase swrafad moZraoben, ratom sWirdeba wuTi an meti dro
sunamos surnelis mosvlas, rodesac oTaxSi sunamos flakons gaxsnian? pasuxi is aris, rom mar-
Talia sunamos molekulebi swrafad moZraoben, magram isini flakons sakmaod nela Sordebian,
vinaidan erTmaneTTan Sejaxebebi maT oTaxis gaswvriv pirdapir Tqvensken wamosvlas xels uSlis.
am SemTxvevas 19.6 paragrafSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
mocemulia xuTi ricxvi: 5, 11, 32, 67 da 89

a) risi tolia am ricxvebis nsaS saSualo mniSvnelobaze metia, vinaidan didi ricxvebi
mniSvneloba? kvadratSi ayvanisas ufro mniSvnelovan rols
amoxsna: TamaSoben saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis
5 + 11 + 32 + 67 + 89 formirebisas. amis Sesamowmeblad Cvens
navg = = 40,8 (pasuxi)
5 wyvilSi 89 SevcvaloT 300-iT. ricxvTa axali
b) risi tolia am ricxvebis nsaS.kv saSualo wyvilis saSualoo mniSvneloba winaze 2-jer
kvadratuli mniSvneloba? meti iqneba, xolo saSualo kvadratuli
amoxsna: mniSvneloba – 2,7-jer meti.
nsaS.kv = 52,1 (pasuxi)
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvneloba saSualo
19.5. gadataniTi kinetikuri energia

am SemTxvevaSic idealuri airis erT molekulas ganvixilavT, romelic 19.3 suraTis yuTSi
moZraobs, magram amjerad vuSvebT, rom misi siCqare sxva molekulebTan Sejaxebis Sedegad
icvleba. nebismier momentSi molekulis gadataniT moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli kinetikuri
1
energia (anu gadataniTi kinetikuri energia) mν2-is tolia. dakvirvebis ganmavlobaSi molekulis
2
saSualo gadataniTi kinetikuri energiaa:
KsaS = ( 1 mν2)saS = 1 m(ν2)saS = 1 mν saS.kv

2
(19.23)
2 2 2
Cven davuSviT, rom dakvirvebis ganmavlobaSi molekulis saSualo siCqare drois nebismier mo-
mentSi yvela sxva molekulis saSualo siCqaris tolia (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu airis sruli energia
ar icvleba da molekulas sakmarisad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi vakvirdebiT, daSveba sworia). 19.22
formula νsaS.kv-is nacvlad CavsvaT da miviRebT:
KsaS = ( 1 m)  3RT  .

2 M
19.6. saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni 669
moluri masis molekulis masaze M/m Sefardeba ubralod avogadros ricxvia, aqedan gamom
dinare:
KsaS =  3RT  .
2NA
19.7 formulis gamoyenebiT (k=R/NA) SegviZlia davweroT:
3
KsaS =  2  kT (19.24)
es formula sakmaod moulodnel Sedegs iZleva:
T mocemul temperaturaze, idealuri airis yvela molekulis (masis miuxedavad)

saSualo gadataniTi kinetikuri energia 3 kT – is tolia. rodesac airis temperaturas
2
vzomavT, misi molekulebis saSualo gadataniT kinetikur energiasac vigebT.
sakontrolo wertili 2. airis narevi 1, 2 da 3 tipis molekulebisgan Sedgeba. molekulebis

masebia m1>m2>m3. daalageT molekulebi a) saSualo kinetikuri energiis da b) saSualo
kvadratuli siCqaris mixedviT dididan mcireze.
19.6. saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni

am paragrafSi kvlav vagrZelebT idealuri airis molekulebis
moZraobis ganxilvas. 19.4 suraTze naCvenebia airSi moZravi
tipuri molekulis traeqtoria, rodesac is siCqares da
mimarTulebas sxva molekulebTan drekadi Sejaxebebis
Sedegad swrafad icvlis. Sejaxebebs Soris molekula
mudmivi siCqariT wrfivad moZraobs. marTalia suraTze sxva
molekulebi uZravadaa gamosaxuli, magram sinamdvileSi
isinic moZraoben.
amgvari SemTxveviTi moZraobis aRwerisTvis sakmaod sur. 19.4. molekula airSi moZraobs
da sxva molekulebs ejaxeba. su
xelsayrelia molekulis λ saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni.
raTze sxva molekulebi uZravadaa
saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, λ aris Sejaxebebs Soris gamosaxuli, magram sinamdvileSi
molekulis mier ganvlili saSualo manZili. mosalodnelia, isinic amgvarad moZraoben.
rom λ moculobis erTeulSi molekulebis ricxvis N/V-s

ukuproporciulad Seicvleba. rac ufro metia N/V, miT ufro meti Sejaxeba xdeba da miT ufro
naklebia Tavisufali saSualo ganarbeni. aseve mosalodnelia, rom λ molekulebis zomis (maTi
d diametris) ukuproporciulad icvleba (molekulebi wertilis
zomis rom iyos, isini arasdros Seejaxebodnen erTmaneTs, xolo
saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni usasrulo iqneboda). maSasadame,
(a)
rac ufro metia molekulebis zomebi, miT ufro naklebia saSualo
Tavisufali ganarbeni. metic, SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom λ molekulebis diametris kvadratis ukuproporciulia,
radgan molekulis ganivi kveTi da ara diametri gansazRvravs mis
efeqtur samizne farTobs.
(b)
sur. 19.5. a) Sejaxeba maSin xdeba, rodesac ori molekulis centrebs Soris
manZili molekulis d diametrze naklebia. b) eqvivalenturi, magram ufro
martivi meTodi molekulis d radiusis mqoned da yvela sxva molekulis
wertilebad warmodgenaa. Sejaxebis piroba ar icvleba.
saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni Semdegi formuliT

gamoiTvleba:
(saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni) (19.25)
19.25 formulis dasamtkiceblad yuradReba erT molekulaze

gadagvaqvs da vuSvebT, rom Cveni molekula ν mudmivi
siCqariT moZraobs, xolo yvela danarCeni molekula uZravia.
sur. 19.6. moZravi molekula Δt
droSi νΔt sigrZis da d radiusis mogvianebiT am daSvebas bevrad SevamsubuqebT.
cilindrs Semowers. Semdeg vuSvebT, rom molekulebi sferos formisaa da maTi
diametria d. Sejaxeba maSin moxdeba, rodesac ori molekulis
centrs Soris manZili d-ze naklebi gaxdeba, rogorc es 19.5a suraTzea gamosaxuli. kidev
ufro martivi iqneba, Tu Cvens molekulas d radiusis mqoned, xolo yvela danarCen molekulas
wertilebad miviCnevT (sur. 19.5b). Sejaxebis kriteriumi am SemTxvevaSi ar Seicvleba.
2
rodesac Cveni molekula airSi zigzagebiT moZraobs, is Sejaxebebs Soris πd farTobis ganivi
kveTis mqone cilindrs Semowers. Tu molekulas Δt drois ganmavlobaSi davakvirdebiT, is νΔt
manZils gaivlis, sadac ν molekulis siCqarea. maSasadame, Tu Δt drois SualedSi Semoweril mokle
cilindrebs erTad davalagebT, miviRebT νΔt sigrZis (πd 2 )(νΔt) moculobis Sedgenil cilindrs.
Δt drois SualedSi momxdari Sejaxebebis raodenoba am cilindrSi moqceuli molekulebis
(wertilebis) ricxvis tolia.
vinaidan N/V moculobis erTeulSi molekulebis ricxvia, cilindrSi molekulebis raodenoba
cilindris moculobaze N/V-jer metia anu (N/V)(πd 2 νΔt). igivea Δt drois SualedSi momxdari
Sejaxebebis ricxvi. saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni traeqtoriis (da maSasadame cilindris)
sigrZis am ricxvze Sefardebaa:
manZili Δt drois SualedSi νΔt 1
λ = Sejaxebebis ricxvi Δt-Si ≈ =  . (19.26)
πd 2 νΔt N/V πd 2  N/V
es formula mxolod miaxloebiTia, vinaidan is daSvebas efuZneba, rom erTis garda yvela
molekula uZravia. sinamdvileSi yvela molekula moZraobs da am dros 19.25 formula miiReba.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 19.25 formula 19.26-isgan mxolod 1/ 2 koeficientiT gansxvavdeba.
19.26 formulis mricxvelsa da mniSvnelSi ν mniSvnelobebi erTi da igive ar aris. mricxvelis ν
aris molekulebis νsaS. saSualo siCqare WurWlis mimarT. mniSvnelis ν ki aris molekulebis νfard
saSualo siCqare sxva moZravi molekulebis mimarT. es ukanaskneli saSualo siCqare Sejaxebebis
raodenobas gansazRvravs. detaluri gamoTvlebis Sedegad, rodesac mxedvelobaSi iReben
molekulebis siCqareTa ganawilebas, miviRebT νfard = 2 νsaS.
zRvis doneze haeris molekulebis saSualo Tavisufali ganarbenia 0,1mkm-ia. 100km simaRleze
haeris simkvrive ecema da saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni 16sm-mde izrdeba. 300km simaRleze
saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni daaxloebiT 20km-ia. problema, romelsac vawydebiT zeda
atmosferos fizikisa da qimiis Seswavlisas laboratoriul pirobebSi, ukavSirdeba im faqts,
rom zeda atmosferuli pirobebis laboratoriuli simulireba ver xerxdeba, radganac ar
arsebobs airis nimuSebis Semcveli sakmaod didi zomis WurWlebi. zeda atmosferoSi freonis,
naxSirorJangis da ozonis koncentraciebis Seswavla sakmaod mniSvnelovania.

a) risi tolia T=300K temperaturis da p=1atm Sedegad texili traeqtoriiT gadaadgil-
wnevis Jangbadis molekulebis λ saSualo deba. maSasadame, saSualo Tavisufali gar-
Tavisufali ganarbeni? benis gamosaTvlelad 19.25 formulas viyen-
amoxsna: Jangbadis TiToeuli molekula ebT, romlisTvisac moculobis erTeulSi
sxva moZrav molekulebs Soris Sejaxebebis molekulebis N/V ricxvi gvWirdeba. airi
19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ganawileba 671
idealuria, amitom idealuri airis 19.9 for-
manZili λ 1,1×10–7 m
mulis (pV=NkT) gamoyeneba SegviZlia, raTa t = siCqare = v =
450 m/wm
davweroT N/V=p/kT. CavsvaT es formula 19.25
= 2,44×10–10 wm = 0,24 nwm. (pasuxi)
formulaSi da miviRebT:
pasuxis mixedviT Sejaxebebs Soris dro erT
nanowamze naklebia.
Sejaxebis sixSire t drois Sebrunebulia,
amitom:
1 1
= 1,1×10–7 m (pasuxi) f = t = = 4,1×109 wm–1. (pasuxi)
2,44×10–10 wm
pasuxi daaxloebiT 380 molekulis diametria. pasuxis mixedviT Jangbadis molekula wamSi 4
miliardamde Sejaxebas ganicdis.
b) davuSvaT, Jangbadis molekulebis saSualo
siCqarea ν=450m/wm. ris tolia Sejaxebebs sakontrolo wertili 3. molekulis 2d0
Soris t saSualo dro? ra tempiT xdeba diametris da molekulis ν0 saSualo siC-
molekulebis Sejaxebebi anu risi tolia qaris mqone A airis erTi moli garkveul
Sejaxebis f sixSire? WurWelSia moTavsebuli. molekulis d0
amoxsna: Sejaxebebs Soris molekula ν diametris da molekulis 2ν0 saSualo siC-
siCqariT moZraobs da λ saSualo Tavisufal qaris mqone B airi identur WurWelSia
ganarbens gadis. maSasadame, Sejaxebebs Soris moTavsebuli. romel airSi iqneba Seja-
saSualo droa: xebaTa saSualo tempi ufro meti?
19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ganawileba

mocemuli temperaturis airSi molekulebis siCqareebis Sesaxeb zogad informacias νsaS.kv
saSualo kvadratuli siCqare gvaZlevs, magram Cven ufro metis gageba gvsurs. magaliTad,
molekulebis ra nawils aqvs saSualo kvadratul siCqareze meti siCqare? amgvar SekiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad gvWirdeba gavigoT rogor nawildeba molekulebs Soris siCqareTa SesaZlo
mniSvnelobebi. 19.7a suraTze naCvenebia oTaxis temperaturis (T=300K) Jangbadis molekulebis
siCqareTa ganawileba. 19.7b suraTze erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia T=300K da T=80K temperaturis
pirobebSi molekulebis siCqareTa ganawileba.
1852 wels, Sotlandielma fizikosma jeims klark maqsvelma airis molekulebis siCqareTa
ganawilebis problema pirvelma gadaWra. miRebul Sedegs siCqareTa ganawilebis maqsvelis
kanoni ewodeba:
P(v) (10–3 wm/m) P(v) (10–3 wm/m)
siCqare (m/wm)
sur. 19.7. a) T=300K temperaturaze Jangbadis mole

kulebis siCqareTa maqsvelis ganawileba. suraTze sami
damaxasiaTebeli siCqarea aRniSnuli b) grafikebi 300K da
80K temperaturebisTvis. gaiTvaliswineT, rom molekulebi
dabal temperaturaze ufro nela moZraoben. vinaidan
isini albaTobaTa ganawilebebs warmoadgenen, TiToeuli
grafikis qvemoT farTobi ricxobrivad erTis tolia. siCqare (m/wm)
, (19.27)
sadac M aris airis moluri masa, R – airis mudmiva, T – airis temperatura, xolo ν – moleku-
luri siCqare. 19.7a,b suraTze am formulis grafikebia mocemuli. 19.27 formulaSi da 19.7 su-
raTze P(ν) sidide albaTobaTa ganawilebis funqciaa. nebismieri ν siCqarisTvis P(ν)dν namravli
molekulebis is nawilia, romelTa siCqareebi ν siCqaris garSemo dν intervalSi xvdeba.
19.7a suraTze Cans, rom molekulebis es nawili P(ν) simaRlis da dν siganis zolis farTobis
tolia. ganawilebis grafikis qveS moqceuli sruli are molekulaTa im nawils Seesabameba,
romelTa siCqare nulsa da usasrulobas Sorisaa. yvela molekula am kategoriaSi xvdeba da
amitom farTobis mniSvneloba erTis tolia:
(19.28)
ν1-sa da ν2-s Soris intervalSi moqceuli siCqareebis mqone molekulaTa nawilia:
(19.29)
saSualo, saSualo kvadratuli da ualbaTesi siCqareebi

airis molekulebis νsaS saSualo siCqares davadgenT, Tu ganawilebaSi ν-s TiToeul mniSvnelobas
avwoniT anu ν-s garSemo dν diferencialur intervalSi moqceuli siCqareebis mqone molekulaTa
P(ν)dν nawilze gavamravlebT. Semdeg νP(ν)dν namravlis yvela mniSvnelobas SevkrebT da νsaS-s
miviRebT. praqtikaSi saSualo siCqare ase gamoiTvleba:
νsaS = (19.30)
19.27 formulis saSualebiT P(ν) SevcvaloT da E damatebidan me-20 zogadi integrali

gamoviyenoT:
νsaS = (saSualo siCqare) (19.31)
aseve gamovTvliT siCqareTa kvadratis saSualos:
(ν2)saS = (19.32)
19.27 formulis saSualebiT P(ν) SevcvaloT da E damatebidan me-16 zogadi integrali

gamoviyenoT:
3RT
(ν2)saS = M (19.33)
(ν2)saS-dan kvadratuli fesvi νsaS.kv. saSualo kvadratuli siCqarea:
νsaS.kv. (saSualo kvadratuli siCqare)

(19.34)
es formula 19.22 formulasTan SesabamisobaSia.

νP ualbaTesi (yvelaze ufro mosalodneli) siCqare maSin gvaqvs, rodesac P(ν) maqsimaluria
(ix. 19.7a suraTi). νP-s gamosaTvlelad aviRoT dP/dν=0 (19.7a suraTze grafikis daxriloba
maqsimumSi nulis tolia) da ν-sTvis amovxsnaT:
νP = (ualbaTesi siCqare) (19.35)
molekulas yvelaze ufro savaraudod νp siCqare unda hqondes, magram zogierT molekula am
siCqareze ramdenjerme swrafad moZraobs. es molekulebi 19.7 suraTis ganawilebis grafikebis
19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ganawileba 673
maRali siCqareebis kudSia moqceuli. Cven swored amgvar maRalsiCqarian molekulebs unda
vumadlodeT, rom wvima da mzis sinaTle arsebobs. Tu ratom, mogvianebiT gamoCndeba.
wvima. magaliTad, tbis wylis molekulebis siCqareTa ganawileba zafxulis temperaturaze

19.7a suraTis grafikiT gamoisaxeba. molekulaTa umetesobas sakmarisi kinetikuri energia ar
gaaCnia, raTa wylis zedapiri datovos. miuxedavad amisa, Zalian swrafad moZravi molekulebis
mcire raodenobas es SeuZlia. swored es molekulebi orTqldeba, qmnian Rrublebs da wvimas.
rodesac swrafad moZravi molekulebi wylis zedapirs toveben, wyali temperaturas garemodan
siTbos miRebis Sedegad inarCunebs. Semdeg sxva swrafad moZravi molekulebi winamorbedebis
adgils ikaveben da siCqareTa ganawileba narCundeba.
mzis sinaTle. 19.7a suraTis grafiki amjerad mzis birTvSi mdebare protonebs mivusadagoT.
mzis energia birTvuli sinTezis procesis Sedegad warmoiqmneba, es procesi ki ori protonis
gaerTianebiT iwyeba. protonebi eleqtruli muxtebis gamo erTmaneTs ganizidaven, amitom
saSualo siCqaris mqone protonebs sakmarisi energia ar aqvT, raTa daZlion es winaaRmdegoba
da erTmaneTs gaerTianebisTvis sakmarisad miuaxlovdnen. Zalian swrafad moZrav protonebs ki
amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT da mzec swored amis gamo anaTebs.

WurWeli Jangbadis airiT aavses da oTaxis funqciis grafiki 19.7a suraTzea gamosaxuli.
temperaturaze (300K) dadges. molekulaTa grafiksa da horizontalur RerZs Soris
ra nawilis siCqarea 599-sa da 601m/wm-s Soris? sruli farTobi molekulaTa mTliani nawilia
airis M moluri masaa 0,032kg/moli. (erTeulia). viwro zoli CvenTvis saintereso
amoxsna: nawils warmoadgens:
1. molekulebis siCqareTa mniSvnelobebi P(ν) Δν = (4π)(A)(v2)(eB)(Δν), (19.36)
farTo areSia ganawilebuli da siCqareTa sadac
ganawileba 19.27 formuliT moicema.
2. dν diferencialur intervalSi siCqareebis
A= ( ) (M
2πRT
3/2
=
0,032 kg/mol
(2π)(8,31 j/mol·K)(300 K) )3/2
mqone molekulaTa nawilia P(ν)dν.

= 2,92×10–9 wm3/m3
Mv2 (0,032 kg/mol)(600 m/wm)2
3. ufro didi intervalisTvis, molekulaTa B = – = –  – 2,31.
2RT (2)(8,31 j/mol·K)(300 K) =
nawili intervalze P(ν)-s integrebiT
A da B 19.36 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
gamoiTvleba.
4. Cvens SemTxvevaSi Δν = 2 m/wm intervalis P(v)Δv = (4π)(A)(v2)(eB)(Δν)
sigane intervalis centralur ν = 600 m/wm =(4π)(2,92×10–9 wm3/m3)(600 m/wm)2(e–2,31)(2wm/m)
siCqaresTan SedarebiT mcirea. = 2,62×10–3. (pasuxi)
maSasadame, oTaxis temperaturaze 599-sa
aqedan gamomdinare, integreba Tavidan Segvi-
da 601m/wm-s Soris intervalis siCqareebi
Zlia aviciloT:
Jangbadis molekulaTa 0,262%-s eqneba. 19.7a
P(ν) Δν = 4π ( ) M
2πRT
3/2
v2e–Mv /2RT Δν.
2
suraTis zoli marTlac Zalian viwro iqneba.

Jangbadis M moluri masaa 0,032kg/moli SesaZlo siCqareTa areSi (0-dan ∞-mde) unda
vaintegroT. es yvelaferi 19.31 formulas
a) risi tolia Jangbadis airis molekulebis
mogvcems:
νsaS saSualo siCqare T=300K temperaturaze?
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad 19.27 formulis νsaS =
P(ν) ganawilebis funqciiT ν siCqare unda
avwonoT da Semdeg miRebuli gamosaxuleba = = 445 m/wm. (pasuxi)
pasuxi 19.7a suraTzea gamosaxuli bze siCqareTa maRali mniSvnelobebi ν2-is in-
tegrebisas ufro met gavlenas axdens, vidre
b) risi tolia νsaS.kv. saSualo kvadratuli siC-
ν-s integrebisas.
qare 300K temperaturaze?
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad 19.27 formulis P(ν) g) risi tolia νP ualbaTesi siCqare 300K
ganawilebis funqciiT ν 2
siCqaris awonviT temperaturaze?
da Semdeg miRebuli gamosaxulebis SesaZlo amoxsna: νP ganawilebis P(ν) funqciis maqsimums
siCqareTa areSi integrebiT (ν2)saS siCqare unda Seesabameba da gamovTvliT, Tu warmoebuls
gavigoT. miRebuli Sedegidan kvadratul fesvs nuls gavutolebT dP/dν=0 da am gantolebas
amoviRebT da 19.34 formulamde davalT: ν-sTvis amovxsniT. Semdeg 19.35 formulamde
mivalT:
νsaS.kv.
νP =
= = 483 m/wm. (pasuxi)
= = 395 m/wm (pasuxi)
miRebuli Sedegi, romelic 19.7a suraTzea
gamosaxuli, νsaS-ze metia, vinaidan gamoTvle es pasuxic 19.7a suraTzea gamosaxuli.
19.8. idealuri airis moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba

mocemul paragrafSi idealuri airis ES Sinagani energiis gamosaxuleba molekuluri ganxilvis
Sedegad gvsurs miviRoT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven gvinda airSi atomebis an molekulebis
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli energiis gamosaxulebis miReba. miRebul gamosaxulebas idealuri
airis moluri kuTri siTbotevadobis gamosaxulebis misaRebad gamoviyenebT.
ES Sinagani energia
Tavdapirvelad davuSvaT, rom Cveni idealuri airi erTatomiani airia (calkeuli atomebisgan
da ara molekulebisgan Sedgeba). amgvari airis magaliTia heliumi, neoni da argoni. aseve davuS-
vaT, rom Cveni idealuri airis ES Sinagani energia misi atomebis gadataniTi kinetikuri ener-
giebis jamia (kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, individualur atomebs brunviTi kinetikuri energia
ar gaaCniaT).
erTi atomis saSualo gadataniTi kinetikuri energia mxolod airis temperaturazea
3
damokidebuli da 19.24 formulis (KsaS= kT) saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. amgvari airis n moli nNA
2
atoms Seicavs da ES Sinagani energiaa:
3
ES = (nNA)KsaS = (nNA)( 2 kT) (19.37)
gamoviyenoT 19.7 formula (k=R/NA) da 19.37 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
3
ES = 2 nRT (erTatomiani idealuri airi) (19.38)
maSasadame, idealuri airis ES Sinagani energia mxolod airis temperaturis funqciaa da

sxva cvladze damokidebuli ar aris.
19.38 formulis daxmarebiT SegviZlia idealuri airis moluri kuTri siTbotevadobis

gamosaxuleba gamoviyvanoT. sinamdvileSi Cven or gamosaxulebas miviRebT. erTi maTgani
maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac airis moculoba mudmivia da energia siTbos saxiT gadaicema.
meore formula im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca airis wneva mudmivia da energia siTbos saxiT
gadaicema. amgvari moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi CV da CP simboloebiT aRiniSneba.
19.8. idealuri airis moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba 675
moluri kuTri siTbotevadoa mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
19.8a suraTze naCvenebia V moculobis cilindrSi mo-
qceuli p wnevisa da T temperaturis idealuri airis
n moli. airis i sawyisi mdgomareoba 19.8b suraTis p–V
diagramazea naCvenebi. davuSvaT, siTburi rezervuar-
is temperatura nela gazardeT da airs mcire odeno-
bis energia Q siTbos saxiT gadaeca. airis temperatura
T+ΔT-mde gaizrdeba, xolo wneva – p+Δp-mde da airi f sab-
oloo mdgomareobaSi gadava.
msgavsi eqsperimentebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom Q siTbo
temperaturis ΔT cvlilebas Semdegi formuliT ukav-
Sirdeba: siTburi
rezervuari
Q = nC V Δ T , (mudmivi moculoba) (19.39)
sadac CV mudmivas mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi (a)
moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba ewodeba. 18.26 formuliT

mocemul Termodinamikis pirvel kanonSi (ΔES=Q – W) Q s
nacvlad es gamosaxuleba CavsvaT da miviRebT:
ΔES = nCV ΔT – W (19.40)
moculoba mudmivia, airi ver farTovdeba da Sesabamisad
muSaobas ver asrulebs. amitom W=0 da 19.40 formula
gvaZlevs:
ΔES
CV  =   (19.41)
n ΔT
3 (b)
19.38 formulidan viciT, rom ES=  2  nRT, aqedan gamom
dinare, Sinagani energiis cvlilebaa: sur. 19.8. a) mudmivi moculobis
pirobebSi idealuri airis temperatura
3
ΔES= nRΔT (19.42) T-dan T+ΔT-mde izrdeba. siTbo emateba,
2
magram muSaoba ar sruldeba. b) procesi
CavsvaT es Sedegi 19.41 formulaSi da miviRebT: p–V diagramazea gamosaxuli.
3
CV =  2  R = 12,5 j/moli · K (erTatomiani airi) (19.43)
19.2 cxrilidan Cans, rom idealuri airis kinetikuri Teoriis prognozi realuri erTatomiani
airis eqsperimentTan karg SesabamisobaSia. oratomiani (ori atomisgan Semdgari molekulebis
mqone) da mravalatomiani (orze meti atomisgan Semdgari molekulebis mqone) airebis
prognozirebuli CV mniSvnelobebi erTatomian airebTan SedarebiT metia, risi mizezebic 19.9
paragrafSia axsnili.
cxrili 19.2 moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi

molekula magaliTi Cv(j/moli•K)
idealuri 3/2R=12,5
erTatomiani He 12,5
realuri
Ar 12,6
idealuri 5/2R=20,8
oratomiani N2 20,7
realuri
O2 20,8
idealuri 3R=24,9
mravalatomiani NH4 29
realuri
CO2 29,7
19.38 formulas nebismieri idealuri airis Sinagani

energiis gamosaTvlel universalur saxes mivcemT Tu
3 R-is nacvlad C -s CavsvamT: f
V
2
ES = nCV T (nebismieri idealuri airi) (19.44)
3 f
es formula ara mxolod erTatomian idealur airs,
aramed oratomian da mravalatomian idealur airebs 1 f
i 2
miesadageba, Tu Sesabamis CV mniSvnelobas gamoviyenebT.
T+∆T
19.38 formulis msgavsad am SemTxvevaSic Cans, rom T
airis Sinagani energia mxolod airis temperaturazea
damokidebuli da ara wnevaze an simkvriveze.
rodesac WurWelSi moTavsebuli airis temperatura
sur. 19.9. suraTze gamosaxuli sami
ΔT-iT icvleba, 19.41 an 19.44 formuliT Sinagani energiis traeqtoria sami sxvadasxva procesia,
cvlileba SegviZlia gamovTvaloT: rodesac airi T temperaturis i sawyisi
mdgomareobidan T+ΔT temperaturis
ΔES = nCV ΔT (idealuri airi, nebismieri procesi) (19.45) f saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
airis ΔES Sinagani energiis cvlileba
samive procesisTvis Tanabaria, vinaidan
am formulis mixedviT, WurWelSi moTavsebuli
temperaturis cvlileba samive procesSi
idealuri airis ES Sinagani energiis cvlileba mx-
erTnairia.
olod airis temperaturis cvlilebazea damokide-
buli da ara imaze, ra tipis process warmoSobs
temperaturis cvlileba.
magaliTis saxiT 19.9 suraTis p–V diagramaze gamosaxul or izoTermas Soris sami traeqtoria
ganvixiloT. pirveli traeqtoria mudmivi moculobis procesia. meore traeqtoria mudmivi wnevis
procesia (romelsac gamovikvlevT kidec), xolo mesame traeqtoria iseTi procesia, rodesac
sistemasa da garemos Soris siTbos gacvla ar xdeba (es procesi 19.11 paragrafSi ganixileba).
am sam traeqtoriasTan dakavSirebuli Q siTbo, W muSaoba, pf da Vf gansxvavebulia, magram ΔES
mniSvneloba samive traeqtoriisTvis Tanabaria da yvela maTgani 19.45 formuliT gamoiTvleba,
vinaidan temperaturis ΔT cvlileba samive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea. aqedan gamomdinare,
miuxedavad imisa romel traeqtorias gaivlis airi T-sa T+ΔT Soris, Cven yovelTvis SegviZlia
pirveli traeqtoria avirCioT da 19.45 formulis saSualebiT ΔES martivad gamovTvaloT.
moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi

amjerad vuSvebT, rom idealuri airis temperatura igive ΔT mniSvnelobiT gaizarda, magram airs
saWiro energia (Q siTbo) mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi gadaeca. 19.10a suraTze naCvenebia amgvari
eqsperimenti. procesis p–V diagrama 19.10b suraTzea gamosaxuli. amgvari eqsperimentebis
Sedegad dgindeba, rom Q siTbo temperaturis ΔT cvlilebas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
Q = nCp ΔT , (mudmivi wneva) (19.46)
sadac CP mudmivas mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba ewodeba. es CP metia
mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi CV molur kuTr siTbotevadobaze, vinaidan amjerad energia ara
mxolod airis temperaturis momatebaze ixarjeba, aramed airis mier Sesrulebul muSaobazec,
rodesac is 19.10a suraTze gamosaxul dguSs maRla wevs.
CP da CV moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad Termodinamikis
pirveli kanoni (19.26 formula) gavixsenoT:
ΔES = Q – W (19.47)
19.8. idealuri airis moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba 677
sur. 19.10. a) mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi idealuri airis
temperaturam T-dan T+ΔT-mde moimata. airs siTbo emateba
da dguSis maRla awevaze muSaoba sruldeba. b) procesi p–V
diagramazea gamosaxuli. pΔV muSaoba gamuqebuli ariTaa
aRniSnuli.
Semdeg 19.47 formulis TiToeuli wevri SevcvaloT.

ΔES-is nacvlad 19.45 formula CavsvaT, Q-s nacvlad ki
19.46 formula. W-s Sesacvlelad gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom wneva mudmivia da 19.16 formulis Tanaxmad
W=pΔV. Semdeg idealuri airis formula (pV=nRT)
gavixsenoT da miviRebT: (a)
W = pΔV = nRΔT (19.48)
yvela miRebuli Sedegi 19.47 formulaSi CavsvaT da

Semdeg nΔT-ze gavyoT:
CV=Cp – R
da
Cp=CV+R (19.49)
kinetikuri Teoriis es Sedegi eqsperimentTan
SesabamisobaSia ara mxolod erTatomiani airebis (b)
SemTxvevaSi, aramed zogadad airebisTvis, Tu maTi

simkvrive sakmarisad mcirea da idealur airebad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze mocemul p–V

diagramaze gamosaxulia airis mier ganvlili xuTi
traeqtoria. daalageT traeqtoriebi airis Sinagani
energiis cvlilebis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

5 moli heliumis buStula Txevad wyalSi amoxsna: Q siTbo da temperaturis ΔT cvlileba
garkveul siRrmezea CaZiruli, rodesac erTmaneTs airis moluri kuTri siTbotevado-
wylis (da, maSasadame, heliumis) temperatura biT ukavSirdebian. vinaidan energiis damate-
mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi ΔT = 20C°-iT bis dros p wneva mudmivia, mudmivi wnevis pi-
gaizarda. Sedegad buStula gafarTovda. robebSi Cp molur kuTr siTbotevadobas da
heliumi erTatomiani da idealuri airia. 19.46 formulas viyenebT:
a) ra raodenobis energia daemata heliums Q = nCpΔT (19.50)

siTbos saxiT temperaturis zrdisa da
19.49 formulis Tanaxmad nebismieri idealuri
gafarToebis ganmavlobaSi?
airisTvis Cp=CV+R. 19.43 formulidan viciT,
rom nebismieri erTatomiani airisTvis formuliT gamoiTvleba, romelic pdv inte

3
(rogoric aris heliumi) CV= R. maSasadame, grebas gvTavazobs. rodesac wneva mudmivia,
2
19.50 formula mogvcems: formula martivdeba da W = pΔV. rodesac
5
Q = n(CV + R)ΔT = n( 3 R + R)ΔT = n( R)ΔT  airi idealuria, idealuri airis kanoni (19.5
2 2
= (5 moli)(2,5)(8,31 j/moli · K)(20 C°)  formula) SegviZlia gamoviyenoT da CavweroT
= 2077,5 j ≈ 2080 j (pasuxi) pΔV = nRΔT. saboloo jamSi:
W = nRΔT 
b) risi tolia temperaturis cvlilebis dros
= (5 moli)(8,31 j/moli · K)(20 C°) 
heliumis ΔES Sinagani energiis cvlileba?
= 831 j (pasuxi)
amoxsna: vinaidan buStula farTovdeba,
vinaidan Q da ΔES viciT, es amocana sxva
moculoba icvleba. miuxedavad amisa, heliumi
gvaradac SegviZlia amovxsnaT. procesisTvis
buStulaSia moqceuli da amitom ΔES Sinagani
gamoviyenoT Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
energiis cvlileba igive iqneba, rac mudmivi
da gamovTvaloT:L
moculobis pirobebSi temperaturis igive
W = Q – ΔES = 2077,5 j – 1246,5 j 
ΔT cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi. 19.45 formuliT
= 831 j (pasuxi)
mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi ΔES Sinagani
temperaturis matebisas heliumisTvis siTbos
energiis cvlilebas iolad gamovTvliT:
3 saxiT gadacemuli mTliani energiis (2080j)
ΔES = nCV Δ T = n( R)ΔT  mxolod nawili (1250j) ixarjeba heliumis
2
= (5 moli)(1,5)(8,31 j/moli · K)(20 C°)  Sinagani energiis anu temperaturis gazrdaze.
= 1246,5 j ≈ 1250 j (pasuxi) danarCeni energia (831j) gafarToebisas
g) ra raodenobis W muSaobas Seasrulebs heliumis mier Sesrulebul muSaobaze
heliumi, rodesac temperaturis cvlilebis ixarjeba. wyali rom gayinuli yofiliyo,
Sedegad garemomcveli wylis wnevis sawi heliumi ver gafarTovdeboda. am SemTxvevaSi
naaRmdegod farTovdeba? temperaturis 20C°-iT gazrda mxolod 1250j
siTbos moiTxovda, vinaidan heliumi muSaobas
amoxsna: nebismieri airis mier wnevis sawi
ar Seasrulebda.
naaRmdegod Sesrulebuli muSaoba 19.11
19.9 Tavisuflebis xarisxi da moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi

3
19.2 cxrilSi Cans, rom CV = 2 R prognozi erTatomian airebze Catarebul eqsperimentebTan
SesabamisobaSia, magram winaaRmdegobaSi modis oratomian da mravalatomian airebTan. modiT
SevecadoT avxsnaT es winaaRmdegoba im faqtiT, rom mravalatomian molekulebs Sinagani energiis
Senaxva gadataniTi kinetikuri energiisgan gansxvavebul formebSic SeuZliaT.
19.11 suraTze naCvenebia heliumis (molekula erT atoms Seicavs), Jangbadis (molekula or atoms
Seicavs) da meTanis (molekula orze met atoms Seicavs) modelebi. samive tipis molekulisTvis
vuSvebT, rom maT gadataniTi moZraoba (marcxniv – marjvniv an zeviT – qveviT) da brunviTi
moZroba (RerZis garSemo) SeiZleba gaaCndeT. agreTve vuSebT, rom oratomian da mravalatomian
molekulebs SesaZlebelia rxeviTi moZraobebic gaaCndeT, rodesac atomebi erTmaneTis mimarT
ise irxevian, TiTqos zambaris or boloze iyvnen damagrebuli.
airSi energiis Senaxvis sxvadasxva saSualebebis gasaTvaliswineblad, jeims klerk maqsvelma
energiis Tanabrad ganawilebis Teorema Semoitana:
nebismieri saxis molekulas garkveuli f raodenobis Tavisuflebis xarisxi gaaCnia.

Tavisuflebis xarisxi molekulaSi energiis Senaxvis damoukidebeli gzaa. TiToeul
1 1
Tavisuflebis xarisxTan molekulaSi
2
kT (an molSi 2 RT) saSualo energiaa dakav
Sirebuli.
19.9 Tavisuflebis xarisxi da moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi 679
modiT es Teorema 19.11 suraTze gamosaxuli molekulebis
gadataniTi da brunviTi moZraobebisTvis gamoviyenoT (rxeviT
moZraobas Semdeg paragrafSi ganvixilavT). gadataniTi
moZraobisTvis nebismier airze xyz koordinatTa sistema (a)
gavavloT. zogadad molekulebs samive RerZis gaswvriv eqnebaT

siCqaris komponentebi. maSasadame, nebismieri saxis airis
molekulas gaaCnia gadataniTi moZraobis sami Tavisuflebis
xarisxi (gadataniTi moZraobis sami gza) da erT molekulasTan (b)
1
saSualod 3( kT) gadataniTi energia iqneba dakavSirebuli.
2
brunviTi moZraobisTvis warmoidgineT xyz koordinatTa
sistemis aTvlis saTave 19.11 suraTis TiToeuli molekulis
centrSi. airis TiToeul molekulas SeuZlia samive RerZis
mimarT kuTxuri siCqaris komponentebiT brunva, amitom
airs brunviTi Tavisuflebis sami xarisxi gaaCnia da erT
1
molekulasTan saSualod 3( kT) brunviTi energia iqneba
2
dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, eqsperimenti amtkicebs,
(g)
rom es Sedegi mxolod mravalatomiani molekulebisTvisaa
swori. kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic molekulebis sur. 19.11. kinetikuri TeoriaSi
gamoyenebuli molekulebis mo
da atomebis SesaZlo moZraobebsa da energiebs ganixilavs, delebi. a) heliumi, tipiuri er
erTatomiani airis molekula ar brunavs da, maSasadame, Tatomiani molekula. b) Jangbadi,
brunviTi energia ar gaaCnia. oratomian molekulas mxolod tipiuri oratomiani molekula.
g) meTani, tipiuri mravalatomiani
atomebis SemaerTebeli wrfis perpendikularuli RerZebis molekula. sferoebi atomebia da maT
garSemo SeuZlia brunva (19.11b suraTi) da ara Tavad am Soris gavlebuli wrfeebi-kavSirebi.
Jangbadis molekulisTvis brunvis
wrfis garSemo. aqedan gamomdinare, oratomian molekulas
ori RerZia naCvenebi.
brunviTi Tavisuflebis mxolod ori xarisxi gaaCnia da mis erT
1
molekulasTan saSualod 2( kT) brunviTi energia iqneba dakavSirebuli.
2
moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebis (Cp da CV 19.8 paragrafSi) analizis idealur oratomian da
mravalatomian airebze gasavrceleblad ukan unda davbrundeT. Tavdapirvelad 19.38 formulas
3
/
(ES =  2  nRT) ES = (f 2)nRT-iT vcvliT, sadac f aris 19.3 cxrilSi CamoTvlili Tavisuflebis xarisxi.
Semdeg miviRebT savaraudo formulas:
() f
CV =  2 R = 4,16 f j/mol · K , (19.51)
romelic erTatomiani airebis (f = 3) 19.43 formulasTan SesabamisobaSia. 19.2 cxrilidan Cans,
rom savaraudo formula oratomian airebze (f = 5) Catarebul eqsperimentTanac SesabamisobaSi,
magram mravalatomiani airebisTvis (f = 6) metismetad mcirea.
cxrili 19.3 sxvadasxva molekulebis Tavisuflebis xarisxebi
savaraudo moluri kuTri

Tavisuflebis xarisxi
siTbotevadoba
molekula magaliTi
CV (19.51
gadataniTi brunviTi sruli ( f ) Cp=CV+R
formula)
erTatomiani He 3 0 3 3 5
2
R 2
R
oratomiani O2 3 2 5 5 7
2
R 2
R
mravalatomiani CH4 3 3 6 3R 4R

V moculobis qoxi T1 sawyisi dabali tempe Semdeg 19.5 formulis (pV=nRT) nT SevcvaloT
raturis haeriT (idealuri oratomiani airiT) pV/R-iT da miviRebT:
savsea. SeSis Rumelis anTebis Semdeg haeris
temperatura T2-mde gaizarda. risi tolia
ΔES = CV Δ ( ) 
pV
R
(19.52)
haeris Sinagani energiis ΔES cvlileba? vinaidan p, V da R mudmivebia, 19.52 formula

amoxsna: rodesac haeris temperatura mogvcemsL
izrdeba, haeris p wneva ar SeiZleba Seicvalos ΔES = 0 , (pasuxi)
da is yovelTvis oTaxis gareT haeris
e.i. temperaturis cvlilebis miuxedavad,
wnevis toli unda iyos. amis mizezi oTaxis
Sinagani energia ar icvleba.
arahermetulobaa. temperaturis zrdasTan
ratom aris Tbili qoxi ufro komfortuli?
erTad haeris molekulebi sxvadasxva xvre
amaSi ori faqtoria CarTuli: 1) Tqven
lebiT oTaxidan gadian da oTaxis haeris n
eleqtromagnitur gamosxivebas (Termul
moluri ricxvi mcirdeba. maSasadame ΔES-is
gamosxivebas) oTaxis zedapirebTan cvliT
gamosaTvlelad 19.45 formulas (ΔES = nCV ΔT)
da 2) energias Tqvenze Sejaxebul haeris
ver gamoviyenebT, radgan n mudmiva ar viciT.
molekulebTan cvliT. rodesac oTaxis
miuxedavad amisa, nebismier momentSi ES
temperatura izrdeba 1) zedapirebidan
Sinagani energia n-sa da T temperaturas
gamosuli da Tqvens mier STanTqmuli Termuli
19.44 formuliT (ES = nCV T) SegviZlia davu
gamosxiveba izrdeba da 2) haeris molekulebis
kavSiroT:
Sejaxebis Sedegad miRebuli energia izrdeba.
ΔES = Δ(nCVT) = CV Δ(nT).
19.10 miniSneba kvantur Teoriaze

kinetikuri Teoriis Sedegebsa da eqsperimentul monacemebs Soris Tanxmoba gaumjobesdeba,
Tu oratomiani an mravalatomiani airebis molekulebis atomTa rxevebsac gaviTvaliswinebT.
magaliTad, 19.11b suraTis O2 molekulis or atoms erTmaneTisken an erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT
rxeva SeuZlia, xolo maTi kavSiri zambaris magvaria. eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom amgvari rxevebi
mxolod maRal temperaturaze xdeba anu moZraoba maSin ìrTveba~, rodesac airis molekulebs
SedarebiT meti energia gaaCniaT. brunviTi moZraobac amgvar `CarTvas~ eqvemdebareba, oRond
ufro dabal temperaturaze.
rxeviTi
sur. 19.12. CV /R-s temperaturaze damokide-
bulebis grafiki wyalbadis oratomiani air-
isTvis. vinaidan brunviTi da rxeviTi moZrao- brunviTi
bebi garkveul energiebze iwyeba, Zalian dabal
temperaturaze mxolod gadataniTi moZraobaa
SesaZlebeli. rodesac temperatura izrdeba,
gadataniTi
brunviTi moZraobac SesaZlebeli xdeba. kidev
ufro maRal temperaturaze rxeviTi moZrao-
bac SesaZlebeli xdeba.
temperatura (K)
19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi gafarToeba 681
19.12 suraTi brunviTi da rxeviTi moZraobis `CarTvis~ danaxvaSi dagvexmareba. suraTze
oratomiani wyalbadis airis (H2) CV /R Sefardebis temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafikia
gamosaxuli, sadac temperaturis skala logariTmulia da mniSvnelobaTa ramdenime rigs
moicavs. 80K-s qvemoT CV /R=1,5. Sedegi migvaniSnebs, rom kuTr siTbotevadobaSi wyalbadis
mxolod gadataniTi Tavisuflebis sami xarisxi iRebs monawileobas.
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad CV /R mniSvneloba TandaTanobiT izrdeba da 2,5 xdeba. es
niSnavs, rom Tavisuflebis kidev ori damatebiTi xarisxi gaCnda. kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad
Tavisuflebis es ori xarisxi wyalbadis molekulebis brunviT moZraobasTan aris dakavSirebuli
da es moZraoba garkveul minimalur energias moiTxovs. Zalian dabali temperaturis dros (80K-s
qvemoT), molekulebs brunvisTvis saWiro energia ar gaaCnia. temperaturis zrdasTan erTad jer
mcire raodenobis da Semdeg sul ufro meti da meti raodenobis molekula iZens brunvisTvis
saWiro energias, CV /R izrdeba, sabolood yvela molekula brunvas iwyebs da CV /R = 2,5.
igive kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, molekulebis rxeviT moZraobasac garkveuli minimaluri
energia sWirdeba. rogorc 19.12 suraTze Cans, minimaluri energia maSin miiRweva, rodesac
temperatura daaxloebiT 1000K-s aRwevs. temperaturis zrdasTan erTad CV /R izrdeba, sul
ufro meti molekula iwyebs rxevas, saboloo jamSi yvela molekula irxeva da CV /R = 3,5 (19.12
suraTis grafiki 3200K-ze Cerdeba, vinaidan wyalbadis molekulis atomebi am dros imdenad
Zlierad irxevian, rom kavSirebi wydeba da molekula or gancalkevebul atomad disocirdeba).
19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi gafarToeba

17.4 paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom haersa da sxva airebSi bgeriTi talRa SekumSvebisa da gafarToe-
bebis mimdevrobis saxiT vrceldeba. es cvlileba imdenad swrafad xdeba, rom energia garemos
erTi nawilidan meore nawilSi siTbos saxiT gadasvlas ver aswrebs. 18.11 paragrafis Tanaxmad,
rodesac Q=0, procesi adiabaturia. Q=0 Sedegs uzrunvelvyofT, Tu process Zalian swrafad
CavatarebT (rogorc bgeriT talRebSi) an process (nebismieri siswrafiT) kargad izolire-
bul WurWelSi CavatarebT. vnaxoT ras gvauwyebs kinetikuri Teoria adiabaturi procesebis
Sesaxeb.
(a) (b)
sur. 19.13. a) dguSidan tvirTis mocilebis Sedegad idealuri airis moculoba izrdeba. procesi adiabaturia
(Q = 0). b) procesi i-dan f-mde, p – V diagramaze gamosaxuli adiabatas gaswvriv xdeba.
19.13a suraTze naCvenebia Cveulebrivi izolirebuli cilindri, romelic idealur airs

Seicavs da maizolirebel qvesadgamzea moTavsebuli. dguSidan tvirTis moSorebis Sedegad
airi adiabaturad farTovdeba. rodesac moculoba izrdeba, wneva da temperatura mcirdeba.
SemdgomSi davamtkicebT, rom adiabaturi procesis dros wnevasa da moculobas Soris Semdegi
kavSiria:
γ
pV = mudmiva (adiabaturi procesi) (19.53)
sadac γ = Cp /CV . 19.13b suraTze naCveneb p – V diagramaze procesi wiris gaswvriv xdeba, romelsac
/
adiabata ewodeba. wiris gantolebaa p = (mudmiva) V  . vinaidan airi i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f
γ
saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis, 19.53 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:

γ γ
piVi = pf Vf (adiabaturi procesi) (19.54)
adiabaturi procesis formulis Cawera T-s da V-s saSualebiTac SeiZleba. 19.53 formulaSi p-s
gasabaTileblad idealuri airis formulas (pV=nRT) viyenebT da vwerT:
( )V  = 
nRT
V
γ
mudmiva
vinaidan n da R mudmivebia, es formula alternatiuli saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:

γ–1
TV  = mudmiva (adiabaturi procesi) (19.55)
19.55 formulis `mudmiva~ 19.53 formulis `mudmivisgan~ gansxvavdeba. rodesac airi i sawyisi
mdgomareobidan f saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis, 19.55 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
γ–1 γ–1
TiVi = Tf Vf (adiabaturi procesi) (19.56)
adiabaturi procesebis gaazrebis Semdeg mixvdebiT ratom warmoiqmneba mcire raodenobis nisli
Sampaniuris civi boTlidan sacobis amovardnisas an gaziani wylis civi boTlis Tavsaxuris
axdisas. nebismieri karbonizebuli sasmlis daxurul WurWelSi naxSirorJangis airi da wylis
orTqlia dagrovebuli. vinaidan airis wneva WurWelSi atmosferul wnevaze metia, WurWlis
gaxsnis dros airi atmosferoSi farTovdeba. maSasadame, airis moculoba izrdeba da airi
atmosferos wnevis sawinaaRmdegod muSaobas asrulebs. vinaidan gafarToeba Zalian swrafad
xdeba, procesi adiabaturia da muSaobis SesrulebisTvis saWiro energiis erTaderTi wyaro
airis Sinagani energiaa. Sinagani energiis SemcirebasTan erTad airis temperaturac mcirdeba
da wylis orTqli nislis wveTebSi kondensirdeba (19.56 formulac gavuwyebs, rom adiabaturi
procesis dros temperatura unda Semcirdes. Vf >Vi da amitom Tf<Ti).

davuSvaT, 19.13a suraTze gamosaxul dguSidan tyviebis raRac raodenoba aiReT, idealurma
airma dguSs maRla ubiZga da misi moculoba dV diferencialuri sididiT gaizarda. vinaidan
moculobis cvlileba Zalian mcirea, SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom dguSze moqmedi airis p wneva
am cvlilebis ganmavlobaSi mudmivia. amgvari daSvebis Semdeg moculobis zrdisas airis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa dW = pdV. 18.27 formulidan gamomdinare, Termodinamikis pirveli
kanoni ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
dES =Q – pdV (19.57)
vinaidan airi Tboizolirebulia (anu gafarToeba adiabaturia), Q=0. Semdeg 19.45 formulis
gamoyenebiT dES-is nacvlad nCV dT CavsvaT da mcire gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT:
n dT = – ( )dV
p
CV
(19.58)
idealuri airis kanonis (pV = n RT) Tanaxmad gvaqvs:
p dV + V dp = nR dT (19.59)
R SevcvaloT Cp–CV da 19.59 formula mogvcems:

p dV + V dp
n dT =  . (19.60)
Cp – CV
19.58 da 19.60 formulebis gatolebis Sedegad miviRebT:
dp
p
+ ( ) 
Cp
CV
dV
V
= 0.
moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebis Sefardeba γ-iT SevcvaloT da vaintegroT (ix. E damateba, me-5
integrali):
ln p + γ ln V = mudmiva.
γ
formulis marcxena mxare ln pV saxiT CavweroT da Semdeg orive mxaris antilogariTmi aviRoT:
γ
pV = mudmiva (19.61)
Tavisufali gafarToeba
18.11 paragrafidan gavixsenoT, rom airis Tavisufali gafarToeba adiabaturi procesia, romlis
drosac airze an airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da Sinagani energiis cvlileba nulis tolia.
maSasadame, Tavisufali gafarToeba 19.53-19.61 formulebiT asaxuli adiabaturi procesisgan,
sadac muSaobac sruldeba da Sinagani energiac icvleba, sakmaod gansxvavdeba. es formulebi
Tavisufali gafarToebisTvis ar gamodgeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom gafarToeba adiabaturi
procesia.
Tavisufali gafarToebis dros airi wonasworobaSi mxolod sawyis da saboloo mdgomareobebSia.
maSasadame p–V diagramaze Cven SegviZlia mxolod am wertilebis ageba da ara Tavad gafarToebis
traeqtoriisa. garda amisa ΔES=0 da saboloo mdgomareobis temperatura sawyisi mdgomareobis
temperaturis toli unda iyos. e.i. p – V diagramaze sawyisi da saboloo mdgomareobis wertilebi
erTi da igive izoTermazea da 19.56 formulis nacvlad gveqneba:
Ti = Tf (Tavisufali gafarToeba) (19.62)
Tu Semdeg davuSvebT, rom airi idealuria (pV=nRT), maSin, radganac temperatura ar icvleba, pV
namravlic ar SeiZleba Seicvalos. 19.53 formulis nacvlad miviRebT:
piVi = pf Vf (Tavisufali gafarToeba) (19.63)

19.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi 1 moli Jangbadi oratomiani airia da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
(idealuri airi) izoTermulad farTovdeba brunviTi moZraoba gaaCnia, xolo rxeviTi ara.
(310K temperaturaze) da 12l sawyisi amoxsna:
moculobidan 19l saboloo moculobamde
1. rodesac airi garemos wnevis sawinaaR
aRwevs.
mdegod farTovdeba, man muSaoba unda
a) risi toli iqneba airis saboloo Seasrulos.
temperatura, Tu airi igive moculobamde 2. rodesac procesi adiabaturia (energia
adiabaturad gafarTovdeba? Jangbadi (O2) siTbos saxiT ar gadaicema), muSaobisTvis
saWiro energia mxolod airis Sinagani 19.64 formulis Tf -sTvis amoxsna da cnobili
energiidan modis monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
γ–1
3. vinaidan Sinagani energia mcirdeba, T TiVi (310 K)(12 L)1,4–1
Tf =  =  
temperaturac mcirdeba. Vf
γ–1
(19 L)1,4–1
sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebi mo = (310 K)( 12
19 )
0,4
= 258 K (pasuxi)
culobebs 19.56 formuliT SegviZlia
b) risi tolia saboloo temperatura da
davukavSiroT:
wneva, Tu airis sawyisi wneva 2pa-ia da airi
γ–1 γ–1
TiVi = Tf Vf (19.64) Tavisuflad farTovdeba?
vinaidan molekulebi oratomiania da mxolod amoxsna: Tavisufali gafarToebisas tempe
brunviTi da gadataniTi moZraoba gaaCniaT, 19.3 ratura ar icvleba:
cxrilidan moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi Tf = Ti = 310K (pasuxi)
SegviZlia aviRoT: axal wnevas 19.63 formuliT gamovTvliT:
7
Cp R Vi 12 L
γ = C = 25 = 1,4. pf = pi V = (2 pa) 19 L = 1,3 pa. (pasuxi)
V 2R f
taqtika 2: airTan dakavSirebuli oTxi

procesis grafikuli Sejameba
am paragrafSi idealur airTan dakavSirebuli
oTxi SesaZlo procesi ganvixileT. TiToeulis
magaliTi (erTatomiani idealuri airisTvis)
19.14 suraTzea naCvenebi, xolo procesebis
maxasiaTeblebi 19.4 cxrilSia mocemuli.
sur. 19.14. p–V diagramaze asaxulia idealuri
cxrili 19.4 erTatomiani airis oTxi gansakuTrebuli procesi.
oTxi procesi
gansakuTrebuli Sedegebi
19.14 suraTis mudmivi
procesis tipi (yoveli traeqtoriisTvis
traeqtoria sidide
ΔES=Q – W da ΔES=nCVΔT)
1 P izobaruli Q = nCpΔT; W = pΔV

2 T izoTermuli Q = W = nRT ln(Vf/Vi); ΔES = 0
γ γ–1
3 pV , TV adiabaturi Q = 0; W= – ΔES
4 V izoqoruli Q = ΔES = nCV ΔT; W = 0
sakontrolo wertili 5. 19.14 suraTis pirveli, meore da mesame traeqtoriebi airisTvis

siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiebis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
airebis kinetikuri Teoria. airebis

sadac νsaS.kv. airis molekulebis saSua
kinetikuri Teoria airis makroskopul
lo kvadratuli siCqarea. 19.5 formula
maxasiaTeblebs (magaliTad, wnevas da
gvaZlevs:
temperaturas) airis molekulebis mikrosko
pul maxasiaTeblebTan (magaliTad, siCqaresa νsaS.kv. (19.22)
da kinetikur energiasTan) akavSirebs. temperatura da kinetikuri energia.
avogadros ricxvi. erTi moli nivTiereba NA idealuri airis molekulis KsaS saSualo gada
raodenobis (avogadros ricxvis) elementarul taniTi kinetikuri energiaa:
nawilakebs (atomebs an molekulebs) Seicavs, 3
KsaS = kT (19.24)
sadac: 2
saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni. airis
NA = 6,02×1023moli – 1 (avogadros ricxvi) (19.1)
molekulis λ saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni
nebismieri nivTierebis M moluri masa erTi Sejaxbebs Soris ganvlili traeqtoriis
moli nivTierebis masis tolia. moluri masa saSualo sigrZea:
nivTierebis molekulis m masas Semdegi
(19.25)
sadac n/V moculobis erTeulSi molekulaTa
M = mNA (19.4)
ricxvia, xolo d – molekulis diametri.
N raodenobis molekulebisgan Semdgari Mnim siCqareTa maqsvelis ganawileba. P(ν)
masis nimuSSi Sesuli molebis n ricxvia: siCqareTa maqsvelis ganawileba iseTi
N M M funqciaa, romlisTvisac P(ν)dν gvaZlevs ν
n= = nim = nim (19.2, 19.3)
NA M mNA
siCqaris dν intervalSi moqceuli siCqareebis
idealuri airi. idealuri airi warmoadgens
mqone molekulebis nawils:
airs, romlis p wneva, V moculoba da T
temperatura Semdegi saxiT ukavSirdeba (19.27)
erTmaneTs:
airis molekulebs Soris siCqareTa ganawile-
pV=nRT (idealuri airis kanoni) (19.5)
bis sami mniSvneloba:
n aris airis molebis ricxvi, xolo R-s (8,31 j/
νsaS = (saSualo siCqare) (19.31)
moli·K) airis mudmiva ewodeba. idealuri
airis kanoni asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
νP = (ualbaTesi siCqare) (19.35)
pV = NkT , (19.9)
da 19.22 formuliT gansazRvruli saSualo
sadac k bolcmanis mudmivaa: kvadratuli siCqare.
R moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi. mudmivi
k= = 1,38×10–23 j/k (19.7)
NA
moculobis pirobebSi airis CV moluri kuTri
moculobis izoTermuli cvlilebisas
siTbotevadobaa:
Sesrulebuli muSaoba. Vi moculobidan Q ΔES
Vf moculobamde izoTermuli (mudmivi CV  =  = , (19.39, 19.41)
n ΔT n ΔT
temperaturis pirobebSi) cvlilebisas airis sadac Q aris n mol airze an airidan siTbos
mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa: saxiT gadacemuli energia, ΔT – Sedegad miRe
Vf buli temperaturis cvlileba, xolo ΔES –
W=nRT ln (idealuri airi, izoTermuli procesi) (19.14)
Vi
airis Sinagani energiia cvlileba. idealuri
wneva, temperatura da molekuluri erTatomiani airisTvis:
siCqare. n molis idealuri airis wnevaa: 3
n Mν2saS.kv. CV = 2 R = 12,5j/moli·K (19.43)
p =  . (19.21)
3V mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi airis Cp moluri
kuTri siTbotevadobaa: Tanaxmad molekulis yovel Tavisuflebis

Q xarisxTan (energiis Senaxvis damoukidebeli
Cp =  , (19.46) 1
n ΔT meTodi) saSualod erT molekulaze kT
1 2
sadac Q, n da ΔT igivea, xolo: energia (=erT molze RT energia) asocirdeba.
2
Cp = CV + R (19.49) Tu f Tavisuflebis xarisxis ricxvia, Eint=(f/2)
nRT da
n moli idealuri airisTvis:
E S = n CV T (idealuri airi) (19.44)

() f
CV =  2 R = 4,16 f j/mol · K , (19.51)
erTatomiani airebisTvis f=3 (sami gadataniTi

Tu WurWelSi moTavsebuli n moli idealuri
xarisxi), oratomiani airebisTvis f=5 (sami
airis temperatura nebismieri procesis
gadataniTi da ori brunviTi xarisxi).
ganmavlobaSi ΔT-iT icvleba, Sinagani energiis
adiabaturi procesi. rodesac idealuri
cvlilebaa:
airi moculobis nel adiabatur cvlilebas
ΔE S = nCVΔT (idealuri airi, nebismieri procesi) (19.45) ganicdis (Q=0), mis wnevasa da moculobas
formulaSi idealuri airis saxeobis Sesa Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
pV  = mudmiva
γ
bamisi CV unda Cajdes. (adiabaturi procesi), (19.53)
Tavisuflebis xarisxebi da CV . CV-s
mniSvnelobas energiis Tanabrad ganwilebis /
sadac γ = Cp CV. Tavisufali gafarToebisas
pV = mudmiva.
Teoremis mixedviT gamovTvliT. am Teoriis
SekiTxvebi
1. cxrilSi oTxi SemTxvevisTvis mocemulia zeviT moZraobs, b) airi vertikaluri wrfis

idealuri airisTvis an idealuri airidan Q gaswvriv qveviT moZraobs, g) airi pirvel
siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiebi da airis areSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT moZraobs da
mier W an airze Won Sesrulebuli muSaobebi. d) airi meore areSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT
daalageT SemTxvevebi airis temperaturis moZraobs.
cvlilebis mixedviT dididan mcireze. 3. ΔT1 odenobiT temperaturis gazrdisTvis
a b c d idealur airs mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
Q – 50 + 35 – 15 + 20 30j esaWiroeba, xolo mudmivi wnevis pirobeb-
W – 50 + 35 Si – 50j. ra muSaobas asrulebs airi meore
Won – 40 + 40 situaciaSi?
4. 19.15b suraTze gamosaxuli wertili airis
2. 19.15a suraTze gamosaxuli wertili airis
sawyis mdgomareobas asaxavs. wertilze gama-
sawyisi mdgomareobaa, xolo wertilze gamavali
vali izoTerma p–V diagramas or ared yofs.
vertikaluri wrfe p–V diagramas or ared
qvemoT CamoTvlili procesebisTvis gansaz-
yofs. qvemoT CamoTvlili procesebisTvis
RvreT airis ΔES Sinagani energiis cvlileba
gansazRvreT airis mier Sesrulebuli W
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia:
muSaoba dadebiTi, uaryofiTia Tu nulis
a) airi izoTermis gaswvriv zeviT gadaadg-
tolia: a) airi vertikaluri wrfis gaswvriv
ildeba, b) airi izoTermis gaswvriv qveviT
gadaadgildeba, g) airi pirvel monakveTSi
nebismieri mimarTulebiT moZraobs da d) airi
meore monakveTSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT
moZraobs.
5. idealuri oratomiani airi, romlis mole
(a) (b) (g) kulebi brunavs, magram ar irxeva, energias Q
sur. 19.15. SekiTxvebi 2, 4 da 6. siTbos saxiT kargavs. airis Sinagani energiis
687
Semcireba mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi iqne- traeqtoria. romeli traeqtoria romel pro-
ba meti Tu mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi? cess Seesabameba? e) brunavs Tu ara oratomi-
6. 19.15g suraTze gamosaxuli wertili airis ani airis molekula?
sawyis mdgomareobas asaxavs. wertilze 8. a) izoTermuli gafarToebis, b) mudmivi
gamavali adiabata p–V diagramas or ared wnevis pirobebSi gafarToebis, g) adiabaturi
yofs. qvemoT CamoTvlili procesebisTvis gafarToebis da d) mudmivi moculobis
gansazRvreT Sesabamisi Q siTbo dadebiTia, pirobebSi wnevis gazrdisas idealuri airis
uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia: a) airi adiabatas temperatura gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive
gaswvriv maRla gadaadgildeba, b) airi darCeba?
adiatabas gaswvriv qvemoT gadaadgildeba, g) 9. a) 19.14 suraTis oTxi traeqtoria airis
airi pirvel areSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT dididan
moZraobs da d) airi meore areSi nebismieri mcireze daalageT. b) pirveli, meore da mesame
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. treaqtoria airis Sinagani energiis cvlile-
7. energis garkveuli bis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
raodenoba 1 mol er- 10. 19.17 suraTis p–V
Tatomian airs siT- diagramaze, airi ab
bos saxiT a) mudmivi izoTermis gaswvriv
wnevis da b) mudmivi 5j muSaobas asru
moculobis pirobebSi lebs, xolo bc adia
gadaecema da 1 mol batas gaswvriv – 4j
oratomian airs g) mudmivi wnevis da d) mud- muSaobas. risi to
mivi moculobis pirobebSi gadaecema. 19.16 lia ac wrfiv traeq sur. 19.17. SekiTxva 10.
suraTis p–V diagramaze naCvenebi sawyisi da toriaze airis Sina-
saboloo temperaturebis SemaerTebeli oTxi gani energiis cvlileba?
amocanebi
ricxvi da b) molekulebis ricxvi 1 sm3

Manual-Si. moculobaSi.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze •4. saukeTeso laboratoriuli vakuumis wneva
daaxloebiT 1×10–18 atm anu 1,01×10–13 pa-ia.
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. ramdeni airis molekulaa amgvari vakuumis
kubur santimetrSi, rodesac T = 293 K ?
• – •••
amocanis sirTules •5. 40°C temperaturis 1000 sm3 moculobis da
1,01×105pa wnevis Jangbadis airi 1500sm3-mde
paragrafi 19.2. avogadros ricxvi farTovdeba da misi wneva 1,06×105pa – s aRwevs.
gamoTvaleT Jangbadis a) molebis ricxvi da b)
•1. gamoTvaleT dariSxanis 7,5×1024 atomis masa
saboloo temperatura. SSM
kilogramebSi. dariSxanis moluri masaa 74,9g/
moli. •6. 1,64×10–2 m3 moculobis avtomobilis
saburavi 0°C-ze 165kpa manometruli wnevis
•2. oqros moluri masaa 197 g/moli. a) ramdeni
moli oqroa sufTa oqros 2,5 g masis nimuSSi?
(wneva atmosferuli wnevis zemoT) haers
Seicavs. risi tolia avtomobilSi haeris
b) ramdeni atomia nimuSSi?
manometruli wneva, rodesac misi temperatura
paragrafi 19.3. idealuri airebi
27°C-mde iweva, xolo moculoba 1,67×10–2m3-
•3. idealuri airis wnevaa 100 pa, xolo mde izrdeba? atmosferuli wnevaa 1,01×105pa.
temperatura – 220 K. gamoTvaleT a) molebis
•7. 100kpa wnevis idealuri airi 10°C-ze ••12. idealuri

2,5 m3 moculobas ikavebs. a) ramdeni moli airis nimuSi 19.19
airia warmodgenili? b) Tu wnevam 300 kpa-mde suraTze naCveneb
wneva (kn/m2)
moimata, xolo temperatura 30°C gaxda, ra abca ciklur pro
moculobas daikavebs airi? dauSviT, rom airi
cess asrulebs. a
ar gaedineba.
wertilSi T = 200 K.
•8. 1,8 moli idealuri airi 30°C-ze izoTermu-
a) ramdeni moli airi
li SekumSvis Sedegad 3m3-dan 1,5 m3 moculobis
gvaqvs nimuSSi? risi moculoba (m3)
gaxda. a) ra odenobis energia gadaica siTbos
saxiT SekumSvis dros? b) energia airs gadaeca tolia b) b wertilSi sur. 19.19. amocana 12.
Tu airidan gamovida? airis temperatura,
•9. WurWeli M1 moluri masis idealuri g) c wertilSi airis temperatura da d)

airis 2 mols da M2 = 3M1 moluri masis meore ciklis ganmavlobaSi airisTvis siTbos saxiT
idealuri airis 0,5 mols Seicavs. WurWlis gadacemuli sruli energia?
kedelze moqmedi mTliani wnevis ra nawili ••13. 103kpa manometruli wnevis dros haeri
modis meore airze? (kinetikuri Teoriis
0,14m3 moculobas ikavebs. haeri izoTermulad
saSualebiT wnevis ganmartebas airebis narevis
farTovdeba, misi wneva 101,3kpa xdeba da Semdeg
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac airebi erTmaneTTan
mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi kvlav civdeba, vidre
qimiurad ar urTierTqmedeben, parcialuri
(nawilobrivi) wnevebis eqsperimentulad misi moculoba sawyis mniSvnelobas miaRwevs.
dadgenil kanonamde mivyavarT: airebis narevis gamoTvaleT haeris mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
mTliani wneva calkeuli airebis wnevebis jamis (manometruli wneva namdvil da atmosferul
tolia, romliTac isini WurWelze marto wnevas Soris sxvaobaa). SSM ILW WWW
imoqmedebdnen ). •••14. 20 sm3 moculobis haeris buStula 40 m
••10. 0,825 moli idealuri airi Q siTbos siRrmis tbis fskerze mdebareobs, sadac
saxiT energiis miRebisas izoTermulad
temperaturaa 4° C. Semdeg buStula 20° C
farTovdeba. 19.18 suraTze naCvenebia Vf
temperaturis mqone zedapirze amodis. Tu
saboloo moculobis Q-ze damokidebulebis
buStulaSi moTavsebuli haeris temperatura
grafiki. risi tolia airis temperatura?
garemomcveli wylis temperaturis tolia,
risi tolia buStulis moculoba, rodesac is
wylis zedapirze amova?
•••15. 19.20
s u r a T z e
gamosaxuli A
WurWeli 5×105pa
wnevis da 300 K
temperaturis
idealur airs
sur. 19.18. amocana 10. Seicavs. WurWeli viwro miliT (da daxuruli
sarqveliT) B WurWelTan aris mierTebuli.
••11. 310K-dan 330K-mde
temperaturul
diapazonSi araidealuri airis p wneva V meore WurWlis moculoba pirvelisaze
moculobas da T temperaturas Semdegi for oTxjer metia. B WurWeli 1×10 pa wnevis 400 K 5
muliT ukavSirdeba: temperaturis igive idealur airs Seicavs.

j T j T2
P = (24,9 ) – (0,00662 ) Semdeg sarqveli gaxsnes da wnevebi gaTanabrda,
K V K2 V 2
magram WurWlebis temperaturebi igive darCa.
ra muSaobas asrulebs airi, Tu misi tem risi tolia wneva or WurWelSi? ILW
peratura mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi 315K-dan
325K-mde imatebs?
689
paragrafi 19.4. wneva, temperatura da sa tolia idealuri airis molze gadataniTi
Sualo kvadratuli siCqare kinetikuri energia g) 0°C-ze da d) 100°C-ze?
•16. gamoTvaleT argonis atomebis saSualo ••25. 32°C temperaturis wylis zedapiridan
kvadratuli siCqare 313 K temperaturaze. molekulebi gamodian da wyali orTqldeba.
argonis atomebis moluri masisTvis E damateba orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo (539kaloria/g)
ixileT. daaxloebiT εn-is tolia, sadac ε aris gamosu-
•17. gare kosmosSi umciresi SesaZlo li molekulebis saSualo energia, xolo n –
temperaturaa 2,7K. risi tolia wyalbadis gramSi molekulebis ricxvi. a) gamoTvaleT ε.
molekulebis saSualo kvadratuli siCqare am b) risi tolia ε-s Sefardeba H2O molekulebis
temperaturaze? (wyalbadis molekulebis (H2) saSualo kinetikur energiasTan? dauSviT,
moluri masa 19.1 cxrilSia mocemulia). SSM rom es ukanaskneli temperaturas airebis ms-
gavsad ukavSirdeba.
•18. gamoTvaleT heliumis atomebis saSualo
kvadratuli siCqare 1000K temperaturaze. paragrafi 19.6. saSualo Tavisufali
heliumis atomebis moluri masisTvis E ganarbeni
damateba ixileT. •26. ra sixSireze iqneba haerSi moZravi bg-
•19. a) gamoTvaleT azotis molekulis eris talRis sigrZe 1atm wnevasa da 0°C-ze
saSualo kvadratuli siCqare 20°C – ze. azotis Jangbadis molekulebis saSualo Tavisufali
molekulebis (N2) moluri masa 19.1 cxrilSia ganarbenis toli? Jangbadis molekulis di-
mocemuli. ra temperaturaze iqneba saSualo ametria 3×10–8 sm.
kvadratuli siCqare b) am mniSvnelobis •27. 2500 km simaRleze atmosferuli simkvr-
naxevari da g) am mniSvnelobaze orjer meti? ivea daaxloebiT 1 molekula/sm3. a) moleku-
•20. mzis atmosferoSi temperatura da wnevaa lis diametria 2×10–8 sm, risi tolia 19.25
2×106K da 0,03pa. gamoTvaleT Tavisufali formuliT gamoTvlili saSualo Tavisufali
eleqtronebis (9,11×10–31kg masis) saSualo ganarbeni? b) axseniT, aqvs Tu ara miRebul
kvadratuli siCqare, Tu isini idealur airs mniSvnelobas azri. SSM
qmnian. 28. 0°C-ze da 1atm wnevaze azotis molekulebis
••21. wyalbadis molekulebis sxivi kedlisken saSualo Tavisufali ganarbenia 0,8×10–5 sm.
misi normalisadmi 55° kuTxiTaa mimarTu- amgvar temperaturasa da wnevaze simkvrivea
li. sxivis TiToeuli molekulis siCqare 2,7×1019 molekula/sm3. risi tolia molekulis
1km/wm, xolo masa – 3,3×10–24g. sxivi kedels diametri?
2 sm2 farTobze ejaxeba da kedels wamSi 1023 ••29. nawilakebis amaCqareblis vakuumur
molekula xvdeba. risi tolia sxivis wneva ke- kameraSi protonebi 23 m diametris wriu-
delze? SSM li traeqtoriiT moZraoben. narCen airs
••22. 273K temperaturaze 1×10–2atm wnevis 295 K temperaturaze 1×10–6 tori wneva aqvs.
pirobebSi airis simkvrivea 1,24×10–5g/sm3. a) gamoTvaleT amgvari wnevis pirobebSi kubur
a) gamoTvaleT airis molekulebis saSualo santimetrze airis molekulebis raodenoba.
kvadratuli siCqare. b) gamoTvaleT airis b) risi tolia airis molekulebis saSualo
moluri masa da g) gansazRvreT airis saxeoba Tavisufali ganarbeni, Tu molekulis diame-
(miniSneba: airi 19.1 cxrilSia mocemuli). tria 2×10–8 sm?
••30. 20°C temperaturasa da 750 tor wne
paragrafi 19.5. gadataniTi kinetikuri ener-
vaze argonsa (Ar) da azotSi (N2) saSualo
gia
Tavisufali ganarbeni Sesabamisad aris
•23. risi tolia azotis molekulebis saSualo
λAr = 9,9×10 –6
sm da λN2 = 27,5×10  sm. –6
gadataniTi kinetikuri energia 1600 K tempe-

a) gamoTvaleT argonis atomis diametris
raturaze?
azotis molekulis diametrTan Sefardeba.
•24. risi tolia idealuri airis molekulebis risi tolia argonis saSualo Tavisufali
gadataniTi kinetikuri energiis saSualo ganarbeni b) 20°C da 150 tor wnevaze da
mniSvneloba a) 0°C-ze da b) 100°C-ze. risi g) –40°C da 750 tor wnevaze?
paragrafi 19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ••37. saSualo kvadratuli siCqariT moZravi

ganawileba wyalbadis molekula (1×10–8 sm diametris)
•31. 10 molekulis siCqarea 2, 3, 4, ..., 4000K temperaturis Rumelidan gamodis da
11 km/wm. risi tolia maTi a) saSualo siCqare 4×1019 atomi/sm3 simkvrivis civi argonis atom-
da b) saSualo kvadratuli siCqare? SSM ebis (3×10–8 sm diametris) Semcvel kameraSi
•32. 22 nawilakis siCqarea (Ni aris νi siCqaris Sedis. a) risi tolia wyalbadis molekulis
mqone nawilakTa ricxvi): siCqare? b) Tu molekula argonis atoms ejax-
eba, ra uaxloes manZilze SeiZleba iyvnen maTi
Ni 2 4 6 8 2
centrebi erTmaneTisgan, rodesac atomic da
νi (sm/wm) 1 2 3 4 5
molekulas sferos formisaa? g) Tavdapirve-
risi tolia a) νsaS, b) νsaS.kv. da g) νp? lad wamSi ramden Sejaxebas ganicdis wyal-
•33. aTi nawilaki Semdegi siCqareebiT moZ- badis molekula? (miniSneba: davuSvaT argo-
raobs: oTxi 200 m/wm siCqariT, ori 500 m/wm siC- nis atomebi uZravia. es niSnavs, rom wyalbadis
qariT da oTxi 600 m/wm siCqariT. gamoTvaleT molekulebis saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni
maTi a) saSualo da b) saSualo kvadratuli 19.26 formuliT gamoiTvleba da ara 19.25
siCqareebi. g) aris Tu ara νsaS.kv.> νsaS? formuliT).
••34. 19.21 suraTze naCvenebia azotis airis ••38. ori WurWlis temperatura Tanabaria.
albaTobaTa ganawileba. risi tolia a) airis pirveli WurWeli p1 wnevis, m1 molekuluri
temperatura da b) molekulebis saSualo masis da νsaS.kv.1 saSualo kvadratuli siCqaris
kvadratuli siCqare?
airs Seicavs. meore WurWeli 2p1 wnevis, m2
molekuluri masis da νsaS2=2νsaS.kv.1 saSualo
siCqaris airs Seicavs. gamoTvaleT m1 m2 Se /
fardeba.
••39. 19.22 suraTze
P(ν)
P (ν)
naCvenebia airis N
nawilakiani nimuSis
siCqare
siCqareebis hipo
Teturi ganawileba
(gaiTvaliswineT, rom rodesac ν>2ν0, P(ν)=0).
ν (m/wm) risi tolia a) aν0, b) νsaS/ν0 da g) νsaS.kv. /ν0?
d) nawilakebis ra nawils aqvs 1,5ν0-sa da 2ν0-s
sur. 19.21. amocana 34. Soris siCqare? SSM WWW
••35. ra temperaturaze gauTanabrdeba a) H2 paragrafi 19.8. idealuri airis moluri

(molekuluri wyalbadis) da b) O2 (molukuluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi
Jangbadis) saSualo kvadratuli siCqare •40. risi tolia 1 moli idealuri erTatomiani
dedamiwidan gaqcevis siCqares (13.2 cxrili)? airis Sinagani energia 273K temperaturaze?
ra temperaturaze gauTanabrdeba g) H2-is
••41. 2 moli idealuri erTatomiani airis
da d) O2-is saSualo kvadratuli siCqare
temperatura mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
mTvaridan gaqcevis siCqares (gravitaciuli
15K-iT gaizarda. risi tolia a) airis mier
aCqareba mTvaris zedapirze aris 0,16g)? a)-
Sesrulebuli W muSaoba, b) Q siTbos saxiT
sa da b)-ze pasuxebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqneba
gadacemuli energia, g) airis Sinagani energiis
Tu ara dedamiwis zeda atmosferoSi (1000 K
ΔES cvlileba da d) saSualo kinetikuri
temperaturis pirobebSi) e) bevri wyalbadi da
energiis ΔK cvlileba atomze?
v) bevri Jangbadi?
••36. T2 erTgvarovani temperaturis piro ••42. 2 moli idealuri erTatomiani airis
bebSi airis molekulebis ualbaTesi siCqare temperatura mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi
T1 erTgvarovan temperaturaze airis mole 15K-iT gaizarda. risi tolia a) airis mier
kulebis saSualo kvadratuli siCqaris tolia. Sesrulebuli W muSaoba, b) Q siTbos saxiT
gamoTvaleT T2/T1. gadacemuli energia, g) airis Sinagani energiis
691
ΔES cvlileba da d) saSualo kinetikuri safexurze temperatura mudmivi moculobis
energiis ΔK cvlileba atomze? pirobebSi izrdeba. amgvari procesisTvis
••43. WurWelSi sami arareaqciuli airis risi tolia d) airze Sesrulebuli mTliani
nazavia moTavsebuli. 2,4 moli pirveli airis muSaoba, e) airis mier siTbos saxiT STanTqmuli
Cv1 = 12j/moli · K, 1,5 moli meore airis mTliani energia da v) procesis moluri kuTri
Cv2 = 12,8j/moli · K da 3,2 moli mesame airis siTbotevadoba?
Cv3 = 20j/moli · K. risi tolia nazavis Cv? SSM paragrafi 19.9. Tavisuflebis xarisxi da
••44. rodesac idealur airs siTbos saxiT moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba
20,9j daemata, misi moculoba 50sm3-dan 100sm3 •48. oratomian airs 70j energia siTbos
gaxda, xolo wneva 1atm-s toli darCa. a) ram- saxiT miewodeba da mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi
deniT Seicvala airis Sinagani energia? Tu farTovdeba. airis molekula brunavs, magram
–3
airis raodenobaa 2×10 moli, risi tolia ar irxeva. ramdeniT gaizarda airis Sinagani
b) Cp da g) CV? energia?
••45. airis molekulis masis gamoTvla mudmi- •49. 0°C temperaturis 1 mol Jangbadis airs
vi moculobis pirobebSi misi cV kuTri siTbo- (O2) mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi acxeleben. ra
tevadobis saSualebiT SeiZleba (yuradReba raodenobis energia unda daematos airs, raTa
miaqcieT, rom es ar aris CV). argonisTvis misi moculoba gaormagdes? (molekulebi
cV=0,075kal/g · C°. gamoTvaleT a) argonis ato brunavs, magram ar irxeva). ILW
mis masa da b) argonis moluri masa. ILW ••50. 12g Jangbadis airi (O2) mudmivi
••46. erTi moli idea a b atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi 25°C-dan
125°C-mde a)
wneva (kn/m )
gaacxeles. ramdeni moli

2
luri oratomiani airi

19.23 suraTis diago Jangbadia (moluri masa 19.1 cxrilSi ixileT)?
naluri traeqtoriiT c b) ra raodenobis energia gadaeca Jangbads
a-dan c-Si gadadis. siTbos saxiT? (O2-is molekula brunavs,
a) risi tolia airis 3
magram ar irxeva). g) siTbos ra nawili moxmarda
moculoba (m )
Sinagani energiis cvli- Jangbadis Sinagani energiis gazrdas?
leba da b) ra raodeno- ••51. 4 moli idealuri oratomiani airis
bis energia daemata airs siTbos saxiT? g) ra temperatura mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi
raodenobis siTboa saWiro raTa airma a-dan 60 K-iT gaizarda. molekulebi brunavs,
c-mde abc traeqtoriiT miaRwios? magram ar irxeva. risi tolia a) Q siTbos saxiT
•••47. sawarmoo procesSi 25 moli idealuri gadacemuli energia, b) airis Sinagani energiis
erTatomiani airis moculoba 2 saaTSi ΔES cvlileba, g) airis mier Sesrulebuli
0,616m3-dan 0,308m3-mde Tanabari tempiT W muSaoba da d) airis sruli gadataniTi
mcirdeba, xolo misi temperatura 27°C-dan kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlileba? SSM WWW
450°C-mde aseve Tanabari tempiT izrdeba. paragrafi 19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi
procesis ganmavlobaSi airi Termodinamikuri gafarToeba
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. risi •52. Cven viciT, rom adiabaturi procesisTvis
γ
tolia a) airze Sesrulebuli mTliani muSaoba, PV  = mudmiva. 2 moli idealuri airi p = 1 atm
b) airis mier siTbos saxiT STanTqmuli wnevis da T = 300 K temperaturis pirobebSi
mTliani energia da g) procesis moluri adiabatur process ganicdis. gamoTvaleT
kuTri siTbotevadoba? (miniSneba: muSaobis `mudmiva~. dauSviT, rom oratomiani airis
integralis gamosaTvlelad ganusazRvreli molekulebis brunavs, magram ar irxeva.
integrali unda gamoiyenoT: •53. airi 1,2atm wnevis da T = 310 K tempe
a + bx bx aB – bA raturis pirobebSi 4,3 l moculobas ikavebs.
 dx =   +  ln(A + Bx).
A + Bx B B2 Semdeg airi 0,76 l moculobamde adiabaturad
davuSvaT, es procesi or safexurad dayves.
ikumSeba. gamoTvaleT a) saboloo wneva da
pirvel safexurze airis moculoba mudmivi b) saboloo temperatura, Tu airi idealuria
temperaturis pirobebSi mcirdeba, xolo meore da γ = 1,4.
•54. 1 l moculobis, 273 K temperaturis, 1 moculoba sawyis moculobaze 3-jer

atm wnevis γ = 1,3-is airi adiabaturad SeikumSa metia. risi tolia wnevebis Sefardeba? b)
moculobis naxevramde. gamoTvaleT airis a) Semdeg airi nela da adiabaturad sawyis
saboloo wneva da b) temperatura. g) Tu airi moculobamde ikumSeba. SekumSvis Semdeg
273K-mde mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi gaacies, wnevaa 3 p0. airi erTatomiani, oratomiani Tu
1/3
risi tolia misi saboloo moculoba? mravalatomiania? g) risi tolia saboloo da

••55. 19.24 suraTze naCvenebia airis i sawyisi sawyis mdgomareobebSi molekulaze saSualo
mdgomareobidan f saboloo mdgomareobaSi kinetikuri energiebis Sefardeba?
gadasvlis ori traeqtoria. pirveli traeq •••59. 19.25 suraTze naCvenebia 1 moli ideal-
toria izoTermuli gafarToebisgan (50j uri erTatomiani airis cikli. rodesac 1→2,
muSaobisgan), adiabaturi gafarToebisgan risi tolia a) Q siTbo, b) ΔES Sinagani ener-
(40j muSaobisgan), izoTermuli SekumSvisgan giis cvlileba, g) W muSaoba? rodesac 2→3:
(30j muSaobisgan) da adiabaturi SekumSvisgan risi tolia d)
(25j muSaobisgan) Sedgeba. risi tolia Sinagani Q siTbo, e) ΔES
energiis cvlileba, Tu airi i wertilidan f Sinagani energiis
wertilSi meore traeqtoriiT gadadis? cvlileba v) W
muSaoba? rode-
sac 3→1, risi
tolia, z) Q
siTbo, T) ΔES
Sinagani energiis
cvlileba i) W
muSaoba? sruli ciklisTvis risi tolia
k) Q siTbo, l) ΔES Sinagani energiis cvli-
leba m) W muSaoba? pirvel wertilSi sawy-
sur. 19.24. amocana 55. isi wnevaa 1atm (=1,013×105pa). risi tolia
n) moculoba da o) wneva meore wertilSi da
••56. idealuri airis moculoba 200l-dan
p) moculoba da J) wneva mesame wertilSi? SSM
74,3l-mde adiabaturad Semcirda. sawyisi
wnevaa 1 atm, xolo temperatura – 300 K. damatebiTi amocanebi
saboloo wnevaa 4 atm. a) airi erTatomiani, 60. idealuri airi sami safexurisgan Semdgar
oratomiani Tu mravalatomiania? b) risi cikls gadis. adiabaturi gafarToebisas 125j
tolia saboloo temperatura? g) ramdeni muSaoba sruldeba, izoTermuli SekumSva
molia airSi? 325K temperaturaze xdeba da wneva mudmivi
••57. airi i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f moculobis pirobebSio izrdeba. a) am sami
saboloo mdgomareobamde p–V diagramis safexurisTvis p–V diagrama aageT. b) ra
pirveli an meore traeqtoriiT unda ga raodenobis energia gadaicema siTbos saxiT
farTovdes. pirveli traeqtoria izo mesame safexurze da g) airs gadaecema energia
Termuli gafarToebisgan (40 j muSaobisgan), Tu airidan gamodis?
adiabaturi gafarToebisgan (30 j muSao 61. a) ra moculobas ikavebs 1 moli idealuri
bisgan) da kidev erTi izoTermuli gafar airi 1atm (=1,01×105pa) wnevis da 273K
Toebisgan (30j muSaobisgan) Sedgeba. meore temperaturis pirobebSi? b) daamtkiceT, rom
traeqtoriaze ori safexuria. jer mudmivi kubur santimetrze molekulebis raodenobaa
moculobis pirobebSi wneva mcirdeba, 2,69×109 (loSmidtis ricxvi).
xolo Semdeg mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi airi 62. varskvlavTSorisi airis Rrubelis tem
farTovdeba. risi tolia airis Sinagani peraturaa 50 K, xolo wneva – 1×10–8  pa. davuS-
energiis cvlileba meore traeqtoriaze? vaT, RrubelSi molekulebis diametrebia
••58. a) p0 sawyisi wnevis idealuri airi 20 nm, risi tolia maTi saSualo Tavisufali
Tavisuflad farTovdeba da misi saboloo ganarbeni?
693
63. gaxurebul haerze momuSave sahaero buS- deformaciis modulia:
dp
tis garsacmis da kalaTis mTliani wonaa B = –V  = γp,
dV
2,45kn. garsacmis tevadobaa (moculobaa)
da aqedan gamomdinare b) airSi bgeris
2,18×103 m3. rodesac buSti mTlianad gavsebu-
siCqarea:
lia, ras unda udrides haeris temperatura,
raTa sahaero buSts 2,67 kn amwevi tevadoba vs =  = .
(Zala) mieniWos? 20°C temperaturis garemom-
ix. 17.2 da 17.3 formulebi.
cveli haeris wona moculobis erTeulze aris
68. 0°C temperaturis da 1 atm wnevis haeris
11,9 n/m3, molekuluri masaa 0,028 kg/moli,
simkvrivea 1,29×10–3 g/sm3. am temperaturis
xolo wneva 1 atm-ia.
haerSi bgeris siCqarea 331 m/wm. gamoiyeneT
64. WurWelSi 250K temperaturaze mole es monacemebi da 67-e amocanis pasuxebi, raTa
kuluri wyalbadis (H2) airi inaxeba. risi haeris moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebis γ
tolia molekulebis νp ualbaTesi siCqare Sefardeba gamoTvaloT.
da b) albaTobaTa ganawilebis P(ν) funqciis
69. iodis moluri masaa 127 g/moli. 400 K
Pmax maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? g) grafikuli temperaturaze da 1400 hc sixSireze, iodis
kalkulatoris an kompiuteris saSualebiT airiT savse milSi moZravi mdgari talRis
gansazRvreT molekulebis ra nawils aqvs kvanZebs Soris 6,77 sm manZilia. a) risi tolia
0,5νp-sa da 1,5νp-s Soris siCqare. Semdeg iodis airis γ? b) iodis airi erTatomiania Tu
temperatura 500K-mde gaizarda. risi tolia oratomiani? (miniSneba: ix. amocana 67).
d) molekulebis νp ualbaTesi siCqare da
70. 273 K temperaturis da 1 atm wnevis
e) albaTobaTa ganawilebis P(ν) funqciis Jangbadis airi (O2) 10 sm gverdis sigrZis
Pmax maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? v) νp da z) pmax mqone kubis formis WurWelSia moTavsebuli.
gaizarda, Semcirda Tu igive darCa? gamoTvaleT ΔUg/KsaS, sadac ΔUg aris Jangbadis
65. CV = 6 kal/moli·K kuTri siTbotevadobis molekulis gravitaciuli potenciuri ener
3 moli airis temperatura 50K-iT unda giis cvlileba, xolo KsaS – molekulis saSu
gaizardos. Tu procesi mudmivi moculobis alo gadataniTi kinetikuri energia.
pirobebSi xdeba, risi tolia a) Q siTbos saxiT 71. adiabaturi procesis ganmavlobaSi 2 moli
gadacemuli energia, b) airis mier Sesrulebuli idealuri erTatomiani airis temperatura
W muSaoba, g) airis Sinagani energiis ΔES 15K-iT gaizarda. risi tolia a) airis mier
cvlileba da d) sruli gadataniTi kinetikuri Sesrulebuli W muSaoba, b) Q siTbos saxiT
energiis ΔK cvlileba? Tu procesi mudmivi gadacemuli energia, g) airis Sinagani
wnevis pirobebSi xdeba, risi tolia e) Q, energiis ΔES cvlileba da d) atomze saSualo
v) W, z) ΔES da T) ΔK? Tu procesi adiabaturia, kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlileba?
risi tolia i) Q, k) W, l) ΔES da m) ΔK? 72. idealuri oratomiani airi, romlis
66. idealuri airi swrafad gafarTovda da molekulebi brunavs, magram ar irxeva, adia
saboloo moculobis sawyis moculobasTan baturad farTovdeba. airis sawyisi wnevaa
Sefardebaa V1/V0=5. Semdeg airi adiabaturad 1,2 atm, xolo moculoba – 0,2m3. airis saboloo
ikumSeba, sawyis V0 moculobas ubrundeba da wneva 2,4atm-ia. ra muSaobas asrulebs airi?
axali p2 wneva sawyis p0 wnevaze 50,4-jer metia. 73. 250pa mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi SekumSvi-
a) airi erTatomiani, molekulebis brunvis sas, idealuri airis moculoba 0,8m3-dan
gareSe oratomiania, mrbunavis molekulebis 0,2m3-mde mcirdeba. sawyisi temperaturaa
mqone oratomiania Tu mravalatomiani? risi 360 K da airi 210 j siTbos kargavs. risi
tolia molekulaze saSualo kinetikuri en- tolia airis a) Sinagani energiis cvlileba da
b) saboloo temperatura?
ergiis saboloo mniSvnelobis Sefardeba saw-
yis mniSvnelobasTan b) Tavisufali gafarToe- 74. idealuri airi 1,5 moli oratomiani
bis Semdeg da g) adiabaturi SekumSvis Semdeg? molekulebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic brunaven,
magram ar irxevian. molekulis diametri
67. idealur airebSi adiabaturi procesebis
250 pm-ia. airi 1,5×105 pa mudmivi wnevis
dros daamtkiceT, rom a) moculobiTi
pirobebSi farTovdeba da siTbos saxiT 200 j
energia gadaicema. risi tolia molekulebis Semdeg T1 temperaturas adiabaturi SekumSvis

saSualo Tavisufali ganarbenis cvlileba? Sedegad daubrunda. risi tolia airis
75. ra sixSiriT ejaxebian erTmaneTs Jangbadis saboloo moculoba?
airis molekulebi 400 K temperaturaze 81. gamoTvaleT gare Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
da 2 atm wnevaze? miiCnieT, rom molekulis muSaoba, rodesac 0°C temperaturis da 1 atm
diametria 290 pm da airi idealuria. wnevis 1 moli Jangbadi 22,4 l moculobidan
76. idealuri erTatomiani airis sawyisi 16,8 l moculobamde izoTermulad SeikumSa.
temperaturaa 330 K, xolo wneva – 6 atm. 82. foladis rezervuari 1,35×106 pa wnevis da
airi 500 sm3 sawyisi moculobidan 15003-mde 77°C temperaturis 300 g amiakis airs (NH3)
farTovdeba. Tu gafarToeba izoTermulia, Seicavs. risi tolia rezervuaris moculoba
risi tolia a) saboloo wneva da b) airis litrebSi? b) mogvianebiT temperatura 22°C,
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba? Tu gafarToeba xolo wneva 8,7×105 pa xdeba. ramdeni grami airi
adiabaturia, risi tolia g) saboloo wneva da gaiJona rezevuaridan?
d) airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba? 83. heliumis atomis masaa 6,66×10–27kg. CV
77. 3 moli idealuri airi pirvel mdgomareobaSi moluri kuTri siTbotevadobidan mudmivi
imyofeba, rodesac p1=20atm da V1=1500sm3. moculobis pirobebSi erTatomiani heliumis
Tavdapirvelad airi meore mdgomareobaSi airis kuTri siTbotevadoba gamoTvaleT.
gadadis, sadac p2=1,5p1 da V2=2V1, xolo Semdeg Sedegi gamosaxeT kj/kg·K erTeulebSi.
airi mesame mdgomareobas aRwevs, sadac p3=2p1 84. a) risi tolia idealuri airis moluri
da V3=0,5V1. ra temperatura aqvs airs a) pirvel moculoba standartul mdgomareobaSi
mdgomareobaSi da b) meore mdgomareobaSi? (0°C, 1 atm)? b) risi tolia igive pirobebSi
g) risi tolia Sinagani energiis mTliani heliumis atomebis saSualo kvadratuli
cvlileba pirveli mdgomareobidan mesame siCqaris Sefardeba neonis atomebis saSualo
mdgomareobamde? kvadratul siCqaresTan? g) risi tolia
78. idealuri airi adiabaturad ikumSeba da heliumis atomebis saSualo Tavisufali
p = 1 atm, V = 1×106 l, T = 0°C mdgomareobi- ganarbeni amgvar pirobebSi? davuSvaT,
dan p=1×105at, V = 1×103 l mdgomareobaSi heliumis atomis diametria 1×10–8sm. d) risi
gadadis. a) airi erTatomiania, oratomiani tolia neonis atomebis saSualo Tavisufali
Tu mravalatomiania? b) risi tolia saboloo ganarbeni amgvar pirobebSi. dauSviT, rom
temperatura? g) ramdeni moli airia? risi neonis atomebis diametri heliumis atomebis
tolia molis erTeulze sruli gadataniTi diametris tolia. e) imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
kinetikuri energia d) SekumSvamde da e) Se- rom heliumis atomebi neonis atomebze
kumSvis Semdeg? v) risi tolia SekumSvamde da swrafad moZraoben, gaakeTeT komentari g) da
SekumSvis Semdeg saSualo kvadratuli siCqa- d) SekiTxvebze.
reebis kvadratebis Sefardeba? 85. 19.26 suraTze gamosaxulia xuTi traeq-
79. idealuri airi 32atm sawyisi wnevidan da toriisgan Semdgari cikli. AB izoTermulia
1l sawyisi moculobidan 4 l saboloo mocu- 300 K temperaturaze, BC aduabaturia da 5 j
lobamde farTovdeba. sawyisi temperaturaa muSaoba sruldeba, CD 5 atm mudmivi wnevis
300 K. Tu airi erTatomiania da gafarToe- pirobebSi mimdinareobs, DE izoTermulia,
ba izoTermauli, risi tolia a) pf saboloo xolo EA adiabaturia da Sinagani energia
wneva, b) Tf saboloo temperatura da g) airis
mier Sesrulebuli W muSaoba? Tu airi er-
Tatomiania da gafarToeba adiabaturia, risi
tolia d) pf, e) Tf da v) W? Tu airi oratomi-
ani da gafarToeba adiabaturia, risi tolia
z) pf , T) Tf da i) W?
80. T1 sawyisi temperaturis da 2 m3 sawyisi
moculobis idealuri airi adiabaturad
4 m3 moculobamde gafarTovda, Semdeg 10 m3
moculobamde izoTermulad gafarTovda da sur. 19.26. amocana 85.
695
8 j-iT icvleba. risi tolia airis Sinagani en- 91. airi 4 m3 sawyisi moculobidan 3 m3 saboloo
ergiis cvlileba CD traeqtoriaze? moculobamde izoTermulad ikumSeba. airSi
86. ra temperaturaze iqneba heliumis airis 3,5 molia da misi temperaturaa 10°C. a) ra
atomebis saSualo kvadratuli siCqare 20°C muSaobas asrulebs airi? b) ra raodenobis
temperaturis wyalbadis airis molekulebis energia gadaicema siTbos saxiT airsa da mis
saSualo kvadratuli siCqaris toli? (moluri garemos Soris?
masebi 19.1 cxrilSia mocemuli). 92. a) risi tolia kuburi metrze molekulebis
87. T1 temperaturis idealuri erTatomiani ricxvi 20°C temperaturis da 1 atm (=1,01×105pa)
airi n molisgan Sedgeba. Semdeg wneva da wnevis haerSi? b) risi tolia 1 m3 haeris masa?
moculoba nel-nela ormagdeba ise, rom p –V dauSviT, rom molekulebis 75% azotia (N2),
diagramaze Sesabamisi procesis traeqtoria xolo 25% – Jangbadi (O2).
swor xazs warmoadgens. am procesisTvis risi 93. 300 K temperaturis idealuri airi
/ /
tolia a) W nRT1, b) ΔES nRT1 da g) Q nRT1? / 25 n/m2 mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi 3m3 sawyisi
d) Tu C aris moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba, moculobidan 1,8 m3 saboloo moculobamde
risi tolia C/R? ikumSeba. am procesis ganmavlobaSi airi
88. 4m moculobis, 5,67pa wnevis da –56°C
3 siTbos saxiT 75 j energias kargavs. risi
temperaturis idealuri airi 7m3 moculobamde tolia a) airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba da
farTovdeba da am dros misi temperaturaa b) saboloo temperatura?
40°C. risi tolia airis wneva? 94. 19.28 suraTze naCvenebia 2 moli idealuri
89. 19.27 suraT airis adiabaturi SekumSva 15m3-dan 12m3-mde,
ze naCvenebia ga rasac 300 K temperaturaze 3 m3 saboloo
moculobamde izoTermuli SekumSva mohyveba.
P(ν)
rkveuli airis
nawilakebis si risi tolia siTbos saxiT gadacemuli sruli
CqareTa hipo energia?
siCqare
Teturi gana
wileba: P(ν)=Cν2,
rodesac 0<ν≤ν0 da P(ν)=0, rodesac ν>ν0. gamoT-
valeT a) C-s gamosaxuleba ν0-is saSualebiT,
b) nawilakebis saSualo siCqare da g) nawilake- 400
p (pa)
bis saSualo kvadratuli siCqare.

90. 3 moli idealuri oratomiani airis
temperatura wnevis cvlilebis gareSe 40°C-iT
gaizarda. airis molekulebi brunavs, magram
3 6 9 12 15
ar irxeva. a) ramdeni energia gadaeca airs V (m3)
siTbos saxiT? b) risi tolia airis Sinagani
energiis cvlileba? g) ra muSaobas asrulebs sur. 19.28. amocana 94.
airi? d) ramdeniT gaizarda airis gadataniTi

kinetikuri energia?
696 Tavi 20 entropia da Termodinamikis meore kanoni
20 entropia da Termodinamikis
meore kanoni
popkornis yuTis mikrotalRur RumelSi gacxelebisas simindis marcvlebi
fumfula, gemriel saWmelad iqceva da, magaliTad, fexburTis TamaSis
yurebisas Seucvlelia. amis Semdeg marcvlebi macivarSi moaTavseT da
isini uwindebul mdgomareobaSi aRar dabrundebian. ratom ar SeiZleba
procesis ukusvla, Tu videokasetis ukan gadaxveva SesaZlebelia?
ra gansazRvravs drois mimarTulebas?

dros aqvs mimarTuleba da Cven vberdebiT. Cven viciT procesebi, romlebic garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT xdeba da es Tanmimdevroba arasdros icvleba. kvercxi iatakze ecema, pica
cxveba, manqanas lampionis boZi aCerebs, didi talRebi qviSian napirs recxavs da a.S. yvela es
procesi Seuqcevadia da maTi ukusvla garemoSi mcire cvlilebebis Sedegad SeuZlebelia.
fizikam pasuxi unda gasces SekiTxvas, ratom aqvs dros mimarTuleba da ratom aris erTi
mimarTulebis procesebi Seuqcevadi. erTi SexedviT, am fizikas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
praqtikuli sakiTxebis gadaWrasTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, magram sinamdvileSi nebismieri
Zravas arsi swored amgvar fizikaSi mdgomareobs da Zravas warmadobasac gansazRvravs.
erTi mimarTulebis procesebis Seuqcevadobis axsna entropiad wodebul sididis Seswavlas
moiTxovs.
20.2. Seuqcevadi procesebi da entropia

Seuqcevadi procesebis ganviTareba erTi mimarTulebiT imdenad cxadia, rom amaze arc
ki vfiqrobT. namdvilad gasaocari iqneba, Tu es procesebi spontanurad (TviTneburad)
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT Sesruldeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari movlenebis dros ar
irRveva energiis Senaxvis kanoni.
20.3 entropiis cvlileba 697
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom yavis cxel Wiqas xeli mokideT da xeli gagicivdaT, xolo Wiqa
gaTba. ar gaocdebiT? am SemTxvevaSi energiis gadacema, ra Tqma unda, arasworad moxdeba, Tumca
Caketili sistemis (xeli+yavis Wiqa) sruli energia procesis sworad warmarTvis SemTxvevis
identuri iqneba. aseve gasaocari iqneba heliumiT savse buStis gaxeTqvis Semdeg heliumis
molekulebi erTad rom Segrovdnen da buStis forma miiRon. bunebrivia, molekulebis amgvari
gavrceleba SeuZlebelia, magram daxuruli sistemis (molekulebi+oTaxi) sruli energia igive
iqneba, rac procesis swori mimarTulebiT warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi.
maSasadame, daxurul sistemaSi energiis cvlilebebi Seuqcevadi procesebis mimarTulebas ar
gansazRvravs. mimarTulebas sxva maxasiaTebeli – sistemis ΔS entropiis cvlileba gansazRvravs,
romelsac am TavSi ganvixilavT. sistemis entropiis cvlileba Semdeg paragrafSia ganxiluli,
magram aq Cven SegviZlia CamovayaliboT sistemis entropiis ZiriTadi Tviseba, romelsac xSirad
entropiis postulats uwodeben:
Tu Seuqcevadi procesi daxurul sistemaSi xdeba, sistemis S entropia yovelTvis

izrdeba; is arasdros mcirdeba.
entropia energiisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Senaxvis kanons ar emorCileba. daxuruli sistemis
energia inaxeba da yovelTvis mudmivia. Seuqcevadi procesebis SemTxvevaSi daxuruli sistemis
entropia yovelTvis izrdeba. am Tvisebis gamo entropiis cvlilebas xSirad `drois isars~
uwodeben. magaliTad, Cven popkornis nedli marcvlis aalebas drois pirdapir mimarTulebasTan
da entropiis zrdasTan vakavSirebT. drois sapirispiro mimarTuleba (videokasetis ukan
datrialeba) Seesabameba popkornis aalebuli marcvlis sawyis nedl mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas.
vinaidan es Seqceuli procesi entropiis Semcirebas iwvevs, is arasdros moxdeba.
sistemis entropiis cvlileba SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ori ekvivalenturi gziT: 1) sistemis
temperaturis da sistemis mier siTbos saxiT miRebuli an dakarguli energiis saSualebiT da
2) sistemis Semadgeneli atomebis da molekulebis SesaZlo ganlagebaTa daTvlis saSualebiT.
Semdeg paragrafSi pirvel meTods gamoviyenebT, xolo 20.8 paragrafSi – me–2 meTods.
20.3 entropiis cvlileba

entropiis cvlilebis gansazRvrisTvis 18.11 da 19.11
paragrafebSi aRweril process – idealuri airis
Tavisufal gafarToebas davubrundeT. 20.1a suraTze
naCvenebia Tboizolirebuli WurWlis marcxena mxares
daxuruli sarqvliT moqceuli airi, romelic i sawyis
wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Tu sarqvels gavaRebT,
airi mTels WurWels gaavsebs da 20.1b suraTze naCveneb f
saboloo wonasworul mdgomareobaSi gadava. es procesi
Seuqcevadia. airis yvela molekula WurWlis marcxena
mxares arasdros dabrundeba.
sur. 20.1. idealuri airis Tavisufali gafarToeba. a) airi

izolirebuli WurWlis sarqvliT Caketil marcxena mxareSia
moTavsebuli. b) rodesac sarqveli iReba, airi WurWlis orive mxares
avsebs. procesi Seuqcevadia da airi spontanurad WurWlis marcxena
mxares ver dabrundeba.
20.2 suraTze gamosaxul p–V grafikze i sawyis mdgomareobaSi

da f saboloo mdgomareobaSi myofi airis wneva da moculobaa
naCvenebi. wneva da moculoba mdgomareobis maxasiaTeblebia,
romlebic mxolod airis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli da
ara am mdgomareobis miRwevis saSualebebze. mdgomareobis sxva
maxasiaTeblebi temperatura da energiaa. amjerad miviCnevT, rom
airis mdgomareobas kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli – entropia gaaCnia.
sur. 20.2. 20.1 suraTze ga
ufro metic, i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f saboloo mdgomareobaSi mosaxuli Tavisufali gafar
gadasvlis procesis ganmavlobaSi sistemis Sf–Si entropiis Toebis i sawyisi da f saboloo
cvlilebaa: mdgomareobebis amsaxveli
p – V diagrama. airis Suale-
duri mdgomareobebis Cveneba
, (entropiis cvlilebis gansazRvreba) (20.1) SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini
ar warmoadgenen wonasworul
mdgomareobebs.
sadac Q aris sistemidan an sistemisTvis siTbos saxiT gadacemuli
energia, xolo T – sistemis temperatura kelvinebSi. maSasadame,
entropiis cvlileba aramxolod siTbos saxiT energiis gadacemazea damokidebuli, aramed im
temperaturazec, romelzec es gadacema xdeba. vinaidan T yovelTvis dadebiTia, ΔS–is niSani
Q–s niSans emTxveva. 20.1 formulidan gamomdinare, SI sistemaSi
entropiis da entropiis cvlilebis erTeulia j/K.
20.1 suraTze gamosaxuli Tavisufali gafarToebisTvis
20.1 formulis gamoyenebas erTi problema axlavs Tan.
rodesac airi mTlian WurWels avsebs, wneva, moculoba da
temperatura gauTvaliswineblad icvleba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, i sawyisi wonasworuli mdgomareobidan f
saboloo wonasworul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis Sualedur
etapebze, am maxasiaTeblebs kargad gansazRvrul wonasworul
mniSvnelobaTa Tanmimdevroba ar gaaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare,
20.2 suraTis p–V grafikze Tavisufali gafarToebis
moculoba–wnevis traeqtorias ver mivyvebiT da, rac ufro
mniSvnelovania, 20.1 formulis integrebisTvis saWiro Q-sa da
T-s damokidebulebas ver gamovTvliT.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu entropia marTlac mdgomareobis
maxasiaTebelia, maSin i da f mdgomareobebis entropiebis
sxvaoba mxolod am mdgomareobebze unda iyos damokidebuli
da ara maTi miRwevis gzebze. warmovidginoT, rom 20.1
suraTze gamosaxuli Seuqcevadi Tavisufali gafarToeba
i da f mdgomareobebis damakavSirebeli Seqcevadi procesiT
SevcvaleT. am SemTxvevaSi p–V grafikze moculoba-
wnevis traeqtorias gamovsaxavT da entropiis cvlilebis
gamoTvlisTvis saWiro Q-sa da T-s damokidebulebas
gavigebT.
19.11 paragrafSi gamoCnda, rom idealuri airis temperatura
Tavisufali gafarToebisas ar icvleba Ti=Tf=T. maSasadame,
20.2 suraTis i da f wertilebi erTi da igive izoTermazea
ganlagebuli. am SemTxvevaSi i mdgomareobidan f mdgomareobamde
sur. 20.3. idealuri airis Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToeba. airis

i sawyisi da f saboloo mdgomareobebi 20.1 da 20.2 suraTze naCvenebi
Seuqcevadi procesebis mdgomareobebs emTxveva.
sur. 20.4. 20.3 suraTze gamosaxuli Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToebis
p–V diagrama. Sualeduri mdgomareobebi, romlebic am SemTxvevaSi wonas
worul mdgomareobebs warmoadgens, naCvenebia.
Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToeba gvaqvs, romelic izoTermis

gaswvriv xdeba. ufro metic, vinaidan Seqcevadi izoTermuli
gafarToebisas T mudmivia, 20.1 formulis integrali Zalian
martivdeba.
20.3 suraTze naCvenebia amgvari Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToeba. airs T temperaturis
siTbur rezervuarze mdebare izolirebul cilindrSi vaqcevT. Semdeg moZrav dguSze tyviebs
valagebT, raTa airis wneva da moculoba 20.1a suraTis i sawyis mdgomareobas gauTanabrdes.
Semdeg tyviebs nel-nela viRebT da airis wneva da moculoba 20.1b suraTze gamosaxul f
saboloo mdgomareobas Seesabameba. airis temperatura ar icvleba, vinaidan airi procesis
ganmavlobaSi rezervuarTan siTbur kontaqts inarCunebs.
20.3 suraTze gamosaxuli Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToeba 20.1 suraTze gamosaxuli
Seuqcevadi Tavisufali gafarToebisgan sakmaod gansxvavdeba. miuxedavad amisa, orive procesis
sawyisi da saboloo mdgomareoba erTi da igivea da amitom entropiis cvlilebac Tanabari unda
iyos. vinaidan tyviebs nel–nela viRebT, airis Sualeduri mdgomareobebi wonasworulia da p–V
diagramaze maTi gamosaxva SesaZlebelia (sur. 20.4).
izoTermuli gafarToebisTvis 20.1 formulis gamosayeneblad T mudmivi temperatura integrals
gareT gavitanoT da miviRebT:
vinaidan Qd = Q, sadac Q aris procesis ganmavlobaSi siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energia,
gveqneba:
Q
ΔS = Sf – Si = (entropiis cvlileba, izoTermuli procesi) (20.2)
T
20.3 suraTze gamosaxuli izoTermuli gafarToebisas airis T temperaturis mudmivobis
SesanarCuneblad, Q siTbo rezervuaridan airisTvis gadacemuli energia unda iyos. maSasadame,
Q dadebiTia da am izoTermuli procesis da 20.1 suraTze gamosaxuli Tavisufali gafarToebisas
airis entropia izrdeba.
saboloo jamSi, Caketil sistemaSi momxdari Seuqcevadi procesis entropiis cvlilebis
gamosaTvlelad, am process nebismieri Seqcevadi procesiT vcvliT, romelic igive sawyis da
saboloo mdgomareobebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. Seqcevadi procesis entropiis cvlilebas
20.1 formuliT gamovTvliT.
rodesac sistemis temperaturis ΔT cvlileba procesamde da procesis Semdeg temperaturebTan
SedarebiT mcirea, entropiis cvlileba Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
Q
ΔS = Sf – Si ≈ , (20.3)
TsaS
sadac TsaS aris procesis ganmavlobaSi sistemis saSualo temperatura kelvinebSi.
sakontrolo wertili 1. wyals acxeleben. daalageT wylis entropiis cvlilebebi dididan

mcireze, rodesac temperatura izrdeba a) 20°C-dan 30°C-mde, b) 30°C-dan 35°C-mde da
g) 80°C-dan 85°C-mde.

20.1a suraTze gamosaxuli WurWlis marcxena CavsvaT n = 1 moli da Vf /Vi = 2 da miviRebT:
mxares 1 moli azotis airia moqceuli. sarqvlis Vf
ΔSSeqcevadi= nR ln = (1mol)(8,31j/mol·K)(ln 2)
gaRebis Semdeg airis moculoba ormagdeba. am Vi
Seuqcevadi procesisTvis risi tolia airis = +5,76 j/K.
entropiis cvlileba? airia idealuria. maSasadame, Tavisufali gafarToebisTvis
amoxsna: Seuqcevadi procesis entropiis (da yvela sxva procesisTvis, romelic 20.2
cvlilebas ganvsazRravT, Tu moculobis suraTze gamosaxul sawyis da saboloo mdgo
igive cvlilebis momcemi Seqcevadi procesis mareobebs akavSirebs) entropiis cvlilebaa:
entropiis cvlilebas gamovTvliT. garda
ΔSSeuqcevadi = ΔSSeqcevadi = +5,76 j/K (pasuxi)
amisa, Tavisufali gafarToebisas airis
temperatura ar icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, vinaidan ΔS dadebiTia, entropia 20.2 para
Seqcevadi procesi 20.3 da 20.4 suraTebze grafSi moyvanili postulatis Tanaxmad
gamosaxulis msgavsi izoTermuli gafarToeba izrdeba.
unda iyos.
19.4 cxrilidan gamomdinare, T temperaturis sakontrolo wertili 2. p–V diagramaze i
pirobebSi Vi sawyisi moculobidan Vf mocu sawyis mdgomareobaSi idealuri airis tem-
lobamde izoTermulad gafarToebuli airis peraturaa T1. a da b saboloo mdgomare-
Tvis siTbos saxiT gadacemuli Q energiaa: obebSi airis T2 temperatura ufro metia.
Vf
Q = nRT ln , a-s mimarTulebiT en- p
Vi a T2
tropiis cvlileba me-
sadac n aris airis molebis raodenoba. 20.2 T2
tia, naklebia Tu igivea
formulis Tanaxmad am Seqcevadi procesisTvis i
b mimarTulebasTan Se- b
entropiis cvlilebaa:
darebiT?
Q nRT ln(Vf /Vi) Vf V
ΔSSeqcevadi = = = nR ln .
T T Vi

moZravi safari
20.5a suraTze naCvenebia m=1,5kg masis spilen-
Tboizolatori
Zis ori identuri bloki. L blokis tempera-
turaa TiL=60°C, xolo R blokis – TiR=20°C.
orive bloki Tboizolirebul yuTSia moT-
avsebuli da erTmaneTisgan maizolirebeli Seuqcevadi
safariT aris gamoyofili. safaris awevis procesi
(a) (b)
Semdeg blokebi Tf=40°C (sur. 20.5b) wonas-
sur. 20.5. a) sawyis mdgomareobaSi spilenZis L da R
worul temperaturas iZens. risi tolia am blokebi izolirebul yuTSia moTavsebuli da maT
Seuqcevadi procesis ganmavlobaSi ori blo- erTmaneTisgan maizolirebeli safari gamoyofs.
kis sistemis entropiis cvlileba? spilenZis b) rodesac safars moxsnian, blokebi energias siTbos
saxiT gacvlian da saboloo mdgomareobamde mivlen,
kuTri siTbotevadobaa 386j/kg•K. sadac maTi temperaturaa Tf .
amoxsna: entropiis cvlilebis gamosaTvlelad
Seqcevadi procesi unda vipovoT, romliTac da Seuqcevadi procesis entropiis cvlileba
sistema 20.5a suraTze gamosaxuli sawyisi ΔSSeqcevadi-is toli iqneba. msgavsi Seqcevadi
mdgomareobidan 20.5b suraTze gamosaxul procesisTvis siTburi rezervuari gvWir
saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis. Semdeg 20.1 deba, romlis temperaturis nela Secvla
formulis daxmarebiT Seqcevadi procesis SesaZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi orive bloki 20.6
ΔSSeqcevadi entropiis cvlilebas gamovTvliT suraTze gamosaxul or safexurs gadis:
safexuri 1. rodesac rezervuaris tem
peraturaa 60°C, L bloks rezervuarze vaTa-
vsebT (vinaidan blokis da rezervuaris tem-
peratura Tanabaria, isini Tavidanve siTbur
wonasworobaSi imyofebian). Semdeg blokis
da rezervuaris temperatura 40°C-mde nel-
nela SevamciroT. am procesis ganmavlobaSi sur. 20.6. 20.5 suraTze gamosaxul blokebs sawyisi
mdgomareobidan saboloo mdgomareobamde gadasvla
blokis temperaturis dT sididiT Semcirebis
Seqcevadi gziT SeuZliaT Tu regulirebadi tempe
yovel aqtSi blokidan rezervuars siTbos raturis mqone rezervuars a) L blokidan siTbos
saxiT dQ energia gadaecema. 19.14 formulis Seqcevadad misaRebad gamoviyenebT da b) R blokisTvis
siTbos Seqcevadad damatebisTvis gamoviyenebT.
Tanaxmad dQ = mc dT, sadac c aris spilen-
Zis kuTri siTbotevadoba. 20.1 formulidan
gamomdinare, TiL (= 60°C = 333 K) sawyisi tem- ganmavlobaSi R blokis entropiis ΔSR cvli-
peraturidan Tf  (= 40°C = 313 K) saboloo lebaa:
temperaturamde L blokis entropiis ΔSL cv- 313 K
ΔSR = (1,5 kg)(386 j/kg·K) ln
lilebaa: 293 K
= +38,23 j/K
Tf orsafexuriani Seqcevadi procesis ganmav

= mc ln .
TiL lobaSi, ori blokisgan Semdgari sistemis
mocemuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems: entropiis mTliani ΔSSeqcevadi cvlilebaa:
313 K ΔSSeqcevadi = ΔSL + ΔSR

ΔSL = (1,5 kg)(386 j/kg·K) ln
333 K = –35,86 j/K + 38,23 j/K = 2,4j/K
= –35,86 j/K maSasadame, Seuqcevadi procesis ganmavlobaSi
safexuri 2. rodesac rezervuaris tempe ori blokisgan Semdgari sistemis entropiis
raturaa 20°C, R bloks rezervuarze vaTa- mTliani ΔSSeuqcevadi cvlilebaa:
vsebT. Semdeg rezervuaris da blokis tem- ΔSSeuqcevadi = ΔSSeqcevadi = 2,4j/K (pasuxi)
peraturas nel-nela 40°C-mde vzrdiT. wina
safexuris logikis mixedviT am procesis 20.2 paragrafSi moyvanili postulatis Tana
xmad es Sedegi dadebiTia.

popkornis marcvlis kaklis safari wyliT vTvliT, Tu ori Seqcevadi procesisTvis ΔS
savse patara WurWelia. rodesac popkorns cvlilebas gavigebT. es procesebia 180°C-ze
180°C-mde acxeleben, safaris kedlebi skdeba wylis aorTqleba da orTqlis adiabaturi ga-
da siTxe imdenad swrafad orTqldeba, rom farToeba (gafarToeba adiabaturia, vinaidan
orTqli marcvlis darCenil nawils sawyis imdenad swrafad xdeba, rom orTqli siTbos
moculobaze ramdenjerme metad zrdis. safa- saxiT energias garemosTan ar cvlis).
ris kedlebis gaskdomis Sedegad popkorni xmas
procesi 1: aorTqleba. vinaidan aorTqleba
gamoscems. Tu safaris wylis masaa daaxloebiT
Seqcevadad mudmiv temperaturaze xdeba,
4 mg, risi tolia aorTqlebiT da gafarToebiT
20.2 formuliT entropiis cvlilebas gamov
gamowveuli wylis entropiis cvlileba?
TvliT (ΔS = Q/T). Q 18.16 formuliT (Q = Lm)
amoxsna: wylis aorTqleba da gafarToeba SevcvaloT, 18.17 formulidan orTqladqcevis
Seuqcevadi procesia, romlis drosac tem- kuTri siTbo LV = 2256 kj/kg gamoviyenoT da
peraturis da wnevis mniSvnelobebi ucnobi 180°C 453K-is saxiT CavweroT:
principiT icvleba. Seuqcevadi procesis
dros wylis entropiis ΔS cvlilebas gamo
Q LVm (2256×103 j/kg)(4×10–6 j/kg) da maSasadame ΔS2=0.

ΔS1 = = =
T T 453 K aorTqlebisa da gafarToebis entropiis
= 1,99×10 j/K.
–2
mTliani cvlilebaa:
procesi 2: adiabaturi gafarToeba. vinaidan ΔS = ΔS1 + ΔS2 = 1,99×10–2 j/K + 0 
gafarToebisas wylis orTqlsa da mis garemos ≈ 0,02 j/K (pasuxi)
Soris energiis Q siTbos saxiT gacvla popkornisgan gamocemuli TiToeuli xma
ar xdeba, Q=0. 20.1 formulidan Cans, rom mianiSnebs, rom wylis entropia daaxloebiT
orTqlis entropiis cvlilebac nulis tolia 0,02 j/K-iT gaizarda.
entropia, rogorc mdgomareobis funqcia

Cven davuSviT, rom entropia wnevis, energiis da temperaturis msgavsad sistemis mdgomareobis
maxasiaTebelia da mdgomareobis miRwevis saSualebaze damokidebuli ar aris. entropia
rom marTlac mdgomareobis funqciaa, mxolod eqsperimentis Sedegad dgindeba. magram Cven
SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom gansakuTrebul da mniSvnelovan SemTxvevaSi, rodesac idealuri
airi Seqcevad process ganicdis, entropia marTlac mdgomareobis funqciaa,.
imisaTvis, rom procesi Seqcevadi iyos, is mcire safexurTa Tanmimdevrobis saxiT nela sruldeba,
Tanac TiToeuli safexuris bolos airi wonasworul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. TiToeul
safexurze airze an airidan siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiaa dQ, airis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaobaa dW, xolo Sinagani energiis cvlilebaa dES. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis (18.27
formula) diferencialuri formis mixedviT:
dES = dQ – dW.
vinaidan procesis safexurebi Seqcevadia da airi wonasworul mdgomareobaSia, SegviZlia 18.24

formuliT dW sidide pdV-iT SevcvaloT, xolo 19.45 formuliT dES sidide nCV dT-iT. dQ-sTvis
amoxsna mogvcems:
dQ = pdV + nCV dT.
idealuri airis kanonis gamoyenebiT am formulaSi p sidide nRT/V–iT SevcvaloT, Sedegad

miRebuli formulis TiToeuli wevri T-ze gavyoT da miviRebT:
dQ dV dT
= nR + nCV .
T V T
exla am formulis TiToeuli wevri i sawyis mdgomareobasa da f saboloo mdgomareobas Soris
vaintegroT:
formulis marcxena mxares 20.1 formuliT gansazRvruli entropiis ΔS (=Sf – Si ) cvlilebaa:
. (20.4)
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom integrebis procesSi kerZo Seqcevadi procesis gansazRvra ar

dagvWirvebia. aqedan gamomdinare, integreba airis i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f saboloo
mdgomareobaSi gadamyvan nebismier Seqcevad process Seesabameba. idealuri airis sawyis
da saboloo mdgomareobebs Soris entropiis ΔS cvlileba mxolod sawyisi mdgomareobis
maxasiaTeblebze (Vi da Ti) da saboloo mdgomareobis maxasiaTeblebzea (Vf da Tf ) damokidebuli;
ΔS ar aris damokidebuli airis cvlilebebze am or mdgomareobas Soris.
20.4. Termodinamikis meore kanoni 703
20.4. Termodinamikis meore kanoni

20.1 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi gamoCnda, rom rodesac 20.3 suraTze gamosaxuli Seqcevadi
procesi a)-dan b)-ze gadava, airis (Cveni sistemis) entropiis cvlileba dadebiTi iqneba. procesis
Seqcevadobis gamo, 20.3b suraTze gamosaxul dguSze tyviis burTulebis nel-nela damatebiT
procesi b)-dan a)-ze martivad gadadis da airi sawyis moculobas ibrunebs. temperaturis
SenarCunebisTvis airidan siTbos saxiT energia unda gamovides. vinaidan Q uaryofiTia, 20.2
formulis Tanaxmad airis entropia unda Semcirdes.
arRvevs Tu ara airis entropiis Semcireba 20.2 paragrafSi moyvanil postulats (entropia
yovelTvis izrdeba)? ara, vinaidan es postulati Caketil sistemebSi momxdar Seuqcevad
procesebs miesadageba. am SemTxvevaSi moyvanili procedura aseT pirobebs ar akmayofilebs.
procesi Seuqcevadi ar aris da sistema, romelsac airi warmoadgens, Riaa (vinaidan energia
airidan rezervuars siTbos saxiT gadaecema).
Tu sistemaSi airTan erTad rezervuarsac CavrTavT, maSin Caketili sistema gveqneba. modiT
airi+rezervuari gadidebuli sistemis entropiis cvlileba 20.3 suraTze gamosaxuli
procesisTvis SevamowmoT, rodesac es sistema b)–dan a)–Si gadadis. Seqcevadi procesis
ganmavlobaSi energia airidan rezervuars siTbos saxiT gadaecema anu energia gadidebuli
sistemis erTi nawilidan meoreSi gadadis. |Q| iyos am siTbos absoluturi mniSvneloba. 20.2
formulis daxmarebiT airis (romelic |Q|-s kargavs) da rezervuaris (romelic |Q|-s iZens)
entropiis cvlilebebi cal–calke SegviZlia gamovTvaloT:
|Q|
ΔSairi = –
T
|Q|
da ΔSrez = +
T
daxuruli sistemis entropiis cvlileba am ori sididis jamis tolia da nuls udris.
am Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT Cven SegviZlia 20.2 paragrafSi moyvanili postulati ganzogadebuli
postulatiT SevcvaloT, romelic Seuqcevad procesebTan erTad Seqcevad procesebsac
moicavs:
Tu procesi Caketil sistemaSi xdeba, Seuqcevadi procesebisTvis sistemis entropia

izrdeba, xolo Seqcevadi procesebisTvis mudmivi rCeba. entropia arasdros
mcirdeba.
entropia Caketili sistemis erT nawilSi SeiZleba Semcirdes, magram sistemis sxva nawilSi
entropiis ufro meti an Tanabari zrda iqneba da mTliani sistemis entropia arasdros Semcirdeba.
es faqti Termodinamikis meore kanonis erTerT formas warmoadgens da Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba
Caiweros:
ΔS ≥ 0 (Termodinamikis meore kanoni) (20.5)
metobis niSani Seuqcevad procesebs Seesabameba, xolo tolobis niSani – Seqcevad procesebs.
20.5 formula mxolod Caketili sistemebisTvis gamodgeba.
realur samyaroSi TiTqmis yvela procesi Seuqcevadia, vinaidan xaxuni, turbulenturoba da
mravali sxva faqtori arsebobs. ase rom realur Caketil sistemebSi da realur procesebSi
entropia yovelTvis izrdeba. procesebi, rodesac sistemis entropia mudmivia, yovelTvis
idealizebulia.
704 Tavi 20 entropia da Termodinamikis meore kanoni 704
20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: Zravebi

siTburi Zrava an ubralod Zrava garemodan energias
siTbos saxiT iRebs da sasargeblo muSaobas asrulebs.
nebismieri Zravas safuZveli muSa sxeulia. orTqlis ZravaSi
muSa sxeuli airad an Txevad mdgomareobaSi myofi wyalia,
avtomobilebis ZravaSi – benzinis da haeris nazavi. Tu Zrava
muSaobas xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi unda asrulebdes,
maSin muSa sxeuli ciklurad unda moqmedebdes anu igi
taqtebad wodebuli Termodinamikuri procesebis Caketil
sur. 20.7. karnos Zravas elementebi.
mimdevrobas unda gadiodes da ciklis yvela mdgomareobaSi
centralur maryuJze gamosaxuli
ganmeorebiT brundebodes. vnaxoT risi Tqma SeuZliaT ori Savi isari ciklSi momuSave
Termodinamikis kanonebs Zravas muSaobis Sesaxeb. muSa sxeuls p–V grafikis msgavsad
aRniSnavs. THH maRali temperaturis
rezervuaridan muSa sxeuls energia
|QH| siTbos saxiT gadaecema. TL
karnos Zrava SedarebiT mcire temperaturis
rezervuars muSa sxeulidan energia
Cven ukve viciT, rom realuri airebis Sesaxeb bevris gageba
|QL| siTbos saxiT gadaecema. Zravas
SeiZleba, Tu pV=nRT martiv kanons daqvemdebarebul mier (ufro sworad muSa sxeulis mier)
idealur airs gavaanalizebT. idealuri airi bunebaSi ar garemoze W muSaoba sruldeba.
arsebobs, magram realuri airis Tvisebebi idealuri airisas

uaxlovdeba, Tu simkvrive sakmarisad mcirea. aseTive principiT realur Zravebs idealuri
Zravas moqmedebis analiziT SeviswavliT:
idealur ZravaSi yvela procesi Seqcevadia da, magaliTad, xaxunis an turbulenturobis

Sedegad energia ar ikargeba.
Cven aqcents gavakeTebT karnos Zravad wodebul idealur Zravaze, romelic 1824 wels frangma
mecnierma da inJinerma n. l. sadi karnom gamoigona. amgvari idealuri Zrava siTbos saxiT
energias saukeTesod iyenebs da sasargeblo muSaobas asrulebs. gasakviria, magram karnom Zravas
moqmedebis analizi Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis da entropiis cnebis aRmoCenamde SeZlo.
20.7 suraTze naCvenebia karnos Zravas moqmedebis sqema. TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi muSa
sxeuli TH mudmivi temperaturis siTburi rezervuaridan
energias |QH| siTbos saxiT STanTqavs da TL ufro mcire
temperaturis meore siTbur rezervuars energias |QL|
siTbos saxiT gadascems.
20.8 suraTze naCvenebia muSa sxeulis mier ganvlili ciklis
anu karnos ciklis p–V grafiki. rogorc isrebi mianiSneben,
cikli saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT sruldeba.
warmoidgineT, rom muSa sxeuli moZravi datvirTuli
dguSiT aRWurvil izolirebul cilindrSi moTavsebuli
airia. cilindri 20.6 suraTis msgavsad oridan erT-erT
siTbur rezervuarze an maizolirebel firfitaze SeiZleba
moTavsdes. 20.8 suraTze Cans, rom Tu cilindrs TH maRali karnos Zravas muSa sxeulis ciklis
temperaturis mqone rezervuarTan moviyvanT kontaqtSi, wneva–moculobis grafiki. cikli
ori izoTermuli (ab da cd) da ori
maSin rezervuaridan muSa sxeuls |QH| siTbo gadaecema
adiabaturi procesisgan (bc da da)
da airi Va moculobidan Vb moculobamde izoTermulad Sedgeba. cikliT SemosazRvruli
farTovdeba. aseTive principiT, Tu muSa sxeuli TL gamuqebuli are karnos Zravas mier erT
ciklSi Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa.
SedarebiT naklebi temperaturis mqone rezervuarTan
20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: Zravebi 705
iqneba kontaqtSi, |QL| siTbo muSa sxeulidan rezervuars gadaecema da airi Vc moculobidan Vd
moculobamde izoTermulad SeikumSeba.
20.7 suraTze gamosaxuli ZravasTvis davuSviT, rom muSa sxeulisken an muSa sxeulidan siTbo
mxolod 20.8 suraTze gamosaxuli ab da cd izoTermuli procesebis dros gadaicema. aqedan
gamomdinare, TH da TL temperaturis izoTermebis damakavSirebuli bc da da procesebi Seqcevadi
adiabaturi procesebia anu energia siTbos saxiT ar gadaicema. amis dasadastureblad, bc da da
procesis ganmavlobaSi cilindri maizolirebel firfitaze Tavsdeba da muSa sxeulis moculoba
icvleba.
20.8 suraTze gamosaxuli ab da bc mimdevrobiTi procesebis dros muSa sxeuli farTovdeba da
datvirTuli dguSis awevaze dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs. 20.8 suraTze muSaoba grafikis abc
monakveTis qvemoT aris gamosaxuli. cd da da mimdevrobiTi procesebis ganmavlobaSi muSa sxeuli
ikumSeba da garemoze uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs anu datvirTuli dguSis qvemoT Camosvlisas
garemo masze muSaobas asrulebs. es muSaoba grafikis cda monakveTis qvemoT aris warmodgenili.
20.7 da 20.8 suraTze naCvenebi ciklis ganmavlobaSi W sruli muSaoba am or ares Soris sxvaobaa
da dadebiTi sididea, romelic 20.8 suraTze abcda ciklis SigniT moqceuli gamuqebuli aris
tolia. W muSaoba raime gare sxeulze, magaliTad asawev tvirTze, sruldeba.
20.1 formulis (ΔS = dQ / T ) Tanaxmad, siTbos saxiT energiis nebismieri gadacema entropiis
 
cvlilebasac moicavs. karnos ZravasTvis entropiis cvlilebis sailustraciod temperatura–
entropiis diagramaze (T–S) karnos ciklis grafiki avagoT (sur. 20.9). a, b, c da d wertilebi 20.8
suraTze gamosaxuli p–V diagramis wertilebs Seesabameba. ori horizontaluri wrfe karnos
ciklis ori izoTermuli procesis Sesabamisia (vinaidan temperatura mudmivia). ab procesi
ciklis izoTermuli gafarToebaa. vinaidan TH mudmiv temperaturaze gafarToebis dros muSa
sxeuli energias |QH| siTbos saxiT STanTqavs (Seqcevadad), misi entropia izrdeba. cd izoTermuli
SekumSvisas muSa sxeuli TL mudmiv temperaturaze energias |QL| siTbos saxiT kargavs da misi
entropia mcirdeba.
20.9 suraTze gamosaxuli ori vertikaluri wrfe karnos ciklis or adiabatur process
Seesabameba. vinaidan am procesis ganmavlobaSi energia siTbos saxiT ar gadaicema, muSa sxeulis
entropia ucvlelia.
muSaoba. ciklis ganmavlobaSi karnos Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamosaTvlelad
Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis 18.26 formula (ΔES=Q–W) muSa sxeulisTvis gamoviyenoT.
sxeuli ciklis pirobiTad arCeul mdgomareobas kvlav da kvlav unda daubrundes. Tu X
aris muSa sxeulis mdgomareobis maxasiaTeblis (wnevis, temperaturis, moculobis, Sinagani
energiis an entropiis) amsaxveli, yoveli ciklisTvis ΔX = 0. maSasadame, muSa sxeulis mTliani
ciklisTvis ΔES=0. gavixsenoT, rom 18.26 formulaSi Q aris ciklis ganmavlobaSi siTbos sruli
gadacema, xolo W – sruli muSaoba da karnos ciklisTvis
Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
temperatura T
W = |QH| – |QL| (20.6)
entropiis cvlilebebi. karnos ZravaSi energiis siTbos

saxiT gadacema ori Seqcevadi procesis dros xdeba da
maSasadame muSa sxeulis entropia orjer icvleba – erTxel
TH temperaturaze, xolo meorejer TL temperaturaze.
entropia S
ciklis ganmavlobaSi entropiis sruli cvlilebaa:
karnos ciklis grafiki temperatura- |QH| |QL|
ΔS = ΔSH + ΔSL = – (20.7)
entropiis diagramazea agebuli. ab da cd TH TL
procesebis ganmavlobaSi temperatura ΔSH dadebiTia, vinaidan energia muSa sxeuls |QH| siTbos
mudmivia. bc da da procesebis dros
saxiT emateba (entropia izrdeba), xolo ΔSL uaryofiTia,
entropia ucvlelia.
radgan energia muSa sxeulidan |QL| siTbos saxiT gamodis (entropia mcirdeba). vinaidan entropia
mdgomareobis funqciaa, erTi sruli ciklisTvis ΔS=0. 20.7 formulaSi ΔS=0 Casmis Sedegad
gveqneba:
|QH| |QL|
= . (20.8)
TH TL
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom vinaidan TH>TL, maSin |QH|>|QL|; anu maRali temperaturis mqone
rezervuaridan ufro meti energia gamodis siTbos saxiT, vidre naklebi temperaturis mqone
rezervuars miewodeba.
amjerad 20.6 da 20.8 formulebs gamoviyenebT, raTa karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koeficientis
gamosaxuleba miviRoT.
karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti

nebismieri Zravas mizania QH miRebuli energiis maqsimaluri raodenoba muSaobad gardaqmnas.
Zravas warmadobas margi qmedebis koeficientis saSualebiT vzomavT, rac Zravas mier ciklis
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaobis (`miRebuli energiis~), ciklis ganmavlobaSi siTbos saxiT
STanTqmul energiaze (`gadaxdil energiaze~) fardobaa:
miRebuli energia |W|
ε= = (margi qmedebis koeficienti, nebismieri Zrava) (20.9)
gadaxdil energiaze |QH|
karnos ZravasTvis 20.6 formulidan W CavsvaT da 20.9 formula mogvcems:
|QH| – |QL| |Q |
εC = =1– L (20.10)
|QH| |QH|
20.8 formulis saSualebiT 20.10 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
T
εC = 1 – L (margi qmedebis koeficienti, karnos Zrava) , (20.11)
TH
sadac TH da TL temperaturebi kelvinebSia. vinaidan TL<TH , karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koe-
ficienti aucileblad 1-ze anu 100%-ze naklebia. 20.7 suraTze Cans, rom maRali temperaturis
rezervuaridan siTbos saxiT miRebuli energiis mxolod nawili asrulebs muSaobas, xolo da-
narCeni naklebi temperaturis rezervuars gadaecema. 20.7 paragrafSi gamoCndeba, rom realur
Zravas 20.11 formulaSi gamoTvlil sidideze meti margi qmedebis koeficienti ar SeiZleba
hqondes.
gamomgoneblebi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficientis gazrdas TiToeul ciklSi `gabneuli~
|QL| energiis SemcirebiT cdiloben. 20.10 suraTze gamosaxulia saocnebo srulyofili Zrava
(aseT Zravas meore gvaris perpetuum mobile ewodeba), sadac |QL| nulamdea Semcirebuli da
|QH| mTlianad muSaobas xmardeba. magaliTad, saokeano lainerze damontaJebuli amgvari Zrava
energias siTbos saxiT wylidan miiRebda da sawvavi saWiro aRar iqneboda. amgvari ZraviT
aRWurvili avtomanqana energias siTbos saxiT garemomcveli
haeridan miiRebda da sawvavze fulis daxarjva kvlav ar
iqneboda saWiro. samwuxarod, srulyofili Zrava (meore gvaris
perpetuum mobile) mxolod ocnebis sferoa. 20.11 formulis
gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom 100% margi qmedebis koeficienti
(ε=1) mxolod maSin miiReba, rodesac TL=0 an TH→∞. am pirobebis
dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi da
grovili gamocdilebis Sedegad Termodinamikis meore kanonis
alternatiuli versia Camoyalibda:
sur. 20.10. srulyofili Zrava
(meore gvaris perpetuum mobile),
ar arsebobs procesebis iseTi cikli, romlis erTaderTi
romelic maRali temperaturis
Sedegi siTburi rezervuaridan energiis siTbos saxiT rezervuaridan miRebul QH siTbos
miReba da am energiis mTlianad muSaobaSi gardaqmna iqneba. 100%–s W muSaobad gardaqmnis.
20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: Zravebi 707
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, srulyofili
Zrava (meore gvaris perpetuum mobile)
ar arsebobs.
20.11 formuliT mocemuli margi qmede-
bis koeficienti mxolod karnos Zraveb-
isTvis gamodgeba. realur Zravas ufro
naklebi margi qmedebis koeficienti
aqvs. avtomanqanis karnos ZraviT aRWur-
vis SemTxvevaSi margi qmedebis koefi-
cienti daaxloebiT 55% iqneba. sinamd-
vileSi, avtomanqanis Zravas margi qmede-
bis koeficienti daaxloebiT 25%-ia.
sur. 20.11. virjiniaSi, SarlotsvilTan axlos mdebare
atomuri eleqtrosadguri (sur. 20.11)
CrdiloeT anas atomuri eleqtrosadguri eleqtroenergias
900mvt simZlavriT warmoqmnis da axlomdebare mTlianobaSi Zravaa. is energias siT-
mdinareSi 2100vt simZlavriT energias clis. amgvari bos saxiT reaqtoris aqtiuri zonidan
eleqtrosadgurebi ufro met energias flangaven, vidre
iRebs, muSaobas turbinis saSualebiT
sasargeblo formiT iReben.
asrulebs da energias siTbos saxiT ax-
lomdebare mdinareSi clis. karnos Zravas msgavsad muSaobis SemTxvevaSi atomuri eleqtro-
sadguris margi qmedebis koeficienti 40% iqneboda, sinamdvileSi ki 30%-ia. nebismieri saxis
ZravebSi 20.11 formuliT dawesebuli limitis gadaWarbeba ubralod SeuZlebelia.
stirlingis Zrava
20.11 formula 20.8 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavs yvela karnos Zravas miesadageba da ara yvela
warmosaxviT Zravas. magaliTad, 20.12 suraTze naCvenebia warmosaxviTi Zravas – stirlingis
Zravas _ samuSao cikli. 20.8 suraTze gamosaxul karnos ciklTan Sedareba aCvenebs, rom
TiToeuli Zrava TH da TL temperaturebze siTbos izoTermulad gadascems. stirlingis Zravas
ciklis ori izoTerma karnos Zravas msgavsad adiabaturi procesiT ki ar aris dakavSirebuli,
aramed mudmivi moculobis procesebiT. airis temperaturis mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
TL-dan TH -mde Seqcevadi saxiT gasazrdelad (da procesi 20.12 suraTze) siTburi rezervuaridan
muSa sxeulze energia siTbos saxiT unda gadaices, siTburi rezervuaris temperatura ki am
areSi unda icvlebodes. garda amisa, bc procesSic Seqcevadi gadacemaa saWiro. maSasadame,
siTbos Seqcevadi gadacema (da entropiis Sesabamisi cvlileba) stirlingis Zravas ciklis
oTxive procesSi xdeba da ara karnos Zravas msgavsad mxolod
or procesSi. aqedan gamomdinare, 20.11 formulis misaRebad
gamoyenebuli gamoTvlebi stirlingis warmosaxviTi ZravasTvis
ar gamodgeba. ufro metic, stirlingis warmosaxviTi Zravas
margi qmedebis koeficienti igive or temperaturaze moqmed
karnos ZravasTan SedarebiT naklebia. stirlingis realuri
Zravebis margi qmedebis koeficienti kidev ufro naklebia.
stirlingis Zrava 1816 wels robert stirlingma Seqmna.
es Zrava karga xnis ganmavlobaSi ugulebelyofili iyo,
magram dResdReobiT avtomobilebsa da TviTmfrinavebSi
gamoiyeneba.
sur. 20.12. stirlingis warmosaxviTi Zravas muSa sxeulis p–V grafiki.

simartivisTvis muSa sxeulad idealuri airi miiCneva.
sakontrolo wertili 3. karnos sami Zrava rezervuarebis a) 400 da 500K, b) 600 da 800K da
g) 400 da 600K temperaturebze moqmedebs. daalageT Zravebi margi qmedebis koeficientebis

karnos Zrava TH=850K da TL=300K tempera d) ra raodenobis |QL| energias gadascems siT-
turaze moqmedebs. Zrava 0,25 wamis ciklis gan- bos saxiT karnos Zrava dabali temperaturis
mavlobaSi 1200j muSaobas asrulebs. rezervuars TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi?
a) risi tolia Zravas margi qmedebis koefi amoxsna: karnos ZravasTvis ciklis ganmav
cienti? lobaSi Sesrulebuli W muSaoba siTbos saxiT
gadacemuli energiebis |QH| – |QL| sxvaobis
amoxsna: karnos Zravas ε margi qmedebis
tolia, maSasadame:
koeficienti mxolod siTburi rezervuarebis
|QL| = |QH| – W 
temperaturebis TL/TH Sefardebazea damoki
= 1855j – 1200j = 655j (pasuxi)
debuli. maSasadame, 20.11 formula mogvcems:
TL 300 K e) ramdeniT icvleba muSa sxeulis entropia
εC = 1 – =1– = 0,647 ≈ 65% (pasuxi)
TH 850 K maRali temperaturis rezervuaridan miRe
buli energiis Sedegad da dabal temperaturis
b) risi tolia Zravas saSualo simZlavre?
rezervuarze energiis gadacemis Sedegad?
amoxsna: Zravas P saSualo simZlavre ciklis
amoxsna: T mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli W muSaobis cik
Q siTbos saxiT energiis gadacemisas
lis t drosTan Sefardebaa:
entropiis ΔS cvlileba20.2 formuliT
W 1200 j (ΔS = Q/T) gamoiTvleba. maSasadame, TH maRali
P= = = 4800 W = 4,8 kW. (pasuxi)
t 0,25 wm temperaturis rezervuaridan miRebuli QH
g) ra raodenobis |QH| energias iRebs siTbos dadebiTi siTbosTvis muSa sxeulis entropiis
saxiT karnos Zrava maRali temperaturis cvlilebaa:
rezervuaridan TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlo QH 1855 j
ΔSH  = = = +2,18 j/K (pasuxi)
baSi? TH 850 K
aseve TL dabali temperaturis rezervua
amoxsna: nebismieri Zravas da maT Soris kar-
risTvis gadacemuli QL uaryofiTi siTbosTvis
nos Zravas ε margi qmedebis koeficienti
gveqneba:
ciklSi Sesrulebuli W muSaobis ciklis gan-
QL –655 j
ΔSL  = = –2,18 j/K (pasuxi)
300 K =
mavlobaSi maRali temperaturis rezervuari-
TL
dan siTbos saxiT miRebul |QH| energiasTan Se-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom erTi sruli ciklis
/
fardebaa (ε = W |QH|):
ganmavlobaSi muSa sxeulis entropiis
W 1200 j sruli cvlileba nulis tolia, rogorc 20.8
|QH| = ε = = 1855 j. (pasuxi)
0,647
formulis miRebisas ganvsazRvreT.

gamomgonebeli amtkicebs, rom wylis duRilisa unda iyos. 20.11 formulidan gamomdinare,
da gayinvis temperaturebze momuSave 75% wylis duRilisa da gayinvis temperaturebze
margi qmedebis koeficientis mqone Zrava aago. momuSave karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koe
aris Tu ara es SesaZlebeli? ficientia:
amoxsna: realuri Zravas margi qmedebis
TL (0 + 273) K
ε=1– =1– = 0,268 ≈ 27%
koeficienti (Seuqcevadi procesebisa da TH (100 + 273) K
energiis danakargis pirobebSi) igive or tem maSasadame, mocemul temperaturebze moqmedi
peraturaze moqmedi karnos warmosaxviTi 75% margi qmedebis koeficientis mqone
Zravas margi qmedebis koeficientze naklebi realuri Zravas ageba SeuZlebelia.
20.6. entropia realur samyaroSi: macivrebi 709
taqtika 1: Termodinamikis ena energia – uaryofiTi Q siTbo.

Termodinamikis samecniero da sainJinro termini muSaobac yuradRebas saWiroebs.
kvlevebSi mdidari, magram zogjer SecdomaSi Tqven SesaZloa SegxvdeT frazebi, rom muSao-
Semyvani ena gamoiyeneba. SegxvdebaT sityvebi: ba Sesrulda an warmoiqmna, siTbosTan gaer-
siTbo emateba, STainTqmeba, gamoakldeba, Tianda da siTboTi Seicvala. TermodinamikaSi

muSaoba ase ganisazRvreba:
miiReba, ugulebelyofilia, gamoiyofa,
icvleba, Caiketeba, miewodeba, ikargeba, muSaoba aris or sxeuls Soris
gadaicema, erTi sxeulidan meorisken moqmedi Zalis Sedegad erTi
miedineba. aseve naxavT mtkicebas, rom sxeuls sxeulidan meoreze gadacemuli energia.
siTbo aqvs an siTbo izrdeba da mcirdeba.
yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT, rom mecnierebaSi Tu sistemas erT-erT sxeulad miviCnevT, ma-
Sin am sistemidan gamosuli energia sistemis
termin siTbos Semdegi axsna aqvs:
mier Sesrulebuli dadebiTi W muSaoba an
siTbo aris sxeulebs Soris sistemaze Sesrulebuli uaryofiTi W muSao-
temperaturuli sxvaobis Sedegad ba iqneba. sistemisTvis energiis amgvari gada-
erTi sxeulidan meore sxeulze cemis dros sistemisTvis gadacemuli energia
gadacemuli energia. sistemis mier Sesrulebuli uaryofiTi muSao-
ba an sistemaze Sesrulebuli dadebiTi muSao-
Tu sistemas erT–erT sxeulad miviCnevT, maSin baa. cxadia, es yvelaferi odnav damabnevelia
am sistemisTvis gadacemuli energia dadebiTi da termin muSaobis Sexvedrisas yuradReba ar
Q siTboa, xolo am sistemidan gamosuli moadunoT.
20.6. entropia realur samyaroSi: macivrebi

macivars energia dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan maRali temperaturis rezervuarze
gadaaqvs, rodesac mowyobiloba Termodinamikuri procesebis ciklebis mimdevrobas imeorebs.
saxlis macivarSi muSaobas eleqtruli kompresori asrulebs da energia saWmlis Sesanaxi
ganyofilebidan (dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan) oTaxSi (maRali temperaturis
rezervuarSi) gadaaqvs.
sahaero kondicionerebi da siTburi tumboebic macivrebia. gansxvaveba mxolod maRali da
dabali temperaturis rezervuarebs Sorisaa. sahaero kondicionerisTvis dabali temperaturis
rezervuari gasaciebeli oTaxia, xolo maRali temperaturis rezervuari – oTaxis gareTa area.
siTburi tumbo aseve sahaero kondicioneria, romelic oTaxis gasaTbobad gamoiyeneba. maRali
temperaturis rezervuari am SemTxvevaSi oTaxia, xolo siTbo oTaxis gare aredan gadaicema.
modiT warmosaxviTi macivari ganvixiloT:
warmosaxviT macivarSi yvela procesi Seqcevadia da xaxunis an

turbulenturobis Sedegad energia ar ikargeba.
20.13 suraTze naCvenebia macivris ZiriTadi elementebi. yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom macivris moqmedeba 20.7 suraTze gamosaxuli karnos
Zravas moqmedebis Sebrunebulia. siTbos an muSaobis saxiT energiis
sur. 20.13. macivris elementebi. centralur maryuJze gavlebuli ori Savi isari
ciklSi moqmed muSa sxeuls p–V grafikis msgavsad asaxavs. dabali temperaturis
rezervuaridan QL energia siTbos saxiT muSa sxeuls gadaecema. muSa sxeulidan
maRali temperaturis rezervuars QH energia siTbos saxiT miewodeba. W muSaoba
macivarze (muSa sxeulze) sruldeba.
gadacema karnos Zravas sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT xdeba. msgavs idealur macivars karnos
macivars vuwodebT.
macivris Semqmnelis survili dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan maqsimaluri |QL| energiis
minimaluri |W| muSaobis saSualebiT miRebaa. macivris moqmedebis efeqturoba ase izomeba:
|QL|
K= (moqmedebis koeficienti, nebismieri macivari) , (20.12)
|W|
sadac K aris macivris moqmedebis koeficienti. karnos macivrisTvis Termodinamikis pirveli
kanonia |W| = |QH| – |QL|, sadac |QH| aris maRali temperaturis rezervuarisTvis gadacemuli
energia. 20.12 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
|QL|
K= (20.13)
|QH| – |QL|
vinaidan karnos macivari karnos Zravas Sebrunebulad moqmedi mowyobilobaa, 20.8 da 20.13
formulebi gavaerTianoT da mcire gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT:
TL
KC = (macivris moqmedebis koeficienti, karnos macivari) (20.14)
TH – TL
oTaxis tipiuri sahaero kondicionerebisTvis K≈2,5. saxlis macivrebisTvis K≈5. rac ufro
axlosaa ori rezervuaris temperatura, miT metia K–s mniSvneloba. swored amitom, zomieri
klimatis pirobebSi siTburi tumboebi ufro efeqturia, vidre iseT dros, rodesac gare
temperatura sasurvel Sida temperaturaze bevrad naklebia.
mSvenieri iqneba iseTi macivris Seqmna, romelsac muSaobis miwodeba anu CarTva ar dasWirdebo-
da. 20.14 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi `gamomgoneblis ocneba~ – srulyofili macivari (meore
gvaris perpetuum mobile), romelsac civi rezervuaridan Tbil rezervuarze energia Q siTbos
saxiT muSaobis saWiroebis gareSe gadaaqvs. vinaidan macivari ciklebSi moqmedebs, muSa sxeulis
entropia sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi ar icvleba. samagi-
TH
erod ori rezervuaris entropia icvleba. civi rezervuaris
entropiis cvlilebaa –|Q|/TL, xolo Tbili rezervuaris – Q
+|Q|/TH . maSasadame, mTliani sistemis entropiis cvlilebaa:
|Q| |Q|
ΔS = – +
TL TH
vinaidan TH>TL , formulis marjvena mxare uaryofiTia da
macivari+rezervuarebi daxuruli sistemis entropiis Q
cvlileba ciklis ganmavlobaSi agreTve uaryofiTia.
entropiis Semcireba Termodinamikis meore kanons (20.5 TL
formula) arRvevs da amitom srulyofili macivari (meore sur. 20.14. srulyofili macivris
gvaris perpetuum mobile) ar arsebobs (macivari unda (meore gvaris perpetuum mobile)
CarToT). elementebi. macivars dabali tem
peraturis rezervuaridan maRali
miRebul Sedegebs Termodinamikis meore kanonis alterna-
temperaturis rezervuarze energia
tiul versiamde mivyavarT: muSaobis gareSe gadaaqvs.
ar arsebobs iseTi procesebis mimdevroba, romlis erTaderTi Sedegi mocemuli

temperaturis mqone rezervuaridan maRali temperaturis rezervuarze energiis
siTbos saxiT gadacema iqneboda.
anu srulyofili macivari (meore gvaris perpetuum mobile) ar arsebobs.
sakontrolo wertili 4. Tqven idealuri macivris moqmedebis koeficientis gazrda

gsurT. amisTvis SesaZlebelia a) civi kameris temperaturis odnav momateba, b) civi kameris
temperaturis odnav Semcireba, g) macivris odnav Tbil oTaxSi gadatana an d) macivris
odnav civ oTaxSi gadatana. temperaturis cvlileba oTxive SemTxvevaSi Tanabaria. macivris
moqmedebis koeficientis cvlilebebi dididan mcireze daalageT.
20.7. realuri Zravebis margi qmedebis koeficientebi 711
20.7. realuri Zravebis margi qmedebis koeficientebi

davuSvaT, εC aris or mocemul temperaturaze momuSave karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koefici-
enti. mocemul paragrafSi davamtkicebT, rom am temperaturebze momuSave realur Zravas εC-ze
meti margi qmedebis koeficienti ar SeiZleba hqondes, sxva SemTxvevaSi Termodinamikis meore
kanoni dairRveva.
davuSvaT, sakuTar garaJSi momuSave gamomgonebelma X Zrava aago da amtkicebs, rom Zravas εX
margi qmedebis koeficienti εC–ze metia:
εX > εC (mtkiceba) (20.15)
modiT X Zrava da karnos macivari 20.15a suraTis msgavsad SevaerToT. vuSvebT, rom karnos
macivris erTi ciklisTvis saWiro muSaoba X Zravas muSaobis tolia. maSasadame, 20.15a suraTze
Zrava+macivris sistemaze muSaoba (gare) ar sruldeba an sistema muSaobas ar asrulebs.
Tu 20.15 formula sworia, maSin margi qmedebis koeficientis gansazRvrebidan (20.9 formula)
gamomdinare:
|W| |W|
> ,
|Q´H | |QH|
utolobis marcxena mxare X Zravas Seesabameba, xolo marjvena mxare – Zravas saxiT moqmedi
karnos macivris moqmedebis koeficientia. es utoloba moiTxovs:
|QH| > |Q´H | (20.16)
vinaidan X Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba karnos macivarze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia,
20.6 formuliT gansazRvruli Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni mogvcems:
|QH| – |QL| = |Q´H | – |Q´L | ,
romelic asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
|QH| – |Q´H | = |QL| – |Q´L | = Q . (20.17)
20.16 formulidan gamomdinare, 20.17 formulaSi Q sidide dadebiTi unda iyos.

20.17 formulis da 20.15 suraTis Sedarebidan Cans, rom X Zravas da karnos macivris kombinaciam
dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan maRali temperaturis rezervuarze energia Q siTbos
saxiT muSaobis saWiroebis gareSe unda gadaitanos. aqedan gamomdinare, es kombinacia 20.14
suraTze gamosaxuli srulyofili macivris (meore gvaris perpetuum mobile) msgavsia da misi
arseboba Termodinamikis meore kanons arRvevs.
Cvens mier gakeTebuli erTi an meti daSveba arasworia da es SeiZleba mxolod 20.15 formula
iyos. realur Zravas karnos Zravaze meti margi qmedebis koeficienti ar SeiZleba hqondes,
rodesac orive Zrava erTi da igive or temperaturaze muSaobs. realur Zravas maqsimum karnos
Zravas toli margi qmedebis koeficienti SeiZleba hqondes da am SemTxvevaSi realuri Zrava
karnos Zrava iqneba.
karnos
macivari
sur. 20.15. a) X Zrava karnos macivars
Zrava
amuSavebs. b) Tu X Zravis margi qmedebis
srulyofili koeficienti karnos Zravaze metia,
macivari
maSin a)–ze naCvenebi gaerTianeba b)–ze
naCvenebi srulyofili macivris (meore
gvaris perpetuum mobile) msgavsia. es
Termodinamikis meore kanons arRvevs,
amitom X Zravas karnos Zravaze meti margi
qmedebis koeficienti ar SeiZleba hqondes.
(a) (b)
20.8. entropiis statistikuri ganxilva

me–19 TavSi vnaxeT, rom airebis makroskopuli
maxasiaTeblebis axsna mikroskopuli anu molekuluri
maxasiaTeblebiT SeiZleba. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT
rogor gamovTvaleT airis mier WurWlis kedlebze
warmoebuli wneva am kedlebze asxletili molekulebis
gadacemuli impulsis saSualebiT. amgvari ganmartebebi
statistikuri meqanikis Semadgeneli nawilia.
(a)
amjerad aqcents gavakeTebT izolirebuli yuTis
or naxevars Soris airis molekulebis ganawilebaze.
es problema sakmaod martivad gasaanalizebelia da
saSualebas iZleva statistikuri meqanikis daxmarebiT
idealuri airis Tavisufali gafarToebisas entropiis
cvlileba gamovTvaloT. 20.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
statikuri meqanika igive Sedegs mogvcems, rasac 20.1
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi Termodinamika. (b)
20.16 suraTze naCvenebia airis eqvsi identuri sur. 20.16. izolirebuli yuTi airis
molekulis Semcveli yuTi. mocemuli molekula drois eqvs molekulas Seicavs. yuTis marcxena
an marjvena mxareSi moxvedris albaToba
nebismier momentSi yuTis marcxena an marjvena mxareSi TiToeuli molekulisTvis Tanabaria.
iqneba. vinaidan yuTis orive naxevaris moculoba erTi a) SemTxveva 20.1 cxrilis III ganlagebas
da igivea, molekulis romelime mxareSi moxvedris Seesabameba, xolo b) SemTxveva – IV
ganlagebas.
albaToba Tanabaria.
20.1 cxrilSi mocemulia eqvsi molekulis Svidi SesaZlo ganlageba da yvela maTgani romauli
ricxviTaa danomrili. magaliTad, pirvel ganlagebaSi eqvsive molekula yuTis marcxena mxarezea
(n1=6) da arc erTi maTgani marjvena mxareze ar aris (n2=0). nebismieri ganlageba ramdenime
meTodiT SeiZleba miviRoT. molekulebis sxvadasxvagvar ganlagebebs mikromdgomareobebs
vuwodebT. modiT gamovTvaloT mocemuli ganlagebis Sesabamisi mikromdgomareobebis ricxvi.
cxrili 20.1
yuTSi moTavsebuli eqvsi molekula
ganlageba W jeradoba W-s gamoTvla entropia

saTauri n1 n2 (mikromdgomareobebis ricxvi) (20.18 formula) 10 j/K (20.19 formula)
–23
I 6 0 1 6!/(6! 0!) = 1 0
II 5 1 6 6!/(5! 1!) = 6 2,47
III 4 2 15 6!/(4! 2!) = 15 3,74
IV 3 3 20 6!/(3! 3!) = 20 4,13
V 2 4 15 6!/(2! 4!) = 15 3,74
VI 1 5 6 6!/(1! 5!) = 6 2,47
VII 0 6 1 6!/(0! 6!) = 1 0
sul = 64
davuSvaT N mTliani raodenobis molekulebis n1 ricxvi yuTis erT mxarezea, xolo n2 ricxvi –
meore mxareze (n1+n2=N). modiT warmovidginoT, rom molekulebs `xeliT~ vanawilebT. Tu N=6,
pirveli molekula eqvsi meTodiT anu eqvsidan erT-erTi molekula SegviZlia avirCioT. meore
molekula xuTi meTodiT anu darCenili xuTidan SegviZlia avirCioT da a.S. eqvsi molekulis
20.8. entropiis statistikuri ganxilva 713
arCevis meTodebis mTliani ricxvi am meTodebis ricxvebis namravlis tolia 6×5×4×3×2×1=720.
maTematikurad SegviZlia CavweroT 6!=720, sadac 6! èqvsis faqtorialia~. Tqvens kalkulators
faqtorialebis gamoTvla albaT SeuZlia. mogvianebiT dagvWirdeba codna, rom 0!=1.
vinaidan molekulebis erTmaneTisgan garCeva SeuZlebelia 720–ve ganlageba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli ar aris. magaliTad, rodesac n1=4 da n2=2 (III ganlageba 20.1 cxrilSi), yuTis
erTerT mxares garkveul oTx molekulas rogori TanmimdevrobiT CavawyobT mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
oTxi molekulis Cawyobis TanmimdevrobaTa ricxvi 4!=24 udris, xolo yuTis meore naxevarSi ori
molekulis Cawyobis TanmimdevrobaTa ricxvi 2!=2 tolia. gansxvavebuli ganlagebebis ricxvis
misaRebad 720 unda gavyoT 24-ze da agreTve 2-ze. Sedegad miRebul sidides, romelic mocemuli
makroskopuli ganlagebis Sesabamisi mikromdgomareobebis ricxvia, ganlagebis W jeradobas
vuwodebT. maSasadame III ganlagebisTvis:
6! 720
WIII = = = 15.
4! 2! 24×2
e.i. 20.1 cxrilis III ganlagebas 15 gansxvavebuli mikromdgomareoba Seesabameba. aseve
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Svid ganlagebaze ganawilebuli eqvsi molekulisTvis mikromdgomareobebis
mTliani raodenobaa 64.
eqvsi molekulidan N raodenobis molekulebis zogad SemTxvevaze eqstrapolireba mogvcems:
N!
W= (ganlagebis jeradoba) (20.18)
n1! n2!
SeamowmeT gvaZlevs Tu ara 20.18 formula 20.1 cxrilSi mocemuli ganlagebis jeradobebs.
statistikuri meqanikis ZiriTadi daSvebaa, rom yvela mikromdgomareobis albaToba

Tanabaria.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu 20.16 suraTze gamosaxul yuTSi moZrav eqvs molekulas
bevr fotosuraTs gadavuRebT da TiToeuli mikromdgomareobis raodenobas davTvliT,
aRmoCndeba, rom 64-ve mikromdgomareoba Tanabari sixSiriT xdeba. maSasadame, sistema TiToeul
mikromdgomareobaSi saSualod Tanabar dros gaatarebs.
TiToeuli mikromdgomareoba Tanabrad mosalodnelia, magram sxvadasxva ganlagebebs sxvadasxva
raodenobis mikromdgomareobebi aqvT, amitom yvela ganlageba Tanabrad mosalodneli ar aris.
20.1 cxrilis IV ganlagebas 20 mikromdgomareoba gaaCnia da yvelaze ufro mosalodnelia. misi
albaTobaa 20/64=0,313. es niSnavs, rom sistema IV ganlagebaSi drois 31,3%–s atarebs. I da VII
ganlagebebi, romlebSic yvela molekula yuTis erT mxareSia ganlagebuli, yvelaze ufro
naklebad mosalodnelia da maTi albaTobaa 1/64=0,016 anu 1,6%. gasakviri ar aris, rom swored is
ganlagebaa yvelaze ufro mosalodneli, romelSic molekulebi yuTis orive mxareze Tanabarad
nawildeba, vinaidan siTburi wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi zustad aseT ganlagebas movelodebiT.
sakmaod ucnauria, rom arsebobs mcire, magram mainc albaToba, rodesac yvela molekula yuTis
erT mxareSi moiyris Tavs da meore naxevari carieli darCeba.
W mikromdgomareobaTa ricxvi
centraluri sur. 20.17. yuTSi moTavsebuli didi raodenobis mole

ganlagebis kulebisTvis mikromdgomareobebis raodenobis grafiki.
piki
mikromdgomareobebSi molekulebis sxvadasxva procenti
yuTis marcxena mxares iyris Tavs. TiTqmis yvela
mikromdgomareoba yuTis orive mxares molekulebis
daaxloebiT Tanabar ganawilebas Seesabameba. es mikro
mdgomareobebi grafikze centraluri ganlagebis piks
qmnis. rodesac N≈1022, centraluri ganlagebis piki
metismetad viwroa da grafikze ar gamoisaxeba.
N–is didi mniSvnelobebisTvis mikromdgomareobebis ricxvi Zalian didia, Tumca TiTqmis yvela
mikromdgomareoba iseT ganlagebas Seesabameba, rodesac molekulebi yuTis orive mxareze
Tanabrad nawildeba (sur. 20.17). marTalia airis gazomili temperatura da wneva mudmivi rCeba,
magram airi “moZraobs” da misi molekulebi yvela SesaZlo mikromdgomareobebs Tanabari
albaTobiT gadian. miuxedavad amisa, 20.17 suraTis centraluri ganlagebis piks gareT Zalian
mcire raodenobis mikromdgomareobaa da amitom SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom airis molekulebi
yuTis orive mxares yovelTvis Tanabrad arian ganawilebulni. mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, rom
swored am ganlagebas aqvs udidesi entropia.

davuSvaT, 20.16 suraTze gamosaxul yuTSi 100 aseve (100,0) ganlagebisTvis formula
identuri molekulaa moTavsebuli. ramdeni mogvcems:
mikromdgomareoba ukavSirdeba n1=50 da n2=50 N! 100! 1 1
W= = = = = 1. (pasuxi)
ganlagebas da n1=100 da n2=0 ganlagebas? n1! n2! 100! 0! 0! 1
Sedegebi ori ganlagebis fardobiTi alba maSasadame,50–50 ganawileba 100–0 gana
Tobis saSualebiT gamosaxeT. wilebaze 1×1029 jer ufro mosalodnelia.
amoxsna: daxurul yuTSi moTavsebuli iden es uzarmazari gansxvavebaa! 50–50 mikro
turi molekulebis ganlagebis W jera mdgomareobaTa raodenobis daTvlas, Tu
doba am ganlagebis damoukidebeli mikro TiToeul maTganze erT nanowams davxarjavT,
mdgomareobebis ricxvia, romelsac 20.18 daaxloebiT 3×1012 weli dasWirdeba, rac
formula gansazRvravs. (50,50) ganlagebisTvis samyaros asakze daaxloebiT 200-jer metia.
es formula mogvcems: 100 molekula ki sakmaod mcire raodenobaa.
N! 100! warmoidgineT ra moxdeba Tu igive gamoTvlebs
W= =
n1! n2! 50! 50! N=1024 molekulisTvis CavatarebT. maSasadame,
9,33×10157 sanerviulo araferia, haeris molekulebi
=
(3,04×1064) (3,04×1064) arasdros moiyrian Tavs oTaxis erT naxevarSi
= 1,01×1029. (pasuxi) da oTaxis meore naxevarSi uhaerod arasdros
darCebiT.
albaToba da entropia
1877 wels, avstrielma fizikosma ludvig bolcmanma airis ganlagebis S entropiasa da am
ganlagebis W jeradobis Soris damokidebuleba gamoiyvana:
S = k lnW (entropiis bolcmanis formula) (20.19)
es cnobili formula bolcmanis saflavis qvazea amokveTili.

bunebrivia, rom S da W erTmaneTs logariTmuli funqciiT ukavSirdebian. ori sistemis
mTliani entropia maTi individualuri entropiebis jamis tolia. ori damoukidebeli sistemis
mdgomareobis albaToba maTi individualuri mdgomareobebis albaTobaTa namravlis tolia.
vinaidan ln(ab) = ln a + ln b, logariTmi am ori sididis dakavSirebis logikuri saSualebaa.
20.1 cxrilSi naCvenebia 20.16 suraTze gamosaxuli eqvsi molekulisgan Semdgari sistemis
ganlagebebis entropiebi. entropiebi 20.19 formuliTaa gamoTvlili. IV ganlagebis jeradoba
udidesia da misi entropiac yvelaze metia.
rodesac W–s gamosaTvlelad 20.18 formulas iyenebT, ramdenime aseulze didi ricxvis
faqtorialis gamoTvlis dros kalkulatorma SesaZloa `gadavseba~ giCvenoT. sabednierod
arsebobs stirlingis miaxloebis saxeliT wodebuli formula, romelic lnN!–sTvis da ara N!–
sTvis gamoiyeneba:
20.8. entropiis statistikuri ganxilva 715
ln N! ≈ N(ln N) – N (stirlingis miaxloeba) (20.20)
stirlingi ingliseli maTematikosi iyo da ar agerioT cnobili Zravas Semqmnel robert

stirlingSi.
sakontrolo wertili 5. yuTi 1 mol airs Seicavs. ganixileT ori ganlageba: a) yuTis
orive naxevarSi molekulebis Tanabari raodenobaa da b) yuTis TiToeuli mesamedi nawili
molekulaTa erT mesameds Seicavs. romeli ganlagebis mikromdgomareobaTa ricxvia meti?

20.1 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi gamoCnda, rom 20.19 formulidan gamomdinare, sawyisi da
rodesac n moli idealuri airis moculoba saboloo entropiebia:
Tavisufali gafarToebis Sedegad ormagdeba, Si = k lnWi = k ln1= 0
entropia i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f saboloo da
mdgomareobamde izrdeba da S f – S i = nRln2. igive Sf = k lnWf = k ln(N!) – 2k ln[(N/2)!]. (20.21)
Sedegi statistikuri meqanikis saSualebiT a
ln = ln a – 2 ln b.
miiReT. b2
amoxsna: airis molekulebis mocemuli amjerad 20.21 formulis gamosaTvlelad 20.20
ganlagebis S entropia am ganlagebis mikro formula gamoviyenoT da miviRebT:
mdgomareobaTa W jeradobasTan 20.19 for Sf = k ln(N!) – 2k ln[(N/2)!]
muliT (S = k lnW) SegviZlia davakavSiroT. Cven = k[N(ln N) – N] – 2k[(N/2) ln(N/2) – (N/2)]
gvainteresebs ori ganlageba: f saboloo gan- =k[N(ln N) – N – N ln(N/2) + N]
lageba (rodesac molekulebi 20.1b suraTze =k[N ln(N) – N(lnN – ln2)] = Nk ln2 (20.22)
gamosaxuli WurWlis mTlian moculobas 19.8 formulidan Nk-s nacvlad nR SegviZlia
ikaveben) da i sawyisi ganlageba (rodesac CavsvaT, sadac R aris airis universaluri
molekulebi WurWlis marcxena mxares ikave- mudmiva. 20.22 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
ben). Sf = nR ln 2.
vinaidan molekulebi daxurul WurWelSi
entropiis cvlilebaa:
arian moTavsebuli, maTi mikromdgomareobe-
bis W jeradobis gamoTvla 20.18 formuliT Sf – Si = nR ln 2 – 0
SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi, n mol airSi moleku-
laTa N raodenobaa. Tavdapirvelad yvela = nR ln 2. (pasuxi)
molekula WurWlis marcxena mxareSia da ami- swored amis Cveneba gvindoda. 20.1 amocanis
tom ganlageba (N,0)–ia. 20.18 formula Semdeg amoxsnis nimuSSi Tavisufali gafarToebisas
jeradobas gvaZlevs: entropiis zrda Termodinamikis saSualebiT
N! davadgineT, rodesac eqvivalenturi Seqce
Wi = = 1.
N! 0! vadi procesi vipoveT da temperaturisa da
sabolood, rodesac molekulebs mTliani gadacemuli siTbos saSualebiT am procesis
moculoba ukaviaT, maTi ganlagebaa (N/2,N/2). entropiis cvlileba gamovTvaleT. am
am SemTxvevaSi 20.18 formula Semdeg amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi, entropiis igive
jeradobas gvaZlevs: zrda statistikuri meqanikis saSualebiT
N! davadgineT, gaviTvaliswineT ra faqti, rom

Wf = .
N/2! N/2! sistema molekulebisgan Sedgeba.
calmxrivi procesebi. Seuqcevadi pro xdeba, sistemis entropia Seuqcevadi proce

cesis Sebruneba garemoSi mcire cvlilebe- sebisTvis izrdeba da Seqcevadi proce
bis Sedegad SeuZlebelia. Seuqcevadi pro- sebisTvis mudmivi rCeba. entropia arasdros
cesis mimarTulebas sistemis ΔS entropiis mcirdeba. formulis saxiT es ase Caiwereba:
cvlileba gansazRvravs. S entropia sistemis ΔS ≥ 0 (20.5)
mdgomareobis maxasiaTebelia (mdgomareobis
Zravebi. Zrava aris mowyobiloba, romelic
funqciaa). es niSnavs, rom entropia mxolod
ciklurad moqmedebs, maRali temperaturis
sistemis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli da
rezervuaridan |QH| energias siTbos saxiT
ara am mdgomareobis miRwevis saSualebebze.
iRebs da garkveuli raodenobis |W| muSaobas
entropiis postulatis Tanaxmad, Tu Seuqce-
asrulebs. nebismieri Zravas ε margi qmedebis
vadi procesi daxurul sistemaSi xdeba,
koeficientia:
sistemis entropia yovelTvis izrdeba.
miRebuli energia |W|
entropiis cvlilebis gamoTvla. siste ε= = (20.9)
gadaxdil energiaze |QH|
mis i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f saboloo
idealur ZravebSi yvela procesi Seqcevadia
mdgomareobaSi gadayvanis Seuqcevadi pro
da, magaliTad, xaxunis an turbulenturobis
cesis ΔS entropiis cvlileba sistemis igive
Sedegad energia ar ikargeba. karnos Zrava
mdgomareobaSi gadamyvani Seqcevadi procesis
20.8 suraTze gamosaxuli cikliT muSaobs da
ΔS entropiis cvlilebis tolia. entropiis
misi margi qmedebis koeficientia:
cvlileba Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
|QL| T
εC = 1 – =1– L, (20.10, 20.11)
, (20.1) |QH| TH
sadac TH da TL Sesabamisad maRali da dabali
sadac Q aris procesis ganmavlobaSi siste
temperaturis mqone rezervuarebis tempera-
misTvis gadacemuli an sistemidan gamosuli
turebia. realuri Zravebis margi qmedebis
energia, xolo T – procesis ganmavlobaSi sis
koeficienti 20.11 formuliT gamoTvlilze
temis temperatura kelvinebSi.
yovelTvis naklebia. karnos Zravebisgan gan-
Seqcevadi izoTermuli procesisTvis 20.1
sxvavebuli idealuri Zravebis margi qmede-
formulas Semdegi saxe aqvs:
bis koeficientebic 20.11 formuliT gamoT-
Q
ΔS = Sf – Si = . (20.2) vlilze naklebia.
T
srulyofili Zrava (meore gvaris perpetuum
rodesac sistemis temperaturis ΔT cvli
mobile) warmosaxviTia (ararealuria), rome
leba procesamde da procesis Semdgom tempe
lic maRali temperaturis rezervuaridan
raturasTan SedarebiT mcirea, entropiis
miRebul siTbos mTlianad muSaobad gar
cvlilebaa:
Q daqmnis. msgavsi Zrava Termodinamikis meore
ΔS = Sf – Si ≈ , (20.3)
TsaS kanons arRvevs, romelic asec SeiZleba
sadac TsaS aris procesis ganmavlobaSi sistemis Camoyalibdes: ar arsebobs procesebis iseTi
saSualo temperatura. Tanmimdevroba, romlis erTaderTi Sedegi
rodesac idealuri airi Ti temperaturis siTburi rezervuaridan energiis siTbos saxiT
da Vi moculobis sawyisi mdgomareobidan Tf miReba da am energiis mTlianad muSaobaSi
temperaturis da Vf moculobis saboloo gardaqmna iqneba.
mdgomareobaSi Seqcevadad gadadis, airis macivrebi. macivari ciklurad moqmedebs,
entropiis cvlilebaa: dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan ener
gias |QL| siTbos saxiT iRebs da masze W
(20.4)
muSaoba sruldeba. macivris K moqmedebis
Termodinamikis meore kanoni. es kanoni koeficientia:
entropiis postulastis ganzogadebaa da |QL|

K= (20.12)
amtkicebs: Tu procesi daxurul sistemaSi |W|
717
karnos macivari karnos Zravas sapirispirod mikromdgomareobebis raodenobas ganlage-
momuSave Zravaa. karnos macivrisTvis 20.12 bis W jeradoba ewodeba.
formula Semdeg saxes iRebs: N molekulebisgan Semdgari sistemisTvis,
|QL| TL rodesac molekulebi yuTis or mxares
K= = (20.13, 20.14)
|QH| – |QL| TH – TL SeiZleba ganawildnen, jeradoba Semdegi
srulyofili macivari (meore gvaris perpetuum formuliT gamoiTvleba:
mobile) warmosaxviTia, dabali temperaturis N!
W= , (20.18)
rezervuaridan energias siTbos saxiT iRebs da n1! n2!
es energia maRali temperaturis rezervuars sadac n1 aris molekulebis raodenoba yuTis
muSaobis saWiroebis gareSe mTlianad gada erT mxareSi, xolo n2 – molekulebis raodenoba
ecema. msgavsi macivari Termodinamikis me yuTis meore mxareSi. statistikuri meqanikis
ore kanons arRvevs, romelic asec SeiZleba ZiriTadi daSveba imaSi mdgomareobs,
Camoyalibdes: ar arsebobs procesebis rom yoveli mikromdgomareoba Tanabrad
iseTi Tanmimdevroba, romlis erTaderTi albaTuria. maSasadame, didi jeradobis mqone
Sedegi mocemuli temperaturis siTburi ganlagebebi ufro xSirad xorcieldeba.
rezervuaridan energiis siTbos saxiT rodesac N Zalian didia (magaliTad 1022 an
miReba da am energiis maRali temperaturis meti), molekulebi TiTqmis yovelTvis n1=n2
rezervuarisTvis gadacema iqneba. ganlagebaSia.

sistemis ganlagebis W jeradobas da sistemis
statistikuri Sexeduleba entropiaze.
S entropias bolcmanis entropiis formula
sistemis entropia misi molekulebis SesaZlo
akavSirebs:
ganawilebebis saSualebiT SeiZleba ganisaz-
S = k ln W , (20.19)
Rvros. identuri molekulebis SemTxvevaSi
–23
molekulebis TiToeul SesaZlo ganawilebas sadac k = 1,38×10 j/K bolcmanis mudmivaa.
sistemis mikromdgomareoba ewodeba. eqviva- rodesac N Zalian didia (Cveulebriv asec
lenturi mikromdgomareobebi sistemis gan- xdeba), ln N!-sTvis stirlingis miaxloeba ga
lagebaSi iyris Tavs. ganlagebaSi Semavali moiyeneba:
ln N! ≈ N(ln N) – N (20.20)
SekiTxvebi
1. oTx eqsperimentSi 2,5 moli wyalbadis airi saboloo mdgo

Tanabari moculobidan da gansxvavebuli mareobaSi 20.19
temperaturidan iwyebs da Seqcevad izo suraTze gamosa
Termul gafarToebas ganicdis. 20.18 suraTze xuli oTxi Seq
naCvenebia Sesabamisi p–V grafikebi. daalageT cevadi traeqto
mdgomareobebi airis entropiis cvlilebis riiT SeiZleba
mixedviT dididan mcireze (miniSneba: ix. gadavides. daa
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 20.1). lageT traeqto
rebi a) airis, b) WurWlis da g) airi-WurWlis
sistemis entropiis cvlilebebis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
3. 20.20 suraTze
gamosaxuli i we
rtili T tempe
raturis idealuri
sur. 20.18. SekiTxva 1. airis sawyis mdgo
2. idealuri airi siTbur rezervuarTan mareobas asaxavs.
kontaqtSia da i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f algebruli niSne sur. 20.20. SekiTxva 3.
bis gaTvaliswinebiT i wertilidan a, b, c da d

wertilebSi Seqcevadi procesiT rigrigobiT
gadasvlisas airis entropiis cvlilebebi
4. oTx eqsperimentSi sxvadasxva sawyisi tem-
peraturis A da B blokebi maizolirebel
yuTSi (ix. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 20.2)
moaTavses da saerTo saboloo temperaturis
damyarebas daelodnen. oTxive eqsperimen-
tisTvis blokebis entropiis cvlilebebi
(j/K erTeulebSi) Tanmimdevrulobis gare- sur. 20.21. SekiTxva 6.
Sea mocemuli. gansazRvreT A-s da B-s ur-
TierTSesabamisi mniSvnelobebi. QH=100j, QL=–90j da W=10j. Termodinamikis
romel kanons (pirvels, meores Tu orives
bloki mniSvnelobebi
erTad) arRvevs TiToeuli Zrava?
A 8 5 3 9
8. karnos sami Zrava a) 400 da 500K, b) 500
B –3 –8 –5 –2
da 600K da g) 400 da 600K temperaturul
5. izolirebul cilindrSi moTavsebuli airi sazRvrebs Soris muSaobs. TiToeuli Zrava
moculobis naxevramde adiabaturad ikumSeba. ciklis ganmavlobaSi maRali temperaturis
airis entropia izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rezervuaridan Tanabari raodenobis energias
rCeba? iRebs. daalageT ciklis ganmavlobaSi Zravebis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba dididan mcireze.
6. T0 sawyisi temperaturis (kelvinebSi)
idealuri erTatomiani airi 20.21 suraTis 9. a) karnos Zravas, b) realuri Zravas da g)
T–V diagramaze gamosaxuli xuTi procesis srulyofili Zravas (meore gvaris perpetuum
saSualebiT V0 sawyisi moculobidan 2V0 mobile) entropia ciklis ganmavlobaSi
saboloo moculobamde farTovdeba. romel izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba?
procesSia gafarToeba a) izoTermuli, 10. a) karnos macivris, b) realuri macivris
b) izobaruli (mudmivi wneviT) da da g) srulyofili macivris (meore gvaris
g) adiabaturi? Tqveni pasuxebi ganmarteT. perpetuum mobile) entropia ciklis ganmav
d) romel procesSi mcirdeba airis entropia? lobaSi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba?
7. gamomgonebeli amtkicebs, rom oTxi Zrava 11. yuTi 100 atoms Seicavs da mis TiToeul
gamoigona, romlebic 400 da 300K mudmivi naxevarSi 50 atomia ganawilebuli. davuSvaT,
temperaturebis rezervuarebze muSaoben. am struqturis yvela mikromdgomareobas
ciklis ganmavlobaSi Zravebis monacemebia: A superkompiuteris saSualebiT 100 miliardi
Zrava, QH=200j, QL=–175j da W=40j; B Zrava, mdgomareoba wamSi siswrafiT iTvliT. ra dro
QH=500j, QL=–200j da W=400j; C Zrava, dasWirdeba amgvar daTvlas? dRe, weliwadi
QH=600j, QL=–200j da W=400j; D Zrava, Tu weliwadze meti?
amocanebi
paragrafi 20.3. entropiis cvlileba
•1. 4 moli idealuri airi T = 400 K temp
Manual-Si. eraturaze Vi sawyisi moculobidan V2 = 2V1
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze saboloo moculobamde Seqcevadad izoTer
mulad farTovdeba. gamoTvaleT a) airis mier
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. Sesrulebuli muSaoba da b) airis entropiis
cvlileba. g) Tu gafarToeba Seqcevadia da
• – ••• izoTermulis nacvlad adiabaturia, risi
amocanis sirTules
tolia airis entropiis cvlileba? SSM
719
•2. ra raodenobis energia unda gadaeces ••9. 20.5 suraTze naCvenebia Seuqcevadi
siTbos saxiT 132°C temperaturis idealur procesi, rodesac 305,5 da 294,5K tempera
airs, raTa Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToebis turebis mqone identur L da R blokebs Soris
dros airis entropia 46j/K–iT gaizardos? 215j energia unda gadaices, raTa wonasworuli
•3. 2,5 moli idealuri airi 360K temperaturaze mdgomareoba damyardes. 20.6 suraTze gamo
Seqcevadad da izoTermulad farTovdeba saxuli Seqcevadi procesebisTvis risi toli
vidre misi moculoba gaormagdeba. ramdeniT a) L blokis, b) misi WurWlis, g) R blokis,
izrdeba airis entropia? ILW d) misi WurWlis, e) ori blokisgan Semdgari
•4. a) risi tolia 12g yinulis kubis entropi- sistemis da v) ori blokisa da ori WurWlisgan
is cvlileba, Tu yinuli wyalSi, romlis tem- Semdgari sistemis ΔS?
peratura wylis gayinvis temperaturaze od- ••10. 364g bloki siTbur rezervuarTan
nav metia, mTlianad dneba? b) risi tolia 5g kontaqtSia. Tavdapirvelad blokis tempera
wylis entropiis cvlileba, Tu wyali gaxure- tura rezervuaris temperaturaze mcirea.
bul firfitaze, romlis temperatura wylis dauSviT, rom rezervuaridan blokze
duRilis temperatura odnav metia, mTlianad energiis siTbos saxiT gadacema Seqcevadia.
orTqlad iqceva? 20.23 suraTze naCvenebia blokis entropiis
•5. 2kg spilenZis blokis temperatura ΔS cvlileba siTburi wonasworobis dam
25°C-dan 100°C-mde Seqcevadad izrdeba. yarebamde. risi tolia blokis kuTri siTbo
risi tolia a) siTbos saxiT STanTqmuli tevadoba?
energia da b) entropiis cvlileba? spilenZis
kuTri siTbotevadobaa 386j/kg · K. ILW
•6. idealuri airi 77°C temperaturaze
ganicdis Seqcevad izoTermul gafarToebas
da misi moculoba 1,3l-dan 3,4l-mde izrdeba.
airis entropiis cvlilebaa 22j/K. ramdeni
moli airia?
••7. 100°C temperaturis 200g alumini sur. 20.23. amocana 10.
(900j/kg · K kuTri siTbotevadobiT) 20°C ••11. n moli oratomiani

temperaturis 50g wyalSi Seuries da narevi idealuri airi 20.24
Tboizolirebul adgilze moaTaves. a) risi suraTze naCveneb cikls
tolia wonasworuli temperatura? risi gadis da misi mole
tolia b) aluminis, g) wylis da d) alumini– kulebi brunaven, magram
wylis sistemis entropiis cvlileba? SSM ar irxevian. risi tolia
WWW / / /
a) p2 p1, b) p3 p1 da g) T3 T1?
1 → 2 traeqtoriisTvis
••8. airis nimuSi Seqcevadad izoTermul
risi tolia d) W/nRT1, sur. 20.24. amocana 11.
gafarToebas ganicdis. 20.22 suraTze naCve
e) Q/nRT1, v) ΔES /nRT1 da
nebia airis entropiis ΔS cvlilebis airis
z) ΔS/ nR? 2→3 traeqtoriisTvis risi tolia
Vf saboloo moculobaze damokidebulebis
T) W/ nRT1, i) Q/ nRT1, k) ΔES / nRT1 da l) ΔS/ nR?
grafiki. ramdeni molia nimuSSi?
3→1 traeqtoriisTvis risi tolia m) W/ nRT1,
n) Q/ nRT1, o) ΔES / nRT1 da p) ΔS/ nR?
•12. Zalian dabal temperaturaze mrava-
li myari sxeulis moluri siTbotevadoba
daaxloebiT aris CV= A T 3 , sadac A niv
Tierebazea damokidebuli. aluminisTvis
sur. 20.22.
A=3,15×10–5j/moli · K4. gamoTvaleT 4 moli
amocana 8.
aluminis entropiis cvlileba, rodesac misi temis entropiis cvlileba. g) eTanxmeba Tu

temperatura 5-dan 10K-mde imatebs. ara Tqveni pasuxebi Termodinamikis meore
••13. 400K temperaturis spilenZis 50g ma kanons? SSM
sis bloki 200K temperaturis tyviis ••18. a) 1 moli ide-

100g-ian blokTan erTad maizolirebel aluri erTato
miani airi 20.26
wneva
yuTSi moaTavses. a) risi tolia ori blo
kisgan Semdgari sistemis wonasworuli suraTze gamosa
temperatura? b) risi tolia sistemis Sinagani xuli abc traeq
energiis cvlileba sawyis da wonasworul toriis gavliT a moculoba
mdgomareobebs Soris? g) risi tolia sistemis mdgomareobidan c sur. 20.26. amocana 18.
entropiis cvlileba? (ix. 18.3 cxrili) ILW mdgomareobaSi ga-
••14. 2 moli idealuri /

dadis. risi tolia W p0V0? risi tolia ΔES p0V0 /
b) b–dan c–mde da g) erTi sruli ciklis gan-
erTatomiani airi 20.25
suraTze naCveneb Seq mavlobaSi? risi tolia ΔS d) b–dan c–mde da
cevad process ganicdis. e) erTi sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi?
a) ra raodenobis energias ••19. p1 wnevis da V1 moculobis 1 moli
STanTqavs siTbos saxiT idealuri erTatomiani airi or safexurs
airi? b) risi tolia gadis: 1) 2V1 moculobamde izoTermulad
airis Sinagani energiis farTovdeba da 2) mudmivi moculobis
cvlileba? g) ra muSaobas asrulebs airi? pirobebSi misi wneva 2p1-mde izrdeba. risi
••15. –10°C temperaturis da 10g masis yinu- tolia Q/p1V1 a) pirvel safexurze da b) meore
lis kubi 15°C temperaturis tbaSi Caagdes. safexurze? risi tolia W/p1V1 g) pirvel
gamoTvaleT kubisa da tbisgan Semdgari safexurze da d) meore safexurze? sruli
sistemis enetropiis cvlileba, rodesac procesisTvis risi tolia e) ΔES /p1V1 da
yinulis kubi tbasTan siTbur wonasworoba- v) ΔS? airs sawyis mdgomareobaSi abruneben
Si modis. yinulis kuTri siTbotevadobaa da Semdeg igive saboloo mdgomareobaSi
2220j/kg · K (miniSneba: moaxdens Tu ara yinu- ori axali safexuris gavliT gadadis:
lis kubi tbis temperaturaze zegavlenas?) 1) 2p1 wnevamde izoTermulad ikumSeba da
••16. –10°C temperaturis da 8g masis yinulis 2) mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi 2V1 moculobamde
kubi 20°C temperaturis da 100sm3 moculobis farTovdeba. risi tolia Q/p1V1 z) pirvel
wylis Semcvel TermosSi Caagdes. ramdeniT safexurze da T) meore safexurze? risi
Seicvala kubisa da wylisgan Semdgari sistemis tolia W/p1V1 i) pirvel safexurze da
entropia, rodesac wonasworuli mdgomareoba k) meore safexurze? sruli procesisTvis
risi tolia l) ΔES /p1V1 da m) ΔS?
damyarda? yinulis kuTri siTbotevadobaa
2220j/kg · K.
•••20. 5kpa wnevis da 600K temperaturis 1 moli
••17. 1773g wylisa da 227g yinulis narevi
erTatomiani airi Vi=1m3 sawyisi moculobidan
0°C-ze wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Sem
Vf=2m3 saboloo moculobamde farTovdeba.
deg narevi Seqcevadi procesiT meore wona
gafarToebis nebismier momentSi p wnevasa
sworul mdgomareobaSi gadavida, sadac
da V moculobas Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
yinulisa da wylis masebis Sefardebaa 1:1 da
p=5exp[(Vi–V)/a], sadac p kilopaskalebSia,
temperatura kvlav 0°C-ia. a) gamoTvaleT
Vi da V – m3-ebSi, xolo a=1m3. risi tolia
procesis ganmavlobaSi sistemis entropiis
airis saboloo a) wneva da b) temperatura?
cvlileba (wylis dnobis kuTri siTboa 333kj/
g) ra muSaobas asrulebs airi gafarToebisas?
kg). b) Semdeg sistema Seuqcevadi procesiT
d) risi tolia gafarToebis ΔS? (miniSneba:
(magaliTad, bunzenis sanTuris saSualebiT)
sawyis wonasworul mdgomareobas daubrunda. ΔS–is gamoTvlisTvis ori martivi Seqcevadi
gamoTvaleT am procesis ganmavlobaSi sis procesi gamoiyeneT).
721
paragrafi 20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: energia,b) airi-
Zravebi dan siTbos saxiT
•21. karnos Zrava 235°C da 115°C temperatu- gamosuli energia,
wneva
rebs Soris muSaobs da ciklis ganmavlobaSi g) airis mier Ses-
maRal temperaturaze 6,3×10 j energias STan
4 rulebuli sruli
Tqavs. a) risi tolia Zravas margi qmedebis muSaoba da d) cik-

lis margi qmedebis
koeficienti? b) ra muSaobis Sesruleba Seu-
koeficienti. SSM
Zlia ciklis ganmavlobaSi Zravas? SSM WWW moculoba
ILW
•22. karnos Zrava TiToeul ciklSi 52 kj sur. 20.27. amocana 27.
••28. karnos Zrava
energias siTbos saxiT STanTqavs da 36 kg
ciklSi garkveul W muSaobas asrulebs. Ti-
energias siTbos saxiT gamoyofs. gamoTva-
Toeulis ciklis ganmavlobaSi Zravas muSa
leT a) Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti da sxeuls energia maRali temperaturis siT-
b) ciklis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba buri rezervuaridan QH siTbos saxiT
kilojoulebSi. miewodeba. rezervuaris regulirebadi tem-
•23. karnos Zravas dabali temperaturis peraturaa TH . dabali temperaturis siTburi
rezervuaris temperatura 17°C-ia da Zravas rezervuari TL=250K temperaturas inarCune-
margi qmedebis koeficientia 40%. ramdeniT bs. 20.28 suraTze naCvenebia QH-s TH-ze damok-
unda gaizardos maRali temperaturis idebulebis grafiki. Tu TH=550K, risi tolia
rezervuaris temperatura, raTa margi QH ?
qmedebis koeficienti 50%-mde avides?
•24. hipoTetur birTvul reaqtorSi sawvavad

7×108K temperaturis deiteriumis airi
gamoiyeneba. Tu es airi TL=100°C temperaturis
karnos ZravaSi gamoiyenes, risi toli
iqneba Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti?
orive temperatura zustad miiCnieT da
pasuxi mniSvnelobis mqone Svid ciframde sur. 20.28. amocana 28.
daamrgvaleT.
••29. 20.29 suraT
•25. karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koefi ze naCvenebia Se
cientia 22%. Zrava mudmivi temperaturis qcevadi cikli,
rezervuarebze muSaobs, romelTa tempera romelsac 1 moli
turebs Soris sxvaobaa 75°C. risi tolia idealuri erT
wneva
a) dabali temperaturis mqone da b) ma atomiani airi ga

Rali temperaturis mqone rezervuaris dis. p=2p0, V=2V0,
temperatura? SSM p0=1,01×105pa da
V0=0,0225m3. gamo moculoba
••26. 500vt simZlavris karnos Zrava 100°C da
TvaleT a) ciklis sur. 20.29. amocana 29.
60°C temperaturebis rezervuarebze muSaobs.
ganmavlobaSi Ses-
risi tolia a) ZravaSi siTbos saxiT energiis
rulebuli muSaoba, b) abc traeqtoriaze siT-
Sesvlis tempi da b) Zravas mier siTbos saxiT
bos saxiT damatebuli energia da g) ciklis
energiis gamoyofis tempi?
margi qmedebis koeficienti. d) risi tolia
••27. 20.27 suraTze naCvenebia Seqcevadi cikli, ciklis umaRles da umcires temperaturebze
romelsac idealuri erTatomiani airi gadis. momuSave karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koefi-
bc procesi adiabaturi gafarToebaa, sadac cienti?
pb=10atm da Vb=1×10–3m3. ciklisTvis gamoTva- ••30. karnos safexuriani Zravas pirvel safe-
leT a) airisTvis siTbos saxiT damatebuli xurze T1 temperaturaze energia Q1 siTbos
saxiT STainTqmeba, W1 muSaoba sruldeba da T2 paragrafi 20.6. entropia realur samyaroSi:

dabal temperaturaze energia Q2 siTbos saxiT macivrebi
gadaicema. meore safexurze energia Q2 siTbos •34. yinulis gasakeTeblad sayinule Ti-
saxiT STainTqmeba, W2 muSaoba sruldeba da Toeuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi –15°C tempera-
T3 dabal temperaturaze energia Q3 siTbos turaze 42kj siTbos iRebs da misi moqmedebis
saxiT gadaicema. daamtkice, rom Zravas margi koeficientia 5,7. oTaxis temperaturaa 30°C.
qmedebis koeficientia (T1–T3) T1. / a) ra raodenobis energia gadaecema oTaxs
••31. rodesac manqanis Zrava ciklSi 8,2kj siTbos saxiT ciklis ganmavlobaSi da b) ra
muSaobas asrulebs, misi margi qmedebis raodenobis muSaobaa saWiro ciklSi, raTa
koeficientia 25%. dauSviT, rom procesi sayinulem imuSavos?
Seqcevadia. a) ciklis ganmavlobaSi ra energias •35. karnos sahaero kondicioneri 70°F tem-
iRebs QmiReb siTbos saxiT Zrava sawvavis wvis peraturis oTaxidan energias siTbos saxiT
Sedegad da b) ra energias kargavs Qdakarg siTbos iRebs da 96°F temperaturis garemoSi siT-
saxiT? Tu regulirebis Semdeg Zravas margi bos saxiT gadaaqvs. sahaero kondicioneris
qmedebis koeficienti 31%-mde izrdeba, risi muSaobisTvis saWiro eleqtroenergiis Ti-
tolia g) QmiReb da d) Qdakarg? Toeuli joulisTvis ramden jouls kargavs
oTaxi? SSM
••32. 1 moli idealuri airi 20.30 suraTze
naCveneb ciklSi momuSave Zravas muSa sxeulia. •36. siTburi tumbos eleqtroZravas –5°C
BC da DA procesebi Seqcevadi da adiabaturia. temperaturis garemodan 17°C temperaturis
a) airi erTatomiania, oratomiania Tu oTaxSi energia siTbos saxiT gadaaqvs. Tu
siTburi tumbo karnos siTburi tumboa,
mravalatomiani? b) risi tolia Zravas margi
moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis TiToeuli
qmedebis koeficienti?
joulisTvis ra raodenobis energia gadaecema
oTaxs siTbos saxiT?
•37. siTbur tumbos Senobis gasaTbobad iye-
neben. gare temperaturaa –5°C, xolo Senobis
wneva
SigniT temperatura 22°C-ze unda Senar-

Cundes. tumbos moqmedebis koeficientia 3,8
da TiToeuli saaTis ganmavlobaSi Senobas
7,54 mgj siTbos awvdis. Tu siTburi tumbo sa
moculoba
winaRmdego mimarTulebiT moqmed karnos Zra-
sur. 20.30. amocana 32. vas warmoadgens, ra tempiT unda Sesruldes
•••33. 20.31 suraTze naCvenebi cikli benzinis muSaoba, raTa tumbom imuSaos? SSM
Sida wvis Zravas muSaobas asaxavs. dauSviT, •38. ra muSaoba unda Seasrulos karnos
rom benzini–haeris narevi idealuri airia macivarma, raTa 1j energia siTbos saxiT
da γ=1,3. risi tolia a) T2/T1, b) T3/T1, g) T4/T1, a) 7°C temperaturis rezervuaridan 27°C
d) p3/p1 da e) p4/p1? v) risi tolia Zravas margi temperaturis rezervuarze gadaitanos,
qmedebis koeficienti? b) –73°C temperaturis rezervuaridan 27°C
temperaturis rezervuarze gadaitanos,
g) –173°C temperaturis rezervuaridan 27°C
temperaturis rezervuarze gadaitanos da
d) –223°C temperaturis rezervuaridan 27°C
wneva
temperaturis rezervuarze gadaitanos?

••39. sahaero kondicioneri 93°F-sa da
sur. 20.31. 70°F-s Soris temperaturaze muSaobs da
amocana 33. misi warmadobaa 4000 bse/sT. misi moqmedebis
moculoba koeficienti igive temperaturebze momuSave
723
karnos macivris 27%-ia. ramdeni cxenis ra procents atarebs sistema centralur
Zalis simZlavre unda gaaCndes sahaero konfiguraciaSi? rodesac N=100, risi
kondicioneris Zravas? ILW tolia d) centraluri konfiguraciis W,
••40. TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi karnos e) mikromdgomareobebis mTliani raodenoba
Zrava 360K temperaturis maRali tempera- da v) drois ra procents atarebs sistema
turis rezervuaridan 750j energias siTbos centralur konfiguraciaSi? rodesac N=200,
saxiT iRebs da 280K dabali temperaturis risi tolia z) centraluri konfiguraciis W,
rezervuarze gadaaqvs. ra muSaoba sruldeba T) mikromdgomareobebis mTliani raodenoba
yovel ciklSi? b) Semdeg Zrava igive or rezer- da i) drois ra procents atarebs sistema
vuarze karnos macivris saxiT moqmedebs. centralur konfiguraciaSi? k) centraluri
ra muSaoba sWirdeba dabali temperaturis konfiguraciis dro N-is zrdasTan erTad
rezervuaridan 1200j energiis siTbos saxiT izrdeba Tu mcirdeba?
miRebas TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi?
•••45. yuTSi airis N raodenobis moleku-
••41. 20.32 suraTze gamosaxuli karnos Zrava laa da sam Tanabar nawilad aris gayofili.
T1=400K da T2=150K temperaturis intervalSi a) 20.18 formula ganavrceT da nebismieri
muSaobs da T3=325K da T4=225K intervalSi mocemuli konfiguraciis jeradobis for-
momuSave karnos macivars amuSavebs. risi mula gamoiyvaneT. b) A konfiguraciaSi yuTis
tolia Q3/Q1? SSM samive nawilSi molekulebi Tanabrad aris
ganawilebuli, xolo B konfiguraciaSi yuTi
or Tanabar nawilad aris gayofili da orive
naxevarSi molekulaTa Tanabari raodenobaa.
risi tolia A konfiguraciis jeradobis B
konfiguraciis jeradobasTan Sefardeba
WA /WB? g) gamoTvaleT WA/WB, rodesac N = 100
(vinaidan 100 3-ze ar iyofa, 34 molekula yu-
Tis sami nawilidan erT-erTSi moaTavseT,
xolo danarCen or nawilSi 33-33 molekula
ganalageT). SSM WWW
sur. 20.32. amocana 41. 46. wylis gayinvis temperaturisa da ufro
••42. macivris Zravas simZlavrea 200vt. Tu dabali temperaturis mqone wylidan ener-
giis siTbos saxiT miReba wylis gayinvis ga-
sayinulis temperaturaa 270K, garemos tem-
reSe SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi wyals gadacive-
peraturaa 300K da moqmedebis koeficien-
ti karnos macivris tolia, ra maqsimaluri buli ewodeba. davuSvaT, 1g wylis wveTi ga-
raodenobis energia SeiZleba gamoiyos sayinu- dacivebulia da misi temperatura –5°C gare-
lidan 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi? mos temperaturis tolia. Semdeg wveTi
swrafad da Seuqcevadad iyineba, ris Sedega-
paragrafi 20.8. entropiis statistikuri
dac haers siTbos saxiT energias gadascems.
ganxilva
risi tolia wveTis entropiis cvlileba?
•43. 20.1 cxrilis msgavsi cxrili rva mole (miniSneba: gamoiyeneT samsafexuriani Seqce-
kulisTvis aageT. vadi procesi, romelSic wyali normaluri
••44. yuTi airis N raodenobis identur gayinvis temperaturas gaivlis). yinulis
molekulas Seicavs da molekulebi yuTis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 2220j/kg · K.
orive mxares Tanabradaa ganawilebuli.
47. oTxi nawilaki 20.16 suraTze gamosaxul
rodesac N = 50, risi tolia a) centraluri
izolirebul yuTSia moTavsebuli. risi
konfiguraciis W jeradoba, b) mikromdgo tolia oTxi nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis
mareobebis mTliani raodenoba da g) drois a) umciresi jeradoba, b) udidesi jeradoba,
g) umciresi entropia da d) udidesi dasadnobad gamoiyeneba, 0°C temperaturis

entropia? Txevad wyals ra tempiT warmoqmnis
48. 3,4 moli idealuri oratomiani airi sami 100mgvt simZlavris eleqtrosadguri
safexurisgan Semdgar cikls gadis: 1) airis (eleqtrosadguri siTbur Zravad CaTvaleT)?
temperatura mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi yinulis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 2220j/
200K–dan 500K–mde izrdeba; 2) airi sawyis kg · K. wylis dnobis kuTri siTboa 333kj/kg
wnevamde izoTermulad farTovdeba; 3) mudmivi (gaiTvaliswineT, rom Zravas SeuZlia mxolod
wnevis pirobebSi airi sawyis moculobamde 0°C da 800°C temperaturebs Soris moqmedeba.
izoTermulad ikumSeba. ciklis ganmavlobaSi –40°C temperaturaze gamoyofili energia
molekulebi brunaven, magram ar irxevian. risi am temperaturaze ufro metad verafers
tolia ciklis margi qmedebis koeficienti? gaaTbobs.)
49. rodesac azotis airis (N2) nimuSis tem- 52. a) karnos Zrava 320K temperaturis
peratura mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
cxel rezervuarze da 260K temperaturis
izrdeba, molekulebis siCqareTa ganawile-
civ rezervuarze muSaobs. Tu Zrava ciklis
ba izrdeba. anu molekulebis albaTobaTa
ganmavlobaSi cxeli rezervuaridan siTbos
ganawilebis P(ν) funqcia 19.7b suraTze
saxiT 500j energias STanTqavs, ra muSaobas
gamaosaxulis msgavsad siCqareebis ufro
gvawvdis is ciklis ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu
didi mniSvnelobebisken gadaiweva. P(ν) fun-
Zrava igive or rezervuarze, magram macivris
qciis aseTi gafarToebis gadmocemis erTerT
saxiT imuSavebs, ciklis ganmavlobaSi ra
gzas warmoadgens νp ualbaTes siCqaresa da raodenobis muSaoba unda miewodos, raTa civi
νsaS.kv. saSualo kvadratul siCqares Soris Δν rezervuaridan 1000j energia siTbos saxiT
sxvaobis gazomva. rodesac P(ν) ufro maRal gamoiyos?
siCqareebze vrceldeba, Δν izrdeba. davuS-
53. izolirebuli Termosi 80°C tempera-
vaT, rom airi idealuria da N2 molekula
turis 130g wyals Seicavs. Semdeg wyalSi
brunavs, magram ar irxeva. 1,5 idealuri
0°C temperaturis da 12g masis yinuli kubi
airis sawyisi temperaturaa 250K, xolo Caagdes da yinuli+wylis sistema warmoiqmna.
saboloo temperatura – 500K. risi tolia a) risi tolia sistemis wonasworuli tempe
a) sawyisi Δνi sxvaoba, b) saboloo Δνf sxvaoba ratura? risi tolia wylis entropiis cvli-
da g) airis entropiis ΔS cvlileba? leba, romelic gamdnari yinuliT miRebuli
50. TiTberis Rero erTi boloTi 130°C yinulis, rodesac is b) dneba da g) wonaswo-
mudmivi temperaturis rezervuars exeba, rul temperaturamde Tbeba? d) risi tolia
xolo meore boloTi –
24°C mudmivi sawyisi wylis entropiis cvlileba, rodesac
temperaturis rezervuars. a) gamoTvaleT is wonasworul temperaturamde civdeba?
Rerosa da rezervuarebisgan Semdgari e) risi tolia yinuli+wylis sistemis sruli
sistemis entropiis cvlileba, rodesac erTi entropiis cvlileba, rodesac is wonasworul
rezervuaridan meoreze Reros gavliT 5030 j temperaturas miaRwevs?
energia gadaicema. b) icvleba Tu ara Reros 54. 80°C temperaturis da 600g masis spilen-
entropia? Zis naWeri izolirebul WurWelSi Casx-
51. dedamiwis qerqSi, erT–erT polusTan mul 10°C temperaturis da 70g masis wyalSi
axlos Rrma Saxti gaTxares. polusis Caagdes (kuTri siTbotevadobebisTvis ix. 18.3
zedapiris temperaturaa –40°C, xolo Saxtis cxrili). a) risi tolia spilenZisa da wylis-
siRrmeze temperaturaa 8000C. a) risi tolia am gan Semdgari sistemis wonasworuli tempera-
or temperaturas Soris momuSave Zravas margi tura? risi tolia b) spilenZis, g) wylis da
qmedebis koeficientis Teoriuli zRvari? d) spilenZisa da wylisgan Semdgari sistemis
b) Tu dabali temperaturis rezervuarze entropiis cvlileba, rodesac sistema wona
siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiis mTliani sworul temperaturas miaRwevs?
raodenoba –40°C temperaturis yinulis 55. 0,55 moli idealuri airi qvemoT CamoT-
725
vlil oTx SemTxvevaSi izoTermulad da 61. sami nawilakisgan Semdgari A sistema da
Seqcevadad farTovdeba. risi tolia airis xuTi nawilakisgan Semdgari B sistema 20.16
entropiis cvlileba TiToeul mdgomareoba- suraTze gamosaxulis magvar yuTebSia mo
Si? Tavsebuli. risi tolia a) A sistemis da b) B
SemTxveva (a) (b) (g) (d) sistemis umciresi W jeradoba? risi tolia
temperatura (K) 250 350 400 450 g) A-s da d) B-s udidesi W jeradoba? risi
sawyisi moculoba (sm3) 0,2 0 ,2 0,3 0,3 tolia e) A-s da v) B-s udidesi entropia?
saboloo moculoba (sm3) 0,8 0 ,8 1,2 1,2
62. organul sawvavze momuSave eleqtro
56. risi tolia 3,2 moli idealuri erTato- sadguri saaTis ganmavlobaSi 380 metrul
miani airis entropiis cvlileba, romlis tona qvanaxSirs moiTxovs, raTa sasargeblo
temperatura mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi muSaoba 750 mgvt simZlavriT Seasrulos.
380K-dan 425K-mde Seqcevadad izrdeba? gamoTvaleT sadguris margi qmedebis koe-
57. 0,6kg masis wylis nimuSi Tavdapirvelad ficienti. qvanaxSiris wvis kuTri siTboa
–20°C temperaturis yinulia? risi tolia 28mgj/kg.

nimuSis entropiis cvlileba, rodesac misi 63. 1 moli idealuri erTatomiani airis tem-
temperatura 40°C-mde gaizarda? peratura 300K-dan 400K-mde mudmivi mocu-
58. 4 moli idealuri airi sami safexuris- lobis SenarCunebiT Seqcevadad gaizarda.
risi tolia airis entropiis cvlileba.
gan Semdgar cikls Seqcevadad gadis: 1) airi
adiabaturad farTovdeba da misi moculoba 64. gaimeoreT 63-e amocana, oRond amjerad
ormagdeba; 2) mudmivi moculobis procesi; moculobis nacvlad wneva iyos mudmivi.
3) airi izoTermulad ikumSeba da sawyis 65. 400K temperaturis rezervuaridan
mdgomareobas ubrundeba. airi erTatomiania a) 100K, b) 200K, g) 300K da d) 360K tempera-
Tu oratomiani, ar viciT. Tu airi oratomi- turis rezervuarze 260j energia gadadis.
ania, misi molekulebi brunavs Tu irxeva, ar
risi tolia rezervuarebis entropiis ΔSsruli
viciT. risi tolia a) ciklis, b) pirveli pro-
cvlileba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? e) rodesac
cesis, g) mesame procesis da d) meore proce- rezervuarebs Soris temperaturuli sxvaoba
sis entropiis cvlileba?
mcirdeba, ΔSsruli izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive
59. heliumis gaTxevadebis xelsawyo mdeba rCeba?
reobs oTaxSi, romlis 300K temperaturas 66. 300K temperaturis 2 moli oratomiani
ucvlelad inarCuneben. Tu xelsawyoSi mo
airi Semdeg cikls gadis: 1) mudmivi moculo-
Tavsebuli heliumis temperaturaa 4K, risi
bis pirobebSi 800K-mde xurdeba, 2) izoTer-
/
tolia Qto Qfrom minimaluri Sefardeba, sadac mulad farTovdeba da sawyis wnevas aRwevs,
Qto aris oTaxisTvis siTbos saxiT miwodebu- 3) mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi ikumSeba da sawyis
li energia, xolo Qfrom – heliumidan siTbos mdgomareobas ubrundeba. airis molekule-
saxiT gamosuli energia? bi arc irxeva da arc brunavs. risi tolia
60. 300K temperaturis da 10l moculobis a) airisTvis siTbos saxiT gadacemuli sruli
1 moli idealuri erTatomiani airi mudmivi energia, b) airis mier Sesrulebuli sruli
moculobis pirobebSi 600K-mde gaaxures, muSaoba da g) ciklis margi qmedebis koefici-
Semdeg airi izoTermulad gafarTovda da enti?
sawyis wnevas daubrunda, bolos airi mudmivi 67. 30% margi qmedebis koeficientis karnos
wnevis pirobebSi SeikumSa da moculoba, Zravas maRali temperaturis rezervuaris
wneva da temperatura sawyis mniSvnelobas
temperaturaa 400K. ramdeniT unda Seicva-
daubrunda. ciklis ganmavlobaSi risi tolia
los dabali temperaturis rezervuaris tem-
a) sistemaSi (airSi) siTbos saxiT Semavali peratura, raTa margi qmedebis koeficienti
sruli energia da b) airis mier Sesrulebuli 40%-mde gaizardos?
sruli muSaoba? g) risi tolia ciklis margi
68. 30°C temperaturis da 45g masis volframis
qmedebis koeficienti?
bloki da –120°C temperaturis da 25g masis risi tolia ΔES cvli-

vercxlis bloki izolirebul WurWelSi leba z) 1→2 traeq-
erTad moaTavses (kuTri siTbotevadobebi toriisTvis, T) 2→3
ix. 18.3 cxrilSi). a) risi tolia wonasworuli traeqtoriisTvis da
temperatura? risi tolia b) volframis, i) sruli ciklisTvis?
g) vercxlis da d) volframi-vercxlis (miniSneba: T)-ze pasu
sistemis entropiis cvlileba wonasworuli xis gacema 19.8 an 19.11
temperaturis miRwevisas? paragrafebSi moce-
69. yuTi N raodenobis molekulas Seicavs. A muli gamoTvlebis sa-
konfiguraciaSi molekulebi yuTis or nax- SualebiT SeiZleba).
evars Soris Tanabrad arian ganawilebuli, k) risi tolia adiabaturi procesisTvis W
xolo B konfiguraciaSi molekulebis 60% muSaoba?
marcxena mxareSia da 40% marjvena mxareSi. 73. karnos macivari ciklis ganmavlobaSi
rodesac N = 50, risi tolia a) A konfigu- 35kj siTbos iRebs da misi moqmedebis koefi-
raciis WA jeradoba, b) B konfiguraciis WB cientia 4,6. risi tolia ciklis ganmavlobaSi
jeradoba da g) sistemis mier konfiguracieb- a) oTaxisTvis siTbos saxiT gadacemuli ener-
Si gatarebuli droebis fB/A Sefardeba? rode- gia da b) Sesrulebuli muSaoba?
sac N = 100, risi tolia d) WA, e) WB da v) fB/A? 74. gamomgonebelma X Zravi aago da irwmuneba,
rodesac N=200, risi tolia z) WA, T) WB da rom Zravas εX margi qmedebis koeficienti
i) fB/A? k) rodesac N izrdeba, f izrdeba, mcir igive or temperaturaze moqmedi idealuri
deba Tu igive rCeba? Zravas ε margi qmedebis koeficients
70. 1,5m sigrZis 2sm radiusis spilenZis ci aRemateba. davuSvaT,X ZraviT idealur
lindris formis Rero izolirebulia, raTa macivars amuSavebT (sur. 20.34a) da X Zravas
misi gamrudebuli zedapiridan siTbo ar mier ciklis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli
daikargos. Reros erTi bolo 300°C tempera- muSaoba idealuri macivrisTvis saWiro
turis siTbur rezervuarzea mimagrebuli, muSaobas emTxveva. daamtkiceT, rom Tu
xolo meore bolo 30°C temperaturis siT- gamomgoneblis mosazreba (εX>ε),
sworia
bur rezervuarze. ra tempiT izrdeba Rero– maSin macivari srulyofili macivris (meore
rezervuarebis sistemis entropia? gvaris perpetuum mobile) saxiT imuSavebs
71. idealuri macivari 150 j muSaobas asru- (sur. 20.34b), anu muSaobis moTxovnis gareSe
lebs da civi ganyofilebidan 560 j energia dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan maRali
siTbos saxiT gamoaqvs. a) risi tolia macivris temperaturis rezervuarze energias siTbos
saxiT gadaitans.
moqmedebis koeficienti? b) ciklis ganmav-
lobaSi ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa samza-
reuloSi?
72. 2 moli oratomiani airi 20.33 suraTis T–S
diagramaze gamosaxul cikls Seqcevadad as-
rulebs. molekulebi arc irxeva da arc bru-
navs. risi tolia Q siTbos saxiT gadacemuli
energia a) 1→2 traeqtoriisTvis, b) 2→3
traeqtoriisTvis da g) sruli ciklisTvis?
d) risi tolia izoTermuli procesis W
muSaoba? pirvel mdgomareobaSi V1=0,2m3. risi
tolia moculoba e) meore mdgomareobaSi da
v) mesame mdgomareobaSi? sur. 20.34. amocana 74
eleqtruli muxti 21
qirurgebi operacias uzarmazar dros andomeben, raTa pacientis
sxeulSi baqteriuli infeqcia ar moxvdes. niRbebi, gulmodginded
gawmendili xelebi, xelTaTmanebi da spirtiT Tu maRal temperaturaze
dezinficirebuli instrumentebi usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofen.
ukanasknel wlebSi saoperacio oTaxebSi baqteriebis Zalian veraguli
wyaro aRmoaGnes, romelsac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi yuradRebas ar
aqcevdnen. es wyaro fotosuraTze moGans.
rogor SeiZleba gaxdes Tanamedrove eleqtroxelsawyo baqteriuli

infeqciis mizezi?

Tqvens garSemo arsebuli uamravi mowyobilobis moqmedeba eleqtromagnitizmTan aris
dakavSirebuli. eleqtromagnitizmi eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebis erTobliobaa.
fizikis es dargi safuZvlad udevs kompiuterebs, televizias, radios, telekomunikaciebs,
saxlis ganaTebas da a.S. eleqtromagnitizmi bunebrivi samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli
nawilia. swored es movlena akavebs erTmaneTTan axlos atomebsa da molekulebs, garda amisa
elva, polaruli naTeba da cisartyelac swored eleqtromagnetizms ukavSirdeba.
eleqtromagnetizmis Tvisebebs Tavdapirvelad Zveli berZeni filosofosebi swavlobdnen.
swored maT aRmoaCines, rom Tu qarvis naWers gavxexavT da Semdeg CalasTan mivaaxlovebT, Cala
qarvas miewebeba. dResdReobiT viciT, rom Calisa da qarvis urTierTmizidulobas eleqtruli
Zala iwvevs. berZenma filosofosebma aseve aRmoaCines, Tu ra xdeba qvisa (bunebrivad warmoqmnili
magnitis) da rkinis naWris miaxloebisas. am dros rkina qvas ewebeba. magnitsa da rkinas Soris
mizidulobas magnituri Zala iwvevs.
Zveli saberZneTidan moyolebuli, eleqtrobisa da magnetizmis Semswavleli mecnierebebi 1820
wlamde cal-calke viTardeboda, vidre hans qristian erstedma maT Soris kavSiri aRmoaCina.
erstedis aRmoCenis mixedviT mavTulSi gamavali eleqtruli deni magnituri kompasis isars
gadaxris. sainteresoa, rom es movlena erstedma studentebisTvis leqciis momzadebisas
aRmoaCina.
eleqtromagnitizmis Semswavleli axali mecniereba mraval qveyanaSi ganviTarda. erT-erTi
727
728 Tavi 21 eleqtruli muxti
saukeTeso eqsperimentatori maikl faradei iyo, romelsac gasaocari intuicia da mosalodneli

Sedegis prognozis unari gaaCnda. faradeis marTlac sakvirvel niWs marto is faqti asaxavs,
rom mis CanawerebSi erTi fizikuri formulac ki ar gvxvdeba. jeims klark maqsvelma faradeis
ideebs maTematikuri forma SesZina, sakuTari axali ideebi Semoitana da eleqtromagnitizmis
Teoriuli safuZvlebi Camoayaliba.
momdevno 16 Tavi swored eleqtromagnitizms Seexeba. Tavdapirvelad eleqtruli movlenebiT
viwyebT da eleqtruli muxtisa da eleqtruli Zalis bunebas ganvixilavT.
21.2. eleqtruli muxti

mSral amindSi naperwklis gaCena Tu gsurT, garkveuli saxeobis xaliCaze gaiareT da Semdeg
Tqveni xelis TiTi liTonis karis saxelurTan, liTonis onkanTan an sulac Tqvens megobarTan
miaaxloveT. igive Sedegs miiRebT Tu, magaliTad, sviters gaixdiT an tansacmels saSrobidan
CamoxsniT. tansacmelze gaCenili naperwkali Cveulebriv mxolod odnav gvawuxebs. miuxedavad
amisa, Tu, magaliTad, sviters gaixdiT da naperwklebs kompiuterTan axlos gayriT, Sedegi
SesaZloa ufro mZime aRmoCndes.
moyvanili magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom eleqtruli
muxti Cvens sxeulSi, sviterSi, xaliCaSi, karis
saxelurebSi, onkanebsa da kompiuterebSi arsebobs.
marTlac, yvela sagani uzarmazari raodenobis
eleqtrul muxts Seicavs. eleqtruli muxti am
sagnebis Semadgeneli fundamentaluri nawilakebis
Sinagani maxasiaTebelia anu am nawilakebis avto
maturi Tvisebaa.
muxtis uzarmazari raodenoba, rogorc wesi,
ar igrZnoba, vinaidan sagnebi dadebiT muxtebs
sur. 21.1. mSral aminds Tan axlavs eleqtruli
da uaryofiT muxtebs Seicavs. amgvari muxtebis movlena, romlis Sedegad furclis naglejebi
Tanabari raodenobiT arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sagani erTimeores, plastmasis savarcxels da Tqvens
eleqtrulad neitraluria anu jamuri muxti ar tansacmels ekroba.
aqvs. rodesac sagnis muxtis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT,

igulisxmeba, rom masSi Semavali muxtebis raodenoba araTanabaria da jamuri muxti arsebobs.
zedmeti muxtebis raodenoba yovelTvis mTliani odenobis dadebiT an uaryofiT muxtebze
naklebia.
damuxtuli sagnebi erTimeoreze Zalebis meSveobiT moqmedebs. amis dasanaxad, minis Rero
abreSumTan xaxunis Sedegad davmuxtoT. Rerosa da abreSumis Sexebis wertilebze mcire
raodenobis muxti erTi sagnidan meoreze gadava da TiToeulis eleqtruli neitraloba odnav
dairRveva (xaxunis Sedegad Sexebis wertilebis raodenoba da, maSasadame, gadacemuli muxtis
odenobac izrdeba).
davuSvaT, damuxtuli Rero Tokze CamovkideT, garemosgan eleqtrulad izolirebuli gavxadeT
da misi muxti ar icvleba. Tu igive muxtis mqone minis Reros am RerosTan axlos mivitanT (sur.
21.2a), Reroebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs anu TiToeul Reroze meore Rerodan ganzidvis Zala
moqmedebs. Tu plastmasis Reros tyavTan xaxunis Sedegad davmuxtavT da Camokidebul minis
RerosTan axlos mivitanT (sur. 21.2b), Reroebi erTmaneTs miizidavs anu TiToeul Reroze meore
Rerosken mimarTuli Zala anu mizidvis Zala moqmedebs.
es ori movlena dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis saSualebiT SegviZlia gaviazroT. minis Rero
abreSumTan xaxunis Sedegad uaryofiT muxts kargavs da dadebiTad imuxteba (21.2a suraTze
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi 729
plius niSnebia gamosaxuli). plastmasis Rero tyavTan
xaxunis Sedegad uaryofiT muxts iZens da uaryofiTad
imuxteba (21.2b suraTze minus niSnebia gamosaxuli). yovelive
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare:
erTi da igive eleqtruli niSnis mqone muxtebi

erTmaneTs ganizidavs, xolo sawinaaRmdego niSnis
mqone muxtebi erTmaneTs miizidavs.
21.4 paragrafSi am wess muxtebs Soris moqmedi eleqtro

(a)
statikuri Zalis (anu eleqtruli Zalis) kulonis kanonis
saSualebiT gamovsaxavT. termini eleqtrostatikuri niSnavs,
rom muxtebi erTmaneTis mimarT ar moZraobs an Zalian nela
moZraobs.
eleqtruli muxtisTvis `dadebiTi~ da ùaryofiTi~ niSnis
miniWeba benjamin franklinma pirobiTad SemoiRo. mas SeeZlo
ori saxeobis muxtis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad pirobiTi
dasaxelebebi da niSnebi Seecvala (franklini saerTaSorisod
aRiarebuli mecnieri iyo. amerikis damoukideblobisTvis
(b)
omis dros safrangeTSi miRweul diplomatiur triumfs
swored mis mecnierul azrovnebas ukavSirdeben). sur. 21.2. a) erTi da igive niSnis
ori damuxtuli Rero erTmaneTs
damuxtul sxeulebs Soris mizidva da ganzidva mraval miizidavs. b) sawinaaRmdego niSnis
saxeobis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba, maT Soris SeRebvis ori damuxtuli Rero erTmaneTs
da damcavi safarvelis gakeTebis, Wavluri beWdvis, ganizidavs. plius niSnebi dadebiT
jamur muxts asaxaven, xolo minus
fotokopirebis, milebSi nacris daWeris dros. 21.3 suraTze niSnebi - uaryofiT jamur muxts.
naCvenebia fotokopirebis mowyobilobis gadamtani burTula,
romelic tonerad wodebuli Savi fxvnilis nawilakebiTaa dafaruli. nawilakebi burTulas
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis saSualebiT ekroba. toneris uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi
gadamtani burTulidan mbrunavi dolisken miizideba, sadac kopirebuli dokumentis dadebiTad
damuxtuli gamosaxuleba iqmneba. damuxtuli furceli toneris nawilakebs dolidan miizidavs
da asli mzad aris.
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi

nivTierebebis klasifikacia maTSi muxtis moZraobis
mixedviT SeiZleba. gamtari aris nivTiereba, romelSic
muxti Tavisuflad moZraobs. aseTi nivTierebebia liTonebi,
adamianis sxeuli da onkanis wyali. aragamtar nivTierebebSi
anu dieleqtrikebSi, rogorc maT xSirad uwodeben, muxti
Tavisuflad ver moZraobs. amgvari nivTierebebia rezini,
plastmasi, mina da qimiurad sufTa wyali. naxevargamtari
nivTierebebi gamtarebsa da dieleqtrikebs Sorisaa.
sur. 21.3. fotokopirebis mowyo
amgvari nivTierebebia siliciumi da germaniumi, romlebic bilobis gadamtani burTula.
kompiuteris mikrosqemebSi gamoiyeneba. supergamtari burTula toneris nawilakebiT
nivTierebebi srulyofili gamtarebia da maTSi muxti aris dafaruli, romlebic mas
eleqtrostatikuri mizidulobis
yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe moZraobs. am paragrafSi
Sedegad ekroba. burTulis diamet-
mxolod gamtarebsa da dieleqtriks ganvixilavT. ri daaxloebiT 0,3 mm-ia.
sur. 21.4. neitraluri spilenZis Rero aragamtar Zafzea

Camokidebuli da garemosgan eleqtrulad izolirebulia. spilenZis
RerosTan uaryofiTad damuxtuli plastmasis Reros miaxloebiT.
spilenZis Reros gamtarobis eleqtronebi plastmasis Reros
uaryofiTi muxtis Sedegad Soreuli bolosken gadaadgileba.
Semdeg plastmasis uaryofiTi muxti spilenZis Reros axlomdebare
boloze ganlagebul darCenil dadebiT muxts miizidavs. spilenZis
Rero brunvas iwyebs da misi axlomdebare bolo plastmasis Reros
uaxlovdeba.
modiT, moviyvanoT magaliTi, Tu rogor SeuZlia gamtarobas sagnis zedmeti muxtvis gabaTileba.
rodesac spilenZis Reros matylTan axaxunebT, muxti matylidan Reroze gadadis. Tu Rero
giWiravT da, amavdroulad, onkans exebiT, Rero ar daimuxteba, vinaidan Rero da onkani gamtarebia
da dedamiwis zedapirs milebis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. zedmeti muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs
da pirveli maTgani Reros, Tqveni sxeulis, onkanisa da milis gavliT dedamiwis zedapirs miaRwevs,
sadac muxti ganibneva. procesis Sedegad Rero eleqtrulad neitraluri rCeba.
Tu dedamiwis zedapirsa da sagans Soris gamtarebisgan Semdgar biliks gavakeTebT, sagans
damiwebuli, xolo sagnis neitralizacias (daubalansebeli dadebiTi an uaryofiTi muxtebis
mocilebas) ganmuxtva ewodeba. Tu spilenZis Reros xelis nacvlad izolirebuli saxeluriT
daiWerT, maSin dedamiwisken denis gamtari biliki gamoiricxeba (muxti Reroze rCeba) da, vidre
xeliT ar SeexebiT, Rero xaxunis Sedegad daimuxteba.
gamtarebis da dieleqtrikebis maxasiaTeblebs atomebis struqtura da eleqtruli buneba
gansazRvravs. atomebi dadebiTad damuxtuli protonebisgan, uaryofiTad damuxtuli
eleqtronebisgan da eleqtroneitraluri neitronebisgan Sedgeba. protonebi da neitronebi
centralur birTvSi mWidrod arian ganlagebuli.
erTi eleqtronis da erTi protonis muxti sididiT erTi da igive, xolo niSniT sawinaaRmdego.
aqedan gamomdinare, eleqtrulad neitraluri atomi eleqtronebis da protonebis Tanabar
raodenobas Seicavs. eleqtronebi birTvTan axlos mdebareoben da, vinaidan maTi eleqtruli
niSani birTvSi ganlagebuli protonebis niSnis sawinaaRmdegoa, birTvisken miizidebian.
rodesac spilenZis magvari gamtaris atomebi myar sxeuls qmnian, atomis birTvidan yvelaze
moSorebiT ganlagebuli eleqtroni advilad swydeba Tavis atoms da myar sxeulSi Tavisuflad
gadaadgildeba. Sesabamisad, atomi dadebiTad imuxteba (xdeba dadebiTi ioni). moZrav
eleqtronebs gamtarobis eleqtronebs vuwodebT. aragamtarSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis
raodenoba mcirea.
21.4 suraTze gamosaxul eqsperimentSi naCvenebia rogor moZraobs gamtarSi muxti. uaryofiTad
damuxtuli plastmasis Rero izolirebuli neitraluri spilenZis Reros orive bolos miizidavs.
spilenZis RerosTan ufro axlos mdebare boloze ganlagebuli gamtarobis eleqtronebs
plastmasis Reros uaryofiTi muxti ganizidavs. gamtarobis eleqtronebis nawili spilenZis
Reros Soreuli bolosken gadaadgildeba, meore bolo eleqtronebisgan icleba da dadebiT
muxts iZens. es dadebiTi muxti plastmasis Reros uaryofiTi muxtis mier miizideba. spilenZis
Rero kvlav neitraluria da mas inducirebuli muxtis mqone ewodeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis
gareT, axlomdebare muxtis Sedegad spilenZis Reros dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis nawilebi
gancalkevdnen.
Tu dadebiTad damuxtul minis Reros eleqtroneitraluri spilenZis Reros romelime
bolosTan mivitanT, spilenZis Reros gamtarobis eleqtronebi am bolosken miizideba, bolo
uaryofiTad daimuxteba, xolo meore bolo dadebiTad damuxtulia da spilenZis Rero kvlav
inducirebuli muxtis mqonea. miuxedavad imisa, rom spilenZis Rero kvlav neitraluria, is da
minis Rero erTmaneTs miizidaven.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom uaryofiTi muxtis mqone gamtarobis eleqtronebs moZraoba SeuZlia,
xolo dadebiTi ionebi uZravia. maSasadame, sagani dadebiTad mxolod maSin imuxteba, rodesac
mas uaryofiT muxtebs movaSorebT.
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi 731
kanfet LifeSaver-isgan momavali lurji naTeba

sawinaaRmdego niSnis mqone muxtebis mizidvis magaliTi kanfet
Lifesaver-is SemTxvevaSi kargad Cans. Tu Tvalebs sibneles
daaxloebiT 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miaCvevT da Semdeg megobars
kanfetis daReWvas TxovT, misi piridan mqrqal lurj sinaTles
dainaxavT. rodesac Saqris kristali nawilebad imsxvreva,
TiToeul nawilSi savaraudod eleqtronTa sxvadasxva ricxvia.
davuSvaT, kristali A da B nawilebad imsxvreva da A-s zedapirze
ufro meti eleqtronia (sur. 21.5). es niSnavs, rom B-s zedapirze
ufro meti dadebiTi ionia. vinaidan A-s eleqtronebs B-s sur. 21.5. kanfet LifeSaver-is
ori nawili erTmaneTs Sordeba. A
dadebiTi ionebi Zlierad miizidaven, zogierTi eleqtroni nawilis uaryofiTi zedapiridan
nawilebs Soris naxvretze xteba. eleqtronebi B nawilis dadebiTi
rodesac A da B nawilebi erTmaneTs Sordeba, haeri (azoti N2) zedapirisken xteba da gzad
azotis molekulebs ejaxeba.
maT Soris xvrelSi miedineba, moxtunave eleqtronebi azotis
molekulebs ejaxeba da, Sedegad, molekulebi ultraiisfer
sinaTles gamoasxiveben. amgvari sinaTlis danaxva SeuZlebelia, magram kanfetis nawilebis
zedapirebze ganlagebuli molekulebi ultraiisfer sinaTles STanTqaven da Semdeg Tqvens
mier danaxul lurj sinaTles gamosxiveben.
baqteriuli infeqcia endoskopiur qirurgiaSi

endoskopiuri operaciis dros qirurgi pacientis
sxeulis SigTavss monitoris ekranze xedavs. gamosa
xuleba monitoris ukana nawilidan ekranisken mimavali
eleqtronebis saSualebiT warmoiqmneba. am eleqtrone
bis misazidad ekrani dadebiTad damuxtulia. damuxtuli (a)
ekrani saoperacio oTaxSi haeris motivtive nawilakeb-
sac miizidavs da es nawilakebi ekranis gare zedapirs
ejaxeba. Tu ekrani eleqtrulad neitraluria, maSin
misi gamtarobis eleqtronebi ekranTan yvelaze ufro
axlomdebare nawilakebs inducirebul muxts mianiWebs
(sur. 21.6a). msgavsi nawilaki ekranis gare zedapirisken
miizideba, rogorc 21.4 suraTze damuxtuli plastmasis (b)
Rero izidavs spilenZis Reros. sur. 21.6. a) monitoris ekranis ganivi

vinaidan ekranis gare zedapirze dagrovili nawilakebis kveTi. dadebiTad damuxtuli ekrani
axlomdebare mtvris neitralur
didi nawili baqteriebis matarebelia, ekrani WuWyi- nawilaks inducirebul muxts aniWebs.
andeba. rogorc ki qirurgis TiTebi ekranis ramdenime b) xelTaTmanian TiTs inducirebuli
santimetris manZilze miuaxlovdeba, magaliTad, samed- muxti aqvs da haeridan Tu ekranidan
mtvris nawilakebs miizidavs.
icino personalisTvis raimis saCveneblad, dadebiTad
damuxtuli ekrani eleqtronebs TiTis wverebisken wau-
biZgebs (sur. 21.6b). uaryofiTad damuxtuli TiTis wverebi nawilakebis xelTaTmanze dagrove-
bas iwvevs. rodesac qirurgi gaWuWyianebuli xelTaTmaniT pacients Seexeba, baqteria pacientis
sxeulze an kidev ufro uaresi, sxeulis SigniT xvdeba. riskis Tavidan asacileblad qirurgebma
TiTebi monitorTan axlos ar unda miitanon.
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze firfitebis xuTi wyvilia naCvenebi. A, B da D plastmasis

damuxtuli firfitebia, xolo C aris spilenZis eleqtrulad neitraluri firfita.
firfitebis wyvilTa Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalebi sami wyvilisTvisaa naCvenebi.
danarCeni ori wyvili erTmaneTs miizidavs Tu ganizidavs?
21.4. kulonis kanoni

or damuxtul nawilaks (wertilovan muxtebs) Sesabamisad q1 da q2 muxti aqvs da maT Soris
manZilia r. nawilakebs Soris moqmedi mizidvis an ganzidvis eleqtrostatikuri Zala Semdegi
|q1||q2|
F = k  (kulonis kanoni), (21.1)
r2
sadac k mudmivaa. nebismieri damuxtuli nawilaki meore damuxtul nawilakze am ZaliT
moqmedebs. ori Zala mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvils qmnis. Tu nawilakebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs,
TiToeul nawilakze moqmedi Zala meore nawilakisgan moSorebiT aris mimarTuli (sur. 21.7a
da b). Tu nawilakebi erTmaneTs miizidavs, maSin TiToeul nawilakze moqmedi Zala meore
nawilakiskenaa mimarTuli (sur. 21.7g).
21.1 formulas kulonis kanoni ewodeba. Sarl avgust kulonma es formula eqsperimentebis
saSualebiT 1785 wels gamoiyvana. sainteresoa, rom 21.1 formula r manZiliT daSorebuli m1
da m2 masebis or nawilaks Soris moqmedi mizidulobis Zalis niutonis formulis msgavsia:
mm
F = G  1 2 2 , (21.2)
r
sadac G mizidulobis mudmivaa.
21.1 formulaSi k mudmiva 21.2 formulis mizidulobis
G mudmivis msgavsia da mas eleqtrostatikuri mudmiva
ewodeba. orive formula nawilakebis urTierTqmedebas
(a)
aRwers. erT SemTxvevaSi nawilakebs masebi axasiaTebs,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - muxtebi. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom
mizidulobis Zala yovelTvis sxeulebis mizidvas iwvevs,
(b)
xolo eleqtrostatikurma Zalebma SeiZleba miizidos an
ganizidos damuxtuli sxeulebi, rac muxtebis niSanzea
damokidebuli. masis mxolod erTi saxeoba arsebobs, xolo
(g)
muxti ori saxeobisaa (swored amitom 21.1 formulaSi
sur. 21.7. r manZiliT daSorebuli ori
absoluturi mniSvnelobebia saWiroa).
damuxtuli nawilaki erTmaneTs gani
zidavs, Tu maTi muxtebi a) dadebiTia kulonis kanonma yvelanair eqsperimentebs gauZlo da
da b) uaryofiTia. g) nawilakebi erT gamonaklisi ver aRmoaCines. es kanoni atomebisTvisac ki
maneTs miizidavs, Tu maTi muxtebi muSaobs da dadebiTad damuxtul birTvsa da uaryofiTad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego niSnisaa. samive
SemTxvevaSi, erT nawilakze moqmedi Zala damuxtuli eleqtronebs Soris moqmed Zalasac sworad
meore nawilakze moqmedi Zalis tolia da aRwers. rogorc iciT, niutonis meqanika am samyaroSi
mimarTulebiT sawinaaRmdegoa. sruliad uZluria da mas qvanturi fizika cvlis. kulonis
21.4. kulonis kanoni 733
martivi kanoni atomebis SemakavSirebul da atomebisa da molekulebis SemakavSirebul Zalebsac
aRwers, ris Sedegadac myari sxeulebi da siTxeebi warmoiqmneba.
muxtis SI sistemis erTeuli kulonia. praqtikuli miznebisa da gazomvebis sizustis mizniT
eleqtruli muxtis erTeuli (kuloni) denis (i) erTeulis _ amperis saSualebiT gamoiyvanes. deni
aris wertilze an monakveTze muxtis gavlis dq/dt tempi. 26-e TavSi dens detalurad ganvixilavT
da gamoviyenebT formulas:
dq
i= (eleqtrodeni) (21.3)
dt
sadac i aris deni (amperebSi), xolo dq - wertilze an monakveTze dt droSi gavlili muxtebis
raodenoba. 21.3 gardaqmnis Sedegad miviRebT:
1 k = 1 a · 1 wm.
istoriulad (da mravali sxva formulis gamartivebis gamo) 21.1 formulaSi Semavali k
eleqtrostatikuri mudmiva Cveulebriv 1/4πε0 saxiT iwereba. am SemTxvevaSi kulonis kanoni
1 |q1||q2|
F=   (kulonis kanoni) (21.4)
4πε0 r 2
21.1 da 21.4 formulaSi Semavali mudmivas mniSvnelobaa:
1
k=  = 8,99 × 109 n · m2/k2 (21.5)
4πε0
ε0 sidides dieleqtruli SeRwevadoba ewodeba:
ε0 = 8,85 × 10–12 k2/n · m2 (21.6)
mizidulobis Zalasa da eleqtrostatikur Zalas Soris kidev erTi saerTo arsebobs - orive
superpoziciis princips emorCileba. n raodenobis damuxtuli nawilakebis wyvilebi erTmaneTTan
damoukideblad moqmedeben da, magaliTad, pirvel nawilakze moqmedi Zala sxva nawilakebTan
urTierTqmedebis Zalebis veqtoruli jamia:
 =
1, t 12
+ 13
+ 14
+ 15
+...+ 1n
. (21.7)
sadac, magaliTad 14
aris pirvel nawilakze moqmedi meoTxe nawilakis arsebobiT gamowveuli
Zala. igive formula miesadageba mizidulobis Zalasac.
saboloo jamSi, mizidulobis SeswavlisTvis gamosadegi Teoremis analogi eleqtrostatikaSic
gvxvdeba:
Tanabrad damuxtuli garsi mis gareT mdebare damuxtul nawilaks ise miizidavs an
ganizidavs, TiTqos garsis muxti centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
Tu damuxtuli nawilaki Tanabrad damuxtuli garsis SigniTaa ganlagebuli, garsidan

nawilakze tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar moqmedebs.
(pirvel TeoremaSi vuSvebT, rom garsis muxti nawilakis muxtze bevrad metia. am SemTxvevaSi
nawilakis muxtis Sedegad garsze muxtis gadanawileba SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT).
sferuli formis gamtarebi

Tu zedmet muxts gamtari nivTierebisgan damzadebul sferos formis garsze movaTavsebT,
muxti zedapirze Tanabrad ganawildeba. magaliTad, sferos formis liTonis garsze
eleqtronebis ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, eleqtronebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs da zedapirze
Tanabrad ganawilebamde vrceldebian. am ganlagebaSi eleqtronebis wyvilTa Soris manZilebi
maqsimaluria. garsis pirveli Teoremis Tanaxmad, garsi gare muxts ise miizidavs an ganizidavs,
TiTqos sferos muxti mis centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
Tu sferos formis liTonis garsidan uaryofiT muxts movaSorebT, dadebiTi muxti sferos
zedapirze aseve Tanabrad ganawildeba. magaliTad, n raodenobis eleqtronebis mocilebis
Sedegad garsze Tanabrad gavrcelebuli dadebiTi muxtis n adgili gaCndeba. garsis pirveli
Teoremis Tanaxmad, garsi gare muxts kvlav ise miizidavs an ganizidavs, TiTqmos misi muxti
centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze na

Cvenebia RerZze ganlagebuli ori
protoni (p) da erTi eleqtroni (e). rogoria a) eleqtronidan centralur protonze
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis, b) meore protonidan centralur protonze moqmedi
eleqtrostatikuri Zalis da g) centralur protonze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
Zalis mimarTuleba?

a) 21.8a suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze gan
lagebuli ori dadebiTad damuxtuli na
wilaki. muxtebia q1=1,6×10–19k da q2=3,2×10–19k, (a)
xolo nawilakebs Soris manZilia R = 0,02 m.

risi tolia meore nawilakidan pirvelze
(b)
moqmedi 12
eleqtrostatikuri Zalis sidide (e)
da ra mimarTulebisaa es Zala?
amoxsna: vinaidan orive nawilaki dadebiTadaa
(g)
damuxtuli, meore nawilaki pirvels 21.4
formuliT mocemuli ZaliT ganizidavs.
maSasadame, 12
Zala meore nawilakidan (d) (v)
moSorebiTaa mimarTuli, x RerZis uaryofiTi sur. 21.8. a) q1 da q2 muxtis mqone nawilakebi x RerZzea
mimarTulebiT, rogorc es Cans Cans 21.8b ganlagebuli b) pirveli nawilakis Tavisufali
suraTze gamosaxul Tavisufali sxeulis sxeulis diagrama. naCvenebia meore nawilakidan masze
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala. g) damatebulia
grafikze. 21.4 formulaSi r-is nacvlad mesame nawilaki d) pirveli nawlakis Tavisufali
R manZili CavsvaT da F12 Zalis sidides sxeulis diagrama. e) damatebulia meoTxe nawilaki.
gamovTvliT: v) pirveli nawilakis Tavisufali sxeulis diagrama
1 |q1||q2|
F12 =   q3 = –3,2×10–19k da pirveli nawilakisgan 3/4R
4πε0 r 2
(1,6×10 –19
k) (3,2×10–19
k) manZiliTaa daSorebuli. risi tolia meore da
= (8,99×109 n·m2/k2) ×
(0,02 m)2 mesame nawilakidan pirvel nawilakze moqmedi
= 1,15×10–24 n. tolqmedi Zala?
1,t
maSasadame, 12
Zalis sidide da mimarTulebaa amoxsna: mesame nawilakis arseboba meore
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi): nawilakidan pirvel nawilakze moqmed
1,15×10–24 n da 180° (pasuxi) eleqtrostatikur Zalaze zegavlenas ar
12
Zala erTeuli veqtorebis saSualebiTac axdens. aqedan gamomdinare, Zala pirvel
12
SeiZleba Caiweros: nawilakze kvlav moqmedebs. aseve mesame
12
= –(1,15×10–24 n) (pasuxi) nawilakidan pirvel nawilakze 13
Zala moq
medebs da meore nawilakis arseboba masze
b) 21.8g suraTi 21.8a suraTis identuria,
gavlenas ar axdens. vinaidan pirveli da
oRond amjerad mesame nawilaki x RerZze
mesame nawilakebis muxtebi sawinaaRmdego
pirvelsa da meore nawilaks Sorisaa
niSnisaa, pirveli nawilaki mesame nawila
ganlagebuli. mesame nawilakis muxtia
kisken miizideba. maSasadame, 13
Zala mesame
nawilakiskenaa mimarTuli, rogorc es Cans Semdeg 21.7 formulis Tanaxmad pirvel wer
21.8d suraTze gamosaxul Tavisufali sxeulis tilze moqmedi tolqmedi 1,t
Zalaa:
diagramaze. = +
1,t 12 14
13
Zalis sididis gamosaTvlelad 21.4
vinaidan 12
da 14
Zalebi erTi da igive Rer
formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
Zis gaswvriv ar moqmedebs, maTi sidideebis
1 |q1||q3|
F13 =  
4πε0 ( 34 R) 2 Sekreba ar SeiZleba. es Zalebi veqtorulad
= (8,99×109 n·m2/k2) unda Seikribos. amisaTvis ramdenime meTods
(1,6×10–19 k) (3,2×10–19 k) SemogTavazebT:
×
( 34 ) 2 (0,02 m)2 meTodi 1. veqtorul kalkulatorze pir
= 2,05×10–24 n. dapiri Sekreba. 12
veqtorisTvis Segvaqvs
1,15×10 –24
sidide da 180° kuTxe. 14
veqto
13
Zala erTeuli veqtoris saSualebiTac
risTvis Segvaqvs 2,05×10–24 da 60° kuTxe.
SeiZleba Caiweros:
Semdeg veqtorebs vkrebT.
13
= (2,05×10–24 n)
meTodi 2. Sekreba erTeulovan-veqtorul
pirvel nawilakze moqmedi 1,t
tolqmedi Zala
CanawerSi. Tavdapirvelad Semdegi saxiT
12
da 13
Zalebis veqtoruli jamia anu 21.7 14
CavweroT:
formulis mixedviT pirvel nawilakze moqmedi
14
= (F14 cos θ)  + (F14 sin θ)
1,t
tolqmedi Zala erTeulovani veqtoris
saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros: F14-is nacvlad 2,05×10–24 n CavsvaT, xolo θ-
is nacvlad 60° da formula Semdeg saxes
1,t
= + 13
12
miiRebs:
= –(1,15×10–24n) + (2,05×10–24 n)
= (9×10–25n) . (pasuxi) 14
= (2,05×10–24 n)  + (1,775×10–24 n)
Semdeg vkrebT:
maSasadame, 1,t
Zalis sidide da mimarTulebaa
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi): 1,t
= 12
+ 14
9×10–25 n da 0° (pasuxi) = –(1,15×10–24 n)
g) 21.8e suraTi 21.8a suraTis identuria, + (1,025×10–24 n)  + (1,775×10–24 n)

oRond amjerad me-4 nawilakia damatebuli. misi ≈ (–1,25×10–25 n)  + (1,78×10–24 n) (pasuxi)
muxtia q4 = –3,2×10–19k, pirveli nawilakidan meTodi 3. komponentebis Sekreba RerZebis
3
4R manZilzea da x RerZisadmi θ = 60° kuTxiT mixedviT. x komponentebis jamia:
ganlagebul wrfeze Zevs. rogoria pirvel F1,t,x = F12,x + F14,x = F12 + F14cos60°
nawilakze meore da meoTxe nawilakebis = –1,15×10–24 n + (2,05×10–24 n)(cos60°)
mxridan moqmedi jamuri Zalis 1,t
sidide da = –1,25×10–25 n
mimarTuleba? y komponentebis jamia:
amoxsna: vinaidan pirvel da meoTxe nawilaks F1,t,y = F12,y + F14,y= 0 + F14 sin 60°
sxvadasxva niSnis muxti aqvs, pirveli nawila-
= (2,05×10–24 n)(sin 60°) = 1,78×10–24 n
ki meoTxisken miizideba. maSasadame pirvel
tolqmedi Zalaa:
nawilakze moqmedi 14
Zala θ = 60° kuTxiT 1,t
meoTxe nawilakiskenaa mimarTuli, rogorc F1,t = = 1,78×10–24 n (pasuxi)

es 21.8v suraTis Tavisufali sxeulis diagra-
1,t
Zalis mimarTulebis gasagebad:
maze Cans.
F1, t, y
14
Zalis gamosaTvlelad 21.4 formula θ = tg–1 F = –86°.
1, t, x
Semdegi saxiT gadaiwereba:
pasuxi swori ar aris, vinaidan 1,t
Zalis
1 |q1||q4| mimarTuleba -sa da -s Soris unda
F14 =   12 14
4πε0 ( 34 R) 2
iyos. θ-s SesworebisTvis 180° davumatoT da
(1,6×10–19 k) (3,2×10–19 k)
= (8,99×109 n·m2/k2) × miviRebT:
( 34 )(0,02 m)2
= 2,05×10 –24
n. –86° + 180° = 94° (pasuxi)

naCvenebia e eleqtronis da ori p
protonis sami ganlageba. a) daa
lageT isini protonebidan eleq
tronze moqmedi tolqmedi eleq
trostatikuri Zalis mixedviT dididan eleqtronze moqmed tolqmed Zalasa da d
mcireze. b) meore mdgomareobaSi wrfes Soris kuTxe 45°-ze metia Tu naklebia?
taqtika 1: muxtis amsaxveli simbo rodesac erTze meti damuxtuli sagani

ganixileba, maTi muxtebi muxtis sididis
loebi
jeradiT SeiZleba moices. magaliTad +2q
Tu winadadebaSi indeqsiani an uindeqso q
niSnavs, rom dadebiTi muxtis sidide raime
simbolo gamoiyeneba, maSin eleqtruli niSani
muxtis aTvlis q sidideze orjer metia. –3q ki
gansazRvruli ar aris da muxti SeiZleba
niSnavs, rom uaryofiTi muxtis sidide raime
iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi. zogjer niSani
muxtis aTvlis q sidideze samjer metia.
naCvenebia.

21.9a suraTze naCvenebia uZravi ori nawilaki. xolo Zalebis mimarTuleba urTierTsawi
q1 = +8q muxtis erTi nawilaki aTvlis saTavezea naaRmdego unda iyos.
ganlagebuli, xolo q2 = –2q muxtis meore vinaidan protonis muxti dadebiTia,
nawilakis mdebareobaa x = L. ra wertilze protoni da q1 muxtis mqone nawilaki erTi
unda ganlagdes protoni, raTa wonasworobaSi da igive niSanisani arian. q1-dan protonze
moxvdes (masze moqmedi tolqmedi Zala nulis moqmedi 1
Zala moSorebiT aris mimarTuli.
toli unda iyos)? wonasworoba stabiluria garda amisa, protoni da q2 muxtis mqone
Tu arastabiluri? nawilaki sawinaaRmdego niSnebisaa da pro
amoxsna: aris q1 muxtis mxridan protonze tonze moqmedi 2
Zala q2-iskenaa mimar
1
moqmedi Zala, xolo – q2 muxtis mxridan Tuli. `q1-dan moSorebiT” da `q2-sken~
1
protonze moqmedi Zala. Cven veZebT wertils, urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis iqneba,
sadac + = 0, anu Tu protons x RerZze adgils SevurCevT.
1 2
Tu protoni x RerZze da q1-sa da q2-s Soris
1
=– 2
(21.8)
nebismier wertilze mdebareobs, rogorc
saZiebel wertilze, protonze ori damuxtuli
es aris 21.9b suraTis P wertili, maSin
nawilakis mxridan moqmedi Zalebis sidideebi
1
da 2
Zala erTi da igive mimarTulebisaa.
Tanabari unda iyos:
Tu protoni x RerZze da q1-isgan marcxnivaa
F1 = F2 (21.9)
sur. 21.9. a) q1 da q2 muxtis mqone ori

nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli da maT
(a) (b)
Soris manZilia L. b)-d) protonis S, P
da R sami SesaZlo mdebareoba. TiToeul
mdebareobaze 1 aris pirveli nawilakidan
protonze moqmedi Zala, xolo 2 – meore
nawilakidan protonze moqmedi Zala.
(g) (d)
ganlagebuli, rogorc 21.9g suraTis S werti gardaqmna mogvcems:
li, maSin 1
da 2
Zala urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebisaa. 21.4 formula gvauwyebs, rom
( )
x – L
x
2
=
1
4
.
F1 meti iqneba F2-ze, vinaidan F1 Zalas ufro orive mxridan kvadratuli fesvi amoviRoT da
axlos mdebare (mcire r) da ufro meti sididis miviRebT:

x – L 1
(8q) muxti warmoqmnis. x =2.
Tu protoni x RerZis nebismier wertilze sabolo jamSi:
q2-is marjvnivaa ganlagebuli, rogorc 21.9d x = 2L (pasuxi)
suraTis R wertili, maSin 1 da 2 Zala kvlav x = 2L wertilze wonasworoba arastabiluria
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa. Tum (aramdgradia) anu Tu protoni R wertilidan
ca amjerad ufro meti sididis muxti mcire marcxniv gadaadgilda, F2 Zala F1-ze metad
sididis muxtTan SedarebiT protonisgan izrdeba (vinaidan q2 ufro axloa vidre
moSorebiTaa da arsebobs wertili, sadac q1) da tolqmedi Zala protons marcxniv
F1=F2. Tu x am wertilis koordinatia da gadaadgilebs. Tu protoni marjvniv
qp protonis muxtia, maSin 21.4 formulis gadaadgildeba, maSin F2 Zala F1-ze metad
saSualebiT 21.9 formula ase Caiwereba: mcirdeba da tolqmedi Zala protons kidev
1 8qqp 1 2qqp ufro marjvniv gadaadgilebs. stabiluri
  2 =   . (21.10)
4πε0 x 4πε0 (x – L) 2 wonasworobis pirobebSi protoni odnav
(yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 21.10 formulaSi gadaadgilebis Semdeg kvlav wonasworul
mxolod muxtis sidideebia). 21.10 formulis mdebareobaze brundeba.

taqtika 2:
eleqtrostatikur ZalTa aagoT, romelzec gansaxilveli nawilaki
veqtorebis ageba da masze moqmedi Zalebi iqneba gamosaxuli
rodesac damuxtuli nawilakebis 21.8a (21.8b suraTi). Tu diagramaze yvela nawilakia
suraTis msgavsi diagrama gaqvT mocemuli naCvenebi, maSin ZalTa veqtorebis saTaveebi an
da erT-erT nawilakze moqmedi tolqmedi boloebi (sasurvelia) gansaxilvel nawilaks
eleqtrostatikuri Zalis gamoTvlas gTxo emTxveodes. Tu veqtorebs sxva adgilze
ven, Tavisufali sxeulis diagrama unda gaavlebT, Secdoma gardauvalia.

21.10a suraTze or identur, eleqtrulad a) warmoidgineT, rom sferoebi gamtari
izolirebul, gamtar A da B sferoebis mavTuliT gadaabes. mavTuli sakmarisad
centrebs Soris a manZilia. A-s gaaCnia wvrilia da masze muxtis dagroveba ar
+Q dadebiTi muxti, xolo B eleqtrulad moxdeba. risi tolia sferoebs Soris moqmedi
neitraluria. Tavdapirvelad sferoebs eleqtrostatikuri Zala mavTulis moxsnis
Soris eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar moqmedebs Semdeg?
(dauSviT, rom didi manZilis gamo sferoebs amoxsna: rodesac sferoebi gadabmulia, B
inducirebuli muxti ar gaaCnia). sferos gamtarobis eleqtronebi mavTulis
sur. 21.10. mcire gamtari ori A da

B sfero. a) A sfero dadebiTad aris
damuxtuli. b) mavTulis gavliT B-dan
A-s uaryofiTi muxti gadaecema. g) orive
sfero dadebiTad imuxteba. d) uaryofiTi
muxti A sferos miwaSi Camavali mavTuliT
gadaecema. e) A sfero neitraluria.
(a) (b) (g) (d) (e)
gaswvriv, dadebiTad damuxtuli A sferosken Toeuli sferosTvis garsis pirveli Teorema

gadaadgildeba, romelic maT miizidavs (ix. SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. 21.4 formulis Tanax-
21.10b suraTi). B sfero uaryofiT muxts kar- mad q1 = q2 = Q/2 da r = a da sferoebs Soris mo-
gavs da dadebiTad imuxteba, xolo A sfero qmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalaa:
uaryofiT muxts iZens da naklebad dadebiTad
damuxtulia. saboloo jamSi sferoTa muxtebi
F=
1 (Q/2)(Q/2)
4πε0
 
a2
=
1
 
16πε0 a( )
Q 2
, (pasuxi)
unda gaTanabrdes, vinaidan sferoebi iden- dadebiTad damuxtuli sferoebi erTmaneTs

turia. maSasadame, muxtis gadacema Sewydeba, ganizidaven.
/
rodesac B-s muxti +Q 2-mde gaizrdeba da b) davuSvaT, A sfero jer daamiwes da Semdeg mi-
A-s muxti aseve +Q/2-mde Semcirdeba. amgvari wasTan kavSiri moxsnes. ra eleqtrostatikuri
mdgomareoba maSin miiReba, rodesac mavTulis Zala moqmedebs sferoebs Soris?
/
gavliT –Q 2 muxti gaivlis. amoxsna: mTlianad –Q/2 muxtis mqone
mavTulis moxsnis Semdeg (21.10g suraTi) eleqtronebi miwasTan kavSiris saSualebiT
SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom arc erTi sferos miwidan A sferosken gadaadgildeba (21.10d
muxti meore sferoze muxtis Tanabrad suraTi) da am sferos neitralizacias axdenen
ganawilebaze zegavlenas ar axdens, vinaidan (21.10e suraTi). A sferoze muxti ar aris da
sferoebis zomebi maT centrebs Soris man- sferoebs Soris eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar
ZilTan SedarebiT mcirea. am SemTxvevaSi Ti- moqmedebs (rogorc es iyo 21.10a suraTze).
21.5. muxti ikvanteba

benjamin franklinis epoqaSi eleqtruli muxti uwyvet siTxed miiCneoda. dResdReobiT viciT,
rom haeris da wylis magvari siTxe ar aris uwyveti da atomebisa da molekulebisgan Sedgeba.
eqsperimentma aCvena, rom èleqtruli siTxec~ ar aris uwyveti da garkveuli elementaruli
muxtebisgan Sedgeba. nebismieri dadebiTi an uaryofiTi q muxti ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
q = ne, n = ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . . (21.11)
sadac e elementaruli muxtia:

e = 1,602 × 10–19 k (21.12)
cxrili 21.1
e elementaruli muxti bunebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
sami nawilakis muxti
mniSvnelovani mudmivaa. eleqtronis da protonis muxti
nawilaki simbolo muxti
e sididisaa (cxrili 21.1). (protonebis da neitronebis
e an e – –e
Semadgeneli nawilakebis _ kvarkebis muxtebia ±e/3 an
eleqtroni
protoni p +e ±2e/3, magram maTi aRmoCena SeuZlebelia. swored amitom
neitroni n 0
amgvar muxts elementarul muxtad ar miviCnevT).
frazebi `sferos muxti”, `gadacemuli muxti~ da èleqtronis gadatanili muxti~ metyveleben,
rom TiTqos muxti nivTierebaa. Tqven unda gaxsovdeT, rom nivTiereba nawilakia da muxti misi
erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia, rogorc es aris, magaliTad, masa.
rodesac muxtis magvar fizikur sidides mxolod diskretuli mniSvnelobebi gaaCnia, vambobT,
rom sidide ikvanteba. SesaZloa arsebobdes nawilaki, romlis muxtia +10e an –6e, magram
magaliTad 3,57e muxtis mqone nawilaki ar arsebobs.
muxtis kvanti mcirea. magaliTad, Cveulebriv 100 vt simZlavrian naTuraSi yovel wamSi 1019
elementaruli muxti Sedis da amdenive gamodis. miuxedavad amisa, muxtis diskretuloba iseve
ar Cans (naTura eleqtronebTan erTad ar cimcimebs), rogorc wylis TiToeul molekulas ver
grZnobT.
21.6. muxti inaxeba 739
sakontrolo wertili 4. Tavdapirvelad A sferos muxtia –50e, xolo B sferos muxtia +20e.
sferoebi gamtari nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli da maTi zomebi identuria. Tu sferoebi
erTmaneTs Seexeba, risi tolia iqneba A sferos muxti?

rkinis atomis birTvis radiusia 4×10 –15
m da 26 amoxsna: vinaidan protonebi nawilakebia, erT-
protons Seicavs. erT maTganze moqmedi mizidulobis Zalis
sidide niutonis formuliT (21.2 formula)
a) risi tolia 4×10–15 manZiliT daSorebul or
gamoiTvleba. protonis masaa mp = 1,67×10–27kg
protons Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
da 21.2 formula gvaZlevs:
Zala?
mp2
amoxsna: protonebi damuxtul nawilakebad F=G
r2
SegviZlia miviCnioT da maTze moqmedi eleq (6,67×10–11 n · m2/kg2) (1,67×10–27 kg)2
=
trostatikuri Zala kulonis kanoniT SeiZleba (4×10–15 m)2
gamoiTvalos. 21.1 cxrilidan protonebis = 1,2×10–35 n. (pasuxi)
muxtia +e. 21.4 formula mogvcems: pasuxi gvauwyebs, rom mizidulobis Zala
1 e2 metismetad mcirea da birTvis protonebs
F=  
4πε0 r 2 Soris moqmed eleqtrostatikur Zalas ver
(8,99×109 n · m2/k2) (1,602×10–19 k)2 SeewinaaRmdegeba. protonebs erTmaneTTan
=
(4×10–15 m)2 maT Soris moqmedi uzarmazari Zala – Zlieri
= 14 n. (pasuxi)
birTvuli Zala akavSirebs.
es Zala nesvis msgavsi makroskopuli sagnis
mizidulobis Zala eleqtrostatikur Zalaze
Tvis Zalian mcirea, magram protonisTvis
bevrjer mcirea. is mraval mcire sxeuls
uzarmazaria. amgvarma Zalam nebismieri
akavSirebs da uzarmazari masis uzarmazar
elementis birTvi unda gaaqros, Tumca es
sxeulebs warmoqmnis. es sxeulebia, magaliTad,
ase ar xdeba im birTvisac ki, romelic bevr
planetebi da varskvlavebi, romlebic Semdeg
protons Seicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, bir
uzarmazari mizidulobis ZaliT moqmedeben.
TvSi uzarmazari mizidulobis Zala arse
meores mxriv, eleqtrostatikuri Zala erTi
bobs, romelic eleqtrostatikur Zalas
da igive niSnis mqone muxtebs ganizidavs,
ewinaaRmdegeba.
amitom mas dadebiTi an uaryofiTi muxtebis
b) risi tolia igive or protons Soris moqmedi erTad Tavmoyra ar SeuZlia.
mizidulobis Zala?
21.6. muxti inaxeba

Tu minis Reros abreSumiT gavxexavT, Reroze dadebiTi muxti gaCndeba. abreSumze igive sididis
uaryofiTi muxti gaCndeba. maSasadame, gaxexva muxts ki ar qmnis, aramed erTi sxeulidan
meoreze gadaaqvs da procesis ganmavlobaSi yoveli sxeulis eleqtrul neitralobas arRvevs.
muxtis Senaxvis hipoTeza Tavdapirvelad benjamin franklinma wamoayena da is rogorc didi
zomis damuxtuli sxeulebisTvis, aseve atomebis, birTvebis da elementaruli nawilakebisTvis
gamoicada. gamonaklisebi napovni ar aris. maSasadame, eleqtruli muxti energiasa da wrfiv da
kuTxur impulsTan erTad Senaxvis kanonis emorCileba.
muxtis Senaxvis mniSvnelovani magaliTebi birTvis radioaqtiuri daSlisas gvxvdeba, rodesac
birTvi or sxvadasxva saxis birTvad gardaiqmneba. magaliTad, urani-238 birTvi (238U) Torium-
234 birTvad (234Th) alfa nawilakis gamosxivebiT gardaiqmneba. vinaidan alfa nawilakis
Semadgenloba helium-4 birTvis magvaria, is 4He simboloTi aRiniSneba. birTvis saxelwodebaSi
da birTvis simboloSi indeqsis saxiT gamoyenebul cifrs masuri ricxvi ewodeba da birTvSi
Semavali protonebis da neitronebis mTliani raodenobaa. magaliTad, U-Si maTi mTliani

238
raodenobaa 238. birTvSi protonebis raodenoba Z atomuri ricxvia, romelic F damatebaSi yvela
elementisTvisaa CamoTvlili. siidan Cans, rom daSlis dros:
238
U → 234Th + 4He (21.13)
U mSobeli birTvi 92 protons (+92e muxtis) Seicavs, Th Svili birTvi – 90 protons (+90e
238 234
muxtis), xolo 4He gamosxivebuli alfa nawilaki – 2 protons (+2e muxtis). mTliani +92e muxti
daSlamde da daSlis Semdegaa anu muxti inaxeba (protonebis da neitronis mTliani raodenobac
narCundeba – 238-ia daSlamde, xolo daSlis Semdeg 234 + 4 = 238).
muxtis Senaxvis kidev erTi magaliTia, rodesac e– eleqtroni
(-e muxtis) da misi antinawilaki e+ pozitroni (+e muxtis)
ganadgurebis process ganicdis da or gama sxivad gardaiq
mneba (maRali energiis sinaTle):
e– + e+ → γ + γ (ganadgureba anu anihilacia) (21.14)
muxtis Senaxvis principis gamoyenebisas muxtebi maTi

niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT algebrulad unda Seikribos.
21.14 formuliT mocemul ganadgurebis procesSi sistemis
mTliani muxti movlenamde da movlenis Semdeg nulis tolia.
ganadgurebis Sebrunebuli procesis – wyvilebis Seqmnis
dros, muxti aseve inaxeba. am SemTxvevaSi gama sxivi eleq
tronad da pozitronad gardaiqmneba:
γ → e– + e+ (wyvilebis Seqmna) (21.15)
21.11 suraTze naCvenebia wyvilebis Seqmnis movlena buStovan

kameraSi. gama sxivi kameraSi qvemodan Sevida da garkveul
wertilSi eleqtronad da pozitronad gardaiqmna. vinaidan
sur. 21.11. eleqtronis da po axali nawilakebi damuxtuli da moZravebia, TiToeuli
zitronis mier kameraSi datovebuli
buStovani kvali. nawilakTa wyvili mcire buStulebisgan Semdgar kvlavs tovebs. eleqtrulad
kameraSi qvemodan Sesuli gama neitraluri gama sxivi kvals ar tovebs, magram zustad
sxividan warmoiqmna. eleqtrulad SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, sad moxda wyvilebis Seqmna. es
neitraluri gama sxivi traeqtoriaze
kvals ar tovebs, xolo eleqtroni
adgili V-s formis mrudis wveria, sadac eleqtronebis da
da pozitroni _ toveben. pozitronebis kvali iRebs saTaves.
eleqtruli muxti. nawilakis sagnebTan moZraoben, dieleqtrikebi anu izola

eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis Zala eleq torebia.
trul muxtzea damokidebuli, romelic kuloni da amperi. SI sistemaSi muxtis
SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi. erTi erTeuli kulonia (k). kuloni denis erTeulis
da imave niSnis mqone muxtebi erTmaneTs – amperis (a) saSualebiT ganisazRvreba.
ganizidavs, xolo sawinaaRmdego niSnis mux kuloni aris muxti, romelic 1 wamSi garkveul
tebi erTmaneTs miizidavs. orive saxis mux wertilze gaivlis, sadac deni 1 amperia:
tis Tanabari raodenobis mqone sagani eleq 1 k = (1 a)(1 wm)
trulad neitraluria. i densa da wertilze muxtis gavlis dq/dt temps
gamtari aris nivTiereba, romelSic damux Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
tuli nawilakebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba dq
i=
(eleqtrodeni) (21.3)
Tavisuflad moZraobs. nivTiereba, romelSic dt
damuxtuli nawilakebi Tavisuflad ver kulonis kanoni. kulonis kanoni r manZiliT
741
daSorebul q1 da q2 uZrav eleqtrul muxtebs Tanabari muxtis mqone garsi mis gareT
Soris eleqtrostatikur Zalas aRwers: mdebare damuxtul nawilaks ise miizidavs
1 |q1||q2| an ganizidavs, TiTqos garsis muxti
F=   (kulonis kanoni) (21.4)
4πε0 r 2 centrSia koncentrirebuli.
sadac ε0 = 8,85×10–12 k2/n · m2 dieleqtruli Se Tu damuxtuli nawilaki Tanabari muxtis
Rwevadobaa da 1/4πε0 = k = 8,99×109n · m2/k2. mqone garsis SigniTaa ganTavsebuli,
uZrav wertilovan muxtebs Soris mizidvis an garsidan nawilakze tolqmedi eleqtro
ganzidvis Zala am ori muxtis damkavSirebeli statikuri Zala ar moqmedebs.
wrfis gaswvriv moqmedebs. Tu orze meti
elementaruli muxti. eleqtruli muxti
muxtia warmodgenili, maSin 21.4 formula
ikvanteba. nebismieri muxti ne saxiT SeiZleba
muxtebis TiToeuli wyvilisTvis gamodgeba.
Caiweros, sadac n aris dadebiTi an uaryofiTi
Semdeg TiToeul muxtze moqmedi tolqmedi
mTeli ricxvi, xolo e –elementaruli muxtia
Zala superpoziciis principis saSualebiT
(≈1,602×10–19k). eleqtruli muxti inaxeba.
gamoiTvleba, rodesac sxva muxtebidan rome
izolirebuli sistemis jamuri muxti ar
limeze moqmedi Zalebi veqtorulad ikribeba.
SeiZleba Seicvalos.
eleqtrostatikisTvis garsis ori Teoremaa:
SekiTxvebi
1. 21.12 suraTze naCvenebia sami mdgomareoba, rodesac damuxtuli nawilakebi RerZze
romelSic damuxtuli nawilaki da Tanabrad uZravad arian ganlagebuli. romel mdgo
damuxtuli sferos formis garsi Sedis. mareobaSi arsebobs nawilakebis marcxniv
muxtebi mocemulia da garsis radiusebic ganlagebuli wertili, romelzec eleqtroni
aRniSnulia. daalageT mdgomareobebi wonasworobaSi iqneba?
garsidan nawilakze moqmedi Zalis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
(a)
(a) (b) (g) 4. 21.15 suraTze

naCvenebia RerZze
sur. 21.12. SekiTxva 1. ganlagebuli ori
2. 21.13 suraTze naCvenebia identuri damuxtuli nawilaki. muxtebi Tavisuflad
sferoebis sami wyvili. sferoebi jer erT moZraoben. mesame damuxtuli nawilaki ise
maneTs exeba da Semdeg gancalkevdebian. sfe SeiZleba moTavsdes, rom samive nawilaki
ros sawyisi muxtebi aRniSnulia. daalageT wonasworobaSi moxvdes. a) es wertili ori
wyvilebi a) Sexebisas gadacemuli muxtis da wertilis marcxnivaa, marjvnivaa Tu maT So
b) dadebiTad damuxtuli sferodan gamosuli risaa? b) mesame nawilaki dadebiTad unda iyos
muxtis mixedviT dididan mcireze. damuxtuli Tu uaryofiTad? g) wonasworoba
stabiluria Tu arastabiluria?
5. 21.16 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi mdgomareoba,
rodesac xuTi damuxtuli nawilaki RerZis
gaswvriv Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. muxtis
sur. 21.13. SekiTxva 2. mniSvnelobebi centraluri nawilakis garda
3. 21.14 suraTze naCvenebi oTxi mdgomareoba, yvela danarCenisaTvis naCvenebia. daalageT

mdgomareobebi centralur nawilakze moqmedi 8. 21.19 suraTze naCvenebia damuxtul

tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis mixedviT nawilakTa oTxi ganlageba. daalageT TiTo
dididan mcireze. euli +Q muxtis nawilakze moqmedi tolqmedi
eleqtrostatikuri Zalis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.

(a) (b)
6. 21.17 suraTze
–q muxtis cen
traluri nawilaki
damuxtuli nawi
lakebis ori
wriTaa gar (g) (d)
S e m o r t y m u l i .
ra sididis da sur. 21.19. SekiTxva 8.
mimarTulebis 9. 21.20 suraTze naCvenebia uZravi +q da

tolqmedi eleq –q muxtis nawilakebis oTxi ganlageba.
t r o s t a t i k u r i TiToeul ganlagebaSi x RerZze mdebare
Zala moqmedebs nawilakebi y RerZidan Tanabari manZiliT
centralur nawilakze sxva muxtebidan? aris daSorebuli. pirveli ganlagebis Sua
(miniSneba: simetriis ganxilva amocanas nawilakze danarCeni oris mxridan eleq
mniSvnelovnad gaamartivebs). trostatikuri Zala moqmedebs. a) am Zalebis
7. 21.18 suraTze –2q muxtis centraluri F sidideebi Tanabaria Tu gansxvavebuli?
nawilaki kvadratze ganlagebuli damuxtuli b) Sua wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi Zala
nawilakebiTaa garSemortymuli, romelTa 2F-ze naklebia Tu metia? g) ori Zalis x kom-
Soris d an d/2 manZilia. ra sididis da ponentebi ikribeba Tu erTmaneTs abaTil-
mimarTulebis tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri ebs? d) ori Zalis y komponentebi ikribeba Tu
Zala moqmedebs centralur nawilakze sxva erTmaneTs abaTilebs? e) Sua wertilze moq-
muxtebidan? (miniSneba: simetriis ganxilva
amocanas mniSvnelovnad gaamartivebs).

743
medi tolqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba Sesakrebi 10. dadebiTad damuxtuli burTi eleqtru-
komponentebisas emTxveva Tu gamomricxavi lad neitralur izolirebul gamtarTan ax-
komponentebisas? v) ra mimarTulebisaa tol los miitanes. Semdeg gamtari daamiwes. gam-
qmedi Zala? ra mimarTulebisaa Sua wertilze tari dadebiTad daimuxteba, uaryofiTad
moqmedi tolqmedi Zala z) meore ganlagebaze, daimuxteba Tu neitraluri darCeba, rodesac
T) mesame ganlagebaze da i) meoTxe ganlageba- a) burTs moSorebiT gadaitanen da Semdeg mi-
ze? (TiToeul ganlagebaze muxtis ganawile wasTan kavSirs moxsnian da b) Tavdapirvelad
bis simetria ganixileT da gamomricxavi Tu miwasTan kavSirs moxsnian da Semdeg burTs ga-
Semkrebi komponentebi gansazRvreT). daitanen?
amocanebi

Manual-Si.
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. (a) (b)
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
paragrafi 21.4. kulonis kanoni

•1. or Tanabrad damuxtuli nawilaki (g) (d)
erTmaneTs 3,2×10  m-iT daaSores da gauSves

–3
xeli. pirveli nawilaki amoZravda 7 m/wm2
aCqarebiT, xolo meore – 9 m/wm2. Tu pirveli
nawilakis masaa 6,3×10–7kg, risi tolia a) meore moSorda U(sur. 21.21d). amjerad meore sferoze
nawilakis masa da b) TiToeuli nawilakis F´ eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs. risi
muxtis sidide? tolia F´/F ?
•2. +3×10–6k muxtis nawilaki –1,5×10–6k ••5. mcire sferos Q sawyisi muxtis q nawili
muxtis meore nawilakisgan 12sm manZilzea. axlomdebare meore sferos unda gadaeces.
gamoTvaleT or nawilaks Soris moqmedi orive sfero nawilakad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
eleqtrostatikuri Zala. q/Q-s ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba or sferos
Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
•3. risi toli unda iyos q1 = 26 mkk wertilovan
maqsimaluri? SSM ILW
muxtsa da q2 = –47 mkk wertilovan muxts
Soris manZili, raTa maT Soris moqmedi ••6. 21.22 suraTze oTxi nawilaki kvadrats
eleqtrostatikuri Zala 5,7 n-is toli iyos? qmnis. maTi muxtebia q1=q4=Q da q1=q3=q. a) risi
SSM tolia Q/q, Tu pirvel da mesame nawilakze
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
•4. ori identuri gamtari sfero Tanabradaa
nulia? b) arse
damuxtuli da maT Soris manZili sferoebis
bobs Tu ara q-s
diametrze bevrad metia (sur. 21.21.a).
iseTi mniSvneloba,
pirveli sferodan meoreze moqmedi eleqtro
romelic TiToeul
statikuri Zalaa . Semdeg izolirebuli
nawilakze moqmed
saxeluris mqone da neitraluri mesame sfero
tolqmed eleqtro
jer pirvel sferos (sur. 21.21b) Seexo, Semdeg statikur Zalas gaa
meore sferos (sur. 21.21g) da bolos saerTod nulebs?
sur. 21.22. amocanebi 6, 7
da 45.
••7. 21.22 suraTze nawilakTa muxtebia aris ganlagebuli da maT Soris manZilia 8 sm.
q1 = –q2 = 100 nk da q3 = –q4 = 200 nk, xolo man q3 = +8×10–19k muxtis mesame nawilaki pirvel da
Zilia a = 5 sm. risi tolia mesame nawilakze meore nawilakebs Soris ise unda ganlagdes,
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis rom masze 3,t
tolqmedma eleqtrostatikur
a) x da b) y komponentebi? ILW ma Zalam imoqmedos. 21.25b suraTze naCvenebia
••8. sami nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli. am Zalis x komponentis mesame nawilakis x
q1 muxtis pirveli nawilaki x = –a wertilze koordinatze damokidebulebis grafiki. a) ra
mdebareobs, xolo q2 muxtis meore nawilaki - niSani aqvs q1 muxts da b) risi tolia q2/q1?
x = +a wertilze. Tu +Q muxtis mesame nawilakze
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
nulis toli unda iyos, risi tolia q1/q2,
rodesac mesame nawilaki a) x = +0,5a wertilze
(a)
da b) x = +1,5a wertilze mdebareobs? (b)
••9. ori identuri gamtari sfero erTmaneTs sur. 21.25. amocana 12.
0,108 n eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT izidavs
••13. 21.26 suraTze
da maT centrebs Soris manZilia 50 sm.
+1 mkk muxtis pirveli
Semdeg sferoebi Txeli gamtari mavTuliT
nawilaki da –3 mkk mux
gadaabes. rodesac mavTuli moxsnes, sferoebi
tis meore nawilaki sur. 21.26. amocanebi
erTmaneTs 0,036 n eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT
ganizidaven. sferoebis sawyisi muxtebidan ra
x RerZze aris gan 13, 17, 40, 49 da 71.
lagebuli da maT So

iyo a) erT-erTi maTganis uaryofiTi muxti da
ris manZilia L = 10 sm. ucnobi q3 muxtis mesame
b) meore maTganis dadebiTi muxti? SSM WWW
nawilaki ise unda ganlagdes, rom pirveli da
••10. 21.23 suraTze meore nawilakebidan masze moqmedi tolqmedi
sami damuxtuli na eleqtrostatikuri Zala nulis toli iyos.
wilaki x RerZzea sur. 21.23. amocanebi 10 risi tolia mesame nawilakis a) x da b) y
ganlagebuli. pir da 68.
komponenti?
veli da meore nawilaki uZravia, xolo me
••14. 21.27a su
same nawilaki moZraobs. pirveli da meore
raTze dadebi-
nawilakis mxridan mesame nawilakze moqmedi
Tad damuxtuli (a)
tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala nulis
sami nawilaki x
tolia. Tu L23=L12, risi tolia q1/q2?
RerZzea ganla
••11. 21.24a suraTze (b)
gebuli. B da
pirveli da meore sur. 21.27. amocana 14.
C nawilakebi
nawilakis muxtia
erTmaneTTan Zalian axlosaa da A nawilaki-
20 mkk da maT Soris
dan maTi daSoreba Tanabrad SegviZlia mi-
manZilia d = 1,5 m.
viCnioT. B da C nawilakebidan A nawilakze
a) risi tolia (a) (b) x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebis
meore nawilakidan
sur. 21.24. amocana 11. 2,014×10–23 n Zala moqmedebs. 21.27b sura-
pirvel moqmedi
Tze B nawilaks A nawilakis sawinaaRmdego
eleqtrostatikuri Zala? 21.24b suraTze
mxares gadaaadgileben, magram manZili
20 mkk muxtis mesame nawilaki isea ganlage
igivea. A nawilakze amjerad kvlav x Re-
buli, rom tolgverda samkuTxedi iqmneba.
rZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebis da 2,877×
b) risi tolia meore da mesame nawilakebidan
pirvel nawilakze moqmedi tolqmedi eleq
10–24 n sididis tolqmedi Zala moqmedebs.
trostatikuri Zala? risi tolia qC/qB ?
••12. 21.25a suraTze q1 muxtis pirveli ••15. xy sibrtyeze ganlagebuli ori da
muxtuli nawilakis muxtebi da koordi
nawilaki da q2 muxtis meore nawilaki x RerZze
745
natebia: q1 = +3 mkk, x1 = 3,5 sm, y1 = 0,5 sm da metrebSi, xolo b = 3 mkk/m2. risi tolia garsis
q2 = –4 mkk, x2 = –2 sm, y2 = 1,5 sm. gamoTvaleT jamuri muxti?
pirveli nawilakidan meoreze moqmedi eleq •••20. 21.29 su
trostatikuri Zalis a) sidide da b) mimar raTze q1 = q2 = +
Tuleba. ra g) x da d) y koordinatze unda 3,2 × 10–19k mux
ganlagdes q3 = +4 mkk muxtis mesame nawilaki, tis ori nawi
raTa pirveli da meore nawilakebidan mesameze laki y RerZzea
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala ganlagebuli da sur. 21.29. amocana 20.
nulis toli iyos? aTvlis saTavidan
••16. ori nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli. maTi daSorebaa d = 17 sm. q3 = +6,4×10–19 k muxtis
40 mkk muxtis pirveli nawilaki x = –2 sm mesame nawilaki x = 0-dan x = 5 m-mde gadaadg-
ildeba. x-is ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba danar-
wertilzea ganlagebuli, xolo Q muxtis meore
Ceni ori nawilakidan mesame nawilakze moqmedi
nawilaki – x = 3sm wertilze. 20 mkk muxtis
eleqtrostatikuri Zala a) minimaluri da
mesame nawilaki y = 2 sm wertilidan amoZravda.
b) maqsimaluri? risi tolia g) minimaluri da
risi tolia Q, Tu mesame wertilis sawyisi
d) maqsimaluri mniSvneloba?
aCqareba a) x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa
da b) y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. paragrafi 21.5. muxti ikvanteba
•21. 5×10–10 m manZiliT daSorebul or identur
••17. 21.26 suraTze +q muxtis pirveli nawilaki
ions Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
da +4q muxtis meore nawilaki x RerZze aris
Zalaa 3,7×10–9 n. a) risi tolia TiToeuli
ganlagebuli da maT Soris manZilia L= 9 sm. Tu
ionis muxti? b) ramdenime eleqtroni àklia~
q3 muxtis mesame nawilaki ise unda ganlagdes,
TiToeul muxts? SSM
rom samive nawilaki uZravad darCes, risi
•22. risi tolia erTeuli muxtis mqone
tolia a) q3/q da mesame nawilakis b) x da g) y
natriumis ionsa (Na+, +e muxti) da erTeuli
koordinati?
muxtis mqone qloris ions (Cl–, –e muxti) Soris
•••18. 21.28 su moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala marilis
raTze naCvenebia
kristalSi, Tu maT Soris manZilia 2,82×10–10m?
oTxi damuxtuli
nawilakis ganla
•23. ramdeni eleqtroni unda movaciloT
monetas, raTa misi muxti +1×10–7k gaxdes? ILW
geba. θ = 30° da
d = 2 sm. meore na •24. ori pawawina, sferos formis wylis
sur. 21.28. amocana 18. wveTis muxtia –1×10–16k da maT centrebs Soris
wilakis muxtia
manZilia 1 sm. a) risi tolia wveTebs Soris
q2=+8×10 k, xolo me-3 da me-4 nawilakis
–19 
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala? b) ramdeni

muxtia q3 = q3 = –1,6×10–19 k. a) risi tolia
zedmeti eleqtronia TiToeul wveTze, rac
meore nawilaksa da aTvlis saTaves Soris
muxts daubalansebels xdis?
D manZili, Tu sxva nawilakebidan pirvel
nawilakze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrosta ••25. dedamiwis atmosferoSi mudmivad
tikuri Zala nulis tolia? b) Tu me-3 da xvdebian kosmosuri sxivis protonebi, ro
mlebic saTaves sadRac kosmosSi iReben. Tu
me-4 nawilakebs x RerZTan mivaaxlovebT da
protonebi atmosferoSi gadian, dedamiwis
simetrias SevinarCunebT, D-s mniSvneloba a)-s
zedapiris TiToeuli kvadratuli metri wamSi
pasuxze meti, naklebi Tu igive iqneba?
1500 protons iRebs. ra eleqtrodens miiRebs
•••19. 4 sm Sida radiusis da 6 sm gare radiusis planetis mTliani zedapiris farTobi?
aragamtari sferos formis garsSi muxti Sida
••26. gamoTvaleT 250 sm3 moculobis eleq
da gare zedapirebs Soris araTanabrad aris
troneitralur wyalSi arsebuli dadebiTi
ganawilebuli. muxtis moculobiTi simkvrive
muxtis sidide kulonebSi (miniSneba: wyalbadis
ρ aris muxtis sidide moculobis erTeulSi
atomi erT protons Seicavs, xolo Jangbadis
da misi erTeulia k/m3. amgvari garsisTvis
atomi - 8 protons).
ρ=b/r, sadac r aris garsis centridan manZili
••27. 21.30a suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze maSasadame misi muxtia –e). a) risi tolia
ganlagebuli ori damuxtuli nawilaki kubis wveroebze ganlagebuli rva Cs+ ionidan
(1 da 2). pirveli nawilakis muxtia |q1|=8e. Cl – ionze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala?
q3=+8e muxtis mesame nawilaki jer meore
b) erT-erTi Cs+ ionis gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi
nawilakTan axlos x RerZzea ganlagebuli.
kristals defeqturi ewodeba. risi tolia
Semdeg mesame nawilaki x RerZis dadebiTi
darCenili Svidi Cs+ ionidan Cl – ionze moqmedi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Sedegad pirveli
da mesame nawilakidan meoreze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala? SSM
tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalaa 2,t
.
21.30b suraTze mocemulia tolqmedi Zalis x
komponentis mesame nawilakis x mdebareobaze
damokidebulebis grafiki. grafikis asim
ptotaa F2,t = 1,5×10–25 n, rodesac x→∞. meore
nawilakis q2 muxti niSnis CaTvliT gamoTvaleT
e-s jeradis saxiT.
paragrafi 21.6. muxti inaxeba

•30. protonebis da neitronebis beta daSlad
wodebuli birTvuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad
eleqtronebi da pozitronebi warmoiqmneba.
(a) (b)
a) Tu protoni neitronad gardaiqmneba, eleq
sur. 21.30. amocana 27. troni warmoiqmneba Tu pozitroni? b) Tu
neitroni protonad gardaiqmneba, eleqtroni
•••28. 21.31 suraTze
warmoiqmneba Tu pozitroni?
naCvenebia x RerZze
ganlagebuli pirveli •31. gansazRvreT X Semdeg birTvul reaqciebSi:
da meore eleqtroni a) 1H+9Be→X+n; b) 12C+1H→X; g) 15N+1H→4He+X.
da identuri θ kuTxisa F damateba dagexmarebaT. SSM
da –q muxtis mesame da damatebiTi amocanebi
meoTxe damuxtuli sur. 21.31. amocana 28. 32. 21.33a suraTze naCvenebia d manZiliT
ioni. meore eleq
daSorebuli sami damuxtuli nawilakis
troni Tavisuflad moZraobs. danarCeni sami
ganlageba. A da C nawilakebi x RerZzea
nawilaki uZravia, meore eleqtroni uZravi
ganlagebuli, xolo B nawilaki moZraobs
nawilakebisagan R horizontaluri manZiliT
wrewirze, romlis centria A. moZraobis dros
aris daSorebuli da maT meore eleqtroni
uZravad unda gaaCeron. q ≤ 5e fizikurad
A-sa da B-s Soris gavlebuli radialuri wrfe
SesaZlebeli mniSvnelobebisTvis risi tolia x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi θ kuTxes
θ kuTxis a) umciresi, b) meore umciresi da
g) mesame umciresi mniSvneloba, rodesac
meore eleqtroni uZravad rCeba?
•••29. ceziumis qloridis marilis krista (a)
lebSi Cs+ ceziumis ionebi kubis rva wveros

qmnian, xolo Cl – qloris ioni kubis centrSia
ganlagebuli (sur. 21.32). kubis gverdis
sigrZea 0,4 nm. Cs+ ionebs TiTo eleqtroni (b) (g)
aklia (da maSasadame maTi muxtia +e), xolo
Cl – ions erTi zedmeti eleqtroni aqvs (da
747
adgens (sur. 21.33b). 21.33g suraTze naCvenebia kvlav Sordeba.
sxva nawilakebidan A-ze moqmedi Ft tolqmedi sabolood W sfe
eleqtrostatikuri Zala or mdgomareobaSi. ro C sferos (+48e
tolqmedi Zala θ kuTxis funqciis da F0 muxtis mqones)
ZiriTadi sididis jeradis saxiT moicema. exeba da isinic sur. 21.36. amocana 36.
magaliTad, pirvel grafikis θ = 180°-ze Sordebian erT
Ft = 2F0 . a) pirveli grafikis Sesabamis mdgo maneTs. W sferos saboloo muxtia +18e. risi
mareobaSi risi tolia C nawilakis muxtis tolia A sferos sawyisi muxti?
Sefardeba B nawilakis muxtTan (niSnis CaT 37. 21.37 suraTze
vliT)? b) meore grafikisTvis risi tolia +4e muxtis pirveli
igive Sefardeba? nawilaki iatakidan
33. 21.34 suraTze d1 = 2 mm manZilzea
meSvide nawilakis ganlagebuli, xo
garSemo d = 1 sm an 2d lo +6e muxtis sur. 21.37. amocana 37.
radialur manZilze meore nawilaki –
eqvsi damuxtuli pirveli nawilakidan horizontalur d2 = 6 mm
nawilakia ganla manZilze. risi tolia pirveli nawilakidan
gebuli. nawila meoreze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis x
kebis muxtebia sur. 21.34. amocana 33. komponenti?
q1 = +2e, q2 = +4e,
38. 21.38 suraTze
q3 = +e, q4 = +4e, q5 = +2e, q6 = +8e, q7 = +6e, sadac
–e muxtis meore da
e = 1,6×10–19 k. risi tolia meSvide wertilze
meoTxe nawilaki y
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala?
RerZis y2 = –10 sm
34. Q muxtis mqone nawilaki xy koordinatTa da y4 = 5 sm man
sistemis saTavezea ganlagebuli. rodesac Zilze aris gan
t = 0, nawilaki (m = 0,8 g da q = 4 mkk) x = 20 sm lagebuli. igive
wertilze mdebareobs da y-is dadebiTi mi –e muxtis pirveli
marTulebiT 50 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Q-s ra da mesame nawilakebi x RerZis gaswvriv
mniSvnelobisTvis Seasrulebs nawilaki wriul gadaadgildebian. +e muxtis mexuTe nawilaki
moZraobas? (nawilakze moqmedi mizidulobis aTvlis saTaveSia. pirveli da mesame nawilakis
Zala ugulebelyaviT). mdebareobebia x1 = –10 sm da x3 = 10 sm. a) ra x
35. 21.35 suraTze mniSvnelobaze unda gadaadgildes pirveli
oTxi nawilaki x nawilaki, raTa mexuTe nawilakze moqmedi
RerZzea ganla tolqmedi t
eleqtrostatikuri Zala saa
sur. 21.35. amocana 35. Tis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
gebuli da maT
Soris manZilia 30°-iT Semobrundes? b) pirveli nawilaki
d = 2 sm. nawilakebis muxtebia axal mdebareobazea ganlagebuli. x-is ra
q1 = +2e, q2 = –e, q3 = +e da q4 = +4e, sadac mniSvnelobaze unda gadaadgildes mesame
e = 1,6×10–19 k. erTeulovan veqtorul Cana nawilaki, raTa t
Tavdapirvel mimarTulebas
werSi risi tolia sxva nawilakebidan a) pirvel daubrundes?
nawilakze da b) meore nawilakze moqmedi 39. sami damuxtuli nawilaki samkuTxeds
tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala? qmnis. Q1 = 80 nk muxtis pirveli nawilakis
36. 21.36 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi identuri koordinatebia 0 da 3 mm, Q2 muxtis meore
gamtari sfero. W sfero (Tavdapirvelad nawilakis koordinatebia 0 da –3 mm, xo
nulovani muxtis mqone) A sferos exeba lo q = 18 nk muxtis mesame nawilakis koor
da Semdeg Sordeba. mogvianebiT W sfero dinatebia 4 mm da 0. erTeulovan veqtorul
B sferosac (–32e muxtis mqones) exeba da CanawerSi risi tolia sxva nawilakebidan
mesame nawilakze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala, –2Q. risi tolia q/Q, Tu pirvel nawilakze
Tu a) Q2 = 80 nk da b) Q2 = –80 nk. moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
40. 21.26 suraTze pirveli da meore nawilakebi nulis tolia?
x RerZzea ganlagebuli da maT Soris manZilia 46. +6 mkk da –4 mkk wertilovani muxtebi x = 8 m
L = 8 sm. nawilakebis muxtebia q1 = +e da da x = 16 m wertilebze aris ganlagebuli. ra
q2 = –27e. q3 = +4e muxtis mesame nawilaki muxti unda ganlagdes x = 24 m wertilze, raTa
pirvel da meore nawilakebis SemaerTebel aTvlis saTaveze ganlagebulma nebismierma
wrfeze ise unda ganlagdes, rom am nawi muxtma eleqtrostatikuri Zalis moqmedeba
lakebma mesame nawilakze 3,t
tolqmedi ar ganicados?
eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT imoqmedos. a) ra 47. ramdeni megakuloni dadebiTi muxtia
koordinatze unda ganlagdes mesame nawilaki, 1 moli neitraluri wyalbadis molekulur
raTa Zalis sidide minimaluri iyos? b) risi airSi (H2)?
tolia Zalis minimaluri sidide?
48. 21.40 suraTze naCvenebia gaumtari, masis
41. 21.39 suraTze armqone L sigrZis Rero. Rero centriTaa
risi tolia da damagrebuli da W wonis blokiT balansdeba.
narCeni sami na bloki marcxena bolodan x manZiliTaa
wilakidan meoT daSorebuli. Reros marcxena da marjvena
xe nawilakze mo boloze q da 2q dadebiTi muxtis mqone
qmedi tolqmedi mcire gamtari sferoebia damagrebuli. am
eleqtros tat ik u sferoebidan h manZiliT qvemoT Q dadebiTi
ri Zalis a) sidide muxtis mqone sferoebia damagrebuli.
da b) mimarTuleba? sur. 21.39. amocana 41. a) horizontaluri da dabalansebuli Rero
oTxive nawilaki xy sTvis x manZili gamoTvaleT. b) ra unda iyos
sibrtyezea ganlagebuli da q1 = –3,2×10–19k, h-s mniSvneloba, raTa horizontalurma da
q2 = +3,2×10–19k, q3 = +6,4×10–19k, q4 = +3,2×10–19k, dabalansebulma Rerom tvirTze vertikaluri
θ1 = 35°, d1 = 3 sm da d2 = d3 = 2 sm. ZaliT ar imoqmedos?
42. 2 m sigrZis da 4 sm2 farTobis ganivi kveTis
damuxtuli aragamtari Reros erTi bolo
aTvlis saTaves emTxveva da x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiTaa gadaWimuli. muxtis mocu
lobiTi simkvrive ρ moculobis erTeulSi
muxtis raodenobaa da k/m3-ebSi gamoiTvleba.
ramdeni zedmeti eleqtronia Reroze, Tu
a) ρ Tanabaria da –4 mkk/m3-is tolia da sur. 21.40. amocana 48.
b) araTanabaria ρ = bx2, sadac b = –2 mkk/m5?
49. 21.26 suraTze x RerZze ganlagebul –80 mkk
43. 30 nk da –40 nk wertilovani muxtebi x muxtis pirvel nawilaksa da +40 mkk muxtis
RerZis saTaveze da x = 72 sm wertilze arian meore nawilaks Soris manZilia L = 20 sm.
ganlagebuli. 42 mkk muxtis nawilaki x = 28 sm erTeulovan veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia
wertilidan amoZravda. Tu nawilakis sawyisi q3 = 20 mkk muxtis mesame nawilakze moqmedi
aCqarebaa 100 km/wm2, risi tolia misi masa? tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala, Tu es
44. 6 mkk muxtis nawilaki 3 mm manZiliT daSo nawilaki a) x = 40 sm da b) x = 80 sm wertilze
rebul or nawilad unda daiSalos. risi tolia mdebareobs? ra unda iyos mesame nawilakis
am or nawils Soris moqmedi maqsimaluri g) x da d) y koordinatebi, raTa pirveli
SesaZlo eleqtrostatikuri Zala? da meore nawilakidan masze moqmedi eleq
45. 21.22 suraTze oTxi nawilaki kvadrats trostatikuri Zala nulis toli iyos?
qmnis. maTi muxtebia q1 = +Q, q2 = q3 = q da q4 =  50. 21.13 formuliT mocemuli radioaqtiuri
749
daSlis dros U birTvi 234Th-d gardaiqmneba
238
57. 21.42 su
da 4He-s gamodevnis (eseni birTvebia da ara raTze naCvenebi
atomebi, amitom eleqtronebi ar gvaqvs). sami identuri
rodesac 234Th-sa da 4He-s Soris manZilia liTonis sferos
9×10–15 m, risi tolia a) maT Soris moqmedi sawyisi muxtebia:
eleqtrostatikuri Zalis sidide da b) 4He A sfero – +Q, B

nawilakis aCqareba? sfero _  –Q/4
da C sfero – sur. 21.42. amocanebi 57 da 58.
51. neitroni +2e/3 muxtis `zeda~ kvarkisgan
da –e/3 muxtis ori `qveda~ kvarkisgan Sedgeba. +Q/2, sadac Q = 2×10–14 k. A da B sfero uZravia
qveda kvarkebs Soris dacilebaa 2,6×10–15 m, risi da maT centrebs Soris d = 1,2 m manZilia. C
tolia maT Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri sfero jer A sferos exeba da Semdeg B sferos.
Zala? risi tolia A da B sferoebs Soris moqmedi
eleqtrostatikuri Zala amis Semdeg?
52. 21.41 suraTze sami
identuri gamtari sfe 58. 21.42 suraTze sami identuri gamtari
ro d = 20 sm sigrZis sferos sawyisi muxtebia: A sfero — +4Q, B
gverdis tolgverda sfero _ –6Q da C sfero _ 0. A da B sfero
samkuTxeds qmnis. sfe uZravia da maT centrebs Soris dacileba
roebis radiusebi sferoebis radiusze bevrad metia. ori
eqsperimenti tardeba. pirvel eqsperimentSi
d-ze bevrad mcirea da
maTi muxtebia qA = –2 nk, qB = –4 nk, qC = +8 nk.
C sferos jer A sferos axeben, Semdeg B
sferos. meore eqsperimentSi procedura
a) risi tolia A da C sferoebs Soris moqmedi
piriqiT xdeba - C sfero jer B sferos exeba
eleqtrostatikuri Zala? A da B sferoebi
da Semdeg A sferos. risi tolia meore
Txeli mavTuliT daakavSires da Semdeg
mavTuli moxsnes. B da C sferoebic mavTuliT eqsperimentis bolos A da B sferoebs Soris
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis Sefardeba
daakavSires da es mavTulic moxsnes. risi
imave sferoebs Soris pirveli eqsperimentis
tolia b) A da C sferoebs Soris da g) B da C
bolos moqmed eleqtrostatikur ZalasTan?
sferoebs Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
Zala? 59. eleqtronis uaryofiTi muxti da protonis
dadebiTi muxti sididiYT erTmaneTis
53. ori patara, dadebiTad damuxtuli sferos
tolia. davuSvaT, rom es mniSvnelobebi
saerTo muxtia 5×10–5 k. Tu sferoebi erTmaneTs
0,0001%-iT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. ra
1n eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT ganizidaven,
ZaliT ganizidaven erTmaneTs 1 m manZilze
rodesac maT Soris manZilia 2 m, risi tolia
ganlagebuli spilenZis monetebi? dauSviT,
ufro mcire muxtis mqone sferos muxti?
rom TiToeuli moneta spilenZis 3×1022 atoms
54. elvisas 2,5×10 a deni 20 mkwm drois
4 
Seicavs (miniSneba: spilenZis neitraluri
ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. ra raodenobis muxti atomi 29 protons da 29 eleqtrons Seicavs).
gadaicema am movlenis dros?
60. eleqtroni dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos
55. ra iqneba 1 k wertilovan or muxts Soris
vakuumSi da y vertikaluri RerZis y = 0
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala, Tu muxtebs
wertilzea ganlagebuli. y-is ra mniSvnelobaze
Soris a) 1 m da b) 1 km manZilia (msgavsi gan
unda ganlagdes meore eleqtroni, raTa pirvel
lageba ararealuria)? eleqtronze moqmedma eleqtrostatikurma
56. mkerdSi gavlilma 300 a denma gulis Zalam amave eleqtronze moqmedi mizidulobis
ariTmia, guliscemis normaluri ritmis Zala gaawonasworos?
darRveva da tvinisTvis sisxlis miwodebis 61. ra manZilzea erTmaneTisgan ori protoni,
Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Tu amgvari Tu TiToeulze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
deni 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi narCuneba, ramdeni Zala dedamiwis zedapirze protonze moqmedi
gamtarobis eleqtroni gaivlis mkerdSi? mizidulobis Zalis tolia?
62. 90kg masis joni da 45 kg masis meri

erTmaneTisgan 30 m-is moSorebiT dganan. ( q2L
x = 2πε mg ,
0
) 1/3
TiToeuli maTganis dadebiT da uaryofiT sadac x aris burTebs

muxtebs Soris 0,01% disbalansia. erTi maTgani Soris wonasworuli
dadebiTad aris damuxtuli, xolo meore dacileba. b) Tu
uaryofiTad. studentebi igive masis wyliT L = 120 sm, m = 10 g da
savse sferoTi SecvaleT da mizidulobis x = 5 sm, risi tolia
eleqtrostatikuri Zala gamoTvaleT. |q|?
63. Tu kata Tqvens bambis Sarvals didxans 67. a) axseniT, ra
egliseba, katis Tmasa da bambas Soris muxti
mouva 66-e amocanis
gaivlis da Tqveni muxti –2 mkk iqneba. burTebs, Tu erT-
a) ramdenma eleqtronma gaiara Tqvensa da erTi maTgani ga sur. 21.43. amocanebi 66
da 67.
katas Soris? nimuxteba. b) L-is,
Semdgom iatakis saSualebiT nel-nela gani m-is da |q| gamoTvlili mniSvnelobisTvis
muxtebiT, magram Tu ar daicdiT da umal gamoTvaleT axali x wonasworuli daSoreba.
onkanis moSvebas gadawyvetT, TiTebis miax
68. 21.23 suraTze pirveli da meore
loebisas mtkivneuli naperwkali gaCndeba.
nawilaki uZravia, xolo mesame nawilaki
b) am naperwkalSi eleqtronebi Tqvenidan on
Tavisuflad moZraobs. Tu pirveli da meore
kanisken miedineba Tu piriqiT? g) naperwklis
nawilakebidan mesameze moqmedi tolqmedi
gaCenamde onkans dadebiTad Tu uaryofiTad
eleqtrostatikuri Zala nulia da L23 = 2L12,
muxtavT? d) Tu kata Tavis TaTs onkanTan
risi tolia q1/q2?
miitans, rogor miedineba eleqtronebi
gaCenil naperwkalSi? e) Tu katas SiSveli 69. q dadebiTi muxtis mqone pirveli da
xeliT mouTaTunebT, mis cxvirTan TiTebi meore nawilaki x = 0 da x = d wertilebzea
axlos ar miitanoT, vinaidan naperwkali ganlagebuli. Q dadebiTi muxtis mqone mesame
dagwvavT. katis Tma dieleqtrikad miiCnieT da nawilakis mdebareoba x = αd formuliT
axseniT, rogor warmoiqmneba naperwkali. moicema. a) α-s TermebSi mesame nawilakze
64. mcire sferos Q muxtis α nawili meore moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis gamo
axlomdebare sferoze unda gadavides. saxulebebi dawereT, rodesac x < 0, 0 < x < d
sferoebi nawilakebad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
da d < x. rodesac Zala x RerZis dadebiTi
a) α-s ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba sferoebs mimarTulebisaa, Sedegi dadebiTi unda
Soris moqmedi F eleqtrostatikuri Zala iyos, xolo rodesac x RerZis uaryofiTi
maqsimaluri? α-s ra a) mcire da g) didi mimarTulebisaa, gamosaxulebam uaryofiTi,
mniSvnelobebi gaxdis F Zalas maqsimaluris Sedegi unda mogvces. b) –2 < α < 3 arealisTvis
naxevars?
-is α-ze damokidebulebis grafiki aageT.
65. a) ra Tanabari sididis dadebiTi muxtebi 70. risi tolia 75 kg masis eleqtronebis
unda ganlagdes dedamiwasa da mTvareze, raTa
mTliani muxti kulonebSi?
maT Soris mizidulobis Zala gaaneitralos? b)
71. 21.26 suraTze -5q muxtis pirvel nawilaksa
ratom ar gWirdebaT pasuxis gasacemad deda
da +2q muxtis meore nawilaks Soris x RerZze
miwasa da mTvares Soris manZili? g) ramdeni
L manZilia. Tu ucnobi q3 muxtis mesame
kilogrami wyalbadis ioni (anu protonia)
nawilaki ise unda ganlagdes, rom pirveli da
saWiro, raTa a)-Si gamoTvlili muxti mi
meore nawilakebidan masze moqmedi tolqmedi
viRoT?
eleqtrostatikuri Zala nulis toli iyos,
66. 21.43 suraTze m masis q muxtis ori risi tolia mesame nawilakis a) x da b) y
identuri gamtari burTi L sigrZis gaumtar koordinati?
Tokebze kidia. davuSvaT, θ imdenad mcirea,
rom tg θ ≈ sin θ. a) daamtkiceT, rom:
eleqtruli velebi 22
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Weqa-quxilSi moxvedrili mfrinavi pilotebi
gadmoscemdnen, rom Rrublebs qvemoT elvis Semdeg Rrublebs zemoT
perioduli naTeba dainaxes. naTebebis siswrafis da simqrqalis gamo
pilotebs isini iluziad miaGndaT. 1990-ian wlebSi amgvari naTebebi
videoze gadaiRes da feriebi uwodes. Tu feriebi miwasa da Rrublebs
Soris momxdar elvasTan kavSirSia, ratom Ganan isini Rrublebs
zemoT?
ra iwvevs feriebis gaCenas?

saxelmZRvanelos wina TavSi SevityveT rogor vipovoT
+q1 muxtis nawilakze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala, rodesac
es nawilaki +q2 muxtis meore nawilakTan axlos aris
ganlagebuli. Cndeba kiTxvebi: `saidan igebs pirveli nawilaki sacdeli muxti q0
meoris arsebobis Sesaxeb? Tu nawilakebi erTmaneTs ar exeba, P wertilSi
rogor moqmedebs meore nawilaki pirvelze? rogor xdeba

Soreuli urTierTqmedeba, Tu nawilakebs Soris xiluli
kavSiri ar arsebobs?~ (a)
fizikis erT-erTi amocana samyaroze (magaliTad, pirvel
nawilakze moqmedi Zalis sididesa da mimarTulebaze)
dakvirvebaa, xolo meore amocana samyaroSi mimdinare
movlenebis axnis moZebna. mocemuli Tavis ZiriTadi eleqtruli veli
mizanic zemoT moyvanil kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema anu axsnaa, P wertilSi
rogor moqmedebs eleqtruli Zala Soreul manZilze. am
kiTxvaze pasuxi gaecema, Tu vityviT, rom meore nawilaki
garSemortymul sivrceSi eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. Tu
(b)
pirvel nawilaks am sivrcis nebismier wertilze movaTavsebT,
sur. 22.1. a) damuxtul saganTan
nawilaki meore nawilakis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seityobs, axlomdebare P wertilSi q0 sacdeli
vinaidan meore nawilakis eleqtruli veli masze gavlenas muxtia
 ganlagebuli. sacdel muxt
axdens. aqedan gamomdinare, meore nawilaki pirvelze ara ze F eleqtrostatikuri Zala mo
qmedebs. b) damuxtuli
 sagnis mier
SexebiT, aramed mis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis
warmoqmnili E eleqtruli veli P
saSualebiT moqmedebs. wertilze.
751
752 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
am Tavis mizani eleqtruli velis gansazRvra da damuxtuli nawilakebis sxvadasxva ganlagebis

dros misi gamoTvlaa.
22.2. eleqtruli veli

oTaxis nebismier wertils garkveuli temperatura aqvs. am wertilis an wertilTa erTobliobis
temperatura Termometris saSualebiT izomeba. temperaturis ganawilebas temperaturis vels
vuwodebT. aseTive principiT SegiZliaT warmoidginoT atmosferoSi ganlagebuli wnevis veli,
romelic haeris wnevis mniSvnelobebisgan Sedgeba da TiToeuli mniSvneloba atmosferos erT
wertils Seesabameba. es ori veli skalarulia, vinaidan temperatura da haeris wneva skalaruli
sidideebia.
eleqtruli veli veqtorulia. is veqtorTa ganlagebisgan Sedgeba da TiToeuli veqtori
damuxtuli sagnis garSemortymuli arealis erT wertils Seesabameba. damuxtul saganTan
axlomdebare P wertilSi (sur. 22.1a) eleqtruli veli ase SeiZleba ganisazRvros:
Tavdapirvelad wertilze q0 dadebiT muxts anu
sacdel muxts ganvalagebT, Semdeg am muxtze moqmed
cxrili 22.1
eleqtrostatikur Zalas gavzomavT da sabolood P eleqtruli velebi

wertilze damuxtuli sagnis gamo moqmed E eleqtrul velis ganlageba an mniSvneloba
vels ganvsazRvravT: mdgomareoba (n/k)
 uranis birTvis
E= (eleqtruli veli) (22.1) 3×1021
q0 zedapiri
maSasadame, P wertilSi eleqtruli velis sididea wyalbadis atomi,
 romlis radiusia 5×1011
E=F/q, xolo E velis mimarTuleba dadebiT muxtze 5,29×10–11 m
moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas emTxveva. 22.1b suraTze haerSi eleqtruli
3×106
naCvenebia, rom eleqtrul vels P wertilze veqtoris garRveva
saxiT warmovadgenT, romlis saTave P-s emTxveva. fotokopirebis apara
105
tis dolTan axlos
SI sistemaSi eleqtruli velis erTeulia niutoni/ damuxtul
kuloni (n/k). 22.1 cxrilSi mocemulia ramdenime 103
savarcxelTan
fizikur mdgomareobaSi warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis qveda atmosferoSi 102
sidide.
saxlis wredebis
damuxtuli sagnis eleqtruli velis gansazRvrisTvis 10–2
spilenZis mavTulSi
dadebiT sacdel muxts viyenebT, magram veli sacdeli
muxtis damoukideblad arsebobs. 22.1b suraTze gamosaxuli P wertilis veli 22.1a suraTze
Catarebul cdamdec da mis Semdegac arsebobs (gansazRvrebis dros davuSviT, rom sacdeli
muxtis arseboba damuxtuli saganSi muxtis ganawilebaze da, maSasadame, eleqtrul velze,
zegavlenas ar axdens).
damuxtul sagnebs Soris mizidulobaSi eleqtruli velis rolis gasagebad ori amocana unda ga-
davWraT: 1) gamovTvaloT mocemuli muxtis ganawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli
da 2) gamoTvaloT am velis mier masSi moTavsebul muxtze moqmedi Zala. pirvel amocanas 22.4-
22.7 paragrafebSi muxtis ramdenime ganawilebisTvis amovxsniT. meore amocanis amoxsnisTvis ki
22.8 da 22.9 paragrafebSi eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul wertilovan muxts da wertilovani mux-
tebis wyvils ganvixilavT. Tavdapirvelad, eleqtruli velis gaazreba vcadoT.
22.3. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi 753
22.3. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi

maikl faradeis azriT, romelic me-19 saukuneSi
eleqtruli velis cneba Semoitana, damuxtuli sxeulis
garSemo sivrce ZalwirebiT iyo savse. miuxedavad imisa,
rom dResdReobiT am wirebis realobaSi maincdamainc (a)
darwmunebulni ar varT, eleqtruli velis Zalwirebad
wodebuli wirebi eleqtruli velis vizualurad
warmodgenisTvis sakmaod mosaxerxebelia.
Zalwirebsa da eleqtruli velis veqtorebs Soris
Semdegi kavSiria: 1) nebismier wertilSi wrfivi Zalwiris

mimarTuleba an mrudi Zalwiris mxebis mimarTuleba E -s
mimarTulebas emTxveva da 2) Zalwirebi isea gavlebuli,
rom farTobis arealSi wirebis ricxvi, romelic am

wirebis perpendikularul sibrtyeSi izomeba, E -s sididis
proporciulia. maSasadame, iq, sadac Zalwirebi axlosaa

ganlagebuli, E metia da piriqiT.
(b)
22.2a suraTze naCvenebia erTgvarovani uaryofiTi
sur. 22.2. a) Tanabari uaryofiTi muxtis
muxtebis sfero. Tu sferos nebismier adgilze dadebiT
mqone sferosTan axlos ganlagebul 
sacdel muxts movaTavsebT, sferos centrisken mimar dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi F
Tuli eleqtrostatikuri Zala am sacdel muxtze eleqtrostatikuri Zala. b) sacdeli
muxtis
 adgilze eleqtruli velis
imoqmedebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, eleqtruli velis
E veqtori da sferos axlomdebare
veqtorebi sferos axlomdebare nebismier wertilze sivrceSi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi.
sferosken radialurad aris mimarTuli. 22.2b suraTze Zalwirebi uaryofiTad damuxtuli
sferoskenaa mimarTuli (isini saTaves
veqtorTa speqtri Zalwirebis saxiTaa gamosaxuli da maTi
Soreul dadebiT muxtebze iReben).
mimarTuleba Zalis da ZalTa veqtorebis mimarTulebas
emTxveva. ufro metic, sferodan manZilis zrdasTan erTad Zalwirebis gavrceleba cxadyofs,
rom sferodan manZilis zrdasTan erTad eleqtruli velis sidide mcirdeba.
Tu 22.2 suraTze gamosaxul sferos erTgvarovani dadebiTi muxti gaaCnia, maSin sferosTan
axlomdebare nebismier wertilze gavlebuli veqtori sferodan gareT radialurad iqneba
mimarTuli. maSasadame, eleqtruli velis Zalwirebic sferodan radialurad iqneba mimarTuli.
aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs wesi:
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi dadebiTi muxtidan (saTavidan) uaryofiTi muxtisken

(bolosken) miemarTeba.
22.3a suraTze naCvenebia usasrulod didi, gaumtari firfita (an sibrtye), romlis erT mxares
dadebiTi muxtebi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. Tu am firfitis maxlobel nebismier wertilze
dadebiT sacdel muxts ganvalagebT, am muxtze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
firfitis perpendikularuli iqneba, vinaidan yvela sxva mimarTulebiT moqmedi Zalebi
simetriis Sedegad erTmaneTs abaTileben. ufro metic, sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zala
firfitidan moSorebiT iqneba mimarTuli. maSasadame, firfitis nebismier mxares ganlagebuli
sivrcis nebismier wertilze gavlebuli eleqtruli velis Zalwiri firfitidan `gamodis~
da misi perpendikularulia (sur. 22.3b da g). vinaidan muxti firfitis gaswvriv Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, velis yvela veqtoris sidide Tanabaria. eleqtrul vels, romlis yvela wertilze
sidide da mimarTuleba erTi da igivea, erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli ewodeba.
dadebiTi
sacdeli
muxti
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 22.3. a) Zalian didi, gaumtari da erT mxareze Tanabrad ganawilebuli dadebiTi muxtis mqone firfitis

axlos mdebare dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi F eleqtrostatikuri Zala. b) sacdeli muxtis mdebareobaze

eleqtruli velis E veqtori da firfitasTan axlomdebare sivrceSi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi. Zalwirebi
dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitidan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli. g) b)-s gverdxedi
ra Tqma unda, arc erTi gaumtari firfita usasrulod didi ar aris, magram Tu ganxiluli
regioni realuri firfitis SuagulTan aris axlos da ara mis napirebTan, am regionSi gamavali
Zalwirebi 22.3b da g suraTis msgavsad aris ganlagebuli.
22.4 suraTze naCvenebia ori Tanabari dadebiTi muxtis Zalwirebi. 22.5 suraTze naCvenebia
Tanabari sididis da sawinaaRmdego niSnis mqone ori muxtis gamosaxuleba. am ganlagebas
eleqtrul dipols vuwodebT. Zalwirebs ricxobrivad iSviaTad viyenebT, magram eleqtruli
velis warmosadgenad isini sakmaod mosaxerxebelia.
sur. 22.4. ori Tanabari dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis sur. 22.5. Tanabari sididis dadebiTi wertilovani
Zalwirebi. muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidaven (wirebi muxtis da axlomdebare uaryofiTi wertilovani
Soreul uaryofiT muxtebze wydeba). Zalwirebis muxtis Zalwirebi. muxtebi erTmaneTs miizidaven.
namdvili samganzomilebiani gamosaxulebis dasanaxad, Zalwirebis gamosaxulebas da eleqtrul vels
suraTi orive muxtze da firfitis sibrtyeze furclis sibrtyeze da orive muxtze gamavali RerZis
gamavali RerZis garSemo warmosaxviT SemoatrialeT. garSemo mbrunavi simetria aqvT. erT wertilze
samganzomilebian gamosaxulebas da eleqtrul vels gamavali eleqtruli veli naCvenebia. veqtori am
RerZis garSemo mbrunavi simetriis mqone ewodeba. wertilze gamaval Zalwirs emTxveva.
erT wertilze gavlebuli eleqtruli velis veqtori
naCvenebia. gaiTvaliswineT, rom veqtori am wertilze
gamavali Zalwiris mxebia.
22.4. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli 755

rogor icvleba eleqtruli velis sidide Zalwirebis ricxvi iyos N. vinaidan garsis
Tanabrad damuxtuli sferos centridan zedapiris farTobia 4πr2, garsSi gamavali
manZilis zrdasTan erTad (sur. 22.2)? Zalwirebi farTobis erTeulzea N/4πr2.
amoxsna: Zalwirebi sferos garSemo Tanabrad eleqtruli velis E sidide farTobis
aris ganawilebuli da wyvetis gareSe erTeulze Zalwirebis ricxvis propor
sferosgan moSorebiT vrceldeba. maSasadame, ciulia. vinaidan sfero Zalwirebis perpen
Tu r radiusis koncentruli sferos dikularulia, E aris N/4πr2-is proporciuli.
formis garss damuxtuli sferos garSemo vinaidan r erTaderTi cvladia, E damuxtuli
movaTavsebT, damuxtul sferoze Sewyvetilma sferos centridan manZilis kvadratis uku
Zalwirebma koncentrul sferoSi unda gaiara. proporciulad icvleba.
22.4. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli

muxtidan nebismier r manZilze ganlagebul wertilze q wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli
eleqtruli velis gamosaTvlelad, am wertilSi q0 dadebiT sacdel muxts vaTavsebT. kulonis
kanonidan gamomdinare (21.4 formula) q0-ze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalaa:
1 |q||q0|
F=   . (22.2)
4πε0 r 2

F Zala wertilovani muxtisgan moSorebiT aris mimarTuli, Tu
q dadebiTia, xolo Tu q uaryofiTia, maSin es Zala wertilovani
muxtiskenaa mimarTuli. eleqtruli velis veqtoris sididea:
F 1 |q|
E= =   .
(wertilovani muxti) (22.3)
q0 4πε0 r 2

E -is mimarTuleba dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis
mimarTulebas emTxveva. Tu q dadebiTia, maSin is wertilovani
muxtisgan moSorebiT aris mimarTuli da piriqiT.
vinaidan Cvens mier arCeul wertilSi araferi gansakuTrebuli
ar xdeba, 22.3 formula eleqtrul vels q wertilovani muxtis
sur. 22.6. dadebiTi wertilovani
garSemo nebismier wertilSi gvaZlevs. 22.6 suraTze dadebiTi
muxtis garSemo sxvadasxva wer
tilebze gavlebuli eleqtruli wertilovani muxtis veli veqtorul formaSia naCvenebi (da
velis veqtorebi . ara Zalwirebis saxiT).
erTze meti wertilovani muxtis jamuri anu tolqmedi
eleqtruli veli swrafad SegviZlia gamovTvaloT. Tu q0 sacdel dadebiT muxts n raodenobis
q1, q2, ..., qn wertilovan muxtebTan axlos movaTavsebT, 21
 .7 formulidan gamomdinare, n raodeno-
bis wertilovani muxtebidan sacdel muxtze moqmedi F0 tolqmedi Zala iqneba:
= 1 + 2 + . . . + n
22.1 formulis Tanaxmad sacdeli muxtis mdebareobaze tolqmedi eleqtruli velia:

= q = q1 + q2 + . . . + qn
0 0 0 0
= + + . . . + (22.4)

Ei aris eleqtruli veli, romelsac mxolod i rigiTi wertilovani muxti warmoqmnis. 22.4 for-
mulidan Cans, rom superpoziciis principi eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis msgavsad eleqtrul ve-
lebsac miesadageba.
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze ganlagebuli p protoni da e

eleqtroni. ra mimarTuleba aqvs eleqtronis mier warmoqmnil eleqtrul vels a) S wertilze
da b) R wertilze? ra mimarTuleba aqvs tolqmed eleqtrul
vels g) R wertilze da d) S wertilze?

22.7a suraTze naCvenebia q1 = 2Q, q2 = –2Q da velis veqtori muxtisgan moSorebiT unda
q3 = –4Q sami damuxtuli nawilaki, romlebic iyos mimarTuli. q2 da q3 uaryofiTia da
aTvlis saTaves d manZiliT arian daSorebuli. amitom maT mier warmoqmnili velis veqtorebi

ra tolqmedi E eleqtruli veli warmoiqmneba am muxtebiskenaa mimarTulni. maSasadame, sami
aTvlis saTaveze? damuxtuli nawilakis mier warmoqmnili sami
eleqtruli velis mimarTuleba 22.7b suraTze
amoxsna: q1, q2 da q3 muxtebi aTvlis saTaveze
   moCans (gafrTxileba: yuradReba miaqcieT,
E1 , E 2 da E3 eleqtrul velis veqtorebs
rom veqtorebis boloebi maTi wyvetis adgils
warmoqmnis, xolo tolqmedi eleqtruli
    davamTxvieT. amgvari midgoma Secdomis risks
veli E = E1 + E2 + E3 veqtoruli jamia. jamis
amcirebs).
gamosaTvlelad Tavdapirvelad veqtorebis
sidide da mimarTulebi unda davadginoT.
21.1g amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis msgavsad,
 sadac Zalebi SevkribeT, velebic SegviZlia
q1 muxtis mier warmoqmnili E1 eleqtruli
veqtorulad SevkriboT, magram Cven simetrias
velis sididis gamoTvlisTvis 22.3 formulas
viyenebT da proceduras vamartivebT. 22.7b
viyenebT, r-is nacvlad d-s vsvamT, xolo q -s  
suraTze Cans, rom E1 da E2 erTi da igive
nacvlad 2Q-s:
mimarTulebisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi
1 2Q
E1 =
  . veqtoruli jamis mimarTuleba igivea, xolo
4πε0 d 2
  maTi sididea:
aseve gamovTvliT E2 da E3 eleqtruli
1 2Q 1 2Q 1 4Q
velebis sidideebs: E1 + E2 =   2 +   2 =   ,
4πε0 d 4πε0 d 4πε0 d 2
1 2Q 1 4Q 
E2 =   da E3 =   . miRebuli Sedegi E3 velis sididis tolia.
4πε0 d 2 4πε0 d 2   
amjerad unda SevkriboT E3 veqtori da E1 + E2
Semdeg unda davadginoT sami eleqtruli
veqtoruli jami, romelTa sidide erTmaneTis
velis veqtoris mimarTuleba aTvlis saTaveze.
tolia da isini x RerZis mimarT simetriulad
vinaidan q1 dadebiTia, mis mier warmoqmnili
aris mimarTuli (sur. 22.7g). 22.7g suraTis
simetriidan gamomdinare ori veqtoris y
komponentebi erTmaneTs abaTileben, xolo
x komponentebi ikribeba. maSasadame, aTvlis

saTaveze tolqmedi E eleqtruli veli x
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiTaa da misi
sididea:
E = 2E3x = 2E3 cos 30°
(a) 1 4Q 6,93Q
= (2)   2 (0,866) = (pasuxi)
4πε0 d 4πε0 d 2
sur. 22.7. a) q1, q2 da q3 muxtis sami nawilaki

aTvlis saTavidan d manZiliT arian daSorebulni.
b) sami nawilakis
 mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
 
velis E1 , E2 da E3 veqtorebi aTvlis saTaveze.
  
g) eleqtruli velis E3 veqtori da E1 + E2
(b) (g) veqtoruli jami aTvlis saTaveze.
22.5. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli 757
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia oTxi ganlageba da yvela maTganSi damuxtuli

nawilakebi aTvlis saTavidan Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli. daalageT TiToeuli
aTvlis saTaveze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
22.5. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli

22.8a suraTze naCvenebia q sididis da sawinaaRmdego niSnis ori damuxtuli nawilaki, romelTa
Soris d manZilia. rogorc 22.5 suraTisTvis SevniSneT, amgvar ganlagebas eleqtruli dipoli
ewodeba. modiT 22.8a suraTze gamosaxuli dipolis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli P
wertilze gamovTvaloT, romelic dipolis Sua wertilidan z manZiliT aris daSorebuli da
nawilakebs Soris gamaval RerZze (dipolis RerZze) Zevs.

simetriis Tanaxmad, E eleqtruli veli P wertilze da
 
dipolis Semqmneli muxtebiT gamowveuli E(+ ) da E(- )
velebi dipolis RerZze (z RerZze) unda iyos ganlagebuli.
eleqtruli velebisTvis superpoziciis principi gamo
viyenoT da P wertilze eleqtruli velis E sidides
davadgenT:
E = E(+) – E(–)
1 q 1 q
=   2 –   2
4πε0 r (+) 4πε0 r (–)
q q
= +   . (22.5)
4πε0(z – 1 d)2 4πε0(z + 1 d)2
2 2
martivi algebruli gardaqmniT es formula Semdegi saxiT
Caiwereba:
q
[( ) – (1 + 2zd ) ] .
dipolis
1– d
–2 –2
E= (22.6) centri
4πε0z2 2z
rogorc wesi, Cven dipolis eleqtruli moqmedeba dipolis

zomebTan SedarebiT ufro did anu z >> d manZilebze
(a) (b)
gvainteresebs. 22.6 formulaSi msgavsi didi manZilebisTvis
gvaqvs d/2z << 1. amis Semdeg frCxilebSi Casmuli ori sidide sur. 22.8. a) eleqtruli dipoli.
dipolis
 RerZis P wertilze moqmedi
binomialuri Teoremis (E damateba) saSualebiT SegviZlia E(+ ) da E(- ) eleqtruli velebi di
ganvavrcoT da Sedegad miviRebT: polis ori muxtiTaa gamowveuli.
P wertili dipolis Semqmneli mux
[( 1+
2z(1!) 2z(1!)
) (
d +... – 1– d +...
)] tebidan r(+) da r(–) manZilebzea. b) di

polis p impulsi uaryofiTi muxtidan
dadebiTi muxtiskenaa mimarTuli.
maSasadame,
E=
q
4πε0z 2 [( z
) (
1+ d +... – 1–d+...
z
)] (22.7)
22.7 formulaSi gamotovebuli wevrebi progresulad maRal xarisxSi ayvanili d/z-ia. vinaidan
d/z<<1, am wevrebis monawileoba progresulad mcirdeba da did manZilebze E-s miaxloebiTi
mniSvnelobis misaRebad maT ugulebelvyofT. maSasadame, 22.7 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba
Caiweros:
q
2d = 1 qd
E= (22.8)
4πε0z z 2πε0 z3 2

dipolis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis qd namravli p eleqtruli dipolis impulsad wodebuli

veqtoruli p sididea ( p -s erTeulia kuloni·metri). maSasadame, 22.8 formula Semdeg saxes
iRebs:
1 p
E= (eleqtruli dipoli) (22.9)
2πε0 z3

rogorc 22.8b suraTze Cans, p veqtori dipolis uaryofiTi bolodan dadebiTi boloskenaa

mimarTuli. dipolis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis p -s mimarTuleba SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
22.9 formulidan Cans, rom Tu dipolis eleqtrul vels mxolod Soreul wertilebze gavzomavT,
q-s da d-s cal-calke verasdros gamovTvliT da mxolod maT namravls miviRebT. Soreul
wertilze moqmedi veli ar Seicvleba Tu, magaliTad, q gaormagdeba da amave dros d ganaxevrdeba.
maSasadame, impulsi dipolis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia.
22.9 formula dipolis RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebuli Soreuli wertilebisTvisaa gamosadegi,
magram aRmoCnda, rom dipolis E veli yvela Soreuli wertilisTvis (ar aqvs mniSvneloba
wertili dipolis RerZzea Tu ara) 1/r3-is saxiT icvleba. r aris manZili saintereso wertilsa da
dipolis centrs Soris.
22.8 da 22.5 suraTebze gamosaxuli Zalwirebis kvlevis Sedegad Cans, rom dipolis RerZze
 
ganlagebuli Soreuli wertilebisTvis E -s mimarTuleba dipolis impulsis p veqtoris
mimarTulebas emTxveva da mniSvneloba ar aqvs. 22.8a suraTze P wertili dipolis RerZis zeda
Tu qveda nawilSia.
22.9 formulis analizi aseve aCvenebs, rom Tu dipolidan wertilis daSorebas gaaormagebT,
am wertilze eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 8-jer mcirdeba. Tu manZili wertilovani mux-
tidan gaormagdeba, maSin eleqtruli veli mxolod 4-jer mcirdeba (wertilovani muxtisa
1
Tvis E~ 2 ). aqedan gamomdinare, dipolis eleqtruli veli manZilTan erTad ufro swrafad
r
mcirdeba, vidre erTi muxtis eleqtruli veli. amis fizikuri mizezi is aris, rom Soreuli
wertilebidan dipoli ori Tanabari, magram sawinaaRmdego niSnis mqone muxtebad aRiqmeba,
romlebic TiTqmis erTmaneTs emTxveva. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi eleqtruli velebi Soreul
wertilebze erTmaneTs abaTilebs.

feriebis movlena kargad Seswavlili ar
aris, magram varaudoben, rom isini maSin
warmoiqmneba, rodesac xdeba Zalian mZlavri
gaelveba miwasa da saavdro Rrublebs Soris.
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac elvas miwidan
Rrublebamde uzarmazari raodenobis –q
uaryofiTi muxti gadaaqvs (sur. 22.9a). muxtis
(a)
sur. 22.9. a) elvis dros didi raodenobis uaryofiTi muxti miwidan Rrublebze
gadadis. b) Rrubeli da miwa vertikalur eleqtrul dipols qmnian. (b)
22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli 759
gadacemis Semdeg miwaSi dadebiTi muxti = 1,6×103 n/k. (pasuxi)
sakmaod rTuladaa ganawilebuli. miuxedavad
z2 = 60km simaRleze eleqtruli velis si
amisa, Cven SegviZlia RrublebSi da miwaSi
didea:
arsebuli muxtebiT gamowveuli eleqtruli
E = 2×102 n/k. (pasuxi)
velis modeli miviRoT, Tu davuSvebT, rom
rogorc 22.8 paragrafSi ganvixileT, ro
eleqtrul dipols Rrublis h simaRleze
desac eleqtruli velis sidide garkveul
arsebuli –q uaryofiTi muxti da miwidan h
Ec kritikul mniSvnelobas aWarbebs, veli
siRrmeze moTavsebuli +q dadebiTi muxti
atomebidan eleqtronebs gamoaTavisuflebs
qmnis (sur. 22.9b). Tu q = 200 k da h = 6 km, risi
(atomebs damuxtavs), Semdeg eleqtronebi
tolia dipolis eleqtruli velis sidide
sxva atomebSi SeiWrebian da es atomebi
Rrublebs z1 = 30 km simaRleze da
zemoT
sinaTles gamoasxiveben. Ec mniSvneloba haeris
stratosferos zemoT z2 = 60 km simaRleze?
simkvrivezea damokidebuli, sadac eleqtruli
amoxsna: eleqtruli dipolis eleqtruli
veli arsebobs. z2 = 60 km simaRleze haeris
velis E sidide dipolis RerZze 22.8 for
simkvrive imdenad mcirea, rom E = 2×102 n/k
muliT gamoiTvleba:
1 q(2h) mniSvneloba Ec-s aWarbebs da haeris atomebi
E=
2πε0 z3 sinaTles asxiveben. es sinaTle `feriebs~
sadac 2h aris 22.9b suraTis -q da +q muxtebs qmnis. ufro nakleb simaRleze haeris simkvrive
Soris manZili. z1=30 km simaRleze eleqtruli metia da E = 1,6×103 n/k Ec-s ar aWarbebs. aqedan
velis sididea: gamomdinare sinaTle ar sxivdeba. swored

1 (200 k)(2)(6×103 m) amitom, feriebi mxolod saavdro Rrublebs
E=
2π(8,85×10 k /n·m )
–12 2 2 z3 zemoT moCans.
22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli

wina paragrafebSi Cven erTi an ramdenime cxrili 22.2
wertilovani muxtis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
eleqtruli muxtebi
veli ganvixileT. amjerad SevexebiT wiris
gaswvriv, zedapirze an moculobaSi ganawilebul saxelwodeba simbolo SI erTeuli
mraval (miliardobiT) wertilovan muxts. msgavs muxti q k
ganawilebas uwyveti ewodeba. vinaidan amgvari
muxtis wiriTi
ganawileba wertilovani muxtebis uzarmazar rao λ k/m
simkvrive
denobas Seicavs, eleqtrul velebs gamoTvlebis
muxtis zedapi
saSualebiT da ara wertilovani muxtebis cal- σ k/m2
ruli simkvrive
calke ganxilviT vpoulobT. mocemul paragrafSi
muxtis moculo
SevexebiT damuxtuli wiriT gamowveul eleqtrul ρ k/m3
biTi simkvrive
vels, momdevno paragrafSi ki damuxtul zedapirs
ganvixilavT. momdevno TavSi vels Tanabrad
damuxtuli sferos SigniT gamovTvliT.
rodesac muxtebis uwyvet ganawilebas vexebiT, upriani iqneba sagnis muxti muxtis simkvriviT
gamovsaxoT. magaliTad, damuxtuli wirisTvis gamoviyenebT muxtis wiriT simkvrives λ (anu
sigrZis erTeulze muxtis raodenobas), romlis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris kuloni/metri. 22.2
cxrilSi mocemulia xSirad gamoyenebuli muxtis simkvriveebi.
22.10 suraTze naCvenebia R radiusis dadebiTi, Tanabari muxtis wiriTi λ simkvrivis wrewiri.
warmoidgineT, rom wrewiri plastmasis an raime sxva dieleqtrikisganaa damzadebuli da muxtebi

uZravia. risi tolia E eleqtruli veli P wertilze, romelic wris centraluri RerZze
gavlebuli sibrtyidan z manZilzea?
pasuxis gasacemad wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis 22.3

formulas ver gamoviyenebT, vinaidan wrewiri wertilovani
muxti aSkarad ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, wrewiri muxtis dife-
rencialur elementebad SegviZlia davyoT. es elementebi wer-
tilovan muxtebad SegviZlia miviCnioT da TiToeulisTvis 22.3
formula SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. Semdeg yvela diferencialuri
elementis eleqtruli veli P wertilze SegviZlia SevkriboT.
velebis veqtorTa jami wris mier P wertilze Seqmnil eleqtrul
vels mogvcems.
davuSvaT, ds aris wrewiris nebismieri diferencialuri
elementis rkalis sigrZe. vinaidan λ muxtia rkalis sigrZis
erTeulze, elements Semdegi sididis muxti aqvs:
dq = λ ds (22.10)
sur. 22.10. Tanabari dadebiTi es diferencialuri muxti P wertilze ds diferencialur
muxtis mqone wrewiri. muxtis
diferencialuri elementi ds
eleqtrul vels qmnis. P wertili elementidan r manZilzea.
sigrZes ikavebs.
 es elementi P elementi wertilovan muxtad miviCnioT da 22.10 formulis
wertilze dE eleqtrul vels gamoyenebiT 22.3 formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
qmnis. wrewiris  centraluri
RerZis gaswvriv dE eleqtruli 1 dq 1 λ ds
velis komponentia dE cos θ.
dE = = (22.11)
4πε0 r 2 4πε0 r 2
22.10 suraTidan gamomdinare 22.11 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
1 λ ds
dE = (22.12)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )
22.10 suraTze Cans, rom centraluri RerZisadmi (z RerZisadmi) θ kuTxes adgens da am RerZis
perpendikularuli da paraleluri komponentebi gaaCnia.
wrewiris yoveli muxtis elementi P wertilze diferencialur vels warmoqmnis da misi si-
dide 22.12 formuliT gamoiTvleba. yvela veqtors gaaCnia centraluri RerZis paraleluri
komponenti da maTi sidide da mimarTuleba erTi da igivea. yvela veqtors aseve central-
uri RerZis perpendikularuli komponenti gaaCnia. es komponentebi sididiT Tanabaria, magram
sxvadasxva mimarTulebisaa. marTlac, mocemuli mimarTulebis nebismieri perpendikularuli
komponentisTvis aris meore komponenti, romlis mimarTuleba sawinaaRmdegoa. komponentebis
wyvilTa jami, iseve rogorc nebismieri urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli toli sididis kom-
ponentebis wyvilTa jami, nulis tolia.
aqedan gamomdinare, RerZis perpendikularuli komponentebi erTmaneTs gamoricxavs da
isini SemdgomSi ar dagvWirdeba. darCa paraleluri komponentebi, romelTac erTi da igive
mimarTuleba aqvT da maTi jami P wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtruli velia.
22.10 suraTze naCvenebia -s paraleluri komponenti. misi sididea dE cos θ. suraTze Cans, rom:
z z
cos θ == (22.13)
r (z 2 + R 2 )1/2

22.12 formulis 22.13 formulaze gamravleba dE -s paraleluri komponentisTvis mogvcems:
zλ
dE cos θ = ds (22.14)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2
yvela elementis mier warmoqmnili paraleluri komponentebisTvis Sesakrebad 22.14 formula
wrewiris sigrZeze, s = 0-dan s = 2πR-mde unda vaintegroT. 22.14 formulis integrebis dros
mxolod s sidide icvleba, amitom danarCeni sidideebi integrals gareT SegviZlia gamovitanoT.
Sedegad miviRebT:
zλ z λ(2πR)
E = dE cos θ = ds = . (22.15)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2 4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2
vinaidan λ aris muxtis raodenoba wrewiris sigrZis erTeulze, 22.15 formulaSi λ(2πR) wrewiris
mTliani q muxtia da miviRebT:
qz
E= (damuxtuli wrewiri) (22.16)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2
Tu wrewiris muxti uaryofiTia da ara dadebiTi, P wertilze moqmedi velis sidide kvlav
22.16 formuliT gamoiTvleba, magram eleqtruli velis veqtori wrewiris centrisken iqneba
mimarTuli da ara misgan moSorebiT.
modiT 22.16 formula centraluri RerZis Soreuli wertilisTvis SevamowmoT, rodesac z >> R.
msgavsi wertilisTvis 22.16 formulis z2+R2 gamosaxuleba z2-mde daiyvaneba da 22.16 formula
Semdeg saxes iRebs:
1 q
E= (damuxtuli wrewiri did manZilze) (22.17)
4πε0 z 2
Sedegi safuZvliania, vinaidan didi manZilidan wrewiri wertilovan wyaros `waagavs~. Tu 22.17
formulaSi z-s r-iT SevcvliT wertilovani wyaros eleqtruli velis sididis gamosaTvlel 22.3
formulas miviRebT.
Semdeg 22.16 formula wrewiris centrze ganlagebuli wertilisTvis (z = 0) SevamowmoT. am
wertilSi, 22.16 formulis Tanaxmad E = 0. Sedegi safuZvliania, vinaidan Tu sacdel muxts
wrewiris centrze movaTavsebT, masze eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar imoqmedebs. wrewiris nebismieri
elementidan moqmed Zalas misi sawinaaRmdego elementidan moqmedi Zala gaaneitralebs. 22.1
formulis Tanaxmad, Tu wris centrze moqmedi Zala nulis tolia, maSin eleqtruli velic
nulia.

22.11a suraTze naCvenebia Tanabrad gana plastmasis
wilebuli –Q muxtis plastmasis Rero. Rero
Rero r radiusis da 120° wriuli rkalia.

koordinatTa sistema isea gavlebuli, rom
Reros simetriis RerZi x RerZis gaswvriv Zevs
da aTvlis saTave Reros P simrudis centria.
Q-s da r-is TermebSi ra eleqtrul vels
warmoqmnis Rero P wertilze?
amoxsna: vinaidan Reros muxtis ganawileba (a)
uwyvetia, Reros diferencialuri elementebis
mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velebis ga
mosaxuleba unda davadginoT da Semdeg
es velebi unda SevkriboT. ganvixiloT ds
sigrZis rkalis da x RerZisadmi θ kuTxis mqone
diferencialuri elementi (sur. 22.11b). Tu λ
aris Reros muxtis wiriTi simkvrive, maSin ds
elementis diferencialuri muxtia:
simetriuli
dq = λds (22.18) elementi ds´
(b) (g)
sur. 22.11. a) –Q muxtis plastmasis Rero r radiusis 120° centraluri kuTxis wris nawilia. P wertili Reros
simrudis centria. b) Reros zeda naxevarSi ganlagebuli diferencialuri elementi x RerZisadmi θ kuTxes
adgens da misi rkalis sigrZea ds. es elementi P wertilze diferencialur eleqtrul vels aCens. x RerZis
mimarT ds-is simetriuli ds´ wertili P wertilze igive sididis vels aCens. g) ds sigrZis rkali P wertilis
garSemo dθ kuTxes Semowers.
Cveni elementi misgan r manZilze ganlagebul Tildes. amisTvis Semdeg formulas viyenebT:
P wertilze diferencialur eleqtrul ds = r dθ,
vels warmoqmnis. es elementi wertilovan sadac dθ aris ds sigrZis rkalis kuTxe P
muxtad miviCnioT da 22.3 formula Semdegi wertilSi (sur. 22.11g). amis Semdeg 22.20
saxiT CavweroT: formulas Reros mier P wertilSi kuTxis
garSemo vaintegrebT (–60°-dan +60°-mde) da P
1 dq 1 λ ds
dE = = (22.19) wertilze Reros mier warmoqmnil eleqtrul
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r2
vels miviRebT:
veqtori ds-iskenaa mimarTuli, vinaidan dq 1 λ
muxti uaryofiTia. E = dEx = cos θ r dθ
4πε0 r2
[ ]
Reros qveda naxevarze Cveni elementisadmi
λ λ
simetriuli ds´ elementi arsebobs. ds´-is mier = cos θ dθ = sin θ
4πε0 r 4πε0 r
P wertilze warmoqmnili eleqtruli ve- λ
= [sin 60° – sin (–60°)]
lis sidide aseve 22.19 formuliT gamoiTvle- 4πε0 r
ba, magram velis veqtori ds´-iskenaa mimarTu- 1,73 λ
= . (22.21)
li, rogorc es 22.11b suraTze Cans. Tu ds da 4πε0 r
ds´ elementebis eleqtruli velis veqtorebs λ-s gamosaTvlelad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
x da y komponentebad davSliT, y komponen- Rero 120° kuTxes Semowers, e.i. rkalis sigrZe
tebi erTmaneTs gaabaTileben (vinaidan maTi wrewiris sigrZis mesamedia anu 2πr/3 da wrfivi
sidide Tanabaria da mimarTuleba sawinaaRm- muxtis simkvrivea:
dego). x komponentebi erTi da igive sididis muxti Q 0,477Q

λ= = = .
da erTi mimarTulebis iqneba. sigrZe 2πr 3 /
r
maSasadame, Reros eleqtruli velis gamo CavsvaT miRebuli Sedegi 22.21 formulaSi da
saTvlelad, Reros yvela diferencialuri gavamartivoT:
elementis mier warmoqmnili diferencialuri (1,73)(0,477Q)
E=
eleqtruli velebis x komponentebis Sekrebaa 4πε0 r2
saWiro. 22.11b suraTidan da 22.19 formulidan 0,83Q
= . (pasuxi)
gamomdinare ds-s warmoqmnili eleqtruli 4πε0 r2
velis dEx komponentia: mimarTulia Rerosken, muxtis ganawilebis
1 λ simetriis RerZis gaswvriv. -s erTeulovan-
dEx = dE cos θ = cos θ ds (22.20)
4πε0 r2 veqtoruli Canaweria:
22.20 formulaSi ori cvladia _ θ da s. 0,83Q
=   .
integrebamde erT-erTi cvladi unda gaba 4πε0 r2
taqtika 1: saxelmZRvanelo damuxtuli formisaa, maSin ds iyos elementis rkalis

wiris velebis Sesaxeb sigrZe. Tu wiri wrfea da x RerZis gaswvrivaa
erTgvarovani muxtis mqone wriuli an mimarTuli, maSin dx iyos elementis sigrZe.
wrfivi wiris mier P wertilze warmoqmnili elementi suraTze gamosaxeT.
eleqtruli velis gamoTvlis zogadi safexuri 2. elementis dq muxti elementis
strategia Semdegia. Tavdapirvelad muxtis sigrZes dq = λds an dq = λdx formuliT
dq elements virCevT, Semdeg am elementis daukavSireT. dq da λ dadebiTad miiCnieT
warmoqmnil -is gamovTvliT da sabolood im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu muxti uaryofiTia
mTliani damuxtuli wiris garSemo -s (muxtis niSans Semdeg safexurze gamo
vaintegrebT. viyenebT).
safexuri 1. Tu damuxtuli wiri wriuli safexuri 3. dq-s mier P wertilze warmoqmnili
veli 22.3 formuliT gamosaxeT. am

formulaSi q sidide λds-iT an λdx-iT (a)
SecvaleT. Tu wiris muxti dadebiTia, maSin

P wertilze dq-sgan moSorebiT mimarTuli
veqtori aageT. Tu muxti uaryofiTia,
maSin veqtori dq-sken iyos mimarTuli.
safexuri 4. yovelTvis eZebeT ganlagebis (b)
simetria. Tu P wertili muxtebis gana
wilebis simetriis RerZzea, maSin dq-s
mier warmoqmnili veli simetriis
RerZis paralelur da perpendikularul
komponentebad daSaleT. Semdeg simetriis
(g)
RerZis garSemo dq-s simetriulad ganla
gebuli dq´ meore elementi ganixileT. sur. 22.12. a) Pwertili damuxtuli wiris gagrZelebaze
Zevs. b) P wertili damuxtuli wiris simetriis RerZze
P wertilze am meore elementis mier Zevs da am wiridan y perpendikularuli manZiliTaa
warmoqmnili velis veqtori gaav daSorebuli. g) SemTxveva zustad igivea, magram
leT da isic komponentebad daSaleT. dq-s amjerad P wertili simetriis RerZze ar Zevs.
mier warmoqmnili erT-erTi komponenti

gamomricxavi komponentia da mas dq´-s damuxtuli wiris erTi bolodan meoremde
mier warmoqmnili Sesabamisi komponenti x-iT aintegreT.
abaTilebs. dq-s mier warmoqmnili meore wrfe. P wertili damuxtuli wiridan y
komponenti Sesakrebia da mas dq´-s mier perpendikularul manZilzea (sur. 22.12b).
warmoqmnili Sesabamisi komponenti emateba. dE-s gamosaxulebaSi r SecvaleT x-iT da
yvela elementis Sesakrebi komponenti y-iT. Tu P damuxtuli wiris Sua wertilis
integrebis saSualebiT SekribeT. perpendikularze Zevs, -s Sesakrebi kom
safexuri 5. muxtis erTgvarovani ganawilebis ponentis gamosaxuleba ipoveT. es for
oTxi saxeoba arsebobs da meoTxe safexuris mulaSi sin θ an cos θ sidides Semoitans.
integrali qvemoT mocemuli saSualebebiT trigonometriuli funqcia x-is da y-s Sem
SeiZleba gamartivdes. cveli gamosaxulebiT SecvaleT da ori
wrewiri. P wertili simetriis RerZzea gan cvladi (x da θ) erT x cvladamde SeamcireT.
lagebuli (sur. 22.10). dE-s gamosaxule damuxtuli wiris erTi bolodan meoremde
baSi 22.12 formulis msgavsad r 2 SecvaleT x-iT aintegreT. Tu P 22.12g suraTis msgavsad
z 2 +R 2 -iT. -s Sesakrebi komponenti θ-s simetriis RerZze ar Zevs, dEx komponentebis
saSualebiT gamosaxeT. Sedegad formulaSi jamis gamosaTvleli integrali dawereT,
cos θ Semodis, magram θ yvela elementisTvis x-iT aintegreT da Ex gamoTvaleT. dEy kom
Tanabaria da, maSasadame, cvladi ar aris. cos ponentebis jamis gamosaTvlelad agreTve
θ 22.13 formulis msgavsad SecvaleT. wris integrali dawereT, kvlav x-iT aintegreT da
garSemo s-iT aintegreT. Ey gamoTvaleT. E sididis da mimarTulebis
wriuli rkali. P wertili simrudis centrzea dasadgenad Ex da Ey komponentebi Cveulebriv
ganlagebuli (sur. 22.11.). -s Sesakrebi gamoiyeneT.
komponenti θ-s saSualebiT gamosaxeT. Sed- safexuri 6. integraciis zRvrebis erTi gan
egad formulaSi Semova sin θ an cos θ. s da θ lageba dadebiT Sedegs iZleva. sawinaaR
cvladebi ds-is nacvlad rdθ-is CasmiT erT θ mdego ganlageba igive Sedegs minus niSniT
cvladamde SeamcireT. 22.4 amocanis amoxsnis iZleva. es niSani moacileT. Tu Sedegi
nimuSis msgavsad rkalis erTi bolodan meo- ganawilebis Q sruli muxtis saSualebiT
remde θ-iT aintegreT. /
unda Caiweros, λ SecvaleT Q L-iT, sadac
wrfe. P wertili wrfis gagrZelebaze Zevs (sur. L aris ganawilebis sigrZe. wrewiris Sem
22.12a). dE-s gamosaxulebaSi r SecvaleT x-iT. TxvevaSi L wrewiris sigrZea.

erTi wriuli da ori swori aragamtari Rero.
TiToeul Reros zeda da qveda naxevarze Q
erTgvarovani muxti aqvs. ra mimarTulebisaa
P wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli Ti
Toeuli RerosTvis?
(a) (b) (g)
22.7. damuxtuli diskos Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli

22.13 suraTze naCvenebia zeda zedapirze σ erTgvarovani
zedapiruli simkvrivis dadebiTi muxtis da R radiusis mqone
wriuli plastmasis disko. risi tolia diskodan z manZiliT
daSorebul P wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli?
Cveni gegmis mixedviT, disko koncentrul brtyel rgolebad
unda daiyos da Semdeg P wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli
yvela rgolis monawileobis SejamebiT unda gamoiTvaloT.
22.13 suraTze naCvenebia r radiusis da dr radialuri siganis
erTi amgvari rgoli. vinaidan σ aris muxtis raodenoba
farTobis erTeulze, rgolis muxtia:
dq = σ dA = σ(2πr dr), (22.22)
sadac dA aris rgolis diferencialuri farTobi.
damuxtuli rgolis (wrewiris) mier Seqmnili eleqtruli sur. 22.13. naCvenebia R radiusis
da erTgvarovani dadebiTi muxtis
velis problema ukve gadavWeriT. 22.22 formulidan
mqone disko. naCveneb wres r radiusi
22.16 formulaSi q-s nacvlad dq CavsvaT da R sidide r-iT da dr radialuri sigane aqvs. es
SevcvaloT. Sedegad miviRebT brtyeli wris mier warmoqmnili wre centralur RerZze mdebare
P wertilze dE diferencialur
dE eleqtruli velis gamosaxulebas P wertilze:
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
zσ2πr dr
dE = ,
4πε0 (z 2 + r 2 )3/2
σz 2r dr
dE = . (22.23)
4ε0 (z 2 + r 2 )3/2
Tu 22.23 formulas diskos zedapiriT anu r cvladiT (0-dan R-mde) vaintegrebT, E gamoiTvleba.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom procesis ganmavlobaSi z mudmivia da miviRebT:
σz
E = dE = (z 2 + r 2 )3/2(2r)dr . (22.24)
4ε0
integralis amosaxsnelad aviRoT forma X m dX da CavsvaT X = (z 2 +r 2 ), m = –  3 da dX = (2r) dr.

2
gardaqmnili integrali mogvcems:
X m+1
X m dX = m + 1
da 22.24 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

E=
4ε0 [
σz (z 2 + r 2)–1/2
–1
2
] . (22.25)
aviRoT 22.25 formulis zRvrebi da gardavqmnaT:
E=
σz
(
4ε0
1– ) (damuxtuli disko) (22.26)
22.8. wertilovani muxti eleqtrul velSi 765
es aris brtyeli da damuxtuli diskos mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis sidide centraluri
RerZis wertilebze (integrebis dros davuSviT, rom z ≥ 0 ).
Tu davuSvebT, rom R→∞ da z sasrulia, 22.25 formulis frCxilebSi moTavsebuli meore wevri
nuls uaxlovdeba:
σ
dE = (usasrulo firfita) (22.27)
2ε0
es aris erTgvarovani muxtis mqone usasrulo firfitis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli.
muxti plastmasis msgavsi aragamtaris erT mxarezea ganlagebuli. amgvar mdgomareobaSi
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi 22.3 suraTzea naCvenebi.
Tu davuSvebT, rom 22.26 formulaSi z→0 da R sasrulia, 22.27 formulas miviRebT. e.i. diskosTan
Zalian axlos ganlagebul wertilebze diskos mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli iseTivea,
rogoric usasrulo diskos SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.
22.8. wertilovani muxti eleqtrul velSi

wina oTx paragrafSi muxtebis mocemuli ganawilebis
pirobebSi maT mier warmoqmnil eleqtrul vels zeTis
Sxefebi
vpoulobdiT. amjerad viwyebT gansazRvras, ra mosdis
damuxtul nawilaks, rodesac is uZravi an nela moZravi saizolacio
kameris
muxtebis mier warmoqmnil eleqtrul velSi moxvdeba. kedeli
damuxtul nawilakze eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs: zeTis

wveTi
mikroskopi
=q , (22.28)
sadac q aris nawilakis muxti (niSnis CaTvliT), xolo

_ nawilakis mdebareobis adgilSi sxva muxtebis mier
warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli (am vels Tavad nawilaki
sur. 22.14. milikenis zeTis sawveTi
ar warmoqmnis da 22.28 formulaSi nawilakze moqmed
aparati e elementaruli muxtis gasa
vels xSirad gare vels uwodeben. damuxtul nawilakze an zomad gamoiyeneba. rodesac zeTis
saganze sakuTari eleqtruli veli gavlenas ar axdens). damuxtuli nawilaki P1 firfitis nax
vretis gavliT C kameraSi moxvdeba, misi
moZraoba S gadamrTveliT kontroldeba
da, aqedan gamomdinare, zeTis wveTze
gare eleqtrul velSi ganlagebul damuxtul
eleqtruli veli moqmedebs an ar
nawilakze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis moqmedebs. mikroskopi wveTis dasa
mimarTuleba -s mimarTulebas emTxveva, Tu naxad da misi moZraobis gasazomad
gamoiyeneba.
nawilakis q muxti dadebiTia da sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebisaa, Tu q uaryofiTia.
sakontrolo wertili 4. a) ra mimarTulebisaa gare eleqtruli

velis Sedegad eleqtronze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala?
b) ra mimarTulebiT aCqardeba eleqtroni, Tu is gare velSi
Sesvlamde y RerZis paralelurad moZraobs? g) Tu eleqtroni
Tavdapirvelad marjvniv moZraobs, misi siCqare gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba?
elementaruli muxtis gazomva

amerikeli fizikosis _ robert a. milikenis mier 1910-
signalis miwodeba
1913 wlebSi e elementaruli muxtis gasazomad Catarebul
amsxleti firfita
eqsperimentebSi 22.28 formula garkveul rols TamaSob-
da. 22.14 suraTze naCvenebia milikenis aparati. rodesac
zeTis pawawina wveTebi A kameraSi moxvdeba, zogierTi maT- amsxleti firfita
gani dadebiTad an uaryofiTad imuxteba. Semdeg P1 fir-
fitis xvrelis gavliT wveTi C kameraSi vardeba. davuSvaT
am wveTis uaryofiTi muxtia q.
sur. 22.15. Wavluri printeris mniS
Tu 22.14 suraTze S gadamrTveli Riaa, B batarea C vnelovani nawilebi. G generatori wve
kameraze gavlenas ar axdens. Tu gadamrTveli daketilia, Tebs isvris da C damuxtvis blokSi
B batarea P1 gamtar firfitas dadebiTad muxtavs, muxti miiReba. kompiuteridan momavali
signali TiToeuli wveTisTvis mini
xolo P2 gamtar firfitas - uaryofiTad. damuxtuli Webul muxts, wveTze moqmed vels
firfitebi C kamerisken qvemoT mimarTul eleqtrul da furclis ganlagebas akontrolebs.
vels warmoqmnian. 22.28 formulis Tanaxmad veli erTi simbolos dasabeWdad daaxloebiT
100 pawawina wveTia saWiro.
kameraSi ganlagebul nebismier damuxtul wveTze eleq
trostatikuri ZaliT moqmedebs da mis moZraobas cvlis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, uaryofiTad
damuxtuli wveTi maRla aiwevs.
gadamrTvelis gaRebasa da daketvasTan erTad zeTis wveTebis moZraobis drois gazomviT da q
muxtis moqmedebis gansazRvriT milikenma aRmoaCina, rom q-s mniSvnelobebia:
q = ne, rodesac n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ... , (22.29)
sadac e aris elementarul muxtad wodebuli mudmivaa da e = 1,6×10–19 k. milikenis eqsperimentma

zustad daamtkica, rom muxti ikvanteba da 1923 wels fizikaSi nobelis premiac miiRo.
elementaruli muxtis Tanamedrove gazomva urTierTgadajaWvul eqsperimentebs efuZneba da
misi Sedegi milikenis eqsperimentze ufro zustia.
Wavluri beWdva
maRali xarisxis da swrafi beWdvis aucileblobam dartymiTi beWdvis alternatiuli
saSualebebis Zieba gamoiwvia. melnis pawawina wveTebis furcelze dawveTeba erT-erTi aseTi
alternativaa.
22.15 suraTze naCvenebia or gamtar amsxlet firfitas Soris moZravi uaryofiTad damuxtuli
wveTi. firfitebs Soris qvemoT mimarTuli eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. 22.28 formulis
Tanaxmad wveTi maRla aisxliteba da furcels -s sididiTa da wveTis q muxtiT gansazRvrul
adgilze miewveTeba.
praqtikaSi E mudmivia da wveTis mdebareobas damuxtvis blokSi wveTisTvis miniWebuli q muxti
gansazRvravs. es bloki wveTma amsxlet sistemaSi Sesvlamde unda gaiaros. damuxtvis bloki
eleqtronuli signalebis meSveobiT aqtiurdeba da dasabeWd masalas Sifravs.
eleqtruli garRveva da naperwklebi

Tu haerSi arsebuli eleqtruli velis sidide garkveul Ec kritikul mniSvnelobas aWarbebs,
haeri eleqtrul garRvevas ganicdis, rodesac veli haeris atomebidan eleqtronebs agdebs. Sem-
deg haeri eleqtrul dens atarebs, vinaidan ganTavisuflebuli eleqtronebi velis moqmedebis
22.9. dipoli eleqtrul velSi 767
sur. 22.16. liTonis mavTulebi imdenad damuxtulia, rom maT mier
warmoqmnili eleqtruli velebi haeris eleqtrul garRvevas iwveven.
Sedegad moZraoben. eleqtronebi moZraobisas atomebs ejaxe-

bian da es atomebi sinaTles gamoasxivebs. ganTavisuflebuli
eleqtronebis mier ganvlili traeqtoriebi Cvens mier danax-
uli naperwklebia. 22.16 suraTze naCvenebia liTonis damux-
tuli mavTulebis Tavze gaCenili naperwklebi, rodesac ma-
vTulis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli haeris eleqtrul
garRvevas iwvevs.

22.17 suraTze naCvenebia Wavluri printeris
amsxleti firfitebi. maTze koordinatTa
sistemaa gavlebuli. melnis m = 1,3×10–10 kg
masis da Q = 1,5×10–13k uaryofiTi muxtis
wveTi firfitebs Soris areSi Sedis da
Tavdapirvelad νx = 18 m/wm siCqariT x RerZis
gaswvriv moZraobs. TiToeuli firfitis
sigrZea L = 1,6 sm. firfitebi damuxtulia sur. 22.17. melnis m masis da Q muxtis wveTi Wavluri
printeris eleqtrul velSi aisxliteba
da, maSasadame, maT Soris mdebare nebismier
wertilze eleqtruli veliT moqmedeben.
davuSvaT veli mimarTulia qvemoT, erT kanonis (F = ma) gamoyeneba mogvcems:
gvarovania da misi sididea 1,4×10 n/k. ra 6  F QE
ay = = (22.30)
iqneba wveTis vertikaluri asxleta firfi
m m
tebis Soreul kideebze? (wveTze moqmedi t iyos firfitebs Soris regionSi wveTis
mizidulobis Zala eleqtrostatikur Zalas gavlis dro. am drois ganmavlobaSi wveTis
Tan SedarebiT mcirea da misi ugulebelyofa vertikaluri da horizontaluri gadaadgi
SeiZleba). lebebia:
1
amoxsna: wveTi uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli da y =  2 ay t 2 da L = νx t (22.31)
eleqtruli veli mimarTulia qvemoT. 22.28 am or formulas Soris t gamovricxoT da ay-is
formulidan gamomdinare, damuxtul nawilak nacvlad 22.30 formula CavsvaT:
ze maRla mimarTuli QE eleqtrostatikuri QEL2
y=
2mvx2
Zala moqmedebs. maSasadame, rodesac wveTi x
(1,5×10–13 k)(1,4×106 n/k)(1,6×10–2 m)2
RerZis gaswvriv νx siCqariT moZraobs, maRla =
(2)(1,3×10–10 kg)(18 m/wm)2
mimarTul ay mudmiv aCqarebas iZens. y RerZis
gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore = 6,4×10–4 m = 0,64 mm (pasuxi)
22.9. dipoli eleqtrul velSi


eleqtruli dipolis p impulsi aris veqtori, romelic dipolis uaryofiTi bolodan dadebiTi
  
boloskenaa mimarTuli. E erTgvarovan gare eleqtrul velSi dipolis moqmedeba E da p
veqtorebis saSualebiT SeiZleba aisaxos da dipolis struqturis detalebs mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
wylis molekula (H2O) eleqtruli dipolia. 22.18 suraTze es kargad Cans. suraTis Savi
dadebiTi mxare wertilebi Jangbadis birTvebs (rva protonis mqones) da

wyalbadi wyalbadi wyalbadis or birTvs (TiTo protonis mqones) asaxavs.
gaferadebuli farTobebi birTvis garSemo eleqtronebis
SesaZlo ganlagebis adgilebia.
wylis molekulaSi wyalbadis ori atomi da Jangbadis
atomi wrfeze ar aris ganlagebuli da erTmaneTisadmi
Jangbadi
105° kuTxes adgenen (sur. 22.18). Sedegad molekulas
`Jangbadis mxare~ da `wyalbadis mxare~ gaaCnia. ufro metic,
uaryofiTi mxare
molekulis 10 eleqtroni Jangbadis birTvTan ufro axlos
sur. 22.18. H2O molekula. naCve
aris ganlagebuli, vidre wyalbadis birTvTan. amgvarad,
nebia sami birTvi (wertilebiT) da
eleqtronebis SesaZlo ganlagebis molekulis `Jangbadis mxare~ odnav ufro uaryofiTia,
adgilebi. eleqtruli dipolis vidre `wyalbadis mxare~ da molekulis simetriis RerZis
impulsi Jangbadis mxridan (uaryo
gaswvriv mimarTuli eleqtruli dipolis impulsi iqmneba.
fiTidan) wyalbadis mxrisken (dade
biTisken) aris mimarTuli. Tu wylis molekulas gare eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT,
is 22.8 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtruli dipolis msgavsad
imoqmedebs.
eleqtruli dipolis moqmedebaze dasakvirveblad erTgvarovan gare eleqtrul velSi
moTavsebuli abstraqtuli dipoli ganvixiloT, rogorc es 22.19a suraTzea naCvenebi. vuSvebT,
rom dipoli myari struqturaa da sawinaaRmdego muxtebis ori centrisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli
muxtis sididea q da maT Soris manZilia d. dipolis impulsi velis mimarT θ kuTxes qmnis.
dipolis damuxtul kideebze eleqtrostatikuri Zalebi moqmedebs. vinaidan eleqtruli
veli erTgvarovania, es Zalebi mimarTulebiT sawinaaRmdego (sur. 22.19a) da sididiT tolia
(F = qE). vinaidan veli erTgvarovania, velidan dipolze moqmedi tolqmedi Zala nulis tolia
da dipolis masis centri ar moZraobs. miuxedavad amisa, damuxtul kideebze moqmedi Zalebi
dipolis masis centris garSemo Zalis moments qmnian. masis
centri damuxtuli kideebis damakavSirebel wrfeze Zevs, erTi
kididan x manZiliTaa daSorebuli, xolo meore kididan (d – x)
manZiliT. 10.39 formulidan (τ = rFsin φ) gamomdinare Zalis
momentis sididea:
τ = Fx sin θ + F(d – x) sin θ = Fd sin θ (22.32)
Zalis momenti E eleqtruli velis da p = qd dipolis impulsis

saSualebiTac SeiZleba Caiweros. amisTvis 22.32 formulaSi
(a)
F-is nacvlad qE CavsvaT, xolo d-s nacvlad p/q:
τ = pE sin θ (22.33)
(b) formula veqtoruli formiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
sur. 22.19. a) erTgvarovan  = × (dipolze moqmedi Zalis momenti) (22.34)

gare eleqtrul velSi ganlagebu-
li eleqtruli dipoli. Tanabari, 22.19b suraTze naCvenebia da veqtorebi. dipolze moqmedi
magram sawinaaRmdego niSnis mux Zalis momenti -s (da, maSasadame, dipols) -s mimarTulebiT
tis mqone ori centri d manZiliT
abrunebs da aqedan gamomdinare θ mcirdeba. 22.19 suraTze
aris daSorebuli. centrebs So-
ris gavlebuli wrfe myar kavSirs brunva saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT xdeba. rogorc
asaxavs. b) veli dipolze Za- me-10 TavSi ganvixileT, saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
lis moments iwvevs. furclis
brunvis gamomwvevi Zalis momenti minus niSniT SeiZleba
sibrtyis marTobulia da Cvengan
furclis SigniT aris mimarTuli. gamoisaxos. amgvari aRniSvnis SemTxvevaSi 22.19 suraTze
amitom es ⊗ simboloTia asa gamosaxuli Zalis momenti iqneba:
xuli.
τ = –pE sin θ (22.35)
eleqtruli dipolis potenciuri energia
potenciuri energia eleqtrul velSi eleqtruli dipolis orientaciasTan asocirdeba. dipols

umciresi potenciuri energia wonasworuli orientaciis dros aqvs, rodesac misi p impulsi da
  
E eleqtruli velis daZabuloba erTi mimarTulebisaa ( = p × E = 0). yvela sxva mimarTulebisas
dipolis potenciuri energia metia. aqedan gamomdinare, dipoli qanqaras waagavs, romlis
potenciuri energia wonasworuli mdebareobisas yvelaze mcirea. dipolis brunvis an qanqaris
rxevisaTvis raime gare Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebaa saWiro.
potenciur energiasTan dakavSirebul nebismier situaciaSi, nulovani potenciuri energiis
mqone ganlageba pirobiTad SegviZlia avirCioT, vinaidan mxolod potenciuri energiis
cvlilebas aqvs fizikuri azri. gare eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli eleqtruli dipolis
potenciuri energiis gamosaxuleba yvelaze ufro martivia, rodesac 22.19 suraTis θ = 90°
kuTxeze potenciur energias nulad miviCnevT. amis Semdeg θ-s nebismieri sxva mniSvnelobisTvis
dipolis U potenciur energias velis mier dipolze Sesrulebuli W muSaobis saSualebiT
gamovTvliT (ΔE = –W). es muSaoba dipolis 90°-dan θ kuTxiT mobrunebisas sruldeba. 10.53
formulidan (W =  τ dθ) da 22.35 formulidan gamomdinare, nebismier θ kuTxeze U potenciuri
energiaa:
U = – W = –  τ dθ = pE sin θ dθ (22.36)
integralis gamoTvlis Sedegad miviRebT:
U = –pE cos θ (22.37)
Semdeg es formula veqtoruli formiT CavweroT:

 
U = – p⋅E (dipolis potenciuri energia) (22.38)
22.37 da 22.38 formulebidan Cans, rom dipolis potenciuri energia umciresia (U = –pE),
 
rodesac θ = 0 anu p -s da E -s erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvs. potenciuri energia udidesia
 
(U = pE), rodesac θ = 180° anu p da E urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa.
rodesac dipoli θi sawyis mimarTulebas θf saboloo mimarTulebaze icvlis, eleqtruli veli
dipolze W muSaobas asrulebs:
W = –ΔU = –(Uf – Ui ) (22.39)
sadac Uf da Ui 22.38 formulis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. Tu mimarTulebis cvlilebas Zalis

momenti (anu gare Zala) iwvevs, maSin Zalis momentis mier dipolze Sesrulebuli Wa muSaoba
eleqtruli velis mier dipolze Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia anu:
Wa = –W = (Uf – Ui ) (22.40)
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia gare eleqtrul

velSi moTavsebuli eleqtruli dipolis oTxi mimarTuleba.
daalageT mimarTulebebi a) dipolze moqmedi Zalis momentis
da b) dipolis potenciuri energiis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

neitraluri wylis orTqlis molekulis (H2O) amoxsna: molekulis dipolis impulsi
eleqtruli dipolis impulsia 6,2×10–30 k · m. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis q sidideze
a) ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli molekulis da maT Soris d manZilzea damokidebuli. wylis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis centrebi? molekulaSi 10 eleqtroni da 10 protonia,
amitom dipolis impulsia: τ = pE sin θ

p = qd = (10e)(d), = (6,2×10–30 k·m)(1,5×104 n/k)(sin 90°)
sadac d aris saZiebeli manZili, xolo e - = 9,3×10–26 n · m (pasuxi)
elementaruli muxti. maSasadame:
g) ra muSaoba unda Seasrulos gare Zalam, raTa
p 6,2×10–30 k · m molekula θ=0 mdebareobidan 180° kuTxiT
d= =
10e (10)(1,6×10–19 k )
mobrundes?
= 3,9×10–12 m = 3,9 pm. (pasuxi) amoxsna: gare Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
manZili ara mxolod Zalian mcirea, aramed (molekulaze modebuli Zalis momentis sa
wyalbadis atomis radiusze naklebic kia. SualebiT) molekulis mimarTulebis SecvliT
gamowveuli potenciuri energiis cvlilebis
b) Tu molekula 1,5×104 n/k eleqtrul velSi
moaTavses, ra maqsimaluri Zalis momentiT
tolia. 22.40 formulis saSualebiT ga
movTvliT:
imoqmedebs veli masze? (amgvari veli
laboratoriaSi iolad SeiZleba warmoiqmnas). Wa = U180 – U0
amoxsna: dipolze moqmedi Zalis momenti = (–pE cos 180°) – (–pE cos 0)
 
maqsimaluria, rodesac p -s da E -s Soris = 2pE = (2)(6,2×10–30 k·m)(1,5×104 n/k)
θ kuTxe 90°-ia. CavsvaT es mniSvneloba 22.33 = 1,9×10–25 j (pasuxi)
formulaSi da miviRebT:
eleqtruli veli. or muxts Soris moqmedi tidan r manZilze aris:

eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis asaxsnelad vu 1 |q|
E=   . (22.3)
SvebT, rom TiToeuli muxti garSemo sivrceSi 4πε0 r 2

eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. am SemTxvevaSi, Tu muxti dadebiTia, E wertilovani muxtisgan
nebismier muxtze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri moSorebiT aris mimarTuli (wertilovan
Zala meore muxtis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli muxts Sordeba) da piriqiT.
veliTaa gamowveuli.
eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli eleq
eleqtruli velis gansazRvreba. nebis truli veli. eleqtruli dipoli q sididis,

mier wertilze E eleqtruli veli am urTierTsawinaaRmdego niSnis da d manZiliT
wertilze ganlagebul q0 sacdel dadebiT daSorebuli ori damuxtuli nawilakisgan
 
muxtze moqmedi F eleqtrostatikuri Zalis Sedgeba. eleqtruli dipolis p impulsis
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba: sididea dq da mimarTulia uaryofiTi
 
E = F (22.1) muxtidan dadebiTi muxtisaken. dipolis
q0
mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis sidide
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi. eleqtruli dipolis RerZis Soreul wertilze aris:
velis Zalwirebi velis mimarTulebis da 1 p
E= , (22.9)
sididis warmodgenaSi gvexmareba. eleqtruli 2πε0 z3
velis nebismier wertilze gavlebuli sadac z aris manZili wertilsa da dipolis
veqtori am wertilSi gamavali Zalwiris centrs Soris.
mxebia. Zalwirebis simkvrive eleqtruli uwyvetad ganlagebuli muxtebis mier
velis sididis proporciulia. Zalwirebi warmoqmnili veli. muxtebis uwyveti gan
saTaves dadebiT muxtebze iRebs da uaryofiT lagebis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli
muxtebze wydeba. damuxtuli elementebis wertilovan muxtebad
wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli eleq miCneviT da Semdeg yvela am elementis mier
truli veli. q wertilovani muxtis mier
 warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis veqtorebis
Seqmnili E eleqtruli velis sidide mux SejamebiT gamoiTvleba.
eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul wertilovan Zalis moments warmoqmnis:
 
muxtze moqmedi Zala. rodesac q wertilovani  =  p × E (22.34)

muxti sxva muxtebis mier warmoqmnil E gare
 dipolis U potenciuri energia eleqtrul
eleqtrul velSi moxvdeba, masze F eleq
velSi dipolis mimarTulebas ukavSirdeba:
trostatikuri Zala moqmedebs:
   
U = – p·E (22.38)
F=qE (22.28)
   
Tu q dadebiTia, F -is da E -s mimarTuleba rodesac p veqtori E -s perpendikularulia,
erTmaneTs emTxveva, xolo Tu q uaryofiTia, potenciuri energia nulis tolia. rodesac
 
mimarTulebebi sawinaaRmdegoa. p -s da E -s mimarTuleba erTi da igivea,
eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli dipoli. potenciuri energia umciresia (U = –pE), xolo
  
 rodesac p mimarTulia E -s sawinaaRmdegod,
rodesac p impulsis eleqtruli dipoli E
eleqtrul velSi moxvdeba, veli dipolze potenciuri energia udidesia (U = pE).
SekiTxvebi
1. 22.20 suraTze naCvenebia eleqtruli velis
Zalwirebis sami ganlageba. TiToeul gan
lagebaze protoni A wertilidan iwyebs mo
Zraobas da eleqtruli veli mas B wertilis
gavliT aCqarebs. wertilebs Soris manZili
samive ganlagebaze erTi da igivea. daalageT
TiToeuli B wertilze mdebare protonze
sur. 22.22.
moqmedi wrfivi impulsis mixedviT dididan
SekiTxva 3.
mcireze.
eleqtruli velis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
4. 22.23 suraTze naCvenebia damuxtuli nawi
lakebis ori kvadrati. kvadratebis centria P.
nawilakebs Soris manZili kvadratis gverdebis
gaswvriv d an 2d-ia. risi tolia P wertilze
(a) (b) (g)
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
sur. 22.20. SekiTxva 1. da mimarTuleba?
2. 22.21 suraTze
naCvenebia RerZze
ganlagebuli ori
damuxtuli nawilaki. a) RerZis wertili
(garda usasrulo manZiliT daSorebulisa),
sadac maTi tolqmedi eleqtruli veli nulis
tolia, muxtebs Sorisaa, muxtebis marcxnivaa
Tu marjvnivaa? b) arsebobs Tu ara RerZis
gareT wertili, sadac tolqmedi eleqtruli
veli nulis tolia?
rodesac oTxi damuxtuli nawilaki cen
traluri wertilidan marcxniv da marjvniv
5. 22.24 suraTze -q muxtis ori nawilaki y
RerZis mimarT simetriuladaa ganlagebuli.
Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. muxtebis
mniSvnelobebi mocemulia. daalageT TiToe
TiToeuli maTgani RerZis P wertilze
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. a) aris Tu ara P
uli centralur wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi
wertilze velebis ganlagebuli Reros muxtia -Q. daalageT

sidideebi Tanaba ganlagebebi simrudis centrze eleqtruli
ri? b) eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
veli warmomqmneli 8. 22.27 suraTze
muxtiskenaa mimar e eleqtroni A
Tuli Tu misgan firfitis patara
mo So r ebiT? xvrelis gavliT B
g) aris Tu ara P wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi firfitisken mo
eleqtruli velis sidide ori velis veqtorTa Zraobs. firfitebs
E sidideebis jami? d) am ori velis veqtorebis Soris moqmedi erT
x komponentebi ikribeba Tu erTmaneTs gvarovani veli eleqtrons mimarTulebis

abaTilebs? e) y komponentebi ikribeba Tu Secvlis gareSe anelebs. a) ra mimarTuleba
erTmaneTs abaTilebs? v) P wertilze moqmedi aqvs vels? oTxi sxva nawilakic aseve moZraobs
tolqmedi velis mimarTuleba Sesakrebi A an B firfitis viwro xvrelSi. sami maTganis
komponentebisas emTxveva Tu gamabaTilebeli muxtia +q1, +q2 da –q3. meoTxe nawilaki (n)
komponentebisas? z) ra mimarTuleba aqvs neitronia da eleqtrulad neitraluria.
tolqmed vels? firfitebs Soris moZraobisas TiToeuli am
6. 22.25 suraTze, nawilakis siCqare izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive
ori identuri ara rCeba?
gamtari rgolis 9. 22.28 suraTze naCvenebia Q erTgvarovani
centrze erTi da sur. 22.25. SekiTxva 6. muxtebis mqone ori disko da brtyeli rgoli.
igive RerZi gadis. sam mdgomareobaSi A da daalageT sagnebi P wertilze Seqmnili
B rgolebis erTgvarovani muxtebia: 1) q0 eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan
da q0, 2) –q0 da –q0 da 3) –q0 da q0. daalageT mcireze.
mdgomareobebi a) rgolebs Soris P1 wertilze,
b) B rgolis centris P2 wertilze da g) B
rgolis marjvniv ganlagebul P3 wertilze
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtruli velebis
7. 22.26a suraTze, +Q erTgvarovani muxtis,
wris formis plastmasis Rero simrudis
centrze E sididis eleqtrul vels war sur. 22.28. SekiTxva 9.
moqmnis. 22.26 b, g da d suraTebze wres aseve
10. a) Tu me-5 sakontrolo wertilSi dipoli
+Q muxtebis mqone imave simrudis ReroebiT
pirveli mimarTulebidan meorisken brundeba,
kraven. mexuTe ganlageba 22.26d suraTis
velis mier dipolze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
identuria, garda imisa, rom meoTxe kvadrantSi
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia? b) Tu
dipoli pirveli mimarTulebidan meoTxisken
brundeba, velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
a)-s pasuxze metia, naklebia Tu igivea?
11. eleqtrul velSi ganlagebuli eleqtruli
dipolis oTx mimarTulebasTan dakavSirebuli
potenciuri energiebia: 1) –5U0, 2) –7U0,
3) 3U0 da 4) 5U0, sadac U0 dadebiTia. daalageT

mimarTulebebi a) eleqtruli dipolis p

impulssa da E eleqtrul vels Soris kuTxis
da b) eleqtrul dipolze moqmedi brunvis
momentis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
773
amocanebi
wertilzea, xolo +2×10–7k muxtis meore

Manual-Si. nawilaki x = 21 sm wertilze. wertilebs
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze Soris Sua wertilze tolqmedi eleqtruli
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday veli erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi gamo
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- TvaleT.
com/college/halliday. ·7. plutonium-239-is atomis birTvi 94
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs protons Seicavs. davuSvaT, birTvi 6,64 fm
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
radiusis sferoa da protonebis muxtebi
paragrafi 22.3. eleqtruli velis Zal sferoSi Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli.
wirebi birTvis zedapirze risi tolia protonebis
mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis a) sidide
·1. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi ori koncen
truli gamtari sferos formis garsebs da b) ra mimarTuleba aqvs am vels? SSM
Soris da gareT gaavleT. Sida garsze q1 ··8. 22.30 suraTze

erTgvarovani dadebiTi muxtia, xolo garsze - q1 = –5q muxtis pir
-q2 erTgvarovani uaryofiTi muxti. ganixileT veli nawilaki da q2
SemTxvevebi, rodesac q1 > q2, q1 = q2 da q1 < q2. = +2q muxtis meore
·2. 22.29 suraTze nawilaki x RerZzea sur. 22.30. amocana 8.
marcxniv mdebare ganlagebuli. a) Rer
eleqtruli velis Zis ra koordinatzea nawilakis eleqtruli
Zalwirebs Soris veli nulis toli? pasuxi L-is jeradis
dacileba marjvniv saxiT CawereT. b) gaavleT eleqtruli velis
mdebare Zalwirebze Zalwirebi.
orjer metia. a) Tu A wertilze velis
··9. ori nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli.
sididea 40 n/k, ra Zala moqmedebs A wertilze
q1 = 2,1×10–8k muxtis pirveli nawilaki x = 20 sm
ganlagebul protonze? b) risi tolia velis
wertilzea, xolo q2 = –4q1 muxtis meore
sidide B wertilze?
nawilaki – x = 7 0sm wertilze. RerZis ra
·3. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi R radiusis koordinatzea nawilakebis mier warmoqmnili
mqone Tanabrad damuxtuli Txeli diskosTvis eleqtruli veli nulis toli? SSM
gaavleT. (miniSneba: diskosTan Zalian axlos
··10. 22.31 suraTze
mdebare wertilebi, sadac eleqtruli veli
oTxi nawilaki uZra
zedapiris perpendikularulia, zRvrul
via da maTi muxtebia
SemTxvevad miiCnieT. diskosgan Zalian
q1 = q2 = +5e, q3 = +3e
moSorebiT mdebare wertilidan eleqtruli
da q4 = –12e. muxtebs
veli wertilovani muxtis vels waagavs). SSM
Soris manZilebia
paragrafi 22.4. wertilovani muxtiT gamo d = 5 mkm. ra sididis
wveuli eleqtruli veli sur. 22.31. amocana 10.
jamuri eleqtruli
·4. ra sididisaa wertilovani muxti, romelic veli moqmedebs P wertilze?
1 m-iT moSorebiT mdebare wertilze 1/nk ··11. 22.32 suraTze
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis? oTxi nawilaki a = 5sm
·5. ra sididisaa wertilovani muxti, romlis sigrZis gverdis
eleqtruli veli 50 sm-is moSorebiT 20 n/k kvadrats qmnis da
sididisa? SSM maTi muxtebia q1 =
·6. ori nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli. +10 nk, q2 = –20 nk,

–2×10–7k muxtis pirveli nawilaki x = 6 sm q3 = +20 nk da q4 =
–10 nk. erTeulovan- sur. 22.32. amocana 11.
veqtorul CanawerSi ra eleqtrul vels war da b) mimarTuleba

moqmnian nawilakebi kvadratis centrze? SSM (x RerZis dadebiTi
ILW WWW mimarTulebisadmi)
··12. 22.33 suraTze aqvs rkalis cen
sami nawilaki uZravia trze warmoqmnil
da maTi muxtebia q1 = eleqtrul vels?
q2 = +e da q3 = +2e. ···16. 22.37 suraT
maT Soris manZilebia ze naCvenebia R = 
a = 6 mkm. ra a) sididis sur. 22.33. amocana 12. 50 sm radiusis pla
da b) mimarTulebis jamur eleqtrul vels stmasis wrewiri.
warmoqmnian nawilakebi P wertilze? masze ori mcire
··13. 22.34 suraTze damuxtuli burTu
naCvenebia x RerZze laa ganlagebuli.
ganlagebuli ori +2 mkk muxtis pir sur. 22.37. amocana 16.
damuxtuli nawila veli burTula marcxena mxares uZravadaa
ki. –q = –3,2×10 k –19 ganlagebuli, xolo +2 mkk muxtis meore
muxtis nawilaki burTula wrewirze gadaadgildeba. ori bur
x = –3 m wertilzea, Tula wrewiris centrze E sididis eleqtrul
xolo q = 3,2×10–19 k vels warmoqmnis. θ kuTxis ra a) dadebiTi da
muxtis nawilaki b) uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT unda ganlagdes
– x = +3 m wertilze. ra a) sididis da meore burTula, raTa E = 2×105 n/k?
b) mimarTulebis (x RerZis dadebiTi 22.5. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli
mimarTulebisadmi) eleqtruli veli eleqtruli veli
warmoiqmneba y = 4 m koordinatis P wertilze? ·17. gamoTvaleT 4,3 nm manZiliT daSorebuli
··14. 22.35a suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze eleqtronis da protonis eleqtruli dipolis
ganlagebuli ori damuxtuli nawilaki, impulsi. SSM
romelTa Soris L manZilia. nawilakebis ·18. 22.8 da 22.9 formulebiT eleqtruli
muxtebis fardobaa q1/q2 = 4. 22.35b suraT dipolis eleqtruli velis sidide dipolis
ze mocemulia meore wertilisgan marjvniv, RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebul wertilebze
x RerZis gaswvriv moqmedi tolqmedi eleq miaxloebiT gamoiTvleba. ganvixiloT dipolis
truli velis Et, x x komponenti. a) x>0 ra centridan z = 5d manZiliT daSorebuli P
mniSvnelobisTvisaa Et, x maqsimaluri? b) Tu wertili (d aris dipolis nawilakis Soris
meore nawilakis muxtia –q2 = –3e, risi tolia dacileba). davuSvaT, Eappr iyos 22.8 da 22.9
es maqsimumi? formulebiT gamoTvlil eleqtruli velis
miaxloebiTi sidide P wertilze, xolo Eact –
namdvili sidide. risi tolia Eappr/Eact?
··19. 22.38 suraTze naCvenebia eleqtruli
dipoli. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi) r >> d
manZilze ganlagebul P wertilze dipolis
eleqtruli veli?
(a) (b)
··15. 22.36 suraTze naCvenebia r = 2 sm radiusis

P
naxevarwrewirze θ1 = 30°, θ2 = 50°, θ3 = 30° da
θ4 = 20° kuTxeebiT araTanabarad ganawilebuli
eleqtronebi (e) da protonebi (p). ra a) sidide
775
··20. eleqtruli dipolis RerZis gaswvriv gaswvriv? b) –300e muxti 2sm wriuli diskos
moqmedi eleqtruli veli 22.8 da 22.9 erT mxareze Tanabradaa ganlagebuli.
formulebiT miaxloebiT gamoiTvleba. es risi tolia muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive?
formulebi garkveuli miaxloebiT bino g) –300e muxti 2sm radiusis sferos zedapirze
mialuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad miiReba. Tu Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. risi tolia muxtis
gardaqmnebs kvlav gavagrZelebT, ra iqneba zedapiruli simkvrive? d) –300e muxti 2 sm
eleqtruli dipolis RerZis gaswvriv moqmedi radiusis sferos moculobaSi Tanabradaa
eleqtruli velis gamosaxulebis Semdegi gavrcelebuli. risi tolia muxtis mocu
aranulovani wevri anu ra iqneba ESemdegi: lobiTi simkvrive am sferoSi?
1 qd
E= + ESemdegi gamosaxulebaSi? ··24. 22.41a suraTze +q
2πε0 z3
muxtis da –q muxtis
···21. eleqtruli
mqone plastmasis ori
oTxpolusa (kvad
rkaluri Rero xy si
rupoli). 22.39 su
brtyeSi R = 8,5 sm ra
raTze naCvenebia
diusis wrewirs qmnis. x
eleqtruli oTx
RerZi Reroebis orive
polusa. is Tana sur. 22.39. amocana 21. sur. 22.41. amocana 24.
damakavSirebel wer
bari sididis da
tilze gadis da muxti Reroebze Tanabradaa
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis impulsebis
ganawilebuli. Tu q = 15 pk, ra a) sididis
mqone ori dipolisgan Sedgeba. daamtkiceT,
da b) mimarTulebisaa (x RerZis dadebiTi
rom dipolis centridan z manZilze (z>> d)
mimarTulebisadmi) wris centris P wertilze
oTxpolusas RerZze ganlagebul P wertilze 
moqmedi E eleqtruli veli?
moqmedi eleqtruli velia:
3q ··25. 22.42 suraTze
E= ,
4πε0 z 4 Txeli minis Rero
sadac Q (= 2qd ) muxtebis ganawilebis oTxpo
2
r = 5 sm radiusis naxe
lusas impulsia. SSM varwrewiris qmnis. muxti
Reros gaswvriv Tana
paragrafi 22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamo
bradaa ganawilebu
wveuli eleqtruli veli. sur. 22.42. amocana 25.
li da mis zeda nawilSi
·22. 22.40 suraTze +q = 4,5 pk muxtia, xolo qveda nawilSi –
naCvenebia ori
–q = –4,5 pk. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa
paraleluri, ara
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi) naxe
gamtari rgoli, 
varwris P centrze moqmedi E eleqtruli
romelTa centra
veli?
luri RerZebi erT
··26. muxti R = 2,4 sm radiusis rgolis
maneTs emTxveva. sur. 22.40. amocana 22.
garSemo Tanabradaa ganawilebuli da rgolis
pirvel rgols q1
centraluri RerZis (rgolis sibrtyis
erTgvarovani muxti da R radiusi gaaCnia.
perpendikularuli) gaswvriv E sididis
meore rgols q2 erTvarovani muxti da igive
eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. wris centridan
R radiusi aqvs. rgolebs Soris manZilia
ra manZilzea E maqsimaluri?
d = 3R. saerTo RerZze ganlagebul da pirveli
rgolidan R manZiliT daSorebul P wertilze ··27. 22.43 suraTze
moqmedi eleqtruli veli nulia. risi tolia L = 8,15 sm sigrZis
q1/q2? aragamtari Reros
–q = –4,23 fk mux sur. 22.43. amocana 27.
·23. simkvrive, simkvrive, simkvrive.
ti Reros gaswvriv Tanabradaa ganawilebuli.
a) –300e muxti 4sm radiusis da 40°
a) risi tolia Reros muxtis wiriTi
centraluri kuTxis Semomwer wriul
simkvrive? ra b) sidide da g) mimarTuleba
rkalze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. risi
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi) aqvs
tolia muxtis wiriTi simkvrive rkalis
Rerodan a = 12 sm manZiliT daSorebul ··32. 22.46a suraTze naCvenebia Tanabrad

P wertilze moqmed eleqtrul vels? ra damuxtuli wriuli disko. centraluri z
sididisaa a = 50 m manZilze d) Reros mier da RerZi diskos zedapiris perpendikularulia
e) –q = –4,23 fk muxtis nawilakis mier war da saTaves diskoze iRebs. 22.46b suraTze am
moqmnili eleqtruli veli? SSM ILW WWW RerZis gaswvriv moqmedi eleqtruli velis
··28. 22.44a suraTze naCvenebia Tanabrad sidide diskos zedapirze velis Em maqsimaluri
ganawilebuli +Q muxtis mqone aragamtari sididis saSualebiTaa mocemuli. risi tolia
Rero. Rero R radiusis naxevarwrewiria da diskos radiusi?
P simrudis centrze E sididis eleqtrul
vels warmoqmnis. Tu rkali P-dan R manZilze
ganlagebul wertilze wydeba (sur. 22.44b), ra
koeficientze unda gamravldes P-ze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sidide?
(a) (b)
··33. davuSvaT, Tqven

aageT aparati, ro
melSic R radiusis
Tanabrad damuxtuli
(a) (b) disko eleqtrul
sur. 22.44. amocana 28. vels warmoqmnis.
yvelaze mniSvne
···29. 22.45 su
lovani diskos cen
raTze q = 7,81 pk sur. 22.47. amocana 33.
traluri perpendi
dadebiTi muxti
kularuli RerZis
L = 14,5 sm sigrZis
gaswvriv, diskodan 2R manZiliT daSorebul
Txel aragamtar
P wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli velia (sur.
Reroze Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli. ra 22.47a). Rirebulebis analizi aCvenebs, rom
a) sididis da b) mi disko igive R gare radiusis, magram R/2 Sida
marTulebisaa (x sur. 22.45. amocana 29. radiusis rgoliT unda SecvaloT (sur.
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi) Rerodan 22.47b). davuSvaT rgolis zedapiris muxtis
R = 6 sm manZilze da Reros Sua wertilSi simkvrive igive rCeba. rgolis gamoyenebis
agebul perpendikularulze ganlagebul P SemTxvevaSi ramdeni procentiT Semcirdeba P
wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli? wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli?
paragrafi 22.7. damuxtuli diskos Sedegad paragrafi 22.8. wertilovani muxti eleq
warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli trul velSi
·30. 2,5 sm radiusis diskos muxtis zedapiruli ·34. alfa nawilakis (heliumis atomis birTvi)
simkvrivea 5,3 mkk/m2. diskodan z = 12 sm man masaa 6,64×10–27kg, xolo muxti – +2e. ra a) si
Zilze da centralur RerZze ganlagebul didis da b) mimarTulebis eleqtruli veli
wertilze ra sididis eleqtrul vels war daabalansebs nawilakze moqmed gravitaciul
moqmnis disko? Zalas?
·31. 0,6 m radiusis Tanabrad damuxtuli ·35. eleqtroni 2×104 n/k sididis Tanabar
plastmasis diskos centraluri perpendi eleqtrul velSi moZraobs. gamoTvaleT
kularuli RerZis gaswvriv ra manZilzea eleqtronis aCqareba (miziduloba ugul
eleqtruli velis sidide diskos zedapiris ebelyaviT). SSM
centrze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis
·36. eleqtruli veli eleqtrons 1,8×109 m/wm2-
naxevari? SSM WWW
777
iT aRmosavleTisken aCqarebs. gansazRvreT ··43. erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli or
eleqtruli velis a) sidide da b) mimar sawinaaRmdegod damuxtul firfitas Soris
Tuleba. arsebobs. eleqtroni moZraobas uaryofiTad
·37. eleqtruli dipolis RerZze ganlagebuli damuxtuli firfitis zedapiridan iwyebs
eleqtroni dipolis centridan 25 nm man da 2sm manZiliT daSorebul mopirdapire
Zilzea. ra sididis eleqtrostatikuri Zala firfitas 1,5×10–8 wm droSi ejaxeba. a) ra
moqmedebs eleqtronze, Tu dipolis impulsia siCqare aqvs eleqtrons Sejaxebis dros? b) ra

3,6×10 –29 
k · m? dauSviT, rom 25 nm dipolis sididisaa E eleqtruli veli? ILW
muxtebs Soris manZilze bevrad metia. ··44. garkveul momentSi, or damuxtul para
·38. nestiani haeri 3×10 n/k eleqtrul velSi
6  lelur firfitas Soris moZravi eleqtronis
irRveva (misi molekulebi ionizirdeba). siCqaris komponentebia νx = 1,5×105 m/wm da
ra sididis eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs νy=3×103 m/wm. firfitebs Soris moqmedi eleq

a) eleqtronze da b) erTi eleqtronis armqone truli velia E = (120 n/k) . erTeulovan-veq
ionze? torul CanawerSi risi tolia a) eleqtronis
·39. damuxtuli Rrubeli dedamiwis zedapir aCqareba am velSi da b) eleqtronis siCqare,
Tan axlos haerSi eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. rodesac misi x koordinati 2sm-iT Seicvleba?
am velSi moTavsebisas –2×10–9 k muxtis
··45. or did, pa dadebiTi uaryofiTi
nawilakze 3×10 n sididis qvemoT mimarTuli
–6 
firfita firfita
ralelur spilenZis
eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs. a) ra
firfitas Soris 5 sm
sididisaa eleqtruli veli? ra b) sididis
manZilia da maT So
da g) mimarTulebisaa am velSi moTavsebul
ris erTgvarovani
protonze moqmedi e eleqtrostatikuri eleqtruli veli
Zala? d) ra sididis Fg mizidulobis Zala
moqmedebs (sur.
moqmedebs protonze? e) risi tolia Fe /Fg? sur. 22.48. amocana 45.
22.48). eleqtroni
SSM
uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfitidan da pro
·40. 5×108 sm/wm siCqaris eleqtroni 1×103 n/k toni dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitidan
sididis eleqtrul velSi Sedis da moZraobis moZraobas erTdroulad iwyebs. nawilakebs
Semanelebeli mimarTulebis (velis Zalwiris Soris moqmedi Zala ugulebelyaviT da
mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod) mqone Zal gamoTvaleT dadebiTad damuxtuli fir
wiris gaswvriv moZraobs. a) ra manZils gaiv fitidan manZili, rodesac nawilakebi
lis eleqtroni gaCerebamde da b) ra dro erTmaneTs Cauvlis (ar gakvirvebT, rom
dasWirdeba amisTvis? g) Tu eleqtruli velis amocanis amoxsnisTvis eleqtruli velis
areali 8 mm sigrZisaa (metismetad moklea sidide ar gWirdebaT?). SSM
eleqtronis gaCerebisTvis), eleqtronis sa
··46. 22.49 suraT
wyisi kinetikuri energiis ra nawili daikar ekrani
ze eleqtroni ν0 =
geba?
2×106 m/wm sawyi
·41. maRali siCqariT moZravi protonebis
si siCqariT da x
sxivis Seqmna `pistoletSi~ protonebis ama sur. 22.49. amocana 46.
RerZisadmi θ0 = 40°
Cqarebeli eleqtruli velebis gamoyenebiT 
SeiZleba. a) Tu pistoletis eleqtruli velia kuTxiT iwyebs moZraobas. eleqtroni E
2×104 n/k, ra iqneba protonis aCqareba? b) ra = (5 n/k) Tanabar eleqtrul velSi moZra
siCqares SeiZens protoni, Tu eleqtruli obs. eleqtronebis mimRebi ekrani y RerZis
veli mas 1 sm manZilze aaCqarebs? SSM paralelurad aris ganlagebuli da x = 3 m
·42. milikenis eqsperimentSi zeTis 1,64 mkm manZilzea. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi
radiusis da 0,851 g/sm3 simkvrivis wveTi qve ra iqneba eleqtronis siCqare ekranTan
moT mimarTuli 1,92×105 n/k eleqtruli velis Seejaxebis dros?
zemoqmedebisas C kameraSi vardeba (sur. 22.14). ··47. 10 g masis da +8×10–5 k muxtis bloki
wveTis muxti e-s jeradebSi gamoTvaleT. (3000  – 600 ) n/k eleqtrul velSi moaTav
ses. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebis  

ze moqmedi τ brunvis momentis E velsa da p
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi)
dipolis impulss Soris θ kuTxeze damokideb-
eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs blokze? 
ulebis grafiki. ra sididisaa p ?
Tu bloki t = 0 droSi aTvlis saTavidan
··53. ra muSaobaa saWiro, raTa eleqtruli
moZraobs iwyebs, risi tolia misi g) x da d) y
dipoli E = 46 n/k sididis erTgvarovan
koordinatebi, rodesac t = 3 wm?
eleqtrul velSi 180°-iT Sebrundes?
··48. 22.50 suraTze, eleqtroni (e) R radiusis
p = 3,02×10
–25 
k · m da sawyisi kuTxea 64°.
Tanabrad damuxtuli diskos centraluri
RerZidan iwyebs moZra
obas. diskos muxtis 54. 22.52a suraTze, ori damuxtuli burTula
zedapiruli simkvrivea plastmasis wrewirzea ganlagebuli. meore
+4 mkk/m . 2
risi tolia burTula ar Cans da R = 60 sm radiusis
eleqtronis sawyisi aC wrewirzea moTavsebuli. pirveli burTula
qareba, Tu is diskos Tavdapirvelad x RerZzea da misi kuTxea
centridan a) R, b) R/100 θ = 0°. Semdeg es burTula xy koordinatTa
da g) R/1000 manZilidan amoZravda? sistemis pirveli da meore meoTxedis gavliT
d) ratom izrdeba aCqareba Zalian nela, mopirdapire mxareze gadadis da misi kuTxea
rodesac amoZravebis wertili diskos θ = 180°. 22.52b suraTze ori burTulis mier
uaxlovdeba? aTvlis saTaveze warmoqmnili eleqtruli
··49. eleqtroni 40 km/wm sawyisi siCqariT velis x komponenti θ-s funqciis saxiT
Tanabar eleqtrul velSi Sedis da E = 50 n/k aris mocemuli, xolo 22.52g suraTze y
sididis velis mimarTulebiT moZraobs. a) ra komponentis igive funqciaa. a) ra θ kuTxiTaa

meore burTula ganlagebuli? risi tolia
iqneba eleqtronis siCqare 1,5 nwm-is Semdeg?
b) pirveli burTulis da g) meore burTulis
b) ra manZils gaivlis eleqtroni 1,5 nwm-Si?
muxti?
paragrafi 222.9. dipoli eleqtrul velSi
·50. eleqtruli dipoli 0,78 nm manZiliT
daSorebuli +2e da –2e muxtebisgan Sedgeba. sur. 22.52.
dipoli 3,4×106 n/k sididis eleqtrul amocana 54.
velSia moTavsebuli. gamoTvaleT dipolze
moqmedi Zalis momenti, rodesac dipolis (a)
impulsi eleqtruli velis a) paraleluria,
b) perpendikularulia da g) antiparaleluria.
·51. eleqtruli dipoli 6,2 mkm manZiliT
daSorebuli da 1,5 nk sididis muxtebisgan
Sedgeba. dipoli 1100 n/k sididis eleqtrul
velSia moTavsebuli. risi tolia a) eleqtruli

dipolis impulsi da b) ra sxvaobaa E -s
paraleluri da antiparaleluri dipolis
mimarTulebebis potenciur energiebs Soris? 55. 22.53 suraTze `naxevrad usasrulo~ (anu
SSM erTi mimarTulebiT usasrulo) aragamtari
Reros Tanabari muxtis wiriTi simkvrivea λ.
··52. garkveuli eleqtruli dipoli 40n/k
 daamtkiceT, rom P
sididis E erTgva
wertilze moqmedi
rovan eleqtrul 
E p eleqtruli ve
velSia moTavsebu-
li RerosTan 45°
li. 22.51 suraTze
kuTxes adgens da
mocemulia dipol- sur. 22.53. amocana 55.
779
es Sedegi R manZilze damokidebuli ar aris Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. rkalis muxti P

(miniSneba: E p -s Rerosadmi paraleluri da simrudis centrze E2 sididis eleqtrul vels
perpendikularuli komponentebi cal-calke warmoqmnis. θ-s ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba
gamoTvaleT). E2 = 0,5E1? (miniSneba: savaraudod grafikul
56. R = 2 sm radiusis wriuli plastmasis amoxsnas gamoiyenebT).
diskos erT zedapirze Q = +(2×106)e Tanabrad
ganawilebuli muxtia. am zedapirze 30 mkm
siganis koncentruli rgolia moTavsebuli da
misi centri r = 0,5 sm radiusis manZilzea. ra
(a) (b)
muxtia (kulonebSi) rgolze?
57. erT-erT eqsperimentSi milikenma SeniSna,
61. 22.56 suraTze, rva
rom erT wveTze sxvadasxva dros Semdegi
nawilaki kvadrats qmnis
muxtebi gaCnda:
da maT Soris manZilia
6,563×10–19 k 13,13×10–19 k 19,71×10–19 k d=2sm. muxtebis sidi
8,204×10 –19 
k 16,48×10 –19 
k 22,89×10 –19 
k deebia: q1 = +3e, q2 = +e,
11,5×10 –19 
k 18,08×10 –19 
k 26,13×10 –19 
k q3 = –5e, q4 = –2e, q5 =
+3e, q6 = +e, q7 = –5e da
ra sididis e elementaruli muxti miiReba am
monacemebidan? q8 = +e. erTeulovan
veqtorul CanawerSi ra
58. Txeli aragamtari jamur eleqtrul vels warmoqmnian kvadratis
rgoli Q Tanabrad ga centrze?
nawilebul dadebiT
62. 22.57 suraTze
muxts Seicavs da
naCvenebia erTi da
misi radiusi aris R
igive sibrtyeze gan-
(sur. 22.54). rgolSi
sur. 22.54. amocana 58. lagebuli R da
gamavali centraluri
R´ = 3R radiusebis
perpendikularuli z RerZis aTvlis saTave
ori koncentruli
rgolis centrs emTxveva. ra sididisaa
rgoli. P wertili
rgolis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli
rgolebis centri-
a) z = 0 da b) z = ∞ wertilze? z-is ra dadebiT
dan D = 2R manZilze
mniSvnelobazea eleqtruli velis sidide sur. 22.57. amocana 62.
centralur z RerZze
maqsimaluri? d) Tu R = 2 sm da Q = 4 mkk, risi
tolia maqsimaluri sidide? Zevs. mcire rgols Tanabrad ganawilebuli +Q
muxti aqvs. Tu P wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi
59. Q muxtis mqone nawilaki xy koordinatTa
eleqtruli veli nulia, risi tolia ufro
sistemis aTvlis saTaveze Zevs. q muxtis
didi rgolis Tanabrad ganawilebuli muxti
nawilakis koordinatebia 4a,0. es ori muxti
Q-s TermebSi?
4a,3a koordinatebis P wertilze eleqtrul
63. 12 nk muxtis ori nawilaki 2 m sigrZis
vels qmnian. risi tolia Q/q, Tu P wertilze
gverdis tolgverda samkuTxedis ori wveroa.
a) eleqtruli velis x da y komponentebi
ra sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs mesame
tolia da b) eleqtrul vels y komponenti ar
wveroze, Tu a) orive muxti dadebiTia da
gaaCnia?
b) erTi muxti dadebiTia da meore _ uar
60. 22.55a suraTze +Q muxtis nawilaki yofiTi?
misgan R manZilze ganlagebul P wertilze
64. 22.58 suraTze naCvenebia koordinatTa
E1 eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. 22.55b sistemis aTvlis saTaveze sami koncentruli
suraTze, igive raodenobis muxti R radiusis wriuli rkali. TiToeuli rkalis Tanabrad
da θ centraluri kuTxis wriul rkalze ganawilebuli muxti Q = 2 mkk-is saSualebiT
moicema, xolo ra suraTze naCvene

diusebi R = 10 sm bia dipolis U po
TermebSia. ra a) si- tenciuri ener
 
didis da b) mimar giis E -sa da p
Tulebis (x RerZis dipolis impulss
dadebiTi mimar Soris kuTxeze da
Tulebisadmi eleq sur. 22.58. amocana 64. mokidebulebis gra

truli veli moqmedebs aTvlis saTaveze? fiki. ra sididisaa p ?
65. –q1 muxtis nawilaki x RerZis saTavezea 69. 22.61 suraTze pi
ganlagebuli. a) RerZze sad unda ganlagdes rveli nawilaki (+2 pk
muxtis), meore nawi
–4q1 muxtis nawilaki, raTa x = 2 mm wertilze
tolqmedi eleqtruli veli nulis toli laki (–2 pk muxtis
da mesame nawilaki
iyos? b) Tu am mdebareobaze +4q1 muxtis
(+5 pk muxtis) a =
nawilaki ganalages, x = 2 mm wertilze ra sur. 22.61. amocanebi 69
9,5 sm sigrZis gver da 73.
iqneba eleqtruli velis mimarTuleba
dis tolgverda sam
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi)?
kuTxeds qmnis. a) nawilakze eleqtruli velis
66. 22.59 suraTze Zalwirebi gaavleT da gansazRvreT danarCeni
naCvenebia Tana nawilakebidan mesame nawilakze moqmedi
bari muxtis simk 
F3 Zalis mimarTuleba x RerZis dadebiTi
vrivis mqone dis 
mimarTulebisadmi. b) gamoTvaleT F3 Zalis
koSi gamaval cen
sidide.
tralur z RerZze
moTavsebuli pro sur. 22.59. amocana 66.
70. Q dadebiTi muxtis mqone sami nawilaki
toni (p). diskos
d sigrZis gverdis tolgverda samkuTxeds
qmnis. ra sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs
muxti zedmeti eleqtronebis gamo aqvs.
nawilakebidan nebismieri gverdis Sua
sami eleqtroni naCvenebia. ec eleqtroni
wertilze?
diskos centrzea, xolo es eleqtronebi
centridan R radiusis manZiliT arian
71. xy sibrtyis (3,3)sm wertilze damuxtuli
daSorebulni. protoni Tavdapirvelad nawilaki 7,2(4 +3 ) n/k eleqtrul vels
diskodan z = R = 2 sm manZilze mdebareobs. warmoqmnis, xolo (2,0) sm wertilze - 100  n/k
am adgilze risi tolia a) ec eleqtronis mier eleqtrul vels. risi tolia nawilakis a) x da
 b) y koordinatebi? g) ra muxti aqvs nawilaks?
gamowveuli Ec eleqtruli velis sidide

da b) es eleqtronebis mier gamowveuli Es,t 72. protoni da eleqtroni 2×10–6 m sigrZis
, net
eleqtruli velis sidide? Semdeg protoni gevrdis tolgverda samkuTxedis or wveros
qmnis. ra sididis jamur eleqtrul vels
z = R/10 manZilze gadaadgilda. risi tolia
  warmoqmnian es nawilakebi mesame wveroze?
g) Ec da d) Es,t ? e) a) da g) pasuxebidan Cans, rom
, net
rac ufro uaxlovdeba protoni diskos, miT
73. 22.61 suraTze, pirveli nawilaki (+1 mkk
  muxtis), meore nawilaki (+1μ k muxtis)
ufro izrdeba Ec-s sidide. ratom mcirdeba Es , net
da mesame nawilaki (Q muxtis) a sigrZis
,t sidide, rogorc es b) da d) pasuxebidan Cans?
gverdis tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis. Q-s
67. wriulis Reros simrudis radiusia R = 9 sm, ra mniSvnelobisTvis gaqreba samkuTxedis
θ = 2,4 radian kuTxes Semowers da Q = 6,25 pk centrze nawilakebidan moqmedi eleqtruli
Tanabrad ganawilebuli dadebiTi muxti aqvs. veli?
ra sididis eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis Q 74. a) ra q muxti unda hqondes 22.13 suraTze
simrudis centrze? gamosaxul diskos, raTa mis zedapiris

68. eleqtruli dipoli 20 n/k sididis E centrze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
Tanabar eleqtrul velSi moaTavses. 22.60 3×106 n/k iyos? swored es mniSvneloba iwvevs
781
haeris garRvevas da naperwklebis gaCenas. arealisTvis E-s α-ze damokidebulebis
diskos radiusia 2,5 sm da haerisTvis 22.1 grafiki aageT. grafikis α-s
daxmarebiT
cxrili gamoiyeneT. b) davuSvaT, zedapiris mniSvnelobebi gansazRvreT, romelic g) E-s
TiToeuli atomis ganivi kveTis farTobia maqsimalur mniSvnelobas da d) maqsimaluri
0,015 nm2. ramdeni atomia saWiro diskos mniSvnelobis naxevars mogvcems.
zedapiris Sesaqmnelad? g) a)-Si gamoTvlili 
81. p(3
(3î + + 4
4 ĵ )(1,24×10–30) k · m impulsis dipoli
muxti zedapiris zogierT atomSi zedmeti 
E = (4000 n/k) eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli.
eleqtronis arsebobiTaa gamowveuli.
atomebis ra nawili unda iyos ase damuxtuli? a) ra potenciuri energia aqvs eleqtrul
dipols? b) ra Zalis momenti moqmedebs
75. 1,2 mkm diametris, sferos formis wylis
dipolze? g) Tu gare Zala dipols abrunebs da
wveTi E = 462 n/k sididis qvemoT mimarTuli 
atmosferuli eleqtruli velis Sedegad misi impulsi xdeba p(–4
(3î +  + 3
4 ĵ )(1,24×10–30) k · m,
ra muSaoba Seasrula Zalam?
haerSi tivtivebs. a) ra mizidulobis Zala
moqmedebs wveTze? b) ramdeni zedmeti 82. saaTis zedapirze –q, –2q, –3q, ..., –12q
eleqtroni aqvs wveTs? uaryofiTi wertilovani muxtebia. saaTis
isrebi wertilovani muxtebis mier warmoqmnil
76. 22.62suraTze
velze zegavlenas ar axdens. ra dros emTxveva
eleqtruli dipoli Ta
 erTmaneTs saaTis isris da ciferblatis
nabar gare E eleqtrul centrze gavlebuli eleqtruli velis
velSi i mimarTulebas veqtoris mimarTuleba? (miniSneba: gamoiyeneT
(θi = 20°) f mimarTulebiT simetria).
icvlis (θf = 20°). eleq
83. 22.63 suraTze q1 = 1 pk muxtis pirvel
truli dipolis impul
nawilaksa da q2 = –2 pk muxtis meore nawilaks
sia 1,6×10–27k·m, xolo sur. 22.62. amocana 76.
Soris manZilia d = 5 sm. erTeulovan-
velis sididea 3×106 n/k. ramdeniT icvleba
veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia eleqtruli
dipolis potenciuri energia?
veli a) A, b) B da g) C wertilebze? d) gaavleT
77. muxti (Tanabari wiriTi simkvrive = 9 nk/m) eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi.
x RerZis gaswvriv x = 0 wertilidan x = 3 m
wertilamde gadaWimul Tokzea ganlagebuli.
ra sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs x = 4 m
wertilze? sur. 22.63. amocana 83.
78. 20 nk muxti 4 m sigrZis Reroze Tanabradaa 84. eleqtroni moTavsebulia R radiusis
ganawilebuli. Rero gaRunulia da 2 m radi damuxtuli rgolis centralur perpendiku
usis wriul rkals qmnis. ra sididis eleq larul RerZze, rogorc es 22.6 paragrafSi
truli veli moqmedebs rkalis simrudis gavarCieT. daamtkiceT, rom eleqtronze
centrze? moqmedma eleqtrostatikurma Zalam rgolis
79. a) risi tolia eleqtronis aCqareba centrze eleqtronis Semdegi kuTxuri
1,4×106 n/k sididis Tanabar eleqtrul velSi? sixSiriT rxeva SeiZleba gamoiwvios:
b) ra dro dasWirdeba eleqtrons uZravi
,
mdgomareobidan sinaTlis siCqaris 1/10-is
gansaviTareblad? b) ra manZils gaivlis eleq sadac q rgolis muxtia, xolo m – eleqtronis
troni am drois ganmavlobaSi? masa.

80. q dadebiTi muxtis ori nawilaki y RerZis 85. 150 n/k saSualo sididis E eleqtruli
y = d da y = –d wertilebzea ganlagebuli. veli dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos ganla
a) dawereT x RerZis x = αd wertilze moqmedi gebuli atmosferodan qvemoTaa mimarTuli.
tolqmedi eleqtruli velis E sididis Cven gvinda, rom 4,4 n wonis gogirdis sferom
am eleqtrul velSi sferos damuxtvis
gamosaTvleli gamosaxuleba. b) 0 < α < 4
Sedegad ìtivtivos~. a) ra muxtia amisTvis dafrinavs (sur. 22.65), mtvris marcvlebi

saWiro? b) ratom aris es eqsperimenti futkars ewebeba. Semdeg futkari momdevno
ganuxorcielebeli? yvavilis dings miuaxlovdeba, romelic
yvavilis SigTavsis gavliT miwasTan
86. 22.64 suraTze,
eleqtruladaa dakavSirebuli. marcvlebi
Tanabari, maRla
futkridan dingSi Tavsdeba da yvavili
mimarTuli,
nayofierdeba.
2×103 n/k sididis
 a) davuSvaT futkari sferos formis gamtaria.
E eleqtruli
sur. 22.64. amocana 86. da misi muxtia 45 pk. gamoTvaleT futkris
veli, or ho
rizontalur firfitas Soris qveda centridan 2 sm manZiliT daSorebul mtvris
firfitis dadebiTad damuxtvis da zeda marcvalze moqmedi eleqtruli veli. b) es veli
firfitis uaryofiTad damuxtvis Sedegad Tanabaria Tu araTanabari? g) damajereblad
Cndeba. firfitebis sigrZeebia L = 10 sm axseniT, ratom xtebian mtvris marcvlebi
da maT Soris manZilia d = 2 sm. Semdeg futkarze, ratom ewebebian mas frenis dros
eleqtroni qveda firfitis marcxena kididan da ratom vardebian Semdeg isini dingSi. d) aqvs
Tu ara mtvris marcvals eleqtruli kontaqti
moZraobas iwyebs. eleqtronis sawyisi 0
futkarTan anu icvleba Tu ara marcvlis
siCqare qveda firfitisadmi θ = 45° kuTxes
muxti?
qmnis da misi sididea 6×106 m/wm. a) Seejaxeba
Tu ara eleqtroni erT-erT firfitas? 90. 22.8 suraTze orive muxti dadebiTia.
b) Tu Seejaxeba, romel firfitas da marcxena davuSvaT z >> d. daamtkiceT, rom P wertilze
kididan ra horizontalur manZilze? moqmedi E eleqtruli velia:
87. moZebneT E sididis erTgvarovan eleq 1 2q
 E= .
trul velSi moTavsebuli, p impulsis da 4πε0 z2
wonasworuli mdebareobis garSemo rxevis mc- 91. 22.66 suraTze qanqara zeda horizontalur
ire amplitudebisTvis I mbrunviTi inerciis firfitaze kidia. qanqara m masis da +q
(inerciis momentis) mqone eleqtruli dipo- muxtis aragamtari sferosa da L sigrZis
lis rxevis sixSiris gamosaxuleba. izolirebuli Tokisgan Sedgeba. risi tolia
88. 57-e amocanaSi dauSviT, rom wveTis q muxtia qanqaris periodi, Tu firfitebs Soris

q = ne, sadac n aris mTeli ricxvi, xolo e - Tanabari E eleqtruli veli a) zeda firfitis
elementaruli muxti. a) q-s yoveli mocemuli uaryofiTad damuxtvis da qveda firfitis
mniSvnelobisTvis n gamoTvaleT. b) SeadgineT dadebiTad damuxtvis Sedegad Cndeba da
q-s mniSvnelobebis n-ze damokidebulebis b) piriqiT? orive SemTxvevaSi, veli erTi

firfitidan meore firfitiskenaa mimarTuli.
wrfivi regresia da Semdeg e gamoTvaleT.
89. mcenaris mravali
saxeobis gamravleba
mwerebzea damoki
debuli, romelTac
mtvris marcvlebi
erTi yvavilidan
meoreze gadaaqvT.
futkrebi marcvlebs sur. 22.65. amocana 89.
eleqtrulad agro
veben, vinaidan isini dadebiTad aris damux
tuli. rodesac futkari yvavilis eleq
trulad izolirebuli mtvrianas axlos
gausis kanoni 23
Weqa-quxili ramdenime mizezis gamoa saSiSi: 1) Tu mexi Tqven an raime iseT
sagans daeca, romelsac exebiT, Tqvens sxeulSi sasikvdilo raodenobis
muxtma SeiZleba gaiaros; 2) Tu mexi TqvenTan axlos mdebare sagans
daeca, muxtebis nakadis nawilma haeris gavliT Tqvens sxeulSi SeiZleba
gaiaros (am movlenas gverdiTi naTeba ewodeba); 3) Tu mexi TqvenTan axlos
miwaze daeca, miwis gaswvriv warmoqmnili muxtebis nakadi Tqvens sxeulze
SeiZleba gadavides. ukanasknel wlebSi Weqa-quxilisgan momdinare meoTxe
saSiSroebasac miakvlies. fotosuraTze gamosaxulia xeze dacemuli mexi
da masze garkveuli miniSnebacaa.
ra damatebiTi safrTxea Weqa-quxilSi?

fizikis upirvelesi amocana, erTi SexedviT, rTuli prob-
lemebis gadaWraa. am miznis miRwevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSu-
aleba simetriaa. magaliTad, 22.10 suraTze gamosaxuli damux-
tuli rgolis da 22.9 suraTze gamosaxuli damuxtuli Reros

E eleqtruli 
velis gamoTvlisTvis wris da Reros muxtis el-
ementebis dE eleqtruli velebi (= kdq/r2) ganvixileT. Semdeg

simetriis gamoyenebiT dE veqtorebis perpendikularuli kom-

ponentebi gavabaTileT da E -s gamoTvla gamartivda. daizoga
dro da energia.
simetriulad ganawilebuli muxtebis velis gamoTvlisas ufro
meti dro daizogeba, Tu gausis kanons gamoviyenebT, romelic
sur. 23.1. gausis sferos formis
germanelma maTematikosma da fizikosma karl fridrix gausma
zedapiri. Tu eleqtruli velis
(1777-1855) SeimuSava. mocemul ganawilebaSi muxtebis element- veqtorebi Tanabari sididisaa

ebis dE velebis ganxilvis nacvlad, gausis kanoni muxtebis da zedapiris wertilebidan mo
SorebiT arian mimarTulni, ma
ganawilebis momcvel, daxurul, hipoTetur (warmosaxviT)
Sin dadebiTi muxti aucileblad
zedapirs Seexeba. gausis zedapirs nebismieri forma SeiZleba sferul zedapirze Tanabrad
hqondes, magram eleqtruli velis gamoTvlis gamartivebisTvis aris ganawilebuli (aqvs sferuli
simetria).
saWiro forma muxtebis ganawilebis simetriis msgavsia. magali-
Tad, Tu muxti sferoze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli, sferos amave
783
784 Tavi 23 gausis kanoni
formis gausis zedapirs SemovavlebT, rogorc es aris 23.1 suraTze da Semdeg zedapirze moqmed
eleqtrul vels gamovTvliT.
gausis kanoni gausis daxurul zedapirze ganlagebul wertilze moqmed eleqtrul

velebs am zedapiriT garSemortymul tolqmed muxtTan akavSirebs.
gausis kanoni piriqiTac SegviZlia gamoviyenoT anu Tu gausis zedapirze moqmedi eleqtruli
veli viciT, zedapiris mier garSemortymul tolqmed muxtsac gamovTvliT. davuSvaT, 23.1
suraTze eleqtruli velis veqtorebi sferos centridan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli da maTi
sidideebi erTmaneTis tolia. gausis kanonis Tanaxmad, sferos formis zedapiri tolqmed
dadebiT muxts unda Semoertyas garSemo. muxti an nawilakia an sferuladaa ganawilebuli.
garSemortymuli muxtis raodenobis gamosaTvlelad jer 23.1 suraTze gamosaxul gausis zeda
pirze miRebuli eleqtruli velis sidide unda gamovTvaloT. miRebuli veli nakadiT izomeba.
23.2. nakadi
23.2a suraTze Tanabari siCqaris haeris farTo nakadi A farTobis mcire kvadratul firfitaSi
gadis. Φ iyos moculobis dinebis tempi, romliTac haeri firfitaSi gadis. es tempi -sa da
firfitis sibrtyes Soris kuTxezea damokidebuli. Tu sibrtyis perpendikularulia, Φ = νA.
Tu sibrtyis paraleluria, firfitaSi haeri ar gadis da Φ nulis tolia. Sualeduri θ kuTxis
SemTxvevaSi Φ damokidebulia sibrtyis mimarT -s perpendikularul komponentze (sur. 23.2b).
vinaidan es komponentia ν cos θ, firfitaSi moculobis dinebis tempia:
Φ = (ν cos θ) A (23.1)
farTobis erTeulebSi dinebis tempi nakadis magaliTia. am SemTxvevaSi ki es moculobiTi nakadia.

vidre eleqtruli velis nakads ganvixilavdeT, 23.1 formula veqtoruli formiT gadavweroT.

amisTvis jer A farTobis veqtori farTobis sididis mqone veqtorad miviCnioT da misi
mimarTuleba farTobis sibrtyis normali iyos (sur. 23.2g). amis Semdeg 23.1 formula haeris

nakadis siCqaris veqtoris da firfitis farTobis A veqtoris skalaruli namravli iqneba:

Φ = νA cos θ =  · A , (23.2)

sadac θ aris kuTxe -sa da A -s Soris.
(a) (b) (g) (d)
sur. 23.2. a)Tanabari siCqaris haeris nakadi A farTobis kvadratuli firfitis sibrtyis perpendikularulia.
b) siCqaris firfitis sibrtyis
 perpendikularuli komponentia ν cos θ, sadac θ aris kuTxe -sa da sibrtyis
normals Sors. g) farTobis A veqtori firfitis sibrtyis perpendikularulia da siCqaresTan θ kuTxes qmnis.
d) firfitis farTobSi siCqareTa veli.
23.3. nakadi eleqtrul velSi 785
sur. 23.3. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli, pirobiTi formis gausis

zedapiri. zedapiri ΔA farTobis patara kvadratebadaa dayofili.
pirveli, meore da mesame kvadratebis eleqtruli velis E veqtorebi
da farTobis DA veqtorebi.
sityva `nakadi~ laTinuri sityvidan `dineba~ momdinareobs

da firfitis gavliT haeris moculobis dinebis mniSvnelo
bas iZens. 23.2 formula ufro abstraqtulad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT. amisTvis gaviTvaliswinoT, rom firfitaSi
gamavali haeris nakadis nebismier wertils siCqaris veq
tori SegviZlia mivusadagoT (sur. 23.2d). vinaidan yvela
nawilakis siCqaris veqtoris erToblioba siCqaris velia,
23.2 formula firfitaSi gamavali siCqaris velis nakadad
SegviZlia miviCnioT. amgvari interpretaciis Semdeg nakadi
farTobSi raRacis dinebas ar niSnavs da is ufro farTobis
da farTobis gamWoli velis namravlia.
23.3. nakadi eleqtrul velSi

eleqtrul velSi nakadis gansazRvrebisTvis 23.3 suraTi moviSvelioT, romelzec pirobiTi
(asimetriuli) formis gausis zedapiri araerTgvarovan eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli.
zedapiri ΔA farTobis patara kvadratebadaa dayofili. es kvadratebi sakmarisad mcirea, raTa
yovelgvari simrude ugulebelvyoT da isini brtyel sxeulebad ganvixiloT. farTobis yovel
 
amgvar elements ΔA sididis farTobis DA veqtoriT warmovadgenT. TiToeuli DA veqtori
gausis zedapiris perpendikularulia da zedapiridan gareT aris mimarTuli.

vinaidan kvadratebi Zalian mcirea, nebismier mocemul kvadratSi ΔA farTobis E eleqtruli
 
veli erTgvarovnad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli kvadratis DA da E veqto
rebi erTmaneTisadmi θ kuTxes qmnian. 23.3 suraTze naCvenebia gausis zedapiris sami kvadrati
da TiToeuli maTganis θ kuTxe.
23.3 suraTze gamosaxuli gausis zedapiris eleqtruli velis nakadis pirobiTi gansazRvrebaa:
 
Φ= ΣE · DA . (23.3)
 
es formula gvkarnaxobs, rom gausis zedapiris TiToeuli kvadratis E da DA veqtorebis
skalaruli namravali vipovoT da Semdeg Sedegebi algebrulad SevajamoT. TiToeuli skalaruli
namravlis mniSvneloba (dadebiTi, uaryofiTi an nulis toli) kvadratSi gamavali nakadis

mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs. 23.3 suraTze gamosaxuli pirveli kvadratisTvis E SigniTaa

mimarTuli da 23.3 formulis jamSi uaryofiTi mniSvneloba Sedis. meore kvadratisTvis E

zedapirze Zevs, misi monawileoba 23.3 formulaSi nulovania. mesame kvadratisTvis E zedapiris
gareT aris mimarTuli da igive formulaSi misi monawileoba dadebiTia.
Caketil zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis nakadis zust gansazRvrebas davadgenT, Tu
23.3 suraTze naCvenebi kvadratebis farTobebs SevamcirebT da dA diferencialur zRvars

mivuaxlovebT. am SemTxvevaSi farTobis veqtorebi dA diferencialur zRvars uaxlovdebian.
amis Semdeg 23.3 formulis jami integrali xdeba da eleqtruli nakadi Semdegi formuliT
ganisazRvreba:
(eleqtruli nakadi gausis zedapirSi) (23.4)

integralze gakeTebuli wre miuTiTebs, rom integreba mTeli Caketili zedapirisTvis unda
niutoni · m2
Catardes. eleqtruli velis nakadi skalaruli sididea da SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia
kuloni
(n·m2/k).
23.4 formulis interpretacia sxva formiTac SeiZleba. Tavdapirvelad gavixsenoT, rom

farTobSi gamavali eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis simkvrive E eleqtruli velis sididis
proporciulia. ufro zustad, E sidide farTobis erTeulSi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis
 
raodenobis proporciulia. aqedan gamomdinare, 23.4 formulis E ⋅ dA skalaruli namravli

d A farTobSi gamavali eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis raodenobis proporciulia. vinaidan
23.4 formula gausis Caketili zedapirisTvis integrirdeba, gausis zedapirSi gamavaliφΦ
eleqtruli nakadi am zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis mTliani raodenobis
proporciulia.


23.4 suraTze naCvenebia Tanabar E eleqtrul
velSi moTavsebuli R radiusis mqone cilin
dris formis gausis zedapiri. cilindris
RerZi velis paraleluria. eleqtruli velis
ra Φ nakadi gaivlis am zedapirSi?
amoxsna: gausis gamaval Φ
zedapirSi sur. 23.4. gausis cilindris formis zedapiri
 
nakads am zedapirisTvis E ⋅ dA skalaruli erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli da
TavsaxurebiT aris daxSuli. cilindris RerZi velis
namravlis integrebiT miviRebT. nakadi
mimarTulebis paraleluria.
sami wevris jamis saxiT CavweroT. pirveli
wevri iqneba cilindris a Tavsaxuris, cilin
dris b zedapirisa da c marjvena Tavsaxuris Sedegi gasakviri ar aris, vinaidan eleqtruli
integrali. 23.4 formula mogvcems: velis Zalwirebi mTlianad gausis zedapirSi
gadis, jer marcxena TavsaxurSi Sedis da
Semdeg marjvena Tavsaxuridan gamodis. aqedan
(23.5) gamomdinare, mTliani nakadi nulis tolia.
marcxena Tavsaxuris yvela wertilisTvis

  sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze na

E -sa da dA -s Soris θ = 180° da velis E sidide Cvenebia Tanabar E eleqtrul velSi
erTi da igivea: moTavsebuli A zedapiris farTobis
 = E (cos 180°) dA = – E dA = –EA , mqone gausis kubi. velis mimaruleba z
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebas emTxveva.
sadac dA aris Tavsaxuris A farTobi (= πR2).
risi tolia a) wina gverdSi (romelic
marjvena TavsaxurisTvis θ = 0 da yvela wer
xy sibrtyeSia), b) ukana gverdSi, g) zeda
tilisTvis gveqneba:
gverdSi da d) mTel kubSi gasuli nakadi
 = E (cos 0) dA = EA . E-s da A-s TermebSi?
cilindris zedapirisTvis θ = 90° da yvela
wertilisTvis miviRebT:
 = E (cos 90°) dA = 0 .
es Sedegi 23.5 formulaSi CavsvaT:
Φ = –EA + 0 + EA = 0 (pasuxi)
23.4. gausis kanoni 787


E  = 3x  + 4 araerTgvarovani eleqtruli ve
li 23.5 suraTze naCveneb gausis kubs kveTs
(E aris n/k-ebSi, xolo x – metrebSi). ra
eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis marjvena gverdSi
Φ1, marcxena gverdSi Φ2 da zeda gverdSi Φ3?
amoxsna: zedapirSi gamavali Φ nakadis gamo
 
saTvlelad yvela gverdisTvis E ⋅ dA ska
laruli namravli unda vaintegroT.

marjvena gverdi. farTobis A veqtori yo sur 23.5. gausis kubis erTi gverdi x RerZze Zevs da
araerTgvarovan eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli.
velTvis zedapiris perpendikularulia da
yovelTvis gausis zedapiris SigTavsisgan
gareTaa mimarTuli. maSasadame kubis marjvena
 marcxena gverdi. marcxena gverdSi gamavali
gverdis dA veqtori x RerZis dadebiTi
nakadis gamoTvlis procedura marjvena
mimarTulebisken unda iyos mimarTuli.
gverdis msgavsia. miuxedavad amisa, ori
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi:
 cvlileba xdeba: 1) diferencialuri far
dA = dA . 
Tobis dA veqtori x RerZis uaryofiTi
23.4 formulidan gamomdinare marjvena 
mimarTulebiskenaa mimarTuli da dA = –dA ;
gevrdSi gamavali Φ1 nakadia:
  2) x wevri integrebaSi kvlav gvxvdeba
Φ1 = E ⋅ dA = (3x  + 4 ) · (dA ) da amjerad misi sididea x = 1 m. am ori
cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT marcxena gverd
= [(3x)(dA )·  + (4)(dA) · ] Si gamavali Φ2 nakadia:
Φ2 = –12 n·m2/k (pasuxi)
= (3x dA + 0) = 3 x dA.
zeda gverdi. diferencialuri farTobis

vidre marjvena gverdiT integrebas davi dA = –dA veqtori y RerZis dadebiTi mimar

wyebdeT, gaviTvaliswinoT, rom zedapiris Tulebisaa da dA. zeda gverdSi gamavali Φ3
nebismier adgilze x = 3 m. maSasadame x mudmivi nakadia:
mniSvnelobis sididea:
Φ3 = (3x  + 4 ) · (dA )
Φ1 = 3 3 dA = 9 dA.
= [(3x)(dA )·  + (4)(dA) · ]
 dA integrali marjvena gverdis A = 4 m2
farTobs gvaZlevs, amitom: = (0 + 4 dA) = 4 dA.
Φ1 = (9 n/k)(4 m2) = 36 n·m2/k (pasuxi) = 16 n·m2/k (pasuxi)
23.4. gausis kanoni

gausis kanoni Caketil zedapirSi (gausis zedapirSi) gamavali eleqtruli velis Φ mTlian nakads
am zedapiriT garSemortymul mTlian qj muxtTan akavSirebs:
ε0Φ = qj (gausis kanoni) (23.6)
23.4 formulis Casmis Semdeg gausis kanoni Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
ε0 = qj (gausis kanoni) (23.7)
23.6 da 23.7 formulebi mxolod maSin gamodgeba, rodesac mTliani muxti vakuumSi an
haerSia ganlagebuli. 25-e paragrafSi gausis kanons SevcvliT da qaris, minis, zeTis da sxva
garemoebisTvisac gamoviyenebT.
23.6 da 23.7 formulebSi mTliani qj muxti gar

Semortymuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
algebruli jamia da SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi,
uaryofiTi an nulis toli. garSemortymuli
muxtisTvis muxtis niSnis garda sxva niSansac
viyenebT, vinaidan igi gausis zedapirSi gamavali
nakadis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva. Tu qj dadebiTia,
nakadi gareTaa mimarTuli, xolo Tu qj uaryofiTia,
nakadi SigniT aris mimarTuli.
gausis kanonis qj wevri zedapiris gareT mdebare muxts
ar moicavs, rac ar unda didi iyos es muxti an rac
ar unda axlos iyos ganlagebuli. gausis zedapiris
SigniT muxtebis ganlagebis zust formasac ara
aqvs mniSvneloba. 23.6 da 23.7 formulebis marjvena
mxares qj aris mxolod zedapiriT garSemortymuli
muxti da gaTvaliswinebulia misi sidide da niSani.
miuxedavad amisa, 23.7 formulis marcxena mxares

mocemuli E sidide gausis zedapiris SigniT da
sur. 23.6. sididiT Tanabari da niSniT gareT mdebare yvela muxtis Sedegad warmoqmnili
sawinaaRmdego ori wertilovani muxti da eleqtruli velia. es yvelaferi SeiZleba araTan
maTi jamuri eleqtruli velis amsaxveli
mimdevrulad mogeCvenoT, magram 23.1 amocanis
Zalwirebi. suraTze naCvenebia gausis oTxi
zedapiris ganivi kveTi. S1 zedapiri dade amoxsnis nimuSidan gaixseneT, rom gausis zedapirs
biT muxts ertymis garSemo, S2 zedapiri –
gareT mdebare muxtis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
uaryofiT muxts, S3 zedapiri muxts saerTod
ar ertymis garSemo, xolo S4 zedapiri orive velis monawileoba zedapirSi gamaval nakadSi nulia,
muxts da maSasadame nulovan jamur muxts vinaidan ramdeni eleqtruli velis Zalwiric Sedis
ertymis garSemo.
zedapirSi, imdenive gamodis.
23.6 suraTze naCvenebia sididiT toli da niSniT sawinaaRmdego ori wertilovani muxti, agreTve
am muxtebis mier garSemo sivrceSi warmoqmnili eleqtruli velebis amsaxveli Zalwirebi.
suraTze aseve naCvenebia gausis oTxi zedapiri. modiT ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
zedapiri S1 . am zedapiris yvela wertilisTvis eleqtruli veli zedapiridan gamodis. aqedan
gamomdinare, zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis nakadi da zedapiris SigniT mTliani
muxti dadebiTia, rogorc amas gausis kanoni moiTxovs (23.6 formulaSi Tu Φ dadebiTia,
qj-c dadebiTi unda iyos).
zedapiri S2 . zedapiris yvela wertilisTvis eleqtruli veli SigniTkenaa mimarTuli. maSasadame,
eleqtruli velis nakadi da, maSasadame, garSemortymuli muxtic, uaryofiTia.
zedapiri S3 . zedapiri muxts gars ar ertymis da amitom qj = 0. gausis kanonis (23.6 formula)
Tanaxmad, zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis nakadi nulis toli unda iyos da es
marTalicaa, vinaidan zedapirSi gamavali yvela Zalwiri misi erTi mxridan Sedis da meore
mxridan gamodis.
zedapiri S4 . es zedapiri mTlian muxts gars ar ertymis, vinaidan garSemortymuli dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi muxtebis sidideebi Tanabaria. gausis kanonis Tanaxmad zedapirSi gamavali
eleqtruli velis nakadi nulis toli unda iyos da es asecaa, vinaidan S4 zedapiridan imdenive
eleqtruli velis Zalwiri gamodis, ramdenic Sedis.
ra moxdeba, Tu S4 zedapirTan axlos uzarmazari raodenobis Q muxts mivitanT? eleqtruli velis

Zalwirebis suraTi aucileblad Seicvleba, magram gausis arc erT zedapirSi gamavali nakadi
cvlilebas ar ganicdis. es sakmaod gasagebia, vinaidan damatebul Q muxtTan dakavSirebuli
23.5. gausis kanoni da kulonis kanoni 789
Zalwirebi oTxive zedapirSi gaivlis da arc erT maTganSi gamaval nakadze zegavlenas ar
moaxdens. Q mniSvneloba gausis kanonSi ar Sedis, vinaidan is gausis zedapirebis gareT Zevs.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia sami SemTxveva, rodesac gausis kubi eleqtrul
velSia moTavsebuli. isrebi da ricxvebi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis mimarTulebas da
kubis eqvsive mxares gamavali nakadis sidides (n·m2/k-ebSi) asaxavs (Ria feris isrebi ekuTvnis
im gverdebs, romlebic ar moCans). romel SemTxvevaSi ertymis gars kubi a) dadebiT jamur
muxts, b) uaryofiT jamur muxts da g) nulovan jamur muxts?

23.7 suraTze naCvenebia plastmasis xuTi
damuxtuli naWeri da eleqtrulad neitra
luri moneta. S gausis zedapiris ganivi kveTi
naCvenebia. ra mTliani eleqtruli nakadi
gaivlis zedapirSi, Tu q1 = q4 = +3,1 nk, q2 = q5
 = –5,9 nk  da  q3 = –3,1 nk?
amoxsna: zedapirSi gamavali jamuri Φ nakadi S
zedapiriT garSemortymul qj jamur muxtzea sur. 23.7. eleqtruli muxtis mqone plastmasis xuTi
damokidebuli. moneta Φ-is warmoqmnaSi mona sagani da neitraluri moneta. ganivi kveTiT naCvenebi
gausis zedapiri plastmasis sam sagans da monetas
wileobas ar iRebs, vinaidan neitraluria anu
ertymis garSemo.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis Tanabar
raodenobas Seicavs. q4 da q5 muxtebi agreTve +3,1×10–9 k – 5,9×10–9 k – 3,1×10–9 k
ar axdenen nakadze zegavlenas, vinaidan =
8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2
isini zedapiris gareT arian ganlagebuli.
maSasadame, qj = q1 + q2 + q3 da 23.6 formula
= – 670 n·m2/k. (pasuxi)
gvaZlevs: minus niSani migvaniSnebs, rom jamuri nakadi

qj q1 + q2 + q3 SigniT aris mimarTuli da zedapiris SigniT
Φ= ε = ε0
0 ganlagebuli jamuri muxti uaryofiTia.
23.5. gausis kanoni da kulonis kanoni

vinaidan gausis da kulonis kanonebi statikur mdgomareobaSi eleqtrul muxtsa da eleqtrul
vels Soris damokidebulebas sxvadasxva gziT aRwers, am kanonebis erTimeorisgan gamoyvana
SesaZlebeli unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven gausis kanonidan kulonis kanons miviRebT.
23.8 suraTze naCvenebia dadebiTi q wertilovani muxti, romlis garSemo r radiusis sferos
formis koncentruli gausis zedapiri gavavleT. es zedapiri dA diferencialur farTobebad

davyoT. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, nebismier wertilSi gavlebuli farTobis dA veqtori zedapiris
perpendikularulia da mimarTulia zedapiridan gareT.

mdgomareobis simetriulobidan gamomdinare viciT,

rom nebismier wertilze moqmedi E eleqtruli veli
agreTve zedapiris perpendikularulia da mimarTulia
 
zedapiridan gareT. aqedan gamomdinare, E da dA
veqtorebs Soris θ kuTxe nulis tolia da 23.7 formula
gausis kanonisTvis Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
= qj , (23.8)
sur. 23.8. q wertilovani muxtis
garSemo centrirebuli gausis sfero. sadac qj = q. miuxedavad imisa, rom E radialurad icvleba
q-dan manZilis cvlilebasTan erTad, misi mniSvneloba
sferos formis zedapirze yvelgan Tanabaria. vinaidan 23.8 formulis integreba zedapiriT
xdeba, E mudmivia da integrals gareT SegviZlia gamovitanoT:
= q. (23.9)
amjerad integrali sferos dA diferencialuri farTobebis ubralo jamia anu 4πr2 zedapiris
farTobia:
ε 0 E(4 πr 2 ) = q
1 q
anu E= . (23.10)
4πε0 r 2
es ki zustad 22.3 formula anu kulonis kanonia.
sakontrolo wertili 3. damuxtuli nawilakis garSemo ganlagebul r radiusis gausis

sferoSi garkveuli Φi jamuri nakadi gadis. davuSvaT, gausis zedapiri a) ufro didi gausis
sfero, b) r sigrZis gverdis gausis kubi da g) 2r sigrZis gverdis gausis kubi gaxda. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi gausis zedapirSi gamavali jamuri nakadi metia, naklebia Tu Φi -s tolia?

 
taqtika 1: gausis zedapiris arCeva amgvari arCevanis Sedegad: 1) E ⋅ dA namravli
vinaidan gausis kanonis saSualebiT 23.10 gamartivda, vinaidan gausis zedapiris nebis
formulis gamoyvana muxtebis sxva ganlagebis mier wertilze am veqtorebs Soris kuTxe
 
Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis nulis tolia da yvela wertilze E ⋅ dA  = EdA;
formulebis winapirobaa, modiT odnav ukan 2) eleqtruli velis E sidide gausis sferos
davbrundeT. yvelaferi mocemuli dadebiTi nebismier wertilze Tanabaria, amitom E
q wertilovani muxtiT daviwyeT. Cven viciT, mudmivia da igi integralidan gamovitaneT;
rom eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi q-dan 3) Sedegad miviReT Zalian martivi integreba -
sferos diferencialuri farTobis Sejameba,
radialurad moSorebiTaa mimarTuli da
rac 4πr2-is tolia.
sferul simetrias qmnis.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom qj muxtis garSemo gan
r manZilze E eleqtruli velis gausis kanonis
lagebuli nebismieri formis gausis zeda
saSualebiT gamosaTvlelad q-s garSemo
pirisTvis gausis kanoni vargisia. miuxedavad
r wertilis CaTvliT gausis Caketili, war
amisa, Tu, magaliTad, kubis formis gausis
mosaxviTi zedapiri avageT. Semdeg gausis
  zedapirs avirCevdiT, miRebuli gamartivebebi

mTliani zedapirisTvis E ⋅ dA mniSvnelobebis 
aRar iarsebebda E ⋅ dA -s integreba sakmaod
jami integrebis Sedegad gamovTvaleT. rTuli gaxdeboda. mTeli am msjelobidan
integrebis gasamartiveblad sferos gamomdinare gausis zedapiri ise unda Sear
formis gausis zedapiri avirCieT (romelic CioT, raTa gausis kanonSi integreba maqsi
eleqtruli velis sferul simetrias waagavs). malurad gamartivdes.
23.6. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtari 791
23.6. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtari

gausis kanonis saSualebiT gamtarebis Semdegi Teorema
SeiZleba damtkicdes:
Tu izolirebul gamtarze zedmeti muxtia, muxtis

raodenoba mTlianad gamtaris zedapirisken
imoZravebs. zedmeti muxti gamtaris sxeulis
SigniT ar moxvdeba.
(a)
es Teorema sakmaod gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
erTi da igive niSnis muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidaven da
damatebuli muxtebi zedapirisken moZraobisas maqsima
lurad Sordeba erTmaneTs. Teoremis dasamtkiceblad
kvlav gausis kanons davubrundeT.
23.9a suraTze naCvenebia izolirebul Tokze Camoki
debuli spilenZis izolirebuli naWris ganivi kveTi,
romelsac q zedmeti muxti aqvs. gausis zedapirs gamtaris
zedapiris SigniT vaTavsebT. (b)
gamtaris SigniT moqmedi eleqtruli veli nulis toli
sur. 23.9. a) q muxtis mqone spilenZis
unda iyos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, eleqtruli veli
naWeri izolirebul Tokzea Camoki
gamtarebis eleqtronebze imoqmedebs da, maSasadame, debuli. gausis zedapiri spilenZis zeda
gamtaris SigniT deni yovelTvis iarsebebs. izolirebul piris SigniTaa moTavsebuli. b) amjerad
spilenZis naWers aqvs siRrue. gausis
gamtarSi, ra Tqma unda, amgvari mudmivi deni ar arsebobs
zedapiri spilenZis SigniTaa da siRruis
da Siga eleqtruli veli nulia (Siga eleqtruli zedapirTan axlosaa ganlagebuli.
veli gamtaris damuxtvis dros Cndeba. miuxedavad
amisa, damatebuli muxti male nawildeba da jamuri Siga eleqtruli veli anu yvela muxtiT
gamowveuli eleqtruli velebis veqtoruli jami gamtaris SigniT da gareT nulia. Semdeg muxtis
moZraoba wydeba, vinaidan TiToeul muxtze moqmedi jamuri Zala nulis tolia da muxtebi
eleqtrostatikur wonasworobaSi gadadian).

Tu spilenZis gamtaris SigniT E yvelgan nulis tolia, maSin gausis zedapiris nebismier
wertilzec nulis toli unda iyos, vinaidan gausis zedapiri mTlianad gamtaris zedapirs
SigniTaa moTavsebuli. es niSnavs, rom gausis zedapirSi gamavali nakadi nulia. gausis kanonis
Tanaxmad, Tu gausis zedapirSi gamavali nakadi nulia, maSin gausis zedapiris SigniT jamuri
muxtic nulia. vinaidan gausis zedapiris SigniT zedmeti muxti ar arsebobs, is zedapirs gareTaa
anu zedmeti muxti gamtaris zedapirzea ganlagebuli.
siRruis Semcveli izolirebuli gamtari

23.9b suraTze naCvenebia siRruis mqone igive gamtari. rodesac eleqtrulad neitralur
nivTierebas siRruis Sesaqmnelad amoviRebT, muxtebis ganawileba da 23.9a suraTze arsebuli
eleqtruli veli ar icvleba. ricxobrivi damtkicebisTvis kvlav gausis kanoni gamoviyenoT.
Tavdapirvelad siRruis garSemo gamtari sxeulis SigniT gausis zedapiri avagoT. vinaidan

gamtarSi E = 0, gausis axal zedapirSi nakadi ar gaivlis. aqedan gamomdinare, zedapiri jamur
muxts gars ar ertymis da siRruis kedelze jamuri muxti ar arsebobs. mTeli zedmeti muxti
gamtaris gare zedapirze rCeba, rogorc es iyo 23.9a suraTze.
gamtaris mocileba
warmoidgineT, rom raRac saocari Zalis zemoqmedebiT zedmeti muxtebi gamtaris zedapirze
`gaiyinnen~ da Semdeg SeZles gamtaris mTlianad amoReba. es niSnavs, rom 23.9b suraTze gamosaxuli
siRrue Zalian gafarTovda da mTliani gamtari (garda muxtebisa) moicva. eleqtruli veli
kvlav ar Seicvleba, Txeli garsis SigniT nulis toli darCeba, xolo yvela gare wertilisTvis
ucvleli iqneba. es niSnavs, rom eleqtruli vels muxtebi warmoqmnian da ara gamtari. gamtari
muxtebs mxolod atarebs, raTa maT TavianTi mdebareoba daikavon.
gare eleqtruli veli

ukve davrwmundiT, rom izolirebul gamtarze mTliani zedmeti muxti gamtaris zedapirisken
moZraobs. miuxedavad amisa, Tu gamtari sferos formis ar aris, muxtebi Tanabrad ar nawildeba.
nebismieri arasferuli gamtaris zedapirze muxtebis σ zedapiruli simkvrive icvleba. amgvari
cvlileba muxtebis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis gansazRvras Zalian arTulebs.
asea Tu ise, gamtaris zedapirs gareT mdebare eleqtruli velis gansazRvra gausis kanoniT
martivia. Tavdapirvelad zedapiris monakveTi ganvixiloT, romelic sakmarisad pataraa, raTa
nebismieri simrude ugulebelvyoT da monakveTi sibrtyed miviCnioT. Semdeg am monakveTze
agebuli cilindris formis gausis zedapiri warmovidginoT (sur. 23.10). cilindris erTi
Tavsaxuri mTlianad gamtars SigniTaa, meore Tavsaxuri gamtaris gareTaa da cilindri gamtaris
zedapiris perpendikularulia.

gamtaris zedapirs gareT mdebare cilindris Tavsaxurze moqmedi E eleqtruli veli zedapiris
perpendikularuli unda iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamtaris zedapirs gaswvriv misi
komponenti zedapiris muxtebze imoqmedebda da maT aamoZravebda. amgvari moZraoba ki sawyis
daSvebas ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan Cven eleqtrostatikur

wonasworobas ganvixilavT. aqedan gamomdinare, E
gamtaris zedapiris perpendikularulia.
exla gausis zedapirSi gamavali nakadi SevajamoT. Siga
Tavsaxuris boloSi nakadi ar gadis, vinaidan gamtars
SigniT eleqtruli veli nulis tolia. cilindris mrud
zedapirze nakadi ar gadis, vinaidan gamtars SigniT
(a) eleqtruli veli nulis tolia, xolo gare eleqtruli
veli gausis zedapiris mrudi nawilis paraleluria.
gausis zedapirSi nakadi mxolod gare Tavsaxuris boloSi

gadis, sadac E eleqtruli veli Tavsaxuris sibrtyis
perpendikularulia. vuSvebT, rom Tavsaxuris A farTobi
sakmarisad mcirea da Tavsaxurze eleqtruli velis E
(b) sidide mudmivia. am SemTxvevaSi, TavsaxurSi gamavali
nakadia EA da gausis zedapirSi gamavali jamuri nakadi
sur. 23.10. zedapirze zedmeti da
debiTi muxtis mqone didi, izoli Φ = EA.
rebuli gamtaris mcire nawilis gausis zedapiriT gamorSemortymuli qj muxti gamtaris
a) perspeqtiva da b) gverdxedi. gam
zedapiris A farTobSia ganlagebuli. Tu σ aris farTobis
tarze perpendikularulad agebuli
cilindris formis gausis zedapiri erTeulSi arsebuli muxti, maSin qj = σA. gausis kanonSi
muxtebis nawils gars ertymis. eleq qj-s nacvlad σA CavsvaT, xolo Φ-s nacvlad EA da miviRebT:
truli velis Zalwirebi cilindris
gare Tavsaxurs da ara Sida Tavsaxurs ε0 EA = σA,
kveTen. gare Tavsaxuris farTobia A, saidanac gamovTvliT:

xolo farTobis veqtoria A .
23.6. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtari 793
σ
E=ε (gamtari zedapiri) (23.11)
0
maSasadame, gamtaris gareT moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide gamtarze muxtis zedapiruli
simkvrivis proporciulia. Tu gamtaris muxti dadebiTia, eleqtruli veli gamtaris zedapiridan
gareT aris mimarTuli da Tu muxti uaryofiTia – gamtarisken (sur. 23.10).
23.10 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi garemoSi ganlagebul uaryofiT
muxtebze unda Sewydes. Tu am muxtebs gamtarTan mivaaxlovebT, gamtaris zedapirze muxtis
simkvrive da eleqtruli velis sidide Seicvleba. miuxedavad amisa, σ-s da E-s Soris kvlav 23.11
formuliT mocemuli kavSiri iqneba.

23.11a suraTze naCvenebia R Siga radiusis
mqone sferos formis liTonis garsis ganivi
kveTi. garsis centridan R/2 manZilze –5 mkk
wertilovani muxtia ganlagebuli. Tu garsi
eleqtrulad neitraluria, risi tolia
garsis Siga da gare zedapirze warmoqmnili
muxtebi? aris Tu ara es muxtebi Tanabrad
ganawilebuli? rogoria velis suraTi garsis
SigniT da gareT?
(a) (b)
amoxsna: 23.11b suraTze naCvenebia liTonis
SigniT moTavsebuli sferuli gausis zeda sur. 23.11. a) uaryofiTi wertilovani muxti
piris ganivi kveTi. liTonis SigniT (da maSa eleqtrulad neitralur, sferos formis liTonis
garsSia ganlagebuli. b) Sedegad dadebiTi muxti
sadame gausis zedapirze) eleqtruli veli
garsis Siga kedelze araTanabrad nawildeba, xolo
nulis tolia. es niSnavs, rom gausis zedapirSi igive raodenobis uaryofiTi muxti gare kedelze
gamavali eleqtruli nakadic nulis toli unda Tanabrad nawildeba.
iyos. am SemTxvevaSi gausis kanonis Sesabamisad,

gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli jamuri vels ver warmoqmnis da gare kedelze muxtebis
muxtic nulia. Tu garsis SigniT –5 mkk wer ganawilebaze gavlenas ver axdens.
tilovani muxtia, maSin garsis Siga kedelze garsis Siga da gareTa eleqtruli velis
+5 mkk muxti unda iyos ganlagebuli. Zalwirebi 23.11b suraTze miaxloebiTaa
wertilovani muxti centrSi rom yofiliyo naCvenebi. yvela Zalwiri garss da wertilovan
ganlagebuli, maSin dadebiTi muxti Siga muxts perpendikularulad kveTs. garsis
kedlis gaswvriv Tanabrad ganawildeboda. SigniT velis suraTi asimetriulia, vinaidan
vinaidan wertilovani muxti centrSi ar dadebiTi muxtebis ganawilebac asimetriulia.
aris, dadebiTi muxti 23.11b suraTis msgavsad garsis gareT velis suraTi iseTivea, rogoric
asimetriulad nawildeba. dadebiTi muxti im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tu wertilovan
Siga kedlis uaryofiT wertilovan muxtTan muxts centrze ganvalagebdiT da garsi ar
yvelaze axlomdebare monakveTze grovdeba. iarsebebda. sinamdvileSi, velis suraTi
vinaidan garsi eleqtrulad neitraluria, mis wertilovani muxtis mdebareobis miuxedavad
Siga kedels +5 mkk muxti mxolod maSin eqneba, aseTive iqneboda.
rodesac –5 mkk mTliani muxtis eleqtronebi
Siga kedlidan gare kedelze gadava, sadac sakontrolo wertili 4. –50e muxtis
isini Tanabrad ganawildeba (sur. 23.11b). burTi sferos formis liTonis garsis
ganawileba Tanabaria, vinaidan garsi sferos centrzea ganlagebuli. garsis mTliani
formisaa da Siga kedelze dadebiTi muxtis muxtia –100e. risi tolia muxti a) garsis
asimetriuli ganawileba garsSi eleqtrul Siga zedapirze da b) gare zedapirze?
23.7. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: cilindruli simetria

23.12 suraTze naCvenebia usasrulod grZeli, cilindris formis plastmasis Reros monakveTi. λ

muxtis wiriTi simkvrive dadebiTi da Tanabaria. vipovoT Reros RerZidan r manZilze moqmedi E
eleqtruli velis sididis gamosaxuleba.
gausis zedapiri amocanis simetrias unda Seesabamebodes, amitom r radiusis, h simaRlis da
Reros koaqsialur cilindrs virCevT. gausis zedapiri daxuruli unda iyos, amitom cilindris
boloebs or Tavsaxurs vargebT.
warmoidgineT, rom plastmasis Rero misi gaswvrivi RerZis garSemo brunavs da pirvandel
mdgomareobaSi brundeba. rodesac Reros SexedavT, masSi cvlilebas ver dainaxavT. maSasadame
amocanis amoxsnis erTaderTi mimarTuleba radialuri wrfis gaswvrivaa. maSasadame, gausis
zedapiris nebismier wertilze E sidide Tanabari da
radialurad moSorebiT unda iyos mimarTuli.
vinaidan 2πr cilindris fuZis wrewiris sigrZea da h ci
lindris simaRlea, cilindris zedapiris farTobia

A = 2πrh. cilindrul zedapirSi gamavali E -s nakadia:
Φ = EA cos θ = E(2πrh)cos 0 = E(2πrh),
nakadi TavsaxurebSi ar gadis, vinaidan radialurad


mimarTuli E nebismier wertilze Tavsaxurebis para
leluria.
zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxtia λh da amitom gausis
sur. 23.12. daxuruli, cilindris kanoni:

formis gausis zedapiri Zalian grZel, ε0Φ = qj
Tanabrad damuxtul, cilindris formis daiyvaneba Semdeg formulamde:
plastmasis Reros ertymis gars.
ε0 E(2πrh) = λh.
λ
aqedan gamomdinare: E = 2πε r (damuxtuli wiri) (23.12)
0
muxtis usasrulod grZeli wiri misgan r radialur manZilze 23.12 formuliT mocemul eleqtrul

vels warmoqmnis. E muxtis wirisgan radialurad gareT aris mimarTuli, Tu muxti dadebiTia da
wirisken radialurad aris mimarTuli, Tu muxti uaryofiTia. 23.12 formula muxtis sasruli
wiris velisTvisac gamodgeba, Tu wertilebi wiris boloebTan metismetad axlos ar aris.

maRla mimavali nakadi Weqa-quxilis dros. 23.13 suraTze
gamosaxuli qali sekvoias nacionaluri parkis gadasaxed
platformaze idga, rodesac mis Tavze saavdro Rrubeli
Camowva. misi sxeulis gamtarobis eleqtronebis nawili
Rrublis uaryofiTi muxtebis saSualebiT miwaze gadavida
da qali dadebiTad daimuxta (sur. 23.14a). dadebiTi muxti
sakmaod Zlieri iyo, vinaidan misi Tmis Rerebma erTmaneTi
ganizida. muxtisgan warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli Zal
wirebis gaswvriv arian mimarTulni.
sur. 23.13. qali saavdro

Rrubelma dadebiTad damuxta.
23.8. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sibrtyiTi simetria 795
marTalia, qals mexi ar dascemia, magram
misi sicocxle mainc safrTxeSi iyo,
vinaidan eleqtruli veli garemomcvel
haerSi eleqtruli garRvevis warmoqmnis
zRvarze meryeobda. msgavsi garRveva
qalidan maRla mimarTuli nakadis
gaswvriv moxdeboda. aseTi nakadi 23-e (a) (b) (g)
Tavis dasawyisSi gamosaxul fotogra sur. 23.14. a) gamtarobis eleqtronebi qalis sxeulidan
fiaze xis wverTan axlos moCans. maRla miwaze gadadis da qali dadebiTad imuxteba. b) maRla mimar
mimarTuli nakadi saxifaToa, vinaidan Tuli nakadi maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac haeri eleqtrul
garRvevas ganicdis anu molekulebidan ganTavisuflebuli
haeris molekulebis ionizacia am mole eleqtronebi qalisken moZraoben. g) qali cilindris
kulebidan Zalian didi raodenobis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
eleqtronebs anTavisuflebs. rogorc
ki 23.13 suraTze gamosaxuli qali maRla leba muxtebis grZel wirad SegviZlia
mimarTul nakads warmoqmnida, haerSi moZravi warmovidginoT. vinaidan davuSviT, rom muxti
Tavisufali eleqtronebi mis neitralizebas wiris gaswvriv Tanabradaa ganawilebuli,
Seecdeboda (sur. 23.14b) da sxeulSi muxtis 23.12 formuliT (E = λ/2πε0r) qalis sxeulis
didi, savaraudod sasikvdilo raodenoba gaswvriv moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
gaivlida. SegviZlia miaxloebiT E-s
gamovTvaloT.
modiT, qalis sxeuli L = 1,8 m sigrZis da nacvlad Ec kritikuli mniSvneloba CavsvaT, r
R = 0,1 m radiusis viwro vertikalur cilin radialuri manZilis nacvlad - R cilindris
drad miviCnioT (sur. 23.14g). davuSvaT, radiusi da muxtebis wrfivi λ simkvrivis
Q muxti cilindris gaswvriv Tanabradaa nacvlad - Q/L Sefardeba:
ganawilebuli da eleqtruli garRveva maSin Q/L
Ec =  ,
moxdeba, rodesac sxeulis gaswvriv moqmedi 2πε0R
eleqtruli velis amplituda Ec = 2,4 mgn/k anu
kritikul mniSvnelobas gadaaWarbebs. Q-s ra Q = 2πε 0RLE c .
muxti miiyvanda qalis sxeulTan axlomdebare monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
haers eleqtruli garRvevis zRvramde? Q = (2π)(8,85 × 10–12 k2/n · m2)(0,1 m)
× (1,8 m)(2,4 × 106 n/k)
amoxsna: vinaidan R <<  L, muxtebis ganawi
= 2,402 × 10–5 k ≈ 24 mkk (pasuxi)
23.8. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sibrtyiTi simetria

gaumtari firfita
23.15 suraTze naCvenebia Txeli, usasrulo, gaumtari, σ muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivis mqone
firfitis nawili. firfita erT mxareze Tanabradaa damuxtuli. modiT, firfitidan r manZilze

moqmedi E eleqtruli veli gamovTvaloT.
gausis zedapiri A farTobis Tavsaxurebis mqone daxuruli cilindria, romelic firfitas

perpendikularulad kveTs. E simetriidan gamomdinare, firfitis da, maSasadame, Tavsaxurebis

perpendikularuli unda iyos. ufro metic, vinaidan muxti dadebiTia, E firfitidan gareT
aris mimarTuli da eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi Tavsaxurebs gare mimarTulebiT kveTs. vinaidan
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi mrud zedapirs ar kveTs, gausis zedapiris am nawilSi nakadi ar
 
gaivlis. maSasadame E ⋅ dA  = EdA da gausis kanoni Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
sur. 23.15. Zalian didi, Txeli, erT gverdze σ zedapiruli muxtis

simkvrivis mqone plastmasis firfitis a) perspeqtiva da b) gverd
xedi. gausis cilindris formis daxuruli zedapiri firfitis
perpendikularulia.
ε0   = qj ,
ε0 (EA + EA) = σA ,
sadac σA aris gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxti. am
SemTxvevaSi:
σ
E= (muxtis firfita). (23.13)
2ε0
vinaidan Cven muxtis Tanabari simkvrivis mqone usasrulo
(a)
firfitas ganvixilavT, es formula furclidan sasrul
manZilze ganlagebuli nebismieri wertilisTvis gamodgeba.
23.13 formula 22.27 formulas, romelic individualuri
muxtebis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis komponentebis
integrebiT gamovTvaleT, eTanxmeba (gaixseneT integrebaze
daxarjuli dro da energia da yuradReba miaqcieT, ramdenad
(b)
swrafad viRebT igive Sedegs gausis kanonis saSualebiT.
swored amitom mieZRvna mTeli Tavi am kanons. muxtebis
simetriuli ganlagebis dros velis komponentebis integrebaze bevrad advili swored gausis
kanonis gamoyenebaa).
ori gamtari firfita

23.16a suraTze naCvenebia zedmeti dadebiTi muxtis mqone Txeli, usasrulo gamtari firfita.
23.6 paragrafidan viciT, rom zedmeti muxti firfitis zedapirzea ganlagebuli. vinaidan
firfita Txeli da Zalian didia, vuSvebT, rom yvela zedmeti muxti firfitis or did zeda-
pirzea.
Tu gare eleqtruli veli dadebiT muxts garkveuli mimarTulebiT ar anawilebs, maSin muxtebi
Tanabari σ1 zedapiruli muxtis simkvriviT or zedapirze gavrceldeba. 23.11 formulidan
gamomdinare, firfitis gareT es muxti E = σ1/ε0 sididis eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. vinaidan
muxti dadebiTia, veli firfitisgan moSorebiT aris mimarTuli.
23.16b suraTze naCvenebia igive σ1 zedapiruli muxtis simkvrivis da uaryofiTi muxtis mqone
identuri firfita. erTaderTi gansxvaveba imaSia, rom eleqtruli veli firfitisken aris
mimarTuli.
davuSvaT 23.16a da b suraTze gamosaxuli firfitebi erTmaneTTan axlos da paralelurad gan-
valageT (sur. 23.16g). vinaidan firfitebi gamtarebia, erTi firfitis zedmeti muxti meore
firfitis zedmet muxts miizidavs da mTeli zedmeti muxti firfitis Siga zedapirebze gadava.
sur. 23.16. a) zedmeti

dadebiTi muxtis mqone
Txeli, Zalian didi gam
tari firfita. b) uar
yofiTi muxtis mqone
igive firfita. g) ori
firfita erTmaneTTan
axlos da paralelurad
aris ganlagebuli.
(a) (b) (g)
23.8. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sibrtyiTi simetria 797
amjerad TiToeul Siga zedapirze orjer meti muxtia da axali zedapiruli muxtis simkvrive (σ)
σ1-ze orjer metia. firfitebs Soris nebismier wertilze moqmedi velis sididea:
2σ σ
E= ε1 = ε . (23.14)
0 0
veli dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitidan uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfitisken aris mimarTuli.

vinaidan gare zedapirebze zedmeti muxti aRar arsebobs, firfitebiT gamowveuli gare
eleqtruli veli nulis tolia.
vinaidan firfitebis muxtebi firfitebis miaxloebisas gadaadgilda, 23.16g suraTi 23.16a da b
suraTebis superpozicia ar aris, anu ori firfitisgan Semdgari sistemis muxtebis ganawileba
individualuri firfitebis muxtebis ganawilebis jami ar aris.
SesaZloa gagiCndeT SekiTxva _ ratom ganvixilavT iseT ararealur movlenebs, rogoricaa
muxtis usasrulo wiris, muxtis usasrulo firfitis an muxtis usasrulo firfitebis wyvilTa
mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli. amis mizezi is aris, rom gausis kanoniT amgvari SemTxvevebis
gaanalizeba advilia. garda amisa, ùsasrulo~ SemTxvevebSi analizis Catareba realuri
amocanebis amoxsnis saSualebasac iZleva. magaliTad, 23.13 formula sasruli gaumtari
firfitebisTvisac gamodgeba, Tu wertilebi firfitasTan axlos aris ganlagebuli da ara mis
kideebTan Zalian axlos. 23.14 formula sasruli gamtari firfitebis wyvilisTvisac gamodgeba,
Tu maT kideebTan arc ise axlos mdebare wertilebs ganvixilavT.
kideebTan dakavSirebuli problema is aris, rom masTan axlos ganlagebuli wertilebisTvis
sibrtyiT simetrias velis gamosaxulebis povnisTvis veRar gamoviyenebT. marTlac, kideebze
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi mruddebia (rasac kidis efeqti ewodeba) da algebrulad velis
gamosaxva rTuldeba.

23.17a suraTze naCvenebia erT gverdze Tana cipiT (velebis algebrulad SejamebiT) unda
bari muxtis mqone ori didi, paraleluri, gamoiTvalos (velebis Sekreba dasaSvebia,
gaumtari firfita. zedapiruli muxtis si- vinaidan isini erTmaneTis paraleluria).
mkvriveebia σ(+) = 6,8 mkk/m2 dadebiTad damux- nebismier wertilSi dadebiTi firfitis mier
tuli firfitisTvis da σ(–) = 4,3 mkk/m2 uaryo- gamowveuli E(+) eleqtruli veli firfitidan
fiTad damuxtuli firfitisTvis. gareT aris mimarTuli da 23.13 formulis
gamoTvaleT firfitebis a) marcxena mxares Tanaxmad misi sididea:

b) SuaSi da g) marjvena mxares moqmedi E σ 6,8×10–6 k/m2
E(+) = 2ε(+) =
eleqtruli veli. 0 (2)(8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2)
amoxsna: vinaidan muxtebi uZravia (aragamta = 3,84×105 n/k.
rebze arian ganlagebuli), firfitebis aseTive principiT, uaryofiTi firfitiT ga
eleqtruli veli 1) TiToeuli firfitis mowveuli E(–) eleqtruli veli firfitiskenaa
velis gamoTvliT da 2) superpoziciis prin mimarTuli da misi sididea:
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 23.17. a) erT mxareze Tanabrad damuxtuli ori didi, paraleluri firfita. b) ori damuxtuli firfitis
Sedegad gamowveuli inidividualuri eleqtruli velebi. g) orive firfitis mier gamowveuli jamuri eleqtruli
veli superpoziciis principiT gamoiTvleba
vinaidan E(+) metia E(–)-ze, am regionSi jamuri

σ(–) 4,3×10–6 k/m2 
E(–) = 2ε = E L eleqtruli veli marcxniskenaa mimar-
0 (2)(8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2)
Tuli, rogorc es 23.17g suraTze Cans.

= 2,43×105 n/k. firfitebis marjvniv E R eleqtruli velis
23.17b suraTze naCvenebia firfitebis marcx- sidide igivea, magram amjerad is marjvniskenaa
niv (L), SuaSi (B) da marjvniv (R) warmoqmnili mimarTuli da esec 23.17g suraTze Cans.
veli. firfitebs Soris velebi ikribeba da gveqneba:
samive regionSi miRebuli veli superpoziciis EB = E(+) + E(–)
principidan gamomdinareobs. marcxena re
= 3,84×105 n/k + 2,43×105 n/k
gionSi velis sididea:
= 6,3×105 n/k (pasuxi)
EL = E(+) – E(–) 
= 3,84 × 105 n/k – 2,43 × 105 n/k E B eleqtruli veli mimarTulia marjvnisken.
= 1,4 × 105 n/k (pasuxi)
23.9. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sferuli simetria

amjerad gausis kanons 21.4 paragrafSi mocemuli garsis ori Teoremis dasamtkiceblad
gamoviyenebT:
Tanabrad damuxtuli garsi mis gareT mdebare damuxtul nawilaks ise miizidavs an gani-
zidavs, TiTqos garsis muxti centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
Tu damuxtuli nawilaki Tanabrad damuxtuli garsis SigniTaa ganlagebuli, garsidan

nawilakze tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar moqmedebs.
23.18 suraTze naCvenebia q muxtis da R radiusis sferuli damuxtuli garsi da S1 da S2 gausis

ori koncentruli sferuli zedapiri. Tu 23.5 paragrafSi aRweril proceduras gamoviyenebT da
gausis kanons S2 zedapirisTvis gamoviyenebT, sadac r≥R, miviRebT:
1 q
E= (sferuli garsi, veli r≥R wertilze) (23.15)
4πε0 r2
am vels damuxtuli garsis centrze ganlagebuli q wertilovani muxti warmoqmnis. maSasadame,
q muxtis garsidan mis gareT mdebare nawilakze moqmedi Zala garsis centrze ganlagebuli q
wertilovani muxtidan moqmedi Zalis tolia. pirveli Teorema damtkicebulia.
gausis kanoni S1 zedapirisTvis gamoviyenoT, sadac r<R da
miviRebT:
E = 0 (sferuli garsi, veli r<R wertilze) (23.16)
vinaidan gausis zedapiri muxts ar ertymis gars. maSasadame,

Tu damuxtuli nawilaki garsiT iqneboda garSemortymuli,
garsi nawilakze tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT ar
imoqmedebda. meore Teorema damtkicebulia.
muxtebis ganawilebis sferuli simetria (23.19 suraTis
sur. 23.18. q muxtis Txeli, Tanabrad msgavsi) koncentruli sferuli garsebis jgufiT SeiZleba
damuxtuli, sferuli garsis gani aigos. garsis ori Teoremis gamoyenebisTvis ρ moculobiTi
vi kveTi. ganiv kveTze agreTve na
muxtis simkvrives TiToeuli garsisTvis erTi mniSvneloba
Cvenebia S1 da S2 gausis zedapirebi.
S2 zedapiri garss garSemo ertymis, unda hqondes, magram aucilebeli ar aris garsidan
xolo S1 zedapiri mxolod garsis garsze Tanabari iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, muxtis mTliani
cariel SigTavss ertymis garSemo.
23.9. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sferuli simetria 799
ganawilebisTvis ρ SeiZleba icvlebodes, magram mxolod
centridan r radialur manZilTan erTad.
23.19a suraTze mTliani muxti gausis zedapirSia da r>R.
muxti gausis zedapirze eleqtrul vels ise warmoqmnis,
TiTqos is centrze ganlagebuli wertilovani muxti iyos
(sur. 23.15).
23.19b suraTze naCvenebia gausis zedapiri da r<R. gausis
zedapiris wertilebze eleqtruli velis gamosaTvlelad
damuxtuli garsebis or wyvils ganvixilavT. erTi wyvili
gausis zedapirs SigniTaa, xolo meore wyvili gareT aris
ganlagebuli. 23.16 formulis Tanaxmad gausis zedapirs (a)
gareT mdebare muxti gausis zedapirze jamur eleqtrul

vels ar warmoqmnis. 23.15 formulis Tanaxmad zedapiriT
garSemortymuli muxti eleqtrul vels ise warmoqmnis,
TiTqos is centrze iyos koncentrirebuli. davuSvaT q’
iyos garSemortymuli muxti da 23.15 formula Semdeg
saxes miiRebs:
1 q´
E= (sferuli ganawileba, veli r ≤ R wertilze) (23.17)
4πε0 r2
Tu R radiusis SigniT moqceuli q muxti Tanabrad aris
(b)
ganawilebuli, maSin 23.19b suraTze gamosaxuli r radiusis
SigniT moqceuli q´ muxti q-s proporciulia: sur. 23.19. wertilebiT asaxulia mux
( )=
r radiusis sferoSi tebis R radiusis sferuli simetriuli
moqceuli muxti ganawileba, romlis ρ moculobiTi
sruli muxti
muxtis simkvrive mxolod centridan
( )
r radiusis sferoSi sruli moculoba
dacilebis funqciaa. damuxtuli sagani
moqceuli moculoba gamtari ar aris da amitom muxti uZravia.
r > R sferuli koncentruli gausis
q´ q
anu 3 πr3 = 3 πR3 (23.18) zedapiri a) suraTzea naCvenebia. r < R
4 4 igive saxis gausis zedapiri b) suraTze
moCans.
Semdeg miviRebT:
q´ = q r 3
3
(23.19)
R
es formula 23.17 formulaSi CavsvaT:
E= ( q
4πε0R3 )
r (Tanabari muxti, veli r≤R wertilze) (23.20)
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia Tanabari zedapiruli muxtis simkvrivis

(dadebiTi) mqone, ori didi, paraleluri, gaumtari firfita da Tanabari moculobiTi
muxtis simkvrivis (dadebiTi) mqone sfero. daalageT danomrili wertilebi maTze moqmedi
tolqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
gausis kanoni. gausis kanoni da kulonis damuxtuli wiris perpendikularulia da
kanoni statikur mdgomareobaSi muxtsa da misi sididea:
eleqtrul vels Soris kavSirs sxvadasxva λ
E= (muxtis wiri), (23.12)
gziT aRweren. gausis kanonia: 2πε0r
sadac r aris damuxtuli wiridan wer
ε0Φ = qj (gausis kanoni), (23.6)
tilamde perpendikularuli manZili.
sadac qj aris warmosaxviT daxurul zedapirSi 4. Tanabari σ muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivis
(gausis zedapirSi) arsebuli jamuri muxti, usasrulo gaumtari firfitiT gamowveuli
xolo Φ _ zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli eleqtruli veli firfitis sibrtyis per
velis nakadi: pendikularulia da misi sididea:
(gausis zedapirSi gamavali σ
eleqtruli nakadi) (23.4) E= (muxtis firfita). (23.13)
2ε0
kulonis kanoni gausis kanonidan SegviZlia 5. R radiusis da q jamuri muxtis sferuli
miviRoT. garsis gareT mdebare eleqtruli velis
gausis kanonis gamoyeneba. gausis kanonis mimarTuleba radialuria da misi sididea:
da zogierT SemTxvevaSi simetriis gamoyen- 1 q
E= (sferuli garsi, rodesac r≥R) (23.15)
ebiT eleqtrostatikur mdgomareobebSi ram- 4πε0 r2
denime mniSvnelovani Sedegi miiReba: aq r aris garsis centridan im wertilamde
1. izolirebuli gamtaris zedmeti muxti manZili, sadac E izomeba (gare wertilebis
mTlianad mis gare zedapirzea ganlage SemTxvevaSi muxti ise iqceva, TiTqos sfe
buli. ros centrSi iyos ganlagebuli). Tanabari
2. damuxtuli gamtaris zedapirTan axlos muxtis sferul garsSi moqmedi eleqtruli
gare eleqtruli veli zedapiris perpen veli zustad nulia:
dikularulia da misi sididea:
σ E=0 (sferuli garsi, rodesac r < R) (23.16)
E=ε (gamtari zedapiri) (23.11)
0 6. Tanabari muxtis sferos SigniT moqmedi
gamtars SigniT E=0. eleqtruli velis mimarTuleba radialu
3. Tanabari λ muxtis wiriTi simkvrivis mqone ria da misi sididea:
damuxtuli usasrulo wiriT gamowveuli
eleqtruli veli nebismier wertilze
E= ( q
4πε0R3)r (23.20)
SekiTxvebi
 jamuri nakadebi dididan mcireze. b) daalageT
1. zedapiris farTobis veqtoria A = (2 +3 )m2.
zedapirebze eleqtruli velebis sidideebi
ra Tanabari eleqtruli velis nakadi gaivlis
  dididan mcireze da aCveneT es sidideebi
zedapirSi, Tu velia a) E = 4  n/k da b) E = 4 
Tanabaria Tu cvladi.
n/k?
3. 23.21 suraTze naCvenebia liTonis
2. 23.20 suraTze naCvenebia gausis ori
centraluri burTis, liTonis ori sferuli
sferos da gausis
garsis da R, 2R,
ori kubis ganivi
3R radiusebis
kveTi. figurebi
gausis sami sfe
dadebiTad damux
ros ganivi kve
tuli nawilakis
Ti. yvela figu
garSemoa centri
ras erTi da igive
rebuli. a) daala
centri aqvs.
geT gausis zeda
burTs Q Tanabari
pirebSi gamavali sur. 23.20. SekiTxva 2. sur. 23.21. SekiTxva 3.
801
muxti aqvs, mcire garss _ 3Q muxti, xolo 7. 23.24 suraTze
did garss _ 5Q muxti. gausis zedapirebi Tanabari muxtis
maT nebismier wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli simkvriveebis (σ(+)
velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze da σ(–)) or usasru
daalageT. lo, gaumtar, hori
4. 23.22 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi ganlageba, zontalur firfitas
rodesac oTxi Zalian grZeli Rero wignis Soris eleqtroni
furcelSi Sedis da gamodis (Tqven mxolod moZraobs. eleqtroni sam mdgomareobaSi
mcire zomis wreebs xedavT). ricxviTi xvdeba da maTi Sesabamisi zedapiruli muxtis
mniSvnelobebi Reros muxtis Tanabar simkvri simkvriveebi da firfitebs Soris dacileba
ves mk/m-ebSi asaxaven. Reroebs Soris manZilia qvemoTaa mocemuli. daalageT eleqtronis
d an 2d, xolo centraluri wertili Siga aCqarebebi dididan mcireze.
Reroebis Sua wertilzea ganlagebuli. mdgomareoba σ(+) σ(–) dacileba
daalageT ganlagebebi centralur moqmedi
1 +4σ –4σ d
tolqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT
2 +7σ –σ 4d
dididan mcireze.
3 +3σ –5σ 9d
8. mcire damuxtuli burTi liTonis R ra
diusis sferul garsSia moTavsebuli. sam
mdgomareobaSi burTis da garsis muxtebia:
1) +4q, 0; 2) –6q, +10q, 3) +16q, –12q. daalageT
mdgomareobebi a) garsis Siga zedapiris da
b) garsis gare zedapiris muxtebis mixedviT.
9. me-8 SekiTxvaSi mocemuli mdgomareobebi
g) garsis SuaSi da b) garsis centridan 2R
sur. 23.22. SekiTxva 4. manZilze daSorebul wertilze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sidideebis mixedviT
5. 23.23 suraTze naCvenebia L sigrZis da Q
Tanabari muxtis sami myari cilindris ganivi
kveTi. TiToeuli cilindris koncentrulad 10. 23.25 suraTze naCvenebia moculobaSi
erTi da igive radiusis gausis cilindruli Tanabrad ganawilebuli Q muxtis mqone
zedapirebia ganlagebuli. gausis zedapirebi oTxi myari sfero. a) daalageT sferoebi
nebismier wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivis mixedviT
velis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. dididan mcireze. suraTze aseve naCvenebia P
wertili, romelic yvela sferos centridan
Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli.
b) daalageT sferoebi am wertilze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.
6. sami usasarulo gaumtari frifitis Tanaba

ri dadebiTi muxtis zedapiruli simkvriveebia
σ, 2σ da 3σ. firfitebi paralelurad aris
ganlagebuli. ra TanmimdevrobiT aris fir
fitebi ganlagebuli marcxnidan marjvniv, (a) (b) (g) (d)
Tu erT regionSi maT mier warmoqmnili eleq
truli velia E = 0, xolo meore regionSi war sur. 23.25. SekiTxva 10.
moqmnili eleqtruli velia E = 2σ/ε0?
amocanebi
paragrafi 23.4. gausis kanoni
Manual-Si. ·4. 23.28 suraTze
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze gamosaxuli peple
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday bis saWeri E=3mn/k
sididis Tanabari
com/college/halliday. e l e q t r u l i
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs velSia. rkali
• – ••• sur. 23.28. amocana 4.
amocanis sirTules
a=11sm radiu
paragrafi 23.3. eleqtruli velis sis wrea da velis perpendikularulad aris
nakadi ganlagebuli. saWeri damuxtuli ar aris.
gamoTvaleT masSi gamavali eleqtruli
·1. 23.26 suraTze
nakadi.
gamosaxuli kvad
ratuli zedapiris ·5. 1,8 mkk wertilovani muxti 55 sm sigrZis
TiToeuli gverdi gverdis gausis kuburi zedapiris centrSia
3,2mm-ia. zedapiri ganlagebuli. ra eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis
E = 1800 n/k sidi zedapirSi?
dis Tanabar eleq ·6. 23.27 suraTze gamosaxuli kubis zedapiris
trul velSia mo TiToeul wertilze eleqtruli veli z RerZis
Tavsebuli da eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi paraleluria. kubis TiToeuli gverdis

zedapiris normalisadmi θ = 35° kuTxes sigrZea 3 m. kubis zeda gverdze E = –34 n/k

qmnian. davuSvaT normali gareTaa mimarTuli, da qveda gverdze E = +20 n/k. gamoTvaleT
TiTqos zedapiri yuTis erTi gverdia. kubis SigniT moqceuli muxti.
gamoTvaleT zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli ·7. 23.29 suraTze protoni d gverdis
nakadi. kvadratis centridan maRla d/2 manZiliT aris
··2. 23.27 suraTze daSorebuli. ra sididis eleqtruli nakadi
gamosaxuli kubis gaivlis kvadratSi? (miniSneba: kvadrati
gverdis sigrZea d sigrZis gverdis kubis erT zedapirad
1,4 m da is erT miiCnieT).
gvarovani eleq
truli velisken
aris orientire
buli. gamoTva
sur. 23.27. amocanebi 2, 6
leT marjvena da 13
gverdSi gamavali sur. 23.29. amocana 7.
eleqtruli nakadi, Tu eleqtruli
··8. rodesac daketil saabazanoSi Sxapi
velia (n/k-ebSi) a) 6 , b) –2 da
moSvebulia, abazanaze daSxefebulma wyalma
g) –3 +4 . d) ra mTliani nakadi gaivlis kubSi
SesaZloa oTaxis haeri uaryofiTad damux-
TiToeuli velis SemTxvevaSi?
 tuli ionebiT aavsos da haerSi 1000 n/k sidi-
··3. E = 4  –3(y2+2) eleqtruli veli 23.5 dis eleqtruli veli warmoqmnas. saabazanos
suraTze naCveneb gausis kubs kveTs (E aris n/k- zomebia 2,5 m × 3 m × 2 m. Weris, iatakis da oTxi
ebSi, xolo x - metrebSi). ra eleqtruli nakadi kedlis gaswvriv, haerSi arsebuli eleqtruli
gaivlis a) zeda gverdSi, b) qveda gverdSi, veli zedapiris perpendikularuladaa mimar
g) marcxena gverdSi da d) ukana gverdSi? Tuli da misi sididea 600 n/k. garda amisa
b) mTlianad ra eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis dauSviT, rom es zedapirebi oTaxis haeris
kubSi? garSemo gausis daxurul zedapirs qmnis. risi
803
tolia oTaxis haerSi a) ρ muxtis moculobiTi damokidebulebis grafiki. a) rogoria cen
simkvrive da b) e elementaruli nawilakebis traluri nawilakis muxti? ra muxti aqvs
Warbi ricxvi kubur metrze? b) A garss da g) B garss?
··9. eqsperimentulad dadginda, rom dedamiwis ··13. 23.27 suraTze, gausis zedapiri 1,4 m
atmosferos garkveul monakveTSi eleqtruli sigrZis gverdis kubia. risi tolia a) zeda
veli vertikalurad qvemoTaa mimarTuli. 300 m pirSi gamavali Φ nakadi da b) zedapiriT gar

simaRleze velis sididea 60 n/k, xolo 200 m Semortymuli qj muxti, Tu E (=3y ) n/k? risi

simaRleze velis sididea 100 n/k. gamoTvaleT tolia g) Φ da d) qj , Tu E =[–4 +(6+3y) ] n/k?
100 m sigrZis gverdis da 200 da 300 m simaRleze ILW
ganlagebuli horizontaluri gverdebis ···14. 23.32 suraTze gamosaxuli yuTis magvari
mqone kubSi moqceuli muxtis raodenoba. SSM gausis zedapiri +24ε0 k muxts moicavs da

··10. 23.30 suraTze E  = [(10+2x)  – 3 + bz ] n/k eleqtrul velSia
garsi
naCvenebia ori gaum garsi moTavsebuli. x da z metrebSia, xolo b mudmivaa.
tari, sferuli, uZravi qveda gverdi xz sibrtyeSia, xolo zeda gverdi
garsi. pirveli garsis _ y2 = 1 m wertilze gamaval horizontalur
gare zedapirze muxtis sibrtyeSi. rodesac x1=1m, x2=4m, z1=1m da z2=3m,
zedapiruli simkv risi tolia b?
rivea +6 mkk/m , xolo
2
radiusia 3 sm. meore sur. 23.30. amocana 10.
garsis gare zedapirze

muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea +4 mkk/m2 da
radiusia 2 sm. garsis centrebs Soris manZilia
L = 10 sm. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra
jamuri eleqtruli veli moqmedebs x = 2 sm
wertilze?
··11. +q muxtis nawilaki gausis kubis erT
wverzea ganlagebuli. q/ε0-is ra jeradi
paragrafi 23.6. damuxtuli izolire
gvaZlevs nakads, gamavals a) am kuTxis Semqmnel buli gamtari
TiToeul zedapirSi da b) sxva zedapirebSi? ·15. 1,2 m diametris Tanabrad damuxtuli
SSM gamtari sferos muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea
··12. nakadi da gaumtari garsebi. damux 8,1 mkk/m2. a) gamoTvaleT sferos muxti. b) ra
tuli nawilaki Zalian Txeli da gaumtari mTliani eleqtruli nakadi gamodis sferos
nivTierebisgan damzadebuli ori koncen zedapiridan? SSM
truli sferuli garsis centrzea ganla ·16. fotokopirebis mowyobilobis damux
gebuli. 23.31a suraTze naCvenebia ganivi tuli barabnis zedapirs zemoT E=2,3×105  n/k
kveTi. 23.31b suraTze mocemulia nawilakis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. risi tolia
garSemo centrirebul gausis sferoSi gama barabnis zedapiruli muxtis simkvrive, Tu
vali Φ jamuri nakadis sferos r radiusze barabani gamtaria?
·17. dedamiwis radiaciul areSi moZravi kos-
mosuri xomaldi eleqtronebis sakmaod did
raodenobas iZens. Sedegad miRebulma muxtma
eleqtruli nawilebi SeiZleba daazianos
da moqmedebebi Sewydes. davuSvaT, 1,3 m
diametris liTonis sferuli Tanamgzavri
orbitaze moZraobisas 2,4 mkk muxts agrovebs.
a) gamoTvaleT muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive.
b) gamoTvaleT zedapiris muxtis Sedegad risi tolia eleqtronis sawyisi aCqareba?

gamowveuli eleqtruli velis sidide Tana ·23. a) me-16 amocanaSi mocemuli foto
mgzavris zedapiris gareT. kopirebis mowyobilobis barabnis sigrZea
·18. nakadi da gamtari garsebi. damuxtuli 42 sm, xolo diametri - 12 sm. risi tolia
nawilaki ori koncentruli, gamtari sferuli barabnis mTliani muxti? b) mwarmoebels
garsis centrSia moTavsebuli. 23.33a suraTze mowyobilobis samagido variantis gamoSveba
naCvenebia ganivi kveTi. 23.33b suraTze surs. amisTvis barabnis sigrZe 28 sm, xolo
mocemulia nawilakis garSemo centrirebuli diametri 8 sm unda gaxdes. barabnis zedapirze
gausis sferoSi gamavali Φ nakadis sferos moqmedi eleqtruli veli ar unda Seicvalos.
r radiusze damokidebulebis grafiki. risi ra unda iyos axali barabnis muxti?
tolia a) centraluri nawilakis muxti da b) A ··24. 23.35 suraTze
da g) B garsebis muxtebi? muxtis ori Zalian
grZeli paraleluri
wirebi uZravia da maT
Soris manZilia L = 8 sm.
Tanabari muxtis wi
riTi simkvriveebia
+6 mkk/m pirveli wirisTvis da –2 mkk/m meore
wirisTvis. x RerZis gaswvriv ra wertilze
sur. 23.33. amocana 18. iqneba ori wiris mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
veli nulis toli?
··19. SemTxveviTi formis izolirebuli
gamtaris muxtia +10×10–6 k. gamtaris SigniT ··25. ori grZeli, damuxtuli, Txelkedliani
siRruea, romelSic q = +3×10 k wertilovani
–6  koncentruli cilindruli garsebis radiu
muxtia moTavsebuli. ra muxtia a) siRruis sebia 3 sm da 6 sm. Siga garsis sigrZis erTeulze
kedelze da b) gamtaris gare zedapirze? 5×10–6 k/m muxtia, xolo gare garsis sigrZis
erTeulze – –7×10–6 k/m. risi tolia r = 4 sm
paragrafi 23.7. gausis kanonis gamo
radialur manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis
yeneba: cilindruli simetria
a) E sidide da b) mimarTuleba? risi tolia
·20. 23.34 suraTze g) E da d) mimarTuleba r = 8 sm manZilze? ILW
naCvenebia R = 3 sm ra
··26. 23.36a suraTze naCvenebia viwro,
diusis grZeli, Txe
damuxtuli, myari cilindri, romlic didi,
lkedliani liTonis
damuxtuli cilindruli garsisadmi koaqsia
milis monakveTi. si-
luria. orive maTgani gaumtaria, Txelia da
grZis erTeulze mux-
gare zedapirebze Tanabradganawilebuli
tia λ=2×10–8k/m. ra E
muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive aqvT. 23.36b
sididis eleqtruli
sur. 23.34. amocana 20. suraTze mocemulia eleqtruli velis E
veli moqmedebs
radialuri komponentis saerTo RerZidan r
a) r = R/2 da b) r = 2R radialur manZilze?
radialur manZilze damokidebulebis grafiki.
g) 0 ≤ r ≤ 2R arealisTvis aageT E-s r-ze damo
risi tolia garsis wiriTi muxtis simkvrive?
kidebulebis grafiki.
·21. muxtis usasrulo wiri 2 m manZilze
4,5×104 n/k eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. gamo
TvaleT muxtis wiriTi simkvrive. SSM
·22. Zalian grZel gaumtar Reroze moTav
sebuli damuxtuli wiridan 9 sm perpen
dikularul manZilze eleqtroni amoZravda.
muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli – metrze 6 mkk.
805
··27. 23.37 suraT 6×10–6k. a) gamoTvaleT firfitis centridan
ze mocemulia moSorebiT (magaliTad 0,5mm manZilze) moqmedi
R1 = 1,3 mm radiu eleqtruli velis E sidide, Tu davuSvebT, rom
sis da L = 11 m muxti firfitis ori zedapirze Tanabrad aris
sigrZis gamtari ganawilebuli. b) gamoTvaleT E 30 m manZilze,
Rero, romelic Tu davuSvebT, rom firfita wertilovani
R2 = 10 R1 radiu muxtia. SSM WWW
sis da igive sig ·32. 23.38 suraTze
rZis Txelkedela, naCvenebia ori di
koaqsialur, ga sur. 23.37. amocana 27.
di, paraleluri,
mtar garsSia mo gaumtari, dadebiTi sur. 23.38. amocana 32.
Tavsebuli. Reros muxtia Q1 = +3,4×10–12k, xo muxtis identuri
lo garsis muxtia Q2 = –2Q1. r = 2R2 radialur ganawilebis da σ = 1,77×10–22 k/m2 muxtis
manZilze ra a) E sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs zedapiruli simkvrivis mqone firfitebi.
eleqtrul vels? r = 5R1 radialur manZilze erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia

risi tolia g) E da d) mimarTuleba? risi E a) firfitebs maRla, b) maT Soris da b) maT
tolia garsis e) SigTavsis da v) gare zedapiris qvemoT?
muxti?
·33. 23.39a suraTze naCvenebia didi, para
··28. 2 nk/m Tanabari wiriTi simkvrivis muxti leluri da Tanabrad damuxtuli sami
grZeli, Txeli, gaumtari Reros gaswvrivaa plastmasis firfita. 23.39b suraTze moce
ganlagebuli. Rero grZeli, gamtari, cilin mulia firfitebSi gamavali eleqtruli velis
druli garsis (Sida radiusi = 5 sm, gare x RerZis gaswvrivi komponenti. risi tolia
radiusi = 10 sm) koaqsialuria. garsis muxti mesame firfitis muxtis simkvrivis meore
nulis tolia. a) ra sididisaa garsis RerZidan simkvrivis muxtis simkvrivesTan Sefardeba?
15 sm manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli? risi
tolia garsis b) Siga da g) gare zedapirze
zedapiruli muxtis simkvrive?
··29. grZel, swor mavTuls fiqsirebuli
uaryofiTi muxti da 3,6 nk/m muxtis wiriTi
simkvrive aqvs. mavTuli garSemortymulia
koaqsialuri, Txelkedela, gaumtari cilin
druli garsiT, romlis radiusia 1,5 sm.
garss gare zedapirebze dadebiTi muxti aqvs,
rodesac σ muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive
gare eleqtrul vels nulis tols xdis.
gamoTvaleT σ.
···30. 4 sm radiusis grZeli, gaumtari, myari
cilindris ρ muxtis moculobiTi simkvrive sur. 23.39. amocana 33.
cilindris RerZidan r radialuri manZilis ·34. 23.40 suraTze, R = 1,8 sm radiusis patara
funqciaa da ρ = Ar2. sadac A = 2,5 mkk/m5, risi wriuli xvreli usasrulo, brtyeli, gaumtari,
tolia eleqtruli velis sidide a) r = 3 sm da
b) r = 5 sm manZilze?
paragrafi 23.8. gausis kanonis gamo
yeneba: sibrtyiTi simetria.
·31. 8 sm sigrZis gverdis da umniSvnelo sis
qis liTonis kvadratuli firfitis muxtia
σ = 4,5 pk/m2 Tanabari muxtis zedapiruli fita erTmaneTis sapirispirodaa ganla

simkvrivis damuxtuli zedapiris SuaSia gebuli. firfitebs Soris manZilia 5 sm da
gaWrili. z RerZi saTaves xvrelis centrze Siga zedapirebze sididiT toli da niSniT
iRebs da zedapiris perpendikularulia. sawinaaRmdego muxti moqmedebs. Tu firfitebs
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra Soris eleqtruli velis E sididea 55 n/k,
eleqtruli veli moqmedebs z = 2,56 m manZilze risi tolia TiToeuli firfitis muxti? gare
ganlagebul P wertilze? (miniSneba: ix. faqtorebis zemoqmedeba ugulebelyaviT.
22.26 amocana da superpoziciis principi ··39. 22.43 suraTze,
gamoiyeneT). m = 1 mg masis da
·35. 23.41 suraTze q = 2×10–8 k muxtis (mo
ori didi, Txeli culobaSi Tanabrad
liTonis firfita ganawilebuli) mci
erTmaneTTan ax re, gaumtari burTi
los da paralelu vertikaluri, Tana
rad aris ganlage brad damuxtuli,
buli. Siga zeda gaumtari firfiti sur. 23.43. amocana 39.
pirebze firfitebs sawinaaRmdego niSnis da sadmi θ = 30° kuTxis
7×10–22k/m2 zedapiruli simkvrivis muxti aqvT. mdgenel izolirebul Tokzea Camokidebuli.
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia ganvixiloT burTze moqmedi mizidulobis
a) firfitebisgan marcxniv, b) firfitebisgan Zala da davuSvaT, rom firfita vertikalurad
marjvniv da g) maT Soris ganlagebul did manZilzea gadaWimuli. gamoTvaleT fir
wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli? fitis σ muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive. SSM
··36. 23.42a suraTze, eleqtroni Tanabrad ··40. 23.44 suraTze
damuxtuli palstmasis firfitidan 2×105 m/ naCvenebia σ = –2 mkk/
wm siCqariT gaisroles. firfita aragamtaria, m2 muxtis zedapiruli
Txelia da Zalian didia. 23.42b suraTze simkvrivis mqone Za
mocemulia eleqtronis siCqaris vertikaluri lian didi gaumtari
ν komponentis t droze damokidebulebis firfita. suraTze
grafiki gaSvebis wertilze dabrunebamde. aseve mocemulia firfitidan d manZiliT da
risi tolia firfitis muxtis zedapiruli Sorebuli Q = 6 mkk muxtis nawilaki. orive
simkvrive? maTgani uZravia. Tu d = 0,2 m, x RerZis ra
koordinatze (usasrulobis garda) iqneba

firfitis da nawilakis E eleqtruli veli
nulis toli? g) Tu d = 0,8 m, x RerZis ra
koordinatzea t
 = 0?
···41. 23.45 suraTze
naCvenebia d = 9,4 mm sis-
(a) (b) qis da ρ = 5,8 fk/m3 
sur. 23.42. amocana 36. (= 5 , 8  femtokuloni/m 3 
= 5 , 8×10 –15   kuloni/m 3 )
··37. eleqtroni –2×10–6k/m2 muxtis zedapiruli
muxtis moculobiTi si
simkvrivis mqone didi liTonis firfitis
mkvrivis Zalian didi,
centrisken gaisroles. Tu eleqtronis sur. 23.45. amocana 41.
gaumtari firfitis ga
sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa 1,6×10 j da is –17
nivi kveTi. x RerZi saTaves firfitis centrze

firfitasTan unda gaCerdes, firfitidan ra
iRebs. risi tolia x-is a) 0, b) 2 mm, g) 4,7 mm da
manZilze unda iyos gasrolis wertili? SSM
d) 26mm koordinatze moqmedi eleqtruli
··38. 1 m2 farTobis liTonis ori didi fir
veli? SSM
807
paragrafi 23.9. gausis kanonis gamoye q = 45 fk muxtis
neba: sferuli simetria patara burTi
·42. 23.46 suraTze centrzea ganla
mocemulia moculo gebuli. ra mniS
7
baSi Tanabrad gana vneloba unda
wilebuli dadebiTi qondes A-s, raTa

muxtis mqone sfe garsSi moqmedi
ros SigniT da ga eleqtruli veli
reT moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide. ra (a ≤ r ≤ b) Tanabari sur. 23.48. amocana 47.
sididisaa sferos muxti? iyos? SSM WWW
·43. ucnobi muxti 10 sm radiusis gamtar, myar ··48. damuxtuli nawilaki sferos formis
sferoze zis. Tu sferos centridan 15 sm garsis centrSia moTavsebuli. 23.49 suraTze
manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sididea mocemulia E eleqtruli velis sididis
3×103 n/k da mimarTulia radialurad SigniT, r radialur manZilze damokidebulebis

risi tolia sferos jamuri muxti? SSM grafiki. daaxloebiT risi tolia garsis
jamuri muxti?
·44. wertilovani muxti mis garSemo centri
rebul 10 sm radiusis gausis sferul zeda
pirSi –750 n·m2/k eleqtruli nakadis gavlas
iwvevs. a) Tu gausis zedapiris radiuss gava
ormagebT, ra raodenobis nakadi gaivlis
zedapirSi? b) ra sididisaa wertilovani mux
ti?
·45. ori koncentruli, damuxtuli, sferuli
garsis radiusebia 10 da 15 sm. Siga garsis
muxtia 4 × 10–8k, xolo gare garsze – 2×10–8k.
gamoTvaleT a) r = 12 sm da b) r = 20 sm manZilze
··49. 23.50 suraTze
eleqtruli veli.
a = 2 sm radiusis
··46. 23.47 suraTze myari sfero b = 2a
naCvenebia x Rer Siga radiusis da
Zze uZravad gan
c = 2,4a gare radi
lagebuli ori ga
usis gamtari sfe-
umtari, sferu
sur. 23.47. amocana 46. ruli garsis kon-
li garsi. pirveli
centrulia. sfe-
garsis gare zedapirze Tanabrad ganawilebuli sur. 23.50. amocana 49.
ros Tanabrad gana-
muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea +4 mkk/m 2
da
wilebuli muxtia q1 = +5 fk, xolo garsis
radiusi 0,5 sm. meore garsis gare zedapirze
jamuri muxtia q2 = –q1. risi tolia eleqtruli
Tanabrad ganawilebuli muxtis zedapiruli
veli a) r = 0, b) r = a/2, g) r = a, d) r = 1,5a,
simkvrivea –2 mkk/m2 da radiusi 2 sm. garsebis
e) r = 2,3a da v) r = 3,5a radialur manZilebze?
centrebs Soris manZilia L = 6 sm. x RerZis ra
risi tolia jamu-
wertilzea (garda x = ∞) jamuri eleqtruli
ri muxti garsis
veli nulis toli?
z) Siga da T) gare
··47. 23.48 suraTze a = 2 sm Siga radiusis da zedapirze?
b = 2,4 sm gare radiusis gaumtari, sferuli ··50. 23.51 suraTze
garsis dadebiTi muxtis moculobiTi sim
mocemulia ρ = 1,84 nk/m3
kvrivea ρ = A/r, sadac A aris mudmiva, xolo
muxtis moculobiTi
r – garsis centridan manZili. garda amisa, simkvrivis, a = 10 sm
Siga radiusis da b = 2a gare radiusis sferuli sididis gaxda, ramac eleqtruli garRveva da
garsi. risi tolia eleqtruli velis sidide naperwklebis gaCena gamoiwvia; 2) naperwklis
a) r = 0, b) r = a/2, g) r = a, d) r = 1,5a, e) r = b da energia 150j an meti iyo, rac fxvnilis aalebas
v) r = 3b radialur manZilebze? iwvevda. modiT plastmasis milebis gamavali
···51. R = 5,6 sm radiusis myar, gaumtar sfe fxvnilisTvis pirveli piroba SevamowmoT.
roSi muxtebis ganawileba araTanabaria da davuSvaT, R = 5 sm radiusis cilindrul
muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivea ρ = (14,1 pk/m ) 3 milSi uaryofiTad damuxtuli fxvnilis
r/R, sadac r aris sferos centridan radialuri nakadi gadis. fxvnili da misi muxti milSi
manZili. a) risi tolia sferos mTliani muxti? Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli da maTi muxtis
risi tolia eleqtruli velis E sidide b) r = 0, moculobiTi simkvrivea ρ. a) gausis kanonis

g) r = R/2 da d) r = R radialur manZilebze? gamoyenebiT milSi moqmedi E eleqtruli
g) aageT E-s r-ze damokidebulebis grafiki. velis sididis gamosaxuleba milis centridan
ILW r radialuri manZilis saSualebiT CawereT.
···52. 23.52 suraT b) r-is zrdasTan erTad E izrdeba Tu mcirdeba?

ze naCvenebia mo g) E radialurad SigniTaa mimarTuli Tu
culobaSi Tanab gareT? d) rodesac ρ = 1,1×10–3 k/m3 (tipiuri
rad ganawilebuli mniSvneloba qarxnisTvis), gamoTvaleT maqsi
muxtis mqone ori
sur. 23.52. amocana 52. maluri E da misi moqmedebis adgili. e) moxdeba
myari sferos ganivi kveTi. TiToeulis sferos Tu ara aaleba da sad? (istoria 24-e Tavis me-
radiusia R. P wertili sferoebis centrebis 60 amocanaSi grZeldeba).
SemaerTebel wrfeze Zevs da pirveli sferos 55. Tanabari 500 nk/m3 muxtis moculobiTi
centridan R/2 manZiliTaa daSorebuli. Tu P simkvrive 6 sm radiusis sferul moculobaSi
wertilze moqmedi jamuri eleqtruli veli nawildeba. kubis formis gausis zedapiris
nulia, risi tolia meore sferos q2 mTliani centri sferos centrs emTxveva. risi tolia
muxtis Sefardeba pirveli sferos q1 mTlian kubis zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli nakadi,
muxtTan? Tu gverdis sigrZea a) 4 sm da b) 14 sm?
···53. muxtebis sferulad simetriuli, magram 56. Q muxti R radiusis sferoSi Tanabradaa
araTanabari ganawileba E = Kr 4 sididis ganawilebuli. a) muxtis ra nawilia r = R/2
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis, romelic sferos radiusis SigniT? b) risi tolia r = 2R manZilze
centridan radialurad aris mimarTuli. moqmedi eleqtruli velis Sefardeba sferos
am SemTxvevaSi r aris centridan radialuri zedapirze moqmed eleqtrul velTan?
manZili, xolo K - mudmiva. risi tolia muxtebis 57. Tavisufali eleqtroni or did, para
ganawilebis ρ moculobiTi simkvrive? lelur, gaumtar, horizontalur da 2,3 sm
damatebiTi amocanebi manZiliT daSorebul firfitas Sorisaa
54. Sokoladis natexis saidumlo. eleqtro moTavsebuli. erT firfitas Tanabarad
statikuri ganmuxtvis Sedegad warmoqmnili ganawilebuli dadebiTi muxti aqvs, xolo
afeTqebebi fxvnilis an marcvlebis asaRebi meore firfitas – igive raodenobis Tanabarad

ganawilebuli uaryofiTi muxti. firfitebs
instrumentebis Werisas sakmaod saxifaToa. 
1970 wels, orcxobilebis fabrikaSi Sokoladis Soris gaCenili E eleqtruli velidan
fxvnili afeTqda. muSebi axlad miRebul eleqtronze moqmedi Zala gravitaciuli
fxvnilis pakets yuTSi clidnen, romelsac mizidulobis Zalas abalansebs. risi tolia
a) muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive firfitebze
eleqtrulad damiwebuli plastmasis milebi 
uerTdeboda. am milebis gavliT fxvnili da b) ra mimarTulebisaa E (zeviT aris
Sesanax bunkerSi gadaitaneboda. fxvnilis mimarTuli Tu qveviT)?
gavlisas afeTqebis ori piroba gaCnda: 58. 23.53 suraTze naCvenebia 2 m sigrZis gver-
1) eleqtruli velis sidide 3×10 n/k an meti
6 dis kubis formis gausis daxuruli zedapiri.
809
zedapiris mdebareobis mopirdapire zedapirisken gamaval viwro
adgilze eleqtruli radialuri gvirabisa. protoni burTis gareT
velia = (3x + 4)  +  da gvirabis gaswvriv nebismier adgilze
6  + 7  n/k, sadac x met SeiZleba ganlagdes. FR iyos protonze moqmedi
rebSia. risi tolia ku- eleqtrostatikuri Zalis sidide, rodesac is
sur. 23.53. amocana 58. burTis zedapirze R manZilzea ganlagebuli.
biT garSemortymuli
R-is jeradis saxiT zedapiridan ra manZilzea
muxti?
wertili, sadac protonis a) burTisgan
59. 23.54 suraTze moSorebiT an b) gvirabSi gadaadgilebis
naCvenebia 2m  sigr Semdeg Zalis sididea 0,5FR.
Zis gverdis kubis
65. ρ = 1,2 nk/m3 Tanabari moculobiTi si
formis gausis daxu
sur. 23.54. amocana 59. mkvrivis mqone muxti x = –5sm da x = +5 sm wer
ruli zedapiri, ro tilebs Soris usasrulo firfitas avsebs. risi
mlis erTi kuTxe x1=5m da y1=4m wertilzea. tolia a) x = 4 sm da b) x = 6 sm koordinatze
kubis mdebareobis adgilze eleqtruli velia moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide?
= –3  – 4y2  + 3  n/k, sadac y metrebSia. ra 66. 8 nk/m2 zedapiruli simkvrivis muxti xy
muxts moicavs kubi?
sibrtyeze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. ra
60. damuxtuli nawilakebisgan Semdgari sfe eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis gausis sferul
ruli burTis muxtis moculobiTi simkvrive zedapirSi, romlis centri koordinatTa
mudmivia. burTis R radiusis TermebSi ra aTvlis saTavea da 5 sm radiusi aqvs?
radialur manZilzea a) burTis SigniT da
67. 25 sm radiusis Txelkedliani, liTonis
b) gareT eleqtruli veli am velis maqsima-
1 sferuli garsis muxtia 2×10–7 k. gamoTvaleT
luri mniSvnelobis 4 ?
E a) garsis SigniT, b) garsis gareT da b) cen
61. 10 sm Siga radiusis da 20 sm gare radiusis
tridan 3 m manZilze.
carieli sferuli gamtaris gare zedapiridan
moSorebiT ganlagebul P wertilze moqmedi 68. garkveul sivrceSi moqmedi eleqtruli

eleqtruli velis sididea 450 n/k da veli velia E  = (x + 2)  n/k, sadac x metrebSia. gan
gareTaa mimarTuli. rodesac sferos centrSi vixiloT 20 sm radiusis, x RerZisadmi koa
ucnobi Q wertilovani muxti moaTavses, qsialuri gausis cilindruli zedapiri.
P wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis cilindris erTi bolo x = 0 wertilze Zevs.
mimarTuleba ar Seicvala, magram misi sidide a) risi tolia cilindris meore boloSi
gaxda 180 n/k. a) risi toli iyo gare zedapiriT gavlili eleqtruli nakadi, Tu es bolo
garSemortymuli muxti Q-s Semotanamde? x = 2 m wertilzea? b) ra jamur muxts moicavs
b) risi tolia Q muxti? Q-s Semotanis Semdeg cilindri?
risi tolia gamtaris g) Siga da d) gare 69. 6 pk muxti r = 4 sm radiusis sferos
zedapiris muxti? moculobaSi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. risi
62. ρ = 3,2 mkk/m3 Tanabari moculobiTi si tolia a) 6 sm da b) 3 sm radialur manZilze
mkvrivis mqone muxti 5 sm radiusis gaumtar, moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide?
myar sferos avsebs. risi tolia eleqtruli
70. 23.55 suraTze naCvenebia sami usasrulod
velis sidide sferos centridan a) 3,5 sm da
b) 8 sm manZilze?
63. sferuli gamtari garsis gare zedapiris
muxtia –14 mkk da mis cariel SigTavsSi
damuxtuli nawilakia ganlagebuli. Tu garsis
jamuri muxtia –10 mkk, risi tolia a) garsis
Siga zedapiris da b) nawilakis muxti?
64. damuxtuli nawilakebisgan Semdgar burTs
Tanabrad ganawilebuli uaryofiTi muxtis
simkvrive aqvs, garda misi erTi zedapiridan
didi, gaumtari firfitis ganivi kveTi, rom 75. 8 nk/m2 Tanabari zedapiruli simkvrivis
lebzec muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. muxti xy sibrtyezea ganawilebuli, xolo
zedapiruli muxtis simkvriveebia σ1 = +2 mkk/ 3 nk/m2 Tanabari zedapiruli simkvrivis muxti
m2, σ2 = +4 mkk/m2 da σ3 = –5 mkk/m2, xolo manZilia z = 2 m paralelur sibrtyezea ganawilebuli.
L = 1,5 sm. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi a) 1 m da b) 3 m z koordinatis mqone nebismier
risi tolia P wertilze moqmedi jamuri eleq nawilakze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
truli veli? gamoTvaleT.
71. kubis TiToeul gverdSi gamavali eleq 76. P wertili or usasrulo, paralelur,
truli nakadia 103 n·m2/k, rac zedapirze ganla gaumtar damuxtul firfitas Soris aris
gebuli N laqebis ricxvis tolia. N kenti ganlagebuli, –3σ1 muxtis zedapiruli si
ricxvis dros nakadi SigniTaa mimarTuli, mkvrivis erTi firfitidan d manZiliTaa
xolo N luwi ricxvis dros – gareT. risi dacilebuli, xolo +σ1 zedapiruli muxtis
tolia muxti kubis SigniT? simkvrivis meore firfitidan 3d manZili
72. gaumtar myar sfe aSorebs. σ1/ε0-is ra jeradi gvaZlevs P wer
ros ρ moculobiTi si tilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidides?
mkvrivis Tanabrad ga- 77. a radiusis Txelkedliani, liTonis
nawilebuli muxti aqvs. sferuli garsis muxtia qa. b>a radiusis da

r veqtori sferos cen- qb muxtis Txelkedliani, liTonis sferuli
tridan sferos SigniT garsi misi koncentrulia. gamoTvaleT saerTo
ganlagebul P werti- centridan r manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli
lamdea gavlebuli. a) daamtkiceT, rom P veli, rodesac a) r < a, b) a < r < b da g) r > b.

wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli velia E d) axseniT kriteriumi, romliTac garsis Siga

= ρr /3ε0. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom Sedegi da gare zedapirebze muxtebis ganlagebas
sferos radiusze damokidebuli ar aris). gansazRvravT.
b) sferos igive formis CaRrueba aqvs (23.56 78. ra muxts moicavs me-3 amocanaSi mocemuli
suraTi). superpoziciis principis mixedviT gausis kubi?
daamtkiceT, rom siRruis SigniTa nebismier
79. +5 pk muxtis nawilaki –3 pk muxtis sferu-
wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli Tanabaria
   li, gamtari garsis centrzea moTavsebuli.
da E = ρ a /3ε0, sadac a aris sferos centridan
garsis Siga radiusia 0,8 m, xolo gare radiusia
siRruis centramde gavlebuli mdebareobis
1,4 m. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa r = 0,5 m
veqtori (gaiTvaliswineT, rom Sedegi sferos
radialur manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli?
da siRruis radiusze damokidebuli ar aris).
risi tolia E g) r = 1 m da d) r = 2 m manZilze?
73. R = 5,68 sm radiusis naxevarsferos formis
80. R radiusis myar burTs Tanabrad
gausis zedapiri E = 2,5 n/k sididis Tanabar
ganawilebuli muxti aqvs da burTis
eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli. zedapiri
centridan 2R manZilze ganlagebul P wer
jamur muxts ar moicavs. naxevarsferos fu
tilze E1 eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. Tu R/2
Zeze veli zedapiris perpendikularulia da
radiusis birTvi burTidan moxsnes, E1-s ra
miskenaa mimarTuli. risi tolia a) fuZeSi da
nawili iarsebebs P wertilze?
b) zedapiris mrud monakveTSi gamavali na
81. ν = 3 × 105 m/wm siCqariT moZravi protoni
kadi?
r = 1 sm radiusis damuxtuli sferos garSemo
74. q = 1×10–7 k wertilovani muxti liTonis
brunavs. risi tolia sferos muxti?
naWerSi gakeTebuli 3 sm radiusis sferuli
82. damuxtul gamtar zedapirTan axlos
siRruis centrzea ganlagebuli. gausis kanonis
mdebare wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli
gamoyenebiT a) siRruis centridan 1,5 sm
E = σ/ε0 formuliT gamoiTvleba. es formula
manZilze da b) liTonis nebismier adgilze
r radiusis da q muxtis gamtari sferosTvis
moqmedi eleqtruli veli gamoTvaleT.
gamoiyeneT da daamtkiceT, rom sferos gareT
811
moqmedi eleqtruli veli sferos centrze agrovebs da signals warmoqmnis, romliTac
ganlagebuli wertilovani muxtis velis gamosxivebis sawyisi nawilakis gardaqmna
tolia. fiqsirdeba. davuSvaT, centraluri mavTulis
83. 1911 wels, ernest rezerfordi werda: „α radiusia 25 mkm, garsis Siga radiusia 1,4 sm da
nawilakis didi kuTxiT gadaxrisTvis saWiro garsis sigrZea 16 sm. Tu garsis Siga kedelze
Zalaze STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad centrze eleqtruli velia 2,9×104  n/k, risi tolia cen
Ze dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis mqone da R traluri mavTulis mTliani dadebiTi muxti?
radiusis sferoSi Tanabrad ganawilebuli –Ze 85. muxti R radiusis usasrulod grZeli,
uaryofiTi muxtiT garSemortymuli atomi myari cilindris moculobaSi Tanabradaa
ganvixiloT. E eleqtruli veli... centridan ganawilebuli. a) daamtkiceT, rom cilindris
r manZiliT daSorebul atomis Siga wertilze RerZidan r < R manZilze:
ρr
( )
aris:
Ze 1 r “ E= ,
E= – . 2ε0
4πε0 r 2 R 3
sadac ρ aris muxtis moculobiTi simkvrive.
SeamowmeT es formula.
b) dawereT E-s gamosaxuleba, rodesac r > R.
84. 23.57 suraTze naCvenebia maionizebeli
86. w = 3,22 m siganis da d = 1,04 m siRrmis
(atomis ionizirebis gamomwvevi) gamosxivebis
sarwyav arxSi wyali 0,207 m/wm siCqariT
aRmomCeni mowyobiloba – geigeris mTvleli.
miedineba. warmosaxviT zedapirSi gamavali
mTvleli Txeli, dadebiTad damuxtuli mav
wylis nakadis masa wylis simkvrivis
Tulis garSemo ganlagebuli koncentruli
(1000 kg/m3) da am zedapirSi gamavali nakadis
wriuli gamtari cilindris formis garsisgan
moculobis namravlia. nakadis masa Semdegi
Sedgeba, romelsac igive uaryofiTi muxti
warmosaxviTi zedapirebisTvis gamoTvaleT:
aqvs. maSasadame, garsis SigniT Zlieri
a) wd farTobis zedapiri mTlianad wyalSia
radialuri eleqtruli veli warmoiqmneba.
CaZiruli da dinebis perpendikularulia;
garsi dabali wnevis inertul airs Seicavs.
b) 3wd/2 farTobis zedapiris wd nawili wyalSia
gamosxivebis nawilakebi garsis kedlidan mo
wyobilobaSi Sedis da airis atomebs muxtavs.
g) wd/2 farTobis zedapiri mTlianad wyalSia
Sedegad miRebuli Tavisufali eleqtronebi
(e) dadebiTad damuxtuli mavTulisken mii
d) wd farTobis zedapiris naxevari wyalSia
zideba, magram eleqtruli veli imdenad
intensiuria, rom airis atomebTan Sejaxebebs
e) wd farTobis zedapiri mTlianad
Soris Tavisufali
wyalSia CaZiruli da dinebis mimarTulebis
eleqtronebi am
normalisadmi 34° kuTxes adgens.
atomebis dasamux
tad saWiro ener 87. wyalbadis atomi +e muxtis wertilis
giasac iZenen. aqedan magvar protonad da protonis garSemo
gamomdinare, ufro ρ = A exp(–2r/a0) muxtis moculobiTi si-
meti Tavisufali mkvrivis mixedviT ganawilebul –e muxtis
eleqtroni Cndeba eleqtronad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am Sem
da procesi manamde TxvevaSi A mudmivia, a0 = 0,53×10–10 boris
grZeldeba, vidre radiusia da r atomis centridan manZilia.
eleqtronebi mav a) gaiTvaliswineT, rom wyalbadi eleqtrulad
TulTan mivlen. neitraluria da gamoTvaleT A. b) gamoTvaleT
mavTuli eleq atomis mier r = a0 manZilze warmoqmnili
tronebis `jgufs~ sur. 23.57. amocana 84. eleqtruli veli.

24 eleqtruli potenciali
Tu kompiuterTan muSaobis dros Jakets an sviters gaixdiT, kompiuteri
SesaZloa daziandes. rodesac bavSvi plastmasis sasrialoze TamaSobs,
miaxloebisas sxva adamians Zlieri tkivili SeiZleba miayenos. Tu
anesTeziologi fexsacmels swored ar SearGevs, pacienti SeiZleba
daiRupos. TviTmomsaxurebis benzingasamarT sadgurze rezervuaris
avsebamde manqanaSi ar GajdeT, vinaidan tumbos sacmidan cecxli SeiZleba
amovardes, rodesac rezervuaridan mis amoRebas moindomebT
ra iwvevs amgvar movlenebs?

fizikis erT-erTi amocana Cvens samyaroSi moqmedi Zalebis, maT Soris 21-e TavSi ganxiluli
eleqtruli Zalis, gansazRvraa. garda amisa, fizika adgens, aris Tu ara es Zala Semnaxveli anu
ukavSirdeba Tu ara mas potenciuri energia. ZalasTan potenciur energias imis gamo vakavSirebT,
rom Caketili sistemebisTvis, sadac es Zalebi moqmedebs, meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. igive principi eqperimentul gamoTvlebSi gvexmareba, rodesac Zalebis
gamoTvla metismetad rTulia. fizikosebma da inJinrebma aRmoaCines, rom eleqtruli Zala
Semnaxvelia da, maSasadame, mas eleqtruli potenciuri energia ukavSirdeba. mocemul TavSi
potenciuri energiis axal saxeobas ganvixilavT da Semdeg gamoviyenebT.
24.2. eleqtruli potenciuri energia

rodesac eleqtrostatikuri Zala nawilakebis sistemaSi or an met damuxtul nawilaks Soris
moqmedebs, sistemas U eleqtruli potenciuri energia aqvs. Tu sistemis ganlageba i sawyisi
mdgomareobidan f saboloo mdgomareobaze icvleba, eleqtrostatikuri Zala nawilakebze W
muSaobas asrulebs. 8.1 formulidan gamomdinare, sistemis potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlilebaa:
ΔU = Uf – Ui = –W, (24.1)
sxva Semnaxveli Zalebis msgavsad, eleqtrostatikuri Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobac

traeqtoriaze damokidebuli ar aris. davuSvaT, damuxtuli nawilaki sistemis SigniT i
wertilidan f wertilisken gadaadgildeba da masze sistemis mxridan eleqtrostatikuri Zala
812
24.2. eleqtruli potenciuri energia 813
moqmedebs. i-sa da f-s Soris nebismieri traeqtoriisTvis nawilakze Sesrulebuli W muSaoba
erTi da igivea.
simartivisTvis virCevT damuxtuli nawilakebis sistemis imgvar sawyis konfiguracias, sadac
nawilakebi erTimeorisgan usasrulo manZilebiT arian daSorebuli. garda amisa, Sesabamis aTvlis
potenciur energias nulis tolad miviCnevT. warmoidgineT, rom ramdenime damuxtuli nawilaki
usasrulo daSorebidan (i mdgomareobidan) erTmaneTs miuaxlovda da nawilakTa sistema Seqmna
(f mdgomareoba). sawyisi Ui potenciuri energia nulis tolia da W∞ aris nawilakebs Soris moqmedi
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, rodesac nawilakebi usasrulobidan
amoZravdnen. 24.1 formulidan gamomdinare, sistemis saboloo U potenciuri energiaa:
U = –W∞ (24.2)
taqtika 1: eleqtruli potenciuri potenciuri energia sinamdvileSi mTel

sistemas ukavSirdeba. aseve gaxsovdeT, rom
energia; velis mier Sesrulebuli
nawilakisTvis an sistemisTvis potenciuri
muSaoba
energiis mniSvnelobis miniWebas mxolod maSin
eleqtruli potenciuri energia nawilakebis
aqvs azri, Tu sawyisi potenciuri energia
mTlian sistemas ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad
cnobilia.
amisa, SegxvdebaT mdgomareoba, rodesac es
Tu potenciuri energia sistemis mxolod erT
energia mxolod sistemis erT nawilakTan
nawilaks ukavSirdeba, maSin SesaZloa aseTi
asocirdeba. magaliTad: èleqtrul velSi
winadadebac SegxvdeT: `nawilakze muSaobas
moTavsebuli eleqtronis potenciuri
eleqtruli veli asrulebs~. es niSnavs, rom
energiaa 10–7j~. amgvari gancxadebebi xSirad
nawilakze muSaobas velis Semqmneli muxtebiT
SegxvdebaT, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom
gamowveuli Zala asrulebs.

kosmosidan momavali kosmosuri sxivis nawi 
sur. 24.1. eleqtroni E  eleq
lakebi haeris molekulebidan eleqtro truli veliT gamowveuli F eleq
nebs gamodevnis. ganTavisuflebul eleq trostatikuri Zalis zemoqme 
debis Sedegad atmosferoSi d
tronze dedamiwaze ganlagebuli damux
mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.
tuli nawilakebisgan atmosferoSi warmoq
 
mnili E eleqtruli velis Sedegad F
eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs. deda mudmivi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
 
miwis zedapirTan axlos velis sididea E = W = F · d (24.3)
150 n/k da qvemoTaa mimarTuli. risi tolia
eleqtrostatikuri Zala da eleqtruli veli
ganTavisuflebuli eleqtronis eleqtruli  
Semdeg urTierTkavSirSia: F = qE , sadac q
potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlileba, rodesac
aris eleqtronis muxti (= –1,6×10–19k). 24.3
eleqtrostatikuri Zala mas d = 520 m manZiliT 
formulaSi F Zala SevcvaloT da skalaruli
vertikalurad maRla gadaaadgilebs? (sur.
namravli gamovTvaloT:
24.1)  
W = qE ⋅ d = qEd cos θ, (24.4)
amoxsna: eleqtronis eleqtruli potenciuri   
sadac θ aris E -s da d -s Soris kuTxe. E
energiis ΔU cvlileba eleqtronze Sesru 
veli dedamiwisaken aris mimarTuli, xolo d
lebul W muSaobas eleqtruli veliT anu
 - maRla, amitom θ = 180°. es monacemebi 24.4
24.1 formuliT (ΔU = –W) ukavSirdeba. d
 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
gadaadgilebis mqone nawilakze moqmedi F
814 Tavi 24 eleqtruli potenciali
W = (–1,6×10–19 k)(150 n/k)(520 m) cos 180° = sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze pro

= 1,2×10–14 j toni naCvenebi mimarTulebis Tanabar
amis Semdeg 24.1 formula mogvcems: eleqtrul velSi i wertilidan f wertil-
ΔU = –W = –1,2×10–14 j (pasuxi) isken gadaadgildeba. a) eleqtruli veli
protonze dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs
520 m-iT maRla asvlisas, eletronis eleq
Tu uaryofiTs? b) protonis eleqtruli
truli potenciuri energia 1,2×10–14 j-iT
potenciuri ener
mcirdeba.
gia izrdeba Tu
mcirdeba?
24.3. eleqtruli potenciali

24.1 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSidan kargad Cans, rom eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli damuxtuli
nawilakis potenciuri energia muxtis sididezea damokidebuli. miuxedavad amisa, muxtis
erTeulze arsebuli potenciuri energia eleqtruli velis nebismier wertilze erTaderTi
mniSvnelobisaa.
magaliTis mosayvanad 1,6×10–19k dadebiTi muxtis sacdeli nawilaki eleqtruli velis im
wertilSi movaTavsoT, sadac misi eleqtruli potenciuri energiaa 2,4×10–17j. amis Semdeg muxtis
erTeulze potenciuri energia iqneba:
2,4×10–17j
= 150 j/k.
1,6×10–19k
Semdeg sacdeli nawilaki 3,2x10-19k orjer meti dadebiTi muxtis mqone nawilakiT SevcvaloT.
meore nawilakis eleqtruli potenciuri energia pirvelze orjer meti anu 4,8×10–17j iqneba.
miuxedavad amisa, muxtis erTeulze potenciuri energia kvlav igive anu 150j/k darCeba.
maSasadame, U/q (muxtis erTeulze potenciuri energia) nawilakis q muxtze damokidebuli ar aris
da mxolod eleqtruli velis maxasiaTebelia. eleqtruli velis wertilze ganlagebul muxtze
arsebuli potenciuri energiis Sefardeba muxtTan V eleqtruli potencialia. maSasadame:
U
V = q (24.5)
eleqtruli potenciali skalaruli sididea da ara _ veqtoruli.

eleqtruli velis i da f wertilebze eleqtrul potencialTa ΔV sxvaoba am or wertilze
arsebul erTeulovan muxtebze arsebul potenciur energiaTa sxvaobis tolia:
Uf Ui
ΔV = Vf – Vi = q – q (24.6)
24.6 formulaSi ΔU 24.1 formulis saSualebiT -W-iT SevcvaloT da i da f wertilebs Soris

potencialTa sxvaoba Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
W
ΔV = Vf – Vi = – q (potencialTa sxvaoba) (24.7)
or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba eleqtrostatikuri Zalis mier erTi wertilidan

meoreze muxtis erTeulis gadatanaze Sesrulebuli muSaobaa Sebrunebuli niSniT. potencialTa
sxvaoba SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da nulis tolia, rac q-s da W-s mniSvnelobasa da
niSanzea damokidebuli.
Tu aTvlis potenciur energiad usasrulobaSi Ui = 0 miviCnevT, maSin 24.5 formulidan
gamomdinare V eleqtruli potencialic nulis toli unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi, 24.7 formulidan
gamomdinare eleqtruli velis nebismier wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli potenciali Semdegi
24.3. eleqtruli potenciali 815
formuliT SeiZleba ganisazRvros:
W∞
V=– q (potenciali) , (24.8)
sadac W∞ aris eleqtruli velis mier damuxtul nawilakze Sesrulebuli muSaoba, rodesac
nawilaki usasrulobidan f wertilisken gadaadgildeba. V potenciali SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi,
uaryofiTi da nulis toli, rac q-s da W∞-s mniSvnelobaze da niSanzea damokidebuli.
24.8 formulidan gamomdinare, potencialis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris j/k. amgvari kombinacia
imdenad xSirad gvxvdeba, rom misTvis specialuri erTeuli - volti (v) arsebobs:
1 volti = 1 jouli/kuloni (24.9)


axali erTeuli saSualebas iZleva E eleqtruli veli, romelsac manamde n/k-ebSi vzomavdiT,
ufro gasagebi erTeuliT aRvweroT. gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT:
( )( 11 · )( 11 · )
1 n/k = 1 k
n v k
j
j
n m
v
= 1
m
(24.10)
meore frCxilSi Sesuli gardaqmnis koeficienti 24.9 formulidan gamomdinareobs. mesame

frCxilSi Sesuli gardaqmnis koeficienti ki joulis gansazRvrebidan aris gamoyvanili.
SemdgomSi eleqtruli velis mniSvnelobas v/m-ebSi gamovsaxavT da ara n/k-ebSi.
saboloo jamSi, atomuri da qveatomuri sferosTvis energiis axali, ufro gasagebi erTeulebi
Semogvaqvs. erTi eleqtron-volti (eV) aris muSaoba, romelic saWiroa e elementaruli muxtis
nawilakis erT volt potencialTa sxvaobaze gadasaadgileblad. 24.7 formulis Tanaxmad, am
muSaobis sididea qΔV da maSasadame:
1eV = e(1V)
= (1,6×10–19 k)(1 j/k) = 1,6×10–19 j.
taqtika 2: eleqtruli potenciali da eleqtruli potenciuri energia

V eleqtruli potenciali da U eleqtruli potenciuri energia sxvadasxva sidideebia da isini
erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios.
eleqtruli potenciali eleqtruli eleqtruli potenciuri energia

velis maxasiaTebelia da mniSvneloba gare eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli
ar aqvs damuxtuli sagani velSi arsebobs damuxtuli sagnis energiaa (ufro zustad
Tu ara. eleqtruli potenciali j/k-ebSi rom vTqvaT, sagnisa da gare eleqtruli
an voltebSi izomeba. velisgan Semdgari sistemis energiaa).
eleqtruli potenciuri energia joulebSi
izomeba
modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba

q muxtis nawilaki eleqtruli velis i wertilidan f wertilisken modebuli Zalis saSualebiT
gadaadgildeba. moZraobis dros Zala muxtze Wapp muSaobas asrulebs, xolo eleqtruli veli – W
muSaobas. 7.10 formuliT mocemuli muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis Tanaxmad, nawilakis
kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlilebaa:
ΔK = Kf – Ki = Wapp + W (24.11)
axla davuSvaT, rom nawilaki gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis Semdeg uZravia. am SemTxvevaSi

Kf da Ki nulis tolia da 24.11 formula Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
Wapp = –W (24.12)
moZraobis dros Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Wapp muSaoba velis mier Sesrulebuli W muSaobis
sapirispiroa da kinetikuri energia ar icvleba.
24.12 formulis daxmarebiT 24.1 formulaSi Wapp SevcvaloT da Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
moZraobis dros nawilakis potenciuri energiis cvlilebas davukavSiroT:
ΔU = Uf – Ui = Wapp (24.13)
kvlav 24.12 formula gamoviyenoT da 24.7 formulaSi Wapp SevcvaloT. am SemTxvevaSi Wapp muSaobasa
da nawilakis sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebs Soris ΔV eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaobas Soris
kavSirs davadgenT:
Wapp = qΔV (24.14)
Wapp SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi, uaryofiTi an nulis tolia, rac q-s da ΔV-s niSansa da sididezea
damokidebuli. swored es muSaoba unda Sesruldes, raTa q muxtis nawilaki kinetikuri energiis
cvlilebis gareSe ΔV potencialTa sxvaobaze gadaadgildes.
sakontrolo wertili 2. pirvel sakontrolo wertilSi gamosaxul suraTze protoni

naCvenebi mimarTulebis erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi i wertilidan f wertilisken
gadaadgildeba. a) dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs Zala Tu uaryofiTs? b) ufro meti
potencialis mqone wertilisken moZraobs protoni Tu piriqiT?
24.4. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi

erTi da igive eleqtruli potencialis mqone mimdebare wertilebi ekvipotenciur zedapirs
qmnian, romelic SeiZleba iyos warmosaxviTi an fizikuri, realuri zedapiri. ekvipotenciuri
zedapiris i wertilidan f wertilisken gadaadgilebisas, eleqtruli veli damuxtul nawilak
ze W muSaobas asrulebs. es Sedegi 24.7 formulidan gamomdinareobs, romlis Tanaxmad Tu
Vf = Vi , maSin W = 0. vinaidan muSaoba traeqtoriaze (anu potenciur energiaze da potencialze)
damokidebuli ar aris, i da f wertilebis damakavSirebel traeqtorias mniSvneloba ar aqvs,
miuxedavad imisa, Zevs Tu ara es traeqtoria mTlianad ekvipotenciur zedapirze.
24.2 suraTze naCvenebia muxtebis garkveuli ganawilebis Sedegad gaCenil eleqtrul velTan
dakavSirebuli ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis ojaxi. I da II traeqtoriiT moZrav damuxtul
nawilakze eleqtruli veli muSaobas ar asrulebs, vinaidan
orive traeqtoria erTi da igive ekvipotenciur zedapirze
Zevs. III da IV traeqtoriiT moZrav damuxtul nawilakze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba nulis toli ar aris, magram orive
SemTxvevaSi Tanabaria, vinaidan orive traeqtoriisTvis
sawyisi da saboloo potencialebi erTi da igivea anu III da
IV traeqtoriebi ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis erTi da igive
wyvils akavSireben.
sur. 24.2. oTxi ekvipotenciuri simetriidan gamomdinare, wertilovani muxtis an muxtebis
zedapiri V1 = 100 v, V2 = 80 v, sferuli simetriuli ganawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili
V3 = 60 v da V4 = 40 v eleqtrul
potencialebze. naCvenebia sacdeli
ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi koncentruli sferoebis
muxtis gadaadgilebis oTxi SesaZlo ojaxia. Tanabari eleqtruli velis SemTxvevaSi, zedapirebi
traeqtoria. aseve mocemulia ori velis Zalwirebis perpendikularuli sibrtyeebis ojaxia.
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebic.
24.5. potencialis gamoTvla velis saSualebiT 817
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 24.3. a) erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis, b) wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli velis da g) eleqtruli
dipoliT gamowveuli velis Zalwirebi da ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis ganivi kveTebi.
marTlac, ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi yovelTvis eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis da, maSasadame,

 
E -s, romelic am wirebis mxebia, perpendikularulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi E -s ekvipotenciur
zedapirze komponenti eqneboda da is damuxtuli nawilakze muSaobas Seasrulebda. 24.7
formuliTG gamosaxuli muSaoba ar SeiZleba Sesruldes, Tu zedapiri marTlac ekvipotenciuria.

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom E yvelgan zedapiris perpendikularuli unda iyos. 24.3 suraTze
naCvenebia eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi, erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis da wertilovan muxtTan
da eleqtrul dipolTan dakavSirebuli velis ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis ganivi kveTebi.
24.5. potencialis gamoTvla velis saSualebiT

eleqtruli velis nebismier i da f wertilebs Soris
potencialTa sxvaoba SeiZleba gamoiTvalos, Tu am
wertilebis damakavSirebuli traeqtoriis gaswvriv

gavlebuli eleqtruli velis E veqtori viciT.
Tavdapirvelad velis mier dadebiT sacdel muxtze Sesru
lebuli muSaoba gamovTvaloT, rodesac muxti i-dan f-isken
gadaadgildeba. Semdeg 24.7 formula gamoviyenoT.
ganvixiloT 24.4 suraTze gamosaxuli ZalwirebiT
warmodgenili eleqtruli veli da i-dan f wertilisken sur. 24.4. q0 sacdeli muxti ara
Tanabari eleqtruli velis i wer
naCvenebi traeqtoriiT moZravi q0 dadebiTi sacdeli
 tilidan f wertilisken naCvenebi

muxti. traeqtoriis nebismier wertilze, muxtze q 0 E traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba. ds

eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs, rodesac is ds gadaadgilebis dros sacdel muxtze q0

diferencialur gadaadgilebas gadis. me-7 Tavidan viciT, E eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs.
  es Zala sacdeli muxtis mdebareobis
rom ds gadaadgilebis dros F Zalis mier nawilakze adgilze eleqtruli velis Zalwiris
Sesrulebuli dW diferencialuri muSaobaa: mimarTulebisaa.
 
dW = F · ds (24.15)
 
24.4 suraTis SemTxvevaSi F = q 0 E da 24.15 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
 
dW = q 0 E · ds (24.16)
i-dan f wertilisken gadaadgilebisas nawilakze velis mier Sesrulebuli mTliani W


muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis traeqtoriis gaswvriv ds gadaadgilebebisas muxtze Sesrulebuli
diferencialuri muSaobebi vaintegroT:
 
W = q0 E · ds . (24.17)
Tu 24.17 formulidan mTlian W muSaobas 24.7 formulaSi CavsvamT, miviRebT:

 
Vf – Vi = – E · ds . (24.18)
maSasadame, eleqtruli velis nebismier i da f wertilebs Soris Vf  – Vi potencialTa sxvaoba niSniT
 
i-dan f-mde E ⋅ ds integralis wiris Sebrunebulia (integralis wiri garkveuli traeqtoriis
gaswvriv integrals niSnavs). vinaidan eleqtrostatikuri Zala inaxeba, yvela traeqtoria erTi
da igive Sedegs gvaZlevs.
rodesac eleqtruli veli garkveul regionSi viciT, 24.18 formulis saSualebiT velis
nebismier or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba gamoiTvleba. Tu i wertilSi Vi potencials
nulad miviCnevT, 24.18 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
 
V = – E · ds . (24.19)
sadacVf -dan indeqsi f amoviReT. 24.19 formula i wertilis nulovani potencialisadmi eleqtruli

velis nebismier f wertilze arsebul V potencials gvaZlevs. Tu i wertili usasrulobaSia,
maSin 24.19 formula usasrulobaSi nulovani potencialisadmi nebismier f wertilze arsebul
V potencials mogvcems.
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia para

leluri ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis ojaxi da
eleqtronis moZraobis xuTi SesaZlo traeqtoria.
a) ra mimarTulebisaa zedapirebTan dakavSirebuli
eleqtruli veli? b) TiToeul traeqtoriaze Sesru
lebuli muSaoba dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis
tolia? g) daalageT traeqtoriebi muSaobis sididis

a) 24.5a suraTze naCvenebia erTgvarovan
eleqtrul velSi ganlagebuli i da f wertilebi.
wertilebi eleqtruli velis erTi da igive
Zalwirzea (romelic naCvenebi ar aris) da maT
Soris manZilia d. q0 sacdeli dadebiTi muxti
naCvenebi traeqtoriiT i-dan f wertilisken
gadaadgileT da Vf – Vi potencialTa sxvaoba
gamoTvaleT.
amoxsna: eleqtruli velis nebismier or
wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaobis
gamoTvlisTvis am ori wertilis damakavSi
 
rebeli traeqtoriis gaswvriv E ⋅ ds unda (a) (b)
vaintegroT (24.18 formula). amisTvis i

sawyisi wertilidan f saboloo wertilamde q0 sur. 24.5. a) q0 sacdeli muxti i-dan f wertilisken
wrfivi traeqtoriiT anu gare erTgvarovani
sacdeli muxti gonebrivad gadavaadgiloT. eleqtruli velis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.
24.5a suraTze gamosaxuli traeqtoriiT b) q0 muxti igive velSi icf traeqtoriiT moZraobs.
24.6. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli potenciali 819

moZraobisas ds diferencialuri gadaadgi amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSi sacdeli muxti ori

lebis da E -s mimarTuleba erTi da igive wirisgan (ic da cf) Semdgari traeqtoriiT
 
iqneba. maSasadame, E -s da ds -s Soris θ kuTxe gadaadgildeba. ic wiris yvela wertilze
 
nulis tolia da 24.18 formulis skalaruli sacdeli muxtis ds gadaadgileba E -s perpen
 
namravlia: dikularulia. maSasadame E -s da ds -s Soris
   
E ⋅ ds = E ds cos θ = E ds (24.20) θ kuTxe 90°-ia da E ⋅ ds =0. 24.18 formulis
24.18 da 24.20 formulebi gvaZlevs: Tanaxmad i da c wertilebze potencialebi
  Tanabaria da Vc – Vi = 0.
Vf – Vi = – E · ds  = – E ds. (24.21)
cf wirisTvis θ = 45° da 24.18 formula gvaZ
vinaidan veli erTgvarovania, traeqtoriis levs:
gaswvriv E mudmivia da integrals gareT  
Vf – Vi = – E · ds  = – E(cos 45°) ds
SegviZlia gamovitanoT:
Vf – Vi = – E ds = – E d. (pasuxi) = – E(cos 45°) ds.
am SemTxvevaSi integrali ubralod traeq integrali cf wiris sigrZea da 24.5b suraTidan

toriis d sigrZea. minus niSani asaxavs, gamomdinare es sigrZe d/sin45°-is tolia:
rom 24.5a suraTis f wertilze arsebuli d
Vf – Vi = – E(cos 45°)  = – Ed. (pasuxi)
potenciali i wertilze arsebul potencialze sin45°
naklebia. zogadi Sedegi ki aseTia: eleqtruli pasuxi kvlav igivea da es asec unda iyos,
velis Zalwirebis mimarTulebiT gamavali vinaidan potencialTa sxvaoba traeqtoriaze
traeqtoriis gaswvriv potenciali mcirdeba. damokidebuli ar aris. aqedan daskvna:

rodesac or wertils Soris potencialTa
b) amjerad q0 dadebiTi sacdeli muxti 24.5b
sxvaobas sacdeli muxtis gadaadgilebiT
suraTze gamosaxuli icf traeqtoriiT i-dan
igebT, yvelaze martivi traeqtoria airCieT,
f-sken gadaadgileT da Vf  – Vi potencialTa
raTa dro da energia dazogoT.
sxvaoba gamoTvaleT.
24.6. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli potenciali

amjerad 24.18 formulis gamoyenebiT damuxtuli nawilakis garSemo sivrcisTvis gamoviyvanT
V eleqtruli potencialis gamosaxulebas usasrulobaSi nulovani potencialis mimarT.
ganvixiloT q dadebiTad damuxtuli uZravi nawilakidan R manZilze
ganlagebuli P wertili (sur. 24.6). 24.18 formulis gamoyenebisTvis
warmovidginoT, rom q0 dadebiTi sacdeli muxti P wertilidan
usasrulobisken gadaadgildeba. vinaidan muxtis traeqtorias
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, virCevT umartivess anu uZravi nawilakidan P
wertilis gavliT usasrulobisken gadaWimul radialur wrfes.
24.18 formulis gamoyenebisTvis skalaruli namravli gamo
vTvaloT:
 
E ⋅ ds = E cos θ ds (24.22)

24.6 suraTze gamosaxuli E eleqtruli veli uZravi nawilakidan
gamodis da radialurad aris mimarTuli. maSasadame, sacdeli

sur. 24.6. q dadebiTi wertilovani muxti P wertilze E eleqtrul vels
da V eleqtrul potencials warmoqmnis. am potencials q0 sacdeli muxtis
P wertilidan usasrulobisken gadaadgilebiT vpoulobT. sacdeli muxti

wertilovani muxtidan r manZilze, ds diferencialuri gadaadgilebis
ganmavlobaSia naCvenebi.

nawilakis ds diferencialuri gadaadgileba am traeq

toriis gaswvriv E -s mimarTulebas emTxveva. es niSnavs,
rom 24.22 formulaSi θ = 0 da cos θ = 1. vinaidan traeqtoria
radialuria, ds-is nacvlad dr CavweroT, Semdeg R da ∞
zRvrebi CavsvaT da 24.18 formula amgvar saxes miiRebs:
Vf – Vi = – E dr . (24.23)
Semdeg virCevT Vf = 0 (∞ usasrulobaSi) da Vi = V (P wertilze,

sadac r = R). sacdeli muxtis mdebareobis adgilze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sidide 22.3 formulidan aviRoT:
1 q
E= . (24.24)
4πε0 r2
amis Semdeg 24.23 formula gvaZlevs: sur. 24.7. xy sibrtyis aTvlis saTaveze
[ ]
ganlagebuli dadebiTi wertilovani
q 1 q 1
0 – V = – dr = muxtis mier warmoqmnili V(r) eleq
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r
truli potencialis grafiki. xy si
1 q brtyis wertilebze potencialebi
=– . (24.25)
4πε0 R vertikaluradaa gamosaxuli (mrudi
V-sTvis amoxsna da R-dan r-ze gadasvla mogvcems: xazebi grafikis ukeT gasaazreblad
gamoviyeneT). 24.26 formuliT nawinas
1 q warmetyvelebi V-s usasrulo mniSvne
V= (24.26)
4πε0 r loba, rodesac r = 0, naCvenebi ar aris.
es aris q muxtis nawilakis V eleqtruli potenciali nawilakidan nebismier r radialur

manZilze.
24.26 formula dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakisTvis gamoviyvaneT, Tumca is uaryofiTad
damuxtuli nawilakisTvisac gamodgeba. gaiTvaliswineT, rom V-s da q-s niSani erTi da igivea.
dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki dadebiT eleqtrul potencials warmoqmnis, xolo

uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilaki - uaryofiT eleqtrul potencials.
24.7 suraTze naCvenebia 24.26 formulis kompiuteruli grafiki dadebiTad damuxtuli

nawilakisTvis. rodesac r→0, V-s sidide izrdeba. 24.7 suraTze sasruli mniSvnelobaa naCvenebi,
magram r = 0 adgilze V usasruloa.
24.26 formuliT muxtebis sferuli simetriuli ganawilebis gareT an gare zedapirze arsebuli
eleqtruli potencialic gamoiTvleba. amis damtkiceba 21.4 da 23.9 paragrafebSi moyvanili
garsis erT-erTi Teoremis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba, Tu muxtebis sferul ganawilebas centrze
koncentrirebuli igive muxtiT SevcvliT. am SemTxvevaSi 24.26 formulamde davalT, miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven realur ganawilebaSi arsebul wertils ar ganvixilavT.
taqtika 3: potencialTa sxvaobis ga

moTvla gamoiyeneT da miRebuli Sedegebi erTmaneTs
izolirebuli wertilovani muxtis mier gamoakleT. ΔV mniSvneloba aTvlis nebismieri
warmoqmnili velis or wertils Soris ΔV potenciuri energiisTvis erTi da igive iqneba,
potencialTa sxvaobis gamoTvlisTvis vinaidan gamoklebis Semdegad aTvlis energia
24.26 formula TiToeuli wertilisTvis baTildeba.
24.7. wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT gamowveuli potenciali 821
24.7. wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT gamowveuli potenciali

wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT gamowveuli potencialis gamoTvla superpoziciis principis
daxmarebiT xdeba. 24.26 formulaSi muxtis niSans virCevT da TiToeuli muxtiT gamowveul
potencials mocemul wertilze cal-calke vTvliT da Semdeg potencialebs vkrebT. n
raodenobis muxtebisTvis jamuri potencialia:
, (24.27)
sadac qi aris i muxtis mniSvneloba, xolo r - mocemuli wertilidan i muxtamde radialuri manZili.
24.27 formulis jami algebrulia da ara veqtoruli, romelic wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT
gamowveuli eleqtruli velis gamoTvlisTvis gamoiyeneboda. swored amaSia eleqtrul velSi
potencialis gamoTvlis upiratesoba. skalaruli sidideebis Sekreba bevrad martivia, vidre
veqtoruli sidideebisa, romelTa mimarTulebebis da komponentebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCvenebia ori protonis sami ganlageba. daalageT

ganlagebebi protonebis mier P wertilze warmoqmnili eleqtruli potencialis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.

risi tolia 24.8a suraTze naCvenebi
wertilovani muxtebisgan Semdgari kvadratis
centrze ganlagebul P wertilze moqmedi
eleqtruli potenciali? d = 1,3m da muxtebia:
q1 = +12n k, q3 = +31n k.
q2 = –24n k, q4 = +17n k.
amoxsna: P wertilze moqmedi V eleqtruli
potenciali oTxi wertilovani muxtiT ga
mowveul eleqtrul potencialTa algeb sur. 24.8. a) oTxi wertilovani muxti kvadratis
ruli jamia (vinaidan eleqtruli potenciali kuTxeebze uZravadaa ganlagebuli. b) Caketili mrudi
P wertilis momcveli ekvipotenciuri zedapiris
skalaruli sididea, wertilovani muxtebis
ganivi kveTia.
mimarTulebas mniSvneloba ar aqvs). 24.27
24.8a suraTze gamosaxul samive dadebiT mux
formulidan gveqneba:
tTan axlos potencials Zalian didi dadebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo uaryofiT muxtTan
- Zalian didi uaryofiTi mniSvneloba. aqe
r manZilia d/ 2, rac 0,919 m-is tolia da mux
dan gamomdinare, kvadratis SigniT arsebobs
tebis jamia:
wertilebi, romlebzec Sualeduri poten
q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 = (12 – 24 + 31 + 17) × 10–9 k
ciali P wertilis potencialis tolia.
= 36 × 10–9 k
24.8b suraTze gamosaxulia sibrtyis mkveTi
maSasadame:
ekvipotenciuri zedapiri, romelic P wer
(8,99×109 n·m2/k2) (36×10–9 k)
V= tils moicavs. mrudis nebismieri wertilis
0,919 m
≈ 350 v. (pasuxi) potenciali P wertilis potencialis tolia.

a) 24.9a suraTze gamosaxul R radiusis
wrewirze Tanabrad ganlagebulia 12 uZravi
eleqtroni (–e muxtis). usasrulobaSi V = 0
mniSvnelobisadmi risi tolia wris C centrze
eleqtronebiT gamowveuli eleqtruli poten
ciali da eleqtruli veli?
amoxsna: C wertilze arsebuli V eleqtruli
potenciali yvela eleqtroniT gamowveul
sur. 24.9. a) Tormeti eleqtroni wrewirze Tanabradaa
potencialTa algebruli (vinaidan
jamia
ganlagebuli. b) sawyisi wris rkalze eleqtronebi
eleqtruli potenciali skalaria). eleq araTanabrad arian ganawilebuli.
tronebis muxti erTmaneTis tolia da isini
C wertilidan Tanabari R manZiliT arian
b) Tu eleqtronebi wreze gadaadgildebian
daSorebuli, amitom 24.27 formula gvaZlevs:
da 120°-ian rkalze araTanabrad nawildebian
1 e
V = –12 . (pasuxi) (24.28) (sur. 24.9b), ra iqneba potenciali C wer
4πε0 R
tilze? rogor icvleba eleqtruli veli C
C wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli wertilze?
veqtoruli sididea da amitom eleqtronebis
amoxsna: potenciali kvlav 24.28 formuliT
eleqtruli velis mimarTulebas mniSvneloba
gamoiTvleba, vinaidan C-s da TiToeul
aqvs. 24.9a suraTis simetriidan gamomdinare,
eleqtrons Soris manZili ar Secvlila da
nebismieri eleqtronidan C wertilze
velis mimarTulebasac mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
moqmed eleqtrul vels sawinaaRmdego mxares
e.i. potenciali igive iqneba. eleqtruli veli
ganlagebuli eleqtronidan moqmedi veli
ki nulis toli aRar aris, vinaidan ganlageba
gamoricxavs da C wertilze:
 simetriuli ar aris da jamuri veli muxtebis
E =H 0. (pasuxi) ganawilebisken aris mimarTuli.
24.8. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli potenciali

modiT eleqtruli dipolisTvis 24.27 formula gamoviyenoT da 24.10a suraTis pirobiT P
wertilze potenciali gamovTvaloT. P wertilze dadebiTi wertilovani muxti (r(+) manZilze)
V(+) potencials aCens, xolo uaryofiTi wertilovani muxti (r(–) manZilze) - V(–) potencials. P
wertilze jamuri potenciali 24.27
q r(–) – r(+)
= (24.29)
4πε0 r(–) · r(+)
sur. 24.10. a) P wertili dipolis O Sua

wertilidan r manZilzea. OP wrfe dipolis
RerZisadmi θ kuTxes adgens. b) Tu P dipolidan
Sorsaa, r(+) da r(–) sigrZis wrfeebi r sigrZis
wrfis paralelurebia da daStrixuli wrfe
r(–) sigrZis wrfis perpendikularulia. (a) (b)
24.8. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli potenciali 823
bunebrivi dipolebi sakmaod patarebia, amitom Cven dipolidan sakmarisad did r>>d manZilze
ganlagebuli wertilebi gvainteresebs, sadac d aris muxtebs Soris manZili. amgvar pirobebSi
24.10 suraTidan gamomdinare:
r(–) – r(+) ≈ d cos θ da r(–)r(+) ≈ r 2
Tu am sidideebs 24.29 formulaSi CavsvamT, V miaxloebiT gamoiTvleba:
q d cos θ
V= ,
4πε0 r2
sadac θ aris 24.10a suraTze naCvenebi dipolis RerZisadmi kuTxe. amjerad V Semdegi formuliT
gamoiTvleba:
1 p cos θ
V= (eleqtruli dipoli), (24.30)
4πε0 r2

sadac p( = qd) aris 22.5 paragrafSi gansazRvruli eleqtruli dipolis p impulsis sidide.

p veqtori dipolis RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli uaryofiTi muxtidan dadebiTi muxtisken

(maSasadame, θ kuTxe p -s mimarTulebisadmi izomeba).
sakontrolo wertili 5. sami wertili 24.10 suraTze gamosaxuli dipolis centridan

Tanabar (did) r manZilzea. a wertili dipolis RerZze dadebiT muxts zemoTaa ganlagebuli,
b wertili RerZze uaryofiT muxts qvemoTaa ganlagebuli, xolo c wertili ori muxtis
damakavSirebeli wrfis Sua wertilze gamaval perpendikularzea ganlagebuli. daalageT
wertilebi dipolis eleqtruli potencialis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
inducirebuli dipolis impulsi

wylis molekulebs eleqtruli dipolis mudmivi
impulsebi aqvT. sxva molekulebSi da yvela izolirebul
atomSi, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis centrebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva (sur. 24.11a) da dipolis impulsi ar
(a) Cndeba (amgvar molekulebs arapolaruli molekulebi
ewodebaT). Tu atoms an arapolarul molekulas gare
eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT, veli eleqtronis
orbitebs amaxinjebs da dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
centrebi erTmaneTs Sordeba (sur. 24.11b). vinaidan
eleqtronebi uaryofiTad aris damuxtuli, isini
velis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.
(b) 
es gadaadgileba p dipolis impulss aCens, romlis
sur. 24.11. a) atomi, dadebiTad mimarTuleba velisas emTxveva. amgvar dipolis impulss
damuxtuli birTvi (mwvane) da uar velis mier inducirebuli ewodeba, xolo atoms da
yofiTad damuxtuli eleqtronebi
molekulas veliT polarizebuls uwodeben. rodesac
(oqrosferi). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis centrebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. veli ar arsebobs, inducirebuli dipolis impulsi da

b) Tu atoms E gare eleqtrul velSi polarizacia qreba.
movaTavsebT, eleqtronis orbitebi
maxinjdeba da dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis centrebi erTmaneTs aRar

emTxveva. am dros inducirebuli p
dipolis impulsi Cndeba.
24.9. muxtebis uwyveti ganawilebiT gamowveuli potenciali

rodesac muxtebis q ganawileba uwyvetia (rogorc Tanabrad
damuxtul Txel Reroze an diskoze), 24.27 formulas P wertilze
V potencialis gamoTvlisTvis ver gamoviyenebT. amis nacvlad
muxtis dq diferencialuri elementi unda avirCioT, P wertilze
dq-iT gamowveuli dV potenciali ganvsazRvroT da Semdeg muxtebis
mTeli ganawilebisTvis vaintegroT.
nulovani potenciali kvlav usasrulobaSi arsebulad miviCnioT. (a)
Tu dq muxtis elements wertilovan muxtad miviCnevT, maSin P

wertilze dq-iT gamowveuli dV potenciali 24.26 formuliT
SeiZleba gamoiTvalos:
1 dq
dV = (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi dq) (24.31)
4πε0 r
aq r aris manZili P-sa da dq-s Soris. P wertilze jamuri V poten
cialis gamoTvlisTvis muxtis yvela elementiT gamowveuli
(b)
potencialebi SevkriboT:
sur. 24.12. a) Txeli, Tanabrad
1 dq damuxtuli Rero P wertilze
V= dV = (24.32)
4πε0 r V eleqtrul potencials war
integrali muxtebis mTeli ganawilebisTvis unda gamoiTvalos. moqmnis. b) muxtis elementi P
wertilze dV diferencialur
vinaidan eleqtruli potenciali skalaruli sididea, 24.32 potencials aCens.
formulaSi veqtoris komponentebis gaTvaliswineba saWiro ar
aris.
amjerad muxtebis ori uwyveti ganawileba - muxtebis wiri da damuxtuli disko ganvixiloT.
muxtebis wiri
24.12a suraTze gamosaxulia λ Tanabrad ganawilebuli muxtis wiriTi simkvrivis dadebiTi muxtis
da L sigrZis Txeli, gaumtari Rero. modiT, Reros marcxena bolodan d perpendikularul man
Zilze ganlagebul P wertilze ReroTi gamowveuli V eleqtruli potenciali ganvsazRvroT.
Tavdapirvelad 24.12b suraTis msgavsad Reros dx diferencialuri elementi ganvixiloT. am
elementis diferencialuri muxtia:
dq = λ dx. (24.33)
es elementi r = (x2+d2)1/2 manZiliT daSorebul P wertilze dV eleqtrul potencials warmoqmnis.

elementi wertilovan muxtad miviCnioT da dV-is gamoTvlisTvis 24.31 formula gamoviyenoT:
1 dq 1 λ dx
dV = = . (24.34)
4πε0 r 4πε0 (x 2 + d 2 )1/2
vinaidan Reros muxti dadebiTia da V = 0 usasrulobaSi, 24.34 formulaSi dV dadebiTi unda iyos
(gaixseneT 24.6 paragrafi).
x = 0-dan x = L-mde Reros sigrZis gaswvriv 24.34 formulis integrebiT Reros mier P wertilze
warmoqmnil V jamur potencials gamovTvliT. amisTvis E damatebis me-17 integrali
dagvWirdeba:
1 λ λ dx
V= dV =  dx =  
4πε0 (x 2 + d 2 )1/2 4πε0 (x 2 + d 2 )1/2
24.9. muxtebis uwyveti ganawilebiT gamowveuli potenciali 825
=
λ
4πε0 [ (
ln x + (x 2  + d 2 ) /
12
)] =
λ
4πε0 [ ( ) ]
ln L + (L 2 + d 2 ) / – ln d  .
12
pasuxi gamartivdeba Tu gavixsenebT, rom lnA – lnB = ln(A/B):
[
L + (L 2  + d ) /
].
2 12
λ
V= ln (24.35)
4πε0 d
vinaidan V aris dV dadebiTi mniSvnelobebis jami, isic dadebiTi unda iyos, magram gvaZlevs 24.35
formula dadebiT V-s? vinaidan logariTmis argumenti 1-ze metia, logariTmi dadebiTi ricxvia
da V marTlac dadebiTia.
damuxtuli disko
22.7 paragrafSi R radiusis da erT zedapirze Tanabrad
ganawilebuli muxtis zedapiruli σ simkvrivis mqone
plastmasis diskos centraluri RerZis wertilebze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sidide gamovTvaleT. amjerad centraluri
RerZis nebismier wertilze moqmedi V(z) eleqtruli
potencialis gamosaxulebas miviRebT.
24.13 suraTze ganvixiloT R´ radiusis da dR´ radialuri
siganis brtyeli rgolisagan Sedgenili diferencialuri
elementi. misi muxtia:
dq = σ(2πR´)(dR´),
sadac (2πR´)(dR´) rgolis zeda zedapiris farTobia. damux
tuli elementis yvela nawili diskos RerZze mdebare P
wertilidan Tanabari r manZiliT aris daSorebuli. 24.13
suraTis saSualebiT 24.31 formula gamoviyenoT da am sur. 24.13. R radiusis plastmasis
diskos zeda zedapiri Tanabrad ga
wris mier P wertilze Seqmnili eleqtruli potenciali
nawilebuli muxtis σ zedapiruli
gamovTvaloT: simkvriviTaa damuxtuli. Cven
1 dq 1 σ(2πR´)(dR´) gvsurs diskos centraluri RerZis
dV = = . (24.36) P wertilze moqmedi V potencialis
4πε0 r 4πε0
gamoTvla.
P wertilze jamur potencials R´ = 0-dan R´ = R-mde rgolebis
potencialTa SekrebiT (integrebiT) gamovTvliT:
σ R´ dR´ σ
V= dV = = ( – z) (24.37)
2ε0 2ε0
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 24.37 formulis meore integralSi cvladi R´-ia da ara z, romelic
diskos zedapirze integrebisas mudmivi rCeba (integralis gamoTvlisas aseve davuSviT, rom
z ≥ 0).
taqtika 4:eleqtruli potencialis iyos miTiTebuli –dq da –λ? orive varianti

sworia, Tu ra Tqma unda gaxsovT, ras niSnavs
niSnebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
Tqveni Canaweri da gamoTvlebis bolos V-s
rodesac muxtis wiriT an muxtebis raime sxva
niSans sworad SearCevT.
uwyveti ganlagebiT gamowveul V potencials
rodesac muxtebis mTliani ganawileba erTi
P wertilze TvliT, niSnebma SesaZloa
niSnisaa, dq da λ simboloebi mxolod sidideebad
problemebi gaaCinos.
SegviZlia warmovadginoT. gamoTvlebis Sedegi
rodesac muxti uaryofiTia, dq da λ simboloebi
uaryofiT sidideebs asaxavs, Tu zustad unda
P wertilze V-s sidide iqneba. Semdeg V-s
muxtis niSans davumatebT (rodesac nulovani magram niSani unda amovardes. Semdeg V-s swor
potenciali usasrulobaSia, dadebiTi mux niSans muxtis niSnis mixedviT gansazRvravT.
ti dadebiT potencials gvaZlevs, xolo uar magaliTad, integralis zRvrebis Sebrunebis
yofiTi muxti - uaryofiT potencials). SemTxvevaSi 24.35 formulaSi minus niSans mivi
Tu potencialis gamosaTvlel integralSi RebdiT. Semdeg minus niSans amovagdebiT da
zRvrebs SeabrunebT, V-s uaryofiT mniSvne gaviTvaliswinebdiT, rom muxti dadebiTia da
lobas miiRebT. mniSvneloba swori iqneba, maSasadame potencialic dadebiTi unda iyos.
24.10. velis gamoTvla potencialis saSualebiT

24.5 paragrafSi SevityveT, rogor unda gamovTvaloT
potenciali f wertilze, rodesac aTvlis wertilis da f
wertilis damakavSirebeli traeqtoriis gaswvriv eleqtruli
veli viciT. am paragrafSi piriqiT moviqceviT da potencialis
saSualebiT eleqtrul vels gamovTvliT. 24.3 suraTidan
Cans, rom am problemis gadaWra grafikulad sakmaod advilia.
Tu muxtebis ganlagebasTan axlos mdebare yvela wertilze V ori
ekvipotenciuri
potenciali viciT, ekvipotenciur zedapirebs gavavlebT. am zedapiri
zedapirebis perpendikularuli eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi
-s cvlilebas asaxavs. Cven amocana grafikuli proceduris sur. 24.14. q0 sacdeli muxti erTi
ekvipotenciuri zedapiridan meoris
maTematikuri analogis monaxvaa. 
ken ds manZils gadis (zedapirebs
24.14 suraTze naCvenebia mWidrod ganlagebuli ekvi Soris daSoreba sicxadisTvis
  gadi
potenciuri zedapirebis ojaxis ganivi kveTi. mimdebare debulia). ds gadaadgileba E eleq
zedapirebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobaa dV. suraTidan truli velis mimarTulebisadmi θ
kuTxes adgens.
gamomdinare, veli nebismier P wertilze ekvipotenciuri
zedapiris perpendikularulia.
warmoidgineT, rom q0 dadebiTi sacdeli muxti erTi ekvipotenciuri zedapiridan mimdebare

zedapirisken ds gadaadgilebas asrulebs. 24.7 formulidan gamomdinare, eleqtruli veli
sacdel muxtze –q0dV muSaobas asrulebs. 24.16 formulidan da 24.14 suraTidan Cans, rom

eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba skalaruli namravlis (q0 ) · ds anu q0E(cos θ)ds
saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros. am formulebis gatoleba mogvcems:
–q0dV = q0 E (cos θ) ds (24.38)

dV
anu E cos θ = –   . (24.39)
ds

vinaidan Ecosθ aris -s komponenti ds -is mimarTulebiT, 24.39 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
∂V
ES = –   . (24.40)
∂s
E-s indeqsi davamateT da kerZo warmoebulebze gadavediT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom 24.40 formula
gansazRvruli RerZis (s RerZis) gaswvriv V-s cvlilebas da am RerZis gaswvriv mxolod -s
komponents Seicavs. 24.40 formulis Tanaxmad,
-s nebismieri mimarTulebis komponenti manZilis cvlilebasTan erTad eleqtruli

potencialis cvlilebis tempis tolia Sebrunebuli niSniT.
Tu s RerZad x, y da z RerZebs rig-rigobiT miviCnevT, aRmoCndeba, rom nebismier wertilze -s

x, y da z komponentebia:
24.10. velis gamoTvla potencialis saSualebiT 827
∂V ∂V ∂V
Ex = –   ; Ey = –   ; Ez = –   . (24.41)
∂x ∂y ∂z
maSasadame, Tu muxtis ganawilebis garSemo nebismieri wertilisTvis V potenciali anu V(x,y,z)
funqcia viciT, maSin -s komponentebs anu Tavad -s potencialis kerZo warmoebulebis
saSualebiT davadgenT.
rodesac eleqtruli veli erTgvarovania, 24.40 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
ΔV
E = –   , (24.42)
Δs
sadac s aris ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis perpendikularuli. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis
paraleluri mimarTulebiT eleqtruli velis komponenti nulis tolia.
sakontrolo wertili 6. suraTze naCvenebia Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli da Tanabari

eleqtruli potencialis mqone paraleluri firfitebis sami wyvili. a) daalageT wyvilebi
firfitebs Soris moqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze. b) romeli
wyvilisTvis aris eleqtruli veli marjvnisken mimarTuli? g) Tu firfitebis mesame wyvils
Soris Sua wertilze eleqtroni moZraobas iwyebs, eleqtroni imave adgilze darCeba,
marjvnisken mudmivi siCqariT imoZravebs, marcxnisken mudmivi siCqariT imoZravebs,
marjvnisken aCqardeba Tu marcxnisken aCqardeba?

Tanabarad damuxtuli diskos centraluri
ulia. maSasadame, Cven gvWirdeba eleqtru-
RerZis nebismier wertilze eleqtruli
li velis Ez komponenti z-is mimarTulebiT. es
potenciali 24.37 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
komponenti z manZilis cvlilebasTan erTad
σ eleqtruli potencialis cvlilebis tempis
V= ( – z)
2ε0
Sebrunebulia. maSasadame, 24.41 formulidan
am gamosaxulebis saSualebiT diskos RerZis gamomdinare gveqneba:
nebismier wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli ∂V σ d
Ez = –  = –    ( – z)
velis gamosaxuleba gamoiyvaneT. ∂z 2ε0 dz
amoxsna: eleqtruli veli diskos Rer-
Zis gaswvriv z manZilis funqciis saxiT unda
=
σ
2ε0 (
1 – 
z
) (pasuxi)
CavweroT. z-is nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis

igive formula 22.7 paragrafSi kulonis
RerZis gaswvriv unda iyos mimarTuli, vinaid-
kanonis gamoyenebiT miviReT.
an disko am RerZis garSemo wriulad simetri-
24.11. wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri energia

24.2 paragrafSi damuxtuli nawilakis eleqtruli potenciuri energia ganvixileT, rodesac
nawilakze eleqtrostatikuri Zala muSaobas asrulebda. igive paragrafSi davuSviT, rom
Zalis warmomqmneli muxtebi ar moZraobs da Zalaze da Sesabamis eleqtrul velze sacdeli
muxtis arseboba zegavlenas ar axdens. am paragrafSi mdgomareobas ufro farTo gadasaxedidan
mivudgebiT da muxtebis sistemis eleqtrul potenciur energias gamovTvliT, romelic igive
muxtebis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis Sedegad Cndeba.
simartivisTvis warmoidgineT, rom erTi da igive niSnis muxtis mqone or sxeuls erTdroulad
ubiZgebT. Tqvens mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba ori sxeulis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri
energiis saxiT inaxeba (Tu sxeulebis kinetikuri energia ar icvleba). rodesac muxtebs xels
gauSvebT, energias mTlianad an nawilobriv aRidgenT damuxtuli sxeulebis kinetikuri energiis
saSualebiT.
uZravi wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri energia gare Zalis

mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia, rodesac muxtebi usasrulo manZilidan
gadaadgildebian da sistemas qmnian.
vuSvebT, rom muxtebi sawyis usasrulo mdebareobaze da saboloo

mdebareobaze uZravia.
24.15 suraTze naCvenebia r manZiliT daSorebuli q1 da q2 sur. 24.15. r manZiliT daSore
ori wertilovani muxti. ori muxtis sistemis eleqtruli buli ori wertilovani muxti.
potenciuri energiis gamoTvlisTvis sistema gonebrivad unda

avagoT, warmovidgenT ra usasrulobaSi uZravad ganlagebul or muxts. rodesac jer q1 muxts
usasrulobidan gadavaadgilebT da adgilze vaTavsebT, muSaobas ar vasrulebT, vinaidan q1-ze
eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar moqmedebs. Semdeg, rodesac q2 muxts usasrulobidan gadavaadgilebT,
muSaobas vasrulebT, radgan q1 muxti moZraobisas q2-ze eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT moqmedebs.
am Zalas 24.8 formulis saSualebiT gamovTvliT, Tu minus niSans amovagdebT (e.i. formuliT
Cvens mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da eleqtruli velis muSaoba gamoiTvleba) da q zogadi muxtis
nacvlad q2-s CavsvamT. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni muSaoba q2V-s toli iqneba, sadac V aris q1 muxtis mier
im adgilze warmoqmnili potenciali, sadac Cven q2 movaTavseT. 24.26 formulidan gamomdinare
es potencialia:
1 q1
V= .
4πε0 r
maSasadame, 24.15 suraTze gamosaxuli wertilovani muxtebis wyvilis eleqtruli potenciuri
energiaa:
1 q1 q2
U = W = q 2V = . (24.43)
4πε0 r
Tu muxtebis niSnebi erTi da igivea, maTi SeerTebisTvis ganzidvis sawinaaRmdego dadebiTi

muSaoba dagvWirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, 24.43 formulis mixedviT sistemis potenciuri
energia dadebiTia. Tu muxtebis niSnebi urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, maTi urTierTmizidulobis
sawinaaRmdego uaryofiTi muSaobis Sesruleba dagvWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi sistemis potenciuri
energia uaryofiTia. 24.6 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi naCvenebia, rogor vrceldeba es procesi
orze met muxtze.
24.11. wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri energia 829

24.16 suraTze naCvenebia uxilavi Zalebis
mier uZrav mdgomareobaSi gaCerebuli sami
sur. 24.16. sami muxti tol
wertilovani muxti. risi tolia muxtebis
gverda samkuTxedis kuT
sistemis U eleqtruli potenciuri energia? xeebzea ganlagebuli. ra
dauSviT, rom d = 12 sm da iqneba sistemis eleqtruli
potenciuri energia?
q1 = +q, q2 = –4q da q3 = +2q,
sadac q = 150nk.
amoxsna: sistemis U potenciuri energia nacvlad d CavsvaT da miviRebT:
am sistemis ganlagebisTvis saWiro muSao 1 q1 q3 1 q2 q3
W13 + W23 = U13 + U23 = + .
bis tolia, rodesac TiToeuli muxti usas 4πε0 d 4πε0 d
rulobidan gadaadgildeba. 24.16 suraTze sami muxtisgan Seqmnili sistemis U jamuri
gamosaxuli sistema gonebrivad avagoT. erT- potenciuri energia muxtebis sam wyvilTan
erTi muxti, magaliTad q1, adgilze movaTav- dakavSirebuli potenciuri energiebis jamis
soT, xolo danarCeni muxtebi usasrulobaSi tolia:
ganvalagoT. Semdeg meore muxti, magaliTad U = U12 + U13+ U23 =

q2, usasrulobidan gadmovitanoT da adgili
mivuCinoT. 24.43 formulidan r-is nacvlad d
=
1
4πε0 (
(+q)(–4q)
d
+
(+q)(+2q) (–4q)(+2q)
d
+
d
. )
CavsvaT da q1 da q2 wertilovani muxtebis wyvi-
10q2
=–
4πε0d
lis U12 potenciuri energia iqneba:
(8,99×109 n·m2/k2)(10)(150×10–9 k)2
=–
1 q1 q2 0,12 m
U12 = .
4πε0 d = – 1,7×10–2 j = – 17 mj (pasuxi)
Semdeg ukanaskneli q3 muxtic gadmovitanoT uaryofiTi potenciuri energia niSnavs, rom
usasrulobidan da adgili mivuCinoT. am amgvari ganlagebis misaRwevad uaryofiTi
moqmedebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba q3 muxtis muSaoba unda Sesruldes. sxvagvarad rom
q1-is velSi Setanaze Sesrulebuli muSaobisa vTqvaT, gare Zalam struqturis dasaSlelad
da q3 muxtis q2-is velSi Setanaze Sesrulebuli da muxtebis kvlav usasrulobaSi gadasatanad
muSaobis jami iqneba. 24.43 formulidan r-is 17 mj muSaoba unda Seasrulos.

alfa nawilaki (ori protoni, ori neitroni)
oqros uZrav atomSi (79 protoni, 118 alfa
oqros birTvi
neitroni) moZraobs da birTvis garSemo nawilaki
ganlagebul da birTvisken mimarTul sur. 24.17. alfa nawilaki oqros birTvis centrisken
eleqtrons Cauvlis (sur. 24.17). alfa moZraobs, wamierad Cerdeba (rodesac misi kinetikuri
energia mTlianad eleqtrul potenciur energiaSi
nawilaki neldeba da rodesac misi centridan
gadadis) da Semdeg igive traeqtoriiT ukan
birTvis centramde radialuri manZilia r = brundeba.
9,23 femtometri (fk), momentalurad Cerdeba.
Semdeg nawilaki pirvandeli traeqtoriiT rom alfa nawilaksa da oqros birTvs Soris
ukan brundeba (vinaidan oqros birTvi alfa mxolod eleqtrostatikuri kulonis Zala
nawilakze masiuria, dauSviT, rom oqros moqmedebs.
birTvi ar moZraobs). ra iyo alfa nawilakis amoxsna: mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi alfa
Ki kinetikuri energia, rodesac is moSorebiT nawilakis + oqros atomis sistemis meqanikuri
(oqros atoms gareT) imyofeboda? dauSviT, energia inaxeba. rodesac alfa nawilaki atoms
gareT imyofeba, sistemis sawyisi Ui potenciuri eleqtrul potenciur energiaSi gadadis.

energia nulia, vinaidan atomSi eleqtronebis energiis gadacema sruldeba, rodesac alfa
da protonebis raodenoba Tanabaria da maT nawilaki Cerdeba da misi kinetikuri energiaa
mier warmoqmnili jamuri eleqtruli veli Kf = 0. meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principis
nulia. rodesac alfa nawilaki birTvis Tanaxmad:
garSemo ganlagebul eleqtrons Cauvlis, Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf (24.44)
eleqtronebiT warmoqmnili eleqtruli
ori mniSvneloba viciT: Ui = 0 da Kf = 0.
veli nulia, vinaidan eleqtronebi Tanabari
aseve viciT, rom gaCerebis wertilze Uf
uaryofiTi muxtis mqone sferuli garsis saxiT
potenciuri energia 24.43 formulis marjvena
moqmedeben da 23.9 paragrafidan gavixsenoT,
mxarezea mocemuli, q1 = 2e, q2 = 79e (sadac e
rom amgvari garsi garSemortymul sivrceSi –19
elementaruli muxtia da 1,6×10 k-is tolia)
nulovan eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. alfa
da r = 9,23 fm. maSasadame, 24.44 formula
nawilaki birTvis protonebis eleqtruli
Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
velis moqmedebas ganicdis, romelic alfa 1 (2e)(79e)
Ki =
nawilakis SigniT ganlagebul protonze 4πε0 9,23 fm
ganzidvis Zalas warmoqmnis. (8,99×109 n·m2/k2)(158)(1,6×10–19 k)2
=–
ganzidvis Zala Semomaval alfa nawilaks 9,23×10–15 m
anelebs da misi kinetikuri energia sistemis = 3,94×10–12 j = 24,6 mgev. (pasuxi)
24.12. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris potenciali

23.6 paragrafSi davaskveniT, rom izolirebul gamtars SigniT ganlagebuli yvela wertilisTvis

E =0. Semdeg gausis kanoni gamoviyeneT da davamtkiceT, rom izolirebuli gamtaris mTeli
muxti mis zedapirzea ganlagebuli (im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gamtars carieli Sida siRrue aqvs). am
SemTxvevaSi pirvel faqts viyenebT, raTa meore faqtis gagrZeleba davamtkicoT:
izolirebul gamtarze ganlagebuli muxti gamtaris zedapirze ise nawildeba, rom

gamtaris zedapirze Tu SigniT mdebare yvela wertilze potenciali Tanabaria. es im
SemTxvevaSic asea, rodesac gamtars Sida siRrue aqvs da siRrue jamur muxts Seicavs.
Cveni mtkiceba 24.18 formulidan gamomdinarebs:

 
Vf – Vi = – E · ds .

vinaidan gamtaris SigniT mdebare yvela wertilisTvis E =0,
gamtaris i da f wertilebis yvela SesaZlo wyvilisTvis Vf = Vi .
24.18a suraTze naCvenebia 1 m radiusis da 1 mkk muxtis
izolirebuli, sferuli, gamtari garsis potencialis r
centridan radialur manZilze damokidebulebis grafiki.
garsis gareT mdebare wertilebisTvis V(r) 24.26 formuliT
gamoiTvleba, vinaidan q muxti gare wertilebze ise moqmedebs,
TiTqos garsis centrze iyos koncentrirebuli. es formula
garsis zedapiramde arealisTvis gamosadegia. amjerad mcire
sacdeli muxti garsSi avamoZravoT da davuSvaT, rom garsis
centrze mcire xvrelia. muxtis gadasaadgileblad muSaoba
sur. 24.18. a) 1 m radiusis sferuli damuxtuli garsis SigniT da gareT

V(r)-is grafiki. b) E(r) grafiki igive garsisTvis.
24.12. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris potenciali 831
saWiro ar aris, vinaidan sacdel muxtze garsis SigniT eleqtruli Zala ar moqmedebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, garsis SigniT yvela wertilze potencialis mniSvneloba zedapirze potencialis
mniSvnelobis tolia da es 24.18a suraTzec Cans.
24.18b suraTze naCvenebia eleqtruli velis cvlileba igive garsis radialur manZilTan
erTad. gaiTvaliswineT, rom garsis SigniT nebismier adgilze E = 0. 24.18b suraTze gamosaxuli
grafikebi 24.18a suraTis grafikidan gamoiyvaneba, Tu maT 24.40 formulis gamoyenebiT r-iT
vadiferencirebT. 24.18a suraTze gamosaxuli grafiki 24.18b suraTis grafikebidan gamoiyvaneba,
Tu mas 24.19 formulis gamoyenebiT r-iT vadiferencirebT.
damuxtuli gamtaris naperwklovani ganmuxtva

arasferuli gamtarebis SemTxvevaSi zedapiruli muxti gamtaris zedapirze Tanabarad ar
nawildeba. basr kideebze zedapiruli muxtis simkvrive da misi gare eleqtruli veli Zalian
did mniSvnelobas iZens. msgavsi kideebis an wertilebis garSemo haeri SeiZleba ionizirdes
da gvirgvinisebri ganmuxtva xdeba. swored amgvar ganmuxtvas xedaven golfis moTamaSeebi
da mTamsvlelebi buCqebze, golfis klubebSi Tu mTis qanis mosangrev CaquCze, rodesac
saavdro Rrubeli Camowveba. gvirgvinisebri ganmuxtva, yalyze damdgari Tmis msgavsad, mexis
winamorbedia. amgvar situaciaSia sakmaod brZnuli iqneba gamtari garsis siRrueSi daimaloT,
sadac eleqtruli veli garantirebulad nulis tolia. manqana amisTvis (Tu plastmasis ar aris),
idealuria.
Tqveni sxeuli Zalian kargi gamtaria da moZraobisas an tansacmlis gamocvlisas iolad imuxteba.
am dros Tqvens kansa da tansacmels Soris mravali sakontaqto wertili Cndeba. bevri saxeobis
qsovilis SemTxvevaSi, amgvari wertilebi gamtarobis eleqtronebs erTi zedapiridan meoreze
gadasvlis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, sviteris gaxdisas gamtarobis eleqtronebs iZenT.
Tu haeris nestianoba maRalia, eleqtronebi haerSi moZravi wylis wveTebis saSualebiT Tqvens
sxeuls male toveben. mcire sinestis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa imdenad Zlierad daimuxtoT, rom
Tqvensa da garemos Soris potencialTa sxvaobam 5kv-s da mets miaRwios. amgvari muxtis pirobebSi
kompiuters Tu SeexebiT, mikrosqemebSi Tqveni muxti gaivlis da maT daazianebs.
arsebobs uricxvi magaliTi, rodesac raime nivTierebasTan Sexebisas adamiani imdenad Zlier
imuxteba, rom ganmuxtva naperwklebis sa-
SualebiT xdeba. plastmasis sasrialoze
moTamaSe bavSvs daaxloebiT 60kv poten-
ciali aqvs. aseT dros nebismier gamtar
saganTan (magaliTad, sxva adamianTan) mi-
axloebisas bavSvi am saganze ganimuxteba
da gaCenili naperwkali Zalian mtkivneu-
li iqneba.
naperwklovani ganmuxtva saoperacio
oTaxSi ukiduresad saSiSia, rodesac
iq aalebadi airi (magaliTad, narkoti-
kuli airi) gamoiyeneba. dagrovili mux-
tis daclisTvis qirurgebs gamtari
fexsacmeli acviaT da gamtar iatakze
dganan. igive naperwklovani ganmuxtva
TviTmomsaxurebis benzingasamarT sad sur. 24.19. didi naperwkali jer manqanaze xteba, xolo
gurebze xanZris mizezic gaxda, rodesac Semdeg maizolirebeli wina marcxena saburavis gavliT
momxmarebeli avzis Sevsebas ar daeloda (yuradReba miaqcieT ganaTebul borbals) moZraobs.
manqanaSi mjdomi adamiani ar ziandeba.
da manqanaSi Cajda. manqanis dasajdomTan kontaqtma adamiani imdenad SeiZleba damuxtos, rom
avzidan tumbos amoRebisas TiTebs Soris naperwklebi gayaros. naperwkali ki tumbos sacmis
garSemo arsebul benzinis orTqls aafeTqebs.
izolirebuli gamtari gare eleqtrul velSi

Tu 24.20 suraTis msgavsad izolirebul gamtars gare
eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT, gamtaris yvela wertilis
potenciali Tanabari iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, aqvs Tu
ara gamtars zedmeti muxti. Tavisufali gamtarobis
eleqtronebi zedapirze vrceldeba da Sida wertilze
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis, romelic gare eleqtrul vels
abaTilebs. ufro metic, eleqtronebis ganawilebis Sedegad sur. 24.20. daumuxtavi gamtari gare
zedapiris yvela wertilze moqmedi jamuri eleqtruli veli eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli.
gamtaris zedapirze Tavisufali
zedapiris perpendikularulia. Tu 24.20 suraTze gamosaxul
eleqtronebi vrceldeba, gamtaris
gamtars aviRebT da zedapiris muxtebs adgilze davtovebT, SigniT moqmed eleqtrul vels
eleqtruli veli Sida da gare wertilebisTvis saerTod ar nulamde amcirebs da zedapirze
moqmed jamur vels zedapiris
Seicvleba.
perpendikularuls xdis.
eleqtruli potenciuri energia. eleq potencialis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris
trul velSi i sawyisi wertilidan f saboloo volti. 1 volti = 1 jouli/kuloni
wertilze gadaadgilebisas wertilovani potenciali da potencialTa sxvaoba eleq
muxtis U potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlilebaa: trul velSi moTavsebuli q muxtis nawi
lakis U eleqtruli potenciuri energiis
ΔU = Uf – Ui = – W, (24.1)
saSualebiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
sadac W aris i-dan f wertilisken gadaad
U
gilebisas eleqtrostatikuri Zalis mier V= q , (24.5)
wertilovan muxtze Sesrulebuli muSaoba. Uf Ui
Tu usasrulobaSi potenciuri energia ΔV = Vf – Vi = q – q . (24.6)
nulis tolia, maSin garkveul wertilze ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. ekvipo
mdebare wertilovani muxtis U eleqtruli tenciur zedapirze ganlagebul nebismier
potenciuri energiaa: wertils erTi da igive eleqtruli poten
U = –W∞ , (24.2) ciali aqvs. erTi amgvari zedapiridan
meore zedapirisken moZrav sacdel muxtze
sadac W∞ aris usasrulodan garkveuli
Sesrulebuli muSaoba sawyisi da saboloo
wertilisken muxtis moZraobisas eleqtro
wertilebis mdebareobaze da wertilebis
statikuri Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
SemaerTebel traeqtoriaze damokidebuli
eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba da ar aris. eleqtruli veli yovelTvis
eleqtruli potenciali. eleqtruli ve Sesabamisi ekvipotenciuri zedapiris perpen
lis i da f wertilebs Soris ΔV potencialTa dikularuladaa mimarTuli.
sxvaobaa:
V-s gamoTvla -s saSualebiT. i da f
W
ΔV = Vf – Vi = – q , (24.7) wertilebs Soris eleqtrul potencialTa
sxvaobaa:
sadac q aris nawilakis muxti, romelzec veli  
muSaobas asrulebs. wertilis potencialia: Vf – Vi = – E · ds , (24.18)
W∞ sadac integrali wertilebis damakavSirebeli
V=– q . (24.8)
24.12. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris potenciali 833
nebismieri traeqtoriisTvis gamoiTvleba. Tu nebismieri mimarTulebis komponenti manZilis
Vi =0, maSin garkveuli wertilis potencialia: cvlilebasTan erTad potencialis cvlilebis
  tempis Sebrunebulia:
V = – E · ds (24.19) ∂V
ES = –   . (24.40)
∂s
wertilovani muxtebiT gamowveuli po
-s x, y da z komponentebia:
tenciali. erTi wertilovani muxtis mier r
∂V ∂V ∂V
manZilze Seqmnili eleqtruli potencialia: Ex = –   ; Ey = –   ; Ez = –   . (24.41)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 q
V= , (24.26) mudmivia, 24.40 formula Semdeg
4πε0 r rodesac
sadac V-s da q-s niSani erTmaneTs emTxveva. saxes iRebs:
n wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli poten ΔV
E = – 
 , (24.42)
cialia: Δs
sadac s ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis perpen
. (24.27) dikularulia. ekvipotenciuri zedapiris
paraleluri eleqtruli veli nulis tolia.
eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli
potenciali. p = qd impulsis mqone eleq wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleq
truli dipolidan r manZilze eleqtruli truli potenciuri energia. wertilovani
potencialia: muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri
1 p cos θ
V= (24.30) energia am sistemis ganlagebisTvis saWiro
4πε0 r2
muSaobis tolia. Tavdapirvelad muxtebi
rodesac r>>d, θ kuTxe 24.10 suraTis saSua
uZravia da erTmaneTisgan usasrulo manZi
lebiT ganisazRvreba.
lebiT arian daSorebuli. r dacilebis mqone
muxtebis uwyveti ganawilebiT gamo ori muxtisTvis:
wveuli potenciali. muxtebis uwyveti 1 q1 q2
U=W= . (24.43)
ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi 24.27 formula Semdeg 4πε0 r
saxes iRebs: damuxtuli gamtaris potenciali.
1 dq
V= dV = , (24.32) gamtaris zedmeti muxti wonasworul mdgo
4πε0 r
mareobaSi mTlianad gamtaris gare zedapirze
sadac integrali mTeli ganawilebisTvis
ganlagdeba. mTel gamtarze, maT Soris Sida
gamoiTvleba.
wertilebzec, potenciali erTi da igive
-s gamoTvla V-s saSualebiT. -s iqneba.
SekiTxvebi
1. 24.21 suraTze naCvenebia damuxtul nawi wyvilisTvis arsebobs Tu ara RerZs gareT
lakTa oTxi wyvili. TiToeuli wyvilisTvis wertilebi, sadac Vj = 0?
usasrulobaSi V = 0 da x RerZis wertilebze 2. 24.22 suraTze
Vj potenciali arsebobs. romeli wyvilisTvis naCvenebia sami tra
arsebobs Vj = 0 potencialis wertili a) nawi eqtoria, romliTac
lakebs Soris da b) nawilakebidan marjvniv? dadebiTad damux-
g) am wertilSi nawilakebis mier warmoqmnili tuli A sfero
sur. 24.22. SekiTxvebi 2.
j aris Tu ara nulis toli? d) TiToeuli dadebiTad damux-
tul uZrav B sferos uaxlovdeba. a) A sfe
ro ufro maRal Tu dabal eleqtrul
potencialze gadaadgildeba? b) Cvens mier da
g) B-s eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis
tolia? d) daalageT traeqtoriebi Cven mier
sur. 24.21. SekiTxvebi 1 da 7.
Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT dididan usasrulobaSi V = 0.

mcireze. b) 24.26b suraTze
3. 24.23 suraTze naCvenebia damuxtuli igive Q muxti R ra-
nawilakebis oTxi ganlageba. nawilakebi diusis da 40° cen-
aTvlis saTavidan Tanabari manZilebiT traluri kuTxis
arian daSorebuli. daalageT ganlagebebi mqone wriul rkalze
aTvlis saTaveze moqmedi jamuri eleqtruli Tanabrad nawil-
potencialis mixedviT. usasrulobaSi deba. risi tolia
potenciali nulad miiCnieT. potenciali rka- (g)
lis simrudis cen- sur. 24.26. SekiTxva 6 g).
tris P wertilze?
g) 24.26g suraTze igive Q muxti R radiusis
wreze Tanabrad nawildeba. risi tolia poten-
ciali wris P centrze? d) sami mdgomareoba P
sur. 24.23. SekiTxva 3. wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis
4. 24.24 suraTze rva mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
nawilaki kvadrats 7. 24.21 suraTze naCvenebia Tanabari manZiliT
qmnis da erTmaneTis daSorebuli damuxtuli nawilakebis oTxi
gan d manZiliT aris wyvili. a) daalageT wyvilebi eleqtruli
daSorebuli. risi potenciuri energiis mixedviT dididan
tolia kvadratis mcireze. b) Tu wertilebs Soris manZilebs
centris P wertilze gavzrdiT, wyvilis potenciuri energia
moqmedi eleqtruli gaizrdeba Tu Semcirdeba?
potenciali, Tu usas 8. 24.27 suraTze
rulobaSi eleqtruli potenciali nulis mocemulia V po
tolia? tencialis x-ze
5. 24.25 suraTze naCvenebia ekvipotenciuri damokidebulebis
zedapirebis sami wyvilis ganivi kveTi. samive grafiki. a) danom
ganlagebaSi zedapirebi erTi da igive sivrces rili regio- sur. 24.27. SekiTxva 8.
moicavs. a) daalageT ganlagebebi eleqtruli nebi maTSi moqmedi
velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze. eleqtruli velis x komponentis sidideebis
b) romel ganlagebaSia eleqtruli veli mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. ra mi
qvemoT mimarTuli? marTuleba aqvs vels x RerZis gaswvriv
– – – – – – – –   20 v – – – – – – – –   –140 v – – – – – – – –   –10 v b) meore regionSi da g) meoTxe regionSi?
– – – – – – – –   40 9. 24.28 suraTze naCvenebia sami damuxtuli
– – – – – – – –   60 – – – – – – – –   –120 – – – – – – – –   –30
nawilakis sistema. Tu +q muxtis nawilaks A
– – – – – – – –   80
– – – – – – – –   100 – – – – – – – –   –100 – – – – – – – –   –50 wertilidan D wertilisken gadaadgilebT,
(1) (2) (3) a) sami nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis

eleqtruli potenciuri energiis cvlileba,
b) amoZravebul nawilakze eleqtrostatikuri
6. a) 24.26a suraTze Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da g) Tqveni
risi tolia P wer (a) Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia,
tilze moqmedi po uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia? d) ra pasuxebs
tenciali, romelic
P-dan R manZilze
ganlagebuli Q mux (b)
tiTaa gamowveuli. sur. 24.26. SekiTxva 6
a), b). sur. 24.28. SekiTxvebi 9 da 10.
835
gascemT a), b) da g)-s, Tu nawilaki B-dan C-sken b) A-dan C-sken da g) B-dan D-sken gada
gadaadgilda? adgildeba? d) daalageT es gadaadgilebebi
10. me-9 SekiTxvis ganlagebaSi Tqveni Zalis mier Tqveni Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis
Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia, uaryofiTia mixedviT.
Tu nulia, rodesac nawilaki a) A-dan B-sken,
amocanebi
zedapirebze firfitis muxti sididiT toli

Manual-Si. da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. or firfitas Soris
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze nebismier adgilze moTavsebul eleqtronze
3,9×10–15 n eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs.
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. a) eleqtruli veli eleqtronis mdebareobis
com/college/halliday. adgilze gamoTvaleT. b) risi tolia fir
• – ••• fitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba?
amocanis sirTules
··6. eleqtruli velis x
komponentis sivrceSi
paragrafi 24.3. eleqtruli potenciali
x-ze damokidebulebis
·1. manqanis 12v-iani batarea wredSi 84a·sT
funqciis grafiki 24.30
muxts agzavnis. a) ramdeni kuloni muxtia es? sur. 24.30. amocana 6.
suraTzea naCvenebi. am
(miniSneba: ix. formula 21.3). b) Tu mTliani
sivrceSi eleqtruli velis y da z komponentebi
muxtis eleqtruli potenciali 12 v-iT icv
nulis tolia. Tu aTvlis saTaveze eleqtruli
leba, ra raodenobis energia arsebobs? SSM
potencialia 10v, a) risi tolia eleqtruli
·2. miwasa da Rrubels Soris eleqtrul
potenciali x = 2 m wertilze? b) risi tolia x
potencialTa sxvaobaa 1,2×109 v. eleqtron- RerZis wertilebze eleqtruli potencialis
voltebSi risi tolia miwasa da Rrubels Soris
udidesi mniSvneloba, rodesac 0 ≤ x ≤ 6 m da
moZravi eleqtronis eleqtruli potenciuri
g) x-is ra mniSvnelobisTvisaa eleqtruli
energiis cvlileba?
potenciali nulis toli?
paragrafi 24.5. potencialis gamoTvla
··7. usasrulo gaumtari firfitis zedapiruli
velis saSualebiT.
muxtis simkvrivea σ = +5,8 pk/m2. a) ra muSaoba
·3. usasrulo gaumtari firfitis erT mxareze
sruldeba firfitiT gamowveuli eleqtruli
zedapiruli muxtis simkvrivea σ = 0,1mkk/m2.
velis mier, q = +1,6×10–19 k muxtis
Tu
ra manZilzea erTmaneTisgan ekvipotenciuri
nawilaki firfitidan d = 3,56 sm manZilze
zedapirebi, romelTa potencialTa sxvaobaa
mdebare P wertilisken gadaadgildeba?
50 v? SSM
b) Tu firfitaze V eleqtruli potenciali
·4. rodesac 24.29
nulis tolia, risi tolia V potenciali P
suraTze ga
wertilze?
mosaxuli eleq
truli velis Zal ··8. sivrceSi eleqtruli velis komponentebia
wiris gaswvriv Ey = Ez = 0 da Ex = (4n/k)x. A wertili y RerZze
eleqtroni A-dan Zevs y = 3m adgilze, xolo B wertili x = 4 m
B-sken moZraobs, adgilze Zevs. risi tolia VB – VA potencialTa
eleqtruli veli sur. 24.29. amocana 4. sxvaoba?
masze 3,94×10–19 j ···9. gaumtari sferos radiusia R = 2,31 sm
muSaobas asrulebs. risi tolia potencialTa da masze q = +3,5 fk muxti Tanabradaa
sxvaobebi a) VB – VA, b) VC – VA da g) VC – VB? ganawilebuli. sferos centrSi eleqtruli
·5. or did, paralelur, gamtar firfitas potencialia V0 = 0. risi tolia V a) r = 1,45 sm
Soris 12 sm manZilia da erTmaneTis momijnave da b) r = R radialur manZilze? (miniSneba:
eleqtruli velis gamosaxulebisTvis ixileT ··15. 24.33 suraTze

23.9 paragrafi). risi tolia oTxi
damuxtuli nawi
paragrafi 24.7. wertilovani muxtebis
lakis velis P wer
jgufiT gamowveuli potenciali
tilze eleqtruli
·10. kosmosuri xomaldi dedamiwis ionosferos potenciali, Tu
ganzavebul ionizebul airSi moZraobs da usasrulobaSi V = 0,
erTi brunisas misi potenciali –1 v-iT q = 5 fk da d = 4 sm?
icvleba. davuSvaT xomaldi 10 m radiusis SSM
sferoa, risi tolia masze dagrovili muxti? ··16. 24.34 suraTze

·11. risi tolia 0,15 m radiusis gamtaris naCvenebia uZravi da
muxtuli nawilakebis
sferos a) muxti da b) zedapirze muxtis
marTkuTxa ganlageba.
simkvrive, Tu misi potencialia 200 v (usas
muxtebs Soris man-
rulobaSi V = 0)? sur. 24.34. amocana 16.
Zilia a = 39 sm da maTi
·12. ganvixiloT q = 1 mkk wertilovani muxti, mniSvnelobebi q1 = 3,4 pk da q2 = 6 pk muxte-
misgan d1 = 2 m manZilze mdebare A wertili bis jeradis saxiTaa mocemuli. usasrulobaSi
da d2 = 1 m manZilze mdebare B wertili. a) Tu V = 0. risi tolia jamuri eleqtruli poten-
24.31a suraTis msgavsad A da B diametriulad ciali marTkuxedis centrze? (miniSneba: kar-
sawinaaRmdegod aris ganlagebuli, risi tolia gad dafiqrdiT da gamoTvlebi mniSnelovnad
VA – VB potencialTa sxvaoba? b) risi tolia gamartivdeba).
eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba, Tu A da B ··17. wylis 30pk muxtis sferuli wveTis
24.31b suraTis msgavsad aris ganlagebuli? zedapirze potencialia 500v (usasrulobaSi
V = 0). a) ra radiusisaa wveTi? b) Tu Tanabari
muxtis da radiusis ori wveTi erTdeba da erT
sferuli formis wveTs qmnis, risi tolia axali
wveTis zedapirze arsebuli potenciali? SSM
ILW
··18. 24.35a suraTzea naCvenebia ori damux
tuli nawilaki. q1 muxtis pirveli nawilaki d
manZilze uZravadaa ganlagebuli. q2 muxtis
··13. 24.32 suraTze
meore nawilaki x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs.
q1 = +5e da q2 = –15e
24.35b suraTze mocemulia aTvlis saTaveze
muxtebi uZravad
aris ganlagebuli ori nawilakiT gamowveuli V jamuri
da maT Soris man sur. 24.32. amocanebi 13, eleqtruli potencialis meore nawilakis
Zilia d = 24 sm. usa

14 da 99. x koordinatze damokidebulebis grafiki.
srulobaSi V = 0. risi tolia x-is sasruli rodesac x→∞, grafikis asimptotaa V = 5,76×
a) dadebiTi da b) uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi, 10–7v. risi tolia q2 e-s TermebSi?

rodesac x RerZze moqmedi jamuri eleqtruli
potenciali nulis tolia?
··14. 24.32 suraTze q1 da q2 muxtis or nawilaks
Soris manZilia d. x = d/4 wertilze nawilakebis
mier warmoqmnili jamuri eleqtruli veli
nulis tolia. usasrulobaSi V = 0. daadgineT sur. 24.35. amocana 18.
x RerZze nebismieri wertilis mdebareoba, paragrafi 24.8. eleqtruli dipoliT
romelzec ori nawilakis eleqtruli poten gamowveuli potenciali
ciali nulis tolia.
·19. amiakis NH3 molekulis eleqtruli
837
dipolis mudmivi impulsia 1,47D, sadac mqone wriuli rkalis
1 D = 3,34×10k · m.
–30 
gamoTvaleT amiakis formis plastmasis
molekulis mier dipolis RerZis gaswvriv firfita, romelzec Q =
52nm-iT daSorebul wertilze warmoqmnili –25,6 pk muxti Tanabrad
eleqtruli veli (usasrulobaSi V = 0). ILW aris ganawilebuli.
··20. 24.36a suraTze +e muxtis nawilaki usasrulobaSi V = 0.
risi tolia firfitis
eleqtruli dipolis RerZze z = 20 sm koor
dinatze, dipolis dadebiT mxares imyofeba simrudis centris P
wertilis potenciali? sur. 24.38. amocana 22.
(z-is aTvlis saTave dipolis centrzea).
Semdeg nawilaki dipolis centris garSemo ·23. plastmasis
wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs, vidre misi diskos radiusia
koordinati z = –20 nm gaxdeba. 24.36b suraTze R = 8,2 sm. diskos

mocemulia nawilakis mamoZravebeli Zalis erT meoTxedze
mier Sesrulebuli Wa muSaobis nawilakis Q1 = +4,2pk muxti

Tanabradaa gana
mdebareobis θ kuTxeze damokidebulebis
wilebuli, xolo
grafiki. risi tolia dipolis impulsi?
danarCen nawilze
Q2 = –6Q1 muxti
Tanabrad nawildeba (sur. 24.39). usasru
lobaSi V = 0. risi tolia a) wris C centris da
b) centridan D = 6,71 sm manZiliT daSorebuli
da centralur RerZze mdebare P wertilis
potenciali?
··24. 24.40 suraTze risi tolia Q1 = +7,21 pk
muxtis wriuli rkaliT da Q2 = 4Q1 da
paragrafi 24.9. muxtebis uwyveti gana Q3 = –2Q1 muxtebis nawilakebiT gamowveuli
wilebiT gamowveuli potenciali eleqtruli potenciali aTvlis saTaveze?
rkalis simrudis centri aTvlis saTavezea da
·21. a) 24.37a suraTze naCvenebia L = 6 sm
misi radiusia R = 2m. naCvenebi kuTxea θ = 20°.
sigrZis da Tanabrad ganawilebuli muxtis
λ=+3,68pk/m wiriTi simkvrivis mqone gaumtari
Rero. usasrulobaSi V = 0. risi tolia V Re-
ros Sua wertilSi aRmarTuli perpendiku-
larze d = 8 sm manZilze mdebare P wertil-
ze? b) 24.37b suraTze naCvenebia igive Rero,
oRond amjerad misi erTi naxevari uaryofiT-
adaa damuxtuli. orive naxevris wrfivi mux-
tis simkvrivea 3,68 pk/m. usasrulobaSi V = 0.
risi tolia V potenciali P wertilze?

··25. R = 64 sm
radiusis plast
masis diskos
(a) (b)
erTi mxare da
muxtulia da misi
sur. 24.37. amocana 21. Tanabrad gana
·22. 24.38 suraTze gamosaxulia R = 3,71 sm wilebuli mux
Pradiusis da φ = 120° centraluri kuTxis tis zedapiruli sur. 24.41. amocana 25.
simkvrivea σ = 7,73 fk/m2. Semdeg diskos sami ···29. 24.44 suraTze gamosaxuli plastmasis
meoTxedi nawili moxsnes. darCenili meoTxedi Txeli Reros sigrZea L = 12 sm da araTanabrad
24.41 suraTzea naCvenebi. usasrulobaSi V = 0. ganawilebuli muxtis wiriTi simkvrivea λ =
risi tolia darCenili kvadrantiT gamo cx, sadac c = 28,9 pk/m2. usasrulobaSi V = 0.
wveuli potenciali P wertilze, romelic gamoTvaleT Reros erTi bolodan d = 3 sm
sawyisi diskos centralur RerZze, centridan manZiliT daSorebuli, RerZze ganlagebuli
D = 25,9 sm manZilzea ganlagebuli? SSM WWW P1 wertilis eleqtruli potenciali.
··26. 24.42 suraTze
paragrafi 24.10. velis gamoTvla poten
gamosaxuli momRi
mare saxe sami nawi cialis saSualebiT
lisgan Sedgeba: ·30. liTonis or did, paralelur firfitebs
1. –3 mkk muxtis Txe Soris 1,5 sm manZilia da erTmaneTisken
li Rero 6 sm ra mimarTuli zedapirebis muxti sididiT
diusis wrewiria. toli da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. uaryofiTi
2. 2 mkk muxtis meore firfitis potenciali nulis tolia. Tu
Txeli Rero wris sur. 24.42. amocana 26. firfitebs Soris Sua wertilze potencialia
centris garSemo +5 v, risi tolia firfitebs Soris moqmedi
4 m radiusis da 90° kuTxis mqone wriul eleqtruli veli?
rkals qmnis. ·31. xy sibrtyis wertilebze eleqtruli
3. eleqtruli dipolis impulsi radialuri potencialia V = (2 v/m2)x2 – (3 v/m2) y2. erTeu
wrfis perpendikularulia da misi sididea lovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia (3m,2m)
1,28×10–21 k · m. wertilze eleqtruli veli?
risi tolia jamuri eleqtruli potenciali ·32. pirvel da meore brtyel, paralelur
centrze? firfitebs Soris sivrceSi eleqtruli
··27. 24.43 su potencialia V = 1500x , sadac x aris pirveli
2
raTze Txeli firfitidan perpendikularuli manZili

plastmasis sami (metrebSi). x = 1,3 sm manZilze a) risi tolia
rkali wrewiris eleqtruli velis sidide da b) pirveli
meoTxedia da firfitidan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli veli Tu
simrudis saerTo sur. 24.43. amocana 27.
firfitisken?
centri aTvlis
··33. risi tolia eleqtruli velis sidide
saTavezea ganlagebuli. rkalebze Tanabrad
(3  – 2  + 4 )m wertilze, Tu eleqtruli
ganawilebuli muxtebia Q1 = +30 nk, q2 = +3Q1 da
potencialia V = 2xyz2, sadac V voltebSia,
Q3 = –8Q1. risi tolia ReroebiT gamowveuli
xolo x, y da z - metrebSi? SSM
jamuri eleqtruli potenciali aTvlis
saTaveze?
··34. 24.44 suraTze naCvenebia L = 13,5 sm
sigrZis da 43,6 fk Tanabrad ganawilebuli
··28. 24.44 suraTze
muxtis plastmasis Txeli Rero. a) moZebneT
naCvenebia L = 12 sm
sigrZis da Q =
P1 wertilis eleqtruli potencialis
gamosaxuleba d manZilis TermebSi. b) Semdeg
56,1 fk Tanabrad
ganawilebuli d-s nacvlad x cvladi CasviT da P1 wertilze
dadebiTi muxtis sur. 24.44. amocanebi 28, 29, moqmedi eleqtruli velis Ex komponentis
mqone plastmasis 34 da 36. gamosaxuleba miiReT. g) ra mimarTuleba
Txeli Rero, romelic x RerZze Zevs. aqvs Ex-s x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis
usasrulobaSi V = 0. gamoTvaleT Reros erTi mimarT? d) risi tolia Ex-is mniSvneloba P1
bolodan d = 2,5 sm manZiliT daSorebuli, wertilze, rodesac x = d = 6,2 sm? e) 24.44
RerZze mdebare P1 wertilis eleqtruli suraTis simetriis saSualebiT P1 wertilze
potenciali. Ey gamoTvaleT.
839
··35. eleqtroni moTavsebulia xy sibrtyeSi, manZiliT daSorebuli ori eleqtronis
sadac eleqtruli potenciali x-sa da y-ze eleqtruli potenciuri energia? b) manZilis
24.45 suraTze naCvenebis msgavsad aris damo zrdasTan erTad potenciuri energia izrdeba
kidebuli (potenciali z-ze damokidebuli Tu mcirdeba?
ar aris). erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ··40. 24.48 suraTze

risi tolia eleqtronze moqmedi eleqtruli ra muSaoba unda
Zala? Sesruldes, raTa
Q = +16e muxtis Tav
dapirvelad uZravi
nawilaki usasru
lobidan naCvenebi
wertilisken daStrixuli xazis gaswvriv
gadaadgildes? aRniSnuli wertili q1 = +4e
da q2 = –q1/2 muxtebis or uZrav nawilakTan
axlos aris ganlagebuli. d = 1,4 sm, θ1 = 43° da
sur. 24.45. amocana 35. θ2 = 60°.
···36. 24.44 suraTze gamosaxuli L = 10 sm ··41. 24.49 suraTze
sigrZis plastmasis Txel Reros λ = cx gamosaxuli marTkuT
araTanabari muxtis wiriTi simkvrive aqvs, xedis gverdebis sigrZe
sadac c = 49,9 pk/m. a) usasrulobaSi V = 0. ebia 5 sm da 15 sm. q1 =
gamoTvaleT y RerZze y = D = 3,56 m manZilze –5 mkk da q2 = +2 mkk. sur. 24.49. amocana 41.
ganalagebuli P2 wertilis eleqtruli usasrulobaSi V = 0.
potenciali. b) gamoTvaleT P2 wertilze risi tolia eleqtruli potenciali a) A
eleqtruli velis Ey komponenti. g) ratom ver wertilze da b) B wertilze? g) ra muSaoba
gamovTvliT P2 wertilze eleqtruli velis Ex unda Sesruldes, raTa q3 = +3 mkk muxti B-dan
komponents a)-s pasuxis saSualebiT? A-sken marTkuTxedis diagonalis gaswvriv
paragrafi 24.11. wertilovani muxte- gadaadgildes? d) es muSaoba sami muxtis-
bis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri gan Semdgari sistemis eleqtrul poten-
energia ciur energias zrdis Tu amcirebs? saWiro
·37. ra raodenobis muSao- muSaoba metia, naklebia Tu igivea, rodesac q3
baa saWiro 24.46 sura- e) marTkuTxedis SigniT, magram ara diago-
Tze naCvenebi ganlagebis nalze, gadaadgildeba da v) marTkuTxedis ga-
misaRwevad, Tu q = 2,3 pk, reT gadaadgildeba? SSM
a = 64 sm da Tavdapirve- ··42. –9 nk muxti yz sibrtyeze ganlagebul
lad nawilakebi erTmane plastmasis Txeli wris garSemo Tanabaradaa
Tisgan usasrulo manZil- ganawilebuli. wris centri aTvlis saTaves
iT arian daSorebuli da
emTxveva. –6 pk muxti x = 3 m manZilzea gan
ar moZraoben? SSM ILW WWW
lagebuli. 1,5 m radiusis wrisTvis ra muSaoba
·38. 24.47 suraTze Svidi damuxtuli, uZravi unda Seasrulos gare Zalam wertilovan
nawilaki 4 sm sigrZis gverdis kvadrats muxtze, raTa is aTvlis saTavisken gadaad
qmnis. ra muSaoba unda gildes?
Sesruldes, raTa +6e ··43. q muxtis nawilaki P wertilze uZravadaa
muxtis Tavdapirvelad ganlagebuli, xolo m masis da igive q muxtis
uZravi nawilaki usa
meore nawilaki P-dan r1 manZilzea. Semdeg
srulo manZilidan kvad
meore nawilaki moZraobas iwyebs. gamoTvaleT
ratis centrSi gadavaad
am nawilakis siCqare, rodesac is P-dan r2
giloT?
manZilzea. q = 3,1 mkk, m = 20mg, r1 = 0,9mm da r2
·39. a) risi tolia 2 nm
sur. 24.47. amocana 38. = 2,5mm. ILW
··44. R radiusis Txeli, sferuli, gamtari ··49. identuri 50 mkk muxtebi x RerZis x = ±3
garsi maizolirebel sayrdenzea damagrebuli koordinatebzea ganlagebuli. Semdeg y RerZis
da –125 v potencialamdea damuxtuli. Semdeg dadebiTi monakveTidan q = –15 mkk muxtis
eleqtroni garsis centridan r manZilze (r >> R) nawilaki moZraobas iwyebs. mdgomareobis
ganlagebuli P wertilidan garsis centrisken simetriidan gamomdinare, nawilaki y RerZis
gaisroles. ra ν0 sawyisi siCqare unda hqondes gaswvriv gadaadgildeba da rodesac x = 0,
eleqtrons, raTa garss mimarTulebis Sec y = 4 m wertils Cauvlis, misi kinetikuri
vlamde miaRwios? energiaa 1,2j. a) ra iqneba nawilakis kinetikuri
··45. or uZrav eleqtrons Soris manZilia energia aTvlis saTaveze? b) y-is ra uaryofiT
2sm. Semdeg usasrulobidan sxva eleqtroni mniSvnelobaze gaCerdeba nawilaki? SSM
amoZravda da am or eleqtrons Soris Sua ··50. 24.52a su
wertilze gaCerda. ra iyo misi sawyisi siCqare? raTze naCvenebia
SSM eleqtruli dipo
··46. 24.50 suraTze damux lis RerZis gas
tuli nawilaki (eleq wvriv dipolis
troni an protoni) d = 2 mm uaryofiTi mxri
manZiliT daSorebul or sken moZravi ele
paralelur damuxtul qtroni. dipoli
firfitas Soris marjvni- uZravia. Tavdapir sur. 24.52. amocana 50.
sken moZraobs. firfitebis potencialebia velad eleqtroni
V1 = –70 v da V2 = –50 v. marcxena firfitaze dipolidan Zalian Sor manZilzea ganlagebuli
90 km/wm sawyisi siCqaris mqone nawilaki nel- da misi kinetikuri energiaa 100 eleqtron-
deba. a) nawilaki eleqtronia Tu protoni? volti (100ev). 24.52b suraTze mocemulia
b) ra iqneba misi siCqare meore firfitasTan eleqtronis K kinetikuri energiis dipolis

misvlisas? centridan r manZilze damokidebulebis
··47. eleqtroni uZravi protonisken grafiki. risi tolia dipolis impulsi?
3,2×10 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT gaisroles.

5  ··51. pozitroni
Tu eleqtrons da protons Soris manZili (+e muxtis da eleq
Zalian didia, protonidan ra manZilze iqneba tronis toli masis)
eleqtronis siCqare sawyis mniSvnelobaze or- x RerZis dadebiTi
jer meti? mimarTulebiT 1×107
··48. 24.51a suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze m/wm siCqariT moZra sur. 24.53. amocana 51.
ganlagebuli sami nawilaki. pirveli (+5 mkk obs. rodesac x = 0,
muxtis) da meore (+3 mkk) nawilakebi uZravia pozitroni x RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli
da maT Soris manZilia d = 4 sm. mesame nawilaki eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebas ganicdis.
meore nawilakisgan marjvniv x RerZze gadaad eleqtruli velTan dakavSirebuli V poten
gildeba. 24.51b suraTze gamosaxulia sami ciali 24.53 suraTze gamosaxuli grafikiT
nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis U eleqtruli gamoiTvleba. a) pozitroni velidan x = 0
potenciuri energiis mesame nawilakis x wertilidan gamodis (anu sapirispiro mimar
koordinatze damokidebulebis grafiki. ra TulebiT moZraobs) Tu x = 0,5 m wertilidan?
muxti aqvs mesame nawilaks? b) ra siCqare aqvs pozitrons velidan gamo
svlisas?
··52. 24.54.a suraTze eleqtroni usasrulo
bidan mcire damuxtuli burTidan R = 8 sm
manZilze ganlagebuli wertilisken moZraobs.
moZraobisTvis W = 2,16×10–13 j muSaobaa

saWiro. a) ra Q muxti aqvs burTs? 24.54b
841
suraTze burTi daiSala da nawilebi imgvarad ··57. 15 sm radiusis liTonis sferos jamuri
ganawilda, rom Tanabari raodenobis muxti muxtia 3×10–8k. a) risi tolia eleqtruli
R = 8sm radiusis wris formis saaTis magvar veli sferos zedapirze? b) Tu usasrulobaSi
zedapirze saaTebis niSnulebze gaCnda. b) Tu V = 0, risi tolia eleqtruli potenciali
12 damuxtuli nawilakisgan Semdgar sistemas sferos zedapirze? g) sferos zedapiridan ra
eleqtrons davumatebT, ra iqneba sistemis manZilze mcirdeba eleqtruli potenciali
eleqtruli potenciuri energiis cvlileba? 500v-iT?
··58. ori izolirebuli, umniSvnelo sisqis,
koncentruli, Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari
sferuli garsis radiusebia R1 = 0,5 m da R2 = 1 m,
xolo muxtebi q1 = +2 mkk da q2 = +1 mkk. risi
tolia E eleqtruli velis sidide a) r = 4 m,
b) r = 0,7 m da g) r = 0,2 m radialur manZilze?
Tu usasrulobaSi V = 0, risi tolia V
d) r = 4 m, e) r = 1 m, v) r = 0,7 m, z) r = 0,5 m,
sur. 24.54. amocana 52. T) r=0,2 m da i) r = 0 radialur manZilebze?
paragrafi 24.12. damuxtuli izolire k) aageT E(r) da V(r) grafikebi.
buli gamtaris potenciali

·53. risi tolia r = 0,15 m radiusis gamtari
59. 4sm radiusis gausis sfero 1sm radiu-
sferos zedmeti muxti, Tu sferos potencia-
sis da muxtis Tanabari ganawilebis mqone
lia 1500 v da usasrulobaSi V = 0? SSM burTzea centrirebuli. gausis sferos zeda-
·54. liTonis cariel sferos miwisadmi (sadac pirSi gamavali jamuri eleqtruli nakadia
V = 0) +400 v potenciali da 5×10–9k muxti aqvs. +5,6×104 n·m2/k. risi tolia burTis centridan
gamoTvaleT eleqtruli potenciali sferos 12sm manZilze eleqtruli potenciali?
centrze.
60. Sokoladis natexis saidumlo. istoria
·55. 3 sm radiusis liTonis or sferos
23-e Tavis 54-e amocaniT iwyeba. a) im amocanis
centrebs Soris manZilia 2 m. pirveli sferos
a)-s pasuxidan gamomdinare eleqtruli po-
muxtia +1×10–8 k, xolo meore sferos – tencialis gamosaxuleba milis centridan
–3×10–8k. sferoebs Soris dacileba sakmarisad r radialuri manZilis funqciis saxiT Caw-
didia raTa davuSvaT, rom TiToeul sferoze
ereT (damiwebuli milis kedelze eleqtru-
muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli (sferoebi
li potenciali nulis tolia). b) tipuri
erTmaneTze ar zemoqmedeben). usasrulobaSi
ρ = –1,1×10–3k/m3 muxtis moculobiTi simkvr-
V = 0. gamoTvaleT a) centrebs Soris Sua ivis dros risi tolia milis centrsa da Sida
wertilze ganlagebuli wertilis potenciali kedels Soris eleqtrul potencialTa sxvao
da b) pirveli sferos da g) meore sferos ba? (istoria 25-e Tavis 50-e amocanaSi grZel-
zedapiris potenciali. SSM WWW
deba).
·56. R1 radiusis pirveli sferos dadebiTi
61. uZravi eleqtruli dipolis RerZis
muxtia q. 2R1 radiusis meore sfero
gaswvriv, romlis muxtebs Soris manZili d =
pirvelisgan moSorebiTaa ganlagebuli da
20 pm, moZraobas iwyebs eleqtroni, romlis
damuxtuli ar aris. Semdeg sferoebi Txeli
muxtia e. moZraobis dawyebis wertili dipolis
mavTuliT gadaabes, romelic umniSvnelo
dadebiT mxares, centridan 7d manZilzea.
raodenobis muxts iZens. a) pirveli sferos
risi tolia eleqtronis siCqare, rodesac is
V1 potenciali meore sferos V2 potencialze
dipolis centridan 5d manZils miaRwevs?
metia, naklebia Tu tolia? q-s ra nawili rCeba
62. protoni dawvrilebiT. 24.55 suraTze
da b) pirvel sferoze da g) meore sferoze? d)
naCvenebia V eleqtruli potencialis cvli-
risi tolia sferoebis zedapiruli muxtebis
lebebi x RerZis gaswvriv. protoni moZrao-
simkvriveebis σ1/σ2 Sefardeba?
bas x = 3,5 sm wertilidan iwyebs da misi saw- moZraobs, is Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs (ra
yisi kinetikuri energia 4ev. a) Tu protoni iqneba am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu grafikze
RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs, aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra iqneba misi
is Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs (ra iqneba siCqare x = 7 sm wertilSi?)? ra g) sididis
am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu grafikze da d) mimarTulebisaa eleqtronze moqmedi
aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra iqneba misi eleqtruli Zala, Tu eleqtroni x = 4 sm werti
siCqare x = 0 wertilSi?)? b) Tu protoni Re- lidan marcxniv moZraobs? ra e) sididis da
rZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs, is v) mimarTulebis iqneba eleqtronze moqmedi
Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs (ra iqneba Zala, Tu eleqtroni x = 5 sm wertilidan
am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu grafikze marjvniv moZraobs?
aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra iqneba misi 65. 24.57 suraTze
siCqare x = 6 sm wertilSi?)? ra g) sididis naCvenebia R = 13 sm
da d) mimarTulebisaa protonze moqmedi gare radiusis da
eleqtruli Zala, Tu protoni x = 3 sm werti r = 0,2R Sida ra
lidan marcxniv moZraobs? ra e) sididis da diusis rgoli,
v) mimarTulebis iqneba protonze moqmedi romlis Tanabrad
ganawilebuli mux sur. 24.57. amocana 65.
Zala, Tu protoni x = 5sm wertilidan mar-
jvniv moZraobs? tis zedapiruli simkvrivea σ = 6,2 pk/m2.
usasrulobaSi V = 0. gamoTvaleT wris cen
tralur RerZze ganlagebul, centridan z = 2R
manZiliT daSorebuli P wertilis eleqtruli
potenciali.
66. 24.58 suraTze
q1 da q2 muxti x
RerZze uZravad
63. araTanabrad ganawilebuli muxtis wrfivi aris ganlagebuli. Tu +6 mkk muxtis mesame
simkvrivea λ = bx, sadac b mudmivaa. muxti nawilaks usasrulo manZilidan P wertilze
x = 0-dan x = 0,2 m-mde monakveTSia ganlage- miitanen, sami nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis
buli. Tu b = 20 nk/m2 da usasrulobaSi V = 0, ra eleqtruli potenciuri energia sawyisi ori
eleqtruli potencialia a) aTvlis saTaveze nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis eleqtruli
da b) y = 0,15 m wertilze? potenciuri energiis tolia. risi tolia q1/q2
64. eleqtroni dawvrilebiT. 24.56 suraTze muxtebis Sefardeba?
naCvenebia V eleqtruli potencialis 67. 3 sm radiusis myari, gamtari sferos 30 nk
cvlileba x RerZis gaswvriv. eleqtroni muxti mis zedapirze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli.
x = 4,5 sm wertilidan iwyebs moZraobas da A wertili sferos centridan 1 sm manZilze

misi sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa 3 ev. a) Tu mdebareobs, S wertili sferos zedapirzea,
eleqtroni RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT xolo B wertili sferos centridan 5sm
moZraobs, is Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs manZilzea. risi tolia a) VS – VB da b) VA – VB
(ra iqneba am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu potencialTa sxvaoba?
grafikze aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra 68. 1 sm radiusis da Tanabrad ganawilebuli
iqneba misi siCqare x = 0 wertilSi?)? b) Tu 1,6×10–15 k muxtis mqone sferos zedapirze
eleqtroni RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT uZravad Zevs eleqtroni. ra sawyisi siCqare
unda SeiZinos eleqtronma, raTa sferodan
usasrulo manZils miaRwios da am dros
nulovani kinetikuri energia hqondes?
69. +7,5 mkk muxtis nawilaki x = 60 sm werti
lidan amoZravda. nawilakis moZraoba aTvlis
sur. 24.56. amocana 64. saTaveze uZravad ganlagebuli Q muxtiTaa
843
gamowveuli. risi tolia 40 sm manZilis gavlis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs da mimarTu-
Semdeg nawilakis kinetikuri energia Tu a) Q = lia radialurad cilindris gareT. A, B da
+20mkk da b) Q = –20 mkk? C wertilebi cilindris centraluri Rer-
70. 24.59 suraTze P wer Zidan 1 sm, 2 sm da 5 sm manZilebiT aris da-
tili pirveli nawilaki- Sorebuli. risi tolia a) eleqtruli ve-
dan (q1 = –2e) d1 = 4 m lis sidide C wertilze da b) VB – VC da
manZilzea, xolo meore g) VA – VB potencialTa sxvaoba?
nawilakidan (q2 = +2e) 76. N raodenobis eleqtronebis ori gan-
d2 = 2 m manZilze. orive nawilaki uZravia. lageba SeiZleba miviRoT. pirvel ganlagebaSi
a) usasrulobaSi V = 0. yvela eleqtroni R radiusis viwro rgolzea
risi tolia V potenciali P wertilze? Tu ganlagebuli da eleqtronebs Soris man
q3 = +2e muxtis mesame nawilaks usasrulo- Zilebi Tanabaria. meore ganlagebaSi N – 1
bidan P wertilisken gadavaadgilebT, g) ra raodenobis eleqtroni rgolze Tanabradaa
iqneba sami nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis po- ganawilebuli, xolo erTi eleqtroni rgo-
tenciuri energia? lis centrzea moTavsebuli. a) risi tolia
71. 24.60 suraTze naCve N-is umciresi mniSvneloba, rodesac meore
nebia Tanabari 2 mkk/m ganlageba pirvelze naklebad energiulia?
muxtis simkvrivis mqo- b) N-is am mniSvnelobebisTvis rgolze ganlage-
ne Txeli Rero. gamo buli erT-erTi eleqtroni (vuwodoT mas e0)
TvaleT eleqtruli po ganvixiloT. wreze ganlagebuli eleqtrone-
tenciali P wertilze Tu D = L 4. / bidan ramdenia e0-Tan ufro axlos, vidre cen-
72. eleqtruli velis E sidide r radialur traluri eleqtroni?
manZilze E = A / r 4 formuliTaa gansazRvruli,
77. 24.62 suraTze
sadac A aris mudmiva da misi erTeulia v · m 3. +2e muxtis nawilaki
risi tolia r = 2 m da r = 3 m manZilebs Soris usasrulobidan x
eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba A-s jeradis RerZisken gadaad
saxiT? gildeba. ra muSaoba
73. +0,12k muxtis sami nawilaki 1,7 m sigrZis sruldeba am dros?
gverdis tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis. 0,83kvt sur. 24.62. amocana 77.
D = 4 m.
tempiT energiis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ram-
78. 24.63 suraTze
deni dRe iqneba saWiro, raTa erT-erTi muxti
naCvenebia mocu
danarCeni ori muxtis SemaerTebeli wrfis Sua
wertilze gadaadgildes? lobaSi Tanabarad
ganawilebuli 4 mkk
74. 24.61 suraTze sur. 24.63. amocana 78.
muxtis mqone na
naCvenebia R=8,5sm
radiusis sami wri xevarsfero. naxevarsfero xy sibrtyeze
uli, gaumtari rka Zevs da samzareulos magidaze dadebul,
li. rkalebis mux naxevrad gaWril greipfruts waagavs. P
tebia q1 = 4,52 pk, wertili sibrtyeze ganlagebuli naxevar
q2 = –2q1, q3 = +3q1. sferos simrudis centridan 15 sm radialuri
usasrulobaSi manZiliTaa daSorebuli. risi tolia naxevars
V = 0. risi tolia feroTi gamowveuli eleqtruli potenciali
rkalebis jamuri sur. 24.61. amocana 74. P wertilze?
eleqtruli poten 79. ori eleqtroni Tavdapirvelad uZravia
ciali simrudis saerTo centrze? da maT Soris manZilia 2 mkm. ra muSaoba unda
75. grZeli, myari, gamtari cilindris ra- SevasruloT, raTa mesame eleqtroni usasru-
diusia 2 sm. cilindris zedapirze 160 n/k lobidan gamovitanoT da eleqtronebisgan
tolgverda samkuTxedi SevkraT? damokidebulebis grafiki aageT.

80. q1 = +10 mkk, q2 =
–20 mkk da q3 = +30 mkk
muxtis sami nawilaki
24.64 suraTze naCve
nebi tolferda sam
kuTxedis wveroebzea
ganlagebuli. Tu a =
10 sm da b = 6 sm, ra mu
Saoba unda Seasrulos
gare Zalam, raTa a) q1 da q3 muxtebma da b) q1 da
q2 muxtebma adgilebi gacvalon? sur. 24.67. amocana 84.
81. 24.65 suraTze 85. diskos radiusia R = 2,2sm. r = 0-dan r =

nawilakebs Soris d R/2-mde SualedSi misi muxtis zedapiruli
manZilia 1 m, xolo simkvrivea 1,5×10–6k/m2, xolo r = R/2-dan r
maTi muxtebia q1 = R-mde SualedSi - 8×10–7k/m2. a) rogoria
= +q da q2 = +2q. sur. 24.65. amocana 81. diskos muxti? b) usasrulobaSi V = 0. risi
usasrulobaSi V = 0. tolia eleqtruli potenciali diskos
x RerZis ra sasrul koordinatzea a) ori perpendikularul centralur RerZze
nawilakiT gamowveuli jamuri eleqtruli mdebare, diskos centridan z = R/2 manZiliT
potenciali nuli da b) imave nawilakebiT daSorebul wertilze?
gamowveuli jamuri eleqtruli veli nuli? 86. 24.68 suraTze q1=+e muxtis pirveli
82. a) izolirebuli gamtari sferos nawilaki da q2 = –5e muxtis meore nawilaki x
radiusia 10 sm, xolo jamuri muxti 4 mkk. Tu RerZzea ganlagebuli. d = 5,6 mkm. risi tolia
usasrulobaSi V = 0, risi tolia potenciali VA – VB eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba?
sferos zedapirze? b) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
sferos garSemortymulma haerma eleqtruli
garRveva ganicados, rodesac veli 3 mv/m-s
gadaaWarbebs? sur. 24.68. amocana 86
83. 24.66 suraTze 87. Tanabari sidideebis (25 nk) da sawinaaRmdego
q2 = +5e muxtis na niSnebis wertilovani muxtebi 60×80 sm zomis
wilaki usasru marTkuTxedis diagonalurad mopirdapire
lobidan q1 = +2e kuTxeebzea ganlagebuli. A kuTxeze muxti
da q3 = –q1 uZravi ar Zevs da is dadebiT muxtTan yvelaze ufro
nawilakebisken da axloa, xolo B kuTxe meore carieli kuTxea.
Strixuli xazis gamoTvaleT VB – VA potencialTa sxvaoba.
gaswvriv gadaadgi 88. ori Tanabrad damuxtuli, usasrulo,
ldeba. risi tolia sami nawilakisgan Semdgari gaumtari firfita yz sibrtyis paraleluradaa
sistemis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba ganlagebuli. erTis mdebareobaa x = –50 sm,
sawyisi ori nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis xolo meoris – x = +50 sm. firfitebze muxtis
potenciur energiasTan? simkvriveaa –50 nk/m2 da +25 nk/m2. risi tolia
84. garkveul situaciaSi, eleqtruli aTvlis saTavesa da x = +80 sm wertils Soris
potenciali x RerZis gaswvriv 24.67 suraTis potencialTa sxvaoba? (miniSneba: planaruli
Tanaxmad icvleba. a) ab, b) bc, g) cd, d) de, e) ef, simetriisTvis gausis kanoni gamoiyeneT, raTa
v) fg da z) gh intervalebSi eleqtruli velis sivrcis yovel monakveTSi eleqtruli veli
x komponenti gamoTvaleT da Semdeg Ex-is x-ze gamoTvaloT. ix. 23.8 paragrafi).
845
89. ori q = +2 mkk mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. gamoiyvaneT gare
muxti erTmaneTis- Zalis mier meore nawilakze Sesrulebuli W
gan d = 2 sm man- muSaobis formula, romelic moZraobis wris
Zilzea ganlagebuli radiusis r2-mde gazrdisTvis aris saWiro.
(sur. 24.69). a) usas 95. ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriamde
rulobaSi V = 0. risi sur. 24.69. amocana 89.
aTi wliT adre j.j. tomsonma ivarauda,
tolia eleqtruli rom eleqtroni mcire nawilebisgan Sed
potenciali C wertilze? b) usasrulobidan geba da eleqtronis m masa am nawilebis
mesame q = +2 mkk gamodis da C wertilze gan- urTierTqmedebis eleqtrul potenciur ener
lagdeba. ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes amisT- gias miakuTvna. ufro metic, igi amtkicebda,
vis? g) risi tolia sami muxtis ganlagebis U rom es energia mc2-is tolia, sadac c sinaTlis
potenciuri energia? siCqarea. eleqtronis masa Semdegi meTodiT
90. xy sibrtyeSi ganlagebuli wertilo- gamoTvaleT: warmoidgineT, rom eleqtroni
vani muxtebis koordinatebi da muxte- sami identuri nawilisgan Sedgeba. es nawilebi
bia q1 = +3×10 k, x = +3,5 sm, y = +0,5 sm da
–6  usasrulobidan gadaadgiles da eleqtronis
q2 = –4×10–6k, x = –2sm, y=+1,5sm. Tu Tavda- klasikuri radiusis toli 2,82×10–15 m sigrZis
pirvelad muxtebs Soris usasrulo manZilia, gverdis mqone tolgverda samkuTxedis kuT
ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes mocemuli mde- xeebze ganalages. a) gamoTvaleT amgvari
bareobebze maTi ganlagebisTvis? ganlagebis mTliani eleqtruli potenciuri
91. +16 mkk muxti Txel rgolzea ganlagebuli, energia. b) pasuxi c2-ze gayaviT da Sedegi
romelic xy sibrtyeSi Zevs da misi centri eleqtronis miRebul masas SeadareT (ufro
aTvlis saTavea. wris radiusia 3 sm. Tu A meti nawilebis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi
wertili aTvlis saTavezea ganlagebuli, ufro zusti gaxdeba).
xolo B wertili z = 4 sm koordinatze, risi 96. 24.70 suraTze naCvenebia horizontalur
tolia VB – VA ? RerZze ganlagebuli sami damuxtuli nawilaki.
92. or damuxtul, paralelur, brtyel RerZze ganlagebuli im wertilebisTvis (ro
gamtar zedapirebs Soris manZilia d = 1 sm da goricaa P), romelTaTvisac r >> d , daamtki-
maT Soris potencialTa sxvaobaa ΔV = 625 v. ceT, rom V(r) eleqtruli potencialia:
eleqtroni erTi zedapiridan

gaisroles. risi tolia eleqtronis sawyisi
meorisken 1 q
V = 4�ε r
0
( 2d
1+ r )  .
(miniSneba: muxtebis ganlageba izolirebuli muxtis

siCqare, Tu is meore zedapirze Cerdeba?
da dipolis jamad SegviZlia ganvixiloT).
93. mA=5g da mB=10g masebis liTonis ori
patara A da B sferos dadebiTi Tanabari
muxtebia q = 5 mkk. sferoebi d = 1 m sigrZis
masis armqone, gaumtari TokiTaa gadabmuli.
Tokis sigrZe sferoebis radiusebze bevrad
metia. a) risi tolia sistemis eleqtruli
potenciuri energia? b) warmoidgineT, rom 97. daaxloebiT 100 v/m sididis eleqtruli
Toki gadaWeriT. am momentSi risi toli veli dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos xSirad
iqneba TiToeuli sferos aCqareba? g) Tokis SeimCneva. Tu amgvari veli mTels zedapirze
gadaWridan didi xnis Semdeg ra siCqare eqneba vrceldeba, risi tolia zedapiris wertilze
TiToeul sferos? eleqtruli potenciali? (usasrulobaSi

V = 0).
94. Q dadebiTi muxtis mqone nawilaki P
wertilzea ganlagebuli. m masis da –q 98. 24.71 suraTze P wertili marTkuTxedis
uaryofiTi muxtis meore nawilaki P-s centrzea ganlagebuli. usasrulobaSi V = 0,
garSemo centrirebul, r1 radiusis wreze q1 = 5 fk, q2= 2 fk, q3 = 3 fk da d = 2,54 sm.

risi tolia eqvsi manZilze da atomis SigniT moqmedi eleqtruli

damuxtuli nawilakis velis rezerfordiseul gamoTvlas Seexeba.
gamo P wertilze igive amocanaSi eleqtruli potencialia:
jamuri
potenciali?
eleqtruli Ze 1 3
( r2
V = 4�ε r – 2R + 2R 3
0
)
99. 24.32 suraTze a) daamticeT, rom im amocanaSi gamoyenebuli
naCvenebia RerZze ganlagebuli ori damuxtuli eleqtruli velis gamosaxuleba zemoT
nawilaki. gaavleT eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi moyvanili V-s gamosaxulebidan gamom
da ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi, rodesac a) dinareobs. b) ratom ar miemarTeba nulisken
q1 = +q, q2 = +2q da b) q1 = +q, q2 = –3q. V-s gamosaxuleba, rodesac r→∞?
100. q muxti R radiusis sferos moculobaSi 105. saturnis rgolebis nivTierebis didi
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. usasrulobaSi V=0. nawili 10–6 m radiusis mtvris pawawina
risi tolia a) V potenciali r<R radialur nawilakebia. es nawilakebi ganzavebul,
manZilze da b) r=R da r=0 wertilebs Soris ionizebul airSia moTavsebuli da isini
potencialTa sxvaoba? zedmet eleqtronebs iZenen. davuSvaT, rom

mtvris nawilaki R = 1×10–6 m radiusis sferoa.
101. Q muxtis da ρ moculobiTi muxtis
ramdeni eleqtroni unda SeiZinos nawilakma,
simkvrivis sferos formis garsi Semosaz
raTa zedapirze –400 v potenciali hqondes?
Rvrulia r1 da r2>r1 radiusebiT. usasrulobaSi
(usasrulobaSi V = 0).
V = 0. V eleqtruli potenciali ganawilebis
centridan r manZilis funqciis saxiT 106. 1,5×10–8 k muxti 16 sm radiusis liTonis
gamoTvaleT. ganixileT Semdegi regionebi: izolirebul sferoze Zevs. usasrulobaSi
a) r > r2, b) r2 > r > r1 da g) r < r1. d) r = r2 da r = r1 V = 0. risi tolia sferos zedapiris wer
wertilebSi pasuxebi erTmaneTs eTanxmeba Tu tilebze eleqtruli potenciali?
ara? (miniSneba: ix. paragrafi 23.9). 107. 24.30 formulidan dipoliT gamowveuli
102. alfa nawilaki (ori protonis mqone) 92 eleqtruli velis gamosaxuleba dipolis
protonis Semcveli birTvisken igzavneba. alfa RerZis wertilze miiReT.
nawilakis sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa 0,48pj. 108. milikenis mier zeTis wveTiT Catarebul
ra umciresi manZili iqneba alfa nawilakis da eqsperimentSi (paragrafi 22.8), 1,5 sm manZiliT
birTvis centrebs Soris, Tu davuSvebT, rom daSorebul firfitebs Soris 1,92×105 n/k Ta
birTvi ar moZraobs? nabari eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. risi tolia
103. q1=+6e wer firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba?
tilovani muxti 109. ganvixiloT q=1,5×10–8 k muxti da

marTkuTxa koordi usasrulobaSi V = 0 miviCnioT. a) ra forma
natTa sistemis aT da zomebi aqvs mxolod q muxtis Sedegad 30 v
vlis saTavezea gan potencialis mqone ekvipotenciur zedapirs?
lagebuli, xolo b) Tanabari odenobiT gansxvavebuli poten
q2 = –10e wertilo sur. 24.72. amocana 103.
cialis mqone zedapirebs Soris manZilic
vani muxti x = 8,6 nm Tanabaria Tu ara?
da y = 0 koordinatebze. xy sibrtyeSi yve- 110. fundamentaluri nawilakis kvarkul
la wertilis geometriuli adgili, sadac modelSi protoni sami kvarkisgan Sedgeba: or
V = 0, x RerZze centrirebuli wrewiria
/
`zeda~ kvarks +2e 3 muxti aqvs, xolo erT `qve-
(sur. 24.72). gamoTvaleT a) wrewiris cen-
/
da~ kvarks - –e 3 muxti. kvarkebi erTmaneTis-
tris xc mdebareoba da b) wris R radiusi. gan Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli da es
g) aris Tu ara 5v ekvipotenciuri zedapiris xy manZilia 1,32×10–15 sm. gamoTvaleT a) ori zeda
ganivi kveTi aseve wrewiri? kvarkiskisgan da b) samive kvarkisgan Semdgari
104. 23-e Tavis 83-e amocana atomis centridan r sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri energia.
847
111. a) 4,8 mev kinetikuri energiis protoni lebiT vrceldeba. gaavleT eleqtruli
tyviis birTvisken moZraobs. protoni birTvis velis Zalwirebi da suraTis ekvipotenciuri
SigniT ar aRwevs da maT Soris mxolod kulonis zedapirebis sibrtyis ganivi kveTebi.
Zala moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT protonisa da 116. ori damuxtuli usasrulo wiri z RerZis
birTvis centrebs Soris umciresi dp daSoreba, paraleluria da amave RerZis sibrtyeSi Zevs.
rodesac protoni Cerdeba. Tu protons igive erTi wiris sigrZis erTeulze +λ muxtia da es
kinetikuri energiis mqone alfa nawilakiT wiri RerZidan marjvniv, a manZilzea ganlage-
SevcvliT (romelic ori protonisgan Sedgeba), buli. meore wiris sigrZis erTeulze -λ mux-
alfa nawilaki centrebs Soris dα manZilze tia da es wiri RerZidan marcxniv, a manZilzea
gaCerdeba. b) risi tolia d α d p?/ ganlagebuli. gamosaxeT amgvari ganlagebiT
112. a) Tu dedamiwis zedapiruli muxtis gamowveuli ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi.
simkvrivea 1eleqtroni/m2 (Zalian warmosax- 117. 1 sm radiusis spilenZis myari sferos
viTi daSveba), ra iqneba misi potenciali? zedapiri nikeliTaa dafaruli da Zalian
(usasrulobaSi V = 0). ra iqneba dedamiwiT Txelia. nikelis atomebis nawili radioaq-
gamowveuli eleqtruli velis b) sidide da tiuria da daSlisas eleqtrons asxivebs.
g) mimarTuleba zedapirs gareT? eleqtronebis naxevari spilenZis sferoSi
113. risi tolia 24.8a suraTze mocemuli Sedis da TiToeuls 100 kev energia gadaaqvs.
muxtebis ganlagebis eleqtruli potenciuri eleqtronebis meore naxevars –e muxti miaqvs.
energia? isargebleT 24.3 amocanis amoxsnis nikelis aqtiuroba 3,7×108 radioaqtiuri
nimuSSi mocemuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT. daSlaa wamSi. sfero grZel, gaumtar Tokzea
114. a) 24.32 formulis gamoyenebiT daam Camokidebuli da garemosgan izolirebu-
tkiceT, rom Txeli rgolis (q muxtis da R lia. a) ra dro dasWirdeba sferos potencia-
radiusis) centralur RerZze ganlagebul da lis 1000 v-iT gazrdas? b) ra dro dasWirdeba
rgolidan z manZiliT daSorebul wertilze eleqtronebis energiis Sedegad sferos tem-
eleqtruli potencialia: peraturis 5 K-iT gazrdas? sferos kuTri

1 1 siTbotevadobaa 14 j/K.
V = 4�ε
0 118. q1 = –1,2×10–9k muxti aTvlis saTavezea
b) am formulis saSualebiT rgolis RerZis ganlagebuli, xolo q2 = 2,5×10–9k muxti
wertilebze E-s gamosaxuleba gamoiyvaneT. y = 0,5 m wertilze. orive muxtisgan moSo
miRebuli Sedegi 22.6 paragrafSi moyvanil E-s rebiT eleqtruli potenciali nulis tolia.
gamoTvlas SeadareT. a) gamosaxeT V = 5 v ekvipotenciuri zedapiris
115. 24.73 suraTze xy sibrtyesTan kveTa. is erT-erT muxts
muxtis sami, grZeli, moicavs. b) V = 3 v-s ori ekvipotenciuri
paraleluri wiri (na zedapiri Seesabameba. erT-erTi mxolod erT
Cvenebi wrfivi mux muxts moicavs, xolo meore _ orive muxts.
tis simkvriveebiT) gamosaxeT maTi kveTebi xy sibrtyesTan.
saxelmZRvanelos gve g) gamoTvaleT potenciali, romlisTvisac
rdis perpendikula eleqtruli potencialis maxasiaTebeli erTi
sur. 24.73. amocana 115. ekvipotenciuri zedapiridan orze gadadis.
rulad orive mimarTu
25 tevadoba
adamianebs, romelTac miiRes damwvroba, xSirad mkurnaloben JangbadiT
gamdidrebuli airis Semcvel daxurul kamerebSi. rodesac mkurnalobis
seansi sruldeba, eqimi pacients kameridan vagonetze gadmoiyvans.
sul mcire ori SemTxvevis dros, pacientis logins kameridan bolos
gamosul kideze cecxli waekida. ra Tqma unda, isedac damwvari pacientis
loginisTvis cecxlis wakideba Zalian saSiSia da isic cxadia, rom
JangbadiT mdidar haerSi cecxli iolad Gndeba, magram SekiTxva mainc
Riad rGeba.
ra iwvevs pacientis loginisTvis cecxlis wakidebas?


fizikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocana inJinrebis mier
daproeqtebuli praqtikuli mowyobilobebisTvis
samecniero safuZvlis Seqmnaa. mocemul TavSi aqcenti
Zalian gavrcelebul magaliTze - kondensatorze
gakeTdeba, romelic eleqtruli energiis Sesanaxi
mowyobilobaa. magaliTad, fotoaparatis batarea
kondensatoris damuxtvis Sedegad fotosanaTSi
energias inaxavs. batareebs energiis miwodeba sakmaod
SezRuduli tempiT SeuZliaT, rac fotosanaTidan
sinaTlis gamosxivebisTvis sakmarisi ar aris.
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac kondensatori damuxtulia,
mas energiis miwodeba bevrad swrafad SeuZlia da
mkveTri sinaTlis gamosxivebisTvis saWiro energia sur. 25.1. kondensatorebis asortimenti.
uzrunvelyofilia.
kondensatorebis fizika sxva mowyobilobebze da eleqtruli velis Semcvel nebismier
mdgomareobaze SegviZlia ganvazogadoT. magaliTad, dedamiwis atmosferuli eleqtruli
velis models meteorologebi elvis Sedegad nawilobriv ganmuxtuli, uzarmazari sferuli
kondensatoris saSualebiT qmnian. yinulze srialisas moTxilamuris mier dagrovili muxti
naperwklebis yris Sedegad periodulad ganmuxtul kondensators SegviZlia SevadaroT.
kondensatorebis ganxilvis pirvel etapze ganvsazRvroT ra raodenobis muxtis Senaxva SeiZleba.
am `raodenobas~ tevadoba ewodeba.
848
25.2. tevadoba 849
25.2. tevadoba
25.1 suraTze naCvenebia sxvadasxva zomisa da formis
kondensatori. 25.2 suraTze gamosaxulia nebismieri
kondensatoris ZiriTadi elementebi - nebismieri zomis
ori izolirebuli gamtari. miuxedavad maTi geometriuli
formisa, gamtarebs firfitebs vuwodebT.
25.3a suraTze naCvenebia naklebad gavrcelebuli,
magram standartuli ganlageba, romelsac paraleluri sur. 25.2. garemosgan da erTmane
firfitebis mqone kondensatori ewodeba. kondensatori Tisgan izolirebuli ori gamtari
kondensators qmnis. rodesac konden
A farTobis da d manZiliT daSorebuli ori paraleluri
satori damuxtulia, gamtarebis anu
gamtari firfitisgan Sedgeba. kondensatoris simbolo firfitebis q muxtebi sididiT toli da
(   ) paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgar struqturas niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa.
asaxavs, magram igive simbolo nebismieri geometriuli

formis mqone kondensatorisTvis gamoiyeneba. droebiT vuSvebT, rom firfitebs Soris nivTieri
garemo ar arsebobs. 25.6 paragrafSi es SezRudva moixsneba.
rodesac kondensatori damuxtulia, mis firfitebs Tanabari sididis da sawinaaRmdego niSnis
+q da –q muxtebi aqvT. miuxedavad amisa, kondensatoris muxtad q-s anu firfitebis muxtebis
absolutur mniSvnelobas miviCnevT (gaiTvaliswineT, rom q kondensatoris jamuri muxti ar
aris, jamuri muxti nulis tolia).
vinaidan firfitebi gamtaria, isini amave dros ekvipotenciuri zedapirebia. firfitis nebismier
wertilze eleqtruli potenciali erTi da igivea. ufro metic, firfitebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaoba arsebobs. istoriuli mizezebis gamo potencialTa sxvaobis mniSvnelobas V simboloTi
aRvniSnavT da ara ΔV simboloTi, rogorc amas adre vakeTebdiT.
kondensatoris q muxti da V potencialTa sxvaoba erTmaneTis proporciulia:
q = CV (25.1)
proporciulobis C mudmivas kondensatoris tevadoba ewodeba. misi mniSvneloba mxolod

firfitebis geometriul formazea damokidebuli da ara maT muxtze an potencialTa sxvaobaze.
tevadobiT izomeba ra raodenobis muxti unda moTavsdes firfitebze, raTa maT Soris garkveuli
potencialTa sxvaoba gaCndes. rac ufro metia tevadoba, miT meti muxtia amisaTvis saWiro.
25.1 formulidan gamomdinare, tevadobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris kuloni voltze. es erTeuli
sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba da mas farada ewodeba:
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi

farTobi
uaryofiTad
dadebiTad damuxtuli
damuxtuli
(+q) zedapiri
(–q ) zedapiri
(a) (b)
sur. 25.3. a) paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatori A farTobis da d manZiliT daSorebuli ori
firfitisgan aris damzadebuli. firfitebis zedapirebze q sididis da niSniT sawinaaRmdego muxtebia. b)
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi aCveneben, rom damuxtuli firfitebiT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli firfitebs
Soris erTgvarovania. firfitebis kideebze veli erTgvarovani ar aris da amas eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis
mimarTulebac aCvenebs.
850 Tavi 25 tevadoba
1 farada = 1f = 1 kuloni/volti = 1k/v (25.2)
farada Zalian didi erTeulia. praqtikaSi ufro xSirad mikrofarada (1 mkf = 10–6 f) da

pikofarada (1 pf = 10–12) gvxvdeba.
kondensatoris damuxtva
kondensatoris damuxtvis erT-erTi saSualeba batareasTan
erTad misi eleqtrul wredSi moTavsebaa. eleqtruli wredi
muxtis dinebis SesaZlo traeqtoriaa. batarea sakuTar
momWerebs (muxtebis Sesvlis an gamosvlis wertilebs) Soris
eleqtroqimiuri reaqciebis saSualebiT, rodesac eleqtrul
Zalebs Sida muxtis gadaadgileba SeuZlia, garkveul
potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs. (a)
25.4a suraTze B batarea, S amomrTveli, C daumuxtavi
momWeri
kondensatori da damakavSirebeli mavTulebi wreds qmnis.
igive wredis sqemuri gamosaxuleba 25.4b suraTze naCvenebi,
sadac batareis, amomrTvelis da kondensatoris simboloebi
TiToeul mowyobilobas asaxavs. batarea momWerebs Soris V
potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs. ufro meti potencialis momWeri
(b)
mqone momWeri + simboloTia aRniSnuli da mas xSirad dadebiT
momWers uwodeben. mcire potencialis mqone momWeri _ sur. 25.4. a) wredSi CarTuli
B batarea, S amomrTveli da C
simboloTi aRiniSneba da mas uaryofiTi momWeri ewodeba.
kondensatoris h da l firfitebi.
25.4a da b suraTze gamosaxuli wredi arasrulia, vinaidan b) sqemuri gamosaxuleba, romel
S amomrTveli Riaa anu amomrTveli masze damagrebul zec wredis elementebi maTi simbo
loebiTaa aRniSnuli.
mavTulebs eleqtrulad ar akavSirebs. rodesac amomrTveli
daxurulia da mavTulebi eleqtrul urTierTkavSirSia,
wredi srulia da amomrTvelisa da mavTulebis gavliT muxts moZraoba SeuZlia. rogorc
21-e TavSi ganvixileT, gamtarSi (am SemTxvevaSi, mavTulSi) gamavali muxti eleqtronis muxtia.
rodesac 25.4 suraTze gamosaxuli wredi srulia, eleqtronebi batareis mier mavTulebSi
Seqmnili eleqtruli velis saSualebiT gadaadgildeba. veli eleqtronebs kondensatoris h
firfitidan batareis dadebiTi momWerisaken gadaadgilebs. h firfita eleqtronebs kargavs
da dadebiTad imuxteba. veli igive raodenobis eleqtronebs batareis uaryofiTi momWeridan l
firfitisken gadaadgilebs. l firfita eleqtronebs iZens da misi uaryofiTi muxti h firfitis
dadebiTi muxtis mniSvnelobis tolia.
Tavdapirvelad, rodesac firfitebi damuxtuli ar aris, maT Soris potencialTa sxvaoba nulis
tolia. sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxtebiT damuxtvis Semdeg firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba
izrdeba da batareis momWerebs Soris V potencialTa sxvaobas uTanabrdeba. amis Semdeg h
firfitas da batareis dadebiT momWers Tanabari potenciali aqvs da maT Soris gabmul mavTulze
eleqtruli veli aRar moqmedebs. aseTive principiT l firfita da uaryofiTi momWeri erTi da
igive potencials iZens da maT Soris gabmul mavTulzec eleqtruli veli aRar moqmedebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, eleqtruli veli nulis tolia da eleqtronebi aRar moZraoben. am SemTxvevaSi,
kondensators srulad damuxtuli ewodeba da V potencialTa sxvaoba q muxts 25.1 formuliT
ukavSirdeba.
mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi vuSvebT, rom kondensatoris damuxtvisas da Semdeg muxts erTi
firfitidan meoreze maT Soris RriWes gavliT gadasvla ar SeuZlia. garda amisa, kondensators
muxtis Senaxva usasrulod SeuZlia, vidre is wredSi CairTveba da ganimuxteba.
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla 851
sakontrolo wertili 1. C kondensatoris tevadoba izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba,

rodesac a) misi q muxti ormagdeba da b) potencialTa sxvaoba sammagdeba?
taqtika 1: V simbolo da potencialTa

sxvaoba dasxva frazebi SegxvdebaT. potencialTa
winamdebare TavebSi V simbolo wertilze sxvaoba anu `potenciali~ anu `Zabva~
arsebul an ekvipotenciuri zedapiris SeiZleba miesadagebodes mowyobilobas an
gaswvriv eleqtrul potencials asaxavda. mowyobilobis ganiv areals. kondensatori
miuxedavad amisa, eleqtrul mowyobilobebTan SeiZleba daimuxtos potencialTa sxvaobamde,
dakavSirebiT V xSirad asaxavs or wertils rogorc es aris frazaSi `kondensatori
an or ekvipotenciur zedapirs Soris daimuxta 12 v-mde~. garda amisa, batarea
potencialTa sxvaobas. 25.1 formula amis erT- SeiZleba daxasiaTdes mis ganiv potencialTa
erTi magaliTia. 25.3 paragrafSi V-s orive sxvaobiT, rogorc es aris frazaSi `12 v-iani
mniSvnelobas gamoviyenebT da yuradRebiT sxvaoba~. yovelTvis gaxsovdeT ra igulisxmeba
iyaviT, raTa erTmaneTSi ar agerioT. am frazebs miRma. wredis an batareis magvari
am saxelmZRvaneloSi da sxvaganac poten mowyobilobis momWerebs Soris potencialTa
cialTa sxvaobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva sxvaoba arsebobs.
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla

Cveni mizani kondensatoris tevadobis gamoTvlaa, rodesac misi geometriuli forma viciT.
vinaidan sxvadasxva saxis geometriul formebs ganvixilavT, sakmaod Wkvianuri iqneba zogadi
gegmis SemuSaveba, rac Cvens amocanas gaaadvilebs. gegma Semdegia: 1) davuSvaT, rom firfitebze

q muxtia; 2) gausis kanonis gamoyenebiT firfitebs Soris moqmedi E eleqtruli veli muxtis
TermebSi gamovTvaloT; 3) 24.18 formulis daxmarebiT firfitebs Soris V potencialTa sxvaoba
gamovTvaloT; 4) 25.1 formulis saSualebiT C gamovTvaloT.
vidre gamoTvlebs SevudgebodeT, garkveuli daSvebebis Sedegad eleqtruli velis da
potencialTa sxvaobis gamoTvla gamavartivoT. daSvebebs rig-rigobiT ganvixilavT.
eleqtruli velis gamoTvla


kondensatoris firfitebs Soris moqmedi E eleqtruli velis erT-erTi firfitis q muxtTan
dakavSirebisTvis gausis kanoni gamoviyenoT:
ε0 = q (25.3)
sadac q aris gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxti, xolo - zedapirSi gamavali jamuri
eleqtruli nakadi. Cvens mier ganxilul yvela SemTxvevaSi gausis zedapiri imgvari iqneba, rom
 
E masSi eleqtruli nakadis gavlis dros eleqtrul vels mudmivi E sidide eqneba, xolo E da

dA veqtorebi – paraleluri iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, 25.3 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
q=ε0EA (25.3 formulis gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva) , (25.4)
sadac A aris gausis zedapiris im nawilis farTobi, sadac nakadi gadis. sicxadisTvis gausis
zedapirs ise gamovsaxavT, rom is yovelTvis gars ertymis

dadebiTi firifitis muxts. magaliTisTvis 25.5 suraTi
ixileT.
potencialTa sxvaobis gamoTvla

24-e TavSi SemoRebul aRniSvnaSi (24.18 formula) sur. 25.5. paraleluri firfitebis
mqone damuxtuli kondensatori. gausis
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobasa
 zedapiri dadebiTi firfitis muxts
da E eleqtrul vels Soris Semdegi kavSiria: gars ertymis. 25.6 formulis integreba
  uaryofiTi firfitidan dadebiTi fir
Vf – Vi = – E · ds , (25.5) fitisken mimavali traeqtoriis gas
wvriv xdeba.
sadac integrali erTi firfitisa da meore firfitis
damakavSirebel mTels traeqtoriaze gamoiTvleba. Cven
yovelTvis iseT traeqtorias virCevT, romelic uaryofiTi firfitidan dadebiTi firfitisken

eleqtruli velis Zalwirs miuyveba. amgvari traeqtoriis SemTxvevaSi E da ds veqtorebi
 
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa da E ⋅ ds  = –E ds. aqedan gamomdinare, 25.5 formulis
marjvena mxare dadebiTia. Tu V simbolo Vf – Vi potencialTa sxvaobas asaxavs, 25.5 formula
V = E ds (25.5 formulis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaSi), (25.6)
+ da _ niSnebi gvaxseneben, rom traeqtoria uaryofiT firfitaze iwyeba da dadebiT firfitaze

mTavrdeba.
amjerad 25.4 da 25.6 formulebi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis gamoviyenoT.
paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatori

25.5 suraTidan gamomdinare davuSviT, rom paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatoris
firfitebi imdenad didia da imdenad axlos aris erTmaneTTan ganlagebuli, rom firfitebis

kideebze eleqtruli veli saerTo sazRvrebs ar scdeba da firfitebs Soris E erTgvarovania.
gausis zedapiri mxolod dadebiTi firfitis q muxts SemosazRvravs da amitom 25.4 formulidan
gamomdinare ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
q = ε 0EA , (25.7)
sadac A firfitis farTobia.
25.6 formula gvaZlevs:
V = E ds = E ds = Ed. (25.8)
25.8 formulaSi E integrals gareT SegviZlia gavitanoT, vinaidan mudmivia. meore integrali
ubralod firfitebs Soris d dacilebaa.
Tu 25.1 formulaSi (q = CV) proporciaSi 25.7 formulidan q-s da 25.8 formulidan V-s CavsvamT,
miviRebT:
ε0 A
C = (paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatori) (25.9)
d
maSasadame, tevadoba marTlac mxolod geometriul faqtorebze anu firfitis A farTobze
da firfitebs Soris d manZilzea damokidebuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom A-s gazrdisas an d-s
Semcirebisas C izrdeba.
garda amisa aRvniSnavT, rom 25.9 formula gvatyobinebs erT-erT mizezs, ratom vwerT
kulonis kanonSi eleqtrostatikur mudmivas 1/4πε0 formiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 25.9
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla 853
formula, romelic sainJinro praqtikaSi kulonis kanonze xSirad gamoiyeneba, bevrad rTuli
iqneboda. garda amisa, 25.9 formulis saSualebiT ε0 dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis mudmiva
kondensatorebTan dakavSirebul amocanebSi ufro naTlad SeiZleba Caiweros:
ε0 = 8,85×10–12 f/m = 8,85 pf/m (25.10)
adre am mudmivas Semdegi saxiT vwerdiT:
ε0 = 8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2 (25.11)
cilindruli kondensatori
25.6 suraTze naCvenebia a da b radiusis koaqsialuri
cilindrebisgan Seqmnili L sigrZis cilindruli
kondensatoris ganivi kveTi. vuSvebT, rom L>> b da
cilindris boloebze eleqtruli velis saerTo
sazRvrebidan gadaxra SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT.
TiToeul firfitaze q sididis muxtia.
gausis zedapirad daxuruli Tavsaxurebis mqone L
sigrZis da r radiusis cilindrs virCevT, romelic 25.6
suraTzea gamosaxuli. 25.4 formula gvaZlevs:
q = ε0EA = ε0E(2πrL),
sadac 2πrL aris gausis zedapiris mrudi nawilis

farTobi. TavsaxurebSi nakadi ar gadis. E-sTvis amoxsna
mogvcems: sur. 25.6. grZeli cilindruli konden
q satoris ganivi kveTi. naCvenebia r radiusis
E = . (25.12)
2πε0Lr gausis zedapiri (dadebiT firfitaze gar
Semortymuli) da integrebis radialuri
es Sedegi 25.6 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT: traeqtoria, romelzec 25.6 formulas
V = E ds = – 
qdr
2πε0L
r
=  
q
2πε0L
ln
b
a ()
. (25.13)
viyenebT. suraTze aseve gamosaxulia sfe
ruli kondensatoris ganivi kveTi mis
am SemTxvevaSi gamoviyeneT faqti, rom ds = -dr. C = q/V centrze.
formulidan gveqneba:
L
C = 2πε0 (cilindruli kondensatori) (25.14)
ln(b/a)
cilindruli kondensatoris tevadoba paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatoris msgavsad
mxolod geometriul faqtorebzea (am SemTxvevaSi L, b da a) damokidebuli.
sferuli kondensatori
25.6 suraTze aseve gamosaxulia a da b radiusebis sferuli, koncentruli garsebisgan Sedgenili
kondensatoris ganivi kveTi. gausis zedapirad ori garsisadmi koncentruli r radiusis sfero
avirCieT. 25.4 formula gvaZlevs:
q = ε0EA = ε0E(4πr2),
sadac 4πr2 aris gausis sferuli zedapiris farTobi. es formula E-sTvis amovxsnaT da
miviRebT:
1 q
E = (25.15)
4πε0 r2
es formula muxtebis Tanabari sferuli ganawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis

gamosaxulebaa (23.15 formula).
Tu am gamosaxulebas 25.6 formulaSi CavsvamT, miviRebT:
V = E ds = –

q
4πε0
 
dr
= 
q
 
1 1
–
r 2 4πε0 a b (=  )
q b – a
4πε0 ab
. (25.16)
amjeradac ds-is nacvlad –dr CavsviT. Tu 25.16 formulas 25.1 formulaSi CavsvamT da C-sTvis
amovxsniT, miviRebT:
ab
C = 4πε0 (sferuli kondensatori) (25.17)
b – a
izolirebuli sfero
R radiusis erTi izolirebuli sferuli gamtaris tevadoba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, Tu
davuSvebT, rom àrarsebuli meore firfita~ usasrulo radiusis mqone gamtari sferoa.
miuxedavad daSvebisa, dadebiTad damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris zedapiridan gamosuli
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi sadRac unda Sewydes. oTaxis kedlebma, sadac gamtaria moTavsebuli,
usasrulo radiusis sferos roli SeiZleba Seasrulos.
gamtaris tevadobis gamoTvlisTvis 25.17 formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
a
C = 4πε0  .
1 – a / b
Tu davuSvebT, rom b→∞ da a-s nacvlad R-s CavsvamT, miviRebT:
C = 4πε0R (izolirebuli sfero) (25.18)
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom tevadobebisTvis gamoyvanil am da sxva formulebSi (25.9, 25.14 da 25.17
formulebi) sigrZis sidideze gamravlebuli ε0 mudmiva Sedis.
sakontrolo wertili 2. erTi igive batareebis mier damuxtul kondensatorebSi Senaxuli

muxti qvemoT moyvanil SemTxvevebSi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive igive rCeba, roca a) kon
densatoris firfitebs Soris dacileba izrdeba; b) cilindruli kondensatoris Sida
cilindris radiusi izrdeba; g) sferuli kondensatoris gare sferuli garsis radiusi
izrdeba?

operatiuli mexsierebis (RAM) mikrosqemaze sxvaobas 25.1 formuliT (q = CV) ukavSirdeba.
ganlagebuli Semnaxveli kondensatoris te- orive zemoT moyvanili mosazreba gamoviyenoT
vadobaa 55×10–15 f. Tu kondensatori 5,3 v-mde da miviRebT:
damuxtes, ramdeni zedmeti eleqtronia mis q CV (55×10–15 f)(5,3 v)
n =   =   = 
uaryofiT firfitaze? e e 1,6×10–19 k
=  1,8 ×106 eleqtrons (pasuxi)
amoxsna: uaryofiT firfitaze ganlagebuli
zedmeti eleqtronebis n raodenobas dava eleqtronebis SemTxvevaSi es sakmaod mcire
dgenT, Tu firfitaze zedmeti muxtis mTliani raodenobaa. warmoidgineT, saxlis mtvris
q raodenoba viciT. am SemTxvevaSi n = q/e, sadac marcvali 1017 eleqtrons (da igive raodenobis
e aris TiToeuli eleqtronis muxti. q muxti protons) Seicavs.
kondensatoris damuxtvis V potencialTa
25.4. mimdevrobiT da paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatorebi 855
25.4. mimdevrobiT da paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatorebi

rodesac wredSi kondensatorTa erTobliobaa CarTuli, is ekvivalenturi kondensatoriT
SegviZlia SevcvaloT, romelsac kondensatorebis erTobliobis toli tevadoba aqvs. amgvari
cvlilebis Semdeg wredi martivdeba da ucnobi sidideebis gamoTvla ioli xdeba. arsebobs
kondensatorebis orgvari ganlageba, rodesac amgvari cvlileba SesaZlebelia.
paralelurad CarTuli kondensatorebi

25.7a suraTze naCvenebia eleqtruli wredi, romelSic sami kondensatori B batareis
paraleluradaa CarTuli. amgvar aRweras kondensatoris firfitebis gamosaxvis meTodTan
saerTo araferi aqvs da is ufro erT da meore firfitaze pirdapir damagrebul kondensatorebs
Seexeba. firfitebis or wyvils Soris Tanabari V potencialTa sxvaobaa. aqedan gamomdinare,
TiToeul kondensators Tanabari V potencialTa sxvaoba gaaCnia da is kondensatorze muxts
warmoqmnis (25.7a suraTze V potencials batarea uzrunvelyofs). zogadad:
rodesac paralelurad dakavSirebul kondensatorze V potencialTa sxvaoba

moqmedebs, es sxvaoba yvela kondensatorisTvis Tanabaria. kondensatorebSi Senaxuli
q muxti yvela kondensatorSi Senaxuli muxtebis jamia.
rodesac paralelurad CarTuli kondensatorebis Semcvel wreds vaanalizebT, Semdegi

gamartiveba SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:
paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatorebi ekvivalenturi kondensatoriT SegviZlia

SevcvaloT, romlis mTliani q muxti kondensatorebis muxtebis jamia da V potencial-
Ta sxvaoba _ realuri kondensatorebis potencialTa sxvaobis tolia.
27.5b suraTze naCvenebia sami kondensatoris (C1, C2 da C3 tevadobebis) Semcvleli ekvivalenturi

kondensatori (Cekv tevadobis).
25.7b suraTze gamosaxuli Cekv-s gamosaxulebis misaRebad 25.1 formulis saSualebiT TiToeuli
kondensatoris muxti gamovTvaloT:
q1 = C1V, q2 = C2V da q3 = C3V
paraleluri kombinaciis mTliani muxtia:
q = q1 + q2 + q3 = (C1 + C2 + C3)V.
ekvivalenturi tevadobaa:
q
Cekv =  = C1 + C2 + C3 , 
V
Sedegi nebismieri n raodenobis kondensatorebze
SegviZlia ganvavrcoT:
(paralelurad SeerTebuli n raodenobis

Cekv = Cj (25.19)
kondensatori)
sur. 25.7. a) sami kondensatori B ba-
tareasTan paraleluradaa CarTuli.
paraleluri kombinaciis dros ekvivalenturi konden
batarea klemebze da, maSasadame, Ti-
Toeul kondensatorze V potencialTa satoris misaRebad kondensatorebis tevadobebs ubralod
sxvaobas inarCunebs. b) paralelur kom- vkrebT.
binacias Cekv tevadobis ekvivalenturi
kondensatori cvlis.
mimdevrobiT CarTuli kondensatorebi

25.8a suraTze naCvenebia B batareasTan mimdevrobiT
CarTuli sami kondensatori. `mimdevrobiT~ niSnavs, rom
kondensatorebi erTimeoris miyolebiT, mimdevrobiTaa
gadabmuli da V potencialTa sxvaoba mimdevrobis or
bolozea modebuli (25.8a suraTze V potencialTa sxvaobas B
batarea inarCunebs). potencialTa sxvaoba kondensatorebze
q identur muxtebs qmnis.
rodesac V potencialTa sxvaoba mimdevrobiT

CarTuli ramdenime kondensatorzea modebuli,
kondensatorebs q Tanabari muxti aqvT. TiToeuli
kondensatoris potencialTa sxvaobebis jami modebuli V
potencialTa sxvaobis tolia.
Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT, ratom aqvT kondensatorebs identuri

muxti, Tu movlenebis jaWvur reaqcias mivyvebiT, rodesac
TiToeuli kondensatoris damuxtva Semdegi kondensatoris sur. 25.8. a) B batareasTan mimdev
robiT CarTuli sami kondensatori.
damuxtvas iwvevs. viwyebT me-3 kondensatoridan. rodesac
batarea kondensatorebis kombi
batarea mimdevrobiT CarTul kondensatorebTanaa dama naciis zeda da qveda firfitas Soris
grebuli, me-3 kondensatoris qveda firfitaze –q muxts V potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs.
b) Ceq tevadobis ekvivalenturi
warmoqmnis. es muxti me-3 kondensatoris zeda firfitidan
kondensatori mimdevrobiT
uaryofiT muxts ganizidavs (es firfita +q muxts iZens). kombinacias cvlis.
ganziduli uaryofiTi muxti meore kondensatoris qveda
firfitisken moZraobs (da mas –q muxts aniWebs). Semdeg meore kondensatoris qveda firfitaze
ganlagebuli muxti meore kodensatoris zeda firifitidan uaryofiT muxts ganizidavs da
sabolood pirveli kondensatoris qveda firfitis muxti amave kondensatoris zeda firfitis
uaryofiT muxts batareisken gadaadgilebs da zeda firfitis muxti +q xdeba.
mimdevrobiT CarTuli kondensatorebisTvis ori mniSvnelovani faqti unda gaviTvaliswinoT:
1. rodesac muxti erTi kondensatoridan meore, masTan mimdevrobiT CarTul, kondensatorze

gadadis, is mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Tu sxva mimarTulebebi arsebobs,
kondensatorebi mimdevrobiT CarTulni ar arian. magaliTi 25.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSia
mocemuli.
2. batarea muxts mxolod masTan dakavSirebul or firfitaze warmoqmnis (25.8a suraTze mesame
kondensatoris qveda firfita da pirveli kondensatoris zeda firfita). sxva firfitebze
warmoqmnili muxti mxolod muxtebis gadaadgilebiTaa gamowveuli. magaliTad, 25.8a suraTze
daStrixuli xazebiT garSertymuli wredis nawili danarCeni wredisgan eleqtrulad
izolirebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, am nawilis jamuri muxti batareas ar SeuZlia Secvalos.
misi muxti mxolod SeiZleba gadanawildes.
rodesac mimdevrobiT CarTuli kondensatorebis Semcvel wreds vaanalizebiT, Semdegi

gamartiveba SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:
mimdevrobiT CarTuli kondensatorebi igive q muxtis da saerTo (jamuri) V poten-

cialTa sxvaobis mqone ekvivalenturi kondensatoriT SeiZleba Seicvalos.
25.8b suraTze naCvenebia sami kondensatoris (C1, C2 da C3 tevadobebis) Semcvleli Cekv

ekvivalenturi kondensatori.
Cekv-s gamosaxulebis misaRebad 25.1 formula gamoviyenoT da kondensatorebis potencialTa
sxvaobebi gamovTvaloT:
q q q
V1 =  , V2 = da V3 =  .
C1 C2 C3
V mTliani potencialTa sxvaoba sami potencialTa sxvaobis jamis tolia:
V = V1 + V2 + V3  = q
1
+
1
+
C1 C2 C3
1
(.  )
ekvivalenturi tevadobaa:
q 1
Cekv =  = ,
V 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
1 1 1 1
anu = + + .
Cekv C1 C2 C3
es formula nebismieri n raodenobis kondensatorebisTvis SegviZlia ganvavrcoT:

1 1
=   (mimdevrobiT CarTuli n raodenobis kondensatori) (25.20)
Cekv Cj
25.20 formulis saSualebiT SeiZlia aCvenoT, rom mimdevrobiT CarTuli tevadobebis
ekvivalenturi tevadoba wredSi CarTul umcires tevadobaze naklebia.
sakontrolo wertili 3. V potencialis batarea or identur kondensatorze q muxts inaxavs.

risi tolia potencialTa sxvaoba da TiToeuli kondensatoris muxti, Tu kondensatorebi
a) paralelurad da b) mimdevrobiTaa CarTuli?

a) gamoTvaleT 25.9a suraTze gamosaxuli firfitaze muxts warmoqmnis. es muxti mesame
kondensatorebis kombinaciis ekvivalenturi kondensatoris zeda firfitidan muxtis
kondensatori. dauSviT, rom C1 = 12 mkf, Zvras iwvevs. gaiTvaliswineT, rom daZruli
C2 = 5,3 mkf da C3 = 4,5 mkf. muxti pirveli an meore kondensatoris qveda
amoxsna: mimdevrobiT an paralelurad Car firfitebze SeiZleba gadaadgildes. vinaidan
Tuli nebismieri raodenobis kondensatori daZruli muxtisTvis erTze meti traeqtoria
maTi ekvivalenturi kondensatoriT SeiZleba arsebobs, mesame da pirveli (an meore)
Seicvalos. aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi kondensatori mimdevrobiT ar aris CarTuli.
unda davadginoT 25.9a suraTze gamosaxuli aris Tu ara pirveli da meore kondensatori
kondensatorebi mimdevrobiT aris CarTuli paralelurad CarTuli? diax. maTi zeda da
Tu paralelurad. qveda firfitebi erTmaneTze gadabmulia da
pirveli da mesame kondensatori erTimeoris eleqtruli potenciali zeda firfitebis
miyolebiT aris CarTuli, magram aris Tu ara wyvilsa da qveda firfitebis wyvils Soris
es mimdevroba? ara. kondensatorebze moqmedi moqmedebs. maSasadame, pirveli da meore kon-
V potenciali mesame kondensatoris qveda densatori paralelurad aris CarTuli da
sur. 25.9. a) sami kondensatori. b) C1 da

C2 paraleluri kombinacia ekvivalenturi
C12 kondensatoriT Seicvala. g) C12 da C3
mimdevrobiTi kombinacia C123 ekvivalenturi
kondensatoriT Seicvala
25.19 formulis Tanaxmad maTi ekvivalenturi amoxsna: pirveli kondensatoris q1 muxtis

C12 tevadobaa: gasagebad ekvivalenturi 123 kondensatori
C12 = C1 + C2 = 12 mkf + 5,3 mkf = 17,3 mkf dan kvlav ukan unda davbrundeT. vinaidan
mocemuli potencialTa sxvaoba 25.9a su
25.9b suraTze pirveli da meore konden
raTze gamosaxul sam kondensatorzea mo
satori maTi ekvivalenturi kondensatoriT
debuli, is 25.9g suraTze gamosaxuli C123
SevcvaloT, romelsac 12 kondensatori
kondensatorzec unda iyos modebuli. ma
vuwodeT.
Sasadame, 25.1 formula (q = CV) gvaZlevs:
aris Tu ara 12 kondensatori mesame konden
satorTan mimdevrobiT CarTuli? kvlav q123 = C123V = (3,57 mkf)(12,5 v) = 44,6 mkk
zemoT gamoyenebuli testi davixmaroT da 25.9b suraTze gamosaxul, mimdevrobiT Car
vnaxavT, rom mesame kondensatoris zeda Tul 12 da mesame kondensatorebs maTi
firfitidan daZruli muxti mTlianad 12 ekvivalenturi 123 kondensatoris toli
kondensatoris qveda firfitaze gadadis. muxti aqvT. maSasadame, 12 kondensatoris
maSasadame, es kondensatorebi mimdevrobiT muxtia q12 = q123 = 44 mkk. 25.1 formulidan
aris CarTuli da isini ekvivalenturi C123 gamomdinare, 12 kondensatorze potencialTa
kondensatoriT SeiZleba Seicvalos, rogorc sxvaobaa:
es 25.9g suraTzea naCvenebi. 25.20 formulidan q 44,6 mkk
V12 = C12  = = 31 mkk
miviRebT: 12 17,3  mkf
1 1 1 1 1 pirvel da meore paralelurad CarTul kon-

= + = + = 0,28mkf–1 .
C123 C12 C3 17,3 mkf 4,5 mkf densatorebs maTi ekvivalenturi 12 konden-
satoris toli potencialTa sxvaoba aqvT.
saidanac:
aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli kondensatoris
1
C123 = = 3,57 mkf. (pasuxi) potencialTa sxvaobaa V1 = V12 =  2,58 v da 25.1
0,28 mkf–1
formulidan gamomdinare pirveli kondensa-
b) 25.9a suraTze, wredSi Semaval mom toris muxtia:
Werebs Soris moqmedi potencialTa sxvaobaa
q1 = C1V1 = (12 mkf)(2,58 v) 
V = 12,5 v. risi tolia pirveli kondensato-
= 31 mkk (pasuxi)
ris muxti?

C1 = 3,55 mkf tevadobis pirveli kondensatori
6,3 v-iani batareis saSualebiT V0 = 6,3 v poten
cialTa sxvaobamde daimuxta. Semdeg batarea
moxsnes da kondensatori 25.10 suraTis msgav
sad C2 = 8,95 mkf tevadobis meore daumuxtav sur. 25.10. V0 potencialTa sxvaoba pirvel konden
kondensatorTan SeaerTes. rodesac S amom satorzea modebuli da dammuxtavi batarea moxsnilia.
S amomrTveli iketeba da pirveli kodensatoris
rTveli iketeba, muxti kondensatorebs So muxti meore kondensatorze nawildeba.
ris miedineba da maTi potencialTa sxvaoba
Tanabari V xdeba. gamoTvaleT V. kondensatorebi ar arian mimdevrobiT
amoxsna: wina magaliTisgan gansxvavebiT, CarTulni da miuxedavad imisa, rom suraTze
amjerad kondensatorebis kombinaciaze paralelurad aris gamosaxuli, arc parale
modebuli eleqtruli potenciali batareis luri CarTva gvaqvs.
an raime sxva wyaros mier ar narCundeba. am saboloo eleqtruli potencialis gamoT
SemTxvevaSi, S amomrTvelis daketvis Semdeg vlisTvis (rodesac sistema wonasworul
V0  potenciali pirvel da meore kondensators mdgomareobaSi gadadis da muxti moZraobas
Soris nawildeba da V0 potenciali mcirdeba. wyvets) gaviTvaliswinoT, rom amomrTvelis
aqedan gamomdinare, 25.10 suraTze gamosaxuli daketvis Semdeg pirveli kondensatoris q0
sawyisi muxti pirvel da meore kondensators cialTa sxvaobis amgvar mniSvnelobas SeiZenen,
Soris nawildeba. rodesac wonasworoba muxti moZraobas wyvets.
myardeba, q0 sawyis muxtsa da q1 da q2 muxtebs
Soris Semdegi kavSiria: sakontrolo wertili 4. amocanis amoxsnis
nimuSSi meore kondensatori mesame da
q0 = q1 + q2 .
meoTxe kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi
am formulis TiToeuli wevrisTvis q = CV kombinaciiT SecvaleT. a) amomrTvelis
proporcia gamoviyenoT da gveqneba: daketvis da muxtis moZraobis Sewyvetis
C1V0 = C1V + C2V Semdeg ra kavSiria q0 sawyis muxts,
pirveli kondensatoris q1 muxts da 34
saidanac miviRebT:
ekvivalenturi kondensatoris q34 muxts
C1 (6,3 v)(3,55 mkf)
V = V0  =   Soris? b) Tu C3 > C4, mesame kondensatoris
C1 + C2 3,55 mkf + 8,95 mkf
q3 muxti meoTxe kondensatoris q4 muxtze
= 1,79 v (pasuxi) metia, naklebia Tu toli?
rodesac kondensatorebi eleqtrul poten
taqtika 2: mravalkondensatoriani ekvivalenturi kondensatoris muxtis tolia

wredebi da 25.1 formulas TiToeuli kondensatoris
modiT 25.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi potencialTa sxvaobis gamoTvlisTvis viye
gamoyenebuli procedura mimovixiloT, ro nebT.
desac batareasTan ramdenime kondensatoria
mierTebuli. erTi ekvivalenturi konden taqtika 3: batareebi da kondensa
satoris mosaZebnad kondensatoris mocemul torebi
ganlagebas ekvivalenturi kondensatorebis batarea momWerebs Soris garkveul poten
SemoRebiT vamartivebT. rodesac paraleluri cialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs. maSasadame,
tevadobebis gamoTvla gvinda, 25.19 formulas rodesac 25.3 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi pirve-
viyenebT, xolo mimdevrobiTi tevadobebis li kondensatori 6,3v-ian batareasTanaa mier
gamoTvlisas 25.20 formulaa gamosadegi. Tebuli, kondensatorsa da batareas Soris
Semdeg erTi ekvivalenturi kondensatoris muxti manamde moZraobs, vidre kondensato-
muxtis gamoTvlisTvis 25.1 formulas da ris potencialTa sxvaoba batareisas gauTana
batareis mier modebul V potencialTa brdeba.
sxvaobas viyenebT. batareisgan gansxvavebiT, kondensatorSi
Sedegad kondensatoris realur ganlagebaSi Sida eleqtroqimiuri reaqciebi ar xdeba,
Senaxul jamur muxts viRebT. miuxedavad amisa, rac atomebisa da molekulebisgan damux
muxtis an potencialTa sxvaobis romelime tuli nawilakebis (eleqtronebis) gamon
kerZo kondensatorze gamoTvlisTvis gama TavisuflebisTvisaa saWiro. maSasadame, ro
rtivebis proceduras ukan vabrunebT. desac pirvel kondensators batareisgan
ukan dabrunebisas or kanoni moqmedebs: movxniT da Semdeg daketili S amomrTvelis
1) rodesac kondensatorebi paralelurad pirobebSi meore daumuxtav kondensatorTan
aris CarTuli, maTi potencialTa sxvaoba SevaerTebT, pirvel kondensatorze poten
ekvivalenturi kondensatoris potencialTa cialTa sxvaoba ar narCundeba. narCundeba
sxvaobis tolia da TiToeuli kondensatoris mxolod ori kondensatorisgan Semdgari
muxtis gamoTvlisTvis 25.1 formulas sistemis q0 muxti anu muxti eleqtruli
viyenebT; 2) rodesac kondensatorebi mi potencialisgan gansxvavebiT Senaxvis kanons
mdevrobiT aris CarTuli, maTi muxti emorCileba.
25.5. eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia

kondensatoris damuxtvisTvis gare Zalam muSaoba unda Seasrulos. warmoidgineT, rom
`jadosnuri pincetiT~ kondensatoris erTi firfitidan meore firfitaze eleqtronebi
gadagaqvT. firfitebs Soris sivrceSi gaCenili eleqtruli velis mimarTuleba eleqtronebis
gadatanis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa. aqedan gamomdinare, kondensatoris firfitebze
muxtis dagrovebasTan erTad, damatebiTi eleqtronebis gadasatanad sul ufro meti muSaobis
Sesruleba dagWirdebaT. praqtikaSi muSaobas ara `jadosnuri pinceti~, aramed batarea asrulebs
da amisTvis Senaxul qimiur energias xarjavs.
kondensatoris damuxtvisTvis saWiro muSaoba firfitebs Soris eleqtrul velSi U eleqtruli
potenciuri energiis saxiT inaxeba. es energia ukanve dabrunda, Tu wredSi CarTul kondensators
ganvmuxtavT. Tu lars xels gauSvebT, aseTive principiT aRdgeba daWimul mSvildisarSi Senaxuli
potenciuri energia da isris kinetikur energiis saxiT.
davuSvaT, mocemul momentSi kondensatoris erTi firfitidan meoreze q´ muxti gadavida.
am momentSi firfitebs Soris V´ potencialTa sxvaobaa q´/C. Tu amis Semdeg nazrdi dq´ muxti
gadaicema, muSaobis saWiro nazrds 24.7 formulis saSualebiT gamovTvliT:
q´
dW = V´ dq´ = C  dq´.
kondensatoris muxtis q saboloo mniSvnelobis misaRebad saWiro muSaobaa:

1 q2
W = dW =    q´ dq´ =  .
C 2C
es muSaoba kondensatorSi U potenciuri energiis saxiT inaxeba:
q2
U = (potenciuri energia). (25.21)
2C
25.1 formulidan gamomdinare potenciuri energia asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
1
U = 2 CV 2 (potenciuri energia). (25.22)
25.21 da 25.22 formulebi kondensatoris geometriul formaze damokidebuli ar aris.

energiis Senaxvis gaazrebisTvis paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari ori kondensatori
ganvixiloT. pirveli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris dacileba meore kondensatoris firfitebs
Soris dacilebaze orjer metia. am SemTxvevaSi pirveli kodensatoris firfitebs Soris orjer
meti moculobaa da 25.9 formulidan gamomdinare pirvel kondensators meore kondensatorze
orjer naklebi tevadoba aqvs. 25.4 formula gvauwyebs, rom orive kondensators Tanabari q
muxti aqvs da maT firfitebs Soris moqmedi eleqtruli velebic identuria. 25.21 formulis
Tanaxmad pirvel kondensatorSi Senaxuli potenciuri energia meore kondensatorisaze orjer
metia. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanabari muxtis da eleqtruli velis kondensatorebs Soris im
kondensatorSi inaxeba orjer meti potenciuri energia, romelSic firfitebs Soris moculoba
orjer metia. amgvari argumentebis moSveliebiT adre miRebuli daSveba myardeba:
damuxtuli kondensatoris potenciuri energia firfitebs Soris eleqtrul velSi

inaxeba.
samedicino defibrilatori
kondensatorebSi potenciuri energiis Senaxvis SesaZlebloba defibrilatorebis safuZvelia.
am mowyobilobas eqimebi gulis Setevis dros fibrilaciis Tavidan asacileblad iyeneben (sur.
25.11). moZrav defibrilatorSi batarea kondensators did potencialTa sxvaobamde muxtavs
25.5. eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia 861
da wuTze nakleb droSi didi raodenobis energias
inaxavs. batarea mxolod SezRudul potencialTa
sxvaobas inarCunebs, xolo eleqtruli wredi am
potencialTa sxvaobas kondensatoris potencialTa
sxvaobis gasazrdelad permanentulad iyenebs.
procesis ganmavlobaSi energiis gadacemis tempi anu
simZlavrec sakmaod SezRudulia.
gamtari tyviebi (`baliSebi~) dazaralebulis mker
dzea moTavsebuli. rodesac amomrTveli iketeba,
kondensatori Senaxuli energiis nawils baliSidan
baliSamde dazaralebulis gavliT gzavnis. maga
liTad, defibrilatoris 70 mkf tevadobis konden
satori 5000v-mdea damuxtuli da 25.22 formula
kondensatorSi Senaxul energias gvaZlevs:
1 1
U = 2 CV 2  = 2 (70×10–6 f)(5000 v)2 = 875 j.
am energiis daxloebiT 200j nawili dazaralebulis
sxeulSi 2 mwm pulsis ganmavlobaSi igzavneba. pulsis
simZlavrea:
sur. 25.11. moZravi defibrilatoris gamo U 200 j
yeneba.
P = t = 2×10–3 wm = 100 kvt.
rac batareis simZlavreze bevrad metia.

modiT, am Tavis dasawyisSi moTxrobil isto-
rias davubrundeT. damwvrobis msxverplis
logini JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeriT sav
se kameridan (hiperbaruli kameridan) gamot-
anisas aalda. dakvirvebebma cxadyo, rom (a) (b)
muxtebs Soris dacileba pacientis kans, pa-
sur. 25.12. a) hiperbarul kameraSi moTavsebuli
cientis saavadmyofos tansacmelsa da log-
logini da kameris liTonis korpusi parazituli
inis firfitas Soris moxda. aseve aRmoCnda, eleqtruli muxtis Sedegad damuxtul kondensators
rom loginma da kameris liTonis korpusma qmnis. b) rodesac logini kameridan gamoitanes, muxti
ufro mcire farTobze dagrovda
Ci = 250 pf tevadobis paraleluri firfite-
bis mqone kondensatori warmoqmna (sur.
25.12.). Tu logini zedmeti muxtisgan da mas- a) rodesac logini kameridan gamoitanes, lo
Tan dakavSirebuli energiisgan naperwklebis gini-korpusis gadafarvis areali Semcirda.
gayris saSualebiT ganimuxta, SeeZlo Tu ara maSasadame, kondensatoris firfitis far
amas aaleba gamoewvia? gazomvebis Sedegad Tobi Ai sawyisi mniSvnelobidan Semcirda. ra
dadginda, rom naperwkali mxolod im SemTx- iqneboda Vf potencialTa sxvaoba, rodesac
vevaSi gaCndeboda, Tu logini-korpusis kon- firfitis farTobi gaxda Af = 0,1 Ai ?
densatorze potencialTa sxvaoba 2000 v-s amoxsna: kondensatoris V potencialTa
gadaaWarbebda da cecxli ki – im SemTxvevaSi sxvaoba q muxts da C tevadobas 25.1 formuliT
gaCndeboda, Tu kondensatoris U potenci- (q = CV) ukavSirdeba. garda amisa, rodesac
uri energia 0,2 mj-s gadaaWarbebda. miuxeda- logini kameridan gamoitanes, q muxti ar
vad amisa, logini-korpusis kondensatorze Secvlila da 25.1 formula gvaZlevs:
potencialTa sxvaoba mxolod Vi = 600 v iyo,
q = Cf Vf = CiVi
rac naperwklis gaCenas ver gamoiwvevda.
C b) ra iyo logini-korpusis kondensatoris

anu Vf =  i Vi . (25.23)
Cf Uf energia, rodesac firfitis farTobi 0,1Ai
paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatoris gaxda?
tevadoba firfitis farTobs 25.9 formuliT amoxsna: kondensatorSi Senaxuli potenciuri
(C = ε0 A/d) ukavSirdeba: energia C tevadobas da V potencialTa sxvao-
1
ε A ε (0,1 A i ) ε A bas 25.22 formuliT (U =  2 CV 2) ukavSirdeba.
Cf =  0  i  =  0   = 0,1  0  i  = 0,1 Ci . (25.24)
d d d 25.24 formulis gamoyenebiT davweroT:
es Sedegi 25.23 formulaSi CavsvaT da 1 1
Uf  =2 Cf  V f  = 2 (0,1 Ci )V f
2 2
miviRebT:
1
Ci = 2 (0,1)(250×10–12 f)(6000 v)2
Vf =   V  = 10 Vi = (10)(600 v)
0,1 Ci i = 4,5×10–4 j = 0,45 mj. (pasuxi)
= 6000 v (pasuxi)
loginis aalebisTvis es energia sakmarisze
rodesac logini kameridan gamoitanes, metia. gamokvlevebma aCveneba, rom loginze
potencialTa sxvaoba gaizarda, vinaidan gaCenili cecxli logini-korpusis kondensa
kondensatoris muxti ufro mcire farTobis toris mier warmoqmnili naperwkliT iyo
firfitaze dagrovda. Vf = 6000 v potencialTa gamowveuli, rodesac loginis kameridan
sxvaoba naperwklis gasaCenad sruliad gamotanis dros muxti ufro mcire farTobze
sakmarisia. dagrovda.
energiis simkvrive
paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatorSi eleqtruli velis mniSvneloba firfitebs Soris
yvela wertilze erTi da igivea. aqedan gamomdinare, u energiis simkvrive anu firfitebs Soris
moculobis erTeulze potenciuri energiis raodenobac erTi da igive unda iyos. u-s gamoTvla
mTliani potenciuri energiis firfitebs Soris sivrcis Ad moculobaze gayofiT gamoiTvleba.
25.22 formulis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
U CV 2
u =   =  .
Ad 2Ad
25.9 formulidan (C = ε0A/d) gamomdinare:
( Vd )
2
1
u = 2  ε0 .
24.42 formulis (E = –∆V/∆s) Tanaxmad V/d eleqtruli velis E sididis tolia:

1
u = 2  ε0 E 2 (energiis simkvrive) (25.25)
miuxedavad imisa, rom formula paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatorebisTvis


gamoviyvaneT, is eleqtruli velis nebismieri wyarosTvis gamosadegia. Tu E eleqtruli
veli sivrcis nebismier wertilze arsebobs, es wertili eleqtruli potenciuri energiis
adgilad SegviZlia warmovidginoT, romlis raodenoba moculobis erTeulze 25.25 formuliT
gamoiTvleba.

R = 6,85 sm radiusis izolirebuli, gamtari izolirebuli sferos tevadoba 25.18 for
sferos muxtia q = 1,25 nk. muliT (C = 4πε0R) gamoiTvleba. 2) konden
satorSi Senaxuli U energia kondensatoris
a) ra raodenobis potenciuri energia inaxeba
q muxtsa da C tevadobaze 25.21 formulis
damuxtuli gamtaris eleqtrul velSi?
(U = q2/2C) Tanaxmad aris damokidebuli. 25.21
amoxsna: 1) 25.3 paragrafidan viciT, rom
formulaSi C = 4πε0R CavsvaT da miviRebT:
25.6. kondensatori dieleqtrikTan erTad 863
q2 q2 zedapirze E unda gamovTvaloT. 23.15 for
U = =
2C 8πε0R mulidan gamomdinare:
(1,25×10–9 k)2 1 q
 = E = .
(8π)(8,85×10–12 f/m)(0,0685 m) 4πε0 R2
= 1,03×10–7 j = 103 nj (pasuxi) maSasadame, energiis simkvrivea:
b) risi tolia energiis simkvrive sferos 1 q2
u =  2 ε0E 2  =
32π2ε0 R4
zedapirze?
(1,25×10–9 k)2
amoxsna: eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energiis u =  
(32π2)(8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2)(0,0685 m)4
simkvrive velis E sididesTan 25.25 formuliT
1
(u =  2 ε0E2) aris dakavSirebuli, amitom sferos = 2,54×10–5 j/m3 = 2,54 mkj/m3 (pasuxi)
25.6. kondensatori dieleqtrikTan erTad

Tu kondensatoris firfitebs Soris sivrces dieleqtrikiT, magaliTad, navTobis an plastmasis
magvari maizolirebeli nivTierebiT SevavsebT, ra mouva tevadobas? maikl faradei, romelsac
ukavSirdeba kidec tevadobis cneba da erTeuli, 1837 wels pirvelad CauRrmavda am sakiTxs.
man 25.13 suraTze gamosaxuli martivi aRWurvilobis daxmarebiT aRmoaCina, rom tevadoba
κ ricxviTi koeficientiT gaizarda. am koeficients faradeim maizolirebeli nivTierebis
dieleqtrukuli mudmiva uwoda. 25.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia dieleqtrikuli nivTierebebi da
maTi mudmivebi. vakuumis dieleqtrikuli mudmiva erTis tolia. vinaidan haeri sakmaod carieli
sivrcea, misi dieleqtruli mudmiva erTze mxolod odnav metia.
dieleqtrikis Setana firfitebs Soris modebul potencialTa sxvaobis mniSvnelobas garkveul
Vmax zRvars uwesebs, romelsac gar-
Rvevis potenciali ewodeba. am
cxrili 25.1 mniSvnelobis gadaWarbebis SemTx-
dieleqtrikebis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli a vevaSi dieleqtrikuli nivTiereba
к dieleqtrikuli gairRveva da firfitebs Soris
nivTiereba dieleqtrikuli Zala gamtari traeqtoria gaCndeba.
mudmiva (kv/mm)
yvela dieleqtrikul nivTierebas
haeri (1 atm.) 1,00054 3 dieleqtrikuli Zala gaaCnia, rac
polistiroli 2,6 24
eleqtruli velis maqsimaluri
qaRaldi 3,5 16
mniSvnelobaa garRvevis gareSe.
transformatoris
zeTi
4,5 25.1 cxrilSi ramdenime amgvari
mniSvnelobac CamoTvlilia.
pireqsi 4,7 14
rogorc 25.18 formulis Semdeg
uxeSi qarsi 5,4
ganvixileT, nebismieri konden
faifuri 6,5
satoris tevadobaa:
siliciumi 12
germaniumi 16 С = ε0L , (25.26)
eTani 25 sadac L aqvs sigrZis ganzomileba.
wyali (20° C) 80,4 magaliTad, paraleluri firfi
wyali (25° C) 78,5
tebis mqone kondensatorisTvis L = 
titaniumis keramika 130 A
. faradeim aRmoaCina, rom fir-
stronciumis d
310 8 fitebs Soris sivrcis srulad Sema-
titanati
vsebeli dieleqtrikisTvis 25.26
vakuumisTvis к = 1.
formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
a
oTaxis temperaturaze, garda wylisa
sur. 25.13. faredeis martivi

eleqtrostatikuri aparati. awyobi
li aparati (marcxnidan meore)
sferuli kondensatoria, romelic
TuTiis centraluri burTisa da
TuTiis koncentruli garsisgan
Sedgeba. faradeim dieleqtrikuli
nivTierebebi burTsa da garss Soris
sivrceSi moaTavsa.
С = кε0L = кСh , (25.27)
sadac Ch aris tevadobis mniSvneloba firfitebs Soris haeris arsebobisas.

25.14 suraTze faradeis eqsperimentebi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli. 25.14a suraTze batarea
firfitebis V potencialTa sxvaobis mudmivobas uzrunvelyofs. rodesac dieleqtriks
firfitebs Soris movaTavsebT, firfitebis q muxti κ-jer izrdeba. kondensatoris firfitebs
batareis meSveobiT damatebiTi muxti miewodeba. 25.14b suraTze batarea ar gvaqvs da
dieleqtrikis moTavsebisas q muxti igive rCeba. aqedan gamomdinare, firfitebs Soris V
potencialTa sxvaoba κ koeficientiT mcirdeba.
25.26 da 25.27 formulebis Sedareba aCvenebs, rom dieleqtrikis
moqmedeba zogadad ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes:
κ dieleqtrikuli mudmivis mqone dieleqtrikuli

nivTierebiT Sevsebuli regionisTvis ε0 dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadobis Semcvel yvela formulaSi ε0 unda
Seicvalos κε0-iT.
maSasadame, wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli eleqtruli velis

sidide dieleqtrikis SigniT 23.15 formulis saxecvlili
variantiT gamoiTvleba:
1 q
E = . (25.28)
4πкε 0 r 2
garda amisa, dieleqtrikSi moTavsebuli izolirebuli gamtaris
gareT eleqtruli velis gamosaxuleba Semdeg saxes iRebs:
σ
E = (25.29)
кε 0
vinaidan κ yovelTvis erTze metia, muxtebis uZravi ganawilebis
SemTxvevaSi dieleqtriki eleqtrul vels asustebs.
sur. 25.14. a) Tu kondensatoris firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobas

B batarea inarCunebs, dieleqtrikuli firfita muxts zrdis. b) Tu kon-
densatoris muxti am SemTxvevis msgavsad ar icvleba, maSin dieleqtriki
firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobas amcirebs. naCvenebi skala poten-
ciometria, romelic potencialTa sxvaobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba. poten-
ciometris saSualebiT kondensatori ver ganimuxteba.
25.7. dieleqtrikebi: atomisturi Sexeduleba 865

paraleluri firfitebis mqone C = 13,5 pf = 162 pj ≈ 160 pj (pasuxi)
tevadobis kondensatori firfitebs Soris
firfitis moTavsebis Semdeg potenciuri
V = 12,5 v potencialTa sxvaobamde batare-
energia κ-jer mcirdeba.
is mier imuxteba. Semdeg batarea gaTiSes da
`dakargul~ energias faifuris firfitis
firfitebs Soris faifuris firfita (κ = 6,5)
momTavsebeli cxadad dainaxavs, vinaidan
moaTavses. risi tolia 1) firfitis moTavse-
kondensatori firfitas odnav daqaCavs da
bamde kondensatoris potenciuri energia
masze Semdeg muSaobas Seasrulebs:
da 2) firfitis Casmis Semdeg kondensatori-
firfitis potenciuri energia? W = Ui – Uf = (1055 – 162)pj = 893 pj.
amoxsna: 1) kondensatoris Ui potenciuri Tu firfitas kondensatoris firfitebs Soris

energia C tevadobas da V potencials (25.22 SezRudvis gareSe gavasrialebT da xaxuni
formula) an q muxts (25.21 formula) Semdegi ar iarsebebs, firfita kondensators Soris
saxiT ukavSirdeba: win da ukan rxevas 893pj energiiT daiwyebs
1 q2 da energia moZravi firfitis kinetikur
Ui = CV 2  = .
2 2C
energiasa da eleqtruli velis potenciur
vinaidan V sawyisi potenciali (= 12,5 v)
energias Soris daiwyebs gadanacvlebas.
mocemuli gvaqvs, sawyisi Senaxuli energiis
gamoTvlisTvis 25.22 formulas viyenebT:
1 1 sakontrolo wertili 5. Tu amocanis
Ui = 2 CV 2  = 2 (13,5×10–12 f)(12,5 v)2
amoxsnis nimuSSi batareas SeerTebuls
= 1,055×10–9 j = 1055 pj ≈ 1100 pj (pasuxi) toveben, firfitis Semotanisas
2) vinaidan batarea gamorTes, kondensatoris a) kondensatoris firfitebs Soris
muxti dieleqtrikis moTavsebisas ar SeiZleba potencialTa sxvaoba, b) tevadoba,
Seicvalos. miuxedavad amisa, potenciali g) kondensatoris muxti, d) mowyobilobis
icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, Uf saboloo potenciuri energia da e) firfitebs
potenciuri energiis gamoTvlisTvis 25.21 Soris moqmedi eleqtruli veli
formulas vwerT, magram amjerad tevadobaa gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba?
κC da miviRebT: (miniSneba: e)-sTvis gaiTvaliswineT, rom
q2 U 1055 pj kondensatoris muxti uZravi ar aris).
Uf = = i =
2кC к 6,5
25.7. dieleqtrikebi: atomisturi Sexeduleba

ra xdeba atomebsa da molekulebSi, rodesac dieleqtriks eleqtrul
velSi vaTavsebT? molekulis saxeobis mixedviT ori albaToba
arsebobs:
1. polaruli dieleqtrikebi. zogierTi dieleqtrikis, magaliTad,
(a)
wylis molekulebs, eleqtruli dipolis mudmivi impulsebi
aqvT. msgavs nivTierebebSi (polarul dieleqtrikebSi)
eleqtruli dipolebi gare eleqtrul velis Zalwiris gaswvriv
lagdeba, mxolod sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, rogorc es aris
sur. 25.15. a) mudmivi eleqtruli dipolis impulsis mqone molekulebi gare

eleqtruli velis gareSe SemTxveviTi mimarTulebiT moZraoben. b) modebuli
eleqtruli veli dipolebis nawilobriv gasworebas iwvevs. siTburi moZraoba
srul gasworebas xels uSlis. (b)
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 25.16. a) arapolaruli dieleqtrikis firfita. wreebi firfitis SigniTa eleqtrulad neitralur atomebs
asaxaven. b) eleqtruli veli kondensatoris damuxtuli firfitebis saSualebiT aris modebuli. veli atomebs
odnav Wimavs da dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis centrebs erTmaneTisgan acalkevebs.  g) gancalkevebis
Sedegad firfitis zedapirebze zedapiruli muxtebi warmoiqmneba. es muxtebi  modebuli
 E 0 eleqtruli velis
sawinaaRmdego
 E ´ vels qmnian. dieleqtrikis SigniT moqmedi jamuri E veli ( E 0 da E ´ velebis veqtoruli jami)
E 0-is mimarTulebis da ufro mcire sididisaa.
25.15 suraTze. Tumca siTburi moZraobis Sedegad molekulebi erTmaneTs permanentulad

ejaxebian, amitom Zalwiris gaswvriv ganlageba sruli ar aris, modebuli Zalis sididis
zrdasTan erTad is nel-nela sruli xdeba. eleqtruli dipolebis ganlageba modebuli Zalis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul da mcire sididis eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
2. arapolaruli dieleqtrikebi. miuxedavad eleqtruli impulsebis mudmivobisa, molekulebi
gare eleqtrul velSi moTavsebisas induqciis Sedegad dipolis impulss iZenen. 24.8
paragrafSi (ix. 24.11 suraTi) gamoCnda, rom gare eleqtruli veli molekulebs `Wimavs~ da
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtis centrebs erTmaneTisgan odnav aSorebs.
25.16a suraTze naCvenebia arapolaruli dieleqtrikis firfita gare eleqtruli velis gareSe.

25.16b suraTze, E eleqtruli veli damuxtuli firfitebis mqone kondensatoris Sedegad
moqmedebs. firfitis SigniT ganawilebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis centrebs Soris
manZili odnav izrdeba, dieleqtrikuli firfitis erTi gverdi dadebiTad imuxteba (dipolebis
dadebiTi boloebis Sedegad), xolo meore gverdi - uaryofiTad (dipolebis uaryofiTi boloebis
Sedegad). mTliani firfita eleqtrulad neitraluria da moculobis arc erT elementSi
zedmeti muxti ar aris.

25.16g suraTze Cans, rom gverdebze warmoqmnili zedapiruli muxtebi modebuli E 0 eleqtruli

velis sawinaaRmdego mimarTul E ´ eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. dieleqtrikis SigniT gaCenili
   
jamuri E veli ( E 0 da E ´ velebis veqtoruli jami) E 0-is mimarTulebisaa, magram ufro naklebi
sidide aqvs.

25.16g suraTze zedapiruli muxtebis Sedegad gaCenili E ´ veli da 25.15 suraTze mudmivi

eleqtruli dipolebis Sedegad gaCenili eleqtruli veli erTnairad moqmedebs da E
modebul vels ewinaaRmdegeba. aqedan gamomdinare, polaruli Tu arapolaruli dieleqtrikebi
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris modebul eleqtrul vels asustebs.
amjerad vnaxavT, Tu ratom movaTavseT faifuris dieleqtriki kondensatorSi. rodesac
dieleqtriki firfitebs Soris moxvdeba, dieleqtrikis TiToeul gverdze gaCenili zedapiruli
muxtis niSani kondensatoris axlomdebare firfitis muxtis sawinaamdegoa. aqedan gamomdinare,
dieleqtriki da firfitebi erTmaneTs miizidavs.
25.8. dieleqtrikebi da gausis kanoni

23-e TavSi gausis kanoni ganvixileT da davuSviT, rom muxtebi vakuumSi arsebobs. amjerad
kanons dieleqtrikuli nivTierebebisTvisac ganvavrcobT. 25.17 suraTze naCvenebia A farTobis
paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari kondensatori dieleqtrikiT da dieleqtrikis gareSe.
25.8. dieleqtrikebi da gausis kanoni 867
gausis zedapiri orive SemTxvevaSi firfitebis q muxti Tanabaria.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom firfitebs Soris moqmedi eleqtruli
veli dieleqtrikis zedapirebze muxtebs 25.7 paragrafSi
aRwerili erT-erTi meTodiT warmoqmnis.
25.17a suraTze gamosaxul mdgomareobaSi (rodesac
dieleqtriki ar gvaqvs), 0
eleqtrul vels 25.5
(a) suraTis msgavsad gamovTvliT. zeda firfitis +q muxts

gausis zedapirs SemovartyamT da Semdeg gausis kanons
gausis zedapiri gamoviyenebT. Tu eleqtruli velis sididea E0:
ε0 = ε0 E0 A = q, (25.30)
q
anu E0 = . (25.31)
ε0 A
25.17b suraTze dieleqtriki adgilzea da firfitebs
Soris (da dieleqtrikSi) moqmed eleqtrul vels igive
(b) gausis zedapiris gamoyenebiT gamovTvliT. Tumca amjerad
sur. 25.17. paraleluri firfitebisgan zedapiri ori tipis muxts ertymis gars - zeda firfitis +q
Semdgari kondensatori a) dieleqtrikis muxts da dieleqtrikis zeda zedapiris -q’ muxts. gamtari
gareSe da b) dieleqtrikTan erTad.
firfitis muxts Tavisufali muxti ewodeba, vinaidan
orive SemTxvevaSi firfitebis q muxti
Tanabradaa miCneuli. mas firfitis eleqtruli potencialis cvlilebis
SemTxvevaSi moZraoba SeuZlia. dieleqtrikis zedapirze
warmoqmnili muxti Tavisufali ar aris, vinaidan mas zedapiridan gadaadgileba ar SeuZlia.
25.17b suraTze gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxtia q-q’ da gausis kanoni gvaZlevs:
ε0 = ε0 E A = q – q´, (25.32)
q – q´
anu E= . (25.33)
ε0 A
dieleqtriki E0 eleqtrul vels κ-jer amcirebs da SegviZlia davweroT:
E0 q
E= = . (25.34)
к кε0 A
25.33 da 25.34 formulebis Sedareba aCvenebs, rom:
q
q – q´ =
(25.35)
к
25.35 formulis Tanaxmad, zedapirze warmoqmnili muxtis q’ sidide Tavisufal q muxtis sidideze
naklebia da Tu dieleqtriki ar gvaqvs, maSin nulis tolia (vinaidan 25.35 formulaSi κ = 1).
25.35 formulidan 25.32 formulaSi q – q´ CavsvaT da gausis kanonis axal formas miviRebT:
ε0 =q (gausis kanoni dieleqtrikTan erTad) (25.36)
igive formula paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatorisTvisac gamoviyvaneT da is gausis

kanonis yvelaze zogadi formaa. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom:
  
1. nakadis integrali ara mxolod E -s, aramed к E -s Seicavs (ε0к E veqtors zogjer eleqtrul
wanacvlebas uwodeben da 25.36 formula am saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros: = q).
2. gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli q muxti mxolod Tavisufali muxtia. zedapirze
warmoqmnili muxti 25.36 formulis marjvena mxares mizanmimarTulad ignorirebulia da mas
formulis marcxena mxares к dieleqtrikuli mudmivis SemotaniT viTvaliswinebT.
3. 25.36 formula 23.7 formulisgan (gausis kanoni) mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ε0 sidides
κε0 cvlis. 25.36 formulaSi к-s integrals SigniT vtovebT, raTa gausis mTeli zedapirisTvis
is SemTxvevebic gaviTvaliswinoT, rodesac к mudmivi ar aris.

25.18 suraTze naCvenebia A farTobis da d gausis
I zedapiri
dacilebis mqone paraleluri firfitebisgan
Semdgari kondensatori. firfitebs Soris
V0 potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. Semdeg
batareas acileben da firfitebs Soris b
gausis
sisqis da κ dieleqtrikuli mudmivis mqone II zedapiri
dieleqtriks aTavseben. davuSvaT A = 115 sm2,
sur. 25.18. paraleluri firfitebisgan Seqmnili
d = 1,24 sm, V0 = 85,5 v, b = 0,78 sm da κ = 2,61. kondensatori dieleqtriks Seicavs, romelic
firfitebs Soris sivrces nawilobriv avsebs.
a) risi tolia C0 tevadoba dieleqtrikis
gamoyenebamde?
q 7,02×10–10 k
amoxsna: 25.9 formulidan gveqneba: E0 = =
ε0к A (8,85×10  f/m)(1)(115×10–4 m2)
–12
ε A (8,85×10–12 f/m)(115×10–4 m2)
C0 = 0d = = 6900 v/m = 6,9 kv/m. (pasuxi)
1,24×10–2 m
= 8,21×10–12 f = 8,21 pf. (pasuxi) yuradReba miaqcieT, rom dieleqtrikis
SemotanasTan erTad E0-is mniSvneloba ar
b) ra Tavisufali muxti Cndeba firfitebze?
icvleba, vinaidan 25.18 suraTze I zedapiriT
amoxsna: 25.1 formulidan gamomdinare: garSemortymuli muxtis raodenobac ar
q = C0V0 = (8,21×10–12 f)(85,5 v)  icvleba.
= 7,02×10–10 k = 702 pk (pasuxi) d) ra E1 eleqtruli veli moqmedebs
vinaidan batarea dieleqtrikis Setanamde dieleqtrikSi?
moxsnes, Tavisufali muxti ar icvleba. amoxsna: amjerad 25.36 formula 25.18
g) risi tolia dieleqtriksa da firfitebs suraTis gausis II zedapirisTvis unda
Soris RriWeSi moqmedi E0 eleqtruli veli? gamoviyenoT. es zedapiri –q Tavisufal
muxts da +q´ warmoqmnil muxts ertymis
amoxsna: 25.36 formulis saxiT gausis
gars, magram am ukanasknels 25.36 formulaSi
kanonis gamosayeneblad 25.18 suraTis I
ugulebelvyofT:
zedapirisTvis, gausis zedapiri RriWeze unda
gadiodes da kondensatoris mxolod zeda ε0 = – ε0κE1 A = – q. (25.37)
firfitis Tavisufal muxts unda ertymodes  
  (pirveli minus niSani E1 ⋅ dA skalaruli
gars. vinaidan dA farTobis veqtori da E 0
namravlidan gamomdinarea, vinaidan
velis veqtori qvemoTaa mimarTuli, 25.36 
eleqtruli velis E1 veqtori qvemoTaa
formulaSi skalaruli namravlia: 
 mimarTuli, xolo dA farTobis veqtori

E 0 · dA = E0dA cos 0° = E0dA – zemoT). amjerad dieleqtrikuli mudmiva
dieleqtrikis firfitis mudmivis (κ = 2,61)
Semdeg 25.36 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
tolia da 25.37 formula gvaZlevs:
ε0κE0  dA = q. q E 6,9 kv/m
E1 = = 0= = 2,64 kv/m (pasuxi)
ε0к A к 2,61
amjerad integreba firfitis A farTobs
mogvcems: e) risi tolia firfitebs Soris V potencialTa
ε0κE0 A = q sxvaoba dieleqtrikis Semotanis Semdeg?
q V
anu E0 = . amoxsna: potencialTa sxvaoba qveda
ε0к A
firfitidan zeda firfitisken mimavali
E0-is gamoTvlisTvis formulaSi κ = 1 wrfivi traeqtoriis gaswvriv integrebiT
unda CavsvaT, vinaidan gausis I zedapiri unda gamovTvaloT. dieleqtrikis SigniT
dieleqtrikze ar gadis: traeqtoriis sigrZea b, xolo eleqtruli
25.8. dieleqtrikebi da gausis kanoni 869
velia E1. dieleqtrikis zeda da qveda amoxsna: C tevadoba q Tavisufal muxtsa
RriWes Soris traeqtoriis sigrZea d – b da da V potencialTa sxvaobas 25.1 formulis
eleqtruli velia E0. aqedan gamomdinare, 25.6 saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. b)-dan q aviRoT,
formula gvaZlevs: xolo e)-dan V da miviRebT:
q 7,02×10–10 k
V = E0 ds = E0 (d – b) + E1b C =  =  
V 52,3 v
= (6900 v/m)(0,0124 m – 0,0078 m) = 1,34×10–11 f = 13,4 pf. (pasuxi)
+ (2640 v/m)(0,0078 m)
pasuxi 8,21pf sawyis tevadobaze metia.
= 52,3 v. (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 5. amocanis amo
pasuxi sawyis potencialTa sxvaobaze (85,5 v-
xsnis nimuSSi dieleqtrikis b sisqis
ze) naklebia.
gazrdis SemTxvevaSi a) E1 eleqtruli
v) risi tolia tevadoba, rodesac dieleq veli, b) firfitebs Soris potencialTa
triki kondensatoris firfitebs Soris sxvaoba da g) kondensatoris tevadoba
ganlagdeba? izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba?
kondensatori; tevadoba. kondensatori ab

C = 4πε0 (25.17)
+q da –q muxtis ori izolirebuli gamtarisgan b – a
(firfitisgan) Sedgeba. misi C tevadoba gani Tu 25.17 formulaSi b→∞ da a = R, R radiusis
sazRvreba formuliT: izolirebuli sferos tevadobaa:
q = CV , (25.1) C = 4πε0R (25.18)

sadac V aris firfitebs Soris potencialTa mimdevrobiT da paralelurad CarTuli
sxvaoba. SI sistemaSi tevadobis erTeulia kondensatorebi. paralelurad da mim
farada (1 farada = 1f = 1 kuloni/volti). devrobiT CarTuli kondensatorebis Cekv
ekvivalenturi tevadobebi Semdegi formu
tevadobis gansazRvra. garkveuli kon
lebiT SeiZleba gamoiTvalos:
densatoris tevadobas ganvsazRvravT:
1) daSvebiT, rom firfitebs q muxti aqvT, Cekv = Cj (paralelurad CarTuli n
(25.19)
2) am muxtiT gamowveuli E eleqtruli raodenobis kondensatori)
velis gamoTvliT, 3) V potencialTa sxvaobis 1 1

da =   (mimdevrobiT CarTuli n
gamoTvliT da 4) 25.1 formulis saSualebiT. Cekv Cj (25.20)
raodenobis kondensatori)
zogierTi kerZo magaliTi qvemoTaa moce
ekvivalenturi tevadobebi rTuli mimdev
muli.
robiTi Tu paraleluri kombinaciebis dros
A farTobis da d dacilebis brtyeli para
gamoiyeneba.
leluri firfitebisgan Semdgari konden
satoris tevadobaa: potenciuri energia da energiis sim
ε0 A kvrive. damuxtuli kondensatoris U eleq
C = (25.9)
d truli potenciuri energia:
L sigrZis da a da b radiusebis cilindruli q2 1
kondensatoris (ori grZeli, koaqsialuri
U =  = CV 2 , (25.21, 25.22)
2C 2
cilindris) tevadobaa: es energia kondensatoris damuxtvisTvis
L saWiro muSaobis tolia da SeiZleba konden
C = 2πε0 (25.14) 
ln(b/a) satoris E eleqtrul velTan iyos dakav
a da b radiusebis koncentruli sferuli Sirebuli. vakuumSi u energiis simkvrive anu
firfitebisgan Seqmnili sferuli konden moculobis erTeulze potenciuri energia E
satoris tevadobaa: sididis eleqtrul velSi aris:
1 zedapirebze inducirebuli muxtebi war

u = 2  ε0 E 2 (25.25)
moiqmneba da dieleqtrikis SigniT moqmedi
tevadoba dieleqtrikTan erTad. Tu eleqtruli veli firfitebis Tavisufali
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris sivrces muxtebis mocemuli odenobisTvis mcirdeba.
mTlianad dieleqtrikuli nivTiereba av
gausis kanoni dieleqtrikTan erTad.
sebs, C tevadoba κ-jer izrdeba, romelsac
dieleqtrikis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gausis
dieleqtrikuli mudmiva ewodeba da nivTie
kanoni zogad formas iRebs:
rebis maxasiaTebelia. dieleqtrikiT mTlianad
Sevsebul arealisTvis ε0-is Semcvel yvela ε0 = q, (25.26)
formulaSi ε0-is nacvlad κε0 unda Cajdes.
sadac q aris Tavisufali muxti. nebismieri
dieleqtrikis damatebis Sedegi eleqtruli
zedapiris muxti integralSi κ dieleqtrikuli
velis mxridan dieleqtrikis firfitis
mudmivis CasmiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
mudmiv an inducirebul eleqtrul dipolebze
moqmedebidan Cans. Sedegad dieleqtrikis
SekiTxvebi
1. 25.19 suraTze naCvenebia paraleluri kondensatori.
firfitebisgan Semdgari sami kondensatoris rodesac amomr
muxtis potencialTa sxvaobaze damokide Tveli daketi
bulebis grafikebi. firfitebis farTobi lia da wredSi wo
nasworuli mdgo sur. 25.21. SekiTxva 3.
da maT Soris dacileba cxrilSia mocemuli.
romeli grafiki romel kondensators mareobaa, risi tolia a) TiToeul konden
Seesabameba? satorze potencialTa sxvaoba da b) TiToeuli
kondensatoris marcxena firfitis muxti?
kondensatori farTobi dacileba
g) damuxtvis dros ra jamuri muxti gaivlis
1 A d sazom mowyobilobaSi?
2 2A d 4. risi tolia C tevadobis sami kondensatoris
3 A 2d Ceqv ekvivalenturi tevadoba Tu kondensa
torebi batareasTan a) mimdevrobiT da
b) paralelurad aris CarTuli? g) romel
ganlagebaSia ekvivalentur kondensatorze
meti muxti?
5. a) 25.22a suraTze aris Tu ara pirveli da
sur. 25.19. SekiTxva 1 mesame kondensatori mimdevrobiT CarTuli?
b) igive suraTze aris Tu ara pirveli da
2. 25.20 suraTis wredebze kondensatorebi
mimdevrobiT, paralelurad Tu sxvagvarad
arian CarTulni?
(a) (b) (g)

3. 25.21 suraTze naCvenebia Ria amomrTveli, V
potencialTa sxvaobis batarea, A denis mzomi
da C tevadobis sami identuri, daumuxtavi
871
meore kondensatori paralelurad CarTuli? wredi. kondensatorebis zeda firfitebi
g) 25.22 suraTze naCvenebi wredebis dadebiTad aris damuxtuli. amomrTvelebis
ekvivalenturi tevadobebi dididan mcireze daketvis Semdeg romel wredSi a) gaizrdeba,
daalageT. b) Semcirdeba da g) darCeba igive marcxena
6. C1 da C2 tevadobebi (C1>C2) batareasTan kondensatoris muxti?
jer individualurad, Semdeg mimdevrobiT 10. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari
da Semdeg paralelurad unda SeaerToT. kondensatori V eleqtruli potencialTa
daalageT es ganlagebebi Senaxuli muxtis sxvaobis mqone batareasTanaa SeerTebuli.
mixedviT dididan mcireze. Tu firfitebs Soris dacileba Semcirdeba
7. Tavdapirvelad batareasTan erTi C1 a) kondensatoris tevadoba, b) kondensatorze
tevadobaa SeerTebuli. Semdeg C2 tevadoba potencialTa sxvaoba, g) kondensatoris
paralelurad emateba. a) C1-ze potencialTa muxti, d) kondensatorSi Senaxuli energia,
sxvaoba da b) C1-is q muxti amjerad metia, e) firfitebs Soris moqmedi eleqtruli
naklebia Tu igivea? g) C12 ekvivalenturi velis sidide da v) eleqtrul velSi energiis
tevadoba C1-ze metia, naklebia Tu tolia? simkvrive gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive
d) C1-ze da C2-ze Senaxuli muxti C1-ze adre darCeba?
Senaxul muxtze metia, naklebia Tu tolia? 11. 25.24 suraTze
8. meSvide SekiTxva Tavidan ganixileT, oRond gamosaxuli ori iden
C2 amjerad mimdevrobiT SeaerTeT. turi kondensatoridan
9. 25.23 suraTze naCvenebia amomrTvelisa erT-erTis firfitebs
da ori kondensatorisgan Semdgari sami Soris dieleqtrikis sur. 25.24. SekiTxva 11.
moTavsebisas konden
satoris a) tevadoba, b) muxti, g) potencialTa
sxvaoba da d) potenciuri energia izrdeba,
mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba? e) ra mosdis meore
kondensatoris igive maxasiaTeblebs?
amocanebi
·2. 25.26 suraTze

SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions gamosaxuli liTo
Manual-Si.
nis ori sagnis
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze sur. 25.26. amocana 2.
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday jamuri muxtia
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- +70 pk da –70 pk. Sedegad maT Soris 20 v
com/college/halliday. potencialTa sxvaoba miiReba. a) risi tolia
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs sistemis tevadoba? b) Tu muxtebi +200 pk da

amocanis sirTules
–200 pk gaxda, risi toli gaxdeba tevadoba?
g) risi toli gaxdeba potencialTa sxvaoba?
·1. 25.25 suraTze
paragrafi 25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla
gamosaxuli kon
densatoris teva ·3. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgar
dobaa 25 mkf da kondensators 8,2 sm radiusis da 1,3 mm daci
Tavdapirvelad lebulia wriuli firfitebi aqvs. a) gamo
daumuxtavia. ba sur. 25.25. amocana 1. TvaleT tevadoba. b) ra muxti gaCndeba fir
tarea 120 v poten fitebze, Tu potencialTa sxvaobaa 120 v? SSM
cialTa sxvaobas uzrunvelyofs. S amomrTve ·4. 1 m2 farTobis liTonis brtyeli fir
lis daketvis Semdeg ra raodenobis muxti fitebisgan kondensatori unda aigos.
gaivlis kondensatorSi? a) Tu mowyobilobis tevadoba 1 f unda iyos,
risi tolia firfitebs Soris dacileba? modebuli. Tu mesame kondensatori eleqtrul

b) SesaZlebelia Tu ara amgvari kondensatoris garRvevas ganicdis da gamtari mavTulis
ageba? ekvivalenturi xdeba, ramdeniT gaizrdeba
·5. dauSviT, rom vercxliswylis wveTi 1) pirveli kondensatoris muxti da b) pirvel
izolirebuli sferoa. risi tolia wveTis kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaoba?
tevadoba, romelic R = 2 mm radiusis ori ··12. 25.30 suraTze
wveTis gaerTianebis Sedegad miiReba? SSM batareis potencialTa
·6. sferuli kondensatoris firfitebis sxvaobaa V =10 v da Ti

Toeuli kondensato
radiusebia 38 mm da 40 mm. a) gamoTvaleT
ris tevadobaa 10 mkf.
tevadoba. b) ra unda iyos im kondensatoris
paraleluri firfitebis farTobebi, romel risi tolia a) pirveli
sac firfitebs Soris igive dacileba da kondensatoris da b) me
tevadoba gaaCnia? ore kondensatoris muxti?
··13. 100 pf tevadobis kondensatori 50v
paragrafi 25.4. paralelurad da mimdev
potencialTa sxvaobamde damuxtes da
robiT CarTuli kondensatorebi. batarea gaTiSes. Semdeg kondensatori meore
·7. 1 mkf tevadobis ramdeni kondensatori kondensatorTan (daumuxtavTan) para
unda SeerTdes paralelurad, raTa maT 110 v lelurad CarTes. Tu pirvel kondensatorze
potencialTa sxvaobis pirobebSi 1 k muxti potencialTa sxvaobaa 35 v, risi tolia meore
Seinaxon? SSM kondensatoris tevadoba? SSM ILW
·8. 25.27 suraTze ··14. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari
gamosaxuli kom
6 mkf tevadobis ori kondensatori 10 v-ian
binaciisTvis
batareasTan paralelurad aris mierTebuli.
ekvivalenturi
Semdeg erT-erTi kondensatoris firfitebs
tevadoba gamo
Soris dacilebas anaxevreben. SekumSvis Sede
TvaleT. dauSviT,
sur. 25.27. amocanebi gad a) ra raodenobis damatebiT gadascems
rom C1 = 10 mkf, 8 da 30.
batarea kondensators da b) ramdeniT gaiz
C2= 5 mkf da C3 = 4 mkf. rdeba kondensatorebis jamuri muxti?
·9. 25.28 suraTze ··15. 25.31 suraTze 20 v-iani batarea C1
gamosaxuli kom
= C6 = 3 mkf da C3 = C5 = 2C2 = 2C4 = 4 mkf kon-
b i n a c i i s T v i s
densatorebTanaa mierTebuli. risi to
ekvivalenturi teva
lia a) kondensatoris Ceqv ekvivalenturi
doba gamoTvaleT.
tevadoba da b) Ceqv-s muxti? risi tolia
dauSviT, rom C1 =
pirveli kondensatoris g) C1 da d) q1,
10 mkf, C2 = 5 mkf da sur. 25.28. amocanebi
meore kondensatoris e) V2 da v) q2, mesame
C3 = 4 mkf. ILW 9, 11 da 28.
kondensatoris z) V3 da T) q3?
·10. 25.29 suraTze
gamosaxuli dau
muxtavi konden
satorebis teva
dobebia 25 mkf.
amomrTvelis Cake
tvis Semdeg poten sur. 25.29. amocana 10.
cialTa sxvaobaa
V = 4200 v. A ampermetrSi ramdeni kuloni
muxti gaivlis amis Semdeg?
··11. 25.28 suraTze V = 100 v potencialTa
sxvaoba C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 5 mkf da C3 = 4 mkf
··16. 25.32a suraTze naCvenebi pirveli grafiki
tevadobis kondensatorebis ganlagebazea pirveli kondensatoris muxtis V eleqtrul
873
potencialze damokidebulebas asaxavs. meore a wertilSi 12 mkk muxti gadis, xolo
da mesame grafikebi meore da mesame kondensa- b wertilSi _ 8 mkk muxti. risi tolia
torebisTvisaa. 25.32b suraTze naCvenebia am a) C1 da b) C3?
sami kondensatorisgan da 6v-iani batareisgan
··20. 25.36 gamosaxuli
Semdgari wredi. risi tolia meore kondensa-
kondensatorebi Tav
toris muxti?
dapirvelad dau
muxtavia. maTi teva
dobebia C1 = 4 mkf,
C2 = 8 mkf, C3 = 12 mkf sur. 25.36. amocana 20.
da batareis potencialTa sxvaobaa V = 12 v.

rodesac S amomrTveli daketilia, ramdeni
eleqtroni gaivlis a) a wertilSi, b) b
sur. 25.32. amocana 16. wertilSi, g) c wertilSi da d) d wertilSi?
··17. 25.33 suraTze eleqtroni suraTis e) b wertilSi da v) c
kondensatorebis wertilSi zeviT moZraobs Tu qveviT?
tevadobebia C1 = ···21. 25.37 suraTze
1 mkf da C2 = 3 mkf. g a m o s a x u l i a
orive kondensa 12 v-iani batarea da
tori sawinaaRmdego V = 100 v
polarobis C1 = 4 mkf, C2 = 6 mkf,
potencialTa sxvaobamdea damuxtuli. S1 da S2 C3 = 3 mkf tevado
gamomrTveli daketilia. a) risi tolia a da b bebis sami dau sur. 25.37. amocana 21.
wertilebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba? risi muxtavi kondensa
tolia b) pirveli kondensatoris da g) meore tori. amomrTveli marcxena kontaqtzea
kondensatoris muxti? SSM WWW pirveli kondensatoris srul damuxtvamde.
··18. 25.34 suraTze pa Semdeg amomrTveli marjvena mxareze gadadis.
raleluri firfite risi tolia a) pirveli kondensatoris, b) meore
bisgan Semdgari ori kondensatoris da g) mesame kondensatoris
kondensatori batare saboloo muxti? SSM
asTanaa SeerTebuli da sur. 25.34. amocana 18. ···22. 25.38a suraTze gamosaxuli mesame
maT firfitebs Soris
kondensatori cvladi tevadobisaa (misi C3
haeria. pirveli kondensatoris firfitis
tevadoba icvleba). 25.38b suraTze naCvenebia
farTobia 1,5 sm2 da firfitebs Soris 2000 v/m
pirvel kondensatorze V1 eleqtruli poten
sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. meore
cialis C3-ze damokidebulebis grafiki. V1
kondensatoris firfitis farTobia 0,7 sm2 da
eleqtruli potenciali 10 v-is asimptotas
firfitebs Soris 1500 v/m sididis eleqtruli
uaxlovdeba, rodesac C3→∞. risi tolia
velia. risi tolia ori kondensatoris jamuri
muxti? a) batareis V eleqtruli potenciali, b) C1 da
··19. 25.35 suraTze batareis potencialTa g) C2?
sxvaobaa V = 9 v, C2 = 3 mkf da C4 = 4 mkf.

yvela kondensatori Tavdapirvelad dau
muxtavia. rodesac S amomrTveli iketeba,

···23. 25.39 suraTze gamosaxulia 12 v-iani ··29. warmoidgineT, rom uZravi eleqtroni
batarea da C1 = 1 mkf, C2 = 2 mkf, C3 = 3 mkf da wertilovani muxtia. risi tolia misi
C4 = 4 mkf tevadobebis oTxi kondensatori. eleqtruli velis u energiis simkvrive
Tu mxolod S1 amomrTvelia daketili, risi a) r=1mm, b) r=1mkm, g) r=1nm da d) r=1pm radialur
tolia a) pirveli kondensatoris, b) meore manZilze? e) risi tolia u, rodesac r→∞?
kondensatoris, g) mesame kondensatoris da ··30. 25.27 suraTze C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 5 mkf
d) meoTxe kondensatoris muxti? Tu orive da C3 = 4 mkf tevadobis kondensatorebze
amomrTveli daketilia, risi tolia e) pirveli V = 100 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli.
kondensatoris, v) meore kondensatoris, risi tolia mesame kondensatoris a) q3 muxti,
z) mesame kondensatoris da T) meoTxe b) V3 potencialTa sxvaoba, g) Senaxuli U3
kondensatoris muxti? energia, pirveli kondensatoris d) q1, e) V1 da
v) U1 da meore kondensatoris z) q2, T) V2 da
i) U2?
··31. 8,5 sm2 farTobis da 3 mm dacilebis
paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari, haeriT
savse kondensatori 6v-iani batareis mier
imuxteba. Semdeg firfitebi batareidan
gamorTes da ganmuxtvis gareSe 8 mm manZilamde
ganacalkeves. gamoTvaleT a) firfitebs Soris
potencialTa sxvaoba, b) sawyisi Senaxuli
paragrafi 25.5. eleqtrul velSi Sena energia, g) saboloo Senaxuli energia da d)
xuli energia firfitebis dacilebisaTvis saWiro muSaoba.
·24. ra raodenobis energia inaxeba 1 m3 mocu SSM ILW WWW
lobis haerSi 150 v/m sididis eleqtruli ··32. 10 sm diametris liTonis izolirebuli
velis Sedegad? sferos potenciali usasrulobaSi V = 0
·25. ra tevadobis kondensatoria saWiro, mimarT 8000 v-ia. sferos zedapirTan axlos
raTa 10 kvt·sT energia 1000v potencialTa moqmed eleqtrul velSi energiis simkvrive
sxvaobaze Seinaxos? gamoTvaleT.
·26. 40 sm2 farTobis da 1 mm dacilebis ··33. 25.40 suraTze C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 20 mkf
paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari, haeriT da C3 = 25 mkf. Tu kondensatorebi 100 v-ze
savse kondensatori 600 v potencialTa met potencialTa sxvaobas ver uZleben, risi
sxvaobamde damuxtes. gamoTvaleT a) teva tolia a) A da B wertilebs Soris potencialTa
doba, b) TiToeuli firfitis muxti, g) Se sxvaobis maqsimumi da b) sam kondensatorSi
naxuli energia, d) firfitebs Soris moqmedi Senaxuli energiis maqsimumi?
eleqtruli veli da e) firfitebs Soris
energiis simkvrive.
·27. 2 mkf da 4 mkf tevadobis kondensatorebi
300 v potencialTa sxvaobaze paralelurad
SeaerTes. gamoTvaleT kondensatorebSi paragrafi 25.6. kondensatori dieleq
trikTan erTad
Senaxuli mTliani energia. SSM
··28. 25.28 suraTze C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 5mkf ·34. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari,
da C3=15mkf tevadobis kondensatorebze haeriT savse kondensatoris tevadobaa 1,3pf.
Semdeg firfitebs Soris dacileba gaormagda
V=100v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. risi
da maT Soris cvili moaTavses. axali tevadoba
tolia mesame kondensatoris a) q3 muxti, b) V3
2,6pf-ia. gamoTvaleT cvilis dieleqtrikuli
potencialTa sxvaoba, g) Senaxuli U3 energia,
mudmiva.
pirveli kondensatoris d) q1, e) V1 da v) U1 da
·35. haeriT savse, 7,4 pf tevadobis konden
meore kondensatoris z) q2, T) V2 da i) U2?
875
satori ise unda gardaqmnaT, rom man 652 v firfitebs Soris eleqtruli veli 200 kn/k-s
maqsimaluri potencialTa sxvaobis pirobebSi gadaaWarbebs, kondensatori daiwveba. risi
7,4 mkj energia Seinaxos. 25.1 cxrilSi Camo tolia kondensatorSi Senaxuli maqsimaluri
Tvlili romeli dieleqtrikiT unda SeavsoT energia?
sivrce kondensatoris firfitebs Soris? SSM ··42. 25.42 suraTze
·36. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari, naCvenebia A = 5,56 sm2
haeriT savse kondensatoris tevadobaa farTobis da d =
50pf. a) Tu TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 5,56 mm dacilebis
0,35 m2, risi tolia maT Soris manZili? b) Tu paraleluri firfi
firfitebs Soris areals κ = 5,6 koeficientis tebisgan Semdgari
mqone nivTierebiT SevavsebT, risi toli iqneba kondensatori. firfitebs Soris sivrcis
tevadoba? marcxena naxevari κ1 = 7 koeficientis mqone
·37. koaqsialuri kabelis Sida radiusia 0,1 mm, dieleqtrikiTaa savse, xolo marjvena - κ2 = 12
xolo gare radiusi - 0,6 mm. gamoTvaleT 1 m koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiT. risi
kabelis tevadoba. dauSviT, rom gamtarebs tolia tevadoba?
Soris sivrce polistroliT aris Sevsebuli. ··43. 25.43 suraTze
SSM naCvenebia A = 7,89 sm2
··38. 25.41 suraTze farTobis da d = 4,62 mm
ra raodenobis muxti dacilebis parale
Seinaxeba paraleluri luri firfitebisgan
firfitebisgan Se Semdgari kondensatori. firfitebs Soris
mdgar kondensa sivrcis zeda naxevari κ1 = 11 koeficientis
torebze 12v-iani batareis Sedegad? erTi mqone dieleqtrikiTaa savse, xolo qveda –
kodensatori haeriTaa savse, xolo meore – κ2=12 koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiT. risi
κ = 3 koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiT. orive tolia tevadoba?
kondensatoris firfitebis farTobia 5×10–3 m2, SSM
xolo firfitebs Soris dacilebaa 2 mm. ··44. 25.44 suraTze
··39. garkveuli nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli naCvenebia A = 10,5 sm2
mudmivaa 2,8, xolo dieleqtrikuli Zalaa farTobis da 2d =
18 mv/m. Tu paraleluri firfitebisgan 7,12 mm dacilebis
Semdgar kondensatorSi amgvari dieleqtriki paraleluri fir sur. 25.44. amocana 44.
gamoiyeneba, ra minimaluri farTobi unda fitebisgan Semdgari
hqondeT kondensatoris firfitebs, raTa kondensatori. firfitebs Soris sivrcis
kondensatoris tevadoba 7×10–2 mkf iyos da marcxena naxevari κ1 = 21 koeficientis dieleq
kondensatori 4 kv potencialTa sxvaobas trikiTaa Sevsebuli, marjvena mxaris zeda
uZlebdes? SSM ILW naxevari – κ2 = 42 koeficientis dieleqtrikiT,
··40. Tqven imgvari kondensatori unda aagoT, xolo qveda naxevari – κ3 = 58 koeficientis
romelsac 1 nf tevadoba da 10000 v garRvevis dieleqtrikiT. risi tolia tevadoba?
potenciali eqneba. dieleqtrikad pireqsis paragrafi 25.8. dieleqtrikebi da
minas iyenebT, romlis orive zedapiri aluminis
gausis kanoni
folgiTaa dafaruli. pireqsis mina 15 sm sisqi
·45. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari
saa, misi Sida radiusia 3,6 sm da gare radiusia
kondensatoris tevadobaa 100 pf, firfitebis
3,8 sm. risi tolia kondensatoris a) tevadoba da
farTobia 100 sm2, xolo firfitebs Soris
b) garRvevis potenciali?
sivrces mTlianad qarsis dieleqtriki
··41. paralelur firfitebiani kondensatori
(κ = 5,4) avsebs. 50 v potencialTa sxvaobis
κ = 5,5 koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiTaa
pirobebSi gamoTvaleT a) qarsSi eleqtruli
savse. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 0,034 m2,
velis E sidide, b) firfitebis Tavisufali
xolo firfitebs Soris dacilebaa 2mm. Tu
muxtis sidide da g) qarsze inducirebuli isini Sokoladis fxvnils yuTSi clidnen da

zedapiruli muxtis sidide. SSM WWW mtvris buRs ayenebdnen garSemo. TiToeuli
·46. 25.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi warmoi muSis eleqtruli potenciali miwisadmi
dgineT, rom dieleqtrikis Semotanisas bata 7 kv iyo (miwa nulovani potencialis mqoned
rea kvlav SeerTebulia. gamoTvaleT a) teva miiCneoda). a) davuSvaT, TiToeuli muSa 200 pf
doba, b) kondensatoris firfitebis muxti, tevadobis kondensatoria, risi tolia am
g) eleqtruli veli RriWeSi da d) eleqtruli kondensatorSi Senaxuli energia? Tu muSasa
veli dieleqtrikSi. da miwasTan dakavSirebul gamtar sagans Soris
gaCenili naperwkali muSas gaaneitralebda,
··47. b = 1,7 sm da a = 1,2 sm radiusebis
energia naperwkalze gadaicemoda. gamo
koncentrul, gamtar, sferul garsebs Soris
Tvlebis Tanaxmad, Sokoladis fxvnilis
sivrce κ = 23,5 dieleqtrikuli mudmivis
aalebisa da afeTqebisTvis naperwkals sul
mqone nivTierebiTaa Sevsebuli. Sida da gare
mcire 150 mj energia und hqonoda. b) SeeZlo
garsebze V = 73 v potencialTa sxvaobaa mode
Tu ara muSisgan gaCenil naperwkals fxvnilis
buli. gamoTvaleT a) kondensatoris teva
Rrublis afeTqeba? (istoria 26-e Tavis 48-e
doba, b) Sida garsis q Tavisufali muxti da
amocanaSi grZeldeba)
g) gare garsis zedapirze q´ inducirebuli
51. 10v batarea n raodenobis mimdevrobiT
muxti. SSM
CarTul kondensatorTanaa dakavSirebuli.
··48. 100 sm2 farTobis paralelur firfitebs
TiToeuli kondensatoris tevadobaa 2 mkf.
8,9×10–7 k sididis da sawinaaRmdego niSnis
Tu kondensatorebSi Senaxuli energiaa 25 mkj,
muxtebi aqvT. firfitebs Soris sivrcis
risi tolia n?
Semavsebel dieleqtrikul nivTierebaSi
52. 25.45 su
eleqtruli velia 1,4×106v/m. a) gamoTvaleT
raTze naCve
nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli mudmiva. b) gamoT
nebia 12 v-ian
valeT dieleqtrikis TiToeul zedapirze
batareasTan
inducirebuli muxtis sidide.
mierTebuli sur. 25.45. amocana 52.
··49. kondensatori 0,12 m2 farTobis da 1,2 sm
pirveli (C1 =
dacilebis paraleluri firfitebisgan Sed
8 mkf), meore (C2 = 6 mkf) da mesame (C3 = 8 mkf)
geba. batareiT firfitebi 120 v potencialTa
kondensatori. rodesac S amomrTveli daketi
sxvaobamde damuxtes da Semdeg 4 mm sisqis da 4,8
lia da meoTxe daumuxtav kondensators
dieleqtrikuli mudmivis mqone dieleqtriki
firfitebs Soris simetriulad moaTavses.
(C4 = 6 mkf) akavSirebs, a) ra raodenobis
muxti gaivlis batareidan P wertilSi da
a) risi tolia tevadoba dieleqtrikis moTav
b) muxti gaivlis meoTxe kondensatorSi?
sebamde? b) risi tolia tevadoba dieleqtrikis
g) ratom gansxvavdeba es ori Sedegi?
moTavsebis Semdeg? risi tolia q Tavisufali
muxti g) dieleqtrikis moTavsebamde da
53. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari,
haeriT savse ori kondensatori 10 v-
d) moTavsebis Semdeg? risi toli eleqtruli
ian batareasTan jer individualurad,
velis sidide e) firfitebsa da dieleqtriks
Semdeg mimdevrobiT, bolos paralelurad
Soris sivrceSi da v) Tavad dieleqtrikSi?
unda SeerTdes. amgvari ganlagebis dros
z) rodesac dieleqtriki Tavsdeba, risi
kondensatorebSi 75 mkj, 100 mkj, 300 mkj da
tolia firfitebze potencialTa sxvaoba?
400 mkj energia inaxeba. ori kondensatorisgan
T) ra gare muSaoba sruldeba dieleqtrikis
romels aqvs a) umciresi da b) udidesi
moTavsebaze?
tevadoba?
damatebiTi amocanebi 54. 25.46 suraTze naCvenebia haeriT savse oTxi
50. Sokoladis natexis saidumlo. istoria kondensatorisgan Semdgari wredis monakveTi,
23-e Tavis 54-e amocanaSi iwyeba. qarxanaSi romelic ufro did wreds uerTdeba. suraT
momxdari afeTqebis SeswavlisTvis muSebis ze gamosaxulia V(x) eleqtruli poten
eleqtruli potenciali gazomes, rodesac cialis meoTxe kondensatoris gaswvriv x
877
mdebareobaze damokidebulebis grafiki. batareasTan mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli.
suraTis zeda nawilze aseTive principiT Semdeg erT-erTi kondensatori ikumSeba da
gamosaxulia V(x) eleqtruli potencialis mis firfitebs Soris dacileba naxevrdeba.
1, 2 da 3 kondensatorebis gaswvriv x mdeba SekumSvis Sedegad a) ra damatebiTi energia
reobaze damokidebulebis grafikebi. mesame gadaecema batareidan kondensatorebs da b)
kondensatoris tevadobaa 0,8 mkf. risi ramdeniT izrdeba kondensatorebze Sena
tolia a) pirveli kondensatoris da b) meore xuli mTliani muxti (erTi kondensatoris
kondensatoris tevadoba? dadebiTi firfitis muxts damatebuli meore
kondensatoris dadebiTi firfitis muxti)?
57. 2 mkf tevadobis kondensatori eleq
truli garRvevis gareSe (rodesac konden
satori Senaxvis nacvlad muxts atarebs)
200 v-s uZlebs. rogor ganalagebdiT
a) 0,4 mkf da b) 1,2 mkf ekvivalenturi teva
dobis mqone kondensatorebs, Tu maT 1000 v-s
unda gauZlon?
58. 25.48 suraTze
haeriT savse ori cilin
druli kondensatori
V = 10 v potencialTa
sxvaobis batareasTan
mimdevrobiTia Seer
sur. 25.46. amocana 54. Tebuli. pirveli kondensatoris Sida fir
55. 25.47a suraTze, rodesac S amomrTveli fitis radiusia 5mm, gare firfitis ra
daketilia da daumuxtavi kondensatori diusia 1,5sm, xolo sigrZea 5sm. meore
batareas ukavSirdeba, uaryofiTi muxti kondensatoris Sida firfitis radiusia 2,5mm,
batareidan kondensatoris qveda firfitaze gare firfitis radiusia 1sm da sigrZea 9sm.
gadaadgildeba da igive raodenobis uar meore kondensatoris gare firfita gamtari
yofiTi muxti kondensatoris zeda firfitidan organuli membranaa da misi gaWimva SeiZleba.
batareaze gadadis. davuSvaT qveda firfitis Tu gare firfitis radiusi haeriT gabervis
sisqea L = 0,5 sm da zedapiris farTobia Sedegad 2,5sm-iT izrdeba a) ramdeni eleqtroni
A = 2×10-4 m2. Tu firfita spilenZisaa, Tavi gaivlis P wertilSi da b) es eleqtronebi
suflad moZravi eleqtronis moculobi batareisken moZraoben Tu misgan moSorebiT?
Ti simkvrive aris 8,49×10 eleqtroni/m3.
28 
59. 25.49 suraTze V=20v, C1=2 mkf, C2=16 mkf
a) firfitis SigniT ra d siRrmidan (sur. 25.47b) da C3=C4= 8 mkf. S amomrTveli Tavdapirvelad
unda amoZravdnen eleqtronebi zedapirisken, marcxena kontaqtzea manam, sanam pirveli
raTa zedapirma q = –3 mkk muxti SeiZinos? kondensatori wonasworobaSi gadava. Semdeg
b) gamodian Tu ara eleqtronebi marTlac amomrTveli marjvena kontaqtze gadadis.
batareidan? rodesac kvlav wonasworoba myardeba a) ram
deni muxtia C2-ze da b) risi tolia potenciali
C2-ze?

56. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari,
6 mkf tevadobis ori kondensatori 10 v-ian sur. 25.49. amocana 59.
60. usafrTxoebis 63. 25.53 suraTze V = 9 v, C1 = C2 = 30 mkf

inJinris amocanaa da C3 = C4 = 15 mkf. risi tolia meoTxe
aalebadi gamtari kondensatoris muxti?
siTxe gaumtar
64. 25.54 suraTze V = 12 v, C1 = C5 = C6 = 6 mkf
WurWelSi Seinaxos.
da C2 = C3 = C4 = 4 mkf. risi tolia a) kon
raime siTxis mim
densatorebze Senaxuli jamuri muxti da b)
wodebeli kompania
meoTxe kondensatoris muxti?
r = 0,2 m radiusis plastmasis cilindrul
WurWels iyenebs da mas h=10sm simaRlemde 65. 25.55 suraTze V = 10 v da Svidi konden
avsebs, rac WurWlis mTliani Sida simaRle ar satoridan TiToeuli tevadobaa 10 mkf. risi
aris (sur. 25.50). dakvirvebebi aCvenebs, rom tolia a) pirveli kondensatoris da b) meore
xelSi daWeris dros WurWlis gare zedapiri kondensatoris muxti?
2 mkk/m sididis uaryofiTi muxtis simkvrives
2
iZens. vinaidan siTxe gamtari nivTierebaa,

WurWelze arsebuli muxti siTxis SigniT
muxtebis gancalkevebas iwvevs. a) ra raodenobis
uaryofiTi muxti inducirdeba siTxis
centrSi? b) davuSvaT, siTxis centraluri
nawilis tevadoba miwisadmi 35pf-ia. risi
tolia kondensatoris uaryofiT energiasTan
dakavSirebuli potenciuri energia? g) Tu
miwasa da siTxis centralur nawils Soris sur. 25.54. amocana 64. sur. 25.55. amocana 65.
(gasasvlelis gavliT) naperwkali Cndeba,
potenciuri energia naperwkalze ixarjeba.
66. 25.56 suraTze
siTxis aalebisTvis saWiro naperwklis V = 12 v, C1=C4= 2 mkf,
minimaluri energiaa 10mj. SesaZlebelia Tu C2= 4 mkf da C3= 1 mkf.
ara am mdgomareobaSi siTxis aaleba? risi tolia meoTxe
kondensatoris muxti?
61. 25.51 suraTze naCve-
nebia 9v-iani batarea da 67. 25.57 suraTze
4 mkf tevadobis sami gamosaxulia radioSi sur. 25.56. amocana 66.
kondensatori. risi to- gamoyenebuli
lia kondensatoris qve- cvladi kondensa
tori. firfitebi
da nawilis a) muxti da
mimdevrobiT aris
b) potencialTa sxvao-
SeerTebuli. fir
ba? sur. 25.51. amocana 61.
fitebis erTi
62. 25.52 suraTze
jgufi uZravia, xo
V = 10v, C1 = 10 mkf da C2 = C3 = 20 mkf. S amom lo meore jgufi
rTveli Tavdapirvelad marcxena kontaqtzea,

moZraobs. ganvixiloT cvladi polarobis n = 8
vidre pirveli kondensatori wonasworul
raodenobis firfita. firfitebis farTobia
mdgomareobas miaRwevs. Semdeg amomrTveli
A = 1,25 sm2, xolo mimdebare firfitebs Soris
marjvena kontaqtze gadadis. rodesac kvlav
manZilia d = 3,4 mm. risi tolia mowyobilobis
wonasworuli damyardeba mdgomareoba, ram
maqsimaluri tevadoba?
deni muxtia pirvel kondensatorze?
68. 25.58 suraTze gamosaxuli oTxi konden-
satoris tevadoba garkveuli C sididis sa-
SualebiT aris Cawerili. a) Tu C = 50 mkf,
risi tolia A da B wertils Soris ekvivalen-
turi tevadoba? (miniSneba: Tavdapirvelad
sur. 25.52. amocana 62. sur. 25.53. amocana 63. warmoidgineT, rom batarea am or wertils
879
Soris aris SeerTeb- Tebuli. Tu 60 mkf tevadobis kondensatorze
uli da Semdeg wredi saboloo potencialTa sxvaobaa 40 v, risi to-
ekvivalenturi te- lia C?
vadobiT SecvaleT). 74. cilindruli kondensatoris radiusebia
b) gamoTvaleT igive a da b (sur. 25.6). daamtkiceT, rom Senaxuli
A da D wertilebs eleqtruli potenciuri energiis naxevari
Soris. r =  radiusis cilindrSia moTavsebuli.
69. 25.59 suraTze 75. 25.61 suraTze paraleluri firfitebisgan
naCvenebia C teva Semdgari A da B
dobis ori iden- k o n d e n s a t o r e b i
turi kondensa 600 v-ian bata
tori da ori ide- reas ukavSirdeba.
aluri D diodi sur. 25.59. amocana 69. TiToeuli fir sur. 25.61. amocana 75.
(idealur diodSi fitis farTobia

dadebiTi muxti mxolod isris mimarTulebiT 80 sm2 da maT Soris dacilebaa 3 mm. A
moZraobs, xolo uaryofiTi muxti _ sawi- kondensatori haeriTaa savse, xolo B
naaRmdego mimarTulebiT). Semaval momWere- kondensatori – κ = 2,6 dieleqtrikuli
bze 100 v-iani batareaa SeerTebuli. a momWeri mudmivis mqone nivTierebiT. gamoTvaleT
batareis dadebiT momWerTanaa SeerTebuli, eleqtruli velis sidide a) B kondensatoris
xolo Semdeg b momWeric iqve erTdeba. risi dieleqtrikSi da b) A kondensatoris
tolia gare momWerebze potencialTa sxvaoba haerSi. risi tolia g) A kondensatoris da
a) pirveli ganlagebis da b) meore ganlagebis d) B kondensatoris maRali potencialis
dro? firfitaze Tavisufali muxtis σ simkvrive?
e) risi tolia dieleqtrikis zeda zedapirze
70. 25.60 suraTze
inducirebuli muxtis σ´ simkvrive?
naCvenebia oTxi
k o n d e n s a t o r i s 76. 300 v potencialTa sxvaoba mimdevrobiT
SeerTeba, romelic SeerTebul C1 = 2 mkf da C2 = 8 mkf tevado
A da B wertilebiT bebis or kondensatorzea modebuli. risi
ufro did wred tolia pirveli kondensatoris a) q1 muxti da
Tanaa SeerTebuli. b) V1 potencialTa sxvaoba da risi tolia meo-
tevadobebia C1 = 10 mkf da C2=C3=C4=20 mkf. re kondensatoris g) q2 muxti da d) V2 poten-
pirveli kondensatoris muxtia 30 mkk. risi cialTa sxvaoba? Semdeg damuxtuli konden-
satorebi erTmaneTisgan da batareisgan ga-
tolia VA – VB potencialTa sxvaoba?
TiSes. davuSvaT, damuxtuli kondensatorebi
71. C1 = 6 mkf tevadobis kondensatori
sawinaaRmdego niSnebis gadabmul firfitebT-
C2 = 4 mkf tevadobis kondensatorTan mim an SeaerTes. amjerad risi tolia i) q1, k) V1,
devrobiTaa SeerTebuli da kondensatorebis
l) q2 da m) V2?
wyvilze modebuli potencialTa sxvaobaa
77. kondensatori V potencialTa sxvaobamdea
200v. a) gamoTvaleT ekvivalenturi tevadoba.
damuxtuli. Senaxuli energiis 10%-iT
risi tolia pirveli kondensatoris a) q1 mux-
gasazrdelad, ramdeni procentiT unda
ti da b) V1 potencialTa sxvaoba da meore kon-
gaizardos V?
densatoris g) q2 muxti da d) V2 potencialTa
78. 25.62 suraTze V = 12 v da C1 = C2 =
sxvaoba?
C3 = C4 = 2 mkf. a) risi tolia pirveli
72. 71-e amocana paralelurad CarTuli igive
ori kondensatorisTvis amoxseniT.
73. ucnobi C tevadobis kondensatori 100 v-
mdea damuxtuli da Tavdapirvelad 60 mkf te-
vadobis daumuxtav kondensatorTanaa Seer sur. 25.62. amocana 78.
kondensatoris muxti? b) risi tolia meoTxe laa ganlagebuli.

kondensatoris Zabva? a) risi tolia te
79. 25.63 suraTze V = vadoba spilenZis
filis Casmis Sem
12 v, C1 = C2 = C4 = 8 mkf
deg? b) Tu fir
da C3 = 4 mkf. risi
tolia potencialTa fitebze q = 3,4 mkk
muxti narCuneba, sur. 25.65. amocanebi 82 da 83
sxvaoba C4-ze?
risi tolia spi
80. gvaqvs spilenZis sur. 25.63. amocana 79. lenZis filis Casmamde da Casmis Semdeg Se-
ori firfita, qarsis
naxuli energiebis fardoba? g) ra muSaoba
(sisqe = 0,1 mm, κ = 5,4), minis (sisqe = 2 mm, κ = 7,0) unda Sesruldes spilenZis filis CasmisTvis?
da parafinis (sisqe = 1 sm, κ = 2) firfitebi. d) spilenZis fila Seizideba Tu Zala unda da-
udidesi C tevadobis mqone kondensatoris vatanoT?
dasamzadeblad romeli firfita unda
83. 82-e amocana gaimeoreT im pirobiT, rom
moTavsdes spilenZis firfitebs Soris?
muxtis nacvlad V=85v potencialTa sxvaoba
81. 25.64 suraTze, narCundeba.
2×10 m farTobis para
–2 2
84. 25.66 suraTze
leluri firfitebisgan
Sedgenili kondensa
C1 = C2 = C3 = 2 mkf.
tori 2 mm sisqis ori
S amomrTveli Tav
dapirvelad mar
dieleqtrikiTaa savse.
cxena kontaqtzea
erTi dieleqtrikis mudmivaa 3, xolo meoris -
da pirvel da meo- sur. 25.66. amocana 84.
4. ra raodenobis muxts inaxavs 7v-iani batarea
re kondensators
kondensatorze?
48 mkk-mde muxtavs. Semdeg amomrTveli mar-
82. 25.65 suraTze gamosaxulia A = 2,4 sm2 jvena kontaqtze gadadis. wonasworobis dam-
farTobis da d = 5 mm dacilebis paraleluri yarebis Semdeg ra raodenobis muxtia mesame
firfitebisgan Seqmnili kondensatori, rom- kondensatorze?
lis SuagulSic b = 2 mm sisqis spilenZis fi-
deni da winaRoba 26
mexis dacemisas miwaSi muxti gaivlis da es sakmaod saxifaToa. mexis
dacemis adgilTan axlos yofnis SemTxvevaSi muxtis dinebam paralizeba
an sulac sikvdili SeiZleba gamoiwvios. miuxedavad amisa, miwis denisgan
Tavis dasacavad martivi meTodi arsebobs. miwis deni saZovarze gasul
msxvilfexa saqonels kidev ufro met xifaTs uqmnis, magram Tavis dacvis
zemoT naxsenebi meTodis gamoyeneba maT, saubedurod, ar SeuZliaT.
rogor mcirdeba miwis deniT gamowveuli safrTxe?

ukanaskneli xuTi Tavis ganmavlobaSi uZravi muxtebis fizika
anu eleqtrostatika ganvixileT. am da momdevno TavSi
eleqtruli denebis fizikas anu moZrav muxtebs SevexebiT.
eleqtruli denis magaliTebi uricxvia da mraval profesiaSi
gamoiyeneba. meteorologebi elvas da atmosferoSi muxtis
dinebis naklebad dramatul movlenas swavloben. biologebi,
fiziologebi da eqimebi kunTebis makontrolebul nervul
denebs ikvleven da es gansakuTrebiT gamosadegi zurgis
tvinis dazianebis SemTxvevaSia. eleqtroinJinrebs uricxvi
raodenobis eleqtrul sistemebTan, magaliTad energetikul,
sur. 26.1. a) spilenZis konturi
mexamrid, informaciis Semnaxvel da musikalur sistemebTan
eleqtrostatikur mdgomareobaSi.
aqvT Sexeba. kosmosuri inJinrebi mzidan damuxtuli mTeli konturis potenciali
nawilakebis dinebas akvirdebian da swavloben, vinaidan amgvar Tanabaria da spilenZis SigniT
nebismier wertilze eleqtruli veli
nawilakebs orbitaze moZravi satelekomunikacio sistemebis
nulis tolia. b) batareis damateba
da miwaze energiis gadamcemi sistemebis dazianeba SeuZliaT. konturis boloebze potencialTa
mocemul TavSi eleqtruli denebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs sxvaobas aCens da, maSasadame, kon
turis SigniT eleqtruli veli
ganvixilavT da davadgenT ratom gadis deni zogierT
Cndeba. veli konturis garSemo
nivTierebaSi, zogierTSi ki _ ara. muxtebis moZraobas iwvevs da swored
es moZraobaa i deni.
881
882 Tavi 26 deni da winaRoba
26.2. eleqtruli deni

eleqtruli deni moZravi muxtebis nakadia, magram eleqtrul
dens yvela moZravi muxti ar Seadgens. Tu mocemul zedapirSi
eleqtruli deni gadis, masSi muxtis dinebasac unda hqondes
adgili. ori magaliTi yvelafers cxadyofs:
1. Tavisufali eleqtronebi (gamtarobis eleqtronebi) izoli sur. 26.2. gamtarSi gamavali i
rebul spilenZis mavTulSi 106 m/wm rigis siCqariT uwesrigod denis mniSvneloba aa´, bb´ da cc´
sibrtyeebze Tanabaria.
moZraoben. Tu msgavs mavTulze hipoTetur sibrtyes gaavlebT,
wamSi mravali miliardi gamtarobis eleqtroni orive mimarTulebiT gaivlis, magram muxtis
jamuri gadacema ar moxdeba da, maSasadame, mavTulSi deni ar gaivlis. Tu mavTulis boloebs
batareasTan SeaerTebT, dineba erTi mimarTulebiT moimatebs, amjerad moxdeba muxtis
gadatana (transportireba) da mavTulSi eleqtruli deni gaivlis.
2. milSi gamavali wyali wamSi ramdenime milioni kuloni tempiT moZrav dadebiT muxts (wylis
molekulebis protonebs) asaxavs. muxtis jamuri gadatana ar xdeba, vinaidan zustad igive
raodenobis uaryofiTi muxti (wylis molekulebis eleqtronebi) igive mimarTulebiT
paralelurad moZraobs.
am paragrafSi mxolod gamtarobis eleqtronebis uwyvet dens ganvixilavT, romelic spilenZis
mavTulis magvar liTonis gamtarebSi moZraobs.
26.1a suraTi gvaxsenebs, rom Warbi muxtis arsebobis miuxedavad nebismieri izolirebuli gamtari
konturis potenciali yvelgan erTi da igivea. zedapirSi an zedapiris gaswvriv eleqtruli
veli ar arsebobs. gamtarobis eleqtronebi arsebobs, magram maTze jamuri eleqtruli Zala ar
moqmedebs da, maSasadame, deni ar gvaqvs.
26.1b suraTze konturSi batareaa Casmuli da gamtar konturs erTi da igive potenciali ara aqvs.
amjerad eleqtruli veli konturis nivTierebis SigniT gamtarobis eleqtronebze moqmedebs,
maT amoZravebs da, maSasadame, denis warmoqmnas iwvevs. mcire drois Semdeg eleqtronis dineba
mudmivi xdeba da deni mdgrad mdgomareobaSia (droSi ar icvleba).
26.2 suraTze naCvenebia deniani gamtari konturis monakveTi,
romelSic deni moZraobs. Tu dt droSi hipoTetur sibrtyeSi
(magaliTad, aa´) dq muxti gadis, maSin am sibrtyeSi gamavali i
denia:
dq
i= (denis gansazRvreba) (26.1)
dt
0-dan t drois SualedSi sibrtyeSi gasuli muxtis integrebis
Sedegad gamoiTvleba:
q= dq = i dt , (26.2)
sadac i deni SeiZleba icvlebodes droSi.

mdgrad mdgomareobaSi deni aa´, bb´ da cc´ sibrtyeebisTvis
Tanabaria da maT mdebareobas an mimarTulebas mniSvneloba ar
aqvs. amgvari Sedegi muxtis Senaxvis kanonidan gamomdinareobs.
mdgrad mdgomareobaSi eleqtronma cc´ sibrtyeSi gasuli yve
la eleqtronisTvis aa´ sibrtye unda gaiaros. aseTive prin
cipiT wylis mdgradi dinebis dros milSi Sesuli nebismieri sur. 26.3. i0 = i1 + i2 formula
yvela a gadasasvlelisTvis mar
wveTisTvis milidan wveTi unda gamovides. wylis raodenoba Tebulia da sami mavTulis mimar
milSi ucvlelia. Tulebas sivrceSi mniSvneloba ar
SI sistemaSi denis erTeulia kuloni/wami anu amperi (a): aqvs. deni skalaruli sididea.
26.2. eleqtruli deni 883
1 amperi = 1a = 1 kuloni/wami = 1k/wm
29-e TavSi amperis formaluri gansazRvrebaa mocemuli.
26.1 formulis Tanaxmad deni skalaruli sididea, vinaidan am formulaSi muxti da dro skalaria.
miuxedavad amisa, dens xSirad warmovadgenT isriT, raTa moZravi muxti avsaxoT (26.1b suraTi).
msgavsi isrebi veqtors ar asaxavs da maT veqtoruli Sekreba ar esaWiroeba. 26.3a suraTze
naCvenebia i0 denis mqone gamtari. deni gadasasvlelze or ganStoebad iyofa. vinaidan muxti
inaxeba, orive ganStoebaSi denis sidide ikribeba da gamtaris dens viRebT:
i0 = i1 + i2 (26.3)
26.3b suraTze Cans, rom mavTulebis gadaxra an mimarTulebis Secvla 26.3 formulis
marTebulobaze gavlens ar axdens. denis isrebi gamtaris gaswvriv dinebis mimarTulebas
gviCvenebs da ara mimarTulebas sivrceSi.
denis mimarTuleba
26.1b suraTze gamosaxuli denis isrebi eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebiT konturSi moZravi
dadebiTi damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraobis mimarTulebas asaxavs. amgvar nawilakebs dadebiTi
muxtis gadamtanebs uwodeben da isini batareis dadebiTi momWeridan uaryofiTi momWerisken
moZraoben. sinamdvileSi, 26.1b suraTze gamosaxul spilenZis konturSi muxtis gadamtanebi
Tavisufali eleqtronebia da isini uaryofiTad aris damuxtuli. aqedan gamomdinare, eleq
truli veli maT denis isris sawinaaRmdegod moZraobas aiZulebs da eleqtronebi uaryofiTi
momWeridan dadebiTisken gadaadgildeba. istoriuli mizezebis gamo Semdegi SeTanxmeba
arsebobs:
denis isris mimarTuleba dadebiTi muxtis gadamtanebis mimarTulebas asaxavs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom muxtis gadamtanebi uaryofiTi nawilakebia da isini sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZraoben.
amgvari SeTanxmeba umetes SemTxvevaSi gamarTlebulia, vinaidan muxtis dadebiTi gadamtanebis

SesaZlo moZraoba igive Sedegs moitanda, rac muxtis uaryofiTi gadamtanebis realur moZraobas
moaqvs (rodesac Sedegi gansxvavebulia, SeTanxmebas varRvevT da namdvil moZraobas avsaxavT).
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia wredis

nawili. risi tolia i denis sidide da mimarTuleba qveda
marjvena mavTulSi?

wyali sarwyav milSi miedineba da moculobis raodenobis saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
dinebis tempia dV/dt = 450 sm3/wm. risi tolia
uaryofiTi muxtis deni?
(
i =
eleqtronis
muxti )( eleqtronebis raode
noba molekulaSi )(wamSi moleku
)
lebis raodenoba
dN
amoxsna: uaryofiTi muxtis i deni milSi anu i = (e)(10)  .
dt
gamavali wylis molekulebis eleqtronebiTaa
molekulaSi 10 eleqtronia, vinaidan wylis
gamowveuli. deni milis mkveT nebismier
(H2O) molekula Jangbadis atomSi 8 eleqtrons
sibrtyeSi uaryofiTi muxtis gavlis
Seicavs, xolo wyalbadis or atomSi TiTo-
tempia. aqedan gamomdinare, deni sibrtyeSi
TiTo eleqtrons.
wamis ganmavlobaSi gasuli molekulebis
dN/dt tempi dV/dt moculobis dinebis tempis es Sedegi i-s formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros: dV
i = 10eNA M–1ρmass  .
( ) = ( )( )
molekulebi molekulebi molis raodenoba dt
wamSi molSi masis erTeulSi NA = 6,02×1023 molekula/moli anu 6,02×1023
moli–1 da ρmass = 1000 kg/m3. wylis moluri masas
( masa moculobis
erTeulSi )( moculoba
wamSi ) F damatebis saSualebiT gavigebT. Jangbadis
molur (16 g/moli) masas wyalbadis moluri
`molekulebi molSi~ NA avogadros ricxvia.
masis (1 g/moli) orze namravls davumatebT da
`moli masis erTeulSi~ wylis M moluri masis
18 g/mols anu 0,018 kg/mols miviRebT:
sididis Sebrunebulia, `masa moculobis
i = (10)(1,6×10–19 k)(6,02×1023 moli–1)
erTeulSi~ wylis ρ masuri simkvrivea.
×(0,018 kg/moli)–1(1000 kg/m3)(45×10–6 m3/wm)
moculoba wamSi dV/dt moculobis dinebis
= 2,41×107k/wm = 2,41×107 a = 24,1 mga (pasuxi)
tempia. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare
uaryofiTi muxtis dens wylis molekulis sami
miviRebT:
( )  ( )
atomis birTvTan dakavSirebuli dadebiTi
dN 1 dV N ρ dV
 = NA  ρ  = A mass    . muxtis deni akompensirebs da milSi muxtis
dt M mass dt M dt
jamur dinebas adgili ar aqvs.
26.3. denis simkvrive

zogjer konkretul gamtarSi gasuli i deni gvainteresebs, xolo sxva dros gamtaris garkveul

wertilze gakeTebul ganiv kveTze gamavali muxti. dinebis aRwerisTvis J denis simkvrives
viyenebT, romlis mimarTuleba moZravi muxtebis mimarTulebas emTxveva, Tu muxtebi dadebiTia
da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa, Tu muxtebi uaryofiTia. ganivi kveTis yoveli elementisTvis
J sidide am elementis farTobSi gasuli denis tolia. elementSi gasuli denis raodenobaa
  
J ⋅ dA, sadac dA aris elementis farTobis veqtori da am elementis perpendikularulia.
zedapirSi gasuli mTliani denia:
 
i = J ⋅ dA . (26.4)
  
Tu deni zedapiris gaswvriv mudmivia da dA -s paraleluria, maSin J -c mudmivia da aseve dA -s
paraleluria. am SemTxvevaSi, 26.4 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
i = J dA = J  dA = JA,
i
anu J =  . (26.5)
A
sadac A aris mTliani zedapiris farTobi. 26.4 da 26.5 formulebidan Cans, rom SI sistemaSi denis
simkvrivis erTeuli a/m2.
22-e paragrafSi vixileT, rom eleqtruli velis warmodgena
velis Zalwirebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. 26.4 suraTze naCvenebia
denis simkvrivis wirebiT warmodgenis meTodi. am wirebs dinebis
wirebi ewodeba. 26.4 suraTze marjvnisken moZravi deni marcxniv
ganlagebuli farTo gamtaridan marjvniv ganlagebuli viwro
gamtarisken gadaadgildeba. moZraobis dros muxti inaxeba da,
maSasadame, denis sidide ar icvleba. miuxedavad amisa, denis
simkvrive icvleba – viwro gamtarSi ufro metia. dinebis wirebs
Soris dacilebis Semcireba denis simkvrivis (denis wirebis
sur. 26.4. dinebis wirebi gam sixSiris) zrdas asaxavs da mWidrod ganlagebuli dinebis wirebi
tarSi muxtis dinebisas denis
denis met simkvriveze mianiSnebs.
simkvrives asaxavs.
26.3. denis simkvrive 885
dinebis siCqare
rodesac gamtarSi deni ar gadis, misi gamtarobis eleqtronebi
uwesrigod moZraoben da arc erTi mimarTulebiT jamuri
moZraoba ar gvaqvs. rodesac gamtarSi deni gadis, gamtarobis
eleqtronebi kvlav mouwesrigeblad moZraoben, magram
amjerad maT denis gamomwvevi eleqtruli velis sawinaaRmdego
sur. 26.5. dadebiTi
 muxtis
mimarTulebiT νd dinebis siCqare aqvT. dinebis siCqare matareblebi E eleqtruli ve
mouwesrigebeli moZraobis siCqareebTan SedarebiT mcirea. lis mimarTulebiT νd siCqariT
moZraoben.
 SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad
magaliTad, saxlis pirobebSi gamoyenebul spilenZis mavTulSi
J denis simkvrive da denis isari
eleqtronis dinebis siCqare savaraudod 10–5 an 10–4 m/wm-ia, maSin erTi da igive mimarTulebisaa.
rodesac mouwesrigebeli moZraobis siCqare 106 m/wm-s aRwevs.
26.5 suraTis daxmarebiT mavTulSi gamavali denis gamtarobis eleqtronebis νd dinebis siCqare
mavTulSi denis simkvrivis J sididesTan SegviZlia davakavSiroT. simartivisTvis, 26.5 suraTze

E eleqtruli velis mimarTulebiT moZravi muxtis dadebiTi matareblebis eqvivalenturi
dinebaa gamosaxuli. davuSvaT, muxtis matareblebi Tanabari νd dinebis siCqariT moZraoben da
mavTulis A farTobis ganivi kveTis gaswvriv denis J simkvrive Tanabaria. mavTulis L sigrZeze
gamavali muxtis matareblebis raodenobaa nAL, sadac n aris matareblebis raodenoba moculobis
erTeulSi. L sigrZeze e muxtis mqone matareblebis mTliani muxtia:
q = (nAL)e.
muxtis matareblebi mavTulis gaswvriv νd siCqariT moZraoben da es jamuri muxti mavTulis

ganivkveTSi drois Semdeg SualedSi gaivlis:
L
t =  .
vd
26.1 formulis Tanaxmad i deni ganivi kveTis gaswvriv muxtis gadacemis tempia da, maSasadame,
gveqneba:
q nALe
i = = =  nAev d . (26.6)
t L/v d
νd-sTvis amoxsna da 26.5 formulis (J = i/A) mogvcems:
i J
vd = =  
nAe ne
veqtorul formaSi:

J = (ne) .
d (26.7)
SI sistemaSi ne namravlis erTeulia kuloni/m3 da mas muxtis matareblis simkvrive ewodeba.


dadebiTi muxtis matareblebisTvis ne dadebiTia da 26.7 formulidan gamomdinare J -s da d-s
mimarTuleba erTmaneTs emTxveva. uaryofiTi muxtis matareblebis SemTxvevaSi ne uaryofiTia
da veqtorebis mimarTulebac urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia mavTulSi


marcxnisken moZravi gamtarobis eleqtronebi. a) i deni, b) J

denis simkvrive da g) mavTulSi moqmedi E eleqtruli veli
marcxniskenaa mimarTuli Tu marjvnisken?

a) R = 2 mm radiusis cilindruli mavTulis
denis simkvrive mavTulis ganivkveTze Tana
baria da J = 2×105 a/m2. ra deni gadis mavTulis
gare monakveTze R/2 da R radialur manZilebs
Soris (sur. 26.6a)?
amoxsna: vinaidan ganiv kveTze denis simkvrive
Tanabaria, J denis simkvrive, i deni da ganivi
kveTis A farTobi erTmaneTs 26.5 formuliT
(J=i/A) ukavSirdeba. Cven mxolod mavTulis sur. 26.6. a) R radiusis mavTulis ganivi kveTi. b) Txeli
wris siganea dr, xolo sigrZea 2πr. aqedan gamomdinare
A´ Semcirebul ganivkveTSi gamavali denis misi diferencialuri farobia dA=2πrdr.
gamoTvla gvinda, sadac:
( R2 ) = π ( 3R4 )
2 2
A´ = πR2 – π 
(mavTulis ganivi kveTis perpendikularulad)
3π
= (0,002 m)2 = 9,424×10–6 m2. erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvT. amitom
4
gveqneba:
26.5 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:  
i = JA´ J ⋅ dA = J dA cos 0 = J dA
Semdeg monacemebi CavsvaT da miviRebT: dA diferencialuri farTobi raime iseTi
i = (2×105 a/m2)(9,424×10–6 m2) = 1,9 a (pasuxi) sididiT unda SevcvaloT, romlis integrebas
mocemul arealSi SevZlebT. umartivesi
b) amjerad denis simkvrive ganiv kveTze r
Secvla 2πr sigrZis da dr siganis viwro
radialur manZilTan erTad J = ar2 damo
rgolis (sur. 26.6b) 2πr dr farTobiT SeiZleba
kidebulebiT icvleba, sadac a = 3×1011 a/m4 da r
metrebSia mocemuli. amjerad ra deni gaivlis
(vinaidan J mocemulia r-is funqciis saxiT). am
SemTxvevaSi, integrebis cvladad r-s aviRebT
mavTulis igive gare monakveTze?
da 26.4 formula mogvcems:
amoxsna: vinaidan denis simkvrive mavTulis
 
ganiv kveTze Tanabari ar aris, 26.4 formulaze i =  J ⋅ dA =   J dA
 
(i= J ⋅ dA ) gadasvla da mavTulis r=R/2-dan
[ ]
r4 R
r=R-mde monakveTisTvis denis simkvrivis =   ar2 2πr dr = 2πa 

4 R/2
[ ]
 πa R4 15
integrebaa saWiro. denis simkvrivis J =    R4 – =   πaR4
2 16 32
veqtors (mavTulis sigrZis gaswvriv) da 15

diferencialuri farTobis dA veqtors =   π (3×1011 a/m4)(0,002 m)4 = 7,1 a. (pasuxi)
32

risi tolia r = 900 mkm radiusis spilenZis ukavSirdeba, romelic ase SeiZleba
mavTulSi gamtarobis eleqtronebis dinebis Caiweros: J = neνd .
siCqare, rodesac mavTulSi i = 17 ma mudmivi 2. vinaidan denis simkvrive mudmivia, misi J
denia? dauSviT, rom spilenZis TiToeuli sidide i mocemul densa da mavTulis zomas
atomi dens erT gamtarobis eleqtrons awvdis 26.5 formuliT ukavSirdeba (J = i/A, sadac
da mavTulis ganiv kveTze denis simkvrive A aris mavTulis ganivi kveTis farTobi).
mudmivia.
3. vinaidan atomze erTi gamtarobis eleq
amoxsna: troni modis, moculobis erTeulSi

1. νd dinebis siCqare J denis simkvrivesa da gamtarobis eleqtronebis n raodenoba
moculobis erTeulSi gamtarobis eleq moculobis erTeulSi atomebis raode
tronebis n raodenobas 26.7 formuliT nobis tolia.
26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba 887
daviwyoT mesame punqtiT da davweroT: A-s nacvlad πr2 (= 2,54×10–6 m2) CavsvaT da νd-
( ) ( )( )( )
atomebi atomebi molebi masa sTvis amovxsnaT:
n = moculobis  = masis moculobis
molSi erTeulze erTeulze i
erTeulSi νd =
ne(πr2)
atomebis raodenoba molSi avogadros ric
xvia da NA = 6,02×1023 moli–1. molebi masis er 17×10–3 a
=
(8,49×10 m )(1,6×10–19 k)(2,54×10–6 m2)
28 –3
Teulze am SemTxvevaSi spilenZis M moluri
masis Sebrunebuli sididea. masa moculobis = 4,9×10–7 m/wm ≈ 1,8 mm/sT. (pasuxi)
erTeulze spilenZis ρ simkvrivea. aqedan 1,8 mm/sT (miRebuli siCqare) lokokinisTvis
gamomdinare: Tu gamodgeba.
( ) 
1 N ρ SesaZloa gagiCndeT SekiTxva: `Tu eleqtronebi
ρ = A  .
n = NA 
M M ase nela gadaadgildeba, ratom irTveba oTaxSi
spilenZis M moluri masa da ρ simkvrive F sinaTle ase swrafad?~. gaugebrobis mizezi
damatebidan aviRoT da erTeulebis gardaqmnis isaa, rom erTmaneTSi vurevT eleqtronebis
Semdeg miviRebT: dinebis siCqares da eleqtruli velis
mavTulis gaswvriv gadaadgilebis siCqares.
(6,02×1023 mol–1)(8,96×103 kg/m3)
n =  . es ukanaskneli TiTqmis sinaTlis siCqaris
63,54×10–3 kg/mol
tolia. eleqtronebi mavTulSi da, maT Soris,
= 8,49×1028 eleqtroni/m3
naTuraSi erTdroulad iwyeben denas. aseve,
anu n = 8,49×10 m .28  –3
rodesac sarwyav mils gaxsniT, wnevis talRa
Semdeg zemoT moyvanili pirveli ori punqti milis gaswvriv wyalSi bgeris siCqariT
gavaerTianoT da davweroT: gadaadgildeba, xolo Tavad wylis moZraobis
siCqare sakmaod mcirea.
i
 = nevd .
A
26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba

Tu spilenZis da minis geometriulad identur Reroebs potencialTa sxvaobas movdebT,
TiToeulSi miRebuli deni sruliad gansxvavebuli iqneba. gamtaris maxasiaTebels eleqtruli
winaRoba ewodeba. gamtaris nebismier or wertils Soris moqmed winaRobas am wertilebs Soris
V potencialTa sxvaobis modebiT da Sedegad miRebuli i denis gazomviT ganvsazRvravT. am
SemTxvevaSi, R winaRobaa:
V
R =   (R-is gansazRvreba) (26.8.)
i
SI sistemaSi winaRobis erTeuli 26.8 formulidan gamomdinareobs da aris volti/amperi. amgvari
kombinacia Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba da amitom specialuri saxeli – omia SemoRebuli:
1omi = 1Ω = 1 volti/amperi = 1 v/a (26.9)
gamtars, romelic wredSi garkveul winaRobas
warmoqmnis, rezistori ewodeba (ix. 26.7 sura
Ti). wredis sqematuri gamosaxvisas rezistors
da winaRobas simboloTi warmovadgenT. Tu
26.8 formulas Semdegi saxiT CavwerT:
V
i= .
R
gamoCndeba, rom `winaRoba~ Sesaferisi dasa
xelebaa. mocemuli potencialTa sxvaobis Sem sur. 26.7. rezistorebis asortimenti. rezis
torebze gakeTebuli rkalebi winaRobis mniSvne
TxvevaSi rac ufro metia winaRoba (denisadmi), lobas miuTiTeben
miT ufro naklebia deni.
gamtaris winaRoba potencialTa sxvaobis modebis saxeobazea

damokidebuli. magaliTad, 26.8 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da
igive gamtarze ori sxvadasxva meTodiT modebuli poten
cialTa sxvaoba. denis simkvrivis mimarTulebis wirebi
gvamcnoben, rom deni da, maSasadame, winaRoba orive Sem
sur. 26.8. gamtar Reroze poten TxvevaSi gansxvavebulia. SemdgomSi davuSvebT, rom nebismieri
cialTa sxvaobis modebis ori me
potencialTa sxvaoba 26.8b suraTis msgavsad aris modebuli.
Todi. nacrisfer kontaqts umniS
vnelo winaRoba aqvT. rodesac Re Cven xSirad viyenebdiT ganzogadebis meTods da raime
ros boloze mcire regionSi maTi saganze ki ar vakeTebdiT aqcents, aramed nivTierebebze. am
ganlageba a)-s msgavsia, winaRoba SemTxvevaSic raime rezistorze modebul V potencialTa
b) ganlagebaze naklebia. b) ganlage
sxvaobaze ki ar gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, aramed winaRobis
baSi kontaqti Reros mTel bolos 
faravs. nivTierebis wertilze moqmed E eleqtrul velze. rezis

torSi gamavali i denis nacvlad am wertilze arsebul J denis
simkvrives ganvixilavT da sagnis R winaRobis nacvlad nivTierebis ρ kuTr winaRobas SevexebiT:
E
ρ= (ρ-s gansazRvreba) (26.10)
J
(es formula 26.8 formulas SeadareT).
Tu 26.10 formulis mixedviT E-s da J-s SI sistemis erTeulebis gaTvaliswinebiT kuTri winaRobis
erTeuli omi metrze (Ω·m) iqneba:
(E) erTeuli v/m v
= = m = Ω · m  (an omi · m).
(J) erTeuli a/m2 a
(kuTri winaRobis erTeuli ommetrSi ar agerioT, romelic winaRobis gasazomi xelsawyoa). 26.1
cxrilSi CamoTvlilia zogierTi nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba.
cxrili 26.1
zogierTi nivTierebis winaRoba oTaxis temperaturaze (20° C)
winaRobis temperaturuli
nivTiereba winaRoba, ρ (Ω·m)
koeficienti, α (K–1)
tipuri liTonebi
vercxli 1,62×10–8 4,1×10–3
spilenZi 1,69×10–8 4,3×10–3
oqro 2,35×10–8 4×10–3
alumini 2,75×10–8 4,4×10–3
manganumia 4,82×10–8 0,002×10–3
volframi 5,25×10–8 4,5×10–3
rkina 9,68×10–8 6,5×10–3
platina 10,6×10 –8
3,9×10–3
tipuri naxevargamtarebi
siliciumi, sufTa 2,5×103 –70×10–3
siliciumi, n tipisb 8,7×10–4
siliciumi, p tipisg 2,8×10–3
tipuri izolatorebi
mina 1010 – 1014
mdnari kvarci ~1016
a
Senadnobs mcire α unda hqondes
b
fosforis minarevebiT gapoxili sufTa siliciumis muxtis matareblis simkvrivea 1023 m–3
g
aluminis minarevebiT gapoxili sufTa siliciumis muxtis matareblis simkvrivea 1023 m–3
26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba 889
26.10 formula veqtori formiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
 
E = ρJ (26.11)
26.10 da 26.11 formulebi mxolod izotropuli nivTierebebisTvis gamodgeba, romelTa

eleqtruli maxasiaTebeli yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabaria.
Cven xSirad vsaubrobT nivTierebis σ gamtarobaze. gamtaroba kuTri winaRobis Sebrunebuli
sididea:
1
σ = ρ (σ-s gansazRvreba) (26.12)
SI sistemaSi gamtarobis erTeuli kuTri winaRobis erTeulis Sebrunebulia da aris (Ω· m )–1. am
erTeuls xSirad mo metrze uwodeben (mo omis Sebrunebulia). σ-s gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare,
 
J = σ E (26.13)
kuTri winaRobiT winaRobis gamoTvla

sul cota xnis win mniSvnelovani ram gavigeT:
winaRoba sxeulis maxasiaTebelia, xolo kuTri winaRoba _ nivTierebis.
Tu, magaliTad, spilenZis magvari nivTierebis kuTri wina

Roba viciT, am nivTierebisgan damzadebuli mavTulis wina
Robis gamoTvla SegviZlia. davuSvaT, A aris mavTulis ganivi
kveTis farTobi, L – misi sigrZe, xolo mavTulis boloebs
Soris V potencialTa sxvaoba arsebobs (sur. 26.9). Tu
sur. 26.9. L sigrZis da A farTobis
denis simkvrivis amsaxveli dinebis wirebi mavTulis SigniT ganivi kveTis mavTulis boloebze V
Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli, maSin mavTulis nebismieri potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli da i
deni warmoiqmneba.
wertilisTvis eleqtruli veli da denis simkvrive mudmivi
iqneba. 24.42 da 26.5 formulebidan gamomdinare:
E = V/L da J = i/A (26.14)
26.10 da 26.14 formulebi gavaerTianoT da miviRebT:
E V/L
ρ= = (26.15)
J i/A
V/i aris R winaRoba, amitom 26.15 formula Semdegi saxiT
SeiZleba Caiweros:
L
R = ρ (26.16)
A
26.16 formula mxolod Tanabari ganivi kveTis mqone
erTgvarovani, izotropuli gamtarisTvis gamoiyeneba, ro
melzec potencialTa sxvaoba 26.8b suraTis mixedviT aris
modebuli.
V, i da R makroskopuli sidideebi gamtarebze eleqtruli
gazomvebis dros Zalian mniSvnelovania. maTi mniSvnelobebi sur. 26.10. spilenZis kuTri wina
sazom xelsawyoebze pirdapir moCans. E, J da ρ mikroskopul Robis temperaturaze damokidebu
lebis grafiki. grafikze naCvenebi
sidideebze mxolod maSin gadaverTvebiT, rodesac nivTie
wertili aTvlis T0 = 293 K tempera
rebebis fundamenturi eleqtruli maxasiaTeblebi gvain turas da ρ0 = 1,69×10–8 Ω·m kuTr
teresebs. winaRobas asaxavs.

spilenZis sami cilindruli gamtari. daalageT
isini maTSi gamavali denis mixedviT dididan
mcireze, rodesac maT sigrZeebze V Tanabari
potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli.
cvlileba temperaturasTan erTad

umetesi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelobebi temperaturasTan erTad icvleba da kuTri
winaRobac ar aris gamonaklisi. magaliTad, 26.10 suraTze naCvenebia spilenZis kuTri winaRobis
cvlileba farTo temperaturul arealSi. spilenZis da, sazogadod, umetesi liTonebis kuTri
winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiki wrfea. msgavsi wrfivi damokidebulebebis
dros miaxloebiTi formula SeiZleba Caiweros, rac sainJinro miznebisTvis sakmaod gamosadegia:
ρ – ρ0 = ρ0α(T – T0), (26.17)
sadac T0 aris arCeuli aTvlis sawyisi temperatura, xolo ρ0 - kuTri winaRoba am temperaturaze.
Cveulebriv T0 = 293K (oTaxis temperatura) da spilenZis SemTxvevaSi ρ0 = 1,69×10–8 Ω·m.
26.17 formulaSi mxolod temperaturaTa sxvaoba gamoiyeneba, amitom mniSvneloba ar aqvs
celsiusis skalas gamoiyenebT Tu kelvinis skalas. 26.17 formulaSi α sidides kuTri winaRobis
temperaturuli koeficienti ewodeba da misi mniSvneloba temperaturis mocemuli arealisTvis
Catarebuli eqsperimentis SedegTan SesabamisobaSia. 26.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia zogierTi
liTonis α-s mniSvnelobebi.

rkinis marTkuTxa blokis zomebia 1,2 × 1,2 Soris manZili. pirveli ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi
× 15 sm. blokis paralelur gverdebs Soris L = 15 sm = 0,15 m da A = (1,2 sm)2 = 1,44×10–4 m2.
potencialTa sxvaoba ise unda movdoT, rom es Sedegi 26.16 formulaSi CavsvaT, ρ kuTri
es gverdebi ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi winaRoba 26.1 cxrilidan aviRoT da pirveli
gaxdes (sur. 26.8b). risi tolia blokis ganlagebisTvis miviRebT:
kuTri winaRoba, Tu paraleluri gverdebi ρL (9,68×10–8 Ω·m)(0,15 m)
R =  =
1) kvadratebia (1,2 × 1,2 sm zomis) da 2) marT A 1,44×10–4 m2
kuTxedebia (1,2 × 15 sm zomis)? = 1,0×10–4 Ω = 100 mkΩ. (pasuxi)
amoxsna: sagnis R winaRoba saganze eleqtruli
meore ganlagebisTvis L=1,2 sm da A = (1,2 sm)×
potencialis modebis meTodzea damokidebuli.
×(15 sm):
kerZod, 26.16 formulis (R = ρL/A) Tanaxmad
ρL (9,68×10–8 Ω·m)(1,2×10–2 m)
winaRoba L/A fardobazea damokidebuli, R =  =
A 1,8×10–3 m2
sadac A aris potencialTa sxvaobis mqone
= 6,5×10–7 Ω = 0,65 mkΩ. (pasuxi)
zedapirebis farTobi, xolo L – am zedapirebs

26.11 suraTze naCvenebia adamiani da Zroxa, manZilia Δrad = 0,5 m, xolo Zroxis wina da ukana
romlebic I = 100 ka denis mexis dacemis Cliqebs Soris radialuri manZilia ΔrZr=1,5m.
wertilidan D = 60 m radialuri manZiliT miwis kuTri winaRobaa ρmiw = 100Ω·m. adamians
arian daSorebuli. deni dacemis wertilze fexebsa da Zroxis Cliqebs Soris winaRobaa
centrirebul naxevarsferoSi Tanabrad R = 4 kΩ.
vrceldeba. adamianis fexebs Soris radialuri a) ra iad deni gaivlis adamianSi?
26.5. omis kanoni 891
amoxsna:
1. mexis dacema miwaSi eleqtrul velsa da
eleqtrul potencials aCens.
2. vinaidan adamianis erTi fexi mexis dacemis
wertilTan ufro axlosaa, adamianze ΔV
potencialTa sxvaoba Cndeba.
3. Sedegad adamianSi iad deni gaivlis.
mexis I deni miwis naxevarsferoSi Tanabrad
vrceldeba da dacemis wertilidan nebismier
r radiusze denis simkvrive 26.5 formulis sur. 26.11. mexidan momavali deni miwaSi Tanabarad
(J = i/A) saSualebiT gamoiTvleba: vrceldeba da mexis dacemis wertilidan D manZiliT
daSorebul adamiansa da Zroas miaRwevs. denisgan
I
J = , (26.18) momavali safrTxe Δr manZilzea damokidebuli.
2πr2
sadac 2πr2 aris naxevarsferos mrudi zeda miviRebT:
piris farTobi. 26.10 formulidan (ρ = E/J) V ρmiw I Δr 1
i= = 2π   . (26.22)
gamomdinare, eleqtruli velis sididea: R D(D+Δr) R
ρmiw I
E = ρmiw J = 2πr2 . (26.19) cnobili monacemebis Casmis (maT Soris
  Δrad = 0,5 m) Semdeg adamianSi gamaval dens
∫
26.18 formula (ΔV = – E ⋅ ds ) D da D+Δr
gamovTvliT:
radialur manZilebze ganlagebul wertilebs (100 Ω·m)(100 ka) 0,5 m 1
Soris ΔV potencialTa sxvaobas gvaZlevs: iad =
2π (60 m)(60 m + 0,5 m) 4 kΩ
ΔV = – E dr. (26.20)
= 0,0548 a = 54,8 ma. (pasuxi)
26.19 formula am integralSi CavsvaT da
amgvari denis gavlis dro kunTebi uneburad
integrebis Sedegad potencialTa sxvaoba
ikumSeba. adamiani daecema, Tumca gonze
gamovTvaloT:
mosvlas maleve SeZlebs. yuradReba miaqcieT,
ΔV = –
ρmiw I ρmiw I 1
2πr2  dr = – 2πr2 – r [ ] . rom rodesac fexebs Soris Δr manZili mcirea,
( ) ( )
denis sidide mcirdeba.
ρmiw I 1 1 ρI Δr
= 2π D+Δr – = – 2π D(D+Δr)
(26.21)
b) ra iZr deni gaivlis ZroxaSi?
D
Tu adamianis erTi fexi mexis dacemis amoxsna: logika kvlav 26.22 formulamde
wertilidan D radialur manZilzea, xolo migviyvans, oRond amjerad Δr-is nacvlad
meore fexi – D+Δr radialur manZilze, ΔrZr=1,5 m gvaqvs. amgvari mniSvnelobis dros
maSin fexebs Soris ΔV potencialTa sxvaoba ZroxaSi gamavali denia:
26.21 formuliT gamoiTvleba. swored es ΔV
iZr = 0,162 a = 162 ma (pasuxi)
sxvaoba iwvevs adamianSi iad denis gavlis. am
denis gamoTvlisTvis 26.8 formula (R=V/i) miRebuli pasuxi sasikvdiloa. Zroxas miwis
gamoviyenoT, sadac V potencialTa sxvaobis denisgan ufro meti safrTxe emuqreba,
sididea. 26.8 formulaSi V-s nacvlad 26.21 vinaidan Δr metia. Zroxas bunebrivia fexebis
formuliT gamoiTvlili ΔV CavsvaT da dens Setyupeba da safrTxis Semcireba ar SeuZlia.
26.5. omis kanoni

rogorc 26.4 paragrafSi ganvixileT, rezistori garkveuli winaRobis mqone gamtaria. modebuli
potencialTa sxvaobis sididis da mimarTulebis (polarobis) miuxedavad. misi winaRoba ar
icvleba. sxva gamtari mowobilobebis winaRobebi ki potencialTa sxvaobis Secvlis Sedegad
SesaZloa Seicvalos.
26.12a suraTze naCvenebia rogor gavarCioT amgvari

mowyobilobebi. Sesamowmebel mowyobilobaze V poten
cialTa sxvaobaa modebuli da V-s sididisa da polarobis
cvlilebasTan erTad i miRebuli deni izomeba. V-s
polaroba pirobiTad dadebiTadaa miCneuli, rodesac
mowyobilobis marcxena momWeris potenciali marjvenaze
metia. Sedegad miRebul dens (marcxnidan marjvniv) plius
niSani aqvs miniWebuli. V-s sawinaaRmdego polaroba
(rodesac marjvena momWeris potenciali ufro metia) am
SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTia da Sedegad miRebul densac minus
niSani aqvs miniWebuli.
26.12b suraTze naCvenebia erTi mowyobilobis i-s V-ze
damokidebulebis grafiki. grafiki aTvlis saTaveze
gamavali wrfea da V-s yvela mniSvnelobisTvis i/V fardoba
erTi da igivea. es niSnavs, rom mowyobilobis R=V/i
winaRoba modebuli V potencialTa sxvaobis sididesa da
polarobaze damokidebuli ar aris.
26.12g suraTze naCvenebia sxva gamtari mowyobilobis
grafiki. deni mowyobilobaSi mxolod maSin arsebobs,
rodesac V-s polaroba dadebiTia da potencialTa sxvaoba
1,5v-ze metia. denis arsebobis pirobebSi i-a da V-s Soris
sur. 26.12. a) V potencialTa sxvaoba kavSiri wrfivi ar aris. es kavSiri mxolod V potencialTa
mowyobilobebis momWerebzea mode sxvaobis mniSvnelobazea damokidebuli.
buli da i deni warmoiqmneba. b) i de
nis V potencialTa sxvaobaze damo ori saxeobis mowyobilobas erTmaneTisgan gavarCevT, Tu
kidebulebis grafiki, rodesac mo vityviT, rom erTi emorCileba omis kanons, xolo meore
wyobiloba 1000 Ω-iani rezistoria. ara.
g) igive grafiki pn naxevargamtaruli
diodisTvis. omis kanonis Tanaxmad mowyobilobaSi gamavali
deni yovelTvis potencialTa sxvaobis pirdapir
proporciulia.
(amgvari mtkiceba mxolod garkveul mdgomareobebSia swori. miuxedavad amisa, istoriuli

mizezebis gamo, mas mainc `kanons~ vuwodebT). 26.12b suraTze gamosaxuli mowyobiloba
(1000 Ω-iani rezistori) omis kanons emorCileba, xolo 26.12g suraTze gamosaxuli mowyobiloba
(pn diodi) ara.
gamtari mowyobiloba omis kanons maSin emorCileba, rodesac misi winaRoba modebuli
potencialTa sxvaobis sididesa da polarobaze damokidebulis ar aris.
Tanamedrove mikroeleqtronika da, saerTod, teqnologiuri civilizacia, TiTqmis mTlianad

imgvar mowyobilobebzea damokidebuli, romlebic omis kanons ar emorCileba. amis kargi
magaliTi kalkulatoria.
xSirad daoben, rom V = iR formula omis kanonia. ar aris marTali! es formula winaRobis
ganmsazRvrelia da yvela mowyobilobisTvis gamoiyeneba, miuxedavad imisa, emorCileba es
mowyobiloba omis kanons Tu ara. Tu nebismier mowyobilobaSi gamaval i dens da modebul V
potencialTa sxvaobas gamovTvliT, misi winaRoba iqneba R = V/I. omis kanonis Tanaxmad i-s V-ze
damokidebulebis funqcia wrfivia anu R ar aris damokidebuli V-ze.
omis kanonis ufro zogad formas miviRebT, Tu aqcents gamtari mowyobilobebis nacvlad gamtar
 
nivTierebebze gavakeTebT. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania 26.11 formula ( E = pJ ), romelic
V = iR formulas Seesabameba.
26.6. omis kanonis mikroskopuli ganxilva 893
gamtari nivTiereba omis kanons maSin emorCileba, rodesac nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba
modebuli eleqtruli velis sididesa da mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris.
yvela erTgvarovani nivTiereba, iqneba es spilenZis magvari gamtari Tu sufTa siliciumis

magvari naxevargamtari, eleqtruli velis garkveuli mniSvnelobebis arealSi omis kanons
emorCileba. Tu veli metismetad Zlieria, omis kanoni irRveva.
sakontrolo wertili 4. cxrilSi mocemulia pirveli meore

mowyobiloba mowyobiloba
or mowyobilobaSi gamavali i deni (amperebSi) V
V i V i
potencialTa sxvaobebisTvis (voltebSi). romeli
2 4,5 2 1,5
mowyobiloba ar emorCileba omis kanons?
3 6,75 3 2,2
4 9 4 2,8
26.6. omis kanonis mikroskopuli ganxilva

ratom aris samarTliani nivTierebebisTvis omis kanoni? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
gamtarobis procesis detalebs atomur doneze unda davakvirdeT. am SemTxvevaSi gamtarobas
mxolod liTonebSi, kerZod spilenZSi ganvixilavT. Cveni analizi Tavisufali eleqtronis
models efuZneba, romelSic vuSvebT, rom liTonis gamtarobis eleqtronebi daxurul
WurWelSi moTavsebuli airis molekulebis msgavsad Tavisuflad moZraoben. aseve vuSvebT, rom
eleqtronebi mxolod liTonis atomebs ejaxebian da ara erTmaneTs.
klasikuri fizikis Tanaxmad eleqtronebs airis molekulebis msgavsad maqsvelis ganawilebis
siCqare (paragrafi 19.7.) unda hqondeT da, maSasadame, eleqtronis saSualo siCqare
temperaturazea damokidebuli. miuxedavad amisa, eleqtronebis moZraobas klasikuri fizika
ki ar aregulirebs, aramed kvanturi fizika. kvantur realobasTan ufro miaxloebuli daSveba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom liTonis gamtarobis eleqtronebi νef efeqturi siCqariT moZraoben da
siCqare temperaturaze damokidebuli ar aris. spilenZis
SemTxvevaSi νef ≈ 1,6×106 m/wm.
rodesac liTonze eleqtruli veli moqmedebs, eleq
tronebis mouwesrigebeli moZraoba icvleba da isini
velis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT νd dreifis magvari
dinebis siCqariT nela moZraoben. 26.3 amocanis amoxsnis
nimuSSi Canda, rom liTonis tipur gamtarSi dinebis siCqare
(5×10–7 m/wm) efeqtur siCqareze (1,6×106 m/wm) bevrad
naklebia. 26.13 suraTze am or siCqares Soris damoki
debulebaa naCvenebi. nacrisferi xazebi eleqtronis
traeqtorias asaxaven, rodesac eleqtruli veli ar
sur. 26.13. nacrisferi xazebi A-dan
moqmedebs. aseT dros eleqtroni A-dan B-sken gadaad B-sken moZrav eleqtrons asaxaven,
gildeba da gzad eqvs Sejaxebas ganicdis. mwvane xazebi romelic gzad eqvs Sejaxebs ganic
 dis. mwvane
igive movlenas E eleqtruli velis pirobebSi asaxaven.  xazebi eleqtronis gadaad
gilebas E eleqtruli velis arsebobis
amjerad eleqtroni ufro marjvnisken gadaadgildeba pirobebSi aRweren.
 yuradReba miaqcieT,
da B´ wertilze Cerdeba. 26.13 suraTze daSvebulia, rom rom moZraoba – E mimarTulebiT xdeba
(sinamdvileSi, eleqtruli velis
νd ≈ 0,02νef. miuxedavad amisa, namdvili mniSvneloba ufro
arsebobis pirobebSi Sejaxebebs Soris
νd ≈ (10–13)νef-s uaxlovdeba da aqedan gamomdinare suraTi eleqtronis traeqtoriis aRsawerad
Zalian hiperbolizebulia. mwvane xazebi mrudebi unda iyos).
 
E eleqtrul velSi gamtarobis eleqtronebis moZraoba SejaxebebiT da E eleqtruli veliT
gamowveuli moZraobebis kombinaciaa. rodesac yvela Tavisufal eleqtrons ganvixilavT,
maTi saSualo siCqare nulis tolia da isini dinebis siCqareSi monawileobas ar iReben. aqedan
gamomdinare, dinebis siCqare mxolod eleqtronebze moqmedi eleqtruli veliTaa gamowveuli.
Tu m masis eleqtrons E sididis eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT, eleqtroni niutonis meore
kanoniT gansazRvrul aCqarebas SeiZens:
F eE
a= = . (26.23)
m m
gamtarobis eleqtronebis Sejaxebis buneba imgvaria, rom tipuri Sejaxebis Semdeg TiToeul
eleqtrons wina dinebis siCqare àviwydeba~ da mouwesrigebel moZraobas axlidan iwyebs.
Sejaxebebs Soris τ saSualo droSi saSualo eleqtroni νd = aτ dinebis siCqares SeiZens. ufro
metic, Tu yvela eleqtronis dinebis siCqareebs nebismier momentSi gavzomavT, aRmoCndeba, rom
maTi saSualo dinebis siCqarec aτ-is tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismier momentSi anu saSualod
eleqtronis dinebis siCqarea νd = aτ. am SemTxvevaSi 26.23 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
eEτ
νd = aτ =  . (26.24)
m

miRebuli Sedegi 26.7 formulasTan ( J = ne d) gavaerTianoT da miviRebT:
J eEτ
νd =   =  .
ne m
 
E = ( emnτ ) J.
2
Sedegi 26.11 formulas ( E = ρJ  ) SevadaroT da miviRebT:

m
ρ =  2  . (26.25)
e nτ
26.25 formulis Tanaxmad liTonebisaTvis omis kanoni samarTliania, Tu maTi ρ kuTri winaRoba

ucvlelia da E eleqtruli velis sidideze damokidebuli ar aris. vinaidan n, m da e sidideebi
mudmivebia, vrwmundebiT, rom Sejaxebebs Soris τ saSualo dro (saSualo Tavisufali dro)
mudmivia da eleqtruli velis sidideze damokidebuli ar aris. marTlac τ mudmivad SegviZlia
miviCnioT, radgan veliT gamowveuli νd dinebis siCqare namdvil νef siCqareze bevrad naklebia da
eleqtronis siCqareze (maSasadame τ-ze) veli gavlenas TiTqmis ar axdens.

a) risi tolia spilenZis gamtarobis eleq spilenZis moculobis erTeulSi gamtarobis
tronebis Sejaxebebs Soris τ saSualo Tavi eleqtronebis n raodenobas 26.3 amocanis
sufali dro? amoxsnis nimuSidan viRebT, xolo ρ-s mniS
amoxsna: spilenZisaTvis τ saSualo Tavisu vnelobas – 26.1 cxrilidan. amis Semdeg wila
fali dro TiTqmis mudmivia da eleqtrul dis mniSvneli mogvcems:
velze damokidebuli ar aris. aqedan gamom (8,49×1018 m–3)(1,6×10–19 k)2(1,69×10–8 Ω· m )
dinare, eleqtruli velis raime mniSvnelobis = 3,67×10–17 k 2 ·Ω/ m 2  = 3,67×10–17 kg/wm,
ganxilva saWiro ar aris. vinaidan eleqtruli sadac erTeulebi Semdegi saxiT gardavqmeniT:
k 2 ·Ω k 2 · v k 2 · j/k kg· m2 /wm2 kg
velis moqmedebis qveS moqceuli spilenZis  =  2  =  2  =  =
m2 m ·a m · k/wm m 2 /wm wm
ρ kuTri winaRoba τ-zea damokidebuli, τ
miRebuli Sedegebis da eleqtronis m masis
saSualo Tavisufal dros 26.25 formulis
gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
(ρ=m/e2nτ) saSualebiT gamovTvliT:
9,1×10–31 kg
m τ =   =  2,5×10–14 wm. (pasuxi)
τ =  2 . 3,67×10–17 kg/wm
e nρ
26.7. simZlavre eleqtrul wredebSi 895
b) gamtarSi moZravi gamtarobis eleqtronebis siCqariT ganvlili d manZili aris d = νt.
λ saSualo Tavisufali ganarbeni Sejaxebebs spilenZSi moZravi eleqtronebisTvis:
Soris eleqtronis mier ganvlili saSualo λ = νef τ = (1,6×106 m/wm)(2,5×10–14 wm)
manZilia (gaixseneT 19.6 paragrafi da = 4×10–8 m = 40 nm (pasuxi)
airSi moZravi molekulebisTvis saSualo es manZili spilenZis atomebs Soris manZilze
Tavisufali ganarbenis gansazRvreba). risi daaxloebiT 150-jer metia. maSasadame, gamta
tolia spilenZis gamtarobis eleqtronebis λ, robis TiToeuli eleqtroni spilenZis mra
Tu maTi efeqturi siCqarea νef = 1,6×106 m/wm? val atoms Cauvlis gverds, vidre Sejaxeba
amoxsna: t droSi nawilakis mier ν Tanabari moxdeba.
26.7. simZlavre eleqtrul wredebSi

26.14 suraTze naCvenebia umniSvnelo winaRobis mavTuliT gamtar
mowyobilobaze mierTebuli B batarea. mowyobiloba SesaZloa
iyos rezistori, Semnaxveli batarea (dasamuxti batarea),
Zrava an raime sxva eleqtruli mowyobiloba. batarea sakuTar
momWerebsa da, maSasadame, romeliRac mowyobilobis momWerebs
Soris V potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs. a momWerze ufro meti
potencialia, vidre b-ze.
vinaidan batareis momWerebs Soris gare gamtari traeqtoria
arsebobs da vinaidan potencialTa sxvaobas batarea inarCunebs,
wredSi a momWeridan b-sken mimarTuli i deni iqmneba. dt drois sur. 26.14. B batarea ro
meliRac gamtari mowyobi
SualedSi momWerebs Soris gamavali dq muxtia idt. dq muxti mcire
lobis Semcvel wredSi i dens
sididis V potencialisken moZraobs da, maSasadame, eleqtruli warmoqmnis.
potenciuri energia Semdegi raodenobiT mcirdeba:
dU = dq V = i dt V.
energiis Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad eleqtruli potenciuri energiis Semcirebas energiis raime
sxva formaSi gadasvla axlavs Tan. amgvar gadasvlasTan dakavSirebuli P simZlavre gadasvlis
dU/dt tempia da:
P = iV (eleqtruli energiis gadasvlis tempi) (26.26)
ufro metic, P simZlavre batareidan romeliRac mowyobilobaze energiis gadasvlis tempicaa.
Tu es xelsawyo meqanikur tvirTTan dakavSirebuli Zravaa, energia tvirTze Sesrulebuli
muSaobis saxiT gadadis. Tu xelsawyo damuxtuli Semnaxveli batareaa, maSin energia Senaxul
qimiur energias emateba. Tu mowyobiloba rezistoria, maSin energia Sida siTbur energias
emateba da rezistoris temperatura izrdeba.
26.26 formulidan gamomdinare, simZlavris erTeulia volti·amperi (v·a), romelic ase SeiZleba
Caiweros:
( )(1 ) = 1
1 v·a = 1 k
j k
wm
 
j
k  = 1 vt.
rezistorSi mudmivi dinebis siCqaris mqone eleqtronis moZraoba wyalSi mudmivi saboloo
siCqariT Cavardnili qvis moZraobas waagavs. eleqtronis saSualo kinetikuri energia ucvlelia,
xolo dakarguli potenciuri energia rezistoris da garemos siTbur energiaSi gadadis.
mikroskopul skalaze energiis amgvari gadacema eleqtronebsa da rezistoris molekulebs
Soris Sejaxebis Sedegad xdeba, rac rezistoris meseris temperaturas zrdis. siTbur
energiaSi gadasuli meqanikuri energia daxarjulia (dakargulia), vinaidan procesis Sebruneba
SeuZlebelia.
R winaRobis rezistorisTvis an raime sxva mowyobilobisTvis 26.8 (R=V/i) da 26.26 formulebi

SegviZlia gavaerTianoT da winaRobis Sedegad eleqtruli energiis xarjvis temps miviRebT:
P = i2R (winaRobrivi xarjva) (26.27)
anu
V2
P =  (winaRobrivi xarjva) (26.28)
R
gafrTxileba: es ori formula 26.26 formulisgan yuradRebiT unda ganvasxvavoT. P = iV
formula eleqtruli energiis gadacemis yvela saxeobas miesadageba, P = i2R da P = V 2 /R
formulebi ki mxolod eleqtruli potenciuri energiis winaRobis mqone mowyobilobis siTbur
energiaSi gadasvlas.
sakontrolo wertili 5. R winaRobis mqone mowyobilobaze V potencialTa sxvaobaa

mierTebuli da mowyobilobaSi i deni gadis. qvemoT CamoTvlili cvlilebebi winaRobis
Sedegad eleqtruli energiis siTbur energiaSi gadasvlis tempis mixedviT dididan mcireze
daalageT. a) V ormagdeba, R ucvlelia, b) i ormagdeba, R ucvlelia, g) R ormagdeba, V
ucvlelia, d) R ormagdeba, i ucvlelia.

mocemuli gaqvT nikelis, qromis da rkinis meore mdgomareobaSi mavTulis TiToeuli
Senadnobisgan damzadebuli gamaxurebeli naxevris winaRoba mTliani winaRobis naxevaria
mavTuli, romelsac niqromi ewodeba. misi anu 36Ω-ia. aqedan gamomdinare TiToeulis
winaRobaa R = 72Ω. ra tempiT ixarjeba energia naxevrisTvis energiis xarjvis tempia:
TiToeul qvemoT CamoTvlil mdgomareobaSi? ( 120 v) 2
P´ = = 400 vt.
1) mavTulis mTel sigrZeze 120 v potencialTa 36 Ω
sxvaobaa modebuli. 2) mavTuli orad aris orive naxevrisTvis:
gaWrili da TiToeul naxevarze 120 v poten P = 2P´ = 800 vt (pasuxi)
cialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. energiis xarjvis tempi oTxjer meti aR
amoxsna: winaRobis mqone nivTierebaSi denis moCnda mavTulis mTeli sigrZis dros
gasvlis Sedegad meqanikuri energia siTbur igive mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT. aqedan
energiaSi gadadis. gadacemis (xarjvis) tempi gamomdinare, TiTqos Wkvianuria naxevrad
26.26-26.28 formulebiT gamoiTvleba. vinaidan gaWrili gamaxurebeli mavTuli iyido da
V potenciali da R winaRoba viciT, 26.28 Semdeg nawilebi erTmaneTs gadaaba. ratom
formulas viyenebT. pirvel mdgomareobaSi aris sinamdvileSi amgvari gadawyvetileba
gveqneba: arakeTilgonivruli? (ra mouva koWaSi gamaval
V2
( 120 v)
2
dens?)
P = = = 200 vt.  (pasuxi)
R 72 Ω
26.8. naxevargamtarebi
naxevargamtaruli mowyobilobebi sainformacio epoqaSi momxdari mikroeleqtronuli
revoluciis ganuyofeli nawilia. 26.2 cxrilSi erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia siliciumis (tipuri
naxevargamtaris) da spilenZis (liTonis tipuri gamtaris) maxasiaTeblebi. siliciums ufro
naklebi raodenobis muxtis gadamtani, meti winaRoba da didi da uaryofiTi kuTri winaRobis
temperaturuli koeficienti aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, temperaturis gazrdasTan erTad
spilenZis kuTri winaRoba izrdeba, xolo sufTa siliciumis kuTri winaRoba mcirdeba.
26.8. naxevargamtarebi 897
sufTa siliciums didi kuTri winaRoba aqvs, TiTqmis aragamtaria da aqedan gamomdinare
mikroeleqtrul wredebSi pirdapir ar gamoiyeneba. miuxedavad amisa, misi kuTri winaRoba
Zalian mcirdeba, Tu legirebad wodebuli procesis dros Zalian mcire raodenobis `minarev~
atomebs davumatebT. 26.1 cxrilSi naCvenebia legirebamde da legirebis Semdeg siliciumis
kuTri winaRobis mniSvnelobebi.
naxevargamtarebis, aragamtarebisa da liTonis gamtarebis kuTr winaRobebs Soris (da, maSasadame,
gamtarobebs) Soris sxvaoba maTi eleqtronebis energiebiT SeiZleba aixsnas (amisTvis kvanturi
fizika gvesaWiroeba). spilenZis mavTulis magvar liTonis gamtarSi eleqtronebis umetesoba
atomebSi myarad aris Caketili. maTi ganTavisuflebisTvis da eleqtrul denSi monawileobis
miRebisTvis didi raodenobis energiaa saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs eleqtronebi, romelTa
ganTavisuflebas mxolod mcire energia sWirdeba. gamtarze eleqtruli velis moqmedebis
Sedegad gaCenili siTburi energia amaSi monawileobas iRebs. veli ara mxolod anTavisuflebs
eleqtronebs, aramed mavTulis gaswvriv gadaadgilebs da gamtarSi dens warmoqmnis.
aragamtaris SemTxvevaSi eleqtronebis gasanTavisufleblad bevrad meti energiaa saWiroa.
siTburi energia da izolatorze moqmedi eleqtruli veli sakmarisi ar aris. aqedan gamomdinare,
aragamtarSi eleqtronebi ar moZraoben da eleqtruli velis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki deni ar
gadis.
cxrili 26.2
spilenZis da siliciumis eleqtruli maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTebeli spilenZi siliciumi
nivTierebis saxeoba liToni naxevargamtari
muxtis matareblis simkvrive, m–3 8,49×1028 1×1016

kuTri winaRoba, Ω· m 1,69×10–8 2,5×103
kuTri winaRobis temperaturuli koeficienti, K–1 +4,3×10–3 –70×10–3
naxevargamtari izolators waagavs, magram eleqtronebis gasanTavisufleblad naklebi

energiaa saWiro. ufro metic, legirebis Sedegad eleqtronebi an dadebiTi muxtis matareblebi
nivTierebaSi SeiZleba amoZravdnen. garda amisa, naxevargamtaris legirebis regulirebis Sedegad
muxtis matareblebis simkvrivis da, maSasadame, naxevargamtaris eleqtruli maxasiaTeblebis
regulireba SeiZleba. tranzistoris da brtyeli diodebis magvari naxevargamtaruli
mowyobilobebi siliciumis sxvadasxva regionis sxvadasxva saxis minarevi atomebiT legirebis
Sedegad iqmneba.
modiT, kvlav gamtaris kuTris winaRobis 26.25 formulas davubrundeT:
m
ρ =  , (26.29)
e2nτ
sadac n aris moculobis erTeulze muxtis matareblebis raodenoba, xolo τ – muxtis
matareblebis Sejaxebebs Soris saSualo dro (formula gamtarebisTvis gamoviyvaneT, magram
is naxevargamtarebsac miesadageba). vnaxoT rogor icvleba n da τ cvladebi temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad.
gamtarSi n raodenoba sakmaod didia da temperaturis nebismieri cvlilebisas TiTqmis mudmivia.
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad liTonebis kuTri winaRobis zrda muxtis matareblebis Sejaxebis
tempis zrdas ukavSirdeba, rac 26.29 formulaSi τ-is anu Sejaxebebs Soris saSualo drois
SemcirebaSi gamoixateba.
naxevargamtarSi n raodenoba mcirea, magram temperaturasTan erTad Zalian swrafad izrdeba,
vinaidan siTburi moZraobis Sedegad ufro meti muxtis matarebeli Cndeba. rogorc 2.62
cxrilSi mocemuli siliciumis kuTri winaRobis temperaturuli koeficientidan Cans,
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad kuTri winaRoba mcirdeba. Sejaxebis tempi liTonebis msgavsad
naxevargamtarebSic izrdeba, magram muxtis matareblebis raodenobis swrafi zrda mis
moqmedebas axSobs.
26.9. zegamtarebi
1911 wels, holandielma fizikosma kamerling onesma
aRmoaCina, rom 4K-ze dabali temperaturis dros
vercxliwylis kuTri winaRoba saerTod qreba (sur. 26.15).
supergamtarobis (zegamtarobis) movlenas Tanamedrove
teqnologiaSi Zalian didi potenciali aqvs, vinaidan
es niSnavs, rom zegamtarSi muxti energiis daukargavad
gaivlis. magaliTad, zegamtarebul wredSi gamavali deni
ramdenime wlis manZilze ar ikargeba. denis Semadgeneli
eleqtronebi Zalas da energias Tavdapirvelad saWiroeben diskos formis magniti Txevadi azo
da ara SemdgomSi. tiT gaciebuli zegamtari nivTiere
bisgan maRla iwevs.
1986 wlamde, zegamtarebis teqnologiuri ganviTareba
Zalian dabali temperaturis SeqmnisTvis saWiro maRali
Rirebulebis gamo ferxdeboda. 1986 wels, axali keramikuli nivTierebebi aRmoaCines, romlebic
supergamtari mniSvnelovnad maRali temperaturis pirobebSi xdeba. zegamtari mowyobilobebis
oTaxis temperaturis pirobebSi gamoyeneba samomavlod Cveulebrivi movlena SesaZloa gaxdes.
zegamtarobis movlena gamtarobisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvaveba. normaluri gamtarebi,
rogorebicaa vercxli an spilenZi, zegamtari arc erT temperaturaze ar gaxdeba, xolo axali
keramikuli zegamtari kargi izolatori mxolod maSin aris, rodesac misi temperatura Zalian
dabali ar aris.
zegamtarobis axsna imaSia, rom denis Semadgeneli eleqtronebi
SeTanxmebul wyvilebad moZraoben. wyvilis erT-erTma molekulam
moZraobisas zegamtari nivTierebis molekuluri struqtura
SesaZloa daamaxinjos, rac dadebiTi muxtis koncentraciis xan
mokle zrdas gamoiwvevs. wyvilis meore eleqtroni am dadebiTi
muxtis mier miizideba. eleqtronebis amgvari SeTanxmeba maT
sxva molekulebTan Sejaxebas xels SeuSlis da eleqtruli
winaRobac gamoiricxeba. zegamtarobis Teoria 1986 wlamde, sur. 26.15. daaxloebiT 4 K
temperaturaze vercxliswylis
dabali temperaturis zegamtarebisTvis kargad muSaobda, winaRoba 0-mde ecema.
magram nel-nela axali Teoriebi Cndeba, romlebic ufro maRal
temperaturaze zegamtaruli masalebis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels.
899
deni. gamtarSi gamavali i eleqtruli denia: L sigrZis da Tanabari ganivi kveTis mqone
dq gamtari mavTulis R winaRobaa:
i= , (26.1)
dt L
sadac dq aris dt drois ganmavlobaSi gamtaris R = ρ (26.16)
A
ganivi kveTis hipoTetur zedapirSi gasuli sadac A aris ganivi kveTis farTobi.
dadebiTi muxtis raodenoba. SeTanxmebis ρ-s cvlileba temperaturasTan erTad.
Sedegad, eleqtruli denis mimarTulebad nivTierebaTa umetesobis ρ kuTri winaRoba
dadebiTi muxtis gadamtanebis mimarTulebaa temperaturasTan erTad icvleba. mravali
miCneuli. SI sistemaSi eleqtruli denis nivTierebisTvis, maT Soris liTonebisTvis,
erTeulia amperi (a). 1a = 1k/wm. ρ-sa da T temperaturas Soris daaxloebiT

denis simkvrive. deni (skalaruli sidide) J Semdegi kavSiria:
denis simkvrives (veqtorul sidides) Semdegi ρ – ρ0 = ρ0α(T – T0) , (26.17)

sadac T0 aris aTvlis (sawyisi) temperatura,
 
i = J ⋅ dA . (26.4) ρ0 – kuTri winaRoba T0 temperaturaze, xolo

sadac dA aris zedapiris dA farTobis α – nivTierebis kuTri winaRobis temperatu
elementis perpendikularuli veqtori, ruli koeficienti.
xolo integreba gamtaris mkveTi nebismieri

 omis kanoni. mocemuli mowyobiloba (gam
zedapirisTvis xdeba. J -s mimarTuleba moZravi tari, rezistori an nebismieri sxva eleq
muxtebis siCqaris mimarTulebas emTxveva, truli mowyobiloba) omis kanons emorCileba,
Tu muxti dadebiTia da sawinaaRmdego Tu 26.8 formuliT (R = V/i) misi R winaRoba V
mimarTulebisaa, Tu muxti uaryofiTia. potencialTa sxvaobaze damokidebuli ar aris.
dinebis siCqare da muxtis matareblebi. mocemuli nivTiereba omis kanons emorCileba,


rodesac gamtarSi E eleqtruli veli Tu 26.10 formuliT gansazRvruli misi kuTri

moqmedebs, muxtis matareblebi (dadebiTi winaRoba E eleqtruli velis sididesa da

muxtebi) E -s mimarTulebiT νd dinebis mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris.
siCqares iZenen. νd siCqare denis simkvrives liTonis kuTri winaRoba. Tu davuSvebT,

Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba: rom gamtarobis eleqtronebi haerSi mole

J = (ne) d
. (26.7) kulebis msgavsad liTonSi Tavisuflad
moZraoben, maSin liTonis kuTri winaRobis
sadac ne aris muxtis matareblis simkvrive.
Semdeg gamosaxulebas miviRebT:
gamtaris winaRoba. gamtaris R winaRobaa: m
V ρ =   , (26.25)
R =   (R-is gansazRvreba) (26.8) e2nτ
i
sadac n aris moculobis erTeulSi Tavisu
sadac V aris potencialTa sxvaoba gamtarze,
fali eleqtronebis raodenoba, xolo τ - eleq
xolo i - deni. SI sistemaSi winaRobis erTeuli
tronisa da liTonis atomebis Sejaxebebs
aris omi (Ω): 1 Ω = 1 v/a. msgavsi formulebi
Soris saSualo dro. liTonebi omis kanons
nivTierebis ρ kuTr winaRobas da σ gam
swored imitom emorCilebian, rom τ saSualo
tarobasac gansazRvraven:
dro liTonze moqmedi nebismieri eleqtruli
1 E
ρ= = (σ-s da ρ-s gansazRvreba), (26.12, 26.10) velis E sidideze damokidebuli ar aris.
σ J
sadac E aris eleqtruli velis sidide. SI simZlavre. V potencialTa sxvaobis piro
sistemaSi kuTri winaRobis erTeuli omi bebSi eleqtrul xelsawyoSi P simZlavre anu
metrze (Ω·m). 26.10 formula Semdeg veqtorul energiis gadacemis tempi:
formulas Seesabameba:
  P = iV (eleqtruli energiis gadacemis tempi) (26.26)
E = ρJ (26.11)
winaRobrivi xarjva. Tu mowyobiloba eleqtronebi aqvT, magram Tavisufali eleq

rezistoria, 26.26 formula Semdegi saxiT tronebis mimwodebeli atomebiT legirebis
Caiwereba: SemTxvevaSi gamtarebi SeiZleba gaxdnen.
V2
P = i2R =  (winaRobrivi xarjva) (26.27, 26.28) zegamtarebi. zegamtaruli nivTiereba
R
rezistorSi eleqtruli potenciuri energia dabali temperaturis pirobebSi eleq
muxtis matareblebisa da atomebis Sejaxebis trul winaRobas mTlianad kargavs. ukanas
Sedegad Sida siTbur energiaSi gadadis. knel wlebSi aRmoaCines nivTierebebi,
naxevargamtarebi. naxevargamtarul niv romlebic supergamtari SedarebiT maRal
Tierebebs mcire raodenobis gamtarobis temperaturaze xdeba.
SekiTxvebi
1. 21.16 suraTze naCvenebia mavTulis ganiv 4. 26.19 suraTze naCvenebia Tanabari sigrZis
kveTSi gamavali i denis grafikebi drois oTxi da erTi da igive nivTierebisgan damzadebuli
SualedisTvis. daalageT Sualedebi ganiv- sami grZeli gamtaris ganivi kveTebi. ganivi
kveTSi gamavali jamuri muxtis mixedviT kveTebi kvadratebia da maTi gverdis
dididan mcireze. sigrZeebi miTiTebulia. B gamtari A gamtarSi
jdeba, xolo C gamtari - B gamtarSi. daalageT
gamtarebi da maTi kombinaciebi (A+B, B+C
da A+B+C) winaRobebis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.

rodesac dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi
horizontalurad moZraoben. mdgomareobebi
gamavali denis mixedviT dididan mcireze
daalageT. sur. 26.19. SekiTxva 4.
5. cxrilSi mocemulia spilenZis sami
Reros sigrZe, diametri da potencialTa
sxvaoba. daalageT Reroebi maTSi arsebuli
a) eleqtruli velis, b) denis simkvrivis da
sur. 26.17. SekiTxva 2. g) eleqtronebis dinebis siCqaris mixedviT
3. 26.18 suraTze naCvenebia Tanabari sigrZis dididan mcireze.
da erTi da igive nivTierebisgan damzadebuli potencialTa
Rero sigrZe diametri
sami mavTulis ganivi kveTi. suraTze agreTve sxvaoba
miTiTebuli TiToeuli gverdis sigrZe. 1 L 3d V
daalageT mavTulebi winaRobebis mixedviT 2 2L d 2V

3 3L 2d 2V
dididan mcireze.
6. 26.20 suraTze naCvenebia L, 2L da 3L
sigrZis gverdebis myari marTkuTxa gamtari.
mopirdapire gverdebis wyvilebs Soris V
potencialTa sxvaoba unda moedos, rogorc
es aris 26.8b suraTze. Tavdapirvelad V
marcxena da marjvena gverdebs Semdeg zeda
sur. 26.18. SekiTxva 3. da qveda gverdebs, xolo bolos ukana da wina
901
gverdebs Soris monakveTisgan Sedgeba. daalageT monakveTebi
mosdes. daalageT a) radiusis, b) kubur metrze gamtarobis
es wyvilebi a) maT eleqtronebis raodenobis, g) eleqtruli
Si eleqtruli velis sidids da d) gamtarobis mixedviT.
velis, b) denis 9. 26.22 suraTze
simkvrivis, g) de gamosaxuli denis
nis da d) eleqtronebis dinebis siCqaris gamtari mavTuli
mixedviT dididan mcireze. sami sxvadasxva
7. erTi da igive diametris sami mavTuli radiusis monakve
mudmivi potencialTa sxvaobis mqone wer Tisgan Sedgeba. daa sur. 26.22. SekiTxva 9.
tilebzea SeerTebuli. mavTulebis kuTri lageT monakveTebi
winaRobebi da sigrZeebia ρ, L (A mavTuli), a) denis, b) denis simkvrivis da g) eleqtruli
1,2ρ, 1,2L (B mavTuli) da 0,9ρ, L (C mavTuli). velis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
daalageT mavTulebi siTbur energiaSi ener 10. 26.23 suraTze
giis gadasvlis tempis mixedviT dididan naCvenebia denis gam
mcireze. tari spilenZis mav
8. 26.21 suraTze Tulis V(x) poten
mocemulia spilen -cialis x mdebareo-
Zis mavTulSi gamta baze damokidebule
robis eleqtronebis bis grafiki. mavTuli
νd dinebis siCqa sur. 26.21. SekiTxva 8. sxvadasxva radiusis sami monakveTisgan
ris mavTulis gas Sedgeba. daalageT monakveTebi a) eleqtruli
wvriv x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis velis da b) denis simkvrivis mixedviT dididan
grafiki. mavTuli sxvadasxva radiusis sami mcireze.
amocanebi
sferodan gamodis. ra dro dasWirdeba sferos

Manual-Si. potencialis 1000 v-iT gazrdas? SSM
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday paragrafi 26.3. denis simkvrive
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- ·4. cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva diametris
com/college/halliday. izolirebul spilenZis mavTulebSi maqsi
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs maluri denis mniSvnelobebi aSS-s naciona
• – •••
amocanis sirTules luri eleqtruli kodis mixedviT. CawereT
usafrTxo denis simkvrivis diametrze
paragrafi 26.2. eleqtrodeni damokidebulebis funqcia. romeli kalibris
·1. 4 wuTis ganmavlobaSi mavTulSi 5a deni mavTulSia usafrTxo denis simkvrive maqsi
gadis. ramdeni a) kuloni muxti da b) eleqtroni maluri? (`kalibri~ mavTulis saxeobas gansaz
gaivlis mavTulis nebismier ganivkveTSi? Rvravs da 1mili = 10–3 duimi).
··2. 50 sm siganis damuxtuli qamari muxtis
kalibri 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
wyarosa da sferos Soris 30 m/wm siCqariT
moZraobs. qamars sferoze muxti 100 mka tem diametri, milebSi 204 162 129 102 81 64 51 40
piT gadaaqvs. gamoTvaleT qamris muxtis usafrTxo deni, a 70 50 35 25 20 15 6 3

zedapiruli simkvrive.
·5. sxivi kubur santimetrze 2×108 wyvil
··3. izolirebuli gamtari sferos radiusia
dadebiT ions Seicavs. TiToeuli ioni Crdi
10 sm. erT mavTulSi 1,000002 a deni am sfe
loeTisken 1×105 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
rosken moZraobs, meore mavTulSi 1 a deni am
ra a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs denis ··12. R = 2mm radiusis da wriuli ganivi kveTis
simkvrives? g) ra damatebiTi sidide gWirdebaT mqone mavTulSi denis simkvrivea J = (3×108)r2,
ionis sxivSi i jamuri denis gamoTvlisTvis? sadac J a/m2-ebSi, xolo r metrebSia mocemuli.
SSM WWW ra deni gaivlis r = 0,9R da r = R manZilebiT
·6. mcire, magram gazomvadi 1,2×10–10 a deni garSemortymul gare monakveTSi?
2,5mm diametris spilenZis mavTulSi gadis. paragrafi 26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba
moculobis erTeulze muxtis matareblebis
·13. niqromis mavTuli 1 m sigrZisaa da misi
raodenobaa 8.49×1028 m–3. davuSvaT deni Tana
ganivi kveTis farTobia 1 mm2. mavTulSi 4a deni
baria. risi tolia a) denis simkvrive da
gadis, rodesac mis boloebze 2v potencialTa
b) eleqtronebis dinebis siCqare?
sxvaobaa modebuli. gamoTvaleT niqromis σ
·7. eleqtrul wredSi moTavsebulia Senad
kuTri gamtaroba.
nobi mavTuli, romelic denis winaswar
gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebis gadaWarbebis
·14. spilenZi da alumini maRali Zabvis
gadacemi xazebisTvis gamoiyeneba, rodesac
SemTxvevaSi unda gadnes da wredi gawydes.
davuSvaT Senadnobis nivTiereba maSin dneba, xazSi 60 a deni gadis. sigrZis erTeulze
rodesac denis simkvrive 440 a/sm -s aRwevs.

2 winaRobaa 0,15 Ω/km. spilenZis da aluminis
ra diametris cilindruli mavTuli unda simkvrivea 8960 da 2600 kg/m3. gamoTvaleT
gamoviyenoT, raTa deni 0,5 a-ze SeizRudos? spilenZis kabelSi a) denis simkvrivis J sidi
··8. dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos, mzis qarSi de, b) sigrZis erTeulze masis λ odenoba da
(mzidan momavali nawilakebis nakadSi) pro aluminis kabelSi g) J denis simkvrive da d) λ.
–3
tonebis simkvrivea 8,7sm da maTi siCqarea ·15. 1 mm diametris da 2 m sigrZis gamtari
470 km/wm. a) gamoTvaleT protonebis denis mavTulis winaRobaa 50 mΩ. risi tolia
simkvrive. b) Tu dedamiwis magnituri veli nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba? SSM
protonebs ar gadaxris, ra jamur dens miiRebs ·16. 4 m sigrZis da 6 mm diametris mavTuli
dedamiwa? winaRobaa 15 mΩ. mavTulis boloebs Soris
··9. ra dro dasWirdeba eleqtronebs manqa- 23 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. a) risi
nis batareidan Zravamde misaRwevad? deni tolia mavTulSi gamavali deni? b) risi tolia
300 a-ia da eleqtronebi 0,21 sm2 farTobis denis simkvrive? g) gamoTvaleT mavTulis
ganivi kveTis da 0,85 m sigrZis spilenZis nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba. d) 26.1 cxrilis
mavTulSi moZraoben. moculobis erTeulze saSualebiT daadgineT nivTiereba.
muxtis matareblebis raodenobaa 8,49×1028 m–3. ·17. adamiani gulTan axlos 50 ma denis gavli
ILW sas SeiZleba gardaicvalos. gaoflianebuli
··10. garkveul cilindrul mavTulSi J(r) xelebiT momuSave eleqtrikosi or gamtarTan
denis simkvrive mavTulis ganivi kveTis cen karg kontaqts amyarebs. Tu misi winaRobaa
tridan radialuri manZilis funqciis saxiTaa 2000 Ω, ra Zabva iqneba momakvdinebeli? SSM
mocemuli da J(r) = Br, sadac r aris metrebSi, ·18. mavTulis winaRobaa R. risi tolia igive
J - a/m2-ebSi da B = 2×105a/m3. amgvari funqcia nivTierebisgan damzadebuli meore mavTulis
2 mm radiusis mavTuls miesadageba. ra deni winaRoba, romlis sigrZe da diametri orjer
gadis mavTulisadmi koncentrul viwro naklebia?
rgolSi, Tu rgolis radialuri siganea 10 mkm ·19. 16-kalibriani izolirebuli spilenZis
da radialuri manZilia 1,2 mm? mavTulis (diametri = 1,3 mm) 250 xveuliani
··11. ra deni gadis R = 3,4 mm radiusis mavTul gragnili 12 sm radiusis cilindruli formis
Si, Tu denis simkvrivis sididea a) Ja=J0r/R da fenaSia moTavsebuli da koWas qmnis. risi
b) Jb = J0(1 – r/R), sadac r aris radialuri tolia koWas winaRoba? (gamoiyeneT 26.1

manZili, xolo J0=5,5×104 a/m2. g) romeli cxrili). SSM
funqcia xdis maqsimalurs denis simkvrives ··20. 26.24a suraTze mocemulia 9 mm sigrZis
mavTulis zedapirTan axlos? Reros formis rezistoris gaswvriv rezis-
903
torTan mierTebuli batareis mier Seqmnili gamtarobis mqone sami monakveTisgan dam
eleqtruli velebis E(x) sidide. Rero erTi zadebul Reros formis rezistorTan aris
da igive nivTierebis da sxvadasxva radiusis mierTebuli. 26.26b suraTze gamosaxulia
sami monakveTisgan Sedgeba (26.24b suraTze V(x) eleqtruli potencialis Reros gas
gansxvavebuli radiusebi aRniSnuli ar aris). wvriv x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis gra
mesame monakveTis radiusia 2 mm. risi tolia fiki. mesame monakveTis kuTri gamtarobaa
a) pirveli monakveTis da b) meore monakveTis 3×107(Ω·m)–1. risi tolia a) pirveli monakveTis
radiusi? da b) meore monakveTis kuTri gamtaroba?
··25. naTuris normaluri naTebisaTvis auci
lebelia 2,9 voltis dros 0,3 a deni. Tu
naTuris volframis varvaris Zafis winaRoba
oTaxis temperaturaze (20° C) aris 1,1Ω, ra
temperatura aqvs varvaris Zafs, rodesac
naTura anTebulia? ILW
··26. 2 mm radiusis da 2 sm sigrZis spilenZis
mavTulze 3 nv potencialTa sxvaobaa mode
buli. ramdeni muxti gaivlis ganivkveTSi
··21. 6Ω winaRobis mavTuli daWimes da misi
3 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi?
sigrZe samjer gazardes. gamoTvaleT ufro
grZeli mavTulis winaRoba, Tu davuSvebT, ··27. rodesac 10 m sigrZis da 0,3 mm radiusis
rom nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba da simkvrive mavTulze 115 v potencialTa sxvaobaa mode
ar Secvlila. SSM ILW buli, denis simkvrivea 1,4×104 a/m2. gamoTvaleT
mavTulis kuTri winaRoba. SSM
··22. 26.25 suraTze
naCvenebia mudmivi ··28. dedamiwis atmosferos qveda fena
dadebiT da uaryofiT ionebs Seicavs. ionebs
denis gamtari spi
kosmosidan momaval sxivebsa da niadagSi arse
lenZis mavTulis
buli radioaqtiuli elementebi warmoqmnian.
V(x) eleqtruli po
garkveul monakveTSi sferuli eleqtruli
tencialis cvlileba
velis Zala 120 v/m-ia da veli vertikalurad
x = 0 maRali poten
sur. 26.25. amocana 22. qvemoTaa mimarTuli. amgvari veli 620 sm–3
cialis wertilidan
simkvrivis dadebiTad damuxtul ionebs qve
x = 3 m dabali potencialis wertilamde. ma- moT, xolo 550 sm–3 simkvrivis uaryofiTad
vTulis radiusia 2 mm. ra deni gadis mavTulSi? damuxtul ionebs maRla gadaaadgilebs (sur.
··23. ori gamtari erTi da igive nivTierebis 26.27). am monakveTSi haeris kuTri gamtarobaa
ganaa damzadebuli da maTi sigrZe erTmaneTis 2,7×10–14(Ω·m)–1. gamoTvaleT a) denis simkvrive
tolia. A gamtari 1 mm diametris myari mavTu da b) ionebis moZraobis siCqare. dauSviT, rom
lia. B gamtari 2 mm gare diametris da 1 mm Sida es siCqare orive saxeobis ionebisTvis erTi da
diametris carieli milia. risi tolia RA/RB igivea.
winaRobebis Sefardeba? winaRobebi gamtarebis
boloebzea gamoTvlili. SSM WWW
··24. 26.26a suraTze 9 v-iani batarea Tanabari
farTobis ganivi kveTis da sxvadasxva kuTri

··29. marTkuTxedis formis blokis ganivi
sur. 26.26. amocana 24. kveTis farTobia 3,5 sm2, winidan ukana
gverdamde 15,8 sm da winaRobaa

sigrZea b = 2,3 mm marjvena radiusis da L = 1,94 sm
935 Ω. blokis nivTiereba 1 sm3-ze 5,33×1022 sigrZis wriul konusSi gadis. sigrZis perpen
gamtarobis eleqtrons Seicavs. blokis dikularul nebismier ganivkveTze denis
wina da ukana gverdebs Soris potencialTa simkvrive Tanabaria. risi tolia konusis
sxvaobaa 35,8 v. a) risi tolia blokSi gamavali winaRoba? SSM WWW
deni? b) Tu denis simkvrive mudmivia, risi paragrafi 26.6. omis kanonis mikrosko
tolia misi sidide? risi tolia g) gamtarobis puli ganxilva
eleqtronebis dinebis siCqare da b) blokSi ··34. daamtkiceT, rom klasikuri fizikis
moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide? mixedviT liTonebSi eleqtruli gamta
··30. Tu mavTulis kalibris nomers 6-iT robis Tavisufali eleqtronebis modeliT,
gavzrdiT, misi diametri naxevrdeba. Tu liTonebis kuTri winaRoba T -s propor-
kalibris nomeri 1-iT gaizrdeba, diametri ciuli unda iyos, sadac T aris temperatura
21/6 koeficientiT izrdeba. 1000 futi da 10- kelvinebSi (ix. 19.31 formula).
kalibriani spilenZis mavTulis winaRoba
daaxloebiT 1Ω-ia. gamoTvaleT 25 futiani da paragrafi 26.7. simZlavre eleqtrul
22-kalibriani spilenZis mavTulis winaRoba. wredebSi
··31. eleqtrokabeli swori mavTulis 125 ·35. 14Ω winaRobis oTaxis gamaTbobelze
wnulisgan Sedgeba, TiToeulis winaRobaa 120 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. a) ra
2,65 Ω. yvela wnulis boloebze Tanabari tempiT gadadis eleqtruli energia siTbur
potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli da jamuri energiaSi? b) ra Tanxa jdeba gamaTboblis
denia 0,64a. a) ra deni gadis TiToeul wnulSi? 5 sT-iT CarTva, Tu kv·sT-s Rirebuleba
b) risi tolia modebuli potencialTa 0,05 $-ia? SSM
sxvaoba? g) risi tolia kabelis winaRoba? ·36. studentma 9 v Zabvis da 7 vt simZlavris
···32. 26.28 su radio dilis 9-dan Ramis 2 sT-mde CarTuli
raTze naCvenebia datova. ra raodenobis muxtma gaiara masSi?
mavTulis 4R dia ·37. ucnobi rezistori 3 v batareis momWe
metris pirveli rebs Soris aris SeerTebuli. energia rezis
monakveTi da 2R sur. 26.28. amocana 32. torSi 0,54 vt tempiT ixarjeba. Semdeg igive
diametris meore rezistori 1,5 v batareis momWerebs Soris
monakveTi, romlebsac viwro monakveTi SeaerTes. amjerad ra tempiT ixarjeba energia?
akavSirebT. mavTuli spilenZisaa da masSi ILW
deni gadis. davuSvaT deni mavTulis siganis
·38. rezistorSi siTburi energia 100 vt tem
nebismieri ganivi kveTis farTobze Tanabrad
piT warmoiqmneba, rodesac denia 3 a. risi to
aris ganawilebuli. meore monakveTis
lia winaRoba?
L = 2 m sigrZeze eleqtruli potencialis
·39. 1250 vt simZlavris gamaTbobeli 115 v
V cvlilebaa 10 mkv. moculobis erTeulze
Zabvazea gaTvlili. a) risi tolia gamaTbobel
muxtis matareblebis raodenobaa 8,49×1028 m–3.
Si gamavali deni? b) risi tolia gamaTbobeli
risi tolia gamtarobis eleqtronebis dinebis
koWas winaRoba? g) ra raodenobis siTburi
siCqare pirvel monakveTSi?
energia warmoiqmneba 1 sT-Si? SSM ILW
···33. 26.29 suraTze deni 731 Ω·m kuTri
·40. 120 v potencialTa sxvaobis mqone gamaT-
winaRobis, a = 2 mm marcxena radiusis,
bobeli muSaobisas 500 vt simZlavres xar-
javs. a) risi tolia winaRoba? b) gamaTbob
lis elementis ganivkveTSi ra tempiT gadian
eleqtronebi?
·41. gamaTbobeli elementis 2,6×10–6 m2 farTo
bis ganivi kveTis niqromis mavTulze 75 v
potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. niqromis
905
kuTri winaRobaa 5×10–7 Ω·m. a) Tu elementi naCvenebia dx si
5000 vt simZlavres xarjavs, risi tolia misi grZis monakveTi.
sigrZe? b) Tu igive xarjvis tempis misaRebad moWeriT Reros L
100 v gamoiyeneba, risi tolia unda iyos sigrZis monakveTi
mavTulis sigrZe? x = 0-dan x = L-mde
··42. 26.30a suraTze gamosaxul batareasa da da Semdeg V = 5 v
pirvel da meore rezistorebSi gamavali de-
potencialTa
nia 2a. orive rezistorSi energia siTbur ET sur. 26.31. amocana 46.
sxvaobis batareas
energiaSi gadadis. 25.60b suraTze mocemu-
miuerTeT (sur. 26.31.g). denma eleqtruli
lia pirveli da meore rezistorebis ET siT-
energia siTbur energiaSi 200 vt tempiT
buri energiis t droze damokidebulebis ori
grafiki. ra simZlavrisaa batarea? gadaiyvana. ra x = L mdebareobaze unda moiWras
Rero?
47. C da D mavTulebi
sxvadasxva nivTiere
bebisganaa damzade
buli da maTi sigrZe
ebia LC = LD = 1 m.
C mavTulis kuTri
sur. 26.30. amocana 42. winaRoba da diametria 2×10–6 Ω·m da 1 mm, xolo
··43. 100 vt simZlavris naTura standartul D mavTulisa _ 1×10–6 Ω·m da 0,5 mm. mavTulebi
120 v-ian budeSia Casmuli. a) ra Tanxa dajdeba, 26.32 suraTis msgavsad arian gadabmuli da
Tu naTuris 31 dRis (Tvis) ganmavlobaSi maTSi 2a deni gadis. risi tolia a) pirvel
ar gamovrTavT? eleqtruli energiis Rire da meore wertilsa da b) meore da mesame
bulebaa 0,06 $/kvt·sT. b) risi tolia naTuris wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba? ra
winaRoba? g) risi tolia naTuraSi gamavali tempiT ixarjeba energia g) pirvel da meore da
deni? d) mesame da meoTxe wertilebs Soris?
··44. wriul mavTulSi denis simkvrivea 48. Sokoladis natexis saidumlo. istoria
(J = 2,75×1010a/m4)r2, sadac r aris radialuri 23-e paragrafis 54-e amocanaSi daiwyo da
manZili. mavTulis radiusia 3 mm. mavTulze 24 da 25 TavebSic gagrZelda. Sokoladis
modebuli potencialia 60 v. ra raodenobis fxvnili R radiusis milSi ν Tanabari
energia gadadis siTbur energiaSi 1 sT-is siCqariTa da ρ Tanabari muxtis simkvriviT
ganmavlobaSi? gadis. a) daadgineT milis perpendikularul
··45. 2×10–6 m2 farTobis ganivi kveTis da 4 m ganivkveTSi gamavali i denis (fxvnilis
sigrZis spilenZis mavTulSi 2 a deni gadis muxtis moZraobis tempis) gamosaxuleba.
da mis farTobze Tanabrad nawildeba. a) ra b) gamoTvaleT i Semdegi pirobebisTvis: milis
sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs mavTulis radiusia R = 5 sm, ν = 2 m/wm da ρ = 1,1×10–3k/m3.
gaswvriv? b) ra raodenobis eleqtruli Tu fxvnili V potencialTa sxvaobaze mo
energia gadadis siTbur energiaSi 30 wuTis Zraobs, misi energia naperwkals P = iV tempiT
ganmavlobaSi? SSM SeiZleba gadaeces. g) SesaZlebelia Tu ara
···46. 26.31a suraTze naCvenebia cvladi aseTi gadacema 24-e Tavis me-60 amocanaSi
winaRobis Rero. x RerZis dadebiTi mimar ganxiluli radialuri potencialTa sxvaobis
TulebiT Reros sigrZis erTeulze wina Sedegad?
Roba izrdeba. Reros gaswvriv nebismier rodesac fxvnili milidan WurWelSi gadavida,
x mdebareobaze dx siganis viwro mona fxvnilis eleqtruli potenciali Seicvala.
kveTis dR winaRobaa dR = 5xdx, sadac dR am cvlilebis sidide milis SigniT radialuri
omebSia, xolo x - metrebSi. 26.31b suraTze
potencialTa sxvaobis toli iyo (romelic troni zolis erTi bolodan meorisken gada
24-e Tavis me-60 amocanaSi gamovTvaleT). adgildeba a) ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs
d) ukve cnobili potencialTa sxvaobis da eleqtroni, b) ra muSaobas asrulebs zolSi
b)-Si gamoTvlili denis mixedviT fxvnilidan moqmedi eleqtruli veli eleqtronze da
naperwkalSi energiis gadasvlis tempi gamo b) ra raodenobis energias gadadis zolis
TvaleT, rodesac fxvnili milidan gamodis. siTbur energiaSi?
e) Tu naperwkali milis boloze gaCnda da 54. foladisgan damzadebuli tramvais lian
0,2 wm-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda, ra rao dagis ganivi kveTis farTobia 56 sm2. risi
denobis energia gadaecemoda naperwkals? tolia 10 km sigrZis liandagis winaRoba? fo
23-e Tavis 54-e amocanidan gaixseneT, rom ladis kuTri winaRobaa 3×10–7 Ω·m.
aalebisTvis minimum 150 mj energiis gadacema 55. alfa nawilakebis (q = +2e) sxivi 20 mgev
iyo saWiro. v) sad ufro moxdeboda aaleba: kinetikuri energiiT moZraobs da 0,25 mka deni
fxvnilis CatvirTvisas, milis SigniT Tu milis gadaaqvs. a) Tu sxivi brtyeli zedapirisken
gamosasvlelze? perpendikularuladaa mimarTuli, ramdeni
49. A da B mavTulebi erTi da igive nivTie alfa nawilaki Seejaxeba zedapirs 3 wm-is
rebisganaa damzadebuli. A mavTulis dia ganmavlobaSi? b) nebismier mocemul momentSi
metri B mavTulis diametrze orjer metia, ramdeni alfa nawilakia 20 sm sigrZis sxivSi?
sigrZe orjer naklebia da winaRobaa 8 Ω. g) ra potencialTa sxvaobaze unda aCqardes
a) risi tolia B mavTulis winaRoba? b) Tu TiToeuli alfa nawilaki, raTa misi energia
mavTulebSi Tanabari deni gadis, risi tolia 20 mgev gaxdes?
denis simkvriveebis JA/JB fardoba? 56. 5 mm radiusis da 2sm sigrZis cilindruli
50. cilindruli mavTuli rezistori 3,5×10–5 Ω·m kuTri winaRobis
dens atarebs. 26.33a su nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli. risi tolia
raTze mavTulis centra a) denis simkvrive da b) potencialTa sxvaoba,
luri RerZis garSemo r rodesac rezistorSi energiis xarjvis tempia
radiusis wrea gavlebuli, 1 vt?
raTa wreSi gamavali i deni 57. niqromis gamaTbobeli 110v potencialTa
gamovTvaloT. 26.33b su- sxvaobaze da mavTulis 800°C temperaturaze
raTze naCvenebia i denis 500vt energias xarjavs. ra iqneba energiis
r2-ze damokidebulebis xarjvis tempi, Tu mavTuls gamaciebel zeT
grafiki. a) aris Tu ara Si movaTavsebT da 200°C temperaturas Sevu
denis simkvrive Tanabari? narCunebT? potencialTa sxvaoba igivea da
b) Tu aris, risi tolia misi sidide? 8000C temperaturis niqromisTvis α = 4×10–4
51. 1 mm diametris swori, gamtari mavTuli K–1.
5,3 v/m Tanabari eleqtruli velis mier war 58. 500 vt simZlavris gamaTbobeli 115 v
moqmnil 2 a dens atarebs. risi tolia mavTulis potencialTa sxvaobaze muSaobs. b) ra pro
nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba? centiT daecema siTbos gamoyofa, Tu poten
52. mavTulSi gamavali denis simkvrive mudmivia cialTa sxvaoba 110 v-mde Semcirdeba? dau
da misi sididea 2×106 a/m2. mavTulis sigrZea 5 m, SviT, rom winaRobis cvlileba ar xdeba.
xolo gamtarobis eleqtronebis simkvrivea b) temperaturasTan erTad winaRobis cvli
8,49×10  m . ra dro dasWirdeba eleqtrons
28 –3 lebis gaTvaliswinebiT, siTbos gamoyofis
(saSualod) mavTulis gasavlelad? Semcireba a)-s pasuxze meti iqneba Tu nak
53. 26.34 suraTze V = 12 v lebi?
potencialTa sxvaobis ba 59. 18-kalibriani spilenZis mavTulis (dia
V metri = 0,04 inCi) 33 m sigrZeze 1,2 v poten
tarea R = 6 Ω winaRobis
winaRobriv zolzea Seer- cialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. gamoTvaleT
Tebuli. rodesac eleq a) deni, b) denis simkvrive, g) mavTulSi moqmedi
907
eleqtruli veli da d) mavTulSi siTburi 67. ra raodenobis energias moixmars 400Ω
energiis zrdis tempi. winaRoba 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac
60. liTonis cilindruli Rero 1,6 m sigrZisaa masze 90 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli?
da misi diametri 5,5 mm-ia. Reros winaRobaa 68. 200 v potencialTa sxvaobaze rezistori
(20°C-ze) 1,09×10–3Ω. a) ra nivTierebaa eleqtrul energias siTbur energiaSi 3000 vt
gamoyenebuli? b) igive nivTierebisgan 2 sm tempiT gardaqmnis. risi tolia rezistoris
diametris da 1 mm sisqis wriuli diskoa winaRoba?
gakeTebuli. risi tolia winaRoba wriul 69. 26.35a suraTze
zedapirebs Soris, Tu TiToeuli zedapiri 20 Ω winaRobis re-
ekvipotenciuria? zistori batareas
61. `hoT-dogis~ Rumelis boloebze 120 v Tanaa SeerTebuli.
potencialTa sxvaoba mosdes da warmoqmnili 26.35b suraTze
siTburi energiis Sedegad gamocxva `hoT- naCvenebia rezis
dogi~ . deni 10 a-s tolia, xolo `hoT-dogis~ torSi ET Termuli
gamocxobisTvis saWiroa energiaa 60 kj. Tu energiis t droze
energiis miwodebis tempi ar icvleba, ra dro damok idebulebis
dasWirdeba sami `hoT-dogis~ erTdroulad grafiki. risi tolia
gamocxobas? eleqtruli poten
62. 1,3 m sigrZis da 5,2 mm sigrZis gverdis ciali batareaze?
aluminis Reros ganivi kveTi kvadratia. 70. denis gamtari niqromis mavTulis koWa
a) risi tolia Reros boloebs Soris moqmedi siTxeSia moTavsebuli. rodesac koWaze 12 v
winaRoba? b) ra diametris unda iyos 1,3 m potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli da 5,2 a
sigrZis spilenZis cilindruli Rero, raTa deni gadis, siTxe 21 mg/wm tempiT orTqldeba.
misi winaRoba aluminis Reros winaRobis toli
gamoTvaleT siTxis orTqladqcevis siTbo (ix.
iyos?
18.8 paragrafi).
63. A farTobis ganivi kveTis, L sigrZis da ρ
71. airganmuxtvis milSi deni warmoiqmneba,
kuTri winaRobis mavTulze V potencialTa
rodesac milis or eleqtrodze sakmari-
sxvaobaa modebuli. potencialTa sxvaoba
sad maRali potencialTa sxvaobaa modebu-
imgvarad unda Seicvalos da mavTuli ise unda
li. airi ionizdeba, eleqtronebi dadebiTi
daiWimos, rom energis xarjvis tempi 30-ze, momWerisken moZraoben, xolo damuxtuli
xolo gasuli deni 4-ze gamravldes. davuSvaT dadebiTi ionebi _ uaryofiTi momWerisken.
mavTulis simkvrive ar icvleba, risi tolia a) ra deni gadis wyalbadis airganmuxtvis mil-
a) axali sigrZis Sefardeba L-Tan da b) axali Si, romlis ganivi kveTis farTobSi yovel wamSi
ganivi kveTis farTobis Sefardeba A-sTan? 3,1×1018 eleqtroni da 1,1×1018 protoni gadis?

64. moZravi manqanis farebs ZraviT marTuli b) J denis simkvrivis mimarTuleba uaryofiTi
12 v-iani cvladi denis generatorisgan 10 a momWeriskenaa Tu misgan moSorebiT?
deni sWirdebaT. davuSvaT cvladi denis 72. saSrobis 2 kvt simZlavris gamaTbobeli
generatoris margi qmedebis koeficienti 80%- elementis sigrZea 80 sm. Tu 10 sm-iani
ia (gamosuli eleqtruli simZlavre Semavali monakveTs movWriT, ra simZlavres moixmars
meqanikuri simZlavris 80 %-ia). gamoTvaleT elementi 120 v potencialTa sxvaobaze?
Zravis cxenis Zala. 73. 200 m sigrZis spilenZis mavTuli A da
65. 18 vt simZlavris mowyobilobaze 9 v B wertilebs aerTebs. B-ze eleqtruli
potencialTa sxvaobaa. ra raodenobis muxti potenciali 50 v-ia da A-s potencialze
gaivlis mowyobilobaSi 4 sT-is ganmavlobaSi? naklebia. Tu spilenZis kuTri winaRobaa

66. 12 v potencialTa sxvaoba 45 m sigrZis da 1,7×10–8 Ω·m, a) risi tolia mavTulSi J denis

2 mm radiusis spilenZis wriul mavTulzea simkvrive da b) J B-skenaa mimarTuli Tu misgan
modebuli. ra raodenobis Termul energias moSorebiT?
warmoqmnis deni 40 wamis ganmavlobaSi? 74. Zravas spilenZisgan damzadebuli grag
nilis winaRoba 20° C-ze 50 Ω-ia (rodesac `temperaturis gaormageba~ yvela spilenZis

Zrava ar muSaobs). ramdenime saaTis muSaobis gamtaris SemTxvevaSi miuxedavad formisa da
Semdeg winaRoba 58 Ω-mde izrdeba. risi tolia zomisa?
gragnilis temperatura am dros? gragnilis 80. 26.12g suraTis gamoyenebiT aageT pn
zomebis cvlilebebi ugulebelyaviT (26.1 sibrtyiTi diodis winaRobis modebul
potencialTa sxvaobaze damokidebulebis
cxrili gamoiyeneT).
grafiki.
75. rodesac spilenZi Zalian Zviri Rirda,
spilenZis mavTulis nacvlad aluminis mavTu
81. 4 sm sigrZis muxluxi 12 a deniani da 5,2 mm
diametris spilenZis mavTulSi eleqtronis
li gamoiyeneboda (aluminis da spilenZis
dinebis mimarTulebiT micocavs. a) risi
kuTri winaRobebi 26.1 cxrilSia mocemuli).
tolia muxluxis boloebs Soris potencialTa
a) Tu garkveuli kalibris spilenZis mavTu
sxvaoba? b) muxluxis kudi Tavisadmi dadebiTia
lis winaRoba kilometrze 33 Ω-ia, risi
Tu uaryofiTi? g) ra droSi gacocdeba
tolia mavTulis diametri? risi tolia
muxluxi 1 sm manZilze, Tu misi siCqare
igive winaRobis mqone aluminis mavTulis
mavTulSi eleqtronebis dinebis siCqaris
diametri?
76. wrfivi amaCqarebuli eleqtronebis
tolia? (moculobis erTeulSi muxtebis
matareblebis raodenobaa 8,49×10 m ). 28  –3
pulsirebad sxivs wrmoqmnis. pulsis denia 0,5 a
da TiToeuli pulsi 0,1 mkwm-is ganmavlobaSi
82. 26.36 suraTze
winaRobis koWa xaxu
grZeldeba. a) ramdeni eleqtroni Cqardeba
nisgan Tavisufali
erTi pulsis ganmavlobaSi? b) risi tolia
dguSiT aRWurvili
500 pulsi/wm-ze moqmedi amaCqareblis sa da idealuri airis
Sualo deni? Tu eleqtronebis energia 50 mgev Semcvel Tboizoli
xdeba, risi tolia amaCqareblis g) saSualo rebul cilindrSia
simZlavre da d) pikuri simZlavre? moTavsebuli da ga
77. rentgenis sxivebis milaki 7 ma denze da re batareasTanaa ga
80 kv potencialTa sxvaobaze moqmedebs. risi dabmuli. R = 550 Ω sur. 26.36. amocana 82.
toli misi simZlavre vatebSi? winaRobis koWaSi
78. rodesac liTonis Rero xurdeba, ara i = 240 ma deni gadis. m = 12 kg masis dguSma
mxolod misi winaRoba, aramed sigrZe da ra ν siCqariT unda aiwios maRla, raTa airis
ganivi kveTis farTobis icvleba. sxvadasxva temperatura SenarCundes?
temperaturaze ρ-s gazomvisas samive faqto- 83. pn gadasasvleli
ri mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, vinaidan 26.37 suraTze gamo
R = ρL/A. Tu 1°C temperaturis cvlilebis saxuli 0,165 mm ra
dros spilenZis wrfivi gafarToebis koe diusis identuri ci-
ficientia 1,7×10 K , risi tolia a) R-is,
–5  –1 lindrebisgan Sed
b) L-is da g) A-s procentuli cvlileba? geba. gadasasvle-
d) am sami cvladidan upirvelesad romeli lis n mxridan p mxa
gansazRvravs ρ-s cvlilebas? reze 3,5×1015 eleq-
79. a) ra temperaturaze gaormagdeba spilen- troni gadis wamSi, xolo p mxridan n
Zis gamtaris winaRoba 20°C temperaturaze mxrisken 2,25×10 15
xvreli moZraobs. (xvre-
winaRobasTan SedarebiT? (26.17 formulaSi li +1,6×10 k muxtis mqone nawilakiviT
–19
aTvlis temperaturad 20°C aiReT da pasu moqmedebs). risi tolia a) mTliani deni da
xi 26.10 suraTs SeadareT). b) xdeba Tu ara b) denis simkvrive?
wredebi 27
rodesac sportuli avtomobili pit-stopSi Sedis, momsaxure personali
cdilobs SekeTeba da sawvavis Sevseba rac SeiZleba swrafad daasrulos.
siswrafe marTlac aucilebelia, vinaidan TiToeuli dakarguli wami
mZRols rbolis wagebad SeiZleba daujdes. miuxedavad amisa, sawvavis
misawodeblis swrafad gamoyeneba saSiSia, vinaidan pit-stopSi Sesvlisas
manqana -30kv-mde SeiZleba iyos damuxtuli. sawvavis orTqlSi erTi
naperwklis SemTxvevaSic ki cecxli gaGndeba.
ra saSualeba arsebobs cecxlis gaCenisgan Tavis asarideblad?

Tqvens garSemo yvelgan uamravi eleqtruli wredia. albaT Zalian amayobT eleqtruli
mowyobilobebis raodenobiT da fiqrobT sxvebis SeZenazec. yvela es mowyobiloba da, maT Soris,
Tqveni saxlis energiiT mommaragebeli eleqtruli bade Tanamedrove eleqtroteqnikazea
damokidebuli. eleqtroteqnikis da misi nawarmis finansuri Rirebulebis gamoTvla arc Tu ise
iolia, magram es maCvenebeli wlidan wlamde namdvilad izrdeba da sul ufro meti cxovrebiseuli
amocana eleqtrobis saSualebiT wydeba. magaliTad, radio xelis nacvlad eleqtrulad
irTveba, werilebi fostis nacvlad eleqtronuli fostiT igzavneba, samecniero Jurnalebs
biblioTekis nacvlad kompiuterSi kiTxuloben, xolo samecniero gazeTebis kopireba da Senaxva
eleqtronulad xdeba.
eleqtroteqnikis safuZveli fizikaa. mocemul TavSi eleqtruli wredebis maxasiaTeblebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic rezistorebis da batareebis kombinaciaa (27.9 paragrafSi kombinacias
kondensatorebi emateba). ganxilul wredebSi deni erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs da amgvar
wredebs mudmivi denis wredebi anu DC wredebi ewodeba. Tavdapirvelad pasuxi gavceT SekiTxvas:
`rogor moZraobs muxti?~
27.2. ºamotumbuliº muxtebi

Tu gsurT, rom muxtis matarebelma rezistorSi gaiaros, mowyobilobis boloebs Soris
potencialTa sxvaoba unda damyardes. amisTvis rezistoris TiToeuli bolo damuxtuli
kondensatoris firfitas unda mivaerToT. amgvari sqemis problemaa isaa, rom muxtis dinebis
Sedegad kondensatori ganimuxteba da firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba nulis toli
909
910 Tavi 27 wredebi
xdeba. amis Semdeg rezistorSi eleqtruli veli aRar

arsebobs da muxtebis dinebac wydeba.
muxtis mdgradi dinebis uzrunvelsayofad `muxtebis
amosatumbi~ mowyobilobaa saWiro, romelic muxtis
matareblebze muSaobas asrulebs da momWerebis
wyvilTa Soris potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs.
amgvar mowyobilobas eleqtromamoZravebels (emZ-s)
vuwodebT da is E eleqtromamoZravebel Zalas
warmoqmnis. emZ mowyobilobas xSirad emZ-s adgils
uwodeben. emZ eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis Semo
klebaa.
26-e TavSi, muxtis matareblebis wredSi moZraoba
eleqtruli velis saSualebiT ganvixileT, rodesac
veli warmoqmnida muxtis matareblebis mamoZravebel
Zalebs. am TavSi sxvagvar midgomas gamoviyenebT da
muxtis matareblebis moZraobas saWiro energiis
saSualebiT ganvixilavT, rodesac emZ mowyobiloba
Sesrulebuli muSaobis saSualebiT moZraobisTvis
saWiro energias uzrunvelyofs.
msoflios udidesi energiis Semnaxveli

gavrcelebuli emZ mowyobiloba batareaa, romelic
eleqtrosadguri daaxloebiT 8000 mJava- mraval meqanizmSi gamoiyeneba, majis saaTidan dawye-
tyviis batareas 8 zolSi aerTianebs. buli wyalqveSa gemiT damTavrebuli. emZ mowyobiloba,
TiToeuli maTgani 1000 v-iania da 4 saaTSi
romelic Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze yvelaze met
10 mgvt simZlavres warmoqmnis. Ramis
ganmavlobaSi damuxtuli batareebi pikis gavlenas axdens, eleqtruli generatoria. eleqtruli
saaTebSi simZlavreze moTxovnis zrdisas generatori eleqtrul sadgurTan kavSiris saSualebiT
gamoiyeneba.
Cvens saxlebsa da samuSao adgilebze potencialTa
sxvaobas qmnis. mzis elementebis saxeliT cnobili emZ mowyobilobebi soflis pirobebSi gamoi-
yeneba. naklebad cnobili emZ mowyobilobebi - sawvavis elementebi kosmosuri xomaldebisTvis
gamoiyeneba, xolo Termoelementebi eleqtrul simZlavres kosmosur xomaldebs da antar
qtikaze Tu sxvagan mdebare sadgurebs awvdis. ar aris aucilebeli emZ mowyobiloba xelsawyo
iyos. cocxal sxeulebs, iqneba es gvelTzevza, adamiani Tu mcenare, fiziologiuri emZ mowyo-
bilobebi aqvT.
zemoT CamoTvlili mowyobilobebi erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdebian, magram yvela maTganis
daniSnuleba muxtis matareblebze muSaobis Sesruleba da momWerebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaobis SenarCunebaa.
27.3. muSaoba, energia da emZ

27.1 suraTze naCvenebia emZ mowyobiloba (batarea), romelic R
winaRobis Semcveli martivi wredis Semadgeneli nawilia. emZ
mowyobiloba erT-erT momWerze met eleqtrul potencials
inarCunebs, vidre meoreze. pirvel momWers dadebiTi ewodeba sur. 27.1. martivi eleqtruli
da + niSniT aRiniSneba, xolo meore momWeri uaryofiTia da wredi, romelSic E emZ-s mqone
mowyobiloba muxtis matareb
_ niSniT aRiniSneba. emZ mowyobiloba uaryofiTi momWe
lebze muSaobas asrulebs da R
ridan dadebiTi momWerisken mimarTuli isriT SegviZlia winaRobis mqone rezistorSi i
warmovadginoT. emZ mowyobilobis isris boloze gakeTebuli dens warmoqmnis.
27.3. muSaoba, energia da emZ 911
wre, denis mimarTulebis mimaniSnebeli isrisgan garCevis saSualebas iZleva.
rodesac emZ mowyobiloba wredSi ar aris SeerTebuli, mowyobilobis Sinagani qimiuri agebuleba
wredSi muxtis matareblebis moZraobas ar iwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac emZ mowyobiloba
wredSi 27.1 suraTis msgavsadaa SeerTebuli, misi Sinagani qimiuri agebuleba dadebiTi muxtis
matareblebis uaryofiTi momWeridan dadebiTi momWerisken (emZ isris mimarTulebiT) moZraobas
iwvevs. es moZraoba wredSi igive mimarTulebiT gamavali denis Semadgeneli nawilia.
emZ mowyobilobis SigniT dadebiTi muxtis matareblebi dabali eleqtruli potencialis da,
maSasadame, mcire eleqtruli potenciuri energiis mqone regionidan ufro maRali eleqtruli
potencialis da, Sesabamisad, meti eleqtruli potenciuri energiis mqone regionisken
gadaadgildeba. es moZraoba momWerebs Soris arsebuli eleqtruli velis mier amoZravebuli
muxtebis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa.
aqedan gamomdinare, mowyobilobis SigniT energiis wyaro unda arsebobdes, romelic muxtebze
muSaobas Seasrulebs da maT amoZravebas gamoiwvevs. energiis wyaro SesaZloa iyos qimiuri,
rogorc es aris batareaSi an sawvav elementSi. is SeiZleba meqanikur Zalebsac Seicavdes, rogorc
es aris eleqtruli generatoris SemTxvevaSi. energiis miwodeba temperaturulma sxvaobam
SesaZloa uzurnvelyofs, rogorc es TermoelementSia, xolo mzis elementis SemTxvevaSi
energiis wyaro mzea.
modiT 27.1 suraTze gamosaxuli wredi muSaobis da energiis gadacemis TvalsazrisiT
gavaanalizoT. wredis nebismier ganivkveTSi (magaliTad aa´-Si) dt drois SualedSi dq muxti
gadis. igive raodenobis muxti emZ mowyobilobis dabali potencialis mqone boloze unda
Sevides da maRali potencialis bolodan unda gamovides. mowyobilobam dq muxtze dW muSaoba
unda Seasrulos, raTa mas moZraoba aiZulos. mowyobilobis emZ-a:
dW
E= (emZ-s gansazRvreba) (27.1)
dq
mowyobilobis emZ aris muxtis erTeulze Sesrulebuli
muSaoba, raTa muxti dabali potencialis momWeridan
maRali potencialis momWerisken gadaadgildes.
SI sistemaSi emZ-s erTeuli jouli kulonze. 24-e
paragrafSi am erTeuls volti vuwodeT.
idealur emZ mowyobilobas momWeridan momWerze
muxtis gadaadgilebisas Siga winaRoba ar gaaCnia.
idealuri emZ mowyobilobis momWerebs Soris poten
cialTa sxvaoba mowyobilobis emZ-s tolia. magaliTad,
12 v emZ-s mqone idealuri batareis momWerebs Soris (a)
potencialTa sxvaoba yovelTvis 12 v-ia.

Zravis mier
realuri emZ mowyobilobas, magaliTad realur m masaze
Sesrulebuli
batareas, muxtis Sinagani moZraobisadmi Siga winaRoba muSaoba
gaaCnia. rodesac realuri emZ mowyobiloba wredSi
CarTuli ar aris da masSi deni ar gadis, momWerebs Soris B-s mier R winaRobis mier
dakarguli warmoqmnili
qimiuri
potencialTa sxvaoba misi emZ-s tolia. miuxedavad energia
siTburi energia
amisa, rodesac mowyobilobaSi deni gadis, momWerebs

Soris potencialTa sxvaoba misi emZ-sgan gansxvavdeba.
A-Si Senaxuli
realur batareebs 27.5 paragrafSi ganvixilavT. qimiuri energia
rodesac emZ mowyobiloba wredSia CarTuli, is

(b)
energias masSi gamaval muxtis matareblebs gadascems.
energia muxtis matareblebidan wredSi CarTul
sur. 27.2. a) wredSi EB>EA, B batarea denis
sxva mowyobilobebs, magaliTad, naTuras SeiZleba mimarTulebas gansazRvravs. b) energiis
gadaeces. 27.2a suraTze naCvenebia ori A da B idealuri gadacema wredSi.
912 Tavi 27 wredebi
Semnaxveli batareis, R winaRobis da M eleqtruli Zravis Semcveli wredi. Zravas wredSi gasuli
muxtis matareblebisgan miRebuli energiis Sedegad sagnis aweva SeuZlia. gaiTvaliswineT, rom
batareebi muxtebs wredSi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gzavnis. wredSi gamavali denis namdvil
mimarTulebas ufro meti emZ-s mqone batarea gansazRvravs, romelic am SemTxvevaSi B batareaa.
B batareis Sinagani qimiuri energia mcirdeba, rodesac energia masSi gasul muxtis matareblebs
gadaecema. A batareis Sinagani qimiuri energia izrdeba, vinaidan deni misi dadebiTi momWeridan
uaryofiTi momWeriskenaa mimarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, B batarea A batareas muxtavs. B
batarea energias M Zravasac awvdis da R winaRobis mier daxarjul energiasac uzrunvelyofs.
27.2b suraTze naCvenebia B batareidan gadacemuli samive saxis energia. TiToeuli maTganis
Sedegad batareis qimiuri energia mcirdeba.
27.4. denis gamoTvla erTkonturian wredSi

27.3 suraTze gamosaxul erTkonturian wredSi denis gamoTvlis
ori ekvivalenturi meTodi arsebobs. erTi meTodi energiis
Senaxavas efuZneba, xolo meore - potencialis cnebas. wredi E
emZ-s mqone B batareisgan, R winaRobis rezistorisgan da ori
SemaerTebli mavTulisgan Sedgeba (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris,
wredis mavTulebs umniSvnelo winaRobis mqoned miviCnevT. sur. 27.3. erTkonturian wred
am SemTxvevaSi maTi funqcia mxolod muxtis matareblebis Si R winaRoba E emZ-s mqone B
batareasTanaa mierTebuli. Sede
gatarebaa).
gad miRebuli i deni wredSi yvel
gan Tanabaria.
energiis meTodi
26.27 formula (P = i2R) gvauwyebs, rom dt drois SualedSi i2Rdt raodenobis energia 27.3 suraTze
gamosaxul rezistorSi siTburi energiis saxiT gaCndeba. rogorc 26.7 paragrafSi aRvniSneT,
es energia ixarjeba (vinaidan mavTulebis winaRobebi umniSvneloa, maTSi siTburi energia ar
iarsebebs). igive drois SualedSi B batareaSi dq = idt muxti gadis da muxtze batareis mier
dW = E dq = Ei dt
energiis Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad, batareis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba rezistorSi gaCenili
siTburi energiis tolia unda iyos:
Ei dt = i2R dt
es gvaZlevs:
E = iR
E emZ aris batareis mier moZrav muxtebze gadacemuli energia. iR sidide aris moZravi muxtebidan
rezistoris SigniT siTburi energiisTvis gadacemuli energia. aqedan gamomdinare, moZravi
muxtebisTvis gadacemuli energia maTgan gamosuli energiis tolia. i-sTvis amoxsnis Sedegad
miviRebT:
E
i =   (27.2)
R
potencialTa meTodi
warmoidgineT, rom 27.3 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis nebismieri wertilidan viwyebT da romelime
mimarTulebiT potencialTa sxvaobebs algebrulad vkrebT. rodesac sawyis wertilze
davbrundebiT, sawyis potencialsac unda davubrundeT. vidre am yvelafers gavakeTebT,
27.4. denis gamoTvla erTkonturian wredSi 913
CamovayaliboT idea, romelic ara mxolod 27.3 suraTze gamosaxuli erTkonturian wreds
Seexeba, aramed mravalkonturiani wredis nebismier srul konturs:
konturis wesi: wredis nebismier srul konturSi wredis ubnebze potencialTa

cvlilebebis algebruli jami nulis tolia.
am wess xSirad kirxhofis konturis wess (kirxhofis Zabvis wess) uwodeben germaneli fizikosis
gustav robert kirxhofis sapativcemulod. es kanoni waagavs mtkicebas, rom mTis nebismier
wertils zRvis donidan erTi simaRle gaaCnia. Tu mTis nebismieri adgilidan daiwyeb siaruls da
imave adgilze mixval, simaRleebis cvlilebebis jami nulis toli iqneba.
27.3 suraTze Va potencialis a wertilidan daviwyoT da Semovlis mimarTulebad avirCioT
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTuleba, vidre kvlav a wertils davubrundebiT. sawyisi wertili
batareis dabali potencialis mqone momWers emTxveva. vinaidan batarea idealuria, mis momWerebs
Soris potencialTa sxvaoba E-is tolia. rodesac batareis maRali potencialis mqone momWers
CavuvliT, potencialis cvlileba +E iqneba.
zeda mavTulis gaswvriv rezistoris zeda bolomde moZraobisas potencialTa cvlileba
ar gvaqvs, vinaidan mavTulis winaRoba umniSvneloa da misi potenciali batareis maRali
potencialis momWeris potencialis tolia. igive xdeba rezistoris zeda boloze. rezistorSi
gavlisas, potenciali 26.8 formulis Tanaxmad icvleba. ufro metic, potenciali mcirdeba,
radgan rezistoris maRali potencialis mxares vSordebiT. potencialis cvlilebaa –iR.
a wertils qveda mavTulis gaswvriv moZraobiT vubrundebiT. vinaidan am mavTulis winaRobac
umniSvneloa, potenciali kvlav ar icvleba. a wertilze potenciali kvlav Va-s tolia. Cven
sruli konturi gaviareT, amitom sawyisi potenciali saboloo potencialis tolia:
Va + E – iR = Va
Va-s mniSvneloba baTildeba da formula Semdeg saxes iZens:
E – iR = 0
am formulis i-sTvis amoxsna energiis meTodis gamoyenebisas miRebul Sedegs mogvcems (i = E/R).
Tu konturis wess wredis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
gamoviyenebT, miviRebT:
–E + iR = 0
da kvlav i = E/R. maSasadame, konturis Semowera orive mimarTulebiT SeiZleba.

ufro rTuli wredebisTvis mosamzadeblad, konturis garSemo moZraobisas potencialTa
sxvaobis gamoTvlis ori wesi davimaxsovroT:
winaRobis wesi: denis mimarTulebiT winaRobaSi moZraobisas, potencialis cvlilebaa

–iR, xolo denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT – +iR.
emZ-s wesi: emZ isris mimarTulebiT idealur emZ mowyobilobaSi moZraobisas,

potencialis cvlilebaa +E, sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobisas – –E.
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia B batareis da R winaRobis Semcvel

erTkonturian wredSi gamavali i deni. wredi umniSvnelo winaRobis mavTulebsac Seicavs.
a) B-ze gavlebuli emZ-s isari marcxniv unda iyos mimarTuli
Tu marjvniv? daalageT b) deni, g) eleqtruli potenciali da
d) muxtis matarebelebis eleqtruli potenciuri energia a, b
da c wertilebze dididan mcireze.
914 Tavi 27 wredebi
(a) (b)
sur. 27.4. a) erTkonturiani wredi r Siga winaRobis E emZ-s mqone realur batareas Seicavs. b) igive wredi
wrfivadaa gaSlili. a-dan saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobisas Sexvedrili potencialebi
naCvenebia. Va potenciali pirobiTad nuladaa miCneuli da danarCeni potencialebi Va mimarT izomeba.
27.5. sxva erTkonturiani wredebi

am paragrafSi 27.3 suraTze gamosaxul martiv wreds ori gziT ganvavrcobT.
Siga winaRoba
27.4a suraTze naCvenebia r Siga winaRobis mqone realuri batarea, romelic R winaRobis gare
rezistorTanaa gadabmuli. batareis Siga winaRoba batareis gamtari nivTierebebis eleqtruli
winaRobaa da am maxasiaTebels ver ugulebelvyofT. miuxedavad amisa, 27.4a suraTze batarea isea
gamosaxuli, TiTqos is E emZ-s mqone idealur bataread da r winaRobis rezistorad davyaviT. am
nawilebis amsaxveli simboloebis mimdevrobas mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
Tu a wertilidan daviwyebT da konturis wess saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT gavivliT,
potencialTa cvlilebebi iqneba:
E – ir – iR = 0 (27.3)
denisTvis amoxsna mogvcems:

E
i =   (27.4)
R + r
Tu batarea idealuria anu r = 0, es formula 27.2 formulamde daiyvaneba.
27.4b suraTze wredis garSemo eleqtruli potencialis cvlilebebi grafikuladaa gamosaxuli.
yuradReba miaqcieT, ramdenad waagavs wredis garSemo moZraoba mTaze siaruls.
am saxelmZRvaneloSi batarea idealurad SegiZliaT miiCnioT, Tu miTiTebuli ar aris misi
realuroba an Siga winaRoba. ra Tqma unda, realur samyaroSi batarea yovelTvis realuria da
Siga winaRoba aqvs.
mimdevrobiT CarTuli winaRobebi

27.5a suraTze naCvenebia E emZ-s mqone idealur batareasTan mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli sami
winaRoba. `mimdevrobiT~ niSnavs, rom winaRobebi erTi-meoris miyolebiTaa gadabmuli da V
potencialTa sxvaoba mimdevrobis or bolozea modebuli. 27.5a suraTze winaRobebi a da b
wertilebs Sorisaa CarTuli da potencialTa sxvaoba a da b wertilebs Soris narCundeba.
winaRobebze arsebuli potencialTa sxvaobebi maTSi identur i dens warmoqmnis:
rodesac V potencialTa sxvaoba mimdevrobiT CarTul winaRobebzea modebuli,

winaRobebSi erTi da igive i deni gadis. winaRobebis potencialTa sxvaobebis jami V
potencialTa sxvaobis tolia.
27.6. or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 915
mimdevrobiT CarTul winaRobebSi gamaval dens mxolod erTi

traeqtoria aqvs. damatebiTi traeqtoriebis arsebobis Sem
TxvevaSi anu rodesac sxvadasxva winaRobaSi gamavali deni
gansxvavebulia, es niSnavs, rom winaRobebi mimdevrobiT Seer
Tebuli ar aris.
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli winaRobebi maTi ekvival-

enturi Req winaRobiT SeiZleba Seicvalos, romelSic
(a)
igive i deni gadis da igive jamuri V potencialTa sxva
obaa modebuli.
albaT gaxsovT, rom mimdevrobiT CarTul winaRobebSi da

Req-Si erTi da igive i deni gadis. 27.5b suraTze naCvenebia 27.5a
suraTze gamosaxuli sami winaRobis Semcveli Rekv ekvivalenturi
winaRoba.
27.5b suraTze gamosaxuli Rekv-is gamosaxulebis misaRebad
(b)
konturis wess orive wredisTvis viyenebT. 27.5a suraTze
a wertilidan viwyebT Semovlas saaTis isris moZraobis sur. 27.5. a) a da b wertilebs
mimarTulebiT da a wertilSi vasrulebT: Soris mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli
sami rezistori. b) eqvivalenturi
E – iR1 – iR2 – iR3 = 0 wredi, romelSic sami rezistori
E Secvlilia Req eqvivalenturi
anu i =   (27.5)
R1 + R2 + R3 winaRobiT.
27.5b suraTis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:

E – iRekv = 0
E
anu i = (27.6)
Rekv
27.5 da 27.6 formulebis Sedareba aCvenebs:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
n raodenobis winaRobebisTvis gveqneba:
Rekv   = R j (mimdevrobiT CarTuli n raodenobis winaRobebi) (27.7)
rodesac winaRobebi mimdevrobiT aris CarTuli, maTi ekvivalenturi winaRoba calkeul

winaRobebze metia.
sakontrolo wertili 2. 27.5a suraTze R1 > R2 > R3. daalageT winaRobebi a) maTSi gamavali

denis da b) modebuli potencialTa sxvaobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
27.6. or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba

Zalian xSirad saWiro xdeba wredis or wertils Soris
potencialTa sxvaobis gamoTvla. magaliTad, 27.6 suraTze risi
tolia a da b wertilebs Soris Vb – Va potencialTa sxvaoba? amis
gasagebad a wertilidan (Va potencialidan) daviwyoT da batareis sur. 27.6. realuri batareis
gavliT b wertilisken (Vb potencialisken) vimoZraoT, xolo momWerebze ganlagebuli a da
b wertilebis potencialebi
gzad potencialTa cvlilebebi CaviniSnoT. rodesac batareis
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.
916 Tavi 27 wredebi
emZ-s CavuvliT, potenciali E-iT izrdeba. rodesac batareis r Siga winaRobas CavuvliT, Cven
denis mimarTulebiT vmoZraobT da amitom potenciali ir-iT mcirdeba. saboloo jamSi gveqneba:
Va + E – ir = Vb
anu Vb – Va = E – ir (27.8)
(Vb – Va)-s gamoTvlisTvis i deni gvesaWiroeba. deni 27.4a suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsia da 27.4
formula gvaZlevs:
E
i =   (27.9)
R + r
es formula 27.8 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
E E
Vb – Va = E –   r =   R . (27.10)
R + r R + r
amjerad 27.6 suraTze mocemuli monacemebi CavsvaT da gveqneba:
12 v
Vb – Va =  4 Ω + 2 Ω 4 Ω = 8 v   (27.11)
Tu a-dan b wertilisken saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT vmoZraobT da

batareis nacvlad R rezistors gavivliT, Cveni moZraoba denis sawinaaRmdegoa da potenciali
iR-iT izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare:
Va + iR = Vb
anu Vb – Va = iR (27.12)
27.9 formulidan i CavsvaT da kvlav 27.10 formulas miviRebT. 27.6 suraTze mocemuli monace-
mebis Casma igive Sedegs mogvcems anu Vb – Va = 8 v. zogadad,
wredis nebismier or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaobis gamoTvlisTvis erTi

wertilidan viwyebT da meore wertilisken nebismieri traeqtoriiT vmoZraobT. gzad
Sexvedrili potencialTa cvlilebebi algebrulad ikribeba.
potencialTa sxvaoba realur batareaze

27.6 suraTze a da b wertilebi batareis momWerebzea ganlagebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, Vb – Va
potencialTa sxvaoba batareis momWerebs Soris V potencialTa sxvaobis tolia. 27.8 formuli-
dan Cans:
V = E – ir (27.13)
Tu 27.6 suraTze gamosaxuli batareis r Siga winaRoba nulis tolia, 27.13 formulis Tanaxmad
V potencialTa sxvaoba batareis E emZ-s anu 12v-is toli iqneba. vinaidan r = 2Ω, V potencialTa
sxvaoba E-ze naklebia. 27.11 formulidan ki viciT, rom V mxolod 8 v-ia. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom Sedegi batareaSi gamaval denzea damokidebuli. batareis sxva wredSi CarTvis da masSi
gansxvavebuli denis gavlis SemTxvevaSi V-s mniSvneloba sxva iqneba.
wredis damiweba
27.7a suraTze 27.6 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsi wredia mocemuli, Tumca amjerad a wertili
miwasTan pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli. wredis damiweba dedamiwis zedapirTan (simbolo )
gamtariT dakavSirebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi, wredis damiwebis wertilis potenciali nuladaa
27.6. or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 917
sur. 27.7. a) a wertili pirdapir

miwasTanaa dakavSirebuli. b) b wertili
pirdapir miwasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(a) (b)
miCneuli. maSasadame, 27.7a suraTze a wertilis potencialia Va = 0. 27.11 formulidan gamomdinare
b wertilis potencialia Vb = 8v.
27.7b suraTze naCvenebia igive wredi, oRond amjerad miwasTan b wertilia dakavSirebuli. aqedan
gamomdinare Vb=0 da 27.11 formulis Tanaxmad Va = – 8v.
simZlavre, potenciali da emZ

rodesac batarea an emZ mowyobilobis raime sxva saxeoba muxtis matareblebze muSaobas
asrulebs da i dens warmoqmnis, energiis wyarodan (magaliTad, batareis qimiuri wyaro) energia
muxtis matareblebs gadaecema. vinaidan realur emZ mowyobilobas r Siga winaRoba aqvs, energia
rezistuli xarjvis Sedegad Siga siTbur energiasac emateba (paragrafi 26.7.). modiT energiis
gadacemebi erTmaneTTan davakavSiroT.
emZ mowyobilobidan muxtis matareblebze gadacemuli energiis P tempi 26.26 formuliT
gamoiTvleba:
P = iV (27.14)
sadac V aris potencialTa sxvaoba emZ mowyobilobis momWerebs Soris. 27.13 formulidan
V = E – ir 27.14 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
P = i(E – ir) = iE – i 2 r (27.15)
26.27 formulidan gavixsenoT, rom i2r wevri emZ mowyobilobis SigniT Termuli energiisTvis
gadacemuli energiis Pr tempia:
Pr = i2r (Siga xarjvis tempi) (27.16)
27.15 formulis iE wevri emZ mowyobilobidan muxtis matareblebze da Siga siTbur energiaze
gadacemuli energiis PemZ tempia:
PemZ = iE (emZ mowyobilobis simZlavre) (27.17)
Tu batarea imuxteba da deni masSi àrasworad~ gadis, maSin energia muxtis matareblebidan
batareis qimiur energias da r Siga winaRobaSi daxarjul energias emateba. qimiuri energiis
cvlilebis tempi 27.17 formuliT gamoiTvleba, xarjvis tempi _ 27.16 formuliT, xolo muxtis
matareblebisaTvis gadacemuli energiis tempi _ 27.14 formuliT.
918 Tavi 27 wredebi

27.8a suraTze gamosaxul wredSi emZ-ebi da
winaRobebia: E1 = 4,4 v, E2 = 2,1 v, r1 = 2,3Ω,
r2 = 1,8Ω, R = 5,5Ω.
a) risi tolia wredSi gamavali i deni?
amoxsna: erTkonturiani wredSi gamavali (a)
i denis gamosaxulebis miReba konturis
wesis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. i denis mimar
Tulebis codna aucilebeli ar aris, magram
misi gansazRvra ori batareis emZ-dan
iolad SeiZleba. vinaidan E1>E2, pirveli
batarea i-s mimarTulebas akontrolebs da,
maSasadame, moZraoba saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiTaa. modiT a wertilidan daviw
yoT, saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT wavideT da konturis wesi
gamoviyenoT:
–E1 + ir1 + iR + ir2 + E2 = 0
(b)
Sedegi igive iqneba, Tu raime sxva wertilSi
daviwyebT da saaTis isris moZraobis mimar sur. 27.8. a) erTkonturiani wredi or realur
TulebiT vimoZravebT. garda amisa, es for batareas da rezistors Seicavs. batareebi urTierT
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa anu dens rezistoris
mula 27.8b suraTs SeadareT, romelzec
gavliT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gzavnian.
potencialTa cvlileba grafikuladaa gamo b) a wertili nulovani potencialis mqonedaa miCne
saxuli (a wertilis potenciali suraTze uli da saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZraobisas potencialebi naCvenebia.
nuladaa miCneuli).
zemoT moyvanili formula i denisTvis amov es formula gvaZlevs:
xsnaT da miviRebT: Va – Vb = –ir1 + E1
E1 – E2 4,4 v – 2,1 v
i = =   5,5 Ω + 2,3 Ω + 1,8 Ω = –(0,2396 a)(2,3Ω) + 4,4 v
R + r1 + r2
= +3,84 v ≈ 3,8 v (pasuxi)
= 0,2396 a = 240 ma (pasuxi) miRebuli Sedegi batareis emZ-ze naklebia.
igive Sedegs miiRebT, Tu 27.8a suraTis b
b) risi tolia 27.8a suraTze gamosaxuli
wertilidan daiwyebT da a wertilisken saaTis
pirveli batareis momWerebs Soris poten
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTule-
cialTa sxvaoba?
biT imoZravebT.
amoxsna: amjerad a da b wertilebs Soris
potencialTa sxvaobebi unda SevkriboT. sakontrolo wertili 3. batareis emZ-a
Tavdapirvelad b wertilidan (pirveli bata 12v, xolo Siga winaRobaa 2Ω. momWerebs
reis uaryofiTi momWeridan) daviwyoT da Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 12v-ze
pirveli batareis gavliT a wertilisken metia, naklebia Tu tolia, rodesac
(dadebiTi momWerisken) saaTis isris mimar a) deni batareaSi uaryofiTi momWeridan
TulebiT vimoZraoT. gzadagza potencialTa dadebiTisken moZraobs, b) dadebiTidan
cvlilebebis Caweris Sedegad miviRebT: uaryofiTi momWerisken moZraobs da
Vb – ir1 + E1 = Va g) nulis tolia?

27.7. mravalkonturiani wredebi 919
taqtika 1: denis mimarTulebis daSveba –E1 – ir1 – iR – ir2 + E2 = 0

wredTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis amoxs- E1 – E2
anu i = –
nisas denis mimarTulebis codna saWiro ar R + r1 + r2
aris. Tqven SegiZliaT denis mimarTuleba 27.1 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSidan ricxviTi
ubralod dauSvaT. magaliTad, 27.8a suraTze mniSvnelobis Casma i = –240 ma pasuxs mogvcems.
miviCnioT, rom deni saaTis isris moZraobis minus niSani aCvenebs, rom denis mimarTuleba
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs. miCneuli mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa.
Semdeg a wertilidan moyolebuli konturis
wesi gamoviyenoT:
27.7. mravalkonturiani wredebi

27.9 suraTze naCvenebia erTze meti konturis Semcveli wredi. simartivisTvis vuSvebT, rom
batareebi idealuria. wredis b da d wertilebze ori gadasasvlelia da am gadasasvlelebs
sami ganStoeba akavSirebs. wredSi aris marcxena ganStoeba (bad), marjvena ganStoeba (bcd) da
centraluri ganStoeba (bd). ra denebi gadis sam ganStoebaSi?
ganStoebaSi gamaval denebs pirobiTi indeqsebiT aRvniSnavT. magaliTad, i1 denis mniSvneloba
bad ganStoebaSia Tanabari, i2 deni - bcd ganStoebaSi, xolo i3 deni - bd ganStoebaSi. denebis
mimarTulebebic pirobiTad aris arCeuli.
ganvixiloT d gadasasvleli, rodesac muxti masze i1 da i3 denebidan modis da gadasavlelidan
i2 denis saSualebiT gadis. vinaidan gadasasvlelSi muxtis cvlileba ar xdeba, Semavali deni
gamavali denis toli unda iyos:
i1 + i3 = i2 (27.18)
SegiZliaT SeamowmoT, rom b gadasasvlelis SemTxvevaSic igive xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare zogadi
principi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes.
gadasasvlelis wesi: nebismier gadasasvlelSi Semavali denebis jami gadasasvlelidan

gamomavali denebis jamis tolia.
am wess xSirad kirxhofis gadasasvlelis wess (kirxhofis denis kanons) uwodeben da principSi
es wesi muxtis dinebisas muxtis Senaxvis kanonia. maSasadame, rTuli wredebis amoxsnisTvis
energiis Senaxvaze dafuZnebul konturis wess da muxtis Senaxvaze dafuZnebul gadasasvlelis
wess viyenebT.
27.18 gantolebaSi sami ucnobi Sedis. wredis srulad
amoxsnisTvis (anu samive denis gamoTvlisTvis) igive
ucnobebis Semcveli kidev ori gantoleba gvesaWiroeba. am
gantolebebs konturis wesis orjer gamoyenebis Sedegad
miviRebT. 27.9 suraTze gamosaxuli wredi sam konturs
Seicavs, esenia: marcxena konturi (badb), marjvena konturi
(bcdb) da didi konturi (badcb). romel or konturs avirCevT, sur. 27.9. mravalkonturiani wredi
sami ganStoebisgan Sedgeba. esenia:
mniSvneloba ar aqvs. modiT, marcxena da marjvena konturebi marcxena ganStoeba (bad), marjvena
avirCioT. ganStoeba (bcd) da centraluri
Tu marcxena konturSi moZraobas b wertilidan daviwyebT ganStoeba. wredi aseve Seicavs sam
konturs. esenia: marcxena konturi
da saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
(badb), marjvena konturi (bcdb) da
vimoZravebT, konturis wesi mogvcems: didi konturi (badcb).
920 Tavi 27 wredebi
E1 – i1R1 + i3R3 = 0 (27.19)
Tu marjvena konturSi moZraobas b wertilidan daviwyebT da kvlav saaTis isris moZraobis

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT vimoZravebT, konturis wesi mogvcems:
– i3R3 – i2R2 – E2 = 0 (27.20)
amjerad sami gantoleba gvaqvs (27.18, 27.19 da 27.20) da maTi amoxsna SesaZlebelia.
konturis wesis didi konturisTvis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT:
E1 – i1R1 – i2R2 – E2 = 0
es formula erTi SexedviT axal informacias Seicavs, magram sinamdvileSi is 27.19 da 27.20
formulebis jamia.
paralelurad CarTuli winaRobebi

27.10a suraTze naCvenebia E emZ-s mqone idealur batareasTan paralelurad mierTebuli sami
winaRoba. `paralelurad~ niSnavs, rom winaRobebis sawyisi wertilebi SeerTebulia erT kvanZad
da saboloo wertilebi _ meore kvanZad. radgan paralelurad SeerTebul winaRobebs aqvT
saerTo sawyisi da saerTo bolo wertili, amitom TiToeul winaRobaze V potencialTa sxvaoba
erTi da igivea.
rodesac paralelurad SeerTebul winaRobebze V potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli,

winaRobebis V potencialTa sxvaobebi Tanabaria.
27.10a suraTze V potencialTa sxvaobas batarea inarCunebs. 27.10b suraTze sami parale-
luri winaRoba Rekv ekvivalenturi winaRobiTaa Secvlili.
paralelurad SeerTebuli winaRobebi Rekv ekvivalenturi winaRobiT SeiZleba

Seicvalos, romelsac igive V potencialTa sxvaoba da i jamuri deni aqvs.
27.10b suraTze gamosaxuli Rekv-s gamosaxulebis misaRebad

27.10a suraTze gamosaxul winaRobebSi gamavali denebi
CavweroT:
V V V
i1 =  , i  =  da i3 = ,
R1 2 R2 R3
sadac V aris potencialTa sxvaoba a-s da b-s Soris. Tu 27.10a
suraTis a wertilze gadasasvlelis wess gamoviyenebT da
(a)
monacemebs CavsvamT, miviRebT:
i1 + i2 + i3 = ( 1
+
1
+
R1 R2 R3
1
). (27.21)
paraleluri kombinaciis Rekv ekvivalenturi winaRobiT

Secvlis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
V
i =  . (27.22)
Rekv
(b)
sur. 27.10. a) a da b wertilebis 27.21 da 27.22 formulebis Sedareba gvaZlevs:

gaswvriv paralelurad SeerTebuli
1 1 1 1
sami winaRoba. b) ekvivalentur wredSi = + + . (27.23)
sami winaRoba Rekv ekvivalenturi Rekv R1 R2 R3
winaRobiTaa Secvlili.
cxrili 27.1
mimdevrobiT da paralelurad SeerTebuli rezistorebi da kondensatorebi
mimdevrobiT paralelurad mimdevrobiT paralelurad
rezistorebi kondensatorebi
1 1 1 1
Rekv   = R j 27.7 formula =   27.24 for- =   25.20 for- Cekv = Cj 25.19 formula.
Rekv Rj Cekv Cj
yvela rezistorSi
mula. yvela rezistor- mula. yvela kondensa yvela kondensatorze
Tanabari deni gadis ze Tanabari potencial- torze Tanabari muxtia Tanabari potencialTa
Ta sxvaobaa
sxvaobaa
miRebuli Sedegi n raodenobis winaRobebze ganvavrcoT:

1 1
=   (paralelurad SeerTebuli n raodenobis winaRoba) (27.24)
Rekv Rj
ori winaRobis SemTxvevaSi, ekvivalenturi winaRoba aris winaRobebis namravlis Sefardeba maT
jamTan:
R1 R2
Rekv = . (27.25)
R1 + R2
Tu SemTxveviT winaRobebis jams namravlze gayofT, maSin Sedegi araswori iqneba.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rodesac ori an meti winaRoba paraleluradaa SeerTebuli, maTi
ekvivalenturi winaRoba cal-calke winaRobebze naklebia. 27.1 cxrilSi Tavmoyrilia
mimdevrobiT da paralelurad CarTuli rezistorebis da kondensatorebis ekvivalenturobis
formulebi.
sakontrolo wertili 4. V potencialis mqone batarea or identur rezistorTanaa

mierTebuli da masSi i deni gadis. risi tolia TiToeuli rezistoris potencialTa sxvaoba
da deni, Tu isini a) mimdevrobiT da b) paralelurad arian SeerTebulni?

27.11a suraTze naCvenebia idealuri batareis
da oTxi winaRobis Semcveli mravalkontu-
riani wredi. ricxviTi mniSvnelobebia:
R1 = 20Ω, R2 = 20Ω, R3 = 30Ω, R4 = 8Ω da E = 12 v.
a) ra deni gadis batareaSi?

amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom batareaSi gamavali deni R1-Si gamavali (a) (b)
denis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, konturis
wesi R1-is Semcveli konturisTvis gamoviyenoT.
amisTvis marcxena an didi konturi gamodgeba.
batareis emZ-s isari maRlaa mimarTuli,
amitom batareidan miwodebuli deni saaTis
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobs
da konturis wesi marcxena konturisTvis,
(g)
sur. 27.11. a) E emZ-s mqone idealuri batareis da oTxi winaRobis Semcveli mravalkonturiani wredi.
b) winaRobebSi gamavali denebi. g) gamartivebuli wredi, romelzec R2 da R3 winaRobebi maTi eqvivalenturi R23
winaRobiTaa Secvlili. R23-Si gamavali deni R1-sa da R4-Si gamavali denis tolia.
922 Tavi 27 wredebi
a wertilidan saaTis isris moZraobis mimar Si gamavali deni R23-Sic unda gavides. amgvari
TulebiT gamoviyenoT. batareaSi gamavali i martivi erTkonturiani wredisTvis konturis
denisTvis miviRebT: wesi (a wertilidan saaTis moZraobis isris
mimarTulebiT) mogvcems:
+E – iR1 – iR2 – iR4 = 0 (arasworia).
es formula arasworia, vinaidan mis Tanaxmad +E – i1R1 – i1R23 – i1R4 = 0
R1, R2 da R4 winaRobebSi Tanabari i deni gadis. mocemuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
R1-Si da R4 gamavali deni marTlac Tanabaria,
12 v – i1(20Ω) – i1(12Ω) – i1(8Ω) = 0
vinaidan R4-Si gasulma denma jer batarea da
Semdeg R1 unda gaiaros. miuxedavad amisa, deni saidanac gamomdinareobs:
b gadasasvlelze iyofa, nawili R2-Si gadis, 12 v
i1 =  = 0,3 a. (pasuxi)
xolo meore nawili _ R3-Si. 40 Ω
wredSi gamavali ramdenime denis erTmaneTis-
b) ra i2 deni gadis R2-Si?
gan gasarCevad isini 27.11b suraTis msgavsad
amoxsna: amjerad 27.11g wredidan ukan unda
davasaTauroT. Semdeg a wertilidan saaTis
davbrundeT. vinaidan R2 da R3 winaRobebi
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT vimoZraoT
paralelurad aris CarTuli, maTze poten
da konturis wesi marcxena konturisTvis
cialTa sxvaoba R23-is potencialTa sxvaobis
CavweroT:
tolia. R23-Si gamavali denia i1=0,3a. maSasadame,
+E – i1R1 – i2R2 – i1R4 = 0.
26.8 formula (R=V/i) gamoviyenoT da R23-ze V23
samwuxarod es formula or i1 da i2 ucnobs potencialTa sxvaobas gamovTvliT:
Seicavs, amitom maTi gamoTvlisTvis kidev
erTi formulaa saWiro.
V23 = i1R23 = (0,3 a)(12Ω) = 3,6 v
bevrad ufro martivi iqneba, Tu 27.11b sura- maSasadame, R2-ze potencialTa sxvaobaa
Tze gamosaxul wreds ekvivalenturi wina 3,6v da masSi gamavali i2 deni 26.8 formulis
Robebis saSualebiT gavamartivebT. R1 da R2 saSualebiT gamoiTvleba:
winaRobebi mimdevrobiT ar aris CarTuli V2 3,6 v
da amitom maT ekvivalenturi winaRobiT ver
i2 =
R2 = 20 Ω = 0,18 a. (pasuxi)
SevcvliT. samagierod R2 da R3 winaRobebi g) ra i3 deni gadis R3-Si?

paralelurad aris CarTuli da maTi ekviva-
amoxsna: gadasasvlelis wesis Tanaxmad, 27.11b
lenturi R23 winaRobis gamoTvlisTvis 27.24
suraTze gamosaxul b wertilze Semomavali i1
an 27.25 formula SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. 27.25
deni da gamavali i2 da i3 deni erTmaneTs Semdegi
formulis Tanaxmad:
R R (20 Ω) (30 Ω)
R23 = 2 3  =  = 12 Ω. i1 = i2 + i3
R2 + R3 50 Ω
saidanac miviRebT:
amjerad wredi 27.11g suraTis saxes miiRebs.
i3 = i1 – i2 = 0,3 a – 0,18 a = 0,12 a (pasuxi)
R23-Si gamavali deni i1-ia, vinaidan R1-sa da R4-

27.12 suraTze naCvenebia wredi, romlis
elementebsac Semdegi mniSvnelobebi aqvs:
E1 = 3 v, E2 = 6 v, R1 = 2Ω da R2 = 4Ω. samive
batarea idealuria. gamoTvaleT TiToeul
ganStoebaSi gamavali denis sidide da
mimarTuleba.
amoxsna: wredis gamartivebas azri ar aqvs,
vinaidan paralelurad CarTuli rezistorebi sur. 27.12. sami idealuri batareis da xuTi winaRobis
Semcveli mravalkonturiani wredi.
ar gvaqvs, xolo mimdevrobiT CarTuli
rezistorebi problemas ar qmnian. aqedan i2(4Ω) + i3(4Ω) = 0 (27.28)
gamomdinare, gadasasvlelis da konturis
27.28 formulaSi i3-is gamoTvlisTvis 27.26
wesebi unda gamoviyenoT.
formula gamoviyenoT da miviRebT:
27.12 suraTis a wertilisTvis gadasasvlelis
kanoni CavweroT: i1(4Ω) + i2(8Ω) = 0 (27.29)
i3 = i1 + i2 (27.26) amjerad ori ucnobis Semcveli gantolebaTa

sistema (27.27 da 27.29 formulebi)
b wertilisTvis gadasasvlelis wesi igive
miviReT, romlis amoxsna sakmaod martivia
formulas gvaZlevs, amitom wredis sami
(gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnisTvis E dama
konturidan nebismieri orisTvis konturis
tebaSi mocemuli krameris wesi SegviZlia
wesi gamoviyenoT. pirobiTad avirCioT
gamoviyenoT). gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna
marcxena konturi, a wertili da saaTis isris
mogvcems:
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
mivyveT konturs. Sedegad miviRebT: i2 = –0,25 a.
–i1R1 – E1 – i1R1 + E2 + i2R2 = 0 (minusi niSnavs imas, rom 27.12 suraTze Cvens
mier pirobiTad arCeuli i2 denis mimarTuleba
mocemuli monacemebis Casma da gamartiveba
swori ar iyo). 27.29 formulaSi i2 = –0,25 a
mogvcems:
CavsvaT da i1-sTvis amovxsnaT:
i1(4Ω) – i2(4Ω) = 3 v (27.27) i1 = 0,5 a (pasuxi)
konturis meore wesisTvis marjvena konturi 27.26 formulidan gamomdinare:
avirCioT da a wertilidan saaTis isris moZra i3 = i1 + i2 = 0,25 a   (pasuxi)
obis mimarTulebiT vimoZraoT. Sedegad
i1 da i3 denebisTvis miRebuli dadebiTi Sedegi
miviRebT:
gviCvenebs, rom Cvens mier pirobiTad arCeuli
+i3R1 – E2 + i3R1 + E2 + i2R2 = 0 mimarTulebebi swori iyo. maSasadame i2 denis
swori mimarTuleba da sididea:
mocemuli monacemebis Casma da gamartiveba
i2 = 0,25 a (pasuxi)
mogvcems:

eleqtruli Tevzebi dens eleqtrolaqebad amoxsna: 27.13a suraTze gamosaxuli wredi
wodebuli biologiuri ujredebis saSua gamartivdeba, Tu emZ-ebis da Siga winaRobebis
lebiT warmoqmnian, romlebic fiziologiuri kombinaciebs ekvivalenturi emZ-ebiT da
emZ mowyobilobebia. samxreT amerikuli winaRobebiT SevcvliT. Tavdapirvelad erTi
gvelTevzis eleqtrolaqebi 140 rigadaa rigi ganvixiloT. 5000 eleqtrolaqisgan
ganlagebuli. TiToeuli rigi sxeulze Semdgari rigis jamuri Ej emZ calkeuli emZ-
horizontaluradaa gadaWimuli da 5000 ebis jamis tolia:
eleqtrolaqas Seicavs. 27.13a suraTze Ej = 5000E = (5000)(0,15 v) = 750 v
swored amgvari rigia gamosaxuli. TiTo
rigis jamuri Rj winaRoba 5000 eleqtrolaqis
euli eleqtrolaqis E emZ 0,15 v-ia, xolo r
Siga winaRobebis jamis tolia:
Siga winaRobaa 0,25Ω. gvelTevzaze garSe
Rj = 5000r = (5000)(0,25Ω) = 1250Ω.
mortymuli wyali eleqtrolaqebis ganlagebis
or kides Soris wreds warmoqmnis. erTi bolo amjerad 140 identuri rigidan TiToeuli
Tevzis Tavzea ganlagebuli, xolo meore Ej emZ-s da Rj winaRobis mqoned SegviZlia
bolo – mis kudze. warmovadginoT (sur. 27.13b).
27.13b suraTze, nebismieri rigis a wertilsa
a) Tu gvelTevzaze garSemortymuli wylis
da b wertils Soris emZ-a Ej = 750 v. vinai
winaRobaa Rwy=800Ω, ra sididis denis war-
dan rigebi identuria da yvela maTgani
moqmna SeuZlia gvelTevzas wyalSi?
924 Tavi 27 wredebi
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
sur. 27.13. a) gvelTzevzis eleqtruli wredis modeli. gvelTevzis TiToeuli eleqtrolaqis emZ-a E, xolo
Siga winaRobaa r. gvelTevzas kudidan Tavisken gadaWimuli 140 rigidan TiToeulSi 5000 eleqtrolaqaa.
garSemortymuli wylis winaRobaa Rwy . b) TiToeuli rigis Ej emZ da Rj winaRoba. b) a da b wertilebs Soris emZ-a
Ej. b da c wertilebs Soris 140 paraleluri Rj winaRobaa. d) gamartivebul wredSi paraleluri kombinacia Rekv
ekvivalenturi winaRobiTaa Secvlili.
27.13b suraTze marcxnivaa ganlagebuli, naaRmdego mimarTulebiT gamoviyenoT da

b wertilebis potencialebi Tanabaria. miviRebT:
maSasadame, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom mxolod Ej – iRwy – iRekv = 0
erTi b wertilia SeerTebuli. a wertilsa da am i-sTvis amoxsna da cnobili monacemebis Casma
b wertils Soris emZ-a Ej = 750 v, amitom wredi mogvcems:
27.13g suraTis msgavsad SeiZleba gamoisaxos. Ej 750 v
27.13g suraTis b wertilsa da c wertils i =  = 800 Ω + 8.93 Ω
Rwy + Rekv
Soris Rj = 1250Ω winaRobis 140 winaRobaa,
= 0,927 a ≈ 0,93 a (pasuxi)
romlebic paralelurad arian SeerTebuli. am
kombinaciis Rekv ekvivalenturi winaRoba 27.24 rodesac gvelTevzas Tavi an kudi TevzTan
formuliT gamoiTvleba: axlosaa, denis nawilma TevzSi SeiZleba
1 1 1 gaiaros, rac mis gabruebas an sikvdils
=    = 140  R
Rekv Rj j gamoiwvevs.
Rj 1250Ω b) ra ij deni gadis 17.13a suraTze gamosaxul

anu Rekv = 140 = 140 = 8,93 Ω.
TiToeul rigSi?
paraleluri kombinaciis Rekv-iT Secvlis Semdeg amoxsna: vinaidan rigebi identuria, gvel
27.13d suraTze gamosaxul gamartivebul TevzaSi Semavali da gamavali deni maT Soris
wreds viRebT. konturis kanoni b wertilidan Tanabrad iyofa:
moyolebuli saaTis isris moZraobis sawi
27.8. ampermetri da voltmetri 925
i 0,927 a mcirea. swored amitom, gvelTevzas sxeulSi
ij = 140 = = 6,6×10–3 a. (pasuxi)
140 gavrcelebuli deni Tavad gvelTevzas
aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeul rigSi gamavali
arafers uSavebs.
deni wyalSi gamaval denze ori rigiT
taqtika 2: batareebis da rezisto taqtika 3:

pirobiTi arCevani wredis
rebisgan Semdgari wredebis amoxsna amocanebis amoxsnisas
ucnobi denebis an potencialTa sxvaobebis 27.3 amocans amoxsnis nimuSSi ramdenime
Semcveli wredebis amoxsnis ori saSualeba
pirobiTi arCevani gavakeTeT: 1) 27.12 suraTze
arsebobs:
gamosaxuli denebis mimarTulebebi pirobiTad
1. Tu SesaZlebelia mimdevrobT an parale
avirCieT; 2) sami SesaZlo konturidan ori
lurad CarTuli winaRobebis maTi ekviva-
lenturi winaRobiT Secvla, es ase unda avirCieT da maTTvis gantolebebi davwereT; 3)
gaakeToT. Tu wredis erT konturamde konturze moZraobis mimarTuleba pirobiTad
dayvana SegiZliaT, batareaSi gamaval dens avirCieT; 3) moZraobis sawyisi da saboloo
27.2a amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis msgavsad wertilebic pirobiTad avirCieT.
gamoTvliT. Semdeg nebismier rezistorSi msgavsi pirobiToba damwyebTaTvis SesaZloa
gamavali denis an potencialTa sxvaobis damabneveli iyos, magram gamocdilma fizi
gamoTvlisTvis gamartivebis Sebrunebu-
kosebma ician, rom amas araviTari mniSvneloba
li procesi SeiZleba dagWirdeT, rogorc
ar aqvs. ubralod ori wesi daimaxsovreT:
es 27.2b amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi.
2. Tu wredi erT konturamde ver daiyvaneba, 1) darwmundiT, rom konturi mTlianad
maSin 27.3 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis msgav SemowereT da 2) denis mimarTulebis arCevis
sad gadasasvlelis da konturis wesebi Semdeg, yvela denis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis
gamoiyeneT. Tqven gantolebebSi Semavali gamoTvlamde ar SecvaloT arCevani. Tu
ucnobebis raodenobis damoukidebeli arCevani arasworia, algebruli niSani
gantolebebi dagWirdebaT. Tu romelime amas SegatyobinebT. Secdomas minus niSnis
rezistoris deni an potencialTa sxvaoba waSlis da wredze denis isris mimarTulebis
gWirdebaT, maSin unda darwmundeT, rom
SecvliT iolad gamoasworebT, magram amgvari
gantolebebSi misi deni an potencialTa
Sesworeba gamoTvlebis dasrulebamde ar
sxvaoba Sedis.
SeiZleba.
27.8. ampermetri da voltmetri

denis sazom mowyobilobas ampermetri ewodeba. mavTulSi gamavali
denis gasazomad mavTulSi ampermetri ise unda moaTavsoT, rom
denma masSi gaiaros (27.14 suraTze A ampermetri i dens zomavs).
aucilebelia, rom ampermetris RA winaRoba wredis sxva wina
RobebTan SedarebiT bevrad naklebi iyos. sxva SemTxvevaSi,
ampermetris arseboba gasazom dens Secvlis.
potencialTa sxvaobis sazom xelsawyos voltmetri ewodeba.
wredis nebismier or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaobis
gamoTvlisTvis voltmetris momWerebi am or wertils Sorisaa
SeerTebuli mavTulis gaWris an gawyvetis gareSe (27.14 suraTze
sur. 27.14. erTkonturiani
V voltmetri R1-ze arsebul Zabvas zomavs). wredi. naCvenebia A ampermetris
wredis elementTan mierTebuli voltmetris RV winaRoba am da V voltmetris SeerTebis
elementis winaRobasTan SedarebiT bevrad meti unda iyos. sxva meTodi.
926 Tavi 27 wredebi
SemTxvevaSi, Tavad voltmetri gaxdeba wredis mniSvne

lovani elementi da gasazom potencialTa sxvaobaze
zegavlenas moaxdens.
xSirad sazomi xelsawyo isea SefuTuli, rom amomrTvelis
saSualebiT is SeiZleba gaxdes ampermetri, voltmetri an
sur. 27.15. rodesac S amomrTveli a-ze sulac ommetri, romelic mis momWerebs Soris SeerTebuli
daketilia, kondensatori rezistoris nebismieri elementis winaRobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba.
gavliT imuxteba. rodesac amomrTveli
b-ze daketilia, kondensatori rezis msgavs universalur mowyobilobas multimetri ewodeba.
toris gavliT ganimuxteba.
27.9. RC wredebi
wina paragrafebSi ganxilul wredebSi deni droSi ar icvleboda. amjerad ki droSi cvladi
denebis ganxilvas viwyebT
kondensatoris damuxtva
27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli C tevadobis kondensatori Tavdapirvelad daumuxtavia. misi damux-
tvisTvis a wertilze S amomrTveli unda davketoT. es moqmedeba kondensatorisgan, E emZ-s
mqone idealuri batareisgan da R winaRobisgan Semdgar RC mimdevrobiT wreds daasrulebs.
25.2 paragrafidan viciT, rom rogorc ki wredi Caiketeba, muxti kondensatoris firfitasa da
kondensatoris TiToeul gverdze damagrebuli batareis momWers Soris moZraobas iwyebs. es
deni firfitebis q muxts da kondensatorze VC (=q/C) potencialTa sxvaobas zrdis. rodesac
potencialTa sxvaoba batareis potencialTa sxvaobas gautoldeba (am SemTxvevaSi E emZ-s), deni
nulis tolia. 25.1 formulidan (q = CV) gamomdinare, wonasworuli (saboloo) muxti srulad
damuxtul kondensatorze aris C· E .
modiT, damuxtvis procesi ganvixiloT da gavigoT, rogor icvleba kondensatoris firfitebis
q(t) muxti, VC(t) potencialTa sxvaoba da wredis i(t) deni droSi. Tavdapirvelad wredisTvis
konturis wesi gamoviyenoT da konturs batareis uaryofiTi momWeridan saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT gavyveT:
q
E – iR –  = 0 (27.30)
C
formulis marcxena mxares mocemuli bolo wevri kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaobaa. wevri
uaryofiTia, vinaidan batareis dadebiT momWerTan dakavSirebuli kodensatoris zeda firfitis
potenciali ufro metia, vidre qveda firfitis potenciali. maSasadame, kondensatoris gavlisas
potenciali mcirdeba.
27.30 gantolebas ver amovxsniT, vinaidan is i da q cvladebs Seicavs, magram es ori cvladi
erTmaneTs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
dq
i= , (27.31)
dt
27.30 formulis i-sTvis amoxsna da gardaqmna mogvcems:
dq q
R   + = E (damuxtvis formula) (27.32)
dt C
zemoT moyvanili diferencialuri gantoleba 27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli kondensatoris q muxtis
droSi cvlilebas aRwers. misi amoxsnisTvis am gantolebisa da pirobis: q = 0, roca t = 0 (wredis
Caketisas kondensatori ar aris damuxtuli) damakmayofilebeli q(t) funqcia gvesaWiroeba.
27.9. RC wredebi 927
Cven male davamtkicebT, rom 27.32 formulis amonaxsenia:
q = CE (1 – e–t/RC ) (kondensatoris damuxtva) (27.33)
(am SemTxvevaSi e eqsponencialuri fuZea (2,718) da ara

elementaruli muxti). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 27.33
formula sawyis pirobas marTlac akmayofilebs, vinaidan
rodesac t = 0, e–t/RC = 1 da q = 0 gvaZlevs.
formula
aseve yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rodesac t usasrulobas
uaxlovdeba, e–t/RC wevri nuli xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare
formula kondensatoris sruli (wonasworuli) muxtis swor
mniSvnelobas gvaZlevs q = CE. 27.16a suraTze mocemulia
damuxtvis procesis q(t) grafiki.
q(t)-s warmoebuli kondensatoris dammuxtavi i(t) denia:
dq
dt R ()
i =  = E e–t/RC (kondensatoris damuxtva) (27.34)
damuxtvis procesis dros i(t) grafiki 27.16b suraTzea

gamosaxuli. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom denis sawyisi sur. 27.16. a) 27.33 formulis
grafikze naCvenebia 27.15 suraTze
mniSvnelobaa E/R da kondensatoris damuxtvasTan erTad gamosaxuli kondensatoris damux
nulamde mcirdeba. tva. b) 27.34 formulis grafikze
naCvenebia 27.15 suraTze gamosaxul
damuxtvis dros kondensatori misi dammuxtavi de wredSi gamavali dammuxtavi de
nisaTvis gamtari mavTuliviT moqmedebs. mogvianebiT nis Semcireba. grafikebi agebu
lia R = 2000Ω, C = 1 mkf da
kondensatori gawyvetil mavTuls emsgavseba. E = 10 v monacemebisTvis. patara
samkuTxedebi τ drois mudmivebs
25.1 (q = CV) da 27.33 formulebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Soris Sualedebs asaxavs.
damuxtvisas kondensatoris VC(t) potencialTa sxvaobas
gamovTvliT:
q
VC =
 = E (1 – e–t/RC ) (kondensatoris damuxtva), (27.35)
C
rodesac t = 0, Vc = 0 da rodesac t→∞ (kondensatori srulad damuxtulia), Vc = E.
drois mudmiva
27.33, 27.34 da 27.35 formulebSi Semavali RC namravlis ganzomilebaa dro (vinaidan eqsponenciis
arguments ganzomileba ar unda hqondes – 1Ω×1 f = 1 wm). RC namravls wredis tevadobiTi drois
mudmiva ewodeba da τ simboloTi aRiniSneba:
τ = RC (drois mudmiva) (27.36)
27.33 formulidan gamomdinare t = τ( = RC) droSi, 27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli daumuxtavi

kondensatoris muxti nulidan Semdeg mniSvnelobamde izrdeba:
q = CE(1 – e–1) = 0,63 CE (27.37)
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirveli τ drois mudmivis ganmavlobaSi muxti nulidan misi saboloo
CE mniSvnelobis 63%-mde gaizarda. 27.16 suraTze drois RerZebis gaswvriv gamosaxuli patara
samkuTxedebi kondensatoris damuxtvisas drois mudmivis Sualedebs asaxavs. RC wredebis
damuxtvis dro xSirad τ-s saSualebiT gamoisaxeba. rac ufro metia τ, miT ufro xangrZlivia
damuxtva.
928 Tavi 27 wredebi
kondensatoris ganmuxtva
amjerad davuSvaT, rom 27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli kondensatori srulad damuxtulia da
V0 potenciali batareis E emZ-s tolia. t=0 droSi S amomrTveli a-dan b-sken inacvlebs da
kondensatori R winaRobis gavliT SeiZleba ganimuxtos. vnaxoT rogor icvleba kondensatoris
q(t) muxti da kondensatorisa da winaRobis ganmuxtvis konturSi gamavali i(t) deni droSi.
q(t)-s diferencialuri gantoleba 27.32 formulas waagavs, magram amjerad ganmuxtvis konturSi
batarea ar aris da E = 0. aqedan gamomdinare:
dq q
R   + = 0 (ganmuxtvis formula) . (27.38)
dt C
am diferencialuri gantolebis amonaxsenia:
q = q0e–t/RC (kondensatoris ganmuxtva) , (27.39)
sadac q0 (= CV0) aris kondensatoris sawyisi muxti. Casmis Sedegad SegiZliaT SeamowmoT, rom
27.39 formula marTlac 27.38 formulis amonaxsenia.
27.39 formulis Tanaxmad, q droSi eqsponencialurad mcirdeba da Semcirebis temps tevadobiTi
drois mudmiva τ = RC gansazRvravs. t = τ droSi, muxti q0e–1-mde anu sawyisi mniSvnelobis 37%-iT
mcirdeba. gaiTvaliswineT, rom meti τ ganmuxtvis met xangrZlivobas niSnavs.
27.39 formulis diferencirebis Sedegad i(t) dens miviRebT:

dq
i=  =–
dt ( )q0 –t/RC
RC
e (kondensatoris ganmuxtva) (27.40)
am formulis Tanaxmad denic droSi eqsponencialurad mcirdeba da Semcirebis temps τ

gansazRvravs. sawyisi i0 deni q0/RC-s tolia. i0 denis gamoTvla t = 0 droSi wredisTvis konturis
wesis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am dros kondensatoris sawyisi V0 potenciali R winaRobazea
modebuli da i0 = V0/R = (q0/C)/R = q0/RC. 27.40 formulaSi minus niSani SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT.
is ubralod niSnavs, rom kondensatoris q muxti mcirdeba.

27.32 formulis amoxsnisTvis es formula Tavdapirvelad Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
dq q E
+ = . (27.41)
dt RC R
diferencialuri gantolebis zogadi amonaxsenia:
q = qp + Ke–at (27.42)
sadac qp aris diferencialuri gantolebis kerZo amonaxseni, K - sawyisi pirobebidan gamoTvlili

mudmiva da a = 1/RC – 27.41 formulaSi q-s koeficienti. qp-s gamoTvlisTvis 27.41 formulaSi
dq/dt = 0 CavsvaT (romelic saboloo pirobas Seesabameba), q = qp da miviRebT:
qp = CE . (27.43)
K-s gamoTvlisisTvis es Sedegi 27.42 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
q = CE + Ke–at
Semdeg sawyisi pirobebi: q = 0 da t = 0 CavsvaT da miviRebT:
0 = CE + K.
27.9. RC wredebi 929
an K = –CE. saboloo jamSi, qp-s, a-s da K-s Casmis Semdeg 27.42 formula mogvcems:
q = CE – CEe–t/RC
mcireodeni gardaqmnis Semdeg 27.33 formulas miviRebT.
sakontrolo wertili 5. cxrilSi mocemulia 27.15

suraTze gamosaxuli wredis elementebis mniSvnelobaTa
1 2 3 4
E (v) 12 12 10 10
oTxi wyvili. daalageT wyvilebi a) sawyisi denis (rodesac
R (Ω) 2 3 10 5
S amomrTveli a-ze daketilia) da b) denis sawyisi
C (mkf) 3 2 0,5 2
mniSvnelobis ganaxevrebisTvis saWiro drois mixedviT
dididan mcireze.

rodesac manqana gzaze moZraobs, eleqtronebi manqanasa da sagans Soris naperwklad SeiZleba
gzidan jer manqanis saburavebze, xolo Semdeg gardaiqnas. davuSvaT, gamtari sagani sawvavis
manqanis Zaraze gadadis. manqana SeZenil gamanawilebelia. naperwkali sawvavis aalebas
muxts da masTan dakavSirebul eleqtrul da xanZars ver gamoiwvevs, Tu misi energia
potenciur energias ise inaxavs, TiTqos Usab = 50 mj kritikul mniSvnelobaze naklebia.
manqanis Zara kondensatoris erTi firfita rodesac t = 0 droSi 27.17a suraTze gamo
iyos, xolo gza – meore firfita (sur. saxuli manqana Cerdeba, manqanasa da miwas
27.17a). rodesac manqana gaCerdeba, zedmeti Soris potencialTa sxvaobaa V0=30kv. man
muxtisgan da energiisgan saburavebis gavliT qanisa da miwis tevadobaa C = 500 pf, xolo
icleba, rogorc kondensatori ganimuxteba TiToeuli saburavis winaRobaa Rsab = 100GΩ. ra
rezistoris gavliT. Tu manqanas ganmuxtvamde dro dasWirdeba saburavebis gavliT manqanis
gamtari sagani ramdenime santimetris man ganmuxtvas da Ukr kritikul mniSvnelobaze
Zilze miuaxlovdeba, darCenili energia dabla Camosvlas?
amoxsna: manqanis saburavebi rezistorebad
SegviZlia miviCnioT, rodesac zeda nawi
lebi manqanis korpusis saSualebiT arian
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, xolo qveda
nawilebi - gzis saSualebiT. 27.17b suraTze
naCvenebia, rogor aris oTxi rezistori
paralelurad SeerTebuli manqanis teva
(a) dobasTan, xolo 27.17g suraTze mocemulia R
ekvivalenturi winaRoba. 27.24 formulidan
gamomdinare R Semdegia:
1 1 1 1 1 4
R = Rsab + Rsab + Rsab + Rsab = Rsab .
(b) (g)
sur. 27-17. a) damuxtuli manqana da gza kon

densatoris saxiT moqmedebs, romelic saburavebis
gavliT ganimuxteba. b) manqana-gzis kondensatoris
wredi, rodesac saburavebis oTxi Rsab winaRoba
paraleluradaa SeerTebuli. g) saburavebis eqvi
valenturi R winaRoba. d) manqana-gzis kondensatoris
U eleqtruli potenciuri energia ganmuxtvis dros
(d) mcirdeba.
930 Tavi 27 wredebi
anu
Rsab 100×109Ω
R = 4 = 4 = 25×109 Ω. (27.44) – 
2t
RC ( )
= ln 
2U
CV02
,
ln (
CV )
rodesac manqana Cerdeba, zedmeti muxtisa da RC 2U
anu t = –  . (27.47)
energiisgan manqana R-is gavliT icleba. 2 0
2
ganmuxtvis gaanalizebisTvis ori ram gavi cnobili monacemebis Casmis Semdeg miviRebT,
TvaliswinoT: 1) nebismier t droSi, konden rom Ukr = 50 mj donemde ganmuxtvisTvis man
satorze Senaxuli U eleqtruli potenciuri qanas Semdegi dro dasWirdeba:
energia Senaxul q muxts 25.21 formuliT
(25×109 Ω)(500×10–12 f)
(U = q2/2C) ukavSirdeba; 2) rodesac konden t = – 
2
satori ganimuxteba, muxti droSi 27.39
formulis (q = q0e–t/RC) Tanaxmad mcirdeba.
× ln  ( 2(50×10–3 j)
(500×10–12 f) (30×103 v)2 )
27.39 formula 25.21 formulaSi CavsvaT da = 9,4 wm. (pasuxi)
miviRebT:
maSasadame, manqanas sul mcire 9,4 wami das
q2 (q0e–t/RC)2
U= = 2C Wideba, raTa sawvavis an sawvavis misawodeblis
2C
q0 –2t/RC
2 masTan miaxloeba usafrTxo iyos. Sejibris
= 2C  e . (27.45) dros momsaxure personali amden xans ver
25.1 formulis (q = CV) saSualebiT manqanis moicdis. sanacvlod manqanis saburavebi gam
sawyisi q0 muxti mocemul V0 potencialTa tari nivTierebiT arian aRWurvilni (maga
sxvaobas SegviZlia davukavSiroT (q0 = CV0). am liTad, muriT), raTa saburavis winaRoba
formulis 27.45 formulaSi Casma mogvcems: Semcirdes da manqanis ganmuxtvis tempi
(CV )2 CV 2 daCqardes. 27.17d suraTze naCvenebia U
U = 2C0 e–2t/RC = 2 0 e–2t/RC,
Senaxuli energiis t droze damokidebulebis
2U grafiki, rodesac saburavebis winaRobebia
anu e–2t/RC = CV 2 . (27.46)
0
R = 100 gΩ) da R = 10 gΩ. yuradReba miaqcieT
orive mxares naturaluri logariTmi aviRoT
ramdenad swrafad ganimuxteba manqana mcire R
da miviRebT:
mniSvnelobis dros.
emZ. emZ mowyobiloba muxtebze muSaobas wredebis gaanalizeba. denis mimarTulebiT

asrulebs, raTa momWerebs Soris potencialTa R winaRobis gavlisas potencialis cvlilebaa
sxvaoba SeinarCunos. Tu uaryofiTidan dade –iR, xolo sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT – +iR
biTi momWerisken moZrav dq dadebiT muxtze (winaRobis wesi). emZ isris mimarTulebiT
mowyobiloba dW muSaobas asrulebs, maSin mo idealuri emZ mowyobilobis gavlisas po
wyobilobis emZ-a: tencialis cvlilebaa +E, xolo sawinaaRmdego
dW mimarTulebiT — –E (emZ-s wesi). energiis
E= (E-s gansazRvreba) (27.1)
dq Senaxvis kanonidan konturis wesi gamomdi
SI sistemaSi emZ-s erTeuli, potencialTa nareobs:
sxvaobis msgavsad, voltia. idealur emZ konturis wesi. wredis nebismieri kon
mowyobilobas Siga winaRoba ar gaaCnia. turis gavlisas wredis ubnebze potencialTa
mis momWerebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba cvlilebebis algebruli jami nulis toli
emZ-s tolia. realur emZ mowyobilobas unda iyos.
Siga winaRoba aqvs. mis momWerebs Soris muxtis Senaxvis kanonidan gadasasvlelis wesi
potencialTa sxvaoba emZ-s toli mxolod gamomdinareobs:
maSin aris, rodesac mowyobilobaSi deni ar gadasasvlelis wesi. nebismier gadasas
gadis. vlelSi Semavali denebis jami gadasasvleli
931
dan gamomavali denebis jamis toli unda iyos. paralelurad CarTuli winaRobebi.
rodesac winaRobebi paralelurad aris
erTkonturiani wredebi. erTi R winaRobis,
CarTuli, maT Tanabari potencialTa sxvaoba
E emZ-s da r Siga winaRobis mqone mowyobilobis
aqvT. paralelurad CarTul winaRobaTa ekvi
Semcvel erTkonturian wredSi gamavali
valenturi winaRobaa:
denia:
E 1 1
i = (27.4) =   (paralelurad CarTuli n
R + r Rekv Rj (27.24)
raodenobis winaRoba)
idealuri emZ mowyobilobisTvis (r = 0),
i = E/R. RC wredebi. rodesac E emZ mimdevrobiT
CarTul R winaRobasa da C kondensatorzea
simZlavre. rodesac E emZ-s da r Siga winaRo-
modebuli da 27.15 suraTis msgavsad
bis mqone realuri batarea masSi gamavali
amomrTveli a wertilzea, kondensatoris
i denis muxtis matareblebze muSaobas
muxti Semdegi formulis mixedviT izrdeba:
asrulebs, muxtis matareblebisTvis energiis
gadacemis P tempia: q = CE(1 – e–t/RC) (kondensatoris damuxtva) (27.33)
P = iV , (27.14) sadac CE = q0 aris wonasworuli (saboloo)
sadac V aris batareis momWerebze arsebuli
muxti, xolo RC = τ – wredis tevadobiTi
potenciali. batareis mier siTbur energiaSi
drois mudmiva. damuxtvis dros deni Semdegi
daxarjuli energiis Pr tempia:
()
Pr = i 2r (27.16) dq E –t/RC
i=  = e (kondensatoris damuxtva) (27.34)
batareaSi qimiuri energiis cvlilebis PemZ dt R
tempia: rodesac kondensatori R winaRobis gavliT
PemZ = iE (27.17) ganimuxteba, kondensatoris muxti Semdegi
formulis mixedviT mcirdeba:
mimdevrobiT CarTuli winaRobebi. ro
desac winaRobebi mimdevrobiT aris Car q = q0e–t/RC (kondensatoris ganmuxtva) (27.39)
Tuli, maTSi erTi da igive deni gadis. mimdev ganmuxtvisas deni Semdegi formuliT gamoi
robiT CarTul winaRobaTa kombinaciis ekvi Tvleba:
valenturi winaRobaa:
Rekv   = R j (mimdevrobiT CarTuli n

i= 
dq
dt
=– ( )
q0 –t/RC
RC
e (kondensatoris ganmuxtva) (27.40)
raodenobis winaRoba) (27.7)

SekiTxvebi
1. 27.18 suraTze 2. 27.19 suraTze gamosaxul TiToeul wredze

gamosaxuli wre rezistorebi paralelurad aris CarTuli,
di batareisa da mimdevrobiT Tu sxvagvarad?
ori standartuli
rezistorisgan Se
dgeba. x RerZis gas
wvriv mdebare monakveTi Tanabari sigrZis
xuT segmentadaa dayofili. a) dauSviT, rom
R1 = R2 da segmenti maTze moqmedi saSualo
eleqtruli velis mixedviT dididan sur. 27.19. SekiTxva 2.
mcireze daalageT. b) amjerad dauSviT, rom
3. a) 27.20a suraTze aris Tu ara R1 da R3 rezis
R1>R2 da segmentebi kvlav daalageT. g) ra
tori mimdevrobiT CarTuli? b) aris Tu ara
mimarTulebisaa eleqtruli veli x RerZis
R1 da R2 rezistori paralelurad CarTuli?
gaswvriv?
932 Tavi 27 wredebi
g) 27.20 suraTze gamosaxuli oTxi wredi 7. ori rezistori R1>R2 batareasTan jer
ekvivalenturi wredebis mixedviT dididan individualurad, Semdeg mimdevrobiT, bolos
mcireze daalageT. paralelurad unda SeaerToT. daalageT es
ganlagebebi batareaSi gasuli denis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
8. rezistorebis labirinTi. 27.22 suraTze
yvela rezistoris winaRobaa 4Ω da yvela
(idealuri) batareis emZ-a 4 v. ra deni gaivlis
R rezistorSi (Tu labirinTSi swor konturs
monaxavT, SekiTxvas pasuxs ramdenime wamSi
gascemT).
sur. 27.20. SekiTxvebi 3 da 4.
4. a) 27.20a suraTze R1>R2. R2-ze potencialTa

sxvaoba R1-ze potencialTa sxvaobaze metia,
naklebia Tu toli? b) R2-Si gamavali deni R1-Si
gamaval denze metia, naklebia Tu toli?
5. Tavdapirvelad R1 rezistori batareazea
mierTebuli. Semdeg mas R2 rezistori para sur. 27.22. SekiTxva 8.
lelurad emateba. a) R1-ze potencialTa sxvaoba 9. R1 rezistori batareasTanaa mierTebuli
da b) R1-Si gamavali i1 deni pirvel SemTxvevaSi da Semdeg R2 rezistori mimdevrobiT emateba.
metia, naklebia Tu meore SemTxvevis tolia? a) R1-ze potencialTa sxvaoba da b) R1-Si
g) R1-is da R2-is ekvivalenturi R12 winaRoba gamavali i1 deni pirvel SemTxvevaSi metia,
R1-ze metia, naklebia Tu toli? d) R1-sa da naklebia Tu igivea? g) R1 da R2 winaRobebis
R2-Si gamavali mTliani deni Tavdapirvelad ekvivalenturi R12 winaRoba R1-ze metia,
R1-Si gamaval denze metia, naklebia Tu toli? naklebia Tu toli?
6. kondensatorebis labirinTi. 27.21 su 10. 27.23 suraTze naCvenebia wredis sami
raTze yvela kondensatoris tevadobaa 6 mkf monakveTi, romlebic 27.15 suraTis msgavsad
da yvela batareis emZ-a 10 v. risi tolia C batareasTan amomrTvelis saSualebiT rig-
kondensatoris muxti? (Tu labirinTSi swor rigobiT unda SeaerTon. samiveSDi rezistorebi
konturs monaxavT, SekiTxvas pasuxs ramdenime da kondensatorebi Sesabamisad identurebia.
wamSi gascemT). daalageT monakveTebi a) kondensatoris

933
saboloo (wonasworuli) muxtis da b) konden da 2C0; 4) 2R0 da 2C0. romeli wyvili romel
satorze saboloo muxtis 50%-is gaCenisTvis grafiks Seesabameba?
saWiro drois mixedviT dididan mcireze.
11. rodesac 27.15 suraTze amomrTveli
a wertilze iketeba, R winaRobaSi i deni
gadis. 27.24 suraTze naCvenebia deni R da
sur. 27.24. SekiTxva
C mniSvnelobebis oTxi wyvilisTvis. es
11.
mniSvnelobebia: 1) R0 da C0; 2) 2R0 da C0; 3) R0
amocanebi
g) meore rezistorSi, energiis gadacemis tempi
d) pirvel batareaSi da e) meore batareaSi?
Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze v) pirveli batarea da z) meore batarea
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday energias gascems Tu STanTqavs? SSM WWW
·6. 27.26 suraTze
com/college/halliday. idealuri bata
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs reis emZ aris
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
E1=150v da E2=50v,
paragrafi 27.6. potencialTa sxvaoba xolo winaRobebia
or wertils Soris R1=3Ω da R2=2Ω. sur. 27.26. amocana 6.
·1. eleqtrosanaTis standartuli batarea Tu P wertilze
daclamde daaxloebiT 2 vt·sT energias potencialia 100v, risi tolia potenciali Q

gamoimuSavebs. a) Tu batarea 0,8$ Rirs, ra wertilze?
Tanxa dajdeba 100 vt simZlavris sanaTis ·7. 12 v emZ-s da 0,04Ω winaRobis batarea 50 a
8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaoba? b) ra aris deniT imuxteba. risi tolia a) momWerebze
energiis safasuri, Tu 1 kvt·sT Rirs 0,06$? V potencialTa sxvaoba, b) batareis SigniT
·2. 6 v emZ-s mqone batarea wredSi 5 a dens 6 energiis xarjvis Pr tempi da g) qimiur
wuTis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs. ramdeniT energiADaSi qimiur formaSi gadasvlis PemZ
mcirdeba batareis qimiuri energia? tempi? rodesac batarea Zravas 50 a dens
·3. 12 v emZ-s manqanis batareis sawyisi muxtia awvdis, risi tolia
120 a·sT. batareis ganmuxtvamde momWerebze d) V da e) Pr ? ILW
potenciali Tanabaria. ra drois ganmavlobaSi ··8. a) 27.27 suraTze
SeuZlia batareas energiis miwodeba 100 vt ra sididisa R, Tu
tempiT? deni wredSi aris
4. 5Ω winaRobis mavTuli 2 v emZ-s da 1Ω Siga 1 ma? E1 = 2 v, E2 = 3 v
winaRobis batareasTanaa mierTebuli. 2 wu da r1 = r2 = 3Ω. b) ra
Tis ganmavlobaSi ra raodenobis energia tempiT Cndeba si
a) gamodis batareis qimiuri energiidan, Tburi energia R-Si?
b) ixarjeba mavTulis siTbur energiaze, ··9. 27.28 suraTze
g) ixarjeba batareis siTburi energiaze? wredis AB monakve sur. 27.28. amocana 9.
·5. 27.25 suraTze gamosaxuli ori idealuri Ti energias 50 vt
batareis emZ aris E1 = tempiT STanTqavs, rodesac masSi i = 1 a
12 v da E2 = 6 v, xolo deni naCvenebi mimarTulebiT gadis. R = 2Ω.
rezistorebis winaRo a) risi tolia A-sa da B-s Soris potencialTa
bebia R1=4Ω da R2 =  sxvaoba? X emZ mowyobilobas Siga winaRoba ar
8Ω. risi tolia a) deni, gaaCnia. b) risi tolia misi emZ? g) B wertili
xarjvis tempi b) pir X-is dadebiT momWerTana aris mierTebuli Tu
vel rezistorSi da sur. 27.25. amocana 5. uaryofiTTan? SSM
934 Tavi 27 wredebi
··10. 27.29 suraTze winaRobaa r2 = 0,012Ω. batareebi R gare wina

naCvenebia E = 12 v emZ-s RobasTan mimdevrobiT aris CarTuli. a) R-s
mqone idealur bata ra mniSvneloba gaxdis erT-erTi batareis
reasTan mierTebuli momWerebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobas nulis
R = 6Ω winaRobis re tols? b) romeli batarea iqneba es? SSM
zistori. TiToeuli ···14. mzis elementi masTan 500Ω winaRobis
mavTulis sigrZea 20 sm sur. 27.29. amocana 10. mierTebisas 0,1 v potencialTa sxvaobas war
da diametria 1 mm. moqmnis, xolo 1000Ω winaRobis mierTebisas
amgvari wredebis SemTxvevaSi mavTulebis – 0,15 v potencialTa sxvaobas. risi tolia
gaswvriv potencialTa sxvaobebs da maTi
mzis elementis a) Siga winaRoba da b) emZ?
siTburi energiisTvis miwodebul energias
g) elementis farTobia 5 sm2, xolo sinaTlidan
ugulebelvyofT. amgvari daSvebis siswore
energiis miRebis tempia 2 mvt/sm2. risi tolia
27.29 suraTisTvis SeamowmeT. risi toli
1000Ω gare rezistorSi sinaTlis energiis
potencialTa sxvaoba a) rezistorze da
siTbur energiad gardaqmnis margi qmedebis
b) mavTulis or monakveTze? ra tempiT
koeficienti?
gadadis energia siTburSi g) rezistorSi da
paragrafi 27.7. mravalkonturiani wre
d) mavTulis TiToeul monakveTSi?
debi
··11. R winaRobis Semcvel erTkonturian
wredSi gamavali denia 5 a. rodesac R-Tan ·15. 18Ω winaRobis oTxi rezistori 25 v
idealur batareasTan paralelurad aris
mimdevrobiT 2Ω damatebiTi winaRoba CarTes,
mierTebuli. ra deni gadis batareaSi?
deni 4a-mde daeca. risi tolia R? ILW
·16. pirveli da meore rezistoris mimdevro-
··12. 27.30a suraTze orive batareis emZ-a
biT CarTvisas maTi ekvivalenturi winaRobaa
E = 120 v, xolo rezistoris R winaRoba 16Ω. rodesac rezistorebi paralelurad
cvalebadia. 27.30b suraTze mocemuli TiToe aris CarTuli, maTi ekvivalenturi winaRoba
uli batareis momWerebs Soris V eleqtrul 3Ω xdeba. risi tolia am rezistorebis a) mcire
potencialTa R-ze damokidebulebis ori da b) didi winaRoba?
grafiki. pirveli grafiki pirvel batareas
·17. 27.32 suraTze
Seesabameba, xolo meore grafiki _ meore
R1 = R2 = 4Ω da R3
batareas. risi tolia a) pirveli batareis da
= 2,5Ω. gamoTva sur. 27.32. amocana 17.
b) meore batareis Siga winaRoba?
leT ekvivalenturi
winaRoba D da E wertilebs Soris (miniSneba:
warmoidgineT, rom batarea am wertilebzea
SeerTebuli).
·18. 27.33 suraTze
naCvenebia 5Ω wina
Robis xuTi rezis
a)
tori. gamoTvaleT
b) ekvivalenturi wina
Roba a) F da H da
b) F da G wertilebs
···13.27.31 suraTze Soris.
pirveli batareis emZ-a ·19. 27.34 suraTze
E1 = 12 v, xolo Siga R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 50Ω
winaRoba r1 = 0,016Ω. da sami idealuri
meore batareis emZ-a batareis emZ aris
E2 = 12 v, xolo Siga sur. 27.34. amocana 19.
935
E1=6v, E2=5v da E3=4v. gamoTvaleT a) pirvel ··25. 27.38 suraTze
rezistorSi gamavali deni, b) meore rezis R1=2Ω, R2=5Ω da ba
torSi gamavali deni da b) a da b wertilebs tarea idealuria. R3-is
Soris potencialTa sxvaoba. SSM ra mniSvneloba gaxdis
mesame winaRobaSi xa
·20. 27.9 suraTze risi tolia d da c wertilebs
rjvis temps maqsima sur. 27.38. amocanebi
Soris Vd – Vc potencialTa sxvaoba, Tu E1 = 4 v, lurs? 25, 93, 96 da 99.
E2 = 1 v, R1 = R2 = 10 Ω da R3 = 5 Ω da batarea ··26. 27.39 suraTze
idealuria.
naCvenebia wredis
·21. l sigrZis da d diametris spilenZis cxra monakveTi. wina
mavTuli paraleluradaa gadabmuli da R Robebia R1 = 2Ω,
winaRobis gamtars qmnis. risi toli unda R2 = 4Ω da R3 = 6Ω,
iyos l sigrZis spilenZis erTi mavTulis D dia xolo deni i = 6 a.
metri, raTa mas igive winaRoba hqondes? SSM naCvenebi monakve
··22. 27.35 suraTze Tis danarCen wredTan damakavSirebel A da
gamosaxuli idealuri B wertilebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobaa
batareis ori emZ aris VA – VB=78 v. a) wredSi CarTuli `yuTi~ energias
E1 = 10 v da E2 = 0,5 v, STanTqavs Tu gascems da b) ra tempiT?
xolo winaRobebia 4Ω. ··27. 27.40 suraTze
risi tolia a) meore sur. 27.35. amocanebi 22, winaRobebia R1 = 1Ω
33 da 90.
winaRobaSi da b) da R2 = 2Ω, xolo sami
mesame winaRobaSi gamavali deni? idealuri batareis
··23. 27.36 suraTze meeqvse winaRobaSi emZ aris E1 = 2 v,
gamavali denia i6=1,4a, xolo winaRobebia E2 = E3 = 4 v. risi to
R1=R2=R3=2Ω, R4=16Ω, R5=8Ω da R6=4Ω. risi sur. 27.40. amocana 27.
lia pirvel batareaSi
tolia idealuri batareis emZ? gamavali denis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba,
meore batareaSi gamavali denis g) sidide da
d) mimarTuleba da mesame batareaSi gamavali
denis e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba? z) risi
tolia Va – Vb potencialTa sxvaoba? ILW
sur. 27.36. amocana 23. ··28. 27.41a suraTze gamosaxuli orive batarea
··24. 27.37a da b suraTze gamosaxuli wina idealuria. pirveli batareis E1 emZ ucvlelia,
Robebia 6Ω, xolo batareebi idealuria da xolo meore batareis E2 emZ 1-dan 10v-mde ic
maTi emZ 12 v-ia. a) rodesac 27.37a suraTze vleba. 27.41 suraTze gamosaxulia batareebSi
gamosaxuli S amomrTveli daketilia, ram
gamavali denebis E2-ze damokidebulebis ori
deniT icvleba pirveli rezistoris V1 grafiki. Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, romeli
eleqtruli potenciali? b) rodesac 27.37b grafiki romel batareas Seesabameba, magram
suraTze gamosaxuli S amomrTveli daketilia. orive grafikis SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi deni
ramdeniT icvleba pirveli rezistoris V1
potenciali?
(a) (b)
936 Tavi 27 wredebi
maSin Cndeba, rodesac batareaSi gamavali de- ··33. 27.35 suraTze E1=3v, E2=1v, R1=4Ω, R2=2Ω,
nis mimarTuleba batareis emZ-s mimarTulebis R3=5Ω da orive batarea idealuria. ra tempiT
sawinaaRmdegoa. risi tolia a) E1, b) R1 da ixarjeba energia a) R1-Si, b) R2-Si da g) R3-Si? ra
g) R2? simZlavrisaa d) pirveli batarea da e) meore
··29. mocemuli gaqvT 10Ω winaRobis bevri batarea? SSM WWW
rezistori, romlebsac xarjva 1 vt tempiT ··34. 27.45a suraTze mesame rezistoris
SeuZliaT. risi tolia amgvari rezistorebis winaRoba (R3) cvalebadia. idealuri bata
minimaluri raodenoba, romelTa mimdevrobiT reis emZ E = 12 v. 27.45b suraTze naCvene
an paralelurad CarTvis Sedegad 5vt xarjvis bia batareaSi gamavali i denis R3-ze damo
unaris mqone 10Ω-iani winaRoba warmoiqmneba? kidebulebis grafiki. rodesac R3→∞,
grafikis asimptotaa 2 ma. risi tolia
··30. 27.42 suraT
a) R1 winaRoba da b) R2 winaRoba?
ze R1 = 100Ω, R2 =
R3 = 50Ω, R4 = 75Ω
da idealuri bata
reis emZ-a E = 6 v.
a) risi tolia ekviv- sur. 27.42. amocanebi 30
da 36.
alenturi wina
Roba? ra i deni gadis b) pirvel winaRobaSi,
g) meore winaRobaSi, d) mesame winaRobaSi da sur. 27.45. amocana 34.
e) meoTxe winaRobaSi? ···35. a = 0,25 mm radiusis spilenZis mavTulis

··31. 27.43 suraTze aluminis garsacmis gare radiusia b = 0,38 mm.
mavTulSi i = 2 a deni gadis. 27.1 cxrilis
E = 12 v emZ-is da r = 0,3Ω
Siga winaRobis ori gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT a) spilenZSi da
batarea R winaRobasTan b) aluminSi gamavali deni. g) Tu mavTulis

paraleluradaa CarTu boloebs Soris V = 12 v potencialTa sxvaobaa,
li. a) R-is ra mniSvne ra sigrZisaa mavTuli? SSM
lobisTvis iqneba re ···36. 27.42 suraTze R1=7Ω, R2=12Ω, R3=4Ω
zistorSi xarjvis tempi
sur. 27.43. amocanebi
da idealuri batareis emZ-a E = 24 v. R4-is
maqsimaluri? b) risi ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba batareis mier
31 da 32.
tolia es maqsimumi? SSM rezistorebze gadacemuli energia a) 60 vt
··32. E-12 v emZ-s tempis, b) Pmax maqsimaluri SesaZlo tempis,
da r = 0,2Ω Siga g) Pmin minimaluri SesaZlo tempis? risi tolia
winaRobis mqone d) Pmax da e) Pmin?
ori identuri ba-
paragrafi 27.8. ampermetri da vol
area
t R gare
w i n a R o b a s T a n tmetri
p a r a l e l u r a d ··37. a) 27.46 su
(sur. 27.43) an mimdevrobiT unda (sur. raTze risi tolia
27.44) SeerTdes. Tu R = 2r, ra i deni gaivlis ampermetris Cveneba,
gare winaRobaSi a) paraleluri da b) mim Tu E = 5 v (idealuri
devrobiTi SeerTebis dros? g) romeli batarea), R1 = 2Ω, sur. 27.46. amocana 37.
saxis SeerTebisTvis iqneba i ufro meti? R2 = 4Ω da R3 = 6Ω.

Tu R = r/2, ra i gaivlis gare winaRobaSi b) amjerad ampermetrma da bataream adgilebi
d) paraleluri da e) mimdevrobiTi SeerTebis gacvales. daamtkiceT, rom ampermetris Cve
dros? v) romeli saxis SeerTebisTvis iqneba i neba ar Seicvleba. ILW
ufro meti? ··38. martivi ommetri 1,5 v batareis R wi
937
naRobasTan mim sazomis Cvenebebis Sefardeba R ki ar aris,
devrobiT Seer aramed R´ = V´/i moCvenebiTi winaRoba. Tu
TebiT da 27.47 R = 85Ω, risi tolia a) ampermetris Cveneba,
suraTis msgavsad
b) voltmetris Cveneba da g) R´? d) rodesac RA
ampermetrTan Seer
mcirdeba, R´-sa da R-s Soris sxvaoba izrdeba,
TebiT damzadda.
sur. 27.47. amocana 38. mcirdeba Tu igive
ampermetri 0-dan
rCeba?
1 ma-mde aCvenebs. R winaRoba isea SerCeuli,
rom rodesac rkinis momW erebi mokldeba, ··42. 27.50 suraTze
ampermetri 1 ma-s aCvenebs. TuTiis momWerebis RV = 300Ω winaRobis
ra winaRoba mogvcems maqsimaluri Cvenebis voltmetri da RA = 3Ω
a) 10%-ian, b) 50%-ian da g) 90%-ian gadaxras. winaRobis ampermetri
d) Tu ampermetris winaRobaa 20Ω da batareis R winaRobis gasazomad sur. 27.50. amocana 42.
Siga winaRoba umniSvneloa, risi tolia R? gamoiyeneba. am winaRo
··39. 27.14 suraTze E=3v, r=100Ω, R1=250Ω da bis wredi R0 = 100Ω winaRobas da E = 12 v
R2=300Ω. Tu voltmetris winaRobaa RV=5kΩ, emZ-s mqone idealur batareasac Seicavs. R
R1-ze potencialTa sxvaobis gazomvisas winaRobaa R = V/i, sadac V aris voltmetris
ra procentul cdomilebas miviRebT? Cveneba, xolo i - R winaRobaSi gamavali deni.
ampermetris arseboba ugulebelyaviT. ampermetris Cveneba i ki ar aris, aramed i´,
··40. rodesac manqa- sadac i´ aris i-s damatebuli voltmetrSi
nis farebi anTebulia, gamavali deni. aqedan gamomdinare, sazomebis
maTTan mimdevrobiT Cvenebebis Sefardeba R ki ar aris, aramed
CarTuli ampermetri R´ = V´/i moCvenebiTi winaRoba. Tu R = 85Ω, risi
10 a-s aCvenebs, xolo tolia a) ampermetris Cveneba, b) voltmetris
maTze mierTebuli Cveneba da g) R´? d) rodesac RV izrdeba, R´-a da
voltmetri _ 12 v-s R-s Soris sxvaoba izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive
(sur. 27.48). eleq rCeba?
truli Zravis Car
··43.27.51 sura-
Tvisas ampermetris
Tze Rx-is mniSvn-
Cveneba 8 a-mde ecema da sur. 27.48. amocana 40.
eloba mosriale
sinaTle fermkrTal-
kontaqtis moZra
deba. Tu batareis Siga winaRobaa 0,05Ω da am- obiT regulir
permetris Siga winaRoba umniSvneloa, risi
deba, vidre a da
tolia a) batareis emZ da b) ZravaSi gamavali
b wertilebis po
deni, rodesac sinaTleebi CarTulia?
tencialebi gaTana
··41. 27.49 suraTze RV=300Ω winaRobis brdeba (am pirobis
voltmetri da RA=3Ω winaRobis ampermetri R Sesamowmeblad a da
winaRobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba. R winaRobis b wertilebs Soris da 108.
wredi R0=100Ω winaRobas da E=12v emZ-s mqone ampermetri Seaer
idealur batareasac Seicavs. R winaRobaa TeT. Tu wertilebis potencialebi Tanabaria,
R=V/i, sadac V aris ampermetris isari ar gadaiwevs). daamtkiceT,
potenciali R-ze, xolo rom amgvari regulirebis dros Rx = RsR2 R1. /
i ampermetris Cveneba. ucnobi winaRoba (Rx) uitstonis bogiris sax-
voltmetris Cvenebaa eliT cnobili mowyobilobiT izomeba.
V ´, rac V-s damatebuli
paragrafi 27.9. RC wredebi
ampermetrze poten
cialTa sxvaobaa. aqe ·44. q0 sawyisi muxtis mqone kondensatori
dan gamomdinare, ori sur. 27.49. amocana 41. rezistoris gavliT ganimuxteba. τ drois
938 Tavi 27 wredebi
mudmivis raze namravli gvaZlevs a) muxtis densatorze VC potencialTa sxvaobis, d) re

erTi mesamedis da b) muxtis ori mesamedis zistorze VR potencialTa sxvaobis da e) re
dakargvisTvis saWiro dros? zistorSi siTburi energiis warmoqmnis tempis
·45. τ drois mudmivis raze namravli gvaZlevs gamosaxuleba t drois funqciis saxiT.
RC wredSi CarTuli daumuxtavi kondensato- ··52. 27.53 suraTze
ris saboloo muxtis 99%-iT damuxtvisTvis naCvenebia sana
saWiro dros? SSM Tis wredi, rome
lic sagzao mSene
·46. RC wredSi E =12v, R=1,4mgΩ da C=1,8mkf.
blobebis adgileb
a) gamoTvaleT drois mudmiva. b) gamoTvaleT
ze gamoiyeneba. L
kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxti. g) ra dro sur. 27.53. amocana 52.
fluorescenciuli
dasWirdeba 16 mkk-mde damuxtvas?
sanaTi (umniSvnelo winaRobis) RC wredis C
·47. 15 kΩ winaRobis rezistori da konden kondensatorTan mimdevrobiTaa CarTuli.
satori mimdevrobiT aris CarTuli da Semdeg sanaTSi deni mxolod maSin gadis, rodesac
maTze 12 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. masze potencialTa sxvaoba VL garRvevis
kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaoba 1,3 mkwm- Zabvas gautoldeba. amis Semdeg kondensatori
Si 5 v-mde izrdeba. g) gamoTvaleT wredis sanaTis gavliT srulad ganimuxteba da
drois mudmiva. b) gamoTvaleT kondensatoris sanaTic wamierad ainTeba. VL = 72 v garRvevis
tevadoba. ILW Zabvis mqone sanaTisTvis, romelic 95 v-ian
·48. 27.52 suraTze idealur batareasTan da 0,15 mkf tevadobis
gamosaxuli S amomr kondensatorTanaa mierTebuli, ra R
Tveli t = 0 dros ike winaRobaa saWiro wamSi orjer anTebisTvis?
teba da C = 15 mkf teva sur. 27.52. amocanebi ··53. 27.54 suraTze
48 da 69.
dobis daumuxtavi kon g a m o s a x u l
densatori R = 20Ω winaRobis rezistoris wredSi E  = 1,2 kv,
gavliT damuxtvas iwyebs. ra dros iqneba C = 6,5 mkf, R1 = R2
kondensatoris potenciali rezistoris po =   R 3 =   0 , 7 3   m g Ω .
tencialis toli? rodesac C srulad sur. 27.54. amocana 53.
··49. 100 v potencialTa sxvaobis mqone ganimuxteba, S amo
kondensatori rezistoris gavliT gani mrTveli iketeba (t = 0 dros). rodesac t = 0,
muxteba, rodesac t = 0 dros amomrTvels risi tolia a) pirvel rezistorSi gamavali
ketaven. rodesac t = 10 wm, kondensatorze i1 deni, b) meore rezistorSi gamavali i2 deni
potencialTa sxvaobaa 1v. a) risi tolia wredis da g) mesame rezistorSi gamavali i3 deni?
drois mudmiva? b) risi tolia kondensatorze rodesac t = ∞ (anu mravali drois mudmivis
potencialTa sxvaoba, rodesac t = 17 wm? Semdeg) risi tolia d) i1, e) i2 da v) i3? risi
··50. 2 mkf tevadobis gamdinare kondensatoris tolia meore rezistorze V2 potencialTa
firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 2 wamSi sxvaoba, rodesac z) t = 0 da T) t = ∞? i)
sawyisi mniSvnelobis 1/4 xdeba (gamdinare drois am SualedisTvis aageT V2-is t-ze
niSnavs, rom muxtebi erTi firfitidan damokidebulebis grafiki. SSM WWW
meoreze gadadian). risi tolia kondensatoris ··54. 27.55 suraTze R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 15 kΩ,
firfitebs Soris ekvivalenturi winaRoba? C = 0,4 mkf da idealuri batareis emZ-a
··51. 1 mkf tevadobis mqone kondensatori E=20 v. amomrTveli didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
Tavdapirvelad 0,5 j energias inaxavs da 1 mgΩ daketilia da mdgradi mdgomareoba iqmneba.
winaRobis rezistoris gavliT ganimuxteba. t = 0 dros amomrTveli iReba. ra deni gaivlis
a) risi tolia kondensatoris sawyisi muxti? meore rezistorSi t = 4 mwm dros?
b) risi tolia rezistorSi gamavali deni ···55. 3 mgΩ winaRobis rezistori da 1 mkf
ganmuxtvis dawyebisas? gamoTvaleT g) kon tevadobis kondensatori E = 4 v emZ-s mqone
939
idealur batareasTan aRmosavleTidan 100 Ω-ia, xolo dasavleTidan
mimdevrobiT aris – 200 Ω. risi tolia a) x da b) R?
CarTuli. SeerTe 59. 27.58 suraTze eqvsi
bidan 1 wamis Semdeg realuri batareidan
a) ra tempiT izrdeba TiToeulis emZ-a 20 v,
kondensatoris mux sur. 27.55. amocanebi 54
da 91. xolo Siga winaRobaa 4Ω.
ti, b) ra tempiT
a) ri-si tolia R = 4Ω
inaxeba energia kondensatorSi, g) ra tempiT gare winaRobaSi gamavali
Cndeba siTburi energia rezistorSi da d) ra deni? b) ra potencialTa sxvaobaa TiToeul
tempiT xdeba batareidan energiis miwodeba?
batareaze? g) risi tolia TiToeuli batareis
SSM
simZlavre? d) ra tempiT gadascems energias
···56. 27.56 suraT TiToeuli batarea Siga siTbur energias?
ze naCvenebia da
60. 27.59 suraTze
muxtuli kondensa
n raodenobis para
toris Semcveli ori
leluri rezistori
wredi, romlebic
sur. 27.56. amocana 56. idealur batareasa
amomrTvelis dake-
da rezistorTan mi
tvis dros rezistoris gavliT unda gani
mdevrobiT aris Car- sur. 27.59. amocana 60.
muxtos. 27.56a suraTze R1 = 20Ω da C1 = 5 mkf.
Tuli. yvela rezistoris winaRoba Tanabaria.
27.56b suraTze R2 = 10Ω da C2 = 8 mkf. ori Tu rezistorebis paralelur ganlagebasTan
kondensatoris sawyisi muxtebis Sefar identuri rezistori paralelurad CarTes,
debaa q02/q01 = 1,5. rodesac t = 0, orive amom batareaSi gamavali deni 1,25%-iT Seicvleba.
rTveli daketilia. ra t dros eqneba orive risi tolia n?
kondensators Tanabari muxti?
61. 40 m sigrZis da 2,6 mm diametris A da
damatebiTi amocanebi B mavTulebi mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli.
57. arkaduli TamaSebis kontroliori 0,22 mkf mTliani mavTulis kideebs Soris 60 v poten
tevadobis kondensatoris firfitebTan cialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. winaRobebia
mierTebuli cvladi rezistorisgan Sedgeba. RA = 0,127Ω da RB = 0,729Ω. A mavTulisTvis
kondensatori 5 v-mde imuxteba da Semdeg risi tolia a) J denis simkvrive da b) V
rezistoris gavliT ganimuxteba. firfitebs potencialTa sxvaoba? g) ra nivTierebisganaa
Soris potencialTa sxvaobis 0,8 v-mde damzadebuli A mavTuli? (ix. cxrili 26.1). B
SemcirebisTvis saWiro dros TamaSis saaTi mavTulisTvis risi tolia d) J da e) V? v) ra
zomavs. Tu ganmuxtvis drois arealia 10 mkwm- nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli B?
dan 6 mwm-mde, risi toli unda iyos rezistoris
62. 27.60a suraTze gamosaxuli idealuri
winaRobaTa mniSvnelobebis arealis a) mcire
batareis emZ-a E = 6 v. 27.60b suraTis pirveli
mniSvneloba da b) didi mniSvneloba?
grafiki wredis pirvel rezistorSi gaCenili
58. 10 km sigrZis i denis V eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaobaze
miwisqveSa kabeli damokidebulebas gamosaxavs. meore da mesame
aRmosavleTidan
d a s a v l e T i s k e n
aris gadaWimuli da sur. 27.57. amocana 58.
13 Ω/km winaRobis
ori paraleluri mavTulisgan Sedgeba. mok
le CarTva dasavleT kididan x manZilze
xdeba, rodesac R winaRobis gamtari biliki
mavTulebs erTmaneTTan aerTebs (sur. (a) (b)
27.57). mavTulebis winaRoba da mokle CarTva
940 Tavi 27 wredebi
grafikebi meore da mesame rezistorebs potencialTa sxvaobis batareidan gamosul i

Seesabameba. ra deni gadis meore rezistorSi? denze damokidebulebis funqcia. a) dawereT
63. avtomobilis ben VT-sa da i-s damakavSirebeli formula. mona
zinis moculobis sa cemebi kalkulatorSi SeiyvaneT VT-s i-ze damo
zomis sqema 27.61 su kidebulebis wrfivi regresia SeasruleT.
raTzea naCvenebi. regresiis parametrebidan gamomdinare b) ba
indikatoris (instru tareis emZ da g) Siga winaRoba gamoTvaleT.
mentebis dafaze) wina
i (a) 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Robaa 10Ω. rezervuari
VT (v) 10,7 9 7,7 6 4,8 3 1,7
cvlad rezistorTanaa sur. 27.61. amocana 63
mierTebuli, romlis winaRoba benzinis mo 66. 27.63 suraTze
culobasTan erTad wrfivad icvleba. carieli E1 = 6 v, E2 = 12 v, R1 =
rezervuaris dros winaRoba 140Ω-ia, xolo 200Ω da R2 = 100Ω.
savse rezervuaris dros - 20Ω. gamoTvaleT risi tolia pirvel
wredSi gamavali deni, rodesac rezervuari sur. 27.63. amocana 66.
winaRobaSi gamavali
a) carielia, b) naxevrad savsea da g) savsea. denis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba? risi tolia
batarea idealurad miiCnieT. meore winaRobaSi gamavali denis g) sidide da
64. 27.62 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi rezis d) mimarTuleba? risi tolia meore batareaSi
torisgan Semdgari wredi, romelic ufro gamavali denis e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba?
did wredTanaa mierTebuli. wredis qvemoT
67. C tevadobis daumuxtav kondensators
gamosaxuli grafiki V(x) eleqtruli poten
R winaRobasTan mimdevrobiT CarTuli, E
cialis meoTxe rezistorze gamavali wredis
emZ-s mqone mowyobiloba muxtavs. a) daam
qveda ganStoebis gaswvriv x mdebareobaze
tkice, rom kondensatorSi Senaxuli ener
damokidebulebaa. wredis zemoT gamosaxuli
gia emZ mowyobilobis mier miwodebuli
grafiki V(x) eleqtruli potencialis
energiis naxevaria. b) damuxtvis droiT i2R-is
pirvel, meore da mesame rezistorebze
integrebis Sedegad daamtkiceT, rom rezis
gamavali wredis zeda ganStoebis gaswvriv
toris mier daxarjuli siTburi energia emZ
x mdebareobaze damokidebulebaa. mesame
mowyobilobis mier miwodebuli energiis
rezistoris winaRobaa 200Ω. risi tolia naxevaria.
a) pirveli rezistoris da b) meore rezistoris
68. a) 27.4a suraTis mixedviT daamtkiceT,
winaRoba?
rom R-Si siTburi energiis saxiT daxarjuli
energia maqsimaluria, rodesac R = r. b) daam
tkiceT, rom maqsimaluri simZlavrea P = E2/4r.
69. 27.52 suraTze naCvenebia E = 12 v emZ-s

mqone idealuri batarea, R = 4Ω winaRobis
rezistori da C = 4 mkf tevadobis daumuxtavi
kondensatori. S amomrTvelis daketvis Sem
deg ra deni gadis rezistorSi, rodesac
kondensatoris
muxtia 8 mkk?
70. 27.64 suraTze
naCvenebia wredis
nawili, romelSic
sur. 27.62. amocana 64. I = 6 a deni gadis.
65. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia winaRobebia
batareis momWerebs Soris VT eleqtrul sur. 27.64. amocana 70.

941
R1 = R2 = 2R3 = 2R4 = 4Ω. ra i1 deni gadis pirvel a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa i1 deni? ra
rezistorSi? g) sididis da d) mimarTulebisaa i2 deni? (am
71. a) ra muSaobas asrulebs (eleqtron-vol kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mxolod gonebrivad
tebSi) 12v emZ-s mqone idealuri batarea SeiZleba). e) ra tempiT gadadis energia meoTxe
dadebiTi momWeridan uaryofiTi momWerisken batareaSi da v) batarea energias gascems Tu
moZrav eleqtronze? b) Tu yovel wamSi 3,4×1018 STanTqavs?
eleqtroni gadis, risi tolia batareis 76. 27.67 suraTze
simZlavre vatebSi? R = 10Ω. risi tolia A
72. 120v-iani naTura, romelsac gadamrTveli da B wertilebs Soris
sam simZlavreze 100-200-300vt rTavs var ekvivalenturi wina
varebis or Zafs Seicavs. erTi varvaris Zafi Roba? (miniSneba: wre
iwveba. amis Semdeg naTura igive intensivobiT di gamartivdeba, Tu
muSaobas (energias igive tempiT xarjavs), dauSvebT, rom A da B sur. 27.67. amocana 76.
oRond gadamrTvelis Sualeduri mdgomareoba wertilebi batareasTan aris mierTebuli).
ar gaaCnia. a) rogor aris varvarebis ori Zafi
77. 27.68 suraTze idealuri batareis
gadabmuli gadamrTvelis sam mdgomareobaze?
risi tolia varvarebis Zafis winaRobis b) um emZ-a E = 30v, xolo winaRobebia R1 = R2 = 14Ω,
ciresi da g) udidesi mniSvneloba? R3 = R4 = R5 = 6Ω, R6 = 2Ω da R7 = 1,5Ω. risi
73. manqanis Zrava Zalian nela iwyebs muSaobas tolia a) i2, b) i4, g) i1, d) i3 da e) i5 deni?
da xelosanma unda gadawyvitos Zrava

gamocvalos, kabeli Tu batarea. manqanis
saxelmZRvaneloSi naTqvamia, rom 12v-ian
batareas 0,02Ω-ze meti Siga winaRoba ar unda
hqondes, Zravas 0,2Ω-ze meti winaRoba ar
unda hqondes, xolo kabels – 0,04Ω-ze meti.
xelosani Zravas rTavs da batareaze 11,4v-
s zomavs, kabelze - 3v-s, xolo deni 50a-ia.
Zravis romeli nawilia dazianebuli?
78. 27.69 suraTze
74. 27.65 suraTze
ori idealuri bata-
R1 = 20Ω, R2 = 10Ω, reis emZ Sesabami
idealuri batareis
sad aris E1 = 12 v
emZ E = 120 v. ra
da E2 = 4 v, xolo
deni gaivlis a
winaRoba 4Ω. ra
wertilze Tu a) S1
a) sididis da b) sur. 27.69. amocana 78.
amomrTvels, b) S1 da sur. 27.65. amocana 74. mimarTulebisaa i1
S2 amomrTvels da
deni? ra g) sididis da d) mimarTulebisaa i2
g) samive amomrT
deni? e) pirveli batarea energias gascems Tu
vels davketavT?
STanTqavs? v) risi tolia energiis gadacemis
75. 27.66 suraTze
tempi? z) meore batarea energias gascems Tu
idealuri batare
STanTqavs? T) risi tolia energiis gadacemis
ebis emZ-a E1 = 20 v, tempi?
E2 = 10 v, E3 = 5 v da 79. 27.70 suraTze sami idealuri batareis emZ
E4 = 5 v, xolo TiTo Sesabamisad aris E1 = 20 v, E2 = 10 v da E3 = 5 v,
euli gamtaris xolo TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaa 2Ω. ra
winaRobaa 2Ω. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa i1 deni?
g) pirveli batarea energias gascems Tu
sur. 27.66. amocana 75. STanTqavs da d) risi tolia misi simZlavre?
942 Tavi 27 wredebi
e) meore batarea energias gascems Tu potencialTa sxvaoba mexuTe winaRobaze?

STanTqavs da v) risi tolia misi simZlavre?
84. R1 da R2 winaRobebi E emZ-s mqone idealur
z) mesame batarea energias gascems Tu batareasTan mimdevrobiT an paralelurad
STanTqavs da T) risi tolia misi simZlavre? SeiZleba SeerTdes. paraleluri kombinaciis
energiis xarjvis tempi mimdevrobiT kombi
naciaze xuTjer meti unda iyos. Tu R1=100Ω,
risi tolia R2-is a) SedarebiT mcire da b) Se
darebiT didi mniSvneloba, rodesac xarjvis
amgvari tempi miiRweva?
85. 27.73 suraTze
ori idealuri ba
tareis emZ aris
E1 = 5 v da E2 = 12 v,
winaRobaa 2Ω, xolo
wredis damiwebuli
sur. 27.70. amocana 79. wertilis poten
80. 27.71 suraTze ciali nulia. risi
R1 = 6Ω, R2 = 18Ω tolia suraTze naCvenebi wertilebis a) V1 da
da idealuri bata b) V2 potenciali?
reis emZ-a E = 12 v. 86. 0,1Ω winaRobis rezistorSi siTburi ener
ra a) sididis da gia 10vt tempiT unda warmoiqmnas, rodesac
b) mimarTulebisaa rezistori 1,5v emZ-s mqone batareasTan aris
i1 deni? g) ramden sur. 27.71. amocana 80. mierTebuli. a) ra potencialTa sxvaoba unda
energias xarjavs iyos rezistorze? b) risi toli unda iyos
oTxive rezistori 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi? batareis Siga winaRoba?
81. temperaturisadmi mdgradi rezistori 87. 27.74 suraTze
siliciumisgan damzadebuli rezistoris naCvenebia 20Ω wina
rkinisgan damzadebul rezistorTan mimdev Robis sami rezis
robiT CarTvis Sedegad miiReba. Tu 20°C tori. gamoTvaleT sur. 27.74. amocana 87.
temperaturis garSemo arealSi saWiro wina a) A da B wertilebs
Robaa 1000Ω, ra unda iyos a) siliciumis Soris, b) A da C wertilebs Soris da g) B da
rezistoris da b) rkinis rezistoris C wertilebs Soris ekvivalenturi winaRoba.
winaRoba? (ix. cxrili 26.1). (miniSneba: warmoidgineT, rom batarea wer
tilebis mocmul wyvils Soris aris Seer
82. ucnobi winaRobis 12Ω winaRobasTan
Tebuli).
mierTebis Sedegad 3Ω winaRoba unda miviRoT.
88. 27.75 suraTze
a) risi toli unda iyos ucnobi winaRoba da
R1=2R, ampermetris
b) mimdevrobiT unda iyos SeerTebuli Tu
winaRoba nulia da
paralelurad?
batarea idealuria.
83. 27.72 suraTze E/R-is raze namravli
E = 12 v emZ-s mqo- mogvcems ampermetrSi
ne idealuri bata- gamaval dens?
rea R1 = 6Ω, R2 = 89. 27.76 suraTze
12Ω, R3 = 4Ω, R4 = naCveneb wredSi ga
3Ω da R5  = 5Ω wina- mosaxulia kondensa
RobebTan aris mier tori, ori idealuri
Tebuli. risi tolia sur. 27.72. amocana 83.
943
batarea, ori rezistori da S amomrTveli. 95. 27.79 suraTze
Tavdapirvelad S didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Riaa. E1 = 6 v, E2 = 12 v,
Tu Semdeg S didi xnis ganmavlobaSi daiketeba, R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 200Ω
ramdeniT Seicvleba kondensatoris muxti? da R3 = 300Ω. wredis
dauSviT, rom C=10mkf, E1=1v, E2=3v, R1=0,2Ω da erTi wertili dami
R2=0,4Ω. webulia (V = 0). ra sur. 27.79. amocana 95.
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa pirvel
90. 27.35 suraTze R1=10Ω, R2=20Ω da idealuri
winaRobaSi gamavali deni? ra g) sidi
batareebis emZ aris E1=20v da E2=50v. R3-is ra
dis da d) mimarTulebisaa meore wina
mniSvnelobisTvis ar gaivlis deni pirvel
RobaSi gamavali deni? ra e) sididis da
batareaSi?
v) mimarTulebisaa mesame winaRobaSi gamavali
91. 27.55 suraTze idealuri batareis emZ-a deni? T) risi tolia eleqtruli potenciali
E=30v, winaRobebia R1=20kΩ da R2=10kΩ, xolo A wertilze?
kondensatori daumuxtavia. rodesac t = 0
96. 27.38 suraTze E=6v, R1=100Ω, R2=300Ω
droSi amomrTveli iketeba, ra deni gaivlis
da R3=600Ω. risi tolia a) sami rezistoris
a) pirvel winaRobaSi da b) meore winaRobaSi? ekvivalenturi winaRoba, b) eleqtruli
g) didi xnis Semdeg ra deni gaivlis meore potenciali pirvel winaRobaze da g) mesame
winaRobaSi? winaRobaSi gamavali deni?
92. 27.77 suraTze R1=R2=2Ω, R3=4Ω, R4=3Ω, 97. 27.8a suraTze ganixileT R, r1 da E1-is
R5=1Ω da R6=R7=R8=8Ω, idealuri batareebis Semcveli ubani da a da c wertilebs Soris
emZ E1=16v da E2=8v. ra a) sididis da potencialTa sxvaoba gamoTvaleT.
b) mimarTulebisaa i1 deni? ra g) sididis da 98. 27.5a suraTze gamoTvaleT potencialTa
d) mimarTulebisaa i2 deni? ra tempiT xdeba sxvaoba R2-ze, Tu E = 12 v, R1 = 3Ω, R2 = 4Ω da
energiis gadacema e) pirvel batareaSi da R3 = 5Ω.
v) meore batareaSi? z) pirveli batarea da
99. 27.38 suraTze idealuri batareis emZ
T) meore batarea energias STanTqavs Tu
E=12v, xolo winaRobebia 4Ω. risi tolia
gascems? a) mesame winaRobaSi gamavali deni da
b) energiis miwodebis tempi?
100. 27.14 suraTze E=5v, r=2Ω, R1=5Ω da
R2=4Ω. Tu ampermetris winaRobaa RA=0,1Ω,
ra procentul Secdomas miviRebT denis
gazomvisas? dauSviT, rom voltmetri ar
gvaqvs.
101. E emZ-s da r Siga winaRobis mqone N
raodenobis identuri batarea mimdevrobiT
93. 27.38 suraTze R1=R2=10Ω da idealuri

batareis emZ-a E=12v. a) R3-is ra mniSvneloba
xdis maqsimalurs batareis mier miwodebuli
energiis temps da b) risi tolia maqsimaluri
tempi?
94. 27.78 suraTze
E = 12 v, R1 = 2000Ω,
R2 = 3000Ω da R3 =
4000Ω. risi tolia
a) VA – VB, b) VB – VC,
g) VC – VD da
d) VA – VC? sur. 27.78. amocana 94.
944 Tavi 27 wredebi
(sur. 27.80a) an paralelurad (sur. 27.80b) 105. 120v-iani eleqtrogadamcemi xazi 15 a-ze
erTdeba da Semdeg R rezistors uerTdeba. gaTvlili damcveliTaa aRWurvili. risi to
daamtkiceT, rom orive ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi lia am xazze paralelurad CarTuli 500vt-
R rezistorSi erTi da igive deni gaivlis, Tu iani naTurebis maqsimaluri raodenoba?
R = r.
106. 27.82 suraTze
102. C0 tevadobis kondensatori jer didi naCvenebia R0 re
xnis ganmavlobaSi E0 emZ-s mqone batareasTan zistorze mierTe
iyo mierTebuli da Semdeg t = 0 droSi 200000Ω buli batarea. mo
winaRobis rezistoris gavliT ganimuxta. sriale kontaqti
kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaoba drois x = 0 wertilidan
mcire Sualedis funqciis saxiT izomeba. x = 10 sm wertilam-
Sedegi qvemoTaa naCvenebi. a) dawereT e
d gadaadgil
kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaobis droze de-ba. kontaqtis gadaadgileba mis marcxniv
damokidebulebis amsaxveli gantoleba. kal da marjvniv winaRobas cvlis. gamoTvaleT
kulatorSi monacemebi SeiyvaneT VC-s t-ze R rezistorSi energiis xarjvis tempis x-ze
damokidebulebis wrfivi regresia gana damokidebulebis funqcia. aageT funqcia
xorcieleT. regresiis parametrebidan
E=50v, R=2000Ω da R0=100Ω monacemebisTvis.
gamomdinare gamoTvaleT b) batareis E0 emZ da
g) wredis τ drois mudmiva. d) gamoTvaleT C0 107. E=2v emZ-s da r=0,5Ω Siga winaRobis
tevadoba. batarea amuSavebs Zravas, romelic 2 n masis
simZimis tvirTs ν = 0,5m/wm siCqariT maRla wevs
VC(v) 9,9 7,2 5,7 4,4 3,4 2,7 2
da amis SesaZleblobas batarea-Zravis wredSi
t(wm) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
i denis da Zravis momWerebze V potencialTa
103. E emZ-s mqone mowyobiloba simZlavres R sxvaobis ori kombinacia iZleva. pasuxebis ori
winaRobis gadamcem xazs awvdis. gamoTvaleT
SesaZlo wyvilidan risi tolia a) SedarebiT
E = 110000 v emZ-ze daxarjuli simZlavris didi i da b) Sesabamisi V da g) SedarebiT mcire
Sefardeba E = 110 v emZ-ze daxarjul si i da d) Sesabamisi V ?
mZlavresTan, Tu davuSvebT, rom orive Sem
108. a) Tu 27.51 suraTze a da b wertilebi r
TxvevaSi miwodebuli simZlavre Tanabaria.
winaRobis mavTuliTaa gadabmuli. daamtkiceT,
104. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa rom mavTulSi gamavali denia:
27.81 suraTze gamavali i deni, sadac yvela E (Rs + Rx)
i = ,
winaRobaa 4Ω, xolo idealuri batareebis (R + 2r)(Rs + Rx) + 2RsRx
emZ – 10v? (miniSneba: pasuxis gacema gonebrivi sadac E aris idealuri batareis emZ, xolo
gamoTvlebiTac SeiZleba) R = R1 = R2. dauSviT, rom R0 = 0. b) eTanxmeba Tu
ara es formula 43-e amocanis pasuxs?
109. wredSi gamava
li denis kontro
lisTvis mosriale
kontaqtiani rezis
torebis parale
luri kombinacia
SegiZliaT gamoi
yenoT, rogorc es
aris 27.83 suraTze
(kontaqtis mo
Zraoba wredSi winaRobas cvlis). davuSvaT,
A rezistoris RA winaRoba B rezistoris RB
sur. 27.81. amocana 104. winaRobaze ocjer metia. a) ra procedura unda
945
gamoviyenoT i denis sasurveli mniSvnelobis tolia or kondensatorSi Senaxuli energia?
misaRebad? b) ratom jobia paraleluri 112. ganvixiloT 27.85 suraTze gamosaxuli
kombinacia erTi cvladi rezistoris gamo wredi. a) gadasasvlelis wesi d da a gada
yenebas? sasvlelebisTvis gamoiyeneT, xolo konturis
110. eleqtrostatikur ganmuxtvas kompiu wesi - sami konturisTvis. Sedegad xuTi
terebis magvari eleqtronuli mowyobi damoukidebeli gantoleba miiReba. b) xuTi
lobebis dazianeba SeuZlia, amitom eleq wrfivi gantoleba matriculi gantolebis
troteqnikosebi momuSave personalsa da [A][B]=[C] saxiT warmoadgineT, sadac:
samuSao adgilze ganlagebul eleqtronul
aRWurvilobas Soris momxdar ganmuxtvaze
i1
xSirad nerviuloben. warmoidgineT, rom skamze i2
zixarT da Tqvens tansacmelsa da skams Soris [B] = i3 .
muxtebis gadanawileba 200 v potencialTa i4
sxvaobas qmnis, xolo skamsa da Tqvens Soris i5
tevadobaa 150 pf. fexze adgomisas, sxeulsa
risi tolia [A] da [C] matricebi? g) kal
da skams Soris manZilis zrda tevadobas 10 pf-
kulatoriT [A]–1[C] gamoTvaleT, raTa i1, i2, i3,
mde amcirebs. a) risi tolia am dros Tqveni
sxeulis potenciali? droTa ganmavlobaSi i4 da i5 denebi gamoTvaloT.
potenciali mcirdeba, radgan muxti sxeulisa
da fexsacmelebis gavliT gaiwoveba (sxeuli
winaRobis gavliT ganmuxtul kondensators
waagavs). davuSvaT, am traeqtoriazea wina
Robaa 300 gΩ. Tu eleqtrobas maSin SeexebiT,
rodesac Tqveni potenciali 100 v-ze metia,
mowyobiloba gafuWdeba. b) ramdeni xani unda
moicadoT, raTa potencialma usafrTxo 100 v
dones miaRwios?
Tu miwasTan dakavSirebul gamtar anti
statikur samajurs gaikeTebT, Tqveni poten sur. 27.85. amocanebi 112 da 113.
ciali fexze adgomisas Zalian ar gaizrdeba 113. 112-e amocanaSi xuTi denis gamoTvlis
da ufro swrafadac ganimuxtebiT, vinaidan
Semdeg gamoTvaleT a) 9 Ω winaRobis mqone
miwasTan kavSirisas winaRoba bevrad naklebia.
rezistorze eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba,
g) warmoidgineT, rom fexze adgomisas Tqveni
b) 7 Ω winaRobis mqone rezistorze muSaobis
potencialia 1400 v da skamsa da Tqvens Soris
Sesrulebis tempi, b) 12 v-iani batareis mier
tevadobaa 10 pf. miwasTan dakavSirebuli wredze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempi da
samajuris ra winaRobis SemTxvevaSi gani
d) 4 v-iani batareis mier wredze Sesrulebuli
muxtebiT 100 v-mde 0,3 wamSi? am drois gan
muSaobis tempi. e) a wertils ufro maRali
mavlobaSi, magaliTad kompiuterTan miaxlo
potenciali aqvs Tu c wertils?
ebas verafriT ver moaswrebT.
111. 27.84 suraTze
114. 27.4a suraTze E = 2 v da r = 100 Ω. 0-dan
R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 10Ω, 500 Ω-mde arealisTvis aageT a) denis da b) R-ze
potencialTa sxvaobis R-ze damokidebulebis
R3 = 15Ω, C1 = 5 mkf,
grafikebi. g) ori grafikis Sesabamisi mniS
C2 = 10 mkf da idea
vnelobebis gamravlebis Sedegad mesame gra
luri batareis emZ
fiki aageT. ra fizikuri mniSvneloba aqvs
E = 20 v. davuSvaT,
mesame grafiks?
wredi statikur sur. 27.84. amocana 111.
mdgomareobaSia. risi
28 magnituri velebi
simsivnis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi imedismomcemi saSualeba

swrafi neitronebiT Terapiaa. am dros maRalenergiuli neitronebis
sxivs simsivnisken mimarTaven. neitronebi simsivnuri ujredebis dnm-Si
kavSirebs wyveten, ujredebi iRupeba da, maSasadame, simsivnec marcxdeba.
maRalenergiuri nawilakebis sxivis warmoqmna eleqtruli velis
saSualebiT SeiZleba, Tu nawilakebi damuxtulia. saavadmyofoebSi sxivis
traeqtoria sakmarisad grZeli ar aris da neitronic eleqtrulad ar
aris damuxtuli.
rogor SeiZleba maRali energiis neitronebis sxivis Seqmna?

fizika Seiswavlis rogor moqmedebs eleqtruli
veli damuxtul saganze eleqtruli ZaliT.
fizika aseve swavlobs magnituri velidan
damuxtul nawilakze an magnitze moqmed
magnitur Zalas. magnitur velze garkveuli
warmodgena geqnebaT, Tu macivris karebze mcire
magnitis saSualebiT raime Canaweri migikravT an
sakredito baraTi magnitTan miaxloebis Sedegad
wagSliaT. magniti karebze da sakredito baraTze
magnituri velis saSualebiT moqmedebs.
magnituri velebis da Zalebis gamoyenebis maga
liTebi uricxvia da wlidan-wlamde izrdeba.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, gasarTobi indus
tria musikisa da gamosaxulebebis audio da
videofirebze gakeTebul magnitur Canawerebze
iyo damokidebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom cif
rulma teqnologiam magnituri Caweris meTodi sur. 28.1. foladis qarxanaSi liTonis namsxvre
vebis Segrovebisa da transportirebisTvis eleq
didwilad Caanacvla, industria kvlav efuZneba
tromagniti gamoiyeneba.
946
28.2. ra warmoqmnis magnitur vels? 947
CD da DVD pleierebis Tu kompiuteris diskuri mowyobilobebis magnitur makontroleblebs.
aseve magnitebis saSualebiT xdeba yursacmebis, televizorebis, kompiuterebis da telefonebis
dinamikebis marTva. Tanamedrove manqana aTasobiT magnitiT aris aRWurvili, vinaidan isini
saWiroa Zravis amuSavebisTvis, fanjrebis, liukis, saqare minis sawmendis da avtomaturi kon
trolisTvis. usafrTxoebis sistemebi, rogoricaa karebze dayenebuli zari, avtomaturi Cam
ketebi da a.S. magnitebia gamoyenebuli. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tqvens garSemo yvelgan magnitebia.
magnituri velis Semswavleli mecniereba fizikaa, xolo magnituri velis gamoyenebis sfero
inJineriaa. velis Seswavla da gamoyeneba Semdegi SekiTxviT iwyeba: `ra iwvevs magnitur vels?~
28.2. ra warmoqmnis magnitur vels?

 
vinaidan E eleqtrul vels eleqtruli muxti warmoqmnis, mosalodnelia, rom B magnituri veli
magnituri muxtisgan warmoiqmneba. garkveuli Teoriebis Tanaxmad individualuri magnituri
muxtebi (magnituri monopolebi) arsebobs, magram maTi arseboba damtkicebuli ar aris. maSin
rogor warmoiqmneba magnituri veli? amisTvis ori gza arsebobs.
erT-erTi gza eleqtruli damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraobaa. magaliTad, mavTulSi denis
gavlisas eleqtromagniti warmoiqmneba. denis mier warmoqmnili magnituri velis saSualebiT
kompiuteris diskuri mowyobilobebis kontroli an 28.1 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtromagnitis
Seqmna SeiZleba. 29-e TavSi deniT gamowveul magnitur vels ganvixilavT.
meore gza eleqtronebis magvari elementaruli nawilakebiT magnituri velis warmoqmnaa,
vinaidan am nawilakebis garSemo maxasiaTebeli magnituri veli arsebobs. magnituri veli, masisa
da eleqtruli muxtis msgavsad, TiToeuli nawilakis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. 32-e paragrafSi
gamoCndeba, rom eleqtronebis magnituri velebi garkveul nivTierebebSi ikribeba da nivTierebis
garSemo jamuri magnituri veli iqmneba. swored amgvari Sekrebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba mudmivi
magniti, romlis saSualebiT macivris karebze raime SegviZlia mivakraT. sxva nivTierebebSi
eleqtronebis magnituri velebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs da nivTierebis garSemo jamuri magnituri
veli ar iqmneba. swored amgvari gamoricxvis Sedegad Tqveni sxeulis garSemo magnituri veli
ar arsebobs da es kargia, vinaidan, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ki macivars CauvlidiT, maSinve mis
karebs miewebebodiT.

pirvel rigSi B magnituri veli ganvsazRvroT. amisTvis gamoviyenoT faqti, rom rodesac

damuxtuli nawilaki magnitur velSi moZraobs, masze FB magnituri Zala moqmedebs.
28.3. -s gansazRvreba

wertilze moqmedi E eleqtruli veli am wertilSi q muxtis mqone sacdeli nawilakis moTavsebiT

da nawilakze moqmedi FE eleqtruli Zalis gazomvis saSualebiT ganvsazRvreT:

 F
E = qE (28.1)

magnituri monopolis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi B -s gansazRvra igive principiT gaxdeboda

SesaZlebeli. Tumca vinaidan amgvari nawilakebi aRmoCenili ar aris, B magnituri veli

eleqtrulad damuxtul, moZrav sacdel nawilakze moqmedi FB magnituri Zalis saSualebiT
unda ganisazRvros.

damuxtuli nawilaki B -s gansazRvris wertilisken gadavaadgiloT, nawilakis sxvadasxva

mimarTulebebi da siCqareebi gamoviyenoT da am wertilSi nawilakze moqmedi FB Zala
ganvsazRvroT. mravali cdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom rodesac am wertilze gamavali romelime
948 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
  
RerZis gaswvriv nawilakis siCqarea ν , FB Zala nulis tolia. ν -s yvela sxva mimarTulebisTvis
 
FB Zala ν sin φ-is proporciulia,
 sadac φ aris kuTxe nulovani Zalis RerZsa da ν -s mimarTulebas

Soris. ufro metic, FB Zalis mimarTuleba yovelTvis ν -s mimarTulebis perpendikularulia.

maSasadame, B magnituri veli aris nulovani Zalis RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli veqtoruli
 
sidide. amis Semdeg FB Zalis sidides maSin ganvsazRvravT, rodesac ν siCqare nulovani Zalis

RerZis perpendikularulia da Semdeg Zalis sididis saSualebiT B -s sidides gamovTvliT:
FB
B= ,
|q|v
sadac q aris nawilakis muxti.
zemoT CamoTvlili Sedegebis erTad Tavmoyris Sedegad miviRebT:
  
FB = q ν × B (28.2)
  
es niSnavs, rom nawilakze moqmedi FB Zala nawilakis ν siCqarisa da B velis veqtoruli

namravlis q-ze namravlia. 3.27 formulis gamoyenebis Sedegad FB Zalis sidide iqneba:
FB= |q| νB sin φ (28.3)

 
sadac φ aris kuTxe ν siCqaris mimarTulebasa da B magnituri velis mimarTulebas Soris.
nawilakze moqmedi magnituri Zalis gamoTvla

28
 .3 formulis Tanaxmad, magnitur velSi moTavsebul nawilakze moqmedi
FB Zalis sidide nawilakis q muxtis da ν siCqaris proporciulia. aqedan
gamomdinare, Tu muxti nulia an nawilaki ar moZraobs, Zala nulis tolia.
 
igive 28.3 formula gvauwyebs, rom Tu ν da B veqtorebi erTmaneTis
paraleluria (φ = 0) an antiparaleluria (φ =180°), Zala kvlav nulis
 
tolia, xolo Tu ν da B urTierTperpendikularulia, maSin Zala
maqsimaluria.

28.2 formula FB -s mimarTulebasac gvamcnobs. 3.8 paragrafidan viciT,
   
B
rom 28.2 formulaSi ν × namravli ν da B veqtorebis perpendikularuli
veqtoria. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad (sur. 28.2a) marjvena xelis cera
   
TiTi ν × B veqtoris mimarTulebisaa, rodesac TiTebiT ν veqtors B
  
-sken moabrunen. Tu q dadebiTia, maSin FB Zalis sidide ν × B -s tolia da

igive mimarTulebisaa anu dadebiTi q-s SemTxvevaSi FB cera TiTiskenaa
  
mimarTuli (sur. 28.2b). rodesac q uaryofiTia, FB Zalas da ν × B
veqtorul namravls urTierTsawinaaRmdego niSani da mimarTuleba aqvs.

aqedan gamomdinare, uaryofiTi q-s SemTxvevaSi FB Zala cera TiTis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa (sur. 28.2g).
miuxedavad muxtis niSnisa:

B magnitur velSi ν siCqariT moZrav damuxtul nawilakze
  
moqmedi FB Zala yovelTvis ν -s da B -s perpendikularulia.
 
sur. 28.2. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad ν × B -s mimarTuleba
 cera TiTis

 
mimarTulebas emTxveva. b) Tu q dadebiTia FB = q ν × B-s mimarTuleba ν × B -s
 
mimarTulebas emTxveva. g) Tu q uaryofiTia, FB = q ν × B -s mimarTuleba ν × B -s
sawinaaRmdegoa.
→ 949
28.3. B-sgansazRvreba
cxrili 28.1
zogierTi magnituri velis miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba
neitronis varskvlavis zedapiri 108 t

did eleqtromagnitTan axlos 1,5 t
mcire zomis magnitur RerosTan 10–2 t
dedamiwis zedapirze 10–4 t
varskvlavTaSoris sivrceSi 10–10 t
umciresi mniSvneloba magniturad dacul oTaxSi 10–14 t
sur. 28.3. ori eleqtronis (e )
–
da pozitronis (e+) nakvalevi  

buStovan kameraSi, romelic sa aqedan gamomdinare, F B -s arasdros gaaCnia ν -s paraleluri
xelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyi komponenti da mas ar SeuZlia nawilakis ν siCqaris (da maSasadame
dan moSorebiT mimarTul Tanabar 
nawilakis kinetikuri energiis) Secvla. es Zala mxolod ν -s
magnitur velSia moTavsebuli.
mimarTulebas cvlis.
28.2 formulis kargad gaazrebisTvis 28.3 suraTi ganvixiloT,
romelzec buStovan kameraSi moZravi damuxtuli nawilakebis
mier datovebuli kvlebia naCvenebi. kamera Txevadi wyalbadiTaa
savse da suraTis sibrtyidan moSorebiT mimarTul magnitur
velSia moTavsebuli. Semavali gama sxivis daumuxtavi nawilaki
kvals ar tovebs, wyalbadis atomidan eleqtrons amoagdebs da
eleqtronad (e–) da pozitronad (e+) gardaiqmneba. 28.2 formulis
da 28.2 suraTis saSualebiT SeamowmeT aris Tu ara ori uaryofiTi
nawilakis da erTi dadebiTi nawilakis traeqtoriebi sworad
gavlebuli.

28.2 da 28.3 formulebidan gamomdinare, SI sistemaSi B -s erTeulia
niutoni/kuloni·m/wm. am erTeuls tesla ewodeba:
niutoni
1tesla = 1t = 1 .
(kuloni)(metri/wami)
gavixsenoT, rom kuloni a · wm-ia da miviRebT:
niutoni n
1t = 1 =1 . (28.4)
(kuloni/wami)(metri) a · m

adre B -s erTeulad gausi gamoiyeneboda:
1 tesla = 104 gausi (28.5)
28.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia zogierT situaciaSi gaCenili magni

turi velis sidide. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom planetis zedapirTan
axlos dedamiwis magnituri velia 10–4 t (=100 mkt an 1 gausi).
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia sami mdgomareoba,

 
rodesac damuxtuli nawilaki B Tanabar magnitur velSi ν
sur. 28.4. a) magnituri velis siCqariT moZraobs. TiToeul mdgomareobaSi ra mimarTulebisaa
Zalwirebi magnituri RerosTvis. nawilakze moqmedi FB magnituri Zala?
b) magnituri Rero Zroxis faSvSi
unda Casrialdes, raTa SemTxve
viT gadaylapuli rkinis namsxvre
vebi Zroxis SigneulSi ar darCes.
magnitze akruli rkinis naxerxi
magnituri velis Zalwirebis
mimarTulebas asaxavs.
magnituri velis Zalwirebi

eleqtruli velis msgavsad magnituri velic Zalwirebis
saSualebiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT. am SemTxvevaSic igive
wesebi moqmedebs: 1) magnituri velis wiris nebismieri

wertilis mxebis mimarTuleba am wertilze B magnituri
velis mimarTulebas emTxveva da 2) wirebs Soris dacileba

B -s sidides asaxavs. mWidro dacilebis adgilze magnituri
veli ufro Zlieria da piriqiT.
28.4a suraTze naCvenebia magnituri Reros axlos warmoqmnili
magnituri velis Zalwirebi. wirebi magnitSi gadis da daxurul
konturebs qmnis. magnituri Reros gare magnituri efeqti
boloebze ufro Zlierad vlindeba, sadac Zalwirebi yvelaze
ufro mWidrod aris ganlagebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, 28.4b
suraTze gamosaxuli magnituri Reros magnituri veli
magnitis or boloze rkinis namsxvrevebs ikrobs.
velis Zalwirebi magnitis erTi bolodan Sedian da meoredan
gamodian. Zalwirebis gamosvlis mxares magnitis CrdiloeT
polusi ewodeba, xolo Zalwirebis Sesvlis mxares - samxreT
polusi. vinaidan magniti orpolusiania, mas magnituri
dipoli ewodeba. macivris karebze Canawerebis misakravad
mokle Reromagnitebs viyenebT. 28.5 suraTze naCvenebia
magnitis gavrcelebuli ori saxeoba: naliseburi magniti da sur. 28.5. a) naliseburi magniti
C-s formis magniti, romlis polusebi erTimeoris pirispir da b) C-s formis magniti (gare
velis Zalwirebis mxolod nawilia
aris ganlagebuli (maSasadame polusebs Soris moqmedi
naCvenebi).
magnituri veli daaxloebiT Tanabaria). miuxedavad magnitis
formisa, Tu or magnits erTmaneTTan axlos movaTavsebT:
urTierTsawinaaRmdego magnituri polusebi erTmaneTs miizidavs, xolo msgavsi

magnituri polusebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs.
dedamiwis magnitur vels misi birTvi ucnobi meTodiT warmoqmnis. dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedi
magnituri velis aRmoCena kompasiT xdeba, romelic mcire xaxunis mqone sayrdeni wertiliT
aRWurvili Reromagnitia. amgvari Reromagniti brunavs, vinaidan misi CrdiloeT polusi
dedamiwis arqtikis regionisken miizideba. maSasadame, dedamiwis magnituri velis samxreT po
lusi arqtikiskenaa ganlagebuli. logikurad am poluss samxreT poluss vuwodebT. miuxedavad
amisa, vinaidan am mimarTulebas CrdiloeTs veZaxiT, dedamiwas am mimarTulebiT geomagnituri
CrdiloeT polusi gaaCnia.
ufro yuradRebiT gazomvis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, dedamiwis
magnituri velis Zalwirebi dedamiwisa da arqtikisken aris mimarTuli. samxreT naxevarsferoSi,
Zalwirebi dedamiwisgan da antarqtikisgan anu dedamiwis geomagnituri samxreT polusidan
gareT aris mimarTuli.


1,2 mt sididis mudmivi B magnituri veli Tidan CrdiloeTisken moZraobs. ra magnituri
laboratoriuli kameris moculobaSi moqme Zala moqmedebs protonze kameraSi Sesvlis
debs. 5,4 mgev kinetikuri energiis protoni dros? protonis masaa 1,67×10–27kg (dedamiwis
kameraSi Sedis da horizontalurad samxre magnituri veli ugulebelyaviT).
28.4. mkveTi velebi: eleqtronis aRmoCena 951
amoxsna: vinaidan protoni damuxtuli nawi
lakia da magnitur velSi moZraobs, masze

FB magnituri Zala moqmedebs. protonis
sawyisi siCqaris mimarTuleba magnituri
velis Zalwiris gaswvrivi ar
 aris da
amitom FB nulis toli araa. FB Zalis
sididis gamoTvlisTvis 28.3 formula
gamoviyenoT, Tumca Tavdapirvelad pro sur. 28.6. kameraSi samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken

ν siCqariT moZravi protonis zedxedi. magnituri
tonis ν siCqare gamovTvaloT. protonis
veli kameraSi suraTis sibrtyis marTobulad,
siCqares mocemuli kinetikuri energiis vertikalurad maRlaa mimarTuli da am mimarTulebas
1
saSualebiT gamovTvliT, vinaidan K =  2 mν2. wertilebis ganlageba asaxavs. protoni aRmosav
leTisken gadaixreba.
ν-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:

× B -is mimarTulebas emTxveva da misi gan
sazRvra marjvena xelis wesiT SeiZleba (sur.
= 3,2×107 m/wm. 28.2b). siCqaresamxreTidanCrdiloeTisken
 ho
amis Semdeg 28.3 formula mogvcems: rizontalurad aris mimarTuli, xolo B magni
FB = |q|νBsin φ turi veli - vertikalurad maRla. marjvena


= (1,6×10–19 k)(3,2×107 m/wm) xelis wesis Tanaxmad FB Zala horizontarulad
× (1,2×10–3 t)(sin 90°) dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken aris mimar
= 6,1×10–15 n (pasuxi) Tuli, rogorc es 28.6 suraTze Cans (suraTze

gamosaxuli wertilebi suraTis sibrtyis
erTi SexedviT es Zala sakmaod mcirea, magram
marTobulad gareT mimarTul magnitur vels
is mcire masis nawilakze moqmedebs da did
asaxavs).
aCqarebas iwvevs:
uaryofiTi muxtis nawilakis SemTxvevaSi
FB 6,1×10–15 n
a= = = 3,7×1012 m/wm2. magnituri Zalis mimarTuleba sawinaaRmdego
m 1,67×10–27 kg
 anu horizontalurad aRmosavleTidan
FB Zalis mimarTulebis dadgenisTvis gaviTva
  dasavleTisken iqneboda. 28.2 formula
liswinoT, rom F -is mimarTuleba q × B veq
toruli namravlis mimarTulebas emTxveva. amgvar Sedegs gvaZlevs, Tu masSi uaryofiTi
 mniSvnelobis q-s CavsvamT.
vinaidan q dadebiTia, FB -s mimarTuleba
28.4. mkveTi velebi: eleqtronis aRmoCena

 
E eleqtruli veli da B magnituri veli damuxtul nawilakze ZaliT moqmedebs. rodesac ori
veli erTmaneTis perpendikularulia, maT mkveT velebs uwodeben. modiT ganvixiloT ra mosdiT
damuxtul nawilakebs, kerZod eleqtronebs, rodesac isini mkveT velebSi moZraoben. magaliTad
1897 wels j. j. tompsonis mier kembrijis universitetSi Catarebul eqsperiments moviyvanT,
romelsac eleqtronis aRmoCena mohyva.
28.7 suraTze naCvenebia tompsonis eqsperimentuli aparatis – kaToduri sxivis milis
Tanamedrove, gamartivebuli versia. damuxtul nawilakebs (eleqtronebs) vakuumuri milis ukana
mxares ganlagebuli cxeli varvarebis Zafi warmoqmnis da isini V potencialTa sxvaobis Sedegad
Cqardeba. rodesac eleqtronebi C ekranis xvrels gaivlian, isini viwro sxivs warmoqmnian.
 
Semdeg eleqtronebi E da B velebiT gadakveTil regionSi moZraoben da S fluorescenciuli
ekranisken miemarTebian, sadac isini sinaTlis laqas qmnian (televizoris ekranze es laqa suraTis
nawilia). mkveTi velebis regionSi damuxtul nawilakebze moqmedi Zala nawilakebs ekranis
centris mimarTulebidan gadaxris. velebis sidideebis da mimarTulebebis kontrolis Sedegad
tomsoni ekranze sinaTlis laqis warmoqmnis adgils akontrolebda. gaixseneT, rom eleqtruli
sur. 28.7. j. j. tompsonis aparatis Tanamedrove versia eleqtronis masis mis muxtTan Sefardebis
 gamoTvlisTvis

gamoiyeneba. firfitis momWerebTan batareis mierTebis Sedegad E eleqtruli veli iqmneba. B magnituri veli
koWaTa sistemaSi gamavali denis saSualebiT warmoiqmneba (es sistema suraTze gamosaxuli ar aris). magnituri
veli suraTis sibrtyezea naCvenebi da Xs simboloebis ganlagebiTaa warmodgenili.
velidan uaryofiTad damuxtul nawilakze moqmedi Zala velis sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli.

aqedan gamomdinare, 28.7 suraTze naCvenebi ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, eleqtronebs E eleqtruli

veli zeviT mimarTavs, xolo B magnituri veli – dabla anu Zalebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moqmedeben. tomsonis procedura Semdegi mimdevrobis eqvivalenturi iyo:
1. aiReT E = 0 da B = 0 da S ekranze swori sxivis Sedegad warmoqmnili laqis mdebareoba
CainiSneT.

2. CarTeT E da sxivis gadaxra gazomeT.
 
3. E -s igive mniSvnelobisTvis B CarTeT da misi mniSvneloba daaregulireT, vidre sxivi kvlav
gaswordeba.

or firfitas Soris E eleqtrul velSi moZravi damuxtuli nawilakis gadaxra 22.5 amocanis
amoxsnis nimuSSi ganvixileT. aRmoCnda, rom nawilakis gadaxra firfitebis Soreul boloze
aris:
|q|EL 2
y = 2mv 2 , (28.6)
sadac ν aris nawilakis siCqare, m - misi masa, q - muxti, xolo L - firfitebis sigrZe. igive formula
28.7 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtronebis sxivisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. Tavdapirvelad
S ekranze dacemuli sxivis gadaxras gamovTvliT da Semdeg firfitis boloebze y gadaxras
(vinaidan gadaxris mimarTulebas nawilakis muxti gansazRvravs, tomsonma daamtkica, rom
ekranis gamanaTebeli nawilakebi uaryofiTad aris damuxtuli).
rodesac 28.7 suraTze gamosaxuli ori veli isea SerCeuli, rom gadaxris Zalebi erTmaneTs
gamoricxaven, 28.1 da 28.3 formulebidan gamomdinare gveqneba:
|q|E =|q| νB sin(90°) = |q|νB
E
anu v= . (28.7)
B
maSasadame, mkveTi velebis saSualebiT maTSi gamavali damuxtuli nawilakebis siCqare SeiZleba
gaizomos. 28.6 formulaSi ν-s nacvlad 28.7 formulis Casma da gardaqmna mogvcems:
m B 2L 2
= , (28.8)
|q| 2yE
formulis marjvena mxareze gamosaxuli yvela sididis gamoTvla SeiZleba. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkveTi velebis saSualebiT tomsonis aparatSi moZravi nawilakebis m/|q| Sefardebis gamoTvlac
SeiZleba.
28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis efeqti 953
tomsoni amtkicebda, rom amgvari nawilakebi yvela nivTierebaSi arsebobs. misive mosazrebiT,
es nawilakebi yvelaze ufro msubuq wyalbadis atomTan SedarebiT 1000 koeficientiT ufro
msubuqebi iyvnen. m/|q| Sefardebis gazomva eleqtronis aRmoCenad iTvleba.

sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia E eleqtrul

velSi da B magnitur velSi moZravi dadebiTad damuxtuli

nawilakis ν siCqaris veqtoris oTxi SesaZlo mimarTuleba.
a) pirveli, meore da mesame mimarTulebebi nawilakze moqmedi
jamuri Zalis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
b) oTxi SesaZlo mimarTulebidan romels SeuZlia nawilakze
moqmedi Zala nulis toli gaxados?
28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis efeqti

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, vakuumSi moZravi eleqtronebis sxivis gadaxra magnitur vels SeuZlia.
SeuZlia Tu ara magnitur vels spilenZis mavTulSi moZravi gamtarobis eleqtronebis gadaxrac?
1879 wels, jons hopkinsis universitetis 24 wlis studentma edvin holma daamtkica, rom
SeuZlia. holis efeqtis saSualebiT SeiZleba gageba, Tu
ra niSnis muxti aqvs gamtarSi gamaval muxtis matarebels.
garda amisa, gamtaris moculobis erTeulze amgvari
matareblebis raodenobis gamoTvlac SeiZleba.
28.8a suraTze naCvenebia d siganis spilenZis naWeri,
romelic zemodan qvemoT i dens atarebs. muxtis mata
reblebi eleqtronebia da isini sawinaaRmdego mimar
TulebiT anu qvemodan zemoT νd dinebis siCqariT moZra
oben. 28.8a suraTze naCveneb momentSi, suraTis sibrtyis

SigniT mimarTuli B gare magnituri veli moqmedebas
iwyebs. 28.2 formulidan gamomdinare, TiToeul moZrav

eleqtronze FB gadamxreli Zala imoqmedebs da mas naWris
marjvena kidisken ubiZgebs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi eleqtronebi marjvnisken moZraoben
da naWris marjvena kideze grovdebian. marcxena kideze
ganlagebuli dadebiTi muxtebi ar kompensirdeba. dadebiT
da uaryofiT muxtebs Soris dacileba spilenZis SigniT

E eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis, romelic 28.8b suraTze
marcxnidan marjvniskenaa mimarTuli. es veli TiToeul

eleqtronze FE eleqtruli ZaliT moqmedebs da maT
marcxnisken ubiZgebs.

sur. 28.8. B magnitur velSi moTavsebuli spilenZis naWerSi
i deni gadis. a) mdgomareoba magnituri velis moqmedebis
dawyebisas. naCvenebia eleqtronis moZraobis mrudi traeqtoria.
b) wonasworuli mdgomareoba. uaryofiTi muxtebi naWris marjvena
kideze grovdeba da marcxena kideze ganlagebuli dadebiTi
muxtebi ar kompensirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, marcxena kidis
potenciali marjvena kidis potencialze ufro metia. g) denis
igive mimarTulebis da dadebiTad damuxtuli muxtis matareblebis
SemTxvevaSi, isini marjvena kideze dagrovdeboda da marjvena
kides ufro maRali potenciali eqneboda.
male wonasworuli mdgomareoba myardeba da TiToeul eleqtronze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala

 
magnitur Zalas abaTilebs. 28.8b suraTze Cans, rom B -iT da E -iT gamowveuli Zalebi erTmaneTs
abalansebs. am dros eleqtronebi spilenZis naWris gaswvriv, saxelmZRvanelos gverdis zeda

nawilisken νd siCqariT moZraoben, spilenZis naWris marjvena kideze aRar grovdebian da,

maSasadame, E eleqtruli veli ar izrdeba.
V holis potencialTa sxvaoba d siganis naWerze moqmed eleqtrul vels ukavSirdeba. 24.42
formulidan gamomdinare, am potencialTa sxvaobis sididea:
V = Ed (28.9)
voltmetris mierTebis Semdeg naWris or kides Soris potencialTa sxvaobas gamovTvliT. ufro
metic, voltmetri gvauwyebs, Tu romel kides aqvs ufro maRali potenciali. 28.8a suraTze
naCvenebi mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, rom marcxena kidis potenciali ufro maRalia
da es faqti eTanxmeba Cvens adrindel daSvebas, rom muxtis matareblebi uaryofiTad aris
damuxtuli.
modiT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sawinaaRmdego davuSvaT da miviCnioT, rom muxtis
matareblebi dadebiTad aris damuxtuli (sur. 28.8g). rodesac muxtis amgvari matareblebi

zemodan qvemoT moZraoben, maT FB Zala marjvena kidisken ubiZgebs da, maSasadame, marjvena kidis
potenciali ufro metia. vinaidan es ukanaskneli mtkiceba voltmetris Cvenebas ewinaaRmdegeba,
muxtis matareblebi uaryofiTad unda iyos damuxtuli.
rodesac eleqtruli da magnituri Zalebi erTmaneTs abalansebs (sur. 28.8b), 28.1 da 28.3
formulebi gvaZlevs:
eE = eνd B (28.10)
26.7 formulidan gamomdinare, νd dinebis siCqarea:
J i
vd = = , (28.11)
ne neA
sadac J( = i/A) aris naWerSi gamavali denis simkvrive, A – naWris ganivi kveTis farTobi, xolo n
– muxtis matareblebis ricxobrivi simkvrive (maTi raodenoba moculobis erTeulze).
28.10 formulaSi E-s nacvlad 28.9 formula CavsvaT, xolo νd-s nacvlad – 28.11 formula da
miviRebT:
Bi
n= , (28.12)
Vle
sadac l( = A/d) aris naWris sisqe. am formulis saSualebiT n-is gamoTvla SesaZlebeli gaxda.
holis efeqtis gamoyeneba muxtis matareblebis νd dinebis siCqaris gamoTvlisTvisac SeiZleba,
Tu gavixsenebT, rom is sm/sT rigisaa. liTonis naWeri magnitur velSi muxtis matareblebis
dinebis siCqaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadavaadgiloT. moZravi naWris siCqare manamde
vareguliroT, vidre holis potencialTa sxvaoba gaqreba. am dros holis efeqti ar moqmedebs
da muxtis matareblebis siCqare laboratoriis aTvlis sistemis mimarT nulis tolia. aqedan
gamomdinare, naWris siCqare uaryofiTi muxtis matareblebis siCqares sididiT emTxveva, xolo
mimarTulebiT – sawinaaRmdegoa.

28.9 suraTze naCvenebia d = 1,5 sm sigrZis

gverdis myari liTonis kubi, romelic ν
sur. 28.9. d sigrZis
= 4 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT y-is dadebiTi
gverdis liTonis myari
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. kubi z RerZis kubi
  erTgvarovan
dadebiTi mimarTulebis da 0,05t sididis B B magnitur velSi

ν mudmivi siCqariT
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi gadaadgildeba.
moZraobs.
28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis efeqti 955
a) kubis romel gverds aqvs maRali potenciali aris mimarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare,

da romel gverds aqvs dabali potenciali TiToeul eleqtronze moqmedi FE Zala

velSi moZraobis Sedegad? marjvniskenaa mimarTuli, xolo FB Zala

amoxsna: vinaidan kubi B magnitur velSi – marcxnisken.
moZraobs, mis damuxtul nawilakebze da, 2. rodesac muxti magnitur velSi Sedis da
 
maT Soris, gamtarobis eleqtronebze FB muxtebs Soris dacileba Cndeba, E velis
 
magnituri Zala moqmedebs. FB Zala kubis sidide izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, FE
Zalis sididec izrdeba da Tavdapirvelad
garkveul gverdebs Soris eleqtrul 
potencialTa sxvaobis gaCenas iwvevs. rodesac FB Zalaze mcirea. adreul stadiaze,
kubi magnitur velSi moZraobas iwyebs, misi nebismier eleqtronze moqmed tolqmed

eleqtronebic masTan erTad moZraobs. ZalaSi FB dominirebs. es Zala kubis
vinaidan TiToeul eleqtrons q´ muxti aqvs da marcxena gverdisken damatebiT eleqtro
 nebs gadaadgilebs da muxtebs Soris
magnitur velSi ν siCqariT moZraobs, masze

28.2 formuliT mocemuli FB magnituri Zala dacilebas zrdis.
moqmedebs. q uaryofiTia, amitom FB Zalis 3. rodesac muxtebs Soris dacileba izrdeba,

  FE Zala FB Zalis toli xdeba. am dros
mimarTuleba ν × B veqtoruli namravlis
mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa. 28.9 suraTze, nebismier eleqtronze moqmedi tolqmedi
veqtoruli namravli x RerZis dadebiTi Zala nulis tolia da kubis marcxena


mimarTulebisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, FB Zala gverdisken damatebiTi eleqtronebi
x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moqmedebs ar gadaadgildeba. aqedan gamomdinare,


da kubis marcxena gverdiskenaa mimarTuli FE Zala aRar izrdeba da eleqtronebi
(28.9 suraTze es gverdi ar Cans). wonasworul mdgomareobaSia.
eleqtronebis umetesoba kubis atomebSia wonasworobis damyarebis Semdeg kubis
ganlagebuli. Tumca vinaidan kubi liTonia, marcxena da marjvena gverdebs Soris V
is Tavisuflad moZrav gamtarobis eleq potencialTa sxvaoba unda gamovTvaloT. V-s
tronebsac Seicavs. gamtarobis eleqtronebis gamoTvla 28.9 formuliT (V = Ed) SeiZleba, Tu


nawils FB Zala kubis marcxena gverdisken Tavdapirvelad eleqtruli velis E sidides
gadaxris, ris Sedegadac es gverdi uaryofiTad gamovTvliT. E-s gamoTvla ZalTa balansis
imuxteba, xolo marjvena gverdi - dadebiTad. formulidan SeiZleba (FE = FB).
muxtebs Soris dacileba dadebiTad damuxtuli FE-s nacvlad |q|E CavsvaT, xolo 28.3 formu
marjvena gverdidan uaryofiTad damuxtuli lidan gamomdinare FB Zala |q|EvBsin φ-iT
  
marcxena gverdisken mimarTul E eleqtrul SevcvaloT. 28.9 suraTze Cans, rom ν da B
vels warmoqmnis. maSasadame, marcxena gverdis veqtorebs Soris φ = 90°. maSasadame, sin φ = 1
potenciali marjvena gverdis potencialze da FE=FB formula gvaZlevs:
naklebia. |q|E = |q|EvBsin 90° = |q|vB.

b) risi tolia didi da mcire potencialis maSasadame, E = νB da:
gverdebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba?
V = νBd (28.13)
amoxsna:
1. muxtebis dacilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili cnobili monacemebis Casmis Sedegad mivi
 RebT:
E eleqtruli veli TiToeul eleq
  V = (4 m/wm)(0,05 t)(0,015 m)
tronze FE = qE eleqtruli ZaliT
moqmedebs. q uaryofiTia, amitom es Zala = 0,003 v = 3 mv (pasuxi)

E velis sawinaaRmdegod anu marjvnisken
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia liTonisgan damzadebuli,


marTkuTxa myari sxeuli, romelic erTgvarovan B magnitur velSi
garkveuli ν siCqariT moZraobs. myari sxeulis ganzomilebebi d-s
jeradebis saxiT aris mocemuli. arsebobs siCqaris eqvsi SesaZlo
mimarTuleba, esenia: x, y da z RerZebis paralelurad, dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. a) eqvsi SesaZlo SemTxveva myar sxeulze gaCenili potencialTa
sxvaobis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. b) romel SemTxvevaSi eqneba wina gverds
dabali potenciali?
28.6. wriulad moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki

rodesac nawilaki mudmivi siCqariT wriulad moZraobs, masze moqmedi Zalis sidide mudmivia
da es Zala yovelTvis nawilakis siCqaris perpendikularulad wris centriskenaa mimarTuli.
warmoidgineT swor, horizontalur zedapirze wriulad moZrav Tokze Camokidebuli qva an
dedamiwis orbitis garSemo moZravi Tanamgzavri. pirvel SemTxvevaSi aucilebel Zalas da
centrisken aCqarebas Tokis daWimuloba warmoqmnis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - dedamiwis
miziduloba.
28.10 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi magaliTi. G eleqtronuli pistoletis meSveobiT eleq
tronebis sxivi kameraSi suraTis sibrtyeSi ν siCqariT Sedis da suraTis sibrtyis marTobulad
   
zeviT mimarTul B magnitur velSi moZraoben. Sedegad FB = q ν × B Zala elqtronebs mudmivad
 
gadaxris da vinaidan ν da B veqtorebi yovelTvis urTierTperpendikularulia, gadaxra eleq
tronebis wriul moZraobas iwvevs. fotosuraTze eleqtronebis moZraobis traeqtoria Cans,
vinaidan kameraSi moTavsebuli airis atomebi eleqtronebTan Sejaxebisas sinaTles asxivebs.

Cven gvsurs ganvsazRvroT am eleqtronebis an B magnituri velisadmi perpendikularulad
ν siCqariT moZravi, m masis da |q| muxtis nebismieri nawilakis wriuli moZraobis parametrebi.
28.3 formulidan gamomdinare, nawilakze moqmedi Zalis sididea |q|νB. niutonis meore kanoni
 
( F = ma ) Tanabar wriul moZraobas (8.16 formula) mivusadagoT da miviRebT:
v2
F=m , (28.14)
r
sur. 28.10. airis Semcvel kameraSi wriuli

traeqtoriiT moZravi eleqtronebi (traeqtorias
ganaTebuli wre asaxavs). kameras mocemuli
saxelmZRvanelos
 gverdis sibrtyidan zeviT
mimarTuli B magnituri veli avsebs.  yuradReba
miaqcieT radialurad mimarTul FB magnitur
Zalas.
 wriuli moZraobisTvis aucilebelia, rom
FB wrewiris centrisken iyos mimarTuli. gamoi-
yeneT
 marjvena xelis wesi da daamtkiceT,
 rom
 
FB =q ν × B veqtoruli namravli FB -s swor mimar
Tulebas gvaZlevs (q-s niSani ar dagaviwydeT).
28.6. wriulad moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki 957

sur. 28.11. a) damuxtuli nawilaki B erT

gvarovan magnitur velSi moZraobs da misi ν
siCqare velis mimarTulebisadmi φ kuTxes adgens.
b) nawilaki r radiusis da p bijis mqone xraxnuli
traeqtoriiT moZraobs. g) damuxtuli nawilaki
spiraluri traeqtoriiT araerTgvarovan mag
nitur velSi moZraobs (Zlieri velis arealSi
nawilaki SeiZleba datyvevdes da win da ukan
moZraoba daiwyos). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
marcxena da marjvena gverdebze ganlagebuli
magnituri velis veqtorebis komponentebi
suraTis centrisken aris mimarTuli.
Semdeg gveqneba:
mv2
|q|vB = , (28.15)
r
formula r-sTvis amovxsnaT da wriuli traeqtoriis radiuss miviRebT:
mv
r= (radiusi). (28.16)
|q|B
T periodi (erTi sruli Semobrunebis dro) wrewiris sigrZis moZraobis siCqaresTan Sefardebaa:
2πr 2π mv 2πm
T= = = (periodi) (28.17)
v v |q|B |q|B
f sixSirea (drois erTeulSi brunTa raodenoba):
1 |q|B
f= = (sixSire) (28.18)
T 2πm
moZraobis ω kuTxuri sixSirea
|q|B
ω = 2πf = (kuTxuri sixSire) (28.19)
m
T, f da ω sidideebi nawilakis siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris (Tu nawilakis siCqare sinaTlis
siCqareze bevrad naklebia). swrafi nawilakebi ufro did wrewirs Semowers, magram muxtis masaze
Sefardebis Tanabari mniSvnelobis mqone nawilakebis T periodi Tanabaria. 28.2 formulidan

SegiZliaT daamtkicoT, rom Tu B -s mimarTulebiT iyurebiT, dadebiTi nawilaki saaTis isris
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, xolo uaryofiTi nawilaki - saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT.
xraxnuli traeqtoriebi
Tu damuxtuli nawilakis siCqaris komponenti magnituri velis paraleluria, nawilaki velis

veqtorebis mimarTulebis garSemo xraxnuli traeqtoriiT imoZravebs. 28.11a suraTze
 naCvenebia
or komponentad daSlili nawilakis ν siCqaris veqtori. erTi komponenti B -s paraleluria,

xolo meore komponenti B -s perpendikularulia:
ν|| = ν cos φ da ν┴ = ν sin φ (28.20)
paraleluri komponenti traeqtoriis p bijs anu mimdebare xveulebs Soris manZils ganapirobebs
(sur. 28.11b). perpendikularuli komponenti traeqtoriis radiuss da 28.16 formulaSi ν-s
nacvlad Casasmel sidides ganapirobebs.
28.11g suraTze gamosaxulia araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi spiraluri traeqtoriiT moZravi
damuxtuli nawilaki. marcxena da marjvena gverdebze mWidrod ganlagebuli Zalwirebi
mianiSneben, rom am adgilebze magnituri veli Zlieria. rodesac veli sakmarisad Zlieria,
nawilaki gverdidan àirekleba~. Tu nawilaki orive gverdidan airekleba, maSin amboben, rom is
magnitur boTlSi aRmoCnda datyvevebuli.
eleqtronebs da protonebs dedamiwis magnituri veli swored amgvarad atyvevebs. datyvevebuli
nawilakebi van alenis radiaciul sartyels qmnis, romelic dedamiwis samxreT da CrdiloeT
geomagnitur polusebs Soris, dedamiwis atmosferos zemoTaa gadaWimuli. es nawilakebi
ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi magnituri boTlis erTi bolodan meorisken aisxliteba.
rodesac mzis sinaTle radiaciul sartyelSi damatebiT energetikul eleqtronebs da
protonebs miitans, eleqtronebis arekvlis adgilze eleqtruli veli warmoiqmneba. es veli
arekvlas abaTilebs da eleqtronebs atmosferosken gadaadgilebs, sadac isini haeris atomebsa
da molekulebs ejaxebian da sinaTle sxivdeba. swored es sinaTle aCens polarul naTebas,
romelic daaxloebiT 100km simaRleze iqmneba. Jangbadis atomebi mwvane sinaTles gamoasxiveben,
xolo azotis molekulebi - vardisfer sinaTles. xSirad sinaTle imdenad mkrTalia, rom Cveni
Tvali mxolod TeTr sinaTles aRiqvams.
polaruli naTeba polaruli naTebis ovalad wodebul adgilze Cndeba, romelic 28.12 da 28.13
suraTebzea naCvenebi. polaruli naTeba grZelia, magram misi sisqe 1km-ze naklebia, vinaidan misi
warmomqmeneli eleqtronebis traeqtoriebi erTiandeba, rodesac eleqtronebi magnituri velis
gaerTianebuli Zalwirebze moZraoben (sur. 28.12)
sur. 18.12. dedamiwis geomagnitur CrdiloeT sur. 28.13. CrdiloeTis polaruli naTebis ovalSi
polusze garSemortymuli polaruli naTebis ovali. dafiqsirebuli polaruli naTebis gamosaxuleba.
magnituri velis Zalwirebi polusis mimarTulebiT Tanamgzavrma Dynamic Explorer-ma es gamosaxuleba
erTiandeba. dedamiwisken moZravi eleqtronebi polarul naTebaSi ganlagebuli Jangbadis atomebis
velis am Zalwirebis garSemo spirulad moZraoben mier gamosxivebuli ultraiisferi sinaTlis Sedegad
da dedamiwis atmosferoSi Sedian. Sedegad ovalis miiRo. dedamiwis mziT ganaTebuli nawili marcxena
SigniT polaruli naTeba warmoiqmneba. mxaresaa.
28.6. wriulad moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki 959

sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCvenebia B magnitur velSi Tanabari
siCqariT moZravi ori nawilakis wriuli traeqtoriebi. erTi nawilaki
protonia, xolo meore – eleqtroni (naklebad masiuri). a) romeli nawilaki
Semowers ufro patara wres da b) es nawilaki saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT moZraobs Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT?

28.14 suraTze naCvenebia ionis masis gasazomi
mas-speqtrometris nawilebi. m masis da
q muxtis ioni S wyaroSi warmoiqmneba.
Tavdapirvelad uZrav ions V potencialTa
sxvaobis Sedegad eleqtruli veli aCqarebs.
ioni S wyarodan gamodis da ganmacalkevebel

kameraSi Sedis, sadac B magnituri veli
ionis traeqtoriis perpendikularulad
moqmedebs. kameris qveda kedelze deteqtoria

ganlagebuli. B magnituri veli ions na
xevarwrewirze amoZravebs da ioni deteqtors sur. 28.14. mas-speqtrometris nawilebi. S wyarodan
ejaxeba. davuSvaT B = 80 mt, v = 1000 v da V potencialTa sxvaobis
 Sedegad aCqarebis Semdeg,
q = +1,6022×10–19 k muxtis ionebi deteqtors dadebiTi ionebi B erTgvarovani magnituri velis
kameraSi Sedian. Semdeg ioni r radiusis naxevarwreze
x = 1,6254 m wertilze ejaxeba. risi tolia moZraobs da deteqtors kameraSi Sesvlis wertilidan
individualuri ionis m masa atomuri masis x manZiliT daSorebul adgilze ejaxeba.
erTeulebSi (formula 1.8: 1 erTeuli u =
1,6605×10–27kg)? Semdeg meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis kanoni
mogvcems:
amoxsna: vinaidan erTgvarovani magnituri
ΔK + ΔU = 0
veli damuxtul ions wriuli traeqtoriiT
Sedegad miviRebT:
amoZravebs, ionis m masa traeqtoriis r radi- 1
mν2 – qV = 0
uss 28.16 formuliT (r = mν/qB) ukavSirdeba. 2
28.14 suraTidan gamomdinare r = x/2 da anu (28.21)
magnituri velis B sidide mocemuli gvaqvs.
miuxedavad amisa, V potencialTa sxvaobis CavsvaT es formula 28.16 formulaSi da
Sedegad aCqarebuli ionis magnitur velSi miviRebT:
moZraobis ν siCqare ar viciT. mν m 1
r= = = .
ν-sa da V-s Soris kavSiris dasadgenad qB qB B
gavixsenoT, rom aCqarebis dros meqanikuri aqedan gamomdinare:
energia (Emec = K + U) inaxeba. rodesac ioni 2
x = 2r = .
wyarodan gamodis, misi kinetikuri energia B
daaxloebiTY nulis tolia. aCqarebiT mo m-sTvis amoxsna da cnobili monacemebis Casma
Zraobis dasasruls, ionis kinetikuri energiaa mogvcems:
1/2mν2. garda amisa, aCqarebis ganmavlobaSi B 2qx 2

m=
8V
dadebiTi ioni –V potencialis cvlilebas
(0,08 t)2(1,6022×10–19 k)(1,6254 m)2
ganicdis. vinaidan ionis dadebiTi muxtia q, =
8(1000 v)
misi potenciuri energiis cvlilebaa –qV. amis
= 3,3863×10–25 kg = 203,93 u. (pasuxi)

22,5ev kinetikuri energiis mqone eleqtroni gamoyenebiT miviRebT:

4,55×10–4t sididis B erTgvarovan magnitur 2πm
  p = v||T = (v cos φ)  . (28.22)
velSi moZraobs. B -sa da eleqtronis ν qB
siCqares Soris kuTxea 65,5°. risi tolia eleqtronis ν siCqares kinetikuri energiis
eleqtronis xraxnuli traeqtoriis biji? saSualebiT gamovTvliT, rogorc es 28.1
amoxsna: p biji aris manZili, romelsac amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi protonisTvis
eleqtroni brunvis T periodis ganmavlobaSi gavakeTeT. aRmoCndeba, rom ν = 2,81×106 m/wm. am

B magnituri velis paralelurad gadis. garda da sxva cnobili monacemebis 28.22 formulaSi
amisa, T periodi 28.17 formuliT gamoiTvleba Casma mogvcems:
 
da ν -sa da B -s Soris kuTxeze damokidebuli p = (2,81×106 m/wm)(cos 65,5°)
ar aris (Tu ra Tqma unda kuTxe nulis toli 2π(9,11×10–31 kg)
× 
ar aris, rodesac eleqtroni wriulad (1,6×10–19 k)(4,55×10–4 t)
ar brunavs). 28.20 da 28.17 formulebis = 9,16 sm (pasuxi)
28.7. ciklotroni da sinqrotroni

maRalenergiuli eleqtronebis da protonebis sxivebi atomebisa Tu birTvebis kvlevaSi da,
maSasadame, nivTierebis fundamentaluri struqturis garkvevisTvis, Zalian mniSvnelovani
iyo. msgavsi sxivebis meSveobiT aRmoaCines, rom atomis birTvi protonebisa da neitronebisgan
Sedgeba, xolo protonebi da neitronebi kvarkebs da gluonebs Seicaven. amgvari sxivebis
Seqmna da kontroli mecnierebis gamowvevaa. vinaidan eleqtronebi da protonebi damuxtuli
nawilakebia, maTi aCqareba did potencialTa sxvaobaze SeiZleba. eleqtronebs mcire masa aqvT,
amitom maTi aCqareba sakmaod didi manZilzea SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad amisa, protonebs ufro
didi masa aqvT, amitom maTi aCqarebisTvis saWiro manZili metismetad didia.
amgvari problemis gadaWris Wkvianuri saSualebaa protonebis da sxva masiuri nawilakebis
zomier potencialTa sxvaobaze amoZraveba (raTa maT energiis zomieri raodenoba SeiZinon)
da Semdeg magnituri velis gamoyenebiT maTi wriuli moZraobis gamowveva. aseTi proceduris
xSirad gameorebis Semdeg nawilakebi Zalian did energias iZenen.
mocemul paragrafSi ganvixilavT amaCqareblebs, romlebic magnituri velis saSualebiT
nawilakebs aCqarebis arealSi ganmeorebiT abrunebs da sul ufro met energias awvdis, raTa
nawilakebma maRalenergiuli sxivis saxe miiRos.
ciklotroni
28.15 suraTze naCvenebia ciklotroni, romelSic nawilakebi (magaliTad, protonebi) wriulad
moZraoben. D-s formis ori sagani spilenZisgan aris damzadebuli. duantebi, rogorc maT
uwodeben, eleqtruli oscilatoris Semadgeneli nawilebia, romelTa Soris arealSic
eleqtruli potencialTa sxvaoba icvleba. duantebis eleqtruli niSnebi icvleba da,
maSasadame, duantebs Soris eleqtruli veli jer erTi duantiskenaa mimarTuli, xolo Semdeg
meore duantisken. duantebi saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyidan zeviT mimarTul Zlier
magnitur velSia moTavsebuli. velis B sidide velis warmomqmneli eleqtromagnitis saSualebiT
kontroldeba.
warmoidgineT, rom ciklotronis centrze ganlagebuli S wyarodan gamosuli protoni
uaryofiTad damuxtuli duantisken moZraobs. protoni am duantis mimarTulebiT Cqardeba
28.7. ciklotroni da sinqrotroni 961
da masSi Sedis. rogorc ki protoni duantSi moxvdeba,
spilenZis kedlebi mas eleqtruli velisagan icavs
anu eleqtruli veli duantSi ar Sedis. magnitur
vels duantis kedlebi ar faravs da protoni wriuli
traeqtoriiT moZraobs. traeqtoriis radiusi protonis
siCqarezea damokidebuli da 28.16 formuliT (r = mν/|q|B)
gamoiTvleba.
davuSvaT, rom rodesac protoni pirveli duantis cen
traluri xvrelidan gamodis, duantebs Soris poten
cialTa sxvaoba icvleba. maSasadame, protoni kvlav
uaryofiTad damuxtuli duantisken miemarTeba da kvlav
sur. 28.15. ciklotronis elementebi. Cqardeba. es procesi grZeldeba, protoni wriulad
naCvenebia S wertilovani wyaro da moZraobs da duantebis sistemis kides uaxlovdeba. amis
duantebi. erTgvarovani magnituri veli
Semdeg gadamxreli firfita protons SemosasvlelSi
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyidan
maRla aris mimarTuli. wriulad moZravi gaatarebs.
protonebi duantebSi TandaTanobiT ciklotronis moqmedebis gasaRebi isaa, rom magnitur
Cqardeba da duantebs Soris sivrcis
velSi protonis wriulad moZraobis f sixSire eleqtruli
gavlisas energias iZens.
oscilatoris fosc fiqsirebuli sixSiris toli unda iyos:
f = fosc (rezonansi) (28.23)
rezonansis Tanaxmad, Tu wriulad moZravi protonis energia unda gaizardos, maSin energia
masze fosc sixSiriT unda daixarjos, rac magnitur velSi protonis wriulad moZraobis f sixSiris
tolia.
28.18 (f = |q|B/2πm) da 28.23 formulebis gaerTianebis Sedegad rezonansis axali formula
miiReba:
|q|B = 2πmfosc (28.24)
protonis SemTxvevaSi q da m ucvlelia. oscilatori fosc fiqsirebul sixSireze muSaobs.

cikltronSi B-s cvlian, vidre 28.24 formula dakmayofildeba da Semdeg magnitur velSi
wriulad moZravi mravali protoni mowyobilobidan sxivis saxiT gamova.
maRalenergiuli sxivis misaRebad ciklotronma sxva saxis damuxtuli nawilakebic SeiZleba
aaCqaros. magaliTad, deitronebis (erTi protonis da erTi neitronis kavSiri) aCqareba
SesaZlebelia, vinaidan maTi muxti protonis muxtis tolia. ciklotronis saSualebiT
neitronebis msgavsi neitraluri nawilakebis aCqareba SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad amisa,
maRalenergiuli neitronebis sxivi Seqmna SeiZleba, Tu deitronis sxivi beriliumis
samiznes Seejaxeba. swored es teqnologia gamoiyeneba swrafi neitronebiT Terapiis dros.
ciklotronidan gamosuli deitronebis sxivi pacientis simsivnuri qsovilis win ganlagebul
beriliumis samizneze ecema. beriliumis birTvTan Sejaxebis Semdeg deitronebi birTvidan
neitronebs gamodevnis da es neitronebi simsivneze xvdeba. saavadmyofos pirobebSi am operaciis
Sesruleba SesaZlebelia, vinaidan ciklotronSi wriulad moZraobisas deitronebi maRal
energias iZenen da Zalian didi wrfivi traeqtoria amisTvis saWiro ar aris.
protonis sinqrotroni
rodesac protons 50 mgev-ze meti energia aqvs, ciklotroni gamousadegaria. amis mizezi is
aris, rom ciklotronisTvis miRebuli daSvebis Tanaxmad, magnitur velSi wriulad moZravi
damuxtuli nawilakis brunvis sixSire nawilakis siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris. es daSveba
mxolod sinaTlis siCqareze naklebi siCqareebisTvis aris gamosadegi. rodesac protonis siCqare
sinaTlis siCqaresTan axloa, amocanas fardobiTobis kuTxidan unda mivudgeT. fardobiTobis

Teoriis Tanaxmad, rodesac wriulad moZravi protonis siCqare sinaTlis siCqares uaxlovdeba,
protonis brunvis sixSire ecema. aqedan gamomdinare, protonebi ciklotronis oscilators
fexs ver uwyoben da wriulad moZravi protonebis energia zrdas wyvets.
arsebobs kidev erTi problema. 1,5 t sididis magnitur velSi moZravi 500 gev (500·109 ev)
protonis traeqtoriis radiusia 1,1 km. ciklotronis Sesabamisi zomis magniti Zalian Zviri
iqneba, vinaidan misi polusebis zedapirebis farTobi daaxloebiT 4×106 m2 unda iyos.
protonebis sinqrotroni am ori problemis gadaWrisTvis aris Seqmnili. sinqrotronis
SemTxvevaSi B magnituri veli da oscilatoris fosc sixSire ciklotronisgan gansxvavebiT droSi
icvleba. rodesac ase xdeba: 1) wriulad moZravi protonebis sixSire oscilatoris Sesabamisia
da 2) protonebi wriulad da ara spiralurad moZraoben. aqedan gamomdinare, magniti mxolod
am wriul traeqtoriaze unda iyos gadaWimuli da ara uzarmazar 4×106 m2 farTobze. wriuli
traeqtoria mainc sakmarisad didi unda iyos, raTa maRali energia miviRoT. ilinoisis enriko
fermis laboratoriaSi ganlagebuli protonis sinqrotronis wris sigrZe daaxloebiT 6,3 km-ia
da protonebs 1tev (= 1012ev) energiiT warmoqmnis.

ciklotronis oscilatori 12 mghc sixSireze amoxsna: ciklotronidan gamomavali dei
1
muSaobs da duantis radiusia R = 53 sm. tronis kinetikuri energia ( 2 mν2) im kine
a) ra sididis magnituri velia saWiro, raTa tikuri energiis tolia, romelic deitrons
ciklotronSi deitronebi aCqardes? dei ciklotronis R radiusis duantSi wriulad
tronis masaa m = 3,34×10–27 kg. moZraobisas hqonda. wriul traeqtoriaze
amoxsna: fosc mocemuli sixSiris SemTxvevaSi, moZravi deitronis ν siCqare 28.16 formuliT
ciklotronSi nebismieri nawilakis aCqarebi (r = mν/|q|B) gamoiTvleba. amovxsnaT es for
sTvis saWiro magnituri velis B sidide mula, Semdeg r-is nacvlad R CavsvaT da mi
damokidebulia nawilakis masis Sefardebaze viRebT:
muxtTan (28.24 formula). deitronebisa da R|q|B (0,53 m)(1,6×10–19 k)(1,57 t)
v= =
fosc = 12 mghc sixSiris SemTxvevaSi miviRebT: m 3,34×10–27 kg
2πmfosc (2π)(3,34×10–27 kg)(12×106 wm–1) = 3,99×107 m/wm.
B= =
|q| 1,6×10–19 k
es siCqare Semdeg kinetikur energias
= 1,57 t ≈ 1,6 t. (pasuxi)
Seesabameba:
K =  12 mν2 
yuradReba miaqcieT, protonebis aCqare
bisTvis orjer unda Semcirdes, raTa osci
latoris sixSire 12 mghc darCes. =  12 (3,34×10–27kg)(3,99×107m/wm)2
= 2,7×10–12j (pasuxi)
b) risi tolia deitronebis Sedegad miRebuli
pasuxi daaxloebiT 17 mgev-is tolia.
kinetikuri energia?
28.8. denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala

ukve vnaxeT (holis efeqti), rom magnituri veli mavTulSi moZrav eleqtronze gverdiTi ZaliT
moqmedebs. Semdeg es Zala Tavad mavTulze unda gadavides, vinaidan gamtarobis eleqtronebi
mavTulis gareT ver gamovlen.
28.16a suraTze gamosaxul vertikalur mavTulSi deni ar gadis da adgilzea fiqsirebuli.
es mavTuli magnitis vertikalur polusebs Soris aris gadaWimuli. polusebs Soris moqmedi
magnituri veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis marTobulia da gareT (Cvensken) aris mimarTuli.
28.8. denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala 963
sur. 28.16. drekadi mavTuli magnitis polusebs Soris gadis.
a) denis ararsebobisas mavTuli sworia. b) maRla mimarTuli denis
gavlisas mavTuli marjvnisken gadaixreba. b) qvemoT mimarTuli
denis gavlisas mavTuli marcxnisken gadaixreba. denis misaRebad
mavTulis boloebze gakeTebuli kavSirebi naCvenebi ar aris.
28.16b suraTze deni mavTulSi zeviT moZraobs da mavTuli

marjvnisken gadaixreba. 28.16g suraTze denis mimarTuleba
sapirispiroa da mavTuli marcxnisken gadaixreba.
28.17 suraTze naCvenebia 28.16b suraTze gamosaxuli
mavTulis SigTavsi. erT-erTi gamtarobis eleqtroni νd
dinebis siCqariT qvemoT gadaadgildeba. 28.3 formulis

Tanaxmad, romelSic φ = 90° unda CavsvaT, eνd B sididis FB
Zala yvela amgvar eleqtronze moqmedebs. 28.2 formulidan
gamomdinare es Zala marjvniskenaa mimarTuli. maSasadame,
mavTuli marjvnisken mimarTuli Zalis moqmedebas
ganicdis da 28.16b suraTTan SesabamisobaSia.
Tu 28.17 suraTze magnituri velis an denis mimarTulebas SevcvliT, mavTulze moqmedi Zalis
mimarTulac Seicvleba da amjerad marcxnisken iqneba mimarTuli. aseve yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom mavTulSi dabla moZrav uaryofiT muxtebs ganvixilavT Tu maRla moZrav dadebiT muxtebs,
mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mavTulze moqmedi gadamxreli Zalis mimarTuleba igive iqneba.
ganvixiloT 28.17 suraTze gamosaxuli L sigrZis mavTuli. mavTulis am monakveTSi yvela
gamtarobis eleqtroni xx sibrtyis gavliT moZraobs t = L/νd droSi. maSasadame, am droSi Semdegi
muxti gaivlis:
L
q = it = i 
νd
miRebuli Sedegis 28.3 formulaSi Casma mogvcems:
iL
FB = qvd B sin φ =  v B sin 90°
νd d 
anu FB = iLB (28.25)

es formula i denis gamtar da mavTulis perpendikularul B magnitur velSi moTavsebul L
sigrZis swor mavTulze moqmed magnituri Zalis sidides gvaZlevs.
Tu magnituri veli mavTulis perpendikularuli ar aris, rogorc es xdeba 18.18 suraTze, maSin
magnituri veli 28.25 formulis ganzogadebis saSualebiT moicema:
  
F B = iL × B
(denze moqmedi Zala) , (28.26)

sadac L aris L sididis sigrZis veqtori da is mavTulis gaswvriv denis mimarTulebiTaa
gadaWimuli. FB Zalis sididea:
FB = iLB sin φ, (28.27)
    
sadac φ aris kuTxe L -sa da B -s Soris. FB Zalis mimarTuleba L × B
veqtoruli namravlis mimarTulebas emTxveva, vinaidan i dens dadebiT
 
sidided miviCnevT. 28.26 formulis Tanaxmad FB Zala yovelTvis L da

B veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia da es 28.18 suraTzec Cans.
sur. 28.17. 28.16b suraTze gamosaxuli mavTulis monakveTi. deni maRlaa mimarTuli.
es niSnavs, rom eleqtronebi qvemoT moZraoben. saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyidan
gamosuli magnituri veli eleqtronebis da mavTulis marjvnisken gadaxras iwvevs.
28.26 formula 28.2 formulis eqvivalenturia, vinaidan

 
orive maTgani B -s gansazRvravs. praqtikaSi B veli 28.26
formuliT gamoiTvleba, vinaidan magnituri Zalis gazomva
mavTulze bevrad ufro advilia, vidre erT moZrav muxtze.
Tu mavTuli swori ar aris an veli erTgvarovani araa, maSin
mavTuli mcire swor segmentebad SegviZlia davyoT da
28.26 formula TiToeuli segmentisTvis gamoviyenoT. am sur.
 28.18. i denis gamtari mavTuli
B magnitur velTan φ kuTxes adgens.
SemTxvevaSi, mTels mavTulze moqmedi Zala segementebze velSi mavTulis sigrZea L da sigrZis

moqmedi Zalebis veqtoruli jami iqneba. diferencialur veqtoria L (denis mimarTulebiT).
  
zRvarSi SegviZlia CavweroT: mavTulze FB = iL × B magnituri Zala
moqmedebs.
  
d FB  = i d L × B (28.28)
denebis nebismieri ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, jamur Zalas 28.28 formulis integrebis saSualebiT
gamovTvliT.
28.28 formulis gamoyenebisas gaxsovdeT, rom denis gamtari mavTulis dL sigrZis izolirebuli
segmenti bunebaSi ar arsebobs. deni segmentis erT boloSi Sedis da meore bolodan gamodis.

sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia B erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi moTavsebul mavTulSi gamavali i deni da

mavTulze moqmedi FB magnituri Zala. velis mimarTuleba
iseTia, rom Zala maqsimaluria. ra mimarTulebisaa veli?

swor, horizontalur spilenZis mavTulSi
i = 28 a deni gadis. ra sididis da mimarTulebis
sur. 28.19. mavTulSi deni
unda iyos mavTulze moqmedi minimaluri suraTis sibrtyis marTobulia

B magnituri veli, raTa mavTulze moqmedi da sibrtyidan Cvensken aris
mimarTuli (indeqsi ).
mizidulobis Zala gaawonasworos? mavTulis
wrfivi simkvrivea 46,6 g/m.
amoxsna: vinaidan mavTuli dens atarebs,
 
B magnitur velSi moTavsebis SemTxvevaSi sadac mg aris Fg Zalis sidide, xolo m –
mavTulze FB magnituri Zala imoqmedebs. mavTulis masa. Cven aseve unda gamovTvaloT
 
mavTulze moqmedi qvemoT mimarTuli Fg minimaluri B velis sidide, rodesac FB
 
mizidulobis Zalis gasawonasworeblad FB Zala Fg -s daabalansebs. maSasadame, 28.29
maRla unda iyos mimarTuli (sur. 28.19) formulaSi sin φ maqsimaluri unda iyos.
  
FB Zalis mimarTuleba B -s mimarTulebas amisTvis formulaSi  φ = 90° CavsvaT anu B

da mavTulis L sigrZis veqtors 28.26 veli mavTulis perpendikularulad miviC-
formulis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. vinaidan
 nioT. sin φ = 1 da 28.29 formula mogvcems:
L -is mimarTuleba horizontaluria (da mg (m/L)g
B= = (28.30)
deni dadebiTia), 28.26 formulidan da iL sin φ i
pasuxis amgvari formiT Caweris mizezi
veqtoruli namravlisTvis marjvena xelis
 mavTulis m/L wrfivi simkvrivis codnaa.
wesidan gamomdinare, B horizontaluri
cnobili monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
da marjvnisken mimarTuli unda iyos, raTa
 (46,6×10–3 kg/m)(9,8 m/wm2)
saWiro FB Zala maRla mimarTuli iyos. B=
 28 a
FB Zalis sididea
 FB = iLB sin φ
 (formula 28.27). = 1,6×10–2 t (pasuxi)
vinaidan FB Zalam Fg unda daabalansos: pasuxi dedamiwis magnitur velze daaxloebiT
iLB sin φ = mg, (28.29) 160-jer metia.
28.9. mabrunebeli momenti denis konturze 965
28.9. mabrunebeli momenti denis konturze

samyaroSi Sesrulebuli muSaobis umetesoba eleqtrul
Zravebze modis. am muSaobas winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli
magnituri Zalebi anu is Zalebi asruleben, romlebiTac
magnituri veli denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedebs.

28.20 suraTze naCvenebia B magnitur velSi moTavsebuli

denis gamtari konturisgan Semdgari martivi Zrava. F da

- F magnituri Zalebi konturze mabrunebeli moments
warmoqmnian da mas centraluri RerZis garSemo abruneben. sur. 28.20. eleqtruli Zravis
miuxedavad imisa, rom suraTze mravali mniSvnelovani elementebi. magnitur velSi moTav
sebuli mavTulis marTkuTxa konturi
detalia gamotovebuli, masze mainc kargad Cans, rogor
dens atarebs da fiqsirebuli RerZis
warmoqmnis denis konturze moqmedi magnituri veli wriul garSemo Tavisuflad brunavs. mav
moZraobas. modiT es moqmedeba gavaanalizoT. Tulze moqmedi magnituri Zala
 mabrunebul moments warmoqmnis. yo
28.21a suraTze naCvenebia B magnitur velSi moTavsebuli
veli naxevrad Semobrunebis dros
a da b gverdebis mqone marTkuTxa konturi, romelSic komutatori denis mimarTulebas
gadis i deni. konturi velSi isea moTavsebuli, rom 1 da 3 cvlis da, maSasadame, mabrunebeli
momenti yovelTvis erTi da igive
saxeliT dasaTaurebuli gverdebi velis mimarTulebis
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs.
perpendikularulia, xolo 2 da 4 saxeliT dasaTaurebuli
mokle gverdebi velis perpendikularuli ar aris. konturSi denis Semyvani da gamomyvani
mavTulebi aucilebelia, magram simartivisTvis isini naCvenebi ar aris.
magnitur velSi konturis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis konturis sibrtyis perpendikularul
 
n normalis veqtors viyenebT. 28.21b suraTze naCvenebia n -is mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis
saWiro marjvena xelis wesi. konturis nebismier wertilze marjvena xelis TiTebi denis

mimarTulebiT gaiSvireT, am SemTxvevaSi gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba n normalis veqtoris
mimarTulebas daemTxveva.

28.21g suraTze konturis normalis veqtori B magnituri velisadmi θ kuTxiTaa mimarTuli.
Cven gvsurs konturze am mimarTulebiT moqmedi jamuri Zalis da jamuri mabrunebeli momentis
gamoTvla.
konturze moqmedi jamuri Zala mis oTxive gverdze moqmedi Zalebis veqtoruli jamia. meore
  
gverdis L veqtori 28.26 formulaSi denis mimarTulebisaa da misi sididea b. L -sa da B -s Soris
kuTxe meore gverdisTvis aris 90° – θ (ix. 28.21g suraTi). maSasadame, am gverdze moqmedi Zalis
sididea:
sur. 28.21. a sigrZis, b siganis da gamtari marTkuTxa konturi, romelSic gadis i deni, magnitur velSia

moTavsebuli. τ mabrunebeli momenti n normalis veqtoris mimarTulebas velis mimarTulebasTan asworebs.
a) magnituri velis mimarTulebiT danaxuli konturi. b) konturis perspeqtiva. naCvenebia konturis sibrtyis

perpendikularuli n veqtoris mimarTulebis marjvena xelis wesiT dadgena. g) konturis gverdxedi. konturis
brunvis mimarTuleba naCvenebia rkaluri isrebiT.
F2 = ibB sin(90° – θ) = ibB cos θ (28.31)
 
SegiZliaT daamtkicoT, rom meoTxe gverdze moqmedi F4 Zala F2 Zalis sididis toli da
 
mimarTulebiT sawinaaRmdegoa. aqedan gamomdinare, F2 da F4 Zalebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs.
maTi jamuri Zala nulis tolia, vinaidan TiToeuli konturis centrze gamavali saerTo xazis
gaswvriv moqmedeben. maTi mabrunebeli momentic nulia.

pirveli da mesame gverdebis SemTxvevaSi mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. am gverdebisTvis L
  
veqtori B -sadmi perpendikularulia da F1 da F3 Zalebs saerTo iaB sidide aqvT. vinaidan am ori
Zalis mimarTuleba urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, isini konturs maRla an dabla ar amoZravebs. 28.21g
suraTze Cans, rom am or Zalas moqmedebis erTi da igive xazi ar gaaCnia anu isini mabrunebeli

moments warmoqmnian. es mabrunebeli momenti konturs abrunebs, raTa misi n normalis veqtoris

mimarTuleba B veqtoris mimarTulebas daemTxves. mabrunebeli momentis mxari konturis
 
centraluri RerZis garSemo (b/2) sin θ-ia. F1 da F3 ZalebiT gamowveuli mabrunebeli momentis
τ´ sididea:
( b
) ( b
)
τ´ =  iaB   sin θ + iaB   sin θ  = iaBb sin θ.
2 2
(28.32)
warmoidgineT, rom erTi konturi N konturis an xviis mqone koWiT SevcvaleT, romlis xviebi
Tanabari zomebisaa da erTi da igive sibrtyeSi arian ganlagebuli. am SemTxvevaSi xviebi brtyel
koWas qmnian da 28.32 formuliT mocemuli τ´ brunvis momenti TiToeul xviaze moqmedebs. koWaze
moqmedi mTliani brunvis momentia:
τ = Nτ´ = NiabB sin θ = (NiA) B sin θ, (28.33)
sadac A(= ab) aris koWas farTobi. frCxilebSi moqceuli sidideebis (NiA) erTad Tavmoyris
mizezi is aris, rom isini koWas maxasiaTeblebia (xviebis ricxvi, farTobi da gatarebuli deni).
28.33 formula yvela brtyel koWas miesadageba da formas mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu magnituri
veli Tanabaria.

koWas moZraobaze dakvirvebis nacvlad koWas sibrtyis normal n veqtors mivadevnoT
Tvalyuri. 28.33 formulis Tanaxmad, magnitur velSi moTavsebuli denis gamtari brtyeli koWa
 
mobrundeba da n -is mimarTuleba velis mimarTulebas daemTxveva. Zravas SemTxvevaSi, n -is
velis mimarTulebasTan gasworebis dros koWaSi gamavali deni mimarTulebas icvlis da brunvis
momenti koWas mobrunebas ganagrZobs. denis mimarTulebis avtomaturi Secvla komutatoris
saSualebiT xdeba, romelic mbrunav koWas wyarodan denis mimwodebeli mavTulebis uZrav
kontaqtebTan eleqtrulad akavSirebs.

analoguri voltmetri da ampermetri denis
skala
gamtar koWaze modebuli magnituri velis
mier warmoqmnil brunvis moments zomavs.
Cveneba skalaze maCveneblis gadaxris Sede maCvenebeli mudmivi
gad gamoisaxeba. 28.22 suraTze naCvenebia

magniti
galvanometri, romelsac efuZneba rogorc sayrdeni

wertili
analogiuri voltmetri, aseve analogiuri
ampermetri. 2,1 sm simaRlis, 1,2 sm siganis da
250 xviis mqone koWa B = 0,23 t erTgvarovan
radialur magnitur velSi RerZis garSemo
rkinis
msubuqi
birTvi
sur. 28.22. galvanometris elementebi. gare
wredis mixedviT es mowyobiloba SeiZleba iyos
rogorc voltmetri, aseve ampermetri. erTgvarovani radialuri
magnituri veli
28.10. magnituri dipolis impulsi 967
brunavs. koWas nebismieri orientaciis Sem NiAB sinθ = κφ (28.34)
TxvevaSi magnituri veli koWas normalis veq aq φ aris koWas da maCvenebelis kuTxuri
toris perpendikularulia (anu koWas sib gadaxra, xolo A( =2,52×10–4 m2) - koWas farTobi.
rtyis paraleluria). Sp zambara Semxvedr vinaidan koWaze moqmedi jamuri magnituri
mabrunebel moments warmoqmnis da magnitur veli yovelTvis normalis veqtorisadmi
mabrunebel moments ewinaaRmdegeba. Sedegad perpendikularulia, maCveneblis nebismieri
koWaSi gamavali i deni φ kuTxur gadaxras mimarTulebis SemTxvevaSi θ = 90°.
ganicdis. rac ufro metia deni, miT ufro 28.34 formulis κ-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems
Zlieria gadaxra da zambaris ufro didi
NiAB sinθ
mabrunebeli momentia saWiro. Tu 100 mka deni κ= φ
28° kuTxiT gadaixara, risi toli unda iyos = (250)(100×10–6 a)(2,52×10–4 m2) ×
zambaris κ mbrunavi mudmiva, romelic 15.22
(0,23 t)(sin 90°)
formulaSi (τ = –kφ) gamoiyeneba? ×
28°
amoxsna: mowyobilobaSi mudmivi denis gav
= 5,2×10–8 n·m/grad. (pasuxi)
lisas, magnitur mabrunebel moments (28.33
formula) zambaris mabrunebeli momenti aba Tanamedrove ampermetrebis da voltmetrebis
lansebs. maSasadame, mabrunebeli momentebis umetesoba cifrulia da moZrav koWas ar
sidideebi erTmaneTis tolia: iyenebs.
28.10. magnituri dipolis impulsi

rogorc ukve ganvixileT, mabrunebel moments magnitur velSi moTavsebuli deniani koWa brunviT
moZraobaSi mohyavs. koWas moqmedeba magnitur velSi moTavsebuli magnituri Reros moqmedebas
waagavs. aqedan gamomdinare, magnituri Reros msgavsad denis gamtar koWasac magnitur dipols
uwodeben. metic, magnituri veliT gamowveuli mabrunebeli momentis ganxilvisTvis koWas

magnituri dipolis impulss vaniWebT. veqtoris mimarTuleba koWas sibrtyis n normalis
veqtoris mimarTulebas emTxveva da 28.21 suraTze naCvenebi marjvena xelis wesiT ganisazRvreba.
es niSnavs, rom Tu koWas marjvena xeliT i denis mimarTulebiT daiWerT, cera TiTis mimarTuleba
-s mimarTulebas daemTxveva. -s sididea:
μ=NiA (magnituri impulsi) , (28.35)
sadac N aris koWas xviebis ricxvi, i – koWaSi gamavali deni, xolo A - koWas TiToeuli xviis
farTobi. am formulidan gamomdinare, erTeuli a·m2-ia.
-s gamoyenebiT koWaze magnituri veliT gamowveuli mabrunebeli momentis 28.33 formula
τ = μB sin θ (28.36)

sadac θ aris kuTxe da B veqtorebs Soris.
veqtoruli formula Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia ganva
zogadoT:

   =  × B . (28.37)
sur. 28.23. B gare magnitur velSi
moTavsebuli magnituri dipolis (am
es formula eleqtruli velis mier eleqtrul dipolze
SemTxvevaSi denis gamtaris koWis) udidesi
da umciresi energiis mqone mimarTulebebi. modebuli mabrunebel momentis formulas (22.34) Zalian
marjvena xelis wesis saSualebiT i denis waagavs:
mimarTuleba magnituri dipolis   
τ = p× E
impulsis mimarTulebas gvaZlevs. igive

meTodi 28.21b suraTze n veqtorisTvis
orive SemTxvevaSi mabrunebeli momenti dipolis impul
aris naCvenebi.
sis da velis veqtoris veqtoruli namravlis tolia.
gare magnitur velSi moqmed magnitur dipols

cxrili 28.2
magnituri potenciuri energia gaaCnia, romelic
magnituri dipolis impulsebi
velSi dipolis mimarTulebazea damokidebuli. 22.38
formuliT eleqtruli dipolisTvis: mcire zomis magnituri Rero 5 j/t
  dedamiwa 8×1022 j/t
U(θ) = – p ⋅ E
protoni 1,4×10–26 j/t
zustad igive saxe eqneba magnituri dipolis formulas: eleqtroni 9,3×10–24 j/t
U(θ) = –   ·

B (28.38)
magnitur dipols umciresi energia (= –μB cos0 = –μB) aqvs maSin, rodesac dipolis impulsi
magnituri velis mimarTulebisaa (28.23 formula). udidesi energia (= –μB cos 180° = +μB) maSin
gvaqvs, rodesac veqtori velis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli. 28.38 formulidan gamomdinare
-s erTeuli j/t SeiZleba iyos a·m2-is nacvlad, rogorc es 28.35 formulidan miviReT.
rodesac magnituri dipoli θi sawyisi mimarTulebas θf saboloo mimarTulebaze icvlis,
magnituri veli dipolze W muSaobas asrulebs:
W = –ΔU = –(Uf – Ui ) (28.39)
Ui da Uf 28.38 formulis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. Tu mimarTulebis cvlilebisas dipolze

mabrunebeli momenti moqmedebs, maSin dipolze Wa muSaobas mabrunebeli momenti asrulebs. Tu
mimarTulebis cvlilebamde da cvlilebis Semdeg dipoli uZravia, maSin Wa velis mier dipolze
Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia:
Wa = –W = Uf – Ui (28.40)
am dromde magnitur dipolad mxolod denis gamtar koWas ganvixilavdiT. miuxedavad amisa,
magnituri Reroc magnituri dipolia, vinaidan is muxtis mbrunavi sferoa. Tavad dedamiwac
daaxloebiT magnituri dipolia. qveatomuri nawilakebis umetesobas, maT Soris eleqtrons,
protons da neitrons magnituri dipolis impulsebi gaaCniaT. 32-e TavSi gamoCndeba, rom yvela
es sidide denis konturad SegviZlia miviCnioT. magnituri dipolis impulsebi 28.2 cxrilSi
CamoTvlili.
sakontrolo wertili 6. suraTze naCvenebia magnitur velSi

magnituri dipolis impulsis oTxi mimarTuleba. daalageT
mimarTulebebi a) dipolze moqmedi mebrunebeli momentis
sididis mixedviT da b) dipolis potenciuri energiis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.

50 xviis da A = 2,52×10–4 m2 farTobis wri
uli koWa, romelSic gadis 100 mka deni,
B = 0,85 t sididis erTgvarovan magnitur sur. 28.24.
velSi uZravadaa moTavsebuli, xolo misi

magnituri dipolis impulsis mimarTuleba rom koWa marjvena xeliT giWiravT da cera

B -s mimarTulebas emTxveva. TiTi -s mimarTulebas asaxavs. am SemTxvevaSi
a) 28.24 suraTze ra mimarTuleba aqvs koWaSi danarCeni TiTebis mimarTuleba koWaSi
gamaval dens? gamavali denis mimarTulebas daemTxveva.
amoxsna: amocanis amoxsnisTvis marjvena aqedan gamomdinare, deni koWaSi zemodan
xelis wesi unda gamoviyenoT. warmoidgineT, qvemoT Ymiedineba.
28.10. magnituri dipolis impulsi 969
b) ra muSaobas Seasrulebs mabrunebeli Wa = U(90°) – U(0°)
momenti, raTa koWa sawyisi mimarTulebidan
 = –μB cos90° – (–μB cos0°) = 0 + μB
90°-iT Sebrundes, -s mimarTuleba B -s
= μB
perpendikularuli gaxdes da koWa kvlav
28.35 formulidan (μ = NiA) CavsvaT da
uZravad gaCerdes?
miviRebT:
amoxsna: modebuli mabrunebeli momentis
mier Sesrulebuli Wa muSaoba mimarTulebis Wa = (NiA)B
cvlilebis Sedegad koWas potenciuri = (250)(100×10–6 a)(2,52×10–4 m2)(0,85 t)
energiis cvlilebis tolia. 28.40 formulidan = 5,356×10–6 j ≈ 5,4 mkj. (pasuxi)
(Wa = Uf – Ui) gveqneba:

magnituri veli. B magnituri veli q denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi mag
muxtis moZrav nawilakze moqmedi FB Zalis nituri Zala. erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba, rodesac muxti moTavsebul, i denis gamtar swor mavTulze

velSi ν siCqariT moZraobs: Semdegi Zala moqmedebs:
     
FB = q ν × B (28.2) F B = iL × B (28.26)
 
B -s erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris tesla. magnitur velSi i dL denis elementze moqmedi
1t = 1 n/(a·m) = 104 gausi. Zalaa:
  
holis efeqti. rodesac l sisqis i de d FB  = i d L × B (28.28)
  
niani gamtari B magnitur velSi Tavsdeba, L an dL sigrZis veqtoris mimarTuleba denis
muxtis matareblebis (e muxtis mqone) nawili i mimarTulebas emTxveva.
gamtaris erT mxareze grovdeba da naWerze V
denis gamtar koWaze moqmedi mabru
potencialTa sxvaoba warmoiqmneba. gverdebis 
polaroba muxtis matareblebis niSans nebeli momenti. B erTgvarovan magnitur
asaxavs. muxtis matareblebis n raodenobrivi velSi moTavsebul koWaze (A farTobis,
simkvrivea: N raodenobis xviis da i denis gamtari)

Bi mabrunebeli momenti moqmedebs:
n= . (28.12) 
Vle
=  × B (28.37)
magnitur velSi wriulad moZravi da

muxtuli nawilaki. B erTgvarovani mag aq aris koWas magnituri dipolis impulsi.
 misi sididea μ = NiA da mimarTuleba marjvena
nituri velis perpendikularulad ν siC
qariT moZravi, m masis da |q| muxtis nawilaki xelis wesiT ganisazRvreba.
magnituri velis moqmedebiT wriulad imoZ magnituri dipolis energia. magnitur

ravebs. wriuli moZraobisTvis niutonis meore velSi moTavsebuli magnituri dipolis
kanonis gamoyeneba mogvcems: magnituri potenciuri energiaa:
mv2 
|q|vB = , (28.15) U(θ) = –   · B (28.38)
r
saidanac vigebT, rom wris r radiusia: Tu magnituri dipoli θi sawyisi mimar
mv Tulebidan raime θf mimarTulebaze gadadis,

r= . (28.16)
|q|B magnituri velis mier dipolze Sesrulebuli
brunvis f sixSire, ω kuTxuri sixSire da W muSaobaa:
moZraobis T periodia: W = –ΔU = –(Uf – Ui) (28.39)
ω 1 |q|B
f = = = (28.19, 28.18, 28.17)
2π T 2πm
SekiTxvebi
1. 28.25 suraTze naCveneb sam mdgomareobaSi
 cxrili 28.3 SekiTxva 4
dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki B erTgva

rovan magnitur velSi ν siCqariT moZraobs nawilaki muxti siCqare nawilaki muxti siCqare

da masze FB Zala moqmedebs. TiToeuli 1 + naklebi 6 _ meti
mdgomareobisTvis gansazRvreT – aris Tu

2 + meti 7 + naklebi
3 + naklebi 8 + meti
ara veqtorebis mimarTuleba fizikurad
4 + meti 9 _ naklebi
dasabuTebuli.
5 _ naklebi 10 _ meti
5. 28.28 suraTze da

muxtuli nawilaki ν0

siCqariT B magnitur
velSi Sedis, T0 droSi
sur. 28.25. SekiTxva 1. naxevarwrewirs Se
2. 28.26 suraTze mowers da Semdeg sur. 28.28. SekiTxva 5.
naCvenebia erTgva velidan gamodis.
rovan magnitur a) muxti dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi? b)
velSi denis gam nawilakis saboloo siCqare ν0-ze naklebia,
sur. 28.26. SekiTxva 2. metia Tu toli? g) Tu sawyisi siCqarea 0,5ν0,
tari mavTuli. 
suraTze aseve naCvenebia velis oTxi SesaZlo nawilakis mier B velSi gatarebuli dro
mimarTuleba. a) daalageT mimarTulebebi T0-ze metia, naklebia Tu ar icvleba? d) am
mavTulis siganeze Seqmnili eleqtrul poten SemTxvevaSi traeqtoria naxevarwrewiri
cialTa sxvaobebis mixedviT dididan mcireze. iqneba, naxevarwrewirze ufro grZeli iqneba
b) romeli mimarTulebisas iqneba mavTulis Tu naxevarwrewirze ufro mokle?
zeda mxaris potencialis ufro meti? 6. 28.29 suraTze naCvenebia erTgvarovani
3. 28.4 paragrafSi mkveT velebSi moZravi magnituri velis eqvs regionSi moZravi
damuxtuli nawilaki ganvixileT, rodesac nawilakis traeqtoria. traeqtoriis ubnebi
 
masze FE da FB urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebi an naxevarwrewiria an meoTxedi wrewiri.
moqmedebda. aRmoCnda, rom nawilaki wrfivad ukanaskneli regionidan gamosvlis Semdeg
moZraobs, Tu misi siCqare ganisazRvreba 28.7 nawilaki or damuxtul, paralelur firfitas
formuliT (ν = E/B). romeli Zala dominirebs, Soris moZraobs da maRali potencialis mqone
Tu nawilakis siCqarea a) ν < E/B da b) ν > E/B? firfitisken gadaixreba. ra mimarTuleba aqvs
  magnitur vels eqvs regionSi?
4. 28.27 suraTze naCvenebia E da B mkveTi
eleqtruli da magnituri velebi. 28.3 cxrilSi
CamoTvlilia am velebSi moZravi 10 damuxtuli
nawilakis siCqaris veqtorebi garkveul
momentSi. cxrilSi mocemuli zogierTis v
siCqare E/B-ze metia, zogierTis – naklebi.
romeli nawilaki imoZravebs saxelmZRvanelos
gverdidan Tqvensken mimarTuli 28.27 suraTze
naCvenebi momentis Semdeg?
7. 28.30 suraTze naCvenebia B1 da B2 magni

turi velebis areSi moZravi eleqtronis
traeqtoria. eleqtronis traeqtoria Ti
971
Toeul areSi naxevar
wrewiria. a) romeli
velia ufro Zlieri?
b) ra mimarTuleba aqvs

TiToeul vels? g) B1-
is areSi ufro didxans
Cerdeba eleqtroni,
Tu B2 -is areSi?
8. nawilakis wriuli moZraoba. 28.31 suraTze
naCvenebia erTgvarovan magnitur velSi sur. 28.31. SekiTxva 8.
moZravi nawilakebis 11 traeqtoria. erTi
traeqtoria wrfea, xolo danarCeni naxevar 9. 28.32 suraTze
wrewirebia. 28.4 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia 11 nawi naCvenebia erTgva
lakis masebi, muxtebi da siCqareebi. romeli rovan magnitur
traeqtoria romel nawilaks Seesabameba? velSi moZravi

eleqtronis tra
eqtoria. traeq
cxrili 28.4 SekiTxva 8 toria ori monakve
Tisgan Sedgeba. erTi monakveTi Tanabrad

nawilaki masa muxti siCqare
damuxtul firfitebs Soris gamavali wrfea,
1 2m q ν
xolo meore monakveTi naxevarwrewiria.
2 m 2q ν romeli firfitis potencialia ufro meti
3 m/2 q 2ν a) firfitebis zeda wyvilSi da b) firfitebis
4 3m 3q 3ν qveda wyvilSi? g) ra mimarTuleba aqvs
magnitur vels?
5 2m q 2ν
10. a) me-6 sakontrolo wertilSi dipolis
6 m –q 2ν
impulsi pirveli  mimarTulebidan meo
7 m –4q ν reze  gadadis. magnituri velis mier di
8 m –q ν polze Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia,
9 2m –2q 3ν uaryofiTia Tu nulia? b) magnituri velis
10 m –2q 8ν mier dipolze Sesrulebuli muSaobebi
Semdegi mimarTulebebisTvis dididan mcireze
11 3m 0 3ν
daalageT: 1→2, 1→3, 1→4.
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions da b) misi kinetikuri energia eleqtron-

Manual-Si.
voltebSi. SSM ILW
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze 
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday ·2. alfa nawilaki 0,045 t sididis B erT
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- 
gvarovan magnitur velSi 550 m/wm sididis ν
com/college/halliday. siCqariT moZraobs (alfa nawilakis muxtia

wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs +3,2×10–19k, xolo masa _ 6,6×10 –27kg). ν -sa da
• – •••
amocanis sirTules 
B-s Soris kuTxea 52°. risi tolia a) velidan
 
nawilakze moqmedi FB Zalis sidide da b) FB
paragrafi 28.3. -s gansazRvreba
ZaliT gamowveuli aCqareba? g) nawilakis
·1. 2,6 mt sididis magnituri velisadmi 23°
siCqare izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba?
kuTxiT moZrav protonze 6,5×10–17 n Zala

moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT a) protonis siCqare ·3. ν = (2×106 m/wm)  + (3×106 m/wm) siCqaris
 sididis vertikaluri magnituri velis areSi
eleqtroni B = (0,03t)  – (0,15t) magnitur
horizontalurad moZraoben. gamoTvaleT
velSi moZraobs. a) gamoTvaleT eleqtronze
amave areSi moqmedi umciresi eleqtruli
moqmedi Zala. b) gamoTvlebi igive siCqaris
velis sidide, romlis saSualebiT 6Li ionebi
protonisTvis gaimeoreT.
 am ares gadaxris gareSe gaivlian. SSM WWW
··4. protoni B = (10  – 20  + 30 ) mt magnitur
···10. t1 droSi eleq-
velSi moZraobs. t1 droSi protonis siCqarea
 troni x RerZis da
ν = vx  + vy  + (2 km/wm) da protonze moqmedi debiTi mimarTule

magnituri Zalaa FB  = (4×10–17 n)  + (2×10–17 n) . biT moZraobs iwyebs,

am momentSi risi tolia a) νx da b) νy? sadac E eleqtruli
 
··5. eleqtroni B = Bx  + (3Bx) erTgvarovan veli da B magnituri
magnitur velSi moZraobs. garkveul momentSi veli moqmedebs, xo
 
eleqtronis siCqarea ν = (2  + 4 ) m/wm da mas lo E veqtori y Rer
ze moqmedi magnituri Zalaa (6,4×10–19 n) . Zis paraleluria.
gamoTvaleT Bx. 28.34 suraTze naCvenebia eleqtronze moqmedi
ori veliT gamowveuli jamuri Zalis Ft,y kom
paragrafi 28.4. mkveTi velebi: eleq
ponentis t1 droSi eleqtronis ν siCqareze
tronis aRmoCena
damokidebulebis grafiki. t1 droSi ja
·6. 1,5kv/m eleqtruli veli da 0,4 t magnituri
muri Zalis x da z komponentebi nulia.
veli moZrav eleqtronze moqmedebs da jamur
davuSvaT Bx= 0, risi tolia a) E sidide da
Zalas ar warmoqmnis. Tu velebi erTmaneTisadmi 
perpendikularulia, risi tolia eleqtronis b) B  erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
siCqare?
paragrafi 28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis
·7. 28.33 suraTze eleqtroni V1 = 1 kv poten efeqti
cialTa sxvaobaze Cqardeba da V2 = 100 v poten
·11. 6,5 sm sigrZis,
cialTa sxvaobisa da d = 20 mm daSorebis mqone
0,85 sm siganis da
paralelur firfitebs Soris Sedis. qveda
firfitis potenciali naklebia. dauSviT, 0,76 sm sisqis liTo
rom eleqtronis siCqaris veqtori firfitebs nis naWeri B = 1,2 mt
Soris moqmedi eleqtruli velis veqtoris sididis magnitur

perpendikularulia. erTeulovan-veqtorul velSi ν mudmivi si
CanawerSi ra magnituri veli aiZulebs eleq CqariT moZraobs.
trons firfitebs Soris wrfivad moZraobas? 28.35 suraTze Cans,
ILW sur. 28.35. amocana 11.
rom veli liTonis
naWris perpendikularulia. x da y wertilebs
Soris 3,9 mkv potencialTa sxvaobaa. gamo
TvaleT ν siCqare.
·12. 150 mkm sisqis da 4,5 mm siganis spilenZis

sur. 28.33. amocana 7. naWeri 0,65 t sididis B erTgvarovan mag
·8. erTgvarovani eleqtruli da magnituri nitur velSia moTavsebuli, xolo veli spi
velebis areSi moZravi eleqtronis sawyisi lenZis naWris perpendikularulia. naWerSi
siCqarea (12  + 15 ), xolo mudmivi aCqarebaa i = 23 a deni gadis da mis siganeze holis V

(2×10 m/wm ) . Tu B = (400 mkt) , risi tolia
12  2 potencialTa sxvaoba Cndeba. gamoTvaleT
 V (spilenZis moculobis erTeulze muxtis mata
E eleqtruli veli?
reblebis raodenobaa 8,47×10 28  eleqtroni/m3).
··9. ionis wyaro +e muxtis da 9,99×10–27kg
masis 6Li ionebs warmoqmnis. ionebi 10 kv ··13. 28.36 suraTze dx = 5 m, dy = 3 m da dz = 

potencialTa sxvaobaze Cqardeba da B = 1,2 t 2 m zomebis marTkuTxa myari sxeuli B = 
973
(30 mt) magnitur velSi ·19. a) gamoTvaleT 35 mkt sididis erTgvarovan

 magnitur velSi moZravi 100 ev energiis mqone
ν= (20 m/wm) siCqariT
moZraobs. risi tolia eleqtronis brunvis sixSire. b) gamoTvaleT
a) myar sxeulSi gaCenili am eleqtronis traeqtoriis radiusi, Tu misi
eleqtruli veli erTe siCqare magnituri velis perpendikularulia.
ulovan-veqtorul Cana ILW
werSi da b) myar sxeulze sur. 28.36. amocanebi

·20. birTvuli eqsperimentis dros 1 mgev
gaCenili potencialTa 13 da 14. kinetikuri energiis mqone protoni erT
sxvaoba? gvarovan magnitur velSi wriuli traeq
···14. 28.36 suraTze gamosaxulia liTonis toriiT moZraobs. ra energia unda hqondes
bloki, romlis gverdebi koordinatTa Rer a) alfa nawilaks (q = +2e, m = 4u) da b) dei
Zebis paralelurebia. bloki 0,02 t sididis trons (q = +e, m = 2u), raTa maT igive wriuli
erTgvarovan magnitur velSia moTavsebuli. traeqtoriiT imoZraon?
blokis erTi gverdis sigrZea 25 sm. bloki ··21. eleqtroni 0,3 t sididis erTgvarovan
TiToeuli RerZis paralelurad 3 m/wm magnitur velSi xraxnuli traeqtoriiT
siCqariT rig-rigobiT gadaadgiles da Semdeg moZraobs. traeqtoriis bijia 6 mkm, xolo
blokze gaCenili V potencialTa sxvaobebi eleqtronze moqmedi magnituri Zalis sididea
gazomes. y RerZis paralelurad V = 12 mv, z 2×10–15 n. risi tolia eleqtronis siCqare?

RerZis paralelurad V = 18 mv, xolo x RerZis ··22. nawilaki erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
paralelurad V = 0. risi tolia blokis a) dx, 26,1 mkm radiusis wriuli traeqtoriiT
moZraobs. nawilakze moqmedi magnituri Zalis
b) dy da g) dz sigrZeebi?
sididea 1,6×10–17 n. risi tolia nawilakis
paragrafi 28.6. wriulad moZravi da kinetikuri energia?
muxtuli nawilaki ··23. 2kev kinetikuri energiis pozitroni 0,1 t
·15. 1,3×106 m/wm siCqariT moZravi eleq 
sididis erTgvarovan B magnitur velSi Sedis
tronebis sxivze ra magnituri veli unda 
da misi siCqaris veqtori B -sadmi 89° kuTxes
moqmedebdes, raTa eleqtronebma 0,35 m ra
adgens. gamoTvaleT xraxnuli traeqtoriis
diusis wriul rkalze imoZraon?
a) periodi, b) p biji da g) r radiusi. SSM WWW
·16. eleqtroni 350 v potencialTa sxvaobis
··24. 28.37 suraTze
Sedegad Cqardeba. Semdeg eleqtroni 200 mt
damuxtuli nawi
sididis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi Sedis
laki erTgvarovan
da misi siCqare velis perpendikularulia. 
gamoTvaleT a) eleqtronis siCqare da B magnitur vel
b) magnitur velSi moZraobis traeqtoriis Si moZraobs, na
radiusi. xevarwrewirs Se
mowers da Semdeg velidan gadis. nawilaki
·17. 1,2 kev kinetikuri energiis mqone eleq
troni erTgvarovani magnituri velis protonia an eleqtroni (Tqven unda gada
perpendikularul sibrtyeSi wriulad mo wyvitoT, romeli). nawilaki velSi 130 nwm-
Zraobs. orbitis radiusia 25 sm. gamoTvaleT is ganmavlobaSi imyofeba. a) risi tolia

a) eleqtronis siCqare, b) magnituri velis B -s sidide? b) Tu nawilaki kvlav magnitur
sidide, g) brunvis sixSire da d) moZraobis velSi brundeba (igive traeqtoriiT), magram
periodi. SSM amjerad misi kinetikuri energia orjer metia,
·18. alfa nawilaki (q = +2e, m = 4u) B = 1,2 t ramdeniT ufro met dros gaatarebs nawilaki
velSi?
sididis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi 4,5 sm
radiusis wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs. ··25. komerciuli mas-speqtrometri (ix.
gamoTvaleT a) misi siCqare, b) brunvis periodi, amocanis amoxnis nimuSi 28.3.) uranis
g) kinetikuri energia da d) amgvari energiis 3,92×10–25kg masis da 3,2×10–19k muxtis ionebis

SeZenisTvis saWiro potencialTa sxvaoba. gancalkevebisTvis gamoiyeneba. ionebi
100 kv potencialTa sxvaobaze Cqardeba da ··29. 28.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemuli
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi Sedis, maTi ciklotronisTvis deitronis mier mTeli
traeqtoriis 1 m. 180° kuTxis
radiusia aCqarebis procesis ganmavlobaSi ganvlili
Semoweris da 1 mm siganisa da 1 sm simaRlis traeqtoriis sigrZe gamoTvaleT. duantebs
xvrelSi gavlis Semdeg ionebi WiqaSi grov Soris amaCqarebeli potencialTa sxvaobaa
deba. a) risi tolia ganmacalkevebelSi 80 kv. SSM
moqmedi perpendikularuli magnituri ··30. 53 sm radiusis duantebis mqone ciklo
velis sidide? Tu mowyobiloba saaTSi troni oscilatoris 12 mghc sixSireze
100 mg nivTierebas acalkevebs, risi tolia muSaobs, raTa protonebi aaCqaros. a) ra si
b) sasurveli ionebis deni da g) 1 saaTis didis B magnituri velia saWiro rezonasis
ganmavlobaSi WiqaSi warmoqmnili siTburi misaRwevad? b) amgvari velis SemTxvevaSi risi
energia? tolia ciklotronidan gamosuli protonis
··26. 28.38 suraTze kinetikuri energia? davuSvaT, B = 1,57 t.
4 kev sawyisi kine g) oscilatoris ra sixSirea saWiro rezonan
tikuri energiis mqone sis misaRwevad? d) am sixSireze risi tolia
eleqtroni t = 0 droSi gamosuli protonis kinetikuri energia?
pirvel regionSi Se ··31. protoni ciklotronis centridan
dis. am regionSi sa wriul moZraobas iwyebs. rodesac is duantebs
xelmZRvanelos gver Soris arealSi moxvdeba, duantebs Soris
disken mimarTuli erT sur. 28.38. amocana 26.
potencialTa sxvaobaa 200 v. a) ramdeniT
gvarovani magnituri veli moqmedebs, romlis
izrdeba protonis kinetikuri energia
sididea 0,01 t. eleqtroni naxevarwrewirs
duantebs Soris arealis gavlisas? b) risi
Semowers, pirveli regionidan gamodis da
tolia iqneba protonis kinetikuri energia,
meore regionisken 25 sm sigrZis Sualedis
rodesac is duantebs Soris Sualeds 100-
gavliT miemarTeba. Sualedze ΔV = 2000 v jer gaivlis? amis Semdeg protonis wriuli
potencialTa sxvaoba moqmedebs da masSi
traeqtoriis r100, xolo duantebs Soris
gavlisas eleqtronis siCqare Tanabrad
arealSi kidev erTxel Sesvlisas traeqtoriis
izrdeba. meore regionSi saxelmZRvanelos
radiusi r101 xdeba. g) ramdeni procentiT
gverdidan zeviT mimarTuli erTgvarovani
icvleba radiusi r100-dan r101-mde?
magnituri veli moqmedebs da misi sididea
0,02 t. eleqtroni kvlav naxevarwrewirs paragrafi 28.8. denis gamtar mavTulze
Semowers da meore regionidan gamodis. ra t moqmedi magnituri Zala
dros gamova eleqtroni meore regionidan?
·32. 1,8 m sigrZis mavTuli 13 a dens atarebs
··27. garkveuli saxeobis fundamentaluri da B = 1,5 t sididis erTgvarovani magnituri
nawilaki e– eleqtronad da e+ pozitronad
velisadmi 35° kuTxes adgens. ra magnituri
iSleba. davuSvaT es nawilaki 3,53 mt sididis Zala moqmedebs mavTulze?

erTgvarovan B magnitur velSia moTavsebuli ·33. horizontalur gadamcem xazSi samxre

da daSlis wertilidan e– da e+ muxtebi B Tidan CrdiloeTisken 5000 a deni gadis.
velis perpendikularul sibrtyeSi gamavali dedamiwis magnituri veli (60 mkt) Crdi
tareqtoriebiT moZraoben. daSlidan ra loeTiskenaa mimarTuli da qveviT, dedamiwis
drois Semdeg Seejaxeba e– da e+ erTmaneTs? zedapirisaken 70° kuTxiTaa gadaxrili. gamo
paragrafi 28.7. ciklotronebi da sin TvaleT dedamiwis velidan 100 m sigrZis

qrotronebi xazze moqmedi magnituri Zalis a) sidide da
·28. protoni ciklotronSi 0,5 m radiusis b) mimarTuleba. SSM
wreze moZraobs. magnituri velis sididea ·34. 28.39 suraTze naCvenebi mavTuli
1,2 t. a) risi tolia oscilatoris sixSire? erTgvarovan magnitur velSia ganlagebuli.
b) risi tolia protonis kinetikuri energia mavTulis swori monakveTebis sigrZea 2 m da
eleqtron-voltebSi? isini x RerZisadmi θ = 60° kuTxes adgenen.
975
mavTulSi 2 a deni da 0,5 t sididis
gadis. ra magnituri erTgvarovani mag
Zala moqmedebs nituri velis mi
mavTulze erT m a r T u l e b i s a d m i
eulovan-veqto θ = 30° kuTxes ad
rul CanawerSi, Tu gens. risi tolia
magnituri velia koWaze moqmedi
a) 4  t da b) 4  t? mabrunebeli mo
menti damagrebuli sur. 28.41. amocana 39.
·35. 13g masis da
wrfis garSemo?
L = 62 sm sigrZis
·40. samkuTxedis formis konturSi 4 a deni
mavTuli 0,44 t
gadis. gverdebis sigrZeebia 50, 120 da 130 sm.
erTgvarovan ma
konturi 75 mt sididis erTgvarovan magnitur
gnitur velSi
velSia moTavsebuli. velis mimarTuleba
drekadi tyviebis sur. 28.40. amocana 35.
saSualebiT aris konturis 130 sm-ian gverdSi gamavali denis
mimarTulebis paraleluria. risi tolia
damagrebuli (sur. 28.40). ra a) sididis da
a) 130 sm-ian gverdze, b) 50 sm-ian gverdze da
b) mimarTulebisaa deni, romelic tyviebSi
daWimulobas gaaqrobs? ILW g) 120 sm-ian gevrdze moqmedi magnituri Zalis
 sidide? d) risi tolia konturze moqmedi
··36. 50sm sigrZis mavTuli B=(3mt) +(10mt) jamuri Zala?
magnitur velSia moTavsebuli da 0,5 a dens ··41. 28.42 suraTze
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT atarebs. naCvenebia a = 1,8 sm
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia radiusis wriuli
mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala? mavTuli, romelic
ganSladi da radia
···37. 1 kg masis spilenZis Rero 1 m manZiliT
lurad simetriu
daSorebul or horizontalur relszea dade sur. 28.42. amocana 41.
li velis mimarTu
buli da erTi relsidan meorisken 50 a dens
lebis perpendikularulia. wreze moqmedi
atarebs. Rerosa da relsebs Soris statikuri
magnituri velis sididea B = 3,4 mt, xolo
xaxunis koeficientia 0,6. risi tolia Reros
velis mimarTuleba wris sibrtyis nor
srialis zRvarze mimyvani umciresi magnituri
malisadmi θ = 20° kuTxes qmnis. gamoTvaleT
velis a) sidide da b) kuTxe (vertikalisadmi)?
velidan wrewirze moqmedi Zalis sidide, Tu
SSM WWW
masSi i = 4,6 ma deni gadis. SSM
···38. grZeli, myari gamtari x RerZis gaswvriv ··42. eleqtroni r = 5,29×10–11 m radiusis wreze
Zevs da x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 2,19×106 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. wriuli
5 a dens atarebs. magnituri velis sididea traeqtoria denis konturad ganixileT, sadac
  deni eleqtronis muxtis sididis moZraobis
B = 3 +8x2 , sadac x metrebSia, xolo B –
periodze Sefardebis tolia. Tu wre B = 7,1 mt
militeslebSi. gamoTvaleT x = 1 m da x = 3 m
sididis erTgvarovan magnitur velSia
wertilebs Soris ganlagebuli 2 m sigrZis
ganlagebuli, risi tolia velidan konturze
gamtaris segmentze moqmedi Zala erTeulovan-
moqmedi mabrunebeli momentis maqsimaluri
veqtorul CanawerSi.
SesaZlo sidide?
paragrafi 28.9. mabrunebeli momenti ··43. galvanometris koWas winaRobaa
denis konturze 75,3Ω (ix. 28.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi).
·39. 28.41 suraTze naCvenebia 10 sm × 5 sm galvanometris maCvenebeli maqsimalurad
zomis 20-xveuliani koWas marTkuTxa mavTuli. gadaixreba, rodesac koWaSi 1,62 ma deni
mavTuli 0,1 a dens atarebs da grZeli gverdi gadis. a) gamoTvaleT damatebiTi winaRobis
damagrebulia. mavTuli xy sibrtyeSi Zevs mniSvneloba, rodesac galvanometri 1 v
maqsimaluri Cvenebis mqone voltmetrad maT mier warmoqmnili deni?

gardaiqmneba. b) es winaRoba galvanometrTan ·47. 160 xviis mqone wriuli koWas radiusia
mimdevrobiT unda iyos SeerTebuli Tu 1,9 sm. a) gamoTvaleT 2,3 a·m2 sididis magnituri
paralelurad? g) gamoTvaleT damatebiTi dipolis impulsis warmoqmnisTvis saWiro
winaRobis mniSvneloba, rodesac galvanometri deni. b) gamoTvaleT mabrunebeli momentis
50 ma maqsimaluri Cvenebis mqone ampermetrad maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romelic denis
gardaiqmneba. d) es winaRoba galvanometrTan gamtarma koWam SeiZleba ganicados 35 mt
mimdevrobiT unda iyos SeerTebuli Tu sididis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi. SSM
paralelurad? ·48. 15 sm radiusis wriuli mavTulis konturi
··44. 28.43 suraTze de 2,6 a dens atarebs. konturi isea ganlagebuli,
nis gamtari marTkuTxa
rom misi sibrtyis normali 12 t sididis
konturi dens 0,05 t
erTgvarovani magnituri velisadmi 41° kuTxes
sididis magnituri ve
adgens. a) gamoTvaleT konturis magnituri
lis sibrtyeSi atarebs.
dipolis impulsi. b) risi tolia konturze
konturi drekadi gam sur. 28.43. amocana 44.
moqmedi mabrunebeli momenti?
tari mavTulisgan Se-
dgeba, romelic aseve drekad CarCozea Se ·49. denis konturi 5 a dens atarebs da 30, 40
movlebuli da marTkuTxedis zomebis Se da 50sm sigrZis gverdebis mqone marTkuTxa
cvla SesaZlebelia. gverdis x sigrZe 0-dan samkuTxedis formisaa. konturi 80 mt sididis
erTgvarovan magnitur velSia moTavsebuli.
daaxloebiT 4 sm maqsimalur mniSvnelobamde
icvleba da konturze moqmedi mabrunebeli velis mimarTuleba konturis 50 sm sigrZis
gverdze gamavali denis mimarTulebis para
momentis τ sididec icvleba. τ-is maqsimaluri
leluria. gamoTvaleT a) konturis magnituri
mniSvnelobaa 4,8×10–8 n·m. ra deni gadis kon
turSi? dipolis impulsi da b) konturze moqmedi
mabrunebeli momenti.
··45. 28.44 suraTze
naCvenebia m = 0,25 kg ·50. 0,02 j/t sididis impulsis mqone
magnituri dipoli 52 mt sididis erTgvarovan
masis da L = 0,1 m si
magnitur velSi moZraobas iwyebs. magnituri
grZis xis cilindri.
Zalis Sedegad dipolis brunva Tavisufalia.
cilindrze mavTulis
rodesac dipoli brunavs da dipolis impulsis
N = 10 xviaa gake
mimarTuleba magnituri velis mimarTulebas
Tebuli da mavTulis
koWas sibrtye cilin- emTxveva, kinetikuri energiaa 0,8 mj. a) risi
tolia dipolis impulssa da magnitur vels
dris grZel cen- sur. 28.44. amocana 45.
tralur RerZs moi Soris sawyisi kuTxe? b) risi tolia kuTxe,
cavs. cilindri moZraobas iwyebs horizon rodesac dipoli wamierad Cerdeba?
talisadmi θ kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze, ·51. r1 = 20 sm da r2 = 30 sm radiusis ori

rodesac koWas sibrtye daxrili sibrtyis koncentruli, wriuli mavTulis konturi xy
paraleluria. Tu 0,5 t sididis vertikaluri sibrtyeSia ganlagebuli. TiToeuli maTgani
erTgvarovani magnituri veli moqmedebs, sul saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT 7a dens
mcire ra i denma unda gaiaros koWaSi, raTa atarebs (sur. 28.45).
cilindri sibrtyidan ar Camovardes? SSM a) gamoTvaleT sis
temis jamuri mag
paragrafi 28.10. magnituri dipolis
nituri dipolis
impulsi impulsi. b) gaimeo
·46. dedamiwis magnituri dipolis impulsis reT gamoTvla Sida
sididea 8×1022 j/t. davuSvaT, rom dipolis konturSi denis sa
impulss dedamiwis gare birTvSi moZravi winaaRmdego mimar
muxtebi warmoqmnian. Tu muxtebis wriuli TulebiT moZrao
traeqtoriis radiusia 3500 km, risi tolia bisTvis. SSM sur. 28.45. amocana 51.
977
··52. 28.46 suraTze momenti maqsimaluri unda gaxdes, risi tolia

naCvenebia i = 5 a de a) kuTxe B magnitur velsa da koWas magnituri
nis gamtari ABCDEFA dipolis impulss Soris da b) ra raodenobis
konturi. konturis xvia aqvs koWas? g) risi tolia maqsimaluri
gverdebi koordinat mabrunebeli momenti? SSM ILW
Ta RerZebis parale ··56. 28.48 suraTze
lurebia da maTi si- 
naCvenebia B gare
grZeebia AB = 20 sm,
magnitur velSi
BC = 30 sm da sur. 28.46. amocana 52 moTavsebuli magni
FA = 10 sm. risi to turi dipolis U
lia konturis magnituri dipolis impulsi potenciuri ener
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi? (miniSneba: 
giis B -sa da dipo sur. 28.48. amocana 56.
warmoidgineT AD segmentSi gamavali, sididiT lis impulss Soris
Tanabari da mimarTulebiT sawinaaRmdego i φ kuTxeze damokidebulebis grafiki. dipoli
denebi. Semdeg ABCDA da ADEFA marTkuTxa umniSvnelo xaxunis mqone RerZis garSemo
konturebi ganixileT). brunavs da φ icvleba. φ = 0-dan saaTis isris
··53. 8 sm radiusis mavTulis wriuli konturi moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
0,2 a dens atarebs. konturis dipolis Semobruneba kuTxis dadebiT mniSvnelobebs
impulsis paraleluri sigrZis veqtoria gvaZlevs, xolo saaTis isris moZraobis
 mimarTulebiT brunva – kuTxis uaryofiT
0,6  – 0,8 . Tu konturi B = (0,25t) +(0,3t)
mniSvnelobebs. dipoli saaTis isris moZraobis
erTgvarovan magnitur velSia ganlagebuli,
sawinaaRmdego moZraobas φ = 0 kuTxidan
risi tolia a) konturze moqmedi brunvis
iwyebs da misi brunviTi kinetikuri energiia
momenti (erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi) da
6,7×10–4 j. ra maqsimalur φ kuTxeze Semo
b) konturis magnituri potenciuri energia?
brundeba dipoli?
··54. 28.47asuraTze ori koncentruli
koWa erTi da igive sibrtyeSi Zevs da dens damatebiTi amocanebi
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ata 57. wyaro eleqtrons ν = 1,5×107 m/wm siCqariT
rebs. pirvel, did koWaSi gamavali deni uc B = 1×10–3t sididis erTgvarovan magnitur
vlelia, xolo meore koWaSi gamavali i2 deni velSi gamoisvris. eleqtronis siCqare
icvleba. 28.47b suraTze mocemulia ori ko magnituri velis mimarTulebisadmi θ = 10°
Wisgan Semdgari sistemis magnituri impulsis kuTxes adgens. gamoTvaleT gamosrolis
i2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki. Semdeg meore wertilidan eleqtronis mier gadakveTil
koWaSi gamavalma denma mimarTuleba Seicvala. velis Zalwiramde d manZili. Zalwiri
risi tolia ori koWisgan Semdgari sistemis gamosrolis wertils kveTs.
jamuri magnituri impulsi, rodesac i2 = 7 ma?
58. eleqtroni V
potencialTa sxvao
baze Cqardeba da
erTgvarovan mag
nitur velSi Sedis,
sadac wriul mo
Zraobas iwyebs.
28.49 suraTze naCve
nebia moZraobis r
radiusis V 1/2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki. ra
··55. 25sm sigrZis mavTuli 4,51 ma dens atarebs.
 sididisaa magnituri veli?
am mavTulisgan wriuli koWa daamzades da B
= 5,71 mt sididis magnitur velSi moaTavses. 59. fizikosma s.a. gaudsmitma mZime ionebis
masa cnobil magnitur velSi brunvis periodis
Tu velidan koWaze moqmedi mabrunebeli
saSualebiT gamoTvala. iodis damuxtuli ioni moqmedebs. risi tolia nawilakis muxti?
45 mt sididis velSi 1,29 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 64. protoni erTgvarovan magnitur da eleq
7 brunvas asrulebs. gamoTvaleT ionis masa trul velebSi moZraobs. magnituri velia

atomuri masis erTeulebSi. B = –2,5  mt. garkveul momentSi protonis
60. garkveuli nawilaki erTgvarovan magnitur siCqarea  =2000  m/wm. risi tolia am momentSi
velSi Sedis da misi siCqaris veqtori velis protonze moqmedi jamuri Zalis erTeulovan-
mimarTulebis perpendikularulia. 28.50 veqtoruli Canaweri, Tu eleqtruli velia
suraTze naCvenebia nawilakis moZraobis a) 4  v/m, b) –4  v/m da g) 4  v/m?
T periodis B magnituri velis sididis Se 65. 2k muxtis nawilaki erTgvarovan magnitur
brunebul sidideze damokidebulebis gra velSi moZraobs. garkveul momentSi nawi
fiki. risi tolia nawilakis masis muxtTan m/q lakis siCqarea (2  + 4  + 6 ) m/wm da masze
Sefardeba? (4  – 20  + 12 ) n magnituri Zala moqmedebs.
 x da y komponentebi Tanabaria.
magnituri velis
risi tolia B ?

66. eleqtroni B = (20  – 50  – 30 ) erT
gvarovan magnitur velSi xraxnuli traeq
toriiT moZraobs. t = 0 droSi eleqtronis

siCqarea ν = (20  – 50  + 30 ) m/wm. a) risi
 
tolia φ kuTxe ν -sa da B-s Soris? eleqtronis
siCqare droSi icvleba. icvleba Tu ara
b) misi skalaruli siCqare da g) φ kuTxe droSi?
d) risi tolia xraxnuli traeqtoriis
sur. 28.50. amocana 60. radiusi?
61. 28.51 suraTze 67. 28.52 suraTze
eleqtroni x gamosaxuli koWa
RerZis gaswvriv
xz sibrtyis para
e r T g v a r o v a n ,
leluria, gaaCnia
eleqtrul da sur. 28.51. amocana 61
4×10–3m2 farTobis
magnitur velebSi   sur. 28.52. amocana 67.
ν = 100 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. B magnituri sami xvia, B = 
veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT aris (2  – 3  – 4 ) mt erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
mimarTuli da 5 t sididisaa. erTeulovan- Zevs da naCvenebi mimarTulebiT i = 2 a dens
veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia eleqtruli atarebs. risi tolia a) koWa-magnituri velis
veli? sistemis magnituri potenciuri energia da
62. y = 0 wertilidan y = 0,25 m wertilamde b) koWaze moqmedi magnituri mabrunebeli
y RerZis gaswvriv gadaWimuli mavTuli momenti (erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi)?
RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 2ma dens 68. holis efeqtze Catarebul eqsperimentSi
atarebs. mavTuli B = (0,3 t/m)y  + (0,4 t/m)y
1 sm siganis, 4 sm sigrZis da 10 mkm sisqis
araerTgvarovan magnitur velSia moTavsebu
gamtarSi 3 a deni gadis. deni gamtaris
li. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi
siganeze 10 mkv potencialTa sxvaobas war
tolia mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala?
moqmnis, rodesac gamtars 1,5 t sididis
63. 6 g masis nawilaki xy sibrtyeSi 4 km/wm
magnituri veli perpendikularulad kveTs.
siCqariT moZraobs. moZraobis arealSi 5  mt
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, gamoTvaleT
sididis erTgvarovani magnituri veli mo
a) muxtis matareblebis dinebis siCqare da
qmedebs. garkveul momentSi nawilakis siCqare
b) muxtis matareblebis raodenobrivi sim
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi saaTis
kvrive. g) diagramaze holis potencialTa
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego 37° kuTxes
sxvaobis polaroba aCveneT. denis da magnituri
adgens da nawilakze 0,48  n magnituri Zala
velis mimarTulebebi pirobiTaa daSvebuli,
979
aseve daSvebulia, rom muxtis matareblebi perpendikularulia da 20 km/wm-ia. risi
eleqtronebia. tolia magnituri veli?
69. 5 mkk muxtis nawilaki –20  mt sididis
74. 28.54 suraTze
magnituri velis da 300  v/m sididis eleq
nawilaki B = 4 mt sidi
truli velis arealSi moZraobs. garkveul
dis erTgvarovan mag-
momentSi nawilakis siCqarea (17 –11 +7 ).
nitur velSi wriulad
risi tolia nawilakze am momentSi moqmedi
moZraobs. nawilaki sur. 28.54. amocana 74.
eleqtromagnituri Zalis sidide (eleqtruli
protonia an eleqtroni
da magnituri Zalebis jami) erTeulovan-
(Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, romeli). nawilakze
veqtorul CanawerSi?
 3,2×10–15 n sididis magnituri Zala moqmedebs.
70. B = (2  – 4  + 8 ) erTgvarovan magnitur
 risi tolia a) nawilakis siCqare, b) wris
velSi protonis siCqarea ν = (–2  + 4  – 6 ).
radiusi da g) moZraobis periodi?
am momentSi risi tolia a) protonze moqmedi

F magnituri Zala erTeulovan-veqtorul 75. mavTuli x = 0-dan x = 1 m wertilamde x
  RerZis gaswvrivaa gadaWimuli da am RerZis
CanawerSi, b) ν-sa da F -s Soris kuTxe da
 
g) ν-sa da B-s Soris kuTxe? dadebiTi mimarTulebiT 3 a dens atarebs.

mavTuli B = (4 t/m2)x2  – (0,6 t/m2)x2 araerT
71. 28.53 suraTze m = 24,1 mg masis liTonis gvarovan magnitur velSia moTavsebuli.
mavTuli d = 2,56 sm manZiliT daSorebul erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia
or horizontalur, paralelur relsze mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala?
umniSvnelo xaxuniT srialebs. relsebi 56,3 mt
76. Zvelmoduri televizoris milSi eleq
sididis erTgvarovan vertikalur magnitur
troni 83 mt sididis magnitur velSi 7,2×106 m/
velSi aris moTavsebuli. t = 0 dros relsebs
wm siCqariT moZraobs. risi tolia velidan
G mowyobiloba miuerTes da mavTulsa da
eleqtronze moqmedi Zalis a) maqsimaluri
relsebSi i = 9,13 ma mudmivi deni warmoiqmna.
da b) minimaluri mniSvneloba? g) garkveul
rodesac t = 61,1 wm, risi tolia mavTulis
wertilze eleqtronis aCqarebaa 4,9×1014m/wm2.
a) siCqare da b) ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs risi tolia eleqtronis siCqaresa da magnitur
mavTuli (marcxniv Tu marjvniv)? vels Soris kuTxe?
77. uZravi, wriuli saaTis zedapiris radiusi
15 sm-ia. misi perimetris garSemo mavTulis
eqvsi xviaa gakeTebuli da saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT 2 a deni gadis.
saaTis mdebareobis adgilze 70 mt sididis
erTgvarovani gare magnituri veli moqmedebs.
sur. 28.53. amocana 71. zustad SuadRis 1 saaTze, saaTis isris
 moZraobis mimarTuleba gare magnituri velis
72. ν = (32  + 40 ) km/wm siCqaris eleqtroni
 mimarTulebas emTxveva. a) ramdeni wuTis
B = 60  mkt erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
Semdeg daemTxveva saaTis isris moZraobis
Sedis. risi tolia a) eleqtronis xraxnuli
mimarTuleba magnituri velis Sedegad saaTze
traeqtoriis radiusi da b) biji? g) rodesac
moqmedi mabrunebeli momentis mimarTulebas?
damkvirvebeli magnitur vels eleqtronis
b) gamoTvaleT brunvis momenti.
Sesvlis wertilidan uyurebs, eleqtroni
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs 78. 35u masis pirveli atomi da 37u masis meore
Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? atomi +e muxtamde aris ionizebuli. atomebi
73. 10 g masis da 80 mkk muxtis nawilaki erT masis speqtrometrSi (sur. 28.14) moaTavses
gvarovan magnitur velSi moZraobs, sadac da V=7,3kv potencialTa sxvaobaze aaCqares.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa –9,8 m/wm2. TiToeuli ioni B=0,5t sididis magnitur
nawilakis siCqare mudmivia, magnituri velis velSi wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs. risi
tolia ionebis deteqtorTan Sejaxebis

wertilebs Soris Δx manZili? ,
79. protoni, deitroni (q = +e, m = 2u) da sadac m da e aris eleqtronis masa da muxti.

alfa nawilaki (q = +2e, m = 4u) erTi da b) ra mimarTulebis unda iyos B?
igive potencialTa sxvaobaze Cqardeba da
 83. +e muxtis da m masis mqone protoni
 
erTgvarovan B magnitur velSi Sedis, sadac ν = v0x  + v0y sawyisi siCqariT B = BerT
isini velis perpendikularulad moZraoben. gvarovan magnitur velSi Sedis. daadgineT
risi tolia a) protonis Kp kinetikuri energiis

nebismier t droSi eleqtronis ν siCqaris
alfa nawilakis Kα kinetikur energiasTan gamosaxuleba erTeulovan-veqtorul Cana
Sefardeba da b) deitronis Kd kinetikuri werSi.
energiis Kα-sTan Sefardeba? Tu protonis 84. Tanabari kinetikuri energiis mqone pro
wriuli traeqtoria 10 sm-ia, risi tolia toni, deitroni (q=+e, m=2u) da alfa nawilaki

g) deitronis traeqtoriis da d) alfa (q=+2e, m=4u) B erTgvarovan magnitur
nawilakis traeqtoriis radiusi? velSi Sedian da velis perpendikularulad
80. 2,5kev kinetikuri energiis mqone eleq moZraoben. risi tolia a) deitronis traeq
troni x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT toriis rd radiusis protonis traeqtoriis
moZraobs da 10 kv/m sididis erTgvarovan rp radiusTan Sefardeba da b) alfa nawilakis
eleqtrul velSi Sedis, romelic y RerZis traeqtoriis rα radiusis rp radiusTan Se
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moqmedebs. fardeba?

erTgvarovanma B magniturma velma eleqtroni 85. rodesac t = 0, 12 kev kinetikuri energiis

x RerZis gaswvriv unda amoZraos da B-s mqone eleqtroni x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTuleba ise unda SeirCes, rom magnituri mimarTulebiT x = 0 wertilis gavliT mo

velis sidide minimaluri iyos. erTeulovan-
 Zraobs. x RerZi dedamiwis B magnituri
veqtorul CanawerSi ra B veli unda gaCndes? velis horizontaluri komponentis para
81. a) 28.8 suraTze daamtkiceT, rom holis leluria. velis vertikaluri komponen
eleqtruli velis E sididis Sefardeba naWris ti qvemoTaa mimarTuli da 55 mkt si

gaswvriv muxtis mamoZravebeli eleqtruli didisaa. a) risi tolia eleqtronis B
velis Ec sididesTan aris: magnituri veliT gamowveuli aCqareba?
E B b) ra manZilia eleqtronsa da x RerZs Soris,
= ,
Ec neρ rodesac eleqtronis koordinatia x = 20 sm?
sadac ρ aris nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba, 86. daamtkiceT, rom τ = NiAB sinθ formula
xolo n - muxtis matareblebis raodenobrivi ara mxolod 28.21 suraTze gamosaxul
simkvrive. b) amgvari Sefardeba me-12 amoca marTkuTxa konturs miesadageba, aramed
nisTvis gamoTvaleT (ix. cxrili 26.1). nebismieri formis yvela daxurul konturs
82. K kinetikuri (miniSneba: pirobiTi formis konturi grZeli,
energiis mqone Txeli daaxloebiT marTkuTxa konturebis
eleqtronebis sxi mimdevrobiT SecvaleT, romelSic gamavali
vi amaCqarebeli mi deni narCundeba).
lis Txeli folgis 87. i denis
 gamtari mavTulis daxuruli
`fanjridan~ gamo konturi B erTgvarovan magnitur
 velSia
dis. liTonis fir moTavsebuli da konturis sibrtye B velisadmi
fita fanjridan d θ kuTxes adgens. a) daamtkiceT, rom konturze
manZilzea ganlagebuli da gamosuli moqmedi jamuri magnituri Zala nulis tolia.
sxivis perpendikularulia (sur. 28.55). b) sworia Tu ara es mtkiceba araeTgvarovani
a) daamtkiceT, rom sxivi firfitas ar See
 magnituri velisTvis?
jaxeba, Tu Semdegi sididis B erTgvarovani 88. 28.56 suraTze naCvenebia a da b wertilebs
magnituri veli imoqmedebs: Soris i denis gamtari pirobiTi formis
981
mavTuli. mavTuli wrfisadmi paraleluri da perpendikularuli

B erTgvarovani mag monakveTebiT SecvaleT). b) daamtkiceT, rom
nituri velis per- mavTulze moqmedi Zala nulis tolia, rodesac
p e n d i k u l a r u l a da b wertilebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba da
sibrtyeSia ganla mavTuli srul konturs qmnis, romlis sibrtye

gebuli. a) daamtki B velis perpendikularulia.
ceT, rom mavTulze 
89. eleqtroni ν = (40 km/wm)  + (35 km/wm)
moqmedi Zala a siCqariT erTgvarovan magnitur velSi mo
da b wertilebs Soris i denis gamtar, swor Zraobs da masze = –(4,2 fn)  + (4,8 fn) Zala

mavTulze moqmedi Zalis tolia. (miniSneba: moqmedebs. Tu Bx = 0, risi tolia B magnituri
mavTuli a da b wertilebis SemaerTebeli veli?
29 deniT gamowveuli
magnituri veli
am winadadebis kiTxvisas Tqveni tvinis garkveuli regioni aqtiurdeba.
vardis surnelis SegrZnebis an fanqris xelSi daWerisas tvinis sxva
regionebi aqtiurdeba. gaaqtiurebuli regionebis dasadgenad gaaqtiurebis
Sedegad warmoqmnil magnitur vels iyeneben. fotosuraTze gamosaxul
aparats adamianis tvinis mier warmoqmnili magnituri velis aRmoGena
SeuZlia da Sedegad tvinis aqtivobis ruka iqmneba. miuxedavad yovelive
zemoTqmulisa, adamianis tvinSi magnituri nivTierebebi ar arsebobs.
rogor warmoiqmneba tvinis moqmedebis Sedegad magnituri veli?

dakvirvebebis Sedegad dadginda, rom moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki sakuTari Tavis garSemo
magnitur vels warmoqmnis. maSasadame, moZravi damuxtuli nawilakis deni magnitur vels aCens.
eleqtruli da magnituri moqmedebis erTdroulma Seswavlam eleqtromagnetizmis movlena
aSkara gaxada, Tumca am movlenis aRmomCeni adamianebisTvis es yvelaferi sakmaod gasakviri iyo.
asea Tu ise, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtromagnetizmi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
da uricxvi raodenobis eleqtromagnitur mowyobilobebs udevs safuZvlad. magaliTad,
eleqtruli denis Sedegad warmoqmnili magnituri veli kompiuteris Zvelmoduri drekadi
diskebis, kasetebisa Tu videokasatebis wamkiTxvel da Camwer mowyobilobebSi gamoiyeneba.
amgvari veli magnituri levitaciis matareblebsa da mZime wonis asawev sxva mowyobilobebSic
gvxvdeba.
mocemul TavSi Tavdapirvelad deniT gamowveul magnitur vels ganvsazRvravTY da Semdeg
sxadavasxva ganlagebis mavTulebze moqmed magnitur vels gamovTvliT.
982
29.2. deniT gamowveuli magnituri velis gamoTvla 983
29.2. deniT gamowveuli magnituri velis gamoTvla

29.1 suraTze naCvenebia i denis gamtari pirobiTi formis mavTuli. Cvens gvsurs mavTulTan

axlomdebare P wertilze moqmedi B magnituri veli gamovTvaloT. Tavdapirvelad mavTuli

ds diferencialur elementebad davyoT da Semdeg TiToeuli elementis ds sigrZis ds veqtori
ganvsazRvroT, romlis mimarTuleba ds-Si gamavali denis mimarTulebas emTxveva. am SemTxvevaSi

sigrZe-denis elementia i ds . Cven tipiuri sigrZe-denis elementis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili

dB velis gamoTvla gvsurs. eqsperimentebis Sedegad dadginda, rom magnituri velebi
eleqtruli velebis msgavsad SeiZleba daedos erTmaneTs da jamuri veli gamoiTvalos. aqedan
 
gamomdinare, P wertilSi moqmed B jamur vels sigrZe-denis elementebiT gamowveuli dB
velebis Sekrebis anu integrebis saSualebiT gamovTvliT. miuxedavad amisa, magnitur velebTan
dakavSirebuli Sekrebis procesi eleqtrul velebTan SedarebiT bevrad rTulia. eleqtruli
velis warmomqmneli dq eleqtruli muxti skalaria, xolo magnituri velis warmomqmneli sigrZe-
denis elementi id – veqtori.

id elementis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili dB velis
sididea:
μ0 i ds sin θ
dB =   , (29.1)
4π r2
  
sadac θ aris kuTxe ds -sa da r -s Soris. r veqtori ds-dan P-
skenaa gavlebuli. μ0 simbolo SeRwevadobis mudmivas asaxavs
da misi mniSvnelobaa:
μ0 = 4π × 10 –7 t·m/a ≈ 1,26×10 –6 t·m/a (29.2) sur. 29.1. i d 

id s sigrZe-denis

ele
   menti P wertilSi dB diferencialur
29.1 suraTze naCvenebi dB -s mimarTuleba ds × r veqtoruli
magnitur vels warmoqmnis. P wertilSi
namravlis mimarTulebas emTxveva. 29.1 formula veqtoruli gakeTebuli × simbolo asaxavs, rom

saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros: dB veli saxelmZRvanelos gver
 μ   dis marTobulia da SigniT aris
dB = 0   i ds 3× r (bio-savaris kanoni) (29.3) mimarTuli.
4π r
veqtoruli formula da misi skalarul forma (29.1 formula) bio-savaris kanonis saxeliTaa
cnobili. bio-savaris kanoni eqsperimentulad aris miRebuli. am kanoniT denis sxvadasxva

ganawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnil B magnitur vels nebismier wertilSi gamovTvliT.
sur. 29.2. grZel, swor mavTulSi gamavali denis sur. 29.3. muyaoze gabneuli rkinis namsxvrevebi
Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi centralur mavTulSi denis gasvlis Semdeg
mavTulis garSemo koncentrul wrewirebs qmnian. am koncentrul wrewirebs qmnian. amgvari ganlageba
SemTxvevaSi deni saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT denis Sedegad warmoqmnili magnituri veliTaa
aris mimarTuli da amas × simbolo asaxavs. gamowveuli.
984 Tavi 29 deniT gamowveuli magnituri veli
sur. 29.4. marjvena xelis wesis saSualebiT mavTulSi gamavali deniT warmoqmnili
magnituri velis mimarTuleba dgindeba. a) 29.2 suraTis gverdxedi. mavTulis

marcxniv ganlagebul nebismier wertilze moqmedi B magnituri veli daStrixuli
radialuri xazis perpendikularulia, saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken moZraobs da
amas × simbolo asaxavs. b) Tu deni sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs, maSin

B veli kvlav daStrixuli radialuri xazis perpendikularulia, magram amjerad
saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan moSorebiT aris mimarTuli da amas • simbolo
asaxavs.
grZel, swor mavTulSi gamavali denis Sedegad

warmoqmnili magnituri veli
amjerad bio-savaris kanons gamoviyenebT da davamtkicebT, rom i denis
gamtari grZeli (usasrulo), swori mavTulidan R perpendikularul
manZilze moqmedi magnituri velis sididea:
μ0 i
B= (grZeli, swori mavTuli) (29.4)
2πR
29.4 formulaSi mocemuli velis sidide mxolod denis mavTulidan
wertilis R perpendikularul dacilebazea damokidebuli. mogvianebiT

davamtkicebT, rom B magnituri velis Zalwirebi mavTulis garSemo
koncentrul wrewirebs qmnian (29.2 da 29.3 suraTebi). 29.2 suraTze gamosaxul Zalwirebs Soris

dacileba mavTulidan manZilis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba da B velis sidide 1/R-iT mcirdeba
(29.4 formulidan gamomdinare).
grZeli mavTulis monakveTis (sigrZe-denis elementis) mier warmoqmnili magnituri velis
mimarTuleba marjvena xelis wesiT ganisazRvreba:
marjvena xelis wesi: elementi marjvena xeliT daiWireT da cera TiTi denis
mimarTulebiT gaiSvireT. Tqveni TiTebi am elementiT gamowveuli magnituri velis
Zalwirebis mimarTulebas giCveneben.
29.2 suraTze gamosaxul swor mavTulSi gamavali denisTvis marjvena xelis wesi gamoviyeneT

da Sedegi 29.4a suraTzea naCvenebia. denis mier nebismier wertilSi warmoqmnili B magnituri
velis mimarTulebis dasadgenad marjvena xeli gonebrivad mavTuls mokideT da cera TiTi denis
mimarTulebiT gaiSvireT. Tu Tqveni TiTis wverebi am wertils exeba, maTi mimarTuleba igive

wertilSi warmoqmnili magnituri velis mimarTulebas emTxveva. 29.2 suraTze, B magnituri

veli nebismier wertilze magnituri velis Zalwiris mxebia. 29.4 suraTze, B magnituri veli
wertilisa da denis SemaerTebeli daStrixuli radialuri xazis perpendikularulia.
29.4. formulis damtkiceba

29.5 suraTi 29.1 suraTis msgavsia, Tumca amjerad mavTuli swori da
usasrulo sigrZisaa. Cven gvsurs mavTulidan R perpendikularul

manZilze ganlagebul P wertilSi moqmedi B magnituri velis gamoTvla.

P-dan r manZilze ganlagebuli i ds sigrZe-denis elementis mier P
wertilSi warmoqmnili diferencialuri magnituri velis sididea:
μ0 i ds sin θ
dB =   .
4π r2
sur. 29.5. grZel, swor mavTulSi gamavali i denis Sedegad warmoqmnili magnituri
 
velis gamoTvla. P wertilSi moqmedi da i ds elementTan dakavSirebuli dB veli
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT aris mimarTuli.
  
29.5 suraTze dB -s mimarTuleba ds × r veqtoruli namravlis mimarTulebas emTxveva da
saxelmZRvanelos gverdiskenaa mimarTuli.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mavTulis nebismieri elementis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili dB -s
mimarTuleba erTi da igivea. aqedan gamomdinare, usasrulod grZeli mavTulis zeda naxevris
elementebis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili magnituri velis dadgena 29.1 formulaSi dB-s 0-dan
∞-mde integrebiT SeiZleba.
amjerad mavTulis qveda nawilis elementi ganvixilioT, romelic P-dan qvemoT igive manZilzea

ganlagebuli, rogorzec ds . 29.3 formulis Tanaxmad, am elementis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili

magnituri velis sidide da mimarTuleba 29.5 suraTis i ds elementis mier am wertilSi
warmoqmnili magnituri velis sididis da mimarTulebis analogiuria. ufro metic, mavTulis
qveda naxevris mier warmoqmnili magnituri veli mavTulis zeda nawilis mier warmoqmnili velis

analogiuria. P wertilSi moqmedi jamuri B magnituri velis gamoTvlisTvis integrebis Sedegi
2-ze unda gavamravloT da miviRebT:
μ0 i sin θ ds
B=2 dB =   (29.5)
2πR r2
am formulaSi Sesuli θ, s da r ar aris damokidebuli cvladi sidideebi. maT Soris Semdegi
urTierTkavSiria:
r=
R
da sin θ = sin (π – θ) = .
amgvari Casmebis da E damatebaSi mocemuli me-19 integralis gamoyenebis Sedegad 29.5 formula
μ0 i R ds
  B=
2π (s 2 + R 2 ) 3/2

μ i
= 0    2
s
2π (s + R 2 ) 1/2[ μ i
] 
= 0  ,
2πR
(29.6)
swored am formulis damtkiceba gvindoda. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 29.5 suraTze gamosaxuli
usasrulo mavTulis zeda da qveda naxevrebis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili magnituri veli
mTliani sididis naxevaria anu:
μ0 i
B= (naxevrad usasrulo, swori mavTuli) (29.7)
4πR
mavTulis wriul rkalSi gamavali denis Sedegad warmoqmnili

magnituri veli
mrud mavTulSi gamavali denis Sedegad raime wertilSi
warmoqmnili magnituri velis gamoTvlisTvis kvlav 29.1
formula SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, erTi elementis mier
warmoqmnili velis sidide gamovTvaloT da Semdeg es
sidide mavTulis yvela elementisTvis vaintegroT. amgvari (a) (b)
integreba SesaZloa sakmaod rTuli iyos da mavTulis
sur. 29.6. a) C centris mqone wriuli rkalis formis mavTuli i dens

atarebs. b) rkalis gaswvriv mavTulis nebismieri elementisTvis
 
ds -sa da r -s Soris kuTxea 90°. g) mavTulSi gamavali deniT gamowveuli (g)
magnituri velis C wertilze gamoTvla; veli saxelmZRvanelos
gverdidan gareT aris mimarTuli da xelis TiTebi amas mianiSnebs.
formaze iqneba damokidebuli. yvelaze martivi SemTxveva maSin gvaqvs, rodesac mavTuli wriuli
rkalia da wertili simrudis centria.
29.6a suraTze naCvenebia φ centraluri kuTxis, R radiusis da i denis gamtari rkalis formis

mavTuli. C wertilSi mavTulis TiToeuli i ds elementi dB sididis magnitur vels warmoqmnis,
romelic 29.1 formuliT gamoiTvleba. ufro metic, 29.6b suraTze Cans, rom miuxedavad mavTulze
 
elementis mdebareobisa, ds da r veqtorebs Soris θ kuTxe 90°-ia. garda amisa, r = R. aqedan
gamomdinare, 29.1 formulaSi r-is nacvlad R CavsvaT, xolo θ-is nacvlad - 90° da miviRebT:
μ i ds sin 90° μ0 i ds
dB = 0   = . (29.8)
4π R2 4π R2
rkalis TiToeuli elementis Sedegad C wertilSi moqmed vels amgvari sidide aqvs.
mavTulis gaswvriv nebismier adgilze marjvena xelis wesis gamoyenebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom

C wertilSi moqmedi dB diferencialuri veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan gareT (Cvensken)

aris mimarTuli. maSasadame, C wertilSi moqmedi jamuri veli yvela dB diferencialuri velis
jamia. integrebis cvladis ds-dan dφ-ze Sesacvlelad ds=Rdφ tolobas viyenebT da 29.8 formula
gvaZlevs:
μ0 iR dφ μ0i
B= dB = = dφ.
4π R2 4πR
integrebis Sedegad miviRebT:
μ 0iφ
B= (wriuli rkalis centrze) (29.9)
4πR
gaiTvaliswineT, rom es formula mxolod denis wriuli rkalis simrudis centrze moqmed
magnitur vels gvaZlevs. formulaSi monacemebis Casmis dros φ radianebSi unda iyos gamosaxuli
da ara gradusebSi. magaliTad, deniani wrewiris centrze magnituri velis gamoTvlisTvis 29.9
formulaSi φ = 2π radiani unda CasvaT:
μ 0i(2π) μ 0i
B= = (deniani wrewiris centrze) (29.10)
4πR 2R
tvinis moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli magnituri veli

mecnierebi, eqimebi da fiziologebi adamianis tvinis moqmedebis axsnas cdiloben. am sakiTxis
gadaWraSi maT magnetoencefalografi exmareba. rodesac adamiani raimes akeTebs, magaliTad,
teqsts kiTxulobs, misi tvinis mier warmoqmnil magnitur vels akvirdebian. am dros tvinis
garkveuli nawili aqtiurdeba da tvinis ujredebs Soris
gamtar traeqtoriebze susti eleqtruli pulsebi
igzavneba. yvela sxva denis msgavsad, TiToeuli pulsi
magnitur vels warmoqmnis.
magnetoencefalografiis dros aRmoCenil magnitur
velebs tvinis zedapirze ganlagebuli naoWebis kedlebze
gamavali pulsebi warmoqmnian. modiT 29.1 formula
gamoviyenoT da pulsidan r = 2 sm manZilze ganlagebul
P wertilSi moqmedi magnituri veli gamovTvaloT.
davuSvaT, rom pulsis traeqtoria tvinis zedapiris
mxebia da 29.1 formulaSi θ = 90°. tipur pulsSi i = 10 mka
sur. 29.7. tvinis zedapirze ganla
deni gadis da gamtari traeqtoriis sigrZe daaxloebiT gebuli naoWis kedlis gaswvriv moZravi
1 mm-ia. davuSvaT 29.1 formulaSi ds elementis sigrZe 1 mm- pulsi r manZilze ganlagebul P wertilSi
ia da miviRebT: magnitur vels warmoqmnis.
(4π × 10–7 t·m/a) (10 × 10–6 a)(1 × 10–3 m)

B= sin 90° = 2,5 × 10–12 t ≈ 3 pt.
4π (2 × 10–2 m)2
aseTi magnituri veli Zalian mcirea da dedamiwis magnitur velze TiTqmis milionjer ufro
sustia. maSasadame, tvinis magnituri velis aRmoCenisTvis TavTan axlos kompasis im imediT
daWera ar gamogadgebaT, rom tvinis moqmedeba kompasis isars gadaxris. tvinis magnituri velis
aRmoCenas Zalian mgrZnobiare xelsawyo - SQUID (supergamtari, kvanturi interferenciis
mowyobiloba) sWirdeba, romelic 1pt-ze naklebi sididis magnitur vels zomavs. Tumca xelsawyos
moqmedebis arealSi cvladi magnituri velebis sxva wyaroebis arseboba unda gamoiricxos.

29.8a suraTze gamosaxuli mavTuli i dens
atarebs. mavTuli R radiusis da π/2 radianis
centraluri kuTxis mqone wriuli rkalisgan
da ori swori monakveTisgan Sedgeba, romelTa
gagrZelebebi rkalis C centrSi ikveTeba.

ra B magnitur vels warmoqmnis deni C
wertilSi? (a) (b)

amoxsna: C wertilSi moqmedi B magnituri
veli 29.3 formulis (bio-savaris kanoni) mav
TulisTvis gamoyenebis Sedegad gamoiTvleba.

29.3 formula gamartivdeba, Tu B-s mavTulis
sami monakveTisTvis cal-calke gamovTvliT.
es monakveTebia: 1) marcxniv ganlagebuli
swori monakveTi, 2) marjvniv ganlagebuli (g)
swori monakveTi da 3) wriuli rkali.
sur. 29.8. a) mavTuli ori swori monakveTisa
swori monakveTebi. pirveli monakveTis nebis
  da wriuli rkalisgan Sedgeba da i dens atarebs.
mieri elementisTvis ds -sa da r -s Soris b) pirveli monakveTis sigrZe-denis elementisTvis
 
kuTxea θ = 0 (sur. 29.8b). maSasadame, 29.1 for ds -sa da r -s Soris kuTxea θ = 0. g) C wertilSi moqmedi

B magnituri velis mimarTulebis gansazRvra, am
mula gvaZlevs:
SemTxvevaSi veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT
μ0 i ds sin θ μ0 i ds sin 0 aris mimarTuli.
dB1 =   =   = 0.
4π r2 4π r2
aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel monakveTSi

gamavali deni C wertilSi magnitur vels ar B3 velis mimarTulebis gasagebad 29.4 suraTze
warmoqmnis: naCvenebi marjvena xelis wesi gamoviyenoT.
B1 = 0. 29.8g suraTis msgavsad wriuli rkali
igive mdgomareobaa meore swor monakveTSi, marjvena xeliT daviWiroT da cera TiTi denis
 
sadac nebismieri elementisTvis ds -sa da r -s mimarTulebas davamTxvioT. am SemTxvevaSi,
Soris kuTxe θ = 180°: mavTulis garSemo Semoxveuli TiTebis
B2 = 0 mimarTuleba magnituri velis Zalwirebis
wriuli rkali. wriuli rkalis centrSi mimarTulebas emTxveva. C wertilze xelis
moqmedi magnituri velis gamoTvlisTvis bio- TiTebi saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyisken

savaris kanoni gamoviyenoT da 29.9 formulas aris mimarTuli. maSasadame, B3 -ic igive
miviRebT. am SemTxvevaSi, rkalis centraluri mimarTulebisaa.
kuTxea φ = π/2 radiani. maSasadame, rkalis jamuri veli. jamuri velis gamoTvlisas

centrSi B3 magnituri velis sididea: velebis veqtorebi unda gavaerTianoT,
μ i(π/2) μ0 i vinaidan maTi sidideebis Sekreba swor Sedegs
B3 = 0 =
4πR 8R
ar mogvcems. am SemTxvevaSi, C wertilSi

μ i μ i
moqmedi magnituri veli mxolod wriuli B = B1 + B2 + B3 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 . (pasuxi)
 8R 8R
 
rkaliTaa gamowveuli, amitom B jamuri velis B -s mimarTuleba B3 -is mimarTulebas em
sididea: Txveva.

swori radialuri sigrZeebisa da koncentruli
wriuli rkalebisgan Semdgari sami wredi. wriuli
rkalebi naxevarwrewirebi an meoTxedi wrewirebia,
romelTa radiusebia r, 2r an 3r. wredebSi erTi da igive deni gadis. daalageT wredebi simrudis
centrze (wertilze) moqmedi magnituri velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

or grZel, paralelur mavTulSi gadis
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis i1 = 15 a
da i2 = 32 a deni. d = 5,3 sm. ra sidide da
mimarTuleba aqvs P wertilze moqmed jamur
magnitur vels?
 (a)
amoxsna: P wertilze moqmedi jamuri B mag
nituri veli ori mavTulis denebiT gamo
wveuli magnituri velebis veqtoruli jamia.
deniT gamowveul nebismier magnitur vels
bio-savaris kanonis gamoyenebiT davadgenT.
(b)
grZel, swor mavTulSi gamaval denTan axlos
sur. 29.9. a) ori mavTuli i1 da i2 denebs urTierT
kanoni 29.4 formulis saxes iRebs.
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT atarebs. yuradReba

29.9a suraTze P wertili i1 da i2 denebidan miaqcieT P wertilze arsebul marT kuTxes. b) B1 da
 
R manZilzea ganlagebuli. 29.4 formulis B2 velebi veqtorulad ikribeba da jamur B vels
gvaZlevs.
Tanaxmad, es denebi P wertilze Sesabamisad
 
B1 da B2 magnitur vels qmnis:
μ i μ i mimarTuli. mavTuls gonebrivad marjvena xeli
B1 = 0 1   da B2 = 0 2 .
2πR 2πR movkidoT da cera TiTi denis paralelurad
29.9a suraTze naCvenebi tolferda samkuT gaviSviroT. am SemTxvevaSi moRunuli TiTebi
xedis fuZesTan mdebare kuTxeebi 45°-ia. magnituri velis Zalwirebis mimarTulebas
maSasadame, cos 45° = R/d da R SegviZlia gviCveneben. P wertilis midamoSi TiTebi
d cos 45°-iT SevcvaloT. am SemTxvevaSi B1 da B2 maRla da marcxniv aris mimarTuli.
velebis sidideebia: gaixseneT, rom grZel, swor, denis gamtar
μ0 i1 μ0 i2 mavTulTan axlos ganlagebul wertilze
B1 =   da B2 = .
2πd cos 45° 2πd cos 45° moqmedi magnituri veli wertilsa da
 
Cven B1 da B2 magnituri velebis veqtoruli dens Soris gamavali radialuri wrfis
jami unda vipovoT da P wertilze moqmedi perpendikularuli

unda iyos. aqedan

B jamuri veli davadginoT. am velebis gamomdinare, B1 veqtori maRla da marcxniv
mimarTulebebis dasadgenad 29.9a suraTze aris mimarTuli (sur. 29.9b).
gamosaxuli denebisTvis marjvena xelis wess igive analizi meore i2 deniani mavTulisTvis

viyenebT. pirveli mavTulis SemTxvevaSi gavimeoroT da gamoCndeba, rom B2 veqtori
deni saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan gareT aris maRla da marjvniv aris mimarTuli.
29.3. or paralelur dens Soris moqmedi Zala 989
 
Semdeg B1 da B2 velebi veqtorulad Sevkri- (4π×10–7 t·m/a)
 =
boT da P wertilze moqmed jamur B mag- 2π(5,3×10–2 m)(cos 45°)
nitur vels gamovTvliT. veqtoruli Sekreba = 1,89×10–4 t ≈ 190 mkt (pasuxi)
kalkulatoris an veqtorebis komponentebad  
29.9b suraTze gamosaxul B da B2 veqtorebs
daSlis saSualebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.
Soris φ kuTxea:
29.9b suraTidan gamomdinare mesame meTodic
  B
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. vinaidan B1 da B2 veq- φ = tg–1  1 ,
B2
torebi urTierTperpendikularulia, isini
 saidanac gamomdinareobs:
marTkuTxa samkuTxeds qmnian da B veqtori i 15 a
φ = tg–1  1 = tg–1  = 25°.
am samkuTxedis hipotenuzaa. am SemTxvevaSi pi- i2 32 a

Tagoras Teorema gvaZlevs: B veqtorsa da x RerZs Soris kuTxea:
μ0
B= = φ + 45°=25°+45°=70° (pasuxi)
2πd (cos 45°)
taqtika 1: marjvena xelis wesi

marjvena xelis wesi veqtoruli nam elementi da `swori~ elementi. am SemTxvevaSi
ravlisTvis. veqtoruli namravlis Sede moRunuli TiTebi da gaSlili cera TiTi
gad miRebuli veqtoris mimarTulebis gan gamoiyeneba. 28.9 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
sazRvrisTvis marjvena xelis wesi gamoiyeneba. konturis garSemo moqmedi deni (mrudi

marjvena xelis TiTebi pirvel da meore elementi) konturis n normalis veqtors
veqtorebs Soris mcire kuTxes moicavs. am (swor elements) davukavSireT. marjvena xelis
SemTxvevaSi gaSlili cera TiTi namravliT TiTebi konturis garSemo gamavali denis
miRebuli veqtoris mimarTulebas asaxavs. mimarTulebas SemovartyiT da gaSlilma cera

me-11 TavSi marjvena xelis wesi mabrunebeli TiTma n veqtoris mimarTuleba mogvca. igive
momentis veqtoris kuTxuri impulsis mimarTuleba hqonda konturis magnituri
mimarTulebis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba, xolo dipolis impulss.
28-e TavSi marjvena xelis wesiT magnitur marjvena xelis wesi denis sigrZis elementis
velSi moTavsebul denis gamtar mavTulze garSemo magnituri velis Zalwirebis
moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas vigebT. mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvisac gamovi
marjvena xelis wesi magnetizmSi. yeneT. rodesac gaSlili cera TiTi denis
magnetizmTan dakavSirebul mraval situa mimarTulebas asaxavs, moRunuli TiTebi
ciaSi erTmaneTs unda daukavSiroT `mrudi~ velis Zalwirebis mimarTulebebs aCvenebs.
29.3. or paralelur dens Soris

moqmedi Zala
ori grZeli, paraleluri deniani gamtari erTmaneTze
moqmedebs. 29.10 suraTze naCvenebia d manZiliT
daSorebuli da ia da ib denis gamtari ori mavTuli. modiT
sur. 29.10. ori paraleluri mavTuli
mavTulebze moqmedi Zalebi gavaanalizoT. dens erTi mimarTulebiT atarebs
Tavdapirvelad a mavTulis denidan b mavTulze da erTmaneTs miizidavs. a mavTulSi
 
gamavali deni b mavTulze Ba magnitur
moqmedi Zala gamovTvaloT. es deni Ba magnitur vels
vels warmoqmnis. Sedegad b mavTulze
warmoqmnis da swored es veli moqmedebs b mavTulze. Zala moqmedebs.

Zalis gamoTvlisTvis b mavTulis adgilze Ba velis sidide da mimarTuleba unda davadginoT. b

mavTulis nebismier wertilze moqmedi Ba velis sidide 29.4 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
μ i
Ba = 0 a . (29.11)
2πd

marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad b mavTulze moqmedi Ba veli qvemoTaa mimarTuli da es 29.10
suraTzec Cans.
vinaidan veli gamovTvaleT, b wertilze moqmed Zalasac davadgenT. 28.26 formulis Tanaxmad

Ba gare magnituri velidan L sigrZis b mavTulze moqmedi Zalaa:
  
Fba = ib L × Ba , (29.12)
  
sadac L aris mavTulis sigrZis veqtori. 29.10 suraTze L da B veqtorebi urTierT
perpendikularulebia da 29.11 formulis saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
μ Li i
Fba = ib LBa sin90° = 0 a b . (29.13)
2πd
 
veqtoris mimarTuleba L × Ba veqtoruli namravlis mimarTulebas emTxveva. 29.10 suraTze
 
gamosaxuli L da Ba veqtorebisTvis marjvena xelis wesis gamoviyenoT da gamoCndeba, rom
Zala a mavTuliskenaa mimarTuli.
denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi Zalis gamoTvlis procedura Semdegia:
denis gamtar mavTulze meore gamtari mavTulidan moqmedi Zalis gamoTvlisTvis

meore mavTulis mier pirveli mavTulis adgilze warmoqmnili veli unda gamovTvaloT.
Semdeg am velidan pirvel mavTulze moqmed Zalas gamovTvliT.
amjerad SegviZlia zemoT moyvanili procedura gamoviyenoT da b mavTulis denidan a mavTulze

moqmedi Zala gamovTvaloT. es Zala b mavTulisken iqneba mimarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare,
paraleluri denebis gamtari ori mavTuli erTmaneTs miizidavs. denebis

antiparalelurobis SemTxvevaSi mavTulebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs.
paralelur gamtarebSi gamaval denebs Soris moqmedi Zala

amperis erTeuls udevs safuZvlad, romelic SI sistemis
Svidi ZiriTadi erTeulidan erT-erTia. gansazRvreba
1946 wels aris miRebuli da ase JRers: amperi aris mudmivi
denis Zala, romelic gadis vakuumSi moTavsebul 1 metriT
daSorebul usasrulod grZel da umniSvnelo ganivkveTis
or paralelur gamtarSi da gamtarebis 1 metri sigrZis
(a)
yovel ubanze 2×10–7 n Zalis urTierTqmedebas iwvevs.
relsis pistoleti
29.13 formula relsis pistoletSi gamoiyeneba. am
mowyobilobaSi magnituri veli mcire drois ganmavlobaSi
Wurvs did siCqares aniWebs. 29.11a suraTze naCvenebia
relsis pistoletis ZiriTadi elementebi. deni ori
paraleluri gamtari relsidan erT-erTis gaswvriv,
gamtari sakontaqto `damcvelis~ (rogoricaa spilenZis (b)
viwro naWeri) gavliT gadis da Semdeg meore relsis sur. 29.11. a) relsis pistoletSi i deni
gaswvriv denis wyaros ubrundeba. Wurvi `dnobadi gadis. deni gamtar Senadnobs
 aorTqlebs.
b) deni relsebs Soris B magnitur vels 
damcvelis~ ukana mxareze Zevs da relsebs Soris Tavi
warmoqmnis da es veli gamtar airze F
suflad aris ganlagebuli. denis gavlisas, `damcveli~ ZaliT moqmedebs. Sedegad airi sasrols
dneba da orTqldeba. Sedegad relsebs Soris `damcvelis~ relsebis gaswvriv isvris.
29.4. amperis kanoni 991
mdebareobis adgilze gamtari airi warmoiqmneba.
29.4 suraTze gamosaxuli marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad 29.11a suraTze gamosaxul orive relsze

gamavali deni qvemoT mimarTul magnitur velebs warmoqmnis. jamuri B magnituri veli airSi

gamavali i denis Sedegad airze F ZaliT moqmedebs (sur. 29.11b). 29.12 formulisa da marjvena
xelis wesis daxmarebiT dgindeba, rom es Zala relsebidan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli. rodesac

airze F Zala moqmedebs, airi sasrols 5×106g aCqarebas aniWebs da 1mwm-is ganmavlobaSi sasrolis
siCqare 10km/wm-s aRwevs. odesme relsis pistoleti mTvareze an asteroidze sagnebis sasrolad
SeiZleba gamoiyenon.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebi saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan moSorebiT an

gverdisken mimarTuli identuri denis gamtari sami grZeli, swori, paraleluri da Tanabari
manZilebiT daSorebuli mavTuli. daalageT mavTulebi or danarCen mavTulSi gamavali
denidan moqmedi Zalis mixedviT dididan mcireze
29.4. amperis kanoni

muxtebis nebismieri ganawilebiT gamowveul eleqtrul
vels gamovTvliT, Tu muxtis elementiT gamowveul

dE diferencialur eleqtrul vels aviRebT da Semdeg

yvela elementiT gamowveul dE velebs SevkrebT. rTu
li ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi kompiuteri dagvWirdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, gaixseneT, rom Tu ganawileba planarul,
cilindrul an sferul simetrias Seicavs, gausis kanoni
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT da jamuri eleqtruli velis sur. 29.12. amperis konturisTvis
gamoTvla bevrad martivi iqneba. amperis kanonis gamoyeneba. konturi or
grZel, swor mavTuls gars ertymis, xolo
aseve SegviZlia gamovTvaloT muxtebis nebismieri gana mesame mavTuli mis gareTaa. yuradReba
wilebiT gamowveuli jamuri magnituri veli, Tu sigrZe- miaqcieT denis mimarTulebebs.

denis elementiT gamowveul dB diferencialur magnitur

vels aviRebT da Semdeg yvela elementiT gamowveul dB velebs SevkrebT. rTuli ganawilebis
SemTxvevaSi kvlav kompiuteri dagvWirdeba. Tu ganawileba raime saxis simetrias Seicavs, maSin
jamuri magnituri velis gamoTvlas amperis kanoni gaamartivebs. amperis kanoni bio-savaris
kanonidan SeiZleba miviRoT da mas saxeli anri mari amperis (1775-1836) sapativcemulod ewoda.
miuxedavad saxelwodebisa, kanoni Tavdapirvelad ingliselma fizikosma jeims klerk maqsvelma
miiRo.
amperis kanoni ase gamoisaxeba:
= μ0ij (amperis kanoni) (29.14)

 
integralis niSanze gakeTebuli rgoli niSnavs, rom B ⋅ ds skalaruli namravli Caketili
konturis garSemo integrirdeba da am konturs amperis konturi ewodeba. ij aris jamuri deni,
romelsac Caketili konturi gars ertymis.
 
B ⋅ ds skalaruli namravlis da misi integralis mniSvnelobis gasagebad amperis kanoni 29.12
suraTze gamosaxuli mdgomareobisTvis gamoviyenoT. suraTze naCvenebia saxelmZRvanelos
gverdidan gareT an gverdisken mimarTuli i1, i2 da i3 deniani gamtari grZeli da swori mavTulis
ganivi kveTi. amperis konturi saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyeSi Zevs da samidan or dens
ertymis garSemo. konturze aRniSnuli 29.14 formulis integralSi saaTis isris moZraobis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba pirobiTad avirCieT.

vidre amperis kanons gamoviyenebT, konturi ds diferencialur veqtorul elementebad davyoT,
romlebic yvelgan integrebis mimarTulebiT konturis

mxebis gaswvriv aris mimarTuli. davuSvaT, 29.12 suraTze

naCvenebi ds elementis mdebareobaze sami deniani gamtariT

gamowveuli jamuri magnituri velia B . vinaidan mavTulebi

saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpendikularulebia, ds -ze
moqmedi TiToeuli deniT gamowveuli magnituri veli 29.21

suraTis sibrtyeSi Zevs. miuxedavad amisa, sibrtyeSi B velis
 sur. 29.13. marjvena xelis wesi
mimarTuleba ar viciT. pirobiTad gamosaxulia, rom B veli
 amperis kanonisTvis gamoiyeneba
ds elementisadmi θ kuTxes qmnis.
  da saSualebas gvaZlevs amperis
29.14 formulis marcxena mxares gamosaxuli B ⋅ ds skalaruli konturiT garSemortymuli denebis
namravli B cos θ ds-is tolia da amitom amperis kanoni Semdegi niSnebi davadginoT. mdgomareoba
29.12 suraTis Sesabamisia.
saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
=  B cos θ ds = μ0ij (29.15)

 
amjerad SegviZlia B ⋅ ds skalaruli namravli amperis konturis ds sigrZisa da velis konturis
mxebi B cos θ komponentis namravlis saxiT warmovadginoT. am SemTxvevaSi, integreba mTeli
konturis garSemo amgvari namravlebis jami iqneba.

integrebis dros B -s zusti mimarTulebis codna ar gvWirdeba da pirobiTad miviCnevT, rom

B -s mimarTuleba integrebis mimarTulebas emTxveva (rogorc es aris 29.12 suraTze). Semdeg
marjvena xelis wesis gamoyenebiT ij jamuri denis Semadgenel TiTueul dens plius an minus
niSans mivaniWebT:
marjvena xeli amperis konturs SemoavleT da TiTebi integrebis mimarTulebas

daamTxvieT. gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTulebiT konturSi gamavali deni plius niSnisaa,
xolo sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gamaval dens minus niSani eniWeba.

saboloo jamSi, 29.15 formulas B -s sididisTvis amovxsniT. Tu miRebuli B dadebiTia, maSin
Cvens mier arCeuli mimarTuleba sworia. rodesac B uaryofiTia, minus niSans ugulvebelvyofT

da B -s sapirispiro mimarTulebiT davxazavT.
29.13 suraTze naCvenebia amperis kanonisTvis marjvena xelis wesis gamoyeneba (29.12 suraTis
mixedviT). integrebis saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebasTan erTad konturiT
garSemortymuli jamuri denia:
ij= i1 – i2
(i3 dens konturi gars ar ertymis). 29.15 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
 B cos θ ds = μ0 (i1 – i2) (29.16)
SesaZloa gaCndes SekiTxva, rom Tu 29.16 formulis marcxena mxares gamosaxul B magnitur
velSi i3 monawileobas iRebs, ratom ar aris es deni saWiro formulis marjvena mxares? pasuxi is
aris, rom i3 denis monawileoba magnituri velis SeqmnaSi baTildeba, vinaidan 29.16 formulaSi
integreba sruli konturis garSemo xdeba. konturiT garSemortymuli denebis monawileoba
magnituri velis SeqmnaSi ar baTildeba.
29.16 formulas magnituri velis B sididisTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan 29.12 suraTis SemTxvevaSi
integralis gamartivebisa da amoxsnisTvis saWiro informacia ar gagvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa,
integralis Sedegi viciT da swored amgvar magnitur vels aCens konturSi gamavali denebi.
amjerad amperis kanons simetriis Semcvel or SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenebT da magnitur vels
gamovTvliT.
29.4. amperis kanoni 993
denis gamtari, grZeli, swori mavTulis gareT warmoqmnili magnituri veli
29.14 suraTze naCvenebi grZeli, swori mavTuli saxel
mZRvanelos gverdis marTobulad gareT mimarTul i dens
atarebs. 29.4 formulis Tanaxmad denis mier warmoqmnili

B magnituri velis sidide mavTulidan Tanabar r manZilze
daSorebul nebismier wertilSi Tanabaria. es niSnavs, rom

B veli mavTulis garSemo cilindrulad simetriulia. Tu
mavTuls amperis r radiusis wriul, koncentrul konturs
SemovavlebT (29.14 suraTi) amperis kanonSi gamosaxuli
integrali (formulebi 29.14 da 29.15) gamartivdeba. am sur. 29.14. amperis kanoni wriuli ganivi
 kveTis mqone grZeli, swori mavTulis
SemTxvevaSi, konturis nebismier wertilze B magnituri gareT i denis mier warmoqmnili magnituri
velis B sidide Tanabaria. integreba saaTis isris moZra velis gamoTvlaSi gvexmareba. amperis

obis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT SevasruloT da ds -s konturi koncentrulia wrewiria da
mavTulis gareTaa ganlagebuli.
29.14 suraTze naCvenebi mimarTuleba hqondes.
29.15 formulaSi Semavali B cos θ sidide kidev ufro gamartivdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
 
B veli ds -is msgavsad konturis nebismier wertilze konturis mxebia. maSasadame, konturis
  
nebismier wertilze B da ds paralelurebia an antiparalelurebia. aqedan gamomdinare, ds -sa

da B -s Soris kuTxea 0° da cos θ = cos 0° = 1. 29.15 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
=  B cos θ ds = B   ds = B(2πr).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom aris wriuli konturis garSemo ds sigrZis wrfivi segmentebis jami anu
konturis 2πr sigrZe.
29.14 suraTze gamosaxul dens marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad plius niSans vaniWebT. am SemTxvevaSi
amperis kanonis marjvena mxare +μ0i saxes iRebs da gveqneba:
B(2πr) = μ0i
μi
anu B = 0 (swori mavTulis gareT) (29.17)
2πr
aRniSvnebis mcireodeni Secvlis Semdeg 29.4 formulas miviRebT. igive formula bio-savaris
kanonis gamoyenebiT adre gamoviyvaneT. damatebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vinaidan B dadebiTi
sididea, 29.14 suraTze gamosaxuli mimarTuleba sworia.
denis gamtar, grZel, swor mavTulSi moqmedi magnituri veli

29.15 suraTze naCvenebia saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan gareT (mkviTxvelisaken) mimarTuli
Tanabrad ganawilebuli i denis gamtari grZeli, swori mavTulis R radiusis ganivi kveTi.

vinaidan deni mavTulis ganivkveTze Tanabarad nawildeba, mis mier warmoqmnili B magnituri
veli cilindrulad simetruli unda iyos. maSasadame, mavTulis SigniT nebismier wertilze
moqmedi magnituri veli kvlav r radiusis amperis konturis gamoyenebiT unda gamovTvaloT

(sur. 29.15, sadac r<R). simetriis Tanaxmad B magnituri veli
konturis mxebia da amperis kanonis marcxena mxare gvaZlevs:
= B   ds = B(2πr). (29.18)
sur. 29.15. amperis kanonis gamoyenebiT wriuli ganivi kveTis mqone,

grZel, swor mavTulSi i deniT gamowveuli magnituri veli gamoiTvleba.
deni mavTulis ganivkveTze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli da saxelmZRvanelos
gverdidan zeviT aris mimarTuli. amperis konturi mavTulis SigniTaa
gamosaxuli.
amperis kanonis marjvena mxaris dasadgenad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinaidan deni Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, konturiT garSemortymuli ij deni konturiT garSemortymuli farTobis
proporciulia:
πr2
ij = i . (29.19)
πR2
marjvena xelis wesidan gamomdinare, ij deni plius niSnisaa da amperis kanoni gvaZlevs:
πr2
B(2πr) = μ0i
πR2
anu
μ0i
B =
2πR2 ( )
r (swori mavTulis SigniT) (29.20)
maSasadame, mavTulis SigniT magnituri velis B sidide r-is proporciulia. magnituri veli
centrze nulis tolia, xolo zedapirze (r = R) maqsimaluria. 29.17 da 29.20 formulebi r = R
adgilze velis erTi da igive mniSvnelobas gvaZleven anu mavTulis SigniT da mavTulis gareT
moqmedi magnituri velis gamosaxulebebs mavTulis zedapirze erTi da igive Sedegi moaqvs.
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia sami Tanabari i deni

(ori paraleluri da erTi antiparaleluri) da amperis oTxi
konturi. daalageT konturebi maT gaswvriv ·d sidideebis

29.16a suraTze naCvenebia a = 2 sm Sida ra
diusis da b = 4 sm gare radiusis grZeli,
gamtari cilindris ganivi kveTi. cilindrSi
gamavali deni saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan
Tqvensken aris mimarTuli da ganivkveTSi
denis simkvrivea J = cr2, sadac c = 3×106 a/m4
da r metrebSia. risi tolia cilindris cen
traluri RerZidan 3 sm-iT daSorebul wer sur. 29.16. a) a Sida radiusis da b gare radiusis
gamtari cilindris ganivi kveTi. b) r radiusis amperis
tilze moqmedi magnituri veli?
konturi centraluri RerZidan r manZilze moqmedi
amoxsna: CvenTvis saintereso wertili gamtari magnituri velis gamoTvlisTvis gamoiyeneba.
cilindris Sida da gare radiusebs Soris aris
ganlagebuli, denis ganawileba ki cilindruli radgan deni Tanabrad ganawilebuli ar
simetriaa. aqedan gamomdinare, simetriis aris. amis nacvlad 26.2b amocanis amoxsnis
saSualebiT am wertilisTvis amperis kanoni nimuSSi gamoyenebul proceduras mivyveT
gamoviyenoT. Tavdapirvelad, 29.16b suraTis da denis simkvrivis sidide cilindris a
msgavsad, amperis konturi gavavloT. konturi Sida radiusidan r konturis radiusamde
cilindrisadmi koncentrulia da misi ra vaintegroT:
diusia r = 3 sm, vinaidan Cven cilindris
ij =  J dA = cr 2 (2�r dr)
centraluri RerZidan am manZilze gvsurs
[ r4 ]
4
-s gamoTvla.
= 2�c r 3 dr = 2�c
Semdeg amperis konturiT garSemortymuli
ij deni gamovTvaloT. 29.19 formulisgan �c(r 4 – a 4 )
=  .
gansxvavebiT, proporcias ver CavweriT,
2
29.5. solenoidebi da toroidebi 995
29.16b suraTze integrebis mimarTulebad μ0c 4
B=– (r – a 4)
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebaa ar 4r
Ceuli. amperis konturis marjvena xelis (4π×10–7 t·m/a)(3×106 a/m4)
=–
wesis gamoyenebis Semdeg ij dens minus niSans 4(0,03 m)
mivaniWebT, vinaidan deni saxelmZRvanelos
×[(0,03 m)4 – (0,02 m)4]
gverdidan gamodis, xolo Cveni cera TiTi –
saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken aris mimarTuli. = – 2×10–5 t.
Semdeg amperis kanonis marcxena mxares 29.15
maSasadame, centraluri RerZidan 3sm manZilze
suraTis msgavsad gamovTvliT da kvlav 29.18 
moqmedi B magnituri velis sididea:
formulas miviRebT. Semdeg amperis kanoni
mogvcems ·d = μ0 ij : B = 2×10–5t (pasuxi)
μ πc
B(2πr) = – 0 (r 4 – a 4). magnituri veli integrebis mimarTulebis
2
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul Zalwirebs war
B-sTvis amoxsnisa da cnobili monacemebis
moqmnis.
Casmis Semdeg miviRebT:
29.5. solenoidebi da toroidebi

solenoidis magnituri veli
amjerad amperis kanonis gamoyenebis sxva magaliTs mivapyrobT
yuradRebas. mavTulis grZel, mWidrod daxveul, spiralur
koWaSi gamavali deni magnitur vels warmoqmnis. amgvar koWas sur. 29.17. i denis gamtari sole
noidi.
solenoidi ewodeba (sur. 29.17). vuSvebT, rom solenoidis
sigrZe mis diametrze bevrad metia.
29.18 suraTze naCvenebia `daWimuli~ solenoidis nawili. solenoidis magnituri veli xveulebis
(gragnilebis) mier warmoqmnili velebis veqtoruli jamia. xveulTan Zalian axlos ganlagebul

wertilebze solenoidi grZeli, daWimuli mavTulis saxiT moqmedebs da B velis Zalwirebi
TiTqmis koncentruli wrewirebia. 29.18 suraTze Cans, rom mimdebare xveulebs Soris veli
baTildeba. igive suraTidan gamomdinare solenoidis SigniT da mavTulidan sakmarisad Sors

ganlagebul wertilebze B veli solenoidis centraluri RerZis paraleluria. idealuri
solenoidis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac solenoidi usasrulod grZelia da mWidrod daxveuli
kvadratuli mavTulisgan Sedgeba, koWas SigniT moqmedi veli erTgvarovania da solenoidis
RerZis paraleluria.
solenoidis Tavze ganlagebul wertilebze, magaliTad, P wertilze 29.18 suraTze, magnitur
vels solenoidis xveulebis zeda nawilebi qmnian. es veli mimarTulia marcxnisken da xveulebis
qveda nawilebis mier Seqmnil, marjvnisken mimarTul vels abaTilebs. idealuri solenoidis
SemTxvevaSi, solenoids gareT moqmedi magnituri veli nulis tolia. gare velis nulad miCneva
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris gamarTlebuli, rodesac realuri solenoidis sigrZe diametrze
bevrad metia da P wertilis magvari romelime gare wertili solenoidis arc erT boloze ar aris
ganlagebuli. solenoidis RerZis gaswvriv magnituri velis mimarTuleba marjvena xelis wesis
Tanaxmad dgindeba. Tqveni marjvena xeliT solenoidi daiWireT da TiTebi xveulebSi gamavali
denis mimarTulebas daamTxvieT. am SemTxvevaSi, gaSlili cera TiTqmis mimarTuleba magnituri
velis mimarTulebas emTxveva.

29.19 suraTze naCvenebia realuri solenoidis B magnituri velis Zalwirebi. centralur
regionSi Zalwirebis Soris dacileba mianiSnebs, rom koWas SigniT moqmedi veli sakmaod Zlieria
da koWas ganiv kveTze Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. gare veli SedarebiT sustia.
sur. 29.18. `daWimuli~ solenoidis centralur RerZze gakeTebuli

vertikaluri ganivi kveTi. naCvenebia xuTi xviis ukana nawili
sur. 29.19. sasruli sigrZis rea
da solenoidSi gamavali deniT warmoqmnili magnituri velis
luri solenoidis magnituri ve
Zalwirebi. TiToeuli xvia sakuTari Tavis garSemo magnituri
lis Zalwirebi. P1-is msgavs Sida
velis wriul Zalwirebs warmoqmnis. solenoidis RerZTan axlos
wertilebze veli Zlieri da Tana
velis Zalwirebi erTiandeba da RerZis gaswvriv mimarTul jamur
baria, xolo P2-is magvar gare wer
magnitur vels qmnis. mWidrod ganlagebuli Zalwirebi magnituri
tilebze – SedarebiT susti.
velis siZliereze mianiSnebs. solenoidis gareT Zalwirebs Soris
dacileba SedarebiT didia da velic Zalian sustia.
modiT, 29.20 suraTze gamosaxuli idealuri solenoidisTvis amperis kanoni gamoviyenoT:
= μ0ij (29.21)

solenoidis SigniT B magnituri veli erTgvarovania, solenoids gareT - nulis toli. kanonis
misaRebad amperis abcda marTkuTxa konturs viyenebT. ·d integrals oTxi integralis jamis
saxiT vwerT, sadac TiToeuli integrali konturis erT monakveTs Seesabameba:
= + + + (29.22)
29.22 formulis marjvena mxares Cawerili pirveli integralia Bh-ia, sadac B aris solenoidis

SigniT moqmedi B erTgvarovani velis sidide, xolo h - a da b wertilebs Soris monakveTis
sigrZe. meore da meoTxe integralebi nulis tolia, vinaidan am monakveTebis TiToeuli ds

elementisTvis B magnituri veli ds-is perpendikularulia an nulis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare,
 
B ⋅ ds skalaruli namravlic nulis tolia. mesame integrali solenoidis gareT mdebare
monakveTisTvisaa Cawerili da isic nulis tolia, vinaidan yvela gare wertilze B=0. yovelive
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mTliani marTkuTxa konturisTvis ·d   = Bh.
amperis marTkuTxa konturiT garSemortymuli ij deni (sur. 29.20) solenoidis xveulebSi gamavali
i denis toli ar aris, vinaidan xviebi am konturs araerTxel gaivlian. Tu n aris solenoidis
sigrZis erTeulze xviebis ricxvi, maSin konturi nh xvias ertymis gars da:
ij = i(nh)
amperis kanoni gvaZlevs:
Bh = μ 0inh
anu B = μ0in (idealuri solenoidi) (29.23)
29.23 formula usasrulod grZeli, idealuri sole

noidisTvis miviReT, magram igive formula miesadageba
realuri solenoidebis yvela Sida wertils da solenoidis sur. 29.20. i denis gamtari, grZeli,
boloebidan daSorebul wertilebs. 29.23 formula idealuri solenoidisTvis amperis
SesabamisobaSi modis eqsperimentis Sedegad dadgenil kanonis gamoyeneba. amperis konturi
abcda marTkuTxedia.
faqtTan, rom solenoidis SigniT moqmedi B magnituri
29.5. solenoidebi da toroidebi 997
velis sidide solenoidis sigrZeze an diametrze damokidebuli ar aris da solenoidis ganiv
kveTze B Tanabaria. aqedan gamomdinare, solenoidi eqsperimentebSi Tanabari magnituri velis
SeqmnisTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgar kondensators
erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis SeqmnisTvis viyenebdiT.
toroidis magnituri veli

29.21a suraTze gamosaxulia toroidi. toroidi aris
solenoidi SeerTebuli boloebiT, riTac samajuris

magvari sagani miiReba. ra B magnituri veli moqmedebs
toroidis SigniT? pasuxi amperis kanonis da samajuris
simetriis gamoyenebiT unda miviRoT.

simetriidan gamomdinare, B magnituri velis Zalwirebi
toroidSi koncentrul wrewirebs qmnian, rogorc
es 29.21b suraTze Cans. amperis konturad r radiusis
mqone koncentruli wrewiri miviCnioT Yda saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT mivyveT. amperis kanoni (29.14
formula) gvaZlevs:
(B)(2πr) = μ0iN ,
sadac i aris toroidis xviebSi gamavali deni (amperis
sur. 29.21. a) i denis gamtari toroidi.
konturiT garSemortymuli xviebisTvis deni dadebiTia), b) toroidis horizontaluri ganivi
xolo N – xviebis mTliani raodenoba. aqedan gamomdinare: kveTi. Sida magnituri veli amperis
kanonisa da amperis konturis saSua
μ0iN 1 lebiT gamoiTvleba.
B= (toroidi) . (29.24)
2 π r
solenoidisgan gansxvavebiT, toroidis ganivkveTze B veli Tanabari ar aris.
amperis kanonis gamoyenebiT advilad mtkicdeba, rom idealuri toroidis gare wertilebisTvis
B = 0. toroidSi moqmedi magnituri velis mimarTuleba kvlav marjvena xelis wesiT dgindeba.
marjvena xeliT toroidi daiWireT da TiTebi xviebSi gamavali denis mimarTulebas daamTxvieT.
am SemTxvevaSi gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba magnituri velis mimarTulebas daemTxveva.

L = 1,2 3m sigrZis da d = 3,55 sm Sida diametris xviebis n ricxvs 29.23 formuliT ukavSirdeba.
solenoidi i = 5,57 a dens atarebs. solenoidi B veli xviebis diametrze damokidebuli
xuTi mWidro fenisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli ar aris, amitom xuTi identuri fenis n
fena L sigrZze gaWimul 850 xvias Seicavs. risi mniSvneloba ubralod fenebis raodenobaze
tolia B veli solenoidis centrze? (xuTze) namravlia. 29.23 formulis Tanaxmad:
amoxsna: solenoidis centraluri RerZis 5×850 xvia
B = μ0in = (4�×10–7 t·m/a)(5,57 a) 
gaswvriv moqmedi magnituri velis B sidide 1,23 m
solenoidis i dens da sigrZis erTeulze = 2,42×10–2 t = 24,2 mt. (pasuxi)
29.6. denis gamtari koWa, rogorc magnituri dipoli

Cven ukve ganvixileT grZel, swor mavTulSi, solenoidsa da toroidSi gamavali deniT
gamowveuli magnituri velebi. amjerad yuradRebas denis gamtari koWiT gamowveul magnitur
vels mivapyrobT. 28.10 paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom amgvari koWa magnituri dipolis saxiT moqmedebs

da Tu mas B gare magnitur velSi movaTavsebT, mabrunebeli momenti iqneba:

= × B (29.25)
aq aris koWas magnituri dipolis impulsi da misi sididea NiA, sadac N aris xveulebis ricxvi,
i - TiTeul xveulSi gamavali deni, xolo A - TiToeuli xveulis farTobi (gafrTxileba:
magnituri dipolis impulsi μ0 SeRwevadobis mudmivaSi ar agerioT).
-s mimarTuleba marjvena xelis wesis saSualebiT dgindeba. marjvena xeliT koWa daiWireT
da TiTebi denis mimarTulebas daamTxvieT. am SemTxvevaSi gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba
dipolis impulsis mimarTulebas daemTxveva.
koWas magnituri veli

kvlav magnituri dipolis saxiT moqmedi denis gamtari koWa ganvixiloT. ra magnitur vels
warmoqmnis koWa garemomcvel sivrceSi ganlagebul wertilze? amocanaSi sakmarisi simetria ar
gvaqvs da, maSasadame, amperis kanons ver gamoviyenebT. saWiroa bio-savaris kanonTan dabruneba.
simartivisTvis mxolod erTi wriuli konturis mqone koWas da perpendikularul centralur
RerZze (z RerZze) ganlagebul wertilebs ganvixilavT. msgavs wertilze moqmedi magnituri
velis sididea:
μ0iR2
B(z) = , (29.26)
2(R2 + z2)3/2
sadac R aris wriuli konturis radiusi, xolo z - konturis centrsa da wertils Soris manZili.

garda amisa, B magnituri velis mimarTuleba konturis magnituri dipolis impulsis
mimarTulebas emTxveva.
konturidan moSorebiT da RerZze ganlagebuli wer
tilebisTvis 29.26 formulaSi z >> R. am SemTxvevaSi
μ0iR2
B(z) = .
2z3
gavixsenoT, rom πR2 aris konturis A farTobi da formula
N xveulis mqone koWasTvis ganvavrcoT:
μ NiA
B(z) = 0
2� z3

garda amisa, vinaidan B da veqtorebis mimarTuleba
erTmaneTs emTxveva, μ = NiA toloba gamoviyenoT da
formula veqtorul formaSi CavweroT:
sur. 29.22. denis konturi magnituri
μ0
(z) = (denis gamtari koWa) (29.27) Reros msgavsad magnitur vels war
2� z3 moqmnis da CrdiloeT da samxreT po
maSasadame, denis gamtari koWa ori mizezis gamo SegviZlia lusebi aqvs. konturis magnituri di
miviCnioT magnitur dipolad: 1) rodesac koWa gare polis impulsis mimarTuleba marjvena
xelis wesiT dgindeba
 da es veqtori
magnitur velSia moTavsebuli, masze mabrunebeli momenti
konturSi moqmedi B magnituri velis
moqmedebs da 2) koWa sakuTar magnitur vels warmoqmnis. mimarTulebiT, samxreT polusidan
RerZis gaswvriv Soreuli wertilebisTvis magnituri CrdiloeT polusiskenaa mimarTuli.
29.6. denis gamtari koWa, rogorc magnituri dipoli 999
veli 29.27 formuliT gamoiTvleba. 29.22 suraTze naCvenebia denis konturis magnituri veli.
konturis erTi mxare CrdiloeT polusis saxiT moqmedebs ( -s mimarTulebiT), xolo meore
mxare - samxreT polusis saxiT.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCvenebia r da 2r radiusebis, vertikalur RerZebze

centrirebuli da Tanabari denebis naCvenebi mimarTulebebiT gamtari wriuli konturebis
oTxi ganlageba. daalageT oTxive konturebs Soris centraluri RerZis SuagulSi mdebare
wertilze moqmedi jamuri magnituri velis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

29.23 suraTze naCvenebia i denis gamtari da R radiusis wriuli rkalis ukana naxevari. ganvixiloT
konturis sibrtyidan z manZiliT daSorebuli da centralur RerZze mdebare P wertili.
modiT konturis marcxena mxares ganlagebuli ds diferencialuri elementisTvis bio-savaris

kanoni gamoviyenoT. am elementis ds sigrZis veqtoris mimarTuleba saxelmZRvanelos gverdis
 
marTobulia da gverdidan gamodis (simbolo ). 29.23 suraTze ds da r veqtorebs Soris θ
kuTxea 90°. am ori veqtoris sibrtye saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyis perpendikularulia.
bio-savaris kanonidan (da marjvena xelis wesidan) gamomdinare, am elementSi gamavali denis

mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili dB diferencialuri veli veqtorebis Semcveli sibrtyis
perpendikularulia, rogorc es 29.23 suraTze Cans.

modiT dB veqtori or komponentad davSaloT. dB|| komponenti konturis RerZis gaswvrivaa
mimarTuli, xolo dB┴ komponenti RerZis perpendikularulia. simetriidan gamomdinare,
konturis yvela ds elementiT gamowveuli dB┴ perpendikularuli komponentebis veqtoruli
jami nulis tolia. maSasadame, mxolod RerZuli dB|| komponentebi

gvrCeba da miviRebT:
B = dB|| .

29.23 suraTze gamosaxuli ds elementisTvis, bio-savaris
kanonidan (form. 29.1) gamomdinare r manZilze moqmedi magnituri
velia:
μ0 i ds sin 90°
dB =   .
4π r2
aseve gvaqvs:
dB|| = dB cos α.
sur. 29.23. R radiusis deniani konturis ganivi kveTi. konturis

sibrtye saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpendikularulia da konturis
mxolod ukana naxevari Cans. bio-savaris kanonis gamoyenebiT konturis
centraluri perpendikularuli RerZis P wertilze moqmed magnitur vels
gamovTvliT.
am ori formulis gaerTianeba mogvcems:

μ0 i cos α ds
dB|| =  . (29.28)
4π r 2
29.23 suraTze naCvenebia r da α sidideebs Soris kavSiri. modiT TiToeuli maTgani P wertilsa da
konturis centrs Soris z manZilis saSualebiT CavweroT:
r= (29.29)
R R
da cos α = r = . (29.30)
29.29 da 29.30 formulebis 29.28 formulaSi Casma mogvcems:

μ0iR
dB|| =  ds.
4π (R 2  + z 2 )3/2
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom konturis garSemo yvela ds elementisTvis i, R da z mniSvnelobebi erTi
da igivea. aqedan gamomdinare am formulis integreba mogvcems:
μ0iR
B = dB|| = ds
4π (R 2  + z 2 )3/2
vinaidan ds konturis 2πr sigrZea:
μ0iR 2
B(z) = .
2(R 2  + z 2 )3/2
miviReT 29.26 formula.
bio-savaris kanoni. deniani gamtariT war paralelur denebs Soris moqmedi Zala.
moqmnili magnituri veli bio-savaris kanonis denis erTi da igive mimarTulebiT gamtari

saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. i ds sigrZe-denis paraleluri mavTulebi erTmaneTs miizidavs,
elementis mier r manZilze
elementidan xolo denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT

daSorebul P wertilSi warmoqmnili dB dife gamtari mavTulebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs.
rencialuri magnituri velia: nebismieri mavTulis L sigrZeze moqmedi Zalis
 μ i ds × r sididea:
dB = 0   (bio-savaris kanoni). (29.3)
4π r 3 μ0 Lia ib
 Fba = ib LBa sin90° = , (29.13)
r veqtori elementidan P wertiliskenaa 2πd
mimarTuli. μ0-s SeRwevadobis mudmiva ewode sadac d aris mavTulebs Soris manZili, xolo ia
ba da misi mniSvnelobaa 4π×10-7t·m/a≈1,26× da ib - mavTulebSi gamavali deni.
10–-6t·m/a. amperis kanoni. amperis kanoni amtkicebs:
grZeli, swori mavTulis magnituri
= μ0ij (amperis kanoni) (29.14)
veli. i denis gamtari grZeli, swori mavTu
lisTvis bio-savaris kanoni mavTulidan R am formulis integrali Caketili konturis
perpendikularul manZilze moqmedi magni garSemo gamoiTvleba, romelsac amperis

turi velis mniSvnelobas gvaZlevs: konturi ewodeba. ij deni konturiT garSe
μ0 i mortymuli jamuri denia. denebis zogierTi
B= (grZeli, swori mavTuli) (29.4)
2πR ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, magnituri velis
gamoTvlisTvis 29.14 formulis gamoyeneba
wriuli rkalis magnituri veli. i denis
ufro advilia, vidre 29.3 formulis.
gamtari, R radiusis da φ centraluri kuTxis
(radianebSi) wriuli rkalis centrze moqmedi solenoidis da toroidis velebi. i denis
magnituri velis sididea: gamtar, grZel solenoidSi magnituri velis
μ 0iφ B sididea (garda solenoidis boloebTan
B= (wriuli rkalis centrze) (29.9)
4πR ganlagebuli wertilebisa):
1001
B = μ0in (idealuri solenoidi), (29.23) perpendikularuli, centraluri RerZis
sadac n aris sigrZis erTeulze xviebis rao gaswvriv z manZilze mdebare P wertilze
denoba. toroidSi ganlagebuli wertilze warmoqmnili magnituri veli am RerZis
magnituri velis B sididea: paraleluria da misi sididea:
μ0iN 1 μ0
B= (toroidi) , (29.24) (z) = , (29.27)
2 π r 2� z3
sadac r aris toroidis centridan wertilamde
sadac aris koWas dipolis impulsi. es
manZili.
formula mxolod maSin aris gamosadegi,
magnituri dipolis veli. denis gamtari rodesac z manZili koWas zomebze bevrad
koWas anu magnituri dipolis mier koWas didia.
SekiTxvebi
1. 29.24 suraTze radialur sigrZes Soris centraluri kuTxec
naCvenebia ori grZe erTi da igivea. daalageT wredebi maT centrze
sur. 29.24. SekiTxva 1. moqmedi jamuri magnituri velis mixedviT
li, swori mavTulis
ganivi kveTi. marcxena mavTulSi i1 deni saxel dididan mcireze.
mZRvanelos gverdis marTobulad gareT aris 4. 29.27 suraTze
mimarTuli. Tu P wertilze ori deniT warmoq naCvenebia i denis
mnili jamuri magnituri veli nulis tolia, gamtar mavTulTan
a) ra mimarTuleba aqvs marjvena mavTulSi axlos moZravi
gamaval i2 dens da b) i2 ufro metia, i1 Tu orive oTxi eleqtronis
deni Tanabaria? siCqareTa veqto
rebi. oTxive si
2. 29.25 suraTze gamosaxul oTx ganlagebaSi sur. 29.27. SekiTxva 4.
Cqare sididiT erTi
grZeli, paraleluri mavTulebi saxelmZRva
da igivea da 2
saxelmZRvanelos gverdiskenaa
nelos gverdis marTobulad gareT mimarTul
mimarTuli. 1 da 2 eleqtroni mavTulidan
an gverdisken mimarTul erTi da igive dens
Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli, aseve
atarebs. daalageT TiToeuli ganlageba kvad
3 da 4 eleqtronic. daalageT eleqtronebi
ratis centrze moqmedi jamuri magnituri
i denis gamo maTze moqmedi magnituri Zalis
velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
5. 29.28 suraTze naCvenebia saxelmZRvanelos
gverdis gareT an gverdis SigniT mimarTuli
erTi da igive denis gamtari sami grZeli,
swori mavTulis samgvari ganlageba. a) daa
lageT ganlagebebi sxva mavTulebSi gamavali
sur. 29.25. SekiTxva 2. denebidan A mavTulze moqmedi jamuri
3. 29.26 suraTze naCvenebia ori radialuri Zalis mixedviT dididan mcireze. b) mesame
sigrZisa da r da R>r radiusis koncentruli ganlagebaze A mavTulze moqmed jamur
wriuli rkalebisgan Semdgari sami wredi. Zalasa da daStrixul xazs Soris kuTxe 45°-ze
wredebSi Tanabari denebi gadis da or naklebia, metia Tu toli?
(a) (b) (g)

6. 29.29 suraTze naCvenebia saxelmZRvanelos 9. 29.32 suraTze

gverdis gareT da gverdis SigniT mimarTuli naCvenebia ampe
Tanabari denis gamtari grZeli, paraleluri ris oTxi wriu
da Tanabari manZiliT dacilebuli mavTulebis li konturi (a,
oTxi ganlageba. daalageT ganlagebebi sxva b, c, d) da oTxi
mavTulebSi gamavali denebidan centralur grZeli, wriuli,
mavTulze moqmedi jamuri Zalis mixedviT koncentruli gam sur. 29.32. SekiTxva 9.
dididan mcireze. taris ganivi kve
Tebi. sami gamtari carieli cilindria, xolo
centralur gamtars myari cilindris forma
aqvs. gamtarebSi gamavali denebia (mciredan
did radiusamde): 4a saxelmZRvanelos gver
dis marTobuli da gareT mimarTuli, 9a saxel
mZRvanelos gverdis SigniT mimarTuli, 5a
sur. 29.29. SekiTxva 6. saxelmZRvanelos gverdis gareT mimarTuli
da 3a saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT
7. 29.30 suraTze
mimarTuli. daalageT amperis konturebi maT
naCvenebia mavTuli
garSemo sididis mixedviT dididan
sadmi amperis oTxi
mcireze.
koncentruli, wriuli
konturi (a, b, c, d). 10. 29.33 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi mavTulis
mavTulSi deni saxel
sur. 29.30. SekiTxva 7. (a,b,c,d) SigniT da gareT moqmedi magnituri
mZRvanelos gverdis gareT aris mimarTuli. velis B sididis r radialur manZilze
deni mavTulis ganivkveTze (gamuqebuli damokidebulebis grafiki. TiToeuli mavTu
areali) Tanabaria. daalageT konturebi maT li ganivkveTze Tanabrad ganawilebul dens
garSemo sididis mixedviT dididan atarebs. grafikebis erTmaneTze dadebuli
mcireze. monakveTebi ormagi saTauriT aris aRniSnuli.
daalageT mavTulebi a) radiusis, b) zedapirze
8. 29.31 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi identuri
moqmedi magnituri velis sididis da g) denis
i deni, garSemortymuli amperis xuTi
mniSvnelobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
traeqtoriiT (a-e). daalageT traeqtoriebi
d) a mavTulis denis simkvrive c mavTulis
naCvenebi mimarTulebiT mniSvnelobis
denis simkvriveze metia, naklebia Tu toli?

1003
amocanebi
da b) mimarTulebisaa
Manual-Si. P wertilze moqmedi
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze jamuri magnituri
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday veli? SSM WWW
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. ·6. 29.37 suraTze
com/college/halliday. mavTuli R = 9,26 sm
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
radiusis da L = 13,1 sm sigrZis ori radialuri
segmentisgan Semdgar naxevarwres qmnis. mav
paragrafi 29.2. deniT gamowveuli mag TulSi i = 34,8 ma deni gadis. ra a) sididis
da b) mimarTulebisaa
nituri velis gamoTvla
naxevarwris C simrudis
•1. geodezists magnituri kompasi 100 a denis centrze moqmedi jamuri
gamtari gadamcemi xazidan 6,1 m-iT qvemoT magnituri veli? sur. 29.37. amocana 6.
uWiravs. a) ra magnituri veli moqmedebs
·7. ori grZeli, swori mavTuli paraleluria
gadamcemi xazis gamo kompasze? b) moaxdens
da erTmaneTisgan 8 sm manZiliT aris daSo
Tu ara zegavlenas es magnituri veli kompasis
rebuli. TiToeul maTganSi toli sididis
Cvenebaze? dedamiwis magnituri velis hori
deni gadis da mavTulebs Soris Sua wer
zontaluri komponenti 20 mkt-ia.
tilze magnituri velis sididea 300 mkt.
•2. swori gamtari a) denebi erTi mimarTulebiT moZraoben Tu
i = 5a dens atarebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? b) ra
da identur, wriul deni gadis mavTulebSi? SSM
naxevarkalebad iyo
·8. 29.38 suraTze d = 16 sm
fa, rogorc es 29.34
sur. 29.34. amocana 2. dacilebis mqone ori
suraTze Cans. ra mag
grZeli, swori mavTuli
nituri veli moqmedebs Sedegad miRebuli wri
saxelmZRvanelos gver
uli konturis C centrze? sur. 29.38. amocana 8.
dis marTobulad da
•3. filipinebSi dedamiwis 39 mkt magnituri gverdis gareT mimarTul i1 = 3,61 ma da i2 = 3i1
veli horizontaluria da CrdiloeTisken dens atarebs. a) x RerZis ra wertilzea
aris mimarTuli. davuSvaT grZeli, swori, denebiT gamowveuli jamuri magnituri veli
horizontaluri da denis gamtari mavTulidan
nulis toli? b) Tu orive deni gaormagda,
8 sm-iT maRla jamuri veli nulis tolia. ra nulovani magnituri velis wertili pirveli
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa deni? SSM mavTulisken gadainacvlebs, meore mavTu
·4. 29.35 suraTze lisken gadainacvlebs Tu mdebareobas ar
R1 = 3,15 sm da R2 = Seicvlis?
7,8 sm radiusebis ·9. 29.39 suraTze ori grZeli, swori

ori naxevarwriuli mavTuli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpen
rkali i=0,281a dens dikularulia da erTmaneTisgan d1=0,75sm
sur. 29.35. amocana 4. manZiliT arian daSorebuli. pirveli mavTuli
atarebs da erTi da
igive C simrudis centri aqvs. ra a) sididis saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT mimarTul
da b) mimarTulebisaa C wertilze moqmedi 6,5 a dens atarebs.
jamuri magnituri veli? ra a) sididis da b) mi
marTulebisaa meore ma
·5. 29.36 suraTze wriuli rkalebis radiusebia
vTulSi gamavali deni,
a=13,5 sm da b=10,7 sm. centraluri kuTxe
Tu meore mavTulidan
θ = 74°-ia, konturSi i = 0,411 a deni gadis.
d2 = 1,5 sm manZilze gan
rkalebis simrudis centria P. ra a) sididis
lagebul P wertilSi sur. 29.39. amocana 9.
denebiT gamowveuli jamuri magnituri veli makavSirebuli rkali

nulis tolia? da monakveTebi erTi
·10. 29.40 suraTze da igive sibrtyeSia

ganlagebuli. Tu
P wertili Zalian
B = 0, risi tolia θ? sur. 29.43. amocana 13.
grZeli, swori da
denis gamtari mavTu- ··14. 29.44 suraTze
lidan R = 2 sm per naCvenebia paralelu
ri, swori da Zalian
pendikularul manZilzea daSorebuli. mav
 grZeli oTxi viwro
Tulis gaswvrivi i ds sigrZe-denis identuri
 mavTulis ganivi kve
elementebi P wertilze B magnitur vels
 Ti. mavTulebSi erTi
qmnis. ra s manZilia a) B velis SeqmnaSi udi- da igive sididis deni
desi wvlilis Semtan elementamde da b) udi- gadis da maTi mimar
desi wvlilis 10%-is Semtan elementamde? Tulebebi naCvenebia. sur. 29.44. amocana 14.
··11. 29.41 suraTze naCvenebia i = 350 ma denis Tavdapirvelad aT-

vlis saTavidan mavTulebamde manZilia
gamtari swori mavTulisken =(–200m/wm) siC
d = 15 sm da mavTulebi aT-vlis saTaveze
qariT moZravi protoni. naCveneb momentSi pro 
tonsa da mavTuls Soris manZilia d = 2,89 sm. jamur B magnitur vels qmnis. a) x RerZis
gaswvriv rogor unda gadaaad-giloT pir-
erTeulovan-veqto 
rul CanawerSi ra veli mavTuli, raTa B veqtori saaTis isris
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebasTan
magnituri Zala moq
30°-iT mobrundes? b) mas Semdeg, rac pirveli
medebs protonze?
sur. 29.41. amocana 11 mavTuli axal mdebareobas daikavebs, rogor
ILW
unda gadaaadgiloT x RerZis gaswvriv mesame
··12. 29.42a suraTze naCvenebia denis gamta 
mavTuli, raTa B veqtori sawyis mimarTule-
ri, grZeli, paraleluri da L manZiliT da
bas daubrundes?
Sorebuli mavTulebis ganivi kveTi. mavTu
··15. 29.45 suraTze ga
lebSi gamavali denebis Sefardebaa i1/i2=4.
mosaxuli saxelmZRva
denebis mimarTulebebi naCvenebi ar aris.
nelos gverdis per
29.42b suraTze mocemulia meore mavTulisgan pendikularuli grZeli,
marjvniv, x RerZis gaswvriv moqmedi jamuri swori oTxi mavTuli
magnituri velis By komponenti. a) x>0 ra da maTi ganivi kveTebi sur. 29.45. amocanebi
15, 30 da 31
mniSvnelobazea By maqsimaluri? b) Tu i2=3ma, a = 20 sm sigrZis gverdis
risi tolia es maqsimumi? ra mimarTuleba aqvs kvadratis wveroebia. pirvel da meoTxe mav-
g) i1 da d) i2 dens? TulSi gamavali deni saxelmZRvanelos gver-
didan gareT aris mimarTuli, xolo meore da
mesame mavTulSi gamavali deni – saxelmZRvane-
los gverdis SigniT. TiToeul mavTulSi 20 a
deni gadis. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi
ra jamuri magnituri veli moqmedebs kvadra-
tis centrze? SSM
··16. 29.4 formuliT usasrulod grZel
mavTulSi gamavali denis mier mavTulidan
··13. 29.43 suraTze gamosaxul mavTulSi R perpendikularuli manZiliT daSorebul
i = 3a deni gadis. ori naxevrad usasrulo P wertilze warmoqmnili magnituri velis B
swori monakveTi erTi da igive wrewiris sidide gamoiTvleba. davuSvaT P wertili L
mxebia. monakveTebs θ centraluri kuTxis sasruli sigrZis mavTulis Sua wertilidan
mqone wrewiris rkali akavSirebs. da R perpendikularul manZilzea ganlagebuli.
1005
am SemTxvevaSi 29.4 formulis gamoyeneba varwrewiri 180°-iT Seabrunes da konturma
garkveul procentul Secdomas gvaZlevs. ra 29.48b suraTze gamosaxuli forma miiRo.
mniSvnelobas unda aWarbebdes L/R Sefardeba, amjerad simrudis centrze warmoqmnili
raTa procentuli Secdoma 1%-ze naklebi iyos magnituri velis sididea 15,75 mkt da misi
anu ra Sefardeba gvaZlevs qvemoT mocemul mimarTuleba wina SemTxvevis sapirispiroa.
tolobas: risi tolia mcire naxevarwris radiusi?
B (29.4 formuliT gamoTvlili) – B (faqtobrivi) ··21. 29.49 suraTze
B (faqtobrivi)
 (100%)=1%?
grZel, izolirebul
··17. 29.46 suraTze mavTulSi i = 5,78 ma
P1 wertili L = 18 sm deni gadis. mavTuli
sigrZis da i = 58,2 ma R = 1,89 sm radiusis sur. 29.49. amocana 21.
denis gamtari wrewirs qmnis. erTeu
swori mavTulis lovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra magnituri veli
Sua wertilidan sur. 29.46. amocanebi 17 moqmedebs simrudis C centrze, Tu a) wrewiri
R = 13,1 sm manZil da 19
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyeSi Zevs
zea ganlagebuli (yuradReba miaqcieT, rom da b) saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mavTuli grZeli ar aris). ra magnitur vels mimarTulebiT 90°-iT Semobrunebis Semdeg
qmnis i deni P1 wertilze? SSM WWW saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyis perpendi
··18. 29.47 suraTze kularulia?
gamosaxulia denis ··22. 29.50a suraTze naCvenebia denis gamtari
gamtari mavTulis ori mavTuli. pirveli mavTuli R radiusis
ori koncentruli, wriuli rkalisa da ori radialuri wrfisgan
wriuli konturi. Sedgeba. masSi naCvenebi mimarTulebiT
konturebi erTi da igive sibrtyeSia
i1 = 2 a deni gadis. meore mavTuli grZeli
ganlagebuli. pirveli konturis radiusia
da sworia. masSi i2 cvladi deni gadis
1,5sm da masSi 4ma deni gadis. meore konturis
da es mavTuli rkalis centridan R/2
radiusia 2,5sm da is 6ma dens atarebs. meore
manZiliTaa daSorebuli. rkalis simrudis
konturs diametris garSemo abruneben da
centrze ori denis Sedegad warmoqmnili
ori konturis saerTo centrze warmoqmnil 
 jamuri B magnituri veli izomeba. 29.50b
B magnitur vels zomaven. ra kuTxiT unda 
suraTze mocemulia B magnituri velis
Semobrundes meore konturi, raTa jamuri
perpendikularuli komponentis i2 denze
velis sidide 100 nt iyos?
damokidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia rkalis
··19. 29.46 suraTze P2 wertili L = 13,6 sm centraluri kuTxe?
sigrZis da i = 0,693 a denis gamtari swori
mavTulis erTi bolodan R = 25,1 sm
perpendikularuli manZiliTaa daSorebuli
(mavTuli grZeli ar aris). ra magnituri veli
moqmedebs P2 wertilze? SSM
··20. mavTulis konturi 4 sm radiusis
naxevarwrewirisgan, ufro mcire koncentruli
naxevarwrewirisgan da ori radialuri wrfis
gan Sedgeba. am konturSi deni gadis. 29.48 a
(a) (b)
suraTze naCvenebia zemoT aRwerili ganlageba.
simrudis centrze sur. 29.50. amocana 22.
warmoqmnili mag ···23. 29.51 suraTze gamosaxuli w = 4,91 sm
nituri velis si siganis da saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT
didea 47,25 mkt. (a) (b)
mimarTuli i = 4,61 mka denis gamtari grZeli,
Semdeg mcire naxe sur. 29.48. amocana 20.
viwro lentis ganivi reT aris mimarTu-

kveTi. erTeulovan- li da cilindris
veqtorul CanawerSi marcxena mxarezea
 mimagrebuli. meo-
ra B magnituri veli
sur. 29.51. amocana 23. re mavTulSi ima-
moqmedebs lentis
ve mimarTulebis
kididan d = 2,16 sm manZiliT daSorebul da
i2 = 40 ma deni gadis
lentis sibrtyeSi ganlagebul P wertilze? sur. 29.54. amocana 26.
da is SeiZleba ci
(miniSneba: warmoidgineT, rom lenti mravali
lindris garSemo vamoZraoT. ra θ2 kuTxiT
viwro, grZeli da paraleluri mavTulebisgan
unda ganlagdes meore mavTuli, raTa ori
aris damzadebuli).
denis mier aTvlis saTaveze gaCenili jamuri
···24.29.52a suraTze gamosaxuli denis magnituri veli 80 nt iyos?
gamtari mavTulis konturi erT sibrtyeSi
paragrafi 29.3. or paralelur dens
Zevs da 10 sm radiusis naxevarwrewirisgan,
igive centris mqone mcire naxevarwrewirisgan Soris moqmedi Zala
da ori radialuri wrfisgan Sedgeba. mcire ·27. 29.55 suraTze
naxevarwre θ kuTxiT Semoabrunes da konturis naCvenebia pirve
sibrtyis perpendikularuli gaxda (sur. li mavTulis ga
29.52b). 29.52g suraTze naCvenebia simrudis nivi kveTi. mavTu
centrze moqmedi jamuri magnituri velis li grZeli, saxel
sididis θ kuTxeze damokidebulebis grafiki. mZRvanelos gverdis sur. 29.55. amocana 27.
risi tolia mcire naxevarwrewiris radiusi? marTobulad gareT
mimarTul 4 ma dens atarebs da zedapiridan
d1 = 2,4 sm
manZilzea ganlagebuli. meore
mavTuli pirvelis paraleluria da aseve
grZelia. es mavTuli pirveli mavTulisgan
d2 = 5 sm manZiliT aris daSorebuli da pirveli
denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis 6,8 ma dens
atarebs. risi tolia pirveli mavTulidan
meore mavTulis sigrZis erTeulze moqmedi
magnituri Zalis x komponenti?
··28. 29.56 suraTze xuTi grZeli, paraleluri
mavTuli xy sibrtyeSia ganlagebuli da maT
Soris manZilia d = 50 sm. i1 = 2 a, i3 = 0,25 a,
···25. 29.53 suraTze
i4 = 4 a da i5 = 2 a deni saxelmZRvanelos
a = 4,7 sm da i = 13 a.
gverdis SigniT aris mimarTuli, xolo i2 = 4 a
ra a) sidide da b)
deni _ sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa. sxva
mimarTuleba aqvs
mavTulebSi gamavali denidan ra sididis
P wertilze moqmed jamuri Zala moqmedebs mesame mavTulis
magnitur vels?
sigrZis erTeulze?
(yuradReba miaqci
eT, rom mavTulis
··29. 29.56 suraTze xuTi grZeli, paraleluri
grZeli monakveTebi mavTuli xy sibrtyeSia ganlagebuli, maTi
ar gvaqvs). sigrZea 10 m da erTmaneTisgan d = 8 sm
manZiliT arian
···26. 29.54 suraTze naCvenebia 20 sm ra- daSorebuli. mav
diusis plastmasis cilindrTan axlos gan-
TulebSi saxel
lagebuli ori grZeli, swori mavTulis
mZRvanelos gver
ganivi kveTi. pirvel mavTulSi i1 = 60 ma deni dis gareT mimar
da 29.
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis marTobulad ga-
1007
Tuli 3 a deni gadis. TiToeul mavTulze sxva 29.57b suraTze mo
mavTulebidan magnituri Zala moqmedebs. cemulia F2y/L2-is
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra jamuri mesame mavTulis x
magnituri Zala moqmedebs a) pirvel mavTulze, mdebareobaze da
b) meore mavTulze, g) mesame mavTulze, m o k i d e b u l e b i s
d) meoTxe mavTulze da e) mexuTe mavTulze? grafiki. rodesac
··30. 29.45 suraTze oTxi grZeli, swori x→∞, grafikis asim-

mavTuli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpen ptotaa F2y/L2 = 
dikularulia da maTi ganivi kveTebi a = 8,5 sm –0,627 mkn/m. ra a) si-
sigrZis gverdis kvadratis wveroebia. TiTo dide da b) mimar
eul mavTulSi saxelmZRvanelos gverdis ga Tuleba aqvs meore mavTulSi gamaval dens?
reT mimarTuli 15 a deni gadis. erTeulovan- ···33. 29.58 suraTze gamosaxul grZel, swor
veqtorul CanawerSi ra jamuri magnituri Zala mavTulSi i1 = 30 a deni gadis, xolo marTkuTxa
moqmedebs pirveli mavTulis metr sigrZeze? konturSi _ i2 = 20 a deni. a = 1 sm, b = 8 sm da
··31. 29.45 suraTze oTxi grZeli, swori L = 30 sm. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra
mavTuli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpendi jamuri Zala moqmedebs i1 denidan konturze?
kularulia da maTi ganivi kveTebi a = 13,5 sm ILW
sigrZis gverdis kvadratis wveroebia. pirveli
paragrafi 29.4. amperis kanoni
da meore mavTulSi 7,5 a deni saxelmZRvanelos
gverdis gareT aris mimarTuli, xolo meore da ·34. rva mavTuli
mesame mavTulebSi igive deni saxelmZRvanelos saxelmZRvanelos
gverdisken moZraobs. erTeulovan-veqtorul gverds 29.59 su-
CanawerSi ra jamuri magnituri Zala moqmedebs raTze naCveneb wer
meoTxe mavTulis metr sigrZeze? tilebze kveTs.
··32. 29.57a suraTze naCvenebia sami grZeli, k mTeli ricxviT

swori, erTmaneTis paraleluri da denis (k = 1, 2, ... 8) dasa
gamtari mavTulis ganivi kveTi. pirveli Taurebul mavTul
da meore mavTuli x RerZze uZravad Si ki deni gadis, sa-
aris damagrebuli da maT Soris manZilia dac i = 4,5 ma. kenti
d. pirvel mavTulSi 0,75 a deni ucnobi k-s mqone mavTulebSi deni saxelmZRvanelos
mimarTulebiT gadis. mesame mavTulSi gverdidan gareT gamodis, xolo luwi k-s
0,25 a deni saxelmZRvanelos gverdis gareT mqone mavTulebSi _ saxelmZRvanelos gver
aris mimarTuli da es mavTuli x RerZis dis SigniT. gamoTvaleT naCvenebi Ca
gaswvriv, meore mavTulisgan marjvniv ketili traeqtoriis gaswvriv?
SeiZleba gadaaadgildes. mesame mavTulis
·35. 29.60 suraTze
gadaadgilebasTan erTad pirvel da mesame
gamosaxul rva
mavTulebSi gamavali denidan meore mavTulze
 gamtarSi saxelm
moqmedi jamuri F2 magnituri Zala icvleba. ZRvanelos gver
am Zalis y komponentia F2y . meore mavTulis dis gareT an SigniT
sigrZis erTeulze misi mniSvnelobaa F2y/L2. mimarTuli 2 a sur. 29.60. amocana 35.
deni gadis.
integralisTvis ori traeqtoriaa naCvenebi.
risi tolia a) pirvel traeqtoriaze
da b) meore traeqtoriaze?
·36. 29.61 suraTze naCvenebia i1=5a da i2=3a

deniani konturebis garSemo gavlebuli ori
(a) (b)
Caketili traeqtoria. ra mniSvneloba aqvs
xviisagan Semdgar solenoidSi 0,29a deni

integrals 
a) pirveli traeq gadis. gamoTvaleT solenoidSi moqmedi B
magnituri denis sidide.
toriisTvis da b)
meore traeqto ·42. 1,3 m sigrZis da 2,6 sm diametris so
riisTvis? lenoidSi 18 a deni gadis. solenoidSi 23 mt
·37. 29.62 suraTze magnituri veli moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT so
lenoidis mavTulis sigrZe.
naCvenebia a = 2 sm
radiusis grZeli, ·43. 5 sm sigrZis gverdis kvadratuli ga
cilindruli gamtaris nivi kveTis, 15 sm Sida radiusis da 500
ganivi kveTi, romelSic xviisagan Semdgar toroidSi 0,8 a deni gadis
gadis 170 a mudmivi sur. 29.62. amocana 37. (toroidi kvadratuli solenoidisgan aris
deni. ra sididis damzadebuli da ara mrgvali solenoidisgan,
magnitur vels warmoqmnis deni a) 0, b) 1 sm, rogorc es iyo 29.17 suraTze). ra magnituri
g) 2 sm (mavTulis zedapirze) da d) 4 sm veli moqmedebs toroidis a) Sida radiusze da
radialur manZilebze? b) gare radiusze? SSM
··38. 29.63 suraTze ··44. 100 xvia/sm-s mqone grZel solenoidSi
R = 2,6 sm gare radiu i deni gadis. eleqtroni solenoidSi 2,3 sm
sis grZel, wriul milSi radiusis da solenoidis RerZisadmi perpendi
i = 8 ma deni saxelmZ kularul wrewirze moZraobs. eleqtronis
Rvanelos gverdis Sig siCqarea 0,046c (c=sinaTlis siCqare). gamo
niT aris mimarTuli.
TvaleT solenoidis i deni.
milis paraleluri mav
Tulis centrsa da mi ··45. 10 xvia/sm da 7 sm radiusis grZel so
lis centrs Soris 3R lenoidSi 20 ma deni gadis. solenoidis
manZilia. gamoTvaleT centraluri RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebul
sur. 29.63. amocana 38. swor gamtarSi 6a deni gadis. a) RerZidan ra
mavTulSi gamavali de
nis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba, rodesac P radialur manZilze Seadgens Sedegad miRebuli
wertilSi moqmedi jamuri magnituri veli magnituri veli RerZis mimarTulebisadmi 45°
milis centrSi moqmedi jamuri magnituri kuTxes? b) ra sididisaa es magnituri veli?
velis sididis tolia da mimarTulebiT sawi SSM ILW WWW
naaRmdegoa.
··46. eleqtroni solenoidis erT boloSi
··39. a = 3,1 mm radiusis, grZel, myar, cilin Sedis. solenoidSi moqmed magnitur velSi

druli mavTulSi J denis simkvrivis mimar moxvedrisas eleqtronis siCqarea 800 m/wm da
Tuleba centraluri RerZis mimarTulebas siCqaris veqtori solenoidis centraluri
emTxveva da misi sidide RerZidan r radialur RerZisadmi 30° kuTxes adgens. solenoidSi
manZilTan erTad J=J0r/a formulis Tanaxmad 4 a deni gadis da masze 8000 xviaa. ramden
icvleba, sadac J0=310a/m . gamoTvaleT magni
2 brunvas Seasrulebs eleqtroni spiraluri
turi velis sidide a) r = 0, b) r = a/2 da g) r = a traeqtoriiT, vidre solenoidis meore bo
manZilebze. ILW lodan gamova? (realur solenoidSi veli or

boloze sididiT erTmaneTis toli ar aris
paragrafi 29.5. solenoidebi da to da brunvebis raodenoba am SemTxvevaze odnav
roidebi mcire iqneba).
·40. 95 sm sigrZis da 2 sm radiusis solenoidis paragrafi 29.6. denis gamtari koWa,
gragnili 1200 xviisagan Sedgeba. solenoidSi
rogorc magnituri dipoli
3,6 a deni gadis. gamoTvaleT solenoidSi
·47. risi tolia 41-e amocanaSi aRwerili
moqmedi magnituri velis sidide.
solenoidis magnituri dipolis impulsis
·41. 25 sm sigrZis, 10 sm diametris da 200 sidide? SSM
1009
·48. 29.64a suraTze sigrZis kubi. ku
naCvenebia erTi xviis bis 12 wibodan 8
mqone wriuli koWa wibos gaswvriv
da mis mavTulSi i abcdefgha Caketili
deni gadis. 29.64b traeqtoriiT gam
suraTze igive mav tarSi 6 a deni ga
Tuli ori xviis
sur. 29.64. amocana 48. dis. a) Tu traeq
mqone koWas qmnis da toria denis sami
TiToeuli maTganis radiusi sawyisi radiusis kvadratulikontu
naxevaria. a) Tu koWebis centrebze Ba da Bb ris (bcfgb, abgha, da
magnituri velebi moqmedebs, risi tolia cdefc) kombinaciaa, risi tolia traeqtoriis
Bb /Ba? b) risi tolia koWebis dipolis magnituri impulsi erTeulovan-veqtorul
/
impulsebis μ b μ a Sefardeba? CanawerSi? b) ra magnituri veli moqmedebs
·49. studentma d = 5 sm diametris xis cilindrs (0, 5m, 0) xyz koordinatebze?
mavTulis 300 xvia Semoavlo da mokle eleq ··53. 12 sm radiusis wriul konturSi 15 a deni
tromagniti daamzada. koWa mavTulSi 4a denis gadis. 0,82 sm radiusis, 50 xviis mqone da 1,3 a
warmomqmnel batareas SeuerTes. a) risi tolia denis gamtari brtyeli koWa konturisadmi
mowyobilobis magnituri dipolis impulsi? koncentrulia. konturis sibrtye koWas
b) ra z>>d RerZul manZilze iqneba magnituri sibrtyis perpendikularulia. davuSvaT
velis sidide 5 mkt (dedamiwis magnituri konturis magnituri veli koWas gaswvriv
velis daaxloebiT 1/10)? SSM erTgvarovania. risi tolia a) konturis mier
sakuTar centrze warmoqmnili magnituri
·50. 29.65
suraTze
velis sidide da b) konturidan koWaze moqmedi
naCvenebia helmholcis
koWas saxeliT cnobili mabrunebeli momenti? SSM
ganlageba. koWa 300 ··54. 29.68a suraTze 4 sm radiusis or wriul

xviis, R = 25 sm radiusis konturSi sxvadasxva deni gadis da maTi
da s = R manZiliT da centrebi y RerZzea. konturebs Soris man
Sorebuli ori wriu sur. 29.65. amocanebi Zilia L = 3 sm da meore konturi RerZis aTvlis
50 da 80
li, koaqsialuri saTavezea ganlagebuli. konturebSi gamavali
koWasgan Sedgeba. orive koWaSi erTi da deni aTvlis saTaveze jamur magnitur vels
igive mimarTulebiT i = 12,2 ma deni gadis. ra qmnis, romlis y komponentia By . es komponenti
sididis jamuri magnituri veli moqmedebs maSin izomeba, rodesac meore konturi y RerZis
koWebs Soris Sua P wertilze? dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba. 29.68b
··51. 29.66 suraTze suraTze mocemulia By-is meore konturis
ori radialuri y mdebareobaze damokidebulebis grafiki.
wrfisa da P sae rodesac y→∞ grafikis By = 7,2 mkt asimptots
rTo centris mqo uaxlovdeba. risi tolia a) pirvel konturSi
ne a = 5,72 sm da gamavali i1 deni da b) meore konturSi gamavali
b = 9,36 sm radiu i2 deni?
sebis naxevar
wrewirebisgan
Semdgar konturSi i = 56,2 ma deni gadis. ra
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa P wertilze
moqmedi magnituri veli da ra g) sididis da d)
mimarTulebisaa konturis magnituri dipolis
impulsi?
··52. 29.67 suraTze gamosaxuli 10sm gverdis sur. 29.68. amocana 54.
damatebiTi amocanebi gverdis marTobu

lad da gareT aris
55. 29.69 suraTze
mimarTuli. mavTu-
R = 5 mm radiusis naxe
lebi aTvlis saTa
varwred gadaRunuli
sur. 29.69. amocana 55. vidan Tanabar man-
mavTulisgan Seqmnil
Zilze aris ganla
gamtarSi i = 10 a deni gadis. b wertili
gebuli da aTvlis sur. 29.72. amocana 58.
wrfeebs Soris Sua wertilzea ganlagebuli 
saTaveze B magnitur
da naxevarwridan imdenad did manZilzea,
rom TiToeuli wrfe usasrulo mavTulad vels qmnian. ra mniSvnelobiT unda Seicvalos i1

SegviZlia miviCnioT. ra a) sididis da b) mimar deni, raTa B veqtori saaTis isris moZraobis
  mimarTulebiT 20°-iT Sebrundes?
Tulebisaa B veli a wertilSi da d) B veli b
wertilSi? 59. 29.73 suraTze
gamosaxul or Za-
56. 29.70a suraTze pirveli mavTuli wri
lian grZel, swor
uli rkalisa da ori radialuri wrfis
mavTulSi saxel-
gan Sedgeba. am mavTulSi i1 = 0,5 a deni
mZRvanelos gver
naCvenebi mimarTulebiT gadis. meore mav
dis marTobuli da
Tuli grZeli, swori da suraTis sibrtyis
gareT mimarTuli
perpendikularulia. rkalis centridan meore
4 a deni gadis. sur. 29.73. amocana 59.
mavTulamde manZili rkalis R radiusis tolia
d1 = 6 m da d2 = 4 m.
da masSi i2 cvladi deni gadis. denebi rkalis
 risi tolia mavTulebis perpendikularul
centrSi B jamur magnitur vels qmnian. 29.70b
biseqtrisaze ganlagebul P wertilSi moqmedi
suraTze mocemulia velis sididis kvadratis
magnituri velis sidide?
i2 denis kvadratze damokidebulebis grafiki.
ra kuTxes Semowers rkali? 60. 29.74 suraTze
gamosaxul Caketil
konturSi i = 2 a
deni gadis. konturi
4 m  radiusis naxe
varwrewirisgan, ori
2 m radiusis meoT sur. 29.74. amocana 60.
xedi wrewirisgan da
(a) (b) sami radialuri wrfivi mavTulisgan Sedgeba.
ra sididis jamuri magnituri veli moqmedebs
sur. 29.70. amocana 56 wriuli monakveTebis saerTo centrSi?
57. or usasrulod 61. 29.75 suraTze naCvenebia a = 4 sm radiusis
grZel mavTulSi i grZeli, cilindruli gamtaris ganivi kveTi.
deni gadis. TiToeuli gamtari b = 1,5 sm radiusis grZel, cilindrul
mavTuli 90°-ian da xvrels Seicavs. cilindris da xvrelis
R radiusis rkals centraluri RerZebi urTierTparaleluria
29.71 suraTze gamo da maT Soris manZilia d = 2 sm. SeRebil mo
saxulis msgavsad miu
sur. 29.71. amocana 57. nakveTze i = 5,25 a deni Tanabrad aris ga
yveba. daamtkiceT,
 nawilebuli. a) ra si
rom wris centrSi moqmedi B mag-
didis magnituri veli
nituri veli marcxnisken i denis gamtari,
moqmedebs xvrelis
usasrulo da swori mavTulis qvemoT R man
centrSi? b) ganixileT
Zilze warmoqmnili magnituri velis tolia.
SemTxvevebi, rodesac
58. 29.72 suraTze or grZel, swor mavTulSi b = 0 da d = 0. g) amperis
i1 = 30 ma da i2 = 40 ma deni saxelmZRvanelos kanonis gamoyenebiT sur. 29.75. amocana 61.
1011
daamtkiceT, rom xvrelSi moqmedi magnituri 
rceSi dB diferencialur magnitur vels
veli erTgvarovania. SSM WWW
qmnis. 29.77b suraTze mocemulia elementidan
62. ori grZeli, swori, denis gamtari wvrili 2,5 sm manZiliT daSorebul wertilebze
mavTuli, plastmasis grZeli cilindris
moqmedi velis dB sididis mavTulsa da am
centraluri RerZidan cilindris radiusis
wertilisken gavlebul wrfes Soris θ kuTxeze
toli R = 20 sm manZiliT aris daSorebuli.
damokidebulebis grafiki. ra magnitur
29.76a suraTze naCvenebia pirveli mavTu
vels warmoqmnis mTliani mavTuli 2,5 sm per
lisa da cilindris ganivi kveTi. meore
pendikularul manZilze?
mavTuli uZravadaa ganlagebuli, xolo
pirveli mavTuli cilindris garSemo θ1 = 0
kuTxidan θ1 = 180° kuTxemde trialdeba.
Semotrialebisas mavTuli xy koordinatTa
sistemis pirvel da meore meoTxedebs gadis.

cilindris centrSi moqmedi jamuri B (a) (b)
magnituri veli θ1 kuTxis funqciis saxiT sur. 29.77. amocana 64.

izomeba. 29.76b suraTze mocemulia velis 65. grZeli, swori mavTulis RerZidan 88 sm
x komponentis (Bx-is), xolo 29.76g suraTze manZilze magnituri velis sididea 7,3 mkt. ra
_ velis y komponentis (By-is) θ1 kuTxeze deni gadis mavTulSi?
damokidebulebis grafikebi. a) ra θ2 kuTxiTaa
66. sami grZeli
meore mavTuli ganlagebuli. ra b) sididis
mavTuli z RerZis
da g) mimarTulebisaa
paraleluria da z-
pirvel mavTulSi
is dadebiTi mimar
gamavali deni da ra
TulebiT mavTu
d) sididis da e) mimar
lebSi 10 a deni ga
Tulebisaa meore mav sur. 29.78. amocana 66.
dis. xy sibrtyeSi
TulSi gamavali deni?
mavTulebis gadakveTis wertilebi 50 sm
sigrZis gverdis tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis
(sur. 29.78). meoTxe mavTuli (b mavTuli)
samkuTxedis fuZis Sua wertilze gadis da
danarCeni sami mavTulis paraleluria. Tu
a mavTulze moqmedi jamuri magnituri Zala
nulia, risi tolia b mavTulSi gamavali denis
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba (+z Tu –z)?
67. grZel, cariel, cilindrul gamtarSi (2 mm
Sida radiusis da 4 mm gare radiusis) 24 a deni
gadis da ganivkveTze Tanabradaa ganawile
63. grZeli mavTulis radiusi 4 mm-ze metia buli. grZeli, viwro mavTuli cilindrisadmi
da mis ganiv kveTze deni Tanabrad aris koaqsialuria da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
ganawilebuli. mavTulis RerZidan 4 mm 24 a dens atarebs. ra sididis magnituri
manZilze denis mier warmoqmnili magnituri velis moqmedebs mavTulisa da cilindris
velis sididea 0,28 mt, xolo mavTulis centraluri RerZidan a) 1 mm, b) 3 mm da g) 5 mm
RerZidan 10 mm manZilze velis sidide 0,2 mt- manZilebze?
ia. risi tolia mavTulis radiusi?
68. ori grZeli mavTuli xy sibrtyeSi Zevs da
64. 29.77a suraTze naCvenebia ds = 1 mkm TiToeulSi x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis
sigrZis elementi, romelic denis gamtari
deni gadis. pirveli mavTuli y = 10 sm wer
grZeli, swori mavTulis Semadgeneli nawilia.
tilze mdebareobs da masSi 6a deni gadis.
elementSi gamavali deni garemomcvel siv
meore mavTuli y = 5 sm wertilzea da 10 a dens mniSvneloba, rodesac integrali sami wrfivi
atarebs. a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi segmentis gaswvriv gamoiTvleba? segmentebi

ra jamuri B magnituri veli moqmedebs gadaWimulia (4d, 0, 0) wertilidan (4d,3d,0),
aTvlis saTaveze? b) y-is ra mniSvnelobisTvis (0,0,0), (4d,0,0) wertilamde, sadac d = 20 sm.


iqneba B nulis toli? g) Tu pirvel mavTulSi 73. grZel vertikalur mavTulSi ucnobi
gasuli deni mimarTulebas Seicvlis, y-is ra deni gadis. mavTulisadmi koaqsialurad
 ganlagebuli grZeli, viwro, cilindruli
mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba B nulis toli?
gamtari zedapiri vertikalurad zeviT 30 ma
69. 29.79 suraTze dens atarebs. cilindruli zedapiris radiusia
naCvenebia denis
3 mm. Tu mavTulidan 5 mm manZiliT daSorebul
ori segmenti.
wertilze magnituri velis sididea 1 mkt, ra
qveda segmenti
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa mavTulSi
5 sm radiusis,
gamavali deni?
180° kuTxis da
P centris mqone sur. 29.79. amocana 69. 74. sami grZeli mavTuli xy sibrtyeSi x RerZis
paralelurad aris ganlagebuli. mavTulebs
wriul rkals Seicavs da masSi i1=0,4a deni
Soris manZilia 10 sm. or gare mavTulSi x
gadis. zeda segmenti 4sm radiusis, 120° kuTxis
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT 5 a deni gadis.
da igive P centris mqone wriul rkals Seicavs
ra sididis Zala moqmedebs gare mavTulebis
da masSi i2 = 2i1 deni gadis. ra a) sidide da
3 m-ian monakveTze, Tu centralur mavTulSi
b) mimarTuleba aqvs naCvenebi mimarTulebis i1
 3,2 a deni a) x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT da
da i2 denis mier warmoqmnil jamur B magnitur b) x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT gadis?
vels? ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba eqneba
 75. 29.81 suraTze
B magnitur vels i1 denis mimarTulebis naCvenebia mavTulis
sawinaaRmdegoTi Secvlis SemTxvevaSi? Δs = 3 sm sigrZis seg
70. 29.80 suraTze menti, romlis centri
naCvenebia d = 10 sm aTvlis saTavezea da
manZiliT daSore y RerZis dadebiTi
buli ori grZeli,
mimarTulebiT i = 2 a sur. 29.81. amocana 75.
paraleluri mav
dens atarebs. aTvlis
Tulis ganivi sur. 29.80. amocana 70.
saTavidan ramdenime metriT moSorebul wer
kveTi. orive mav 
tilze segmentis mier warmoqmnili B magni
TulSi 100a deni gadis da pirveli mavTulis
deni saxelmZRvanelos gverdis gareT aris turi velis gamoTvlisTvis bio-savaris kanons
mimarTuli. P wertili mavTulebis SemaerTe Semdegi saxiT viyenebT: B = (μ0/4π)iΔs(sinθ)/r2.

buli wrfis perpendikularul biseqtrisaze segmentisTvis r da θ ar icvleba. gamoTvaleT

Zevs. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra B (erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi) Semdeg
jamuri magnituri veli moqmedebs P wertil (x,y,z) koordinatebze: a) (0,0,5m), b) (0,6m,0),
Si, Tu meore mavTulSi gamavali deni a) pirvel g) (7m,7m,0) da d) (–3m,–4m,0).
mavTulSi gamavali denis mimarTulebisaa da 76. 29.82 suraTze
b) gverdiskenaa mimarTuli? gamosaxul Caketil
71. 10-kalibriani spilenZis mavTuli konturSi i = 200 ma
(2,6 mm diametris) gadaxurebis gareSe 50 a deni gadis. kon
dens atarebs. ra sididis magnituri veli turi ori swori
warmoiqmneba mavTulis zedapirze? radialuri mavTu
lisgan da 2m da 4m
72. z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, garkve
radiusebis wriuli
ul monakveTSi, 15 a/m2 Tanabari denis simkvri sur. 29.82. amocana 76.
koncentruli rka
ve arsebobs. risi tolia integralis
1013
lisgan Sedgeba. θ=π/4. ra a) sididis da b) mi
marTulebis jamuri magnituri veli moqmedebs
P simrudis centrze?
77. erTi grZeli mavTuli x RerZis gaswvriv
Zevs da amave RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
30a dens atarebs. meore grZeli mavTuli
xy sibrtyis perpendikularulia, (0,4m,0)
wertilze gadis da z RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT 40a dens atarebs. ra sididis
magnituri veli moqmedebs (0,2m,0) wertilze? wertilze magnituri velis sididea:
4μ ia2
78. 8mm radiusis cilindrul kabelSi 25a B (x) = π(4x2 + a2)(04x2 + 2a2)1/2 .
deni gadis da misi ganivi kveTis farTobze daamtkiceT, rom es Sedegi 81-e amocanaSi
Tanabarad vrceldeba. mavTulis centridan miRebul Sedegs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
ra manZilzea ganlagebuli wertili, sadac
84. L sigrZis ori mavTuli wris da kvadratis
magnituri velis sididea 0,1mt?
formas iRebs da i dens atarebs. daamtkiceT,
79. 100a denis gamtari grZeli mavTuli 5 mt rom kvadratis centrze ufro meti magnituri
sididis erTgvarovani magnituri velis Zal veli moqmedebs, vidre wris centrze.
wirebis perpendikularulia. mavTulidan
85. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra
ra manZilzea jamuri magnituri veli nulis
magnituri veli moqmedebs 29.83 suraTis P
toli?
wertilze, Tu i = 10 a da a = 8 sm (mavTuli ar
80. 29.65 suraTze gamosaxuli helmholcis aris grZeli).
koWa N xveulisa da R radiusis ori wriuli,
86. 29.84 suraTze gamosaxulia idealize-
koaqsialuri koWasgan Sedgeba, romelTa
buli relsis pistoleti. P sasroli wriuli
Soris s manZilia. orive koWaSi i deni erTi
ganivi kveTis mqone or farTo relss Soris
da igive mimarTulebiT gadis. a) daamtkiceT,
aris ganlagebuli. denis wyaro dens relsebisa
rom koWebis jamuri magnituri velis sididis
da sasrolis gavliT gzavnis. a) Tu w aris
pirveli xarisxis warmoebuli (dB/dx) s-is
relsebs Soris manZili, R - TiToeuli relsis
mniSvnelobis miuxedavad P Sua wertilze
radiusi da i - deni, daamtkiceT, rom sasrolze
qreba. ratom unda velodeT igives simetriidan
moqmedi Zala relsebis gasvwriv marjvniskenaa
gamomdinare? b) daamtkiceT, rom Tu s = R, P
mimarTuli da misi sididea:
Sua wertilze meore xarisxis warmoebulic i2μ w+R
F = 2π0 ln R .
(d2B/dx2) qreba.
b) Tu sasroli moZraobas relsebis marcxena
81. a sigrZis gverdis mavTulis kvadratul
bolodan iwyebs, gamoTvaleT misi ν siCqare
konturSi i deni gadis. daamtkiceT, rom
marjvena boloze. dauSviT, i=450ka,
rom
konturis centrze denis mier warmoqmnili
w=12mm, R=6,7sm, L=4m da sasrolis masaa 10g.
magnituri velis sididea:
2 μi
B = πa 0 .
82. daamtkiceT, rom L sigrZis, W siganis da i
denis gamtari mavTulis marTkuTxa konturis
centrze magnituri velis sididea:
2μ i (L2 + W2)1/2
B = π0 LW .
83. a sigrZis gverdis mavTulis kavdratul
konturSi i deni gadis. daamtkiceT, rom
konturis centralur perpendikularul 87. grZel, swor mavTulSi 50 a deni gadis.
RerZze da centridan x manZilze ganlagebul 1×107m/wm siCqariT moZravi eleqtroni
mavTulidan 5 sm manZilzea. ra sididis gadis. a) daamtkiceT, rom b<r<a arealSi r

magnituri Zala moqmedebs eleqtronze, radialuri manZilisTvis magnituri velis
Tu eleqtronis siCqare a) mavTulisken B(r) sididea:
μ i
aris mimarTuli, b) mavTulis paraleluria B = 2π(a20  – b2) r  – b .
2 2
r
da denis mimarTulebas emTxveva da
b) daamtkiceT, rom rodesac r = a, es for
g) a) da b)-Si mocemuli mimarTulebebis
mula i denis gamtari, grZeli, swori mavTulis
perpendikularulia?
zedapirze moqmedi magnituri velis B sidides
88. 29.85 suraTze na gvaZlevs. rodesac r = b, magnituri veli
Cvenebia d = 18,6 sm man
nulis tolia. rodesac b = 0, es formula a
ZiliT daSorebuli ori
radiusis da i denis gamtari myari gamtaris
grZeli, paraleluri
SigniT moqmed magnitur vels gvaZlevs. g) da
mavTulis ganivi kveTi.
vuSvaT a = 2 sm, b = 1,8 sm da i = 100 a. aageT B(r)
pirvel mavTulSi saxel
sur. 29.85. amocana 88. grafiki 0 < r < 6 sm arealSi.
mZRvanelos gverdidan
gareT mimarTuli 4,23a deni gadis. meore 92. 29.88 suraTze
mocemulia grZeli,
mavTulSi igive deni saxelmZRvanelos gve
gamtari, koaqsialuri
rdis SigniT aris mimarTuli. erTeulovan-
kabelis ganivi kveTi
veqtorul CanawerSi ra magnituri veli
da misi radiusebi
moqmedebs R = 34,2 sm manZilze ganlagebul P
(a,b,c). or gamtarSi i sur. 29.88. amocana 92.
wertilSi?
sididis da sapirispiro
89. 29.86 suraTze mimarTulebis deni gadis. miiReT B(r)-
naCvenebia x sigrZis is gamosaxuleba r radialuri manZilis
erTeulze λ denis gam
Semdeg arealebSi: a) r<c, b) c<r<b,
tari, usasrulo fir sur. 29.86. amocana 89.
g) b<r<a a d) r>a. e) gamosaxulebebi SeamowmeT
fitis ganivi kveTi. deni saxelmZRvanelos
specifikuri SemTxvevebisTvis. v) davuSvaT
gverdidan perpendikularulad gamodis.
a = 2 sm, b = 1,8 sm, c = 0,4 sm da i = 120 a. aageT
a) bio-savaris kanonis da simetriis gamo
B(r) funqciis grafiki 0 < r < 3 sm arealSi.
yenebiT daamtkiceT, rom firfitis zemoT
ganlagebul P wertilebze da firfitis 93. daamtkiceT, rom

qvemoT ganlagebul P´ wertilebze moqmedi B erTgvarovani mag
 
B magnituri veli firfitis paraleluria nituri veli B -s
da naCvenebi mimarTulebisaa. b) amperis perpend ikularulad
kanonis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom P da P´ moZraobisas nulam
1 de swrafad ver Sem
wertilebisTvis B =   μ0λ.
2
cirdeba (rogorc
90. daamtkiceT, rom Tu toroidis sisqe mis sur. 29.89. amocana 93.
amas 29.89 suraTis a
simrudis radiusze bevrad naklebia, maSin
wertilidan marjvniv Zalwirebis nakleboba
toroidSi moqmedi velis gamosaTvleli
amtkicebs). (miniSneba: amperis kanoni
29.24 formula solenoidSi moqmedi velis
daStrixuli xazebiT gamosaxul marTkuTxa
gamosaTvlel 29.23 formulamde daiyvaneba.
traeqtorias miusadageT). namdvili magnitis
91. 29.87 suraTze SemTxvevaSi magnituri velis Zalwirebi
naCvenebia a da b radiu yovelTvis scdeba saerTo sazRvrebs da
sebis carieli cilin 
B nuli TandaTanobiT xdeba. suraTze
druli gamtaris ganivi gamosaxuli Zalwirebi SecvaleT, raTa ufro
kveTi. masSi i Tanabrad realuri suraTi gamoikveTos.
ganawilebuli deni sur. 29.87. amocana 91.
induqcia da induqciuroba 30
MRI (magnitur-rezonansuli tomografiis) dros pacienti moTavsebulia
aparatSi, romelSic didi mudmivi magnituri veli da mcire
sinusoidalurad cvladi magnituri veli moqmedebs. amgvari samedicino
procedura pacientisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe araerTxel Gatarebula.
marTlac, magnituri veli wesiT ar unda iyos saziano. Tumca ramdenime
SemTxvevaSi pacientma gamokvlevis dros damwvroba miiRo, radgan
samedicino personalma fizikaSi elementaruli Secdoma dauSva.
rogor SeiZleba magniturma velma damwvroba gamoiwvios?
30.1 ra aris fizika?

29-e TavSi Cven ganvixileT is faqti, rom deni warmoqmnis magnitur vels. efeqtis aRmoCenam
Tavis droze sakmaod gaakvirva mecnierebi. kidev ufro gasaocari sapirispiro efeqtis aRmoCena
iyo, rom magnitur vels denis aRmZvreli eleqtruli velis Seqmna SeuZlia. magnituri velisa da
mis mier warmoqmnil eleqtrul vels Soris am kavSirs dResdReobiT faradeis induqciis kanons
uwodeben.
maikl faradeisa da sxva mecnierTa dakvirvebebis Sedegad miRebuli kanoni Tavdapirvelad
mecnierebis safuZveli iyo, saintereso imiT, rom gamovlinda Cveni samyaros moqmedebis kidev
erTi aspeqti. dResdReobiT mecnierebis amgvari safuZvlebi farTod gamoiyeneba. magaliTad,
induqcia safuZvlad udevs eleqtrogitaras, romelmac rokis ganviTarebis adreul etapze
revolucia moaxdina da dResdReobiTac mZime metalsa da pankSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba.
induqciaa aseve eleqtrogeneratorebis safuZveli, romlebic qalaqebisa Tu gadamcemi xazebis
simZlavriT momaragebas uzrunvelyofen. samzareuloebisaTvis Seqmnil induqciur Rumelebs
farTod iyeneben profesionali Tu moyvaruli mzareulebi. uzarmazari induqciuri Rumelebi
Camomsxmel qarxnebSi didi raodenobiT liTonis swrafad dasadnobad gamoiyeneba.
vidre eleqtrogitaris magvar xelsawyoebs SevexebodeT, CavataroT faradeis induqciis
kanonTan dakavSirebiT ori martivi eqsperimenti.
1015
1016 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
30.2 ori eqsperimenti

pirveli eqsperimenti. 30.1 suraTze naCvenebia mgrZno
biare ampermetrTan dakavSirebuli gamtari konturi. vi
naidan ar aris CarTuli batarea an emZ-is sxva wyaro, wredSi
araviTari deni ar aris, magram Tu Cven magnitur Reros
konturisken gadavaadgilebT, wredSi maSinve gaCndeba deni.
rodesac magniti Cerdeba, deni qreba. Tu magnits konturisgan
moSorebiT avamoZravebT, deni isev Cndeba, magram sapirispiro sur. 30.1 ampermetri aCvenebs
mimarTulebiT. aseTi eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg aRmo mavTulis konturSi gamaval dens,
vaCenT Semdegs: rodesac magniti konturis mimarT
moZraobs.
1. deni Cndeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kontursa da
magnits Soris fardobiTi moZraoba xdeba anu erTi maTgani meoris mimarT moZraobs. deni
qreba, rodesac moZraoba wydeba.
2. ufro swrafi moZraoba ufro did dens warmoqmnis.
3. Tu magnitis CrdiloT polusis konturisken moZraoba saaTis isris moZraobis mimar
TulebiT moZrav dens iwvevs, maSin CrdiloeT polusis konturisgan daSoreba iwvevs saaTis
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis denis aRZvras. samxreT polusis konturisken
an misi konturisgan moSorebiT moZraoba aseve iwvevs denebs, oRond sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebebiT.
konturSi warmoqmnil dens ewodeba inducirebuli deni ewodeba. am denis warmoqmnisTvis muxtis
erTeulze Sesrulebul muSaobas (gamtarobis eleqtronebis asamoZraveblad) inducirebuli
emZ, xolo denisa da emZ-is warmoqmnis process induqcia ewodeba.
meore eqsperimenti. am eqsperimentisTvis viyenebT 30.2 suraTze naCveneb xelsawyos ori gamtari
konturiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan axlosaa, magram erTmaneTs ar exeba. Tu s amomarTvels
davketavT, raTa marjvena konturSi deni CavrToT, maSin mgrZnobiare ampermetri meyseulad
aCvenebs marcxena konturSi inducirebul xanmokle dens.
Tu amomrTvels gavxsniT, marcxena konturSi kidev erTi
meyseuli da xanmokle inducirebuli deni gaCndeba, magram
es deni sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis iqneba. inducirebul
dens (maSasadame, inducirebul emZ-s) mxolod maSin viRebT,
rodesac marjvena konturSi deni icvleba (CairTveba
an gamoirTveba) da ara maSin, rodesac is ucvlelia
(mudmivia).
sur. 30.2. ampermetri aCvenebs marcxena
mocemul eqsperimentebSi induqciuri emZ da induqciuri mavTulis konturSi gamaval dens,
deni aSkarad maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesaca raRac icvleba, rogorc ki s Caiketeba (raTa mavTulis
magram ra aris es `raRac~? faradeim swored es `raRac~ marjvena konturSi deni gavides) an
ixsneba (raTa marjvena konturSi deni
icoda.
gamoirTos). am SemTxvevaSi CarTuli
koWebis araviTari moZraoba ar xdeba.
30.3 faradeis induqciis kanoni

faradei mixvda, rom emZ da deni SeiZleba warmoiqmnas konturSi (rogorc es moxda Cvens
eqsperimentebSi), konturis gamWoli „magnituri velis odenobis“ SecvliT. ufro metic, igi
mixvda, rom `magnituri velis odenoba~ SeiZleba warmovadginoT konturSi gamavali magnituri
30.3 faradeis induqciis kanoni 1017
velis Zalwirebis saxiT. faradeis induqciis kanoni, damtkicebuli Cveni eqsperimentebiT,
aseTia:
emZ 30.1 da 30.2 suraTebze marcxena konturSi inducirdeba, rodesac konturSi gamavali
magnituri velis Zalwirebis raodenoba icvleba.
konturSi gamavali velis Zalwirebis faqtobriv raodenobas ara aqvs mniSvneloba; inducirebuli
emZ-isa da inducirebuli denis mniSvnelobebs Zalwirebis raodenobis cvlilebis tempi
gansazRvravs.
Cvens pirvel eqsperimentSi (sur. 30.1) magnituri velis Zalwirebi magnitis CrdiloeT polusidan
vrceldeba. amrigad, rodesac Cven CrdiloeT poluss konturisken gadavaadgilebT, konturSi
gamavali velis Zalwirebis raodenoba izrdeba. es zrda aSkarad iwvevs gamtari eleqtronebis
amoZravebas konturSi (inducirebuli deni) da warmoqmnis energias (inducirebuli emZ). rodesac
magniti moZraobas wyvets, konturSi gamavali velis Zalwirebis raodenoba aRar icvleba,
inducirebuli deni da inducirebuli emZ ki qreba.
Cvens meore eqsperimentSi (sur. 30.2), rodesac amomrTveli Riaa (ar aris deni), velis Zalwirebi
ar arsebobs, magram rodesac Cven marjvena konturSi dens CavrTavT, zrdadi deni am konturis
garSemo da marcxena konturze magnitur vels warmoqmnis. velis gaCenisas marcxena konturSi
gamavali magnituri velis Zalwirebis raodenoba izrdeba. konturSi gamavali velis Zalwirebis
raodenobis zrda densa da emZ-s warmoqmnis, rogorc es moxda pirvel eqsperimentSi. rodesac
deni marjvena konturSi stabilur mniSvnelobas SeiZens, marcxena konturSi gamavali velis
Zalwirebis raodenoba aRar Seicvleba da inducirebuli deni da inducirebuli emZ gaqreba.
faradeis kanoni ar ganmartavs, Tu ratom warmoiqmneba deni an emZ erT an meore eqsperimentSi. es
aris mxolod gancxadeba, romelic induqciis warmodgenaSi gvexmareba.
xarisxobrivi midgoma
faradeis kanonis amuSavebisTvis konturSi gamavali magnituri velis odenobis gamoTvla
gvWirdeba. 23-e TavSi mocemul msgavs situaciaSi zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis
raodenobis gamoangariSeba dagvWirda. iq Cven eleqtruli nakadi ФE =  ·d ganvsazRvreT,
am SemTxvevaSi ki magnitur nakads ganvsazRvravT. davuSvaT konturi, romelic gars ertymis A

farTobs, B magnitur velSia moTavsebulia. maSin konturSi gamavali magnituri nakadi iqneba:
 

∫
F B = B ⋅ dA (A farTobSi gamavali magnituri nakadi) (30.1)
rogorc 23-e TavSi, aqac dA aris dA sididis veqtori, romelic dA diferencialuri farTobis
perpendikularulia.
30.1 formulis kerZo SemTxvevis saxiT davuSvaT, rom konturi sibrtyeSi mdebareobs da
magnituri veli konturis sibrtyis perpendikularulia. maSin 30.1 formulaSi mocemuli
skalaruli namravlia B dA cos 0° = B dA. Tu magnituri veli erTgvarovania, maSin B SeiZleba
integralis niSnis gareT gamovitanoT. darCenili dA ubralod konturis A farTobia.
amrigad 30.1 formula daiyvaneba Semdeg saxemde:
 
ФB = BA ( B ⊥ farTobi A, B EerTgvarovani) (30.2)
30.1 da 30.2 formulebidan Cans, rom SI sistemaSi magnituri nakadis erTeulia tesla-kvadratuli
metri, romelsac ewodeba veberi (SemoklebiT vb):
1 veberi = 1vb = 1t·m2 (30.3)
magituri velis nakadis cnebis SemoRebis Semdeg faradeis kanoni ufro xarisxobrivad da
mosaxerxeblad SegviZlia CamovayaliboT:
gamtar konturSi inducirebuli E emZ-is sidide konturSi gamavali ФB magnituri

nakadis droSi cvlilebis tempis tolia.
rogorc momdevno paragrafSi gamoCndeba, inducirebuli E emZ nakadis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba.

amrigad, faradeis kanoni formalurad ase gamoisaxeba:
dФB
E=– (faradeis kanoni) (30.4)
dt
minus niSani am winaaRmdegobaze miuTiTebs. Cven minus niSans 30.4 formulaSi xSirad ugule
belvyofT, vinaidan mxolod inducirebuli emZ-is sidide gvainteresebs.
Tu N xviis mqone koWaSi gamaval magnitur nakads SevcvliT, inducirebuli emZ yvela xviaSi
gaCndeba da koWaSi inducirebuli jamuri emZ calkeuli inducirebuli emZ Zalebis jami iqneba.
Tu koWaSi xviebi mWidroa da yvela xviaSi erTi da igive ФB magnituri nakadi gadis, koWasi
inducirebuli emZ:
dФB
E = –N (N xviis mqone koWa) (30.5)
dt
qvemoT CamoTvlilia ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romlebiTac koWaSi gamavali magnituri nakadi
SegviZlia SevcvaloT:
1. Secvale magnituri velis B sidide koWaSi;
2. Secvale koWas saerTo farTobi an nawili im farTobisa, romelic magnitur velSi
mdebareobs;

3. Secvale kuTxe B magnituri velis mimarTulebasa da koWas sibrtyes Soris (magaliTad, koWas

imgvari brunviT, rom B veli jer koWas sibrtyis perpendikularuli iyos, mere ki sibrtyis
gaswvriv iyos mimarTuli).
sakontrolo wertili 1. grafikze mocemulia gamtar kon

turSi arsebuli EerTgvarovani magnituri velis B(t) sidide.
velis mimarTuleba konturis sibrtyis perpendikularulia.
daalage grafikis xuTi regioni konturSi inducirebuli emZ-
is sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.

grZel s solenoidSi, romlis ganivkveTi
naCvenebia 30.3. suraTze, 220 xvia/sm-ia da masSi
i = 1,5a deni gadis. solenoidis D diametria
3,2 sm. mis centrSi vaTavsebT 130 xviis mqone
da d = 2,1 sm diametris mWidrod Sekrul C
koWas. solenoidSi deni stabiluri tempiT sur. 30.3. c koWa mdebareobs s solenoidSi, romelSic
nulamde mcirdeba 25mwm-Si. rogoria c koWaSi i deni gadis.
inducirebuli emZ-is sidide, rodesac deni
solenoidSi icvleba?
amoxsna:
3. roca ФB mcirdeba, faradeis kanonis Tana
xmad, c koWaSi E emZ inducirdeba.
1. vinaidan koWa solenoidSia ganlagebuli,
is solenoidis i deniT warmoqmnil magni vinaidan c koWa Sedgeba erTze meti xviasagan,
tur velSi mdebareobs. amrigad c koWaSi faradeis kanons 30.5 formulis (E = –NdФB/dt)
gamavali ФB magnituri nakadi arsebobs. saxiT viyenebT, sadac N xviebis raodenobaa
2. vinaidan i deni mcirdeba, ФB nakadic 130, dФB/dt, ki tempia, romliTac nakadi Ti
Toeul xviaSi icvleba.
mcirdeba.
30.4 lencis kanoni 1019
vinaidan deni solenoidSi stabiluri tem aris 1 �d 2 (=3,46×10–4 m2) da n aris 220 xvia/sm
4
piT mcirdeba, ФB nakadi aseve stabiluri an 22000 xvia/m. 29.23 formulis Casma 30.2
tempiT mcirdeba. amrigad, Cven SegviZlia formulaSi gvaZlevs:
davweroT dФB/dt, rogorc ∆ФB /∆t. maSin
ФBA = BA = (μ0in)A
∆ФB-is gamoTvlisTvis Cven gvWirdeba nakadis
= (4� × 10–7 t·a)(1,5 a)(22000 xvia/m)
bolo da sawyisi mniSvnelobebi. bolo F B⋅ f
aris nuli, radgan saboloo deni solenoidSi × (3,46×10–4 m2)
nulis tolia. sawyisi F B⋅i nakadis dasadgenad = 1,44×10–5 vb.
kidev ori miTiTeba gvWirdeba: axla Cven SegviZlia davweroT:
4. C koWas TiToeul xviaSi gamavali nakadi A dФB ∆ФB ФB,f – ФB,i
 = =
farTobsa da solenoidis B magnitur vel- dt ∆t ∆t
Si am xviis mimarTulebazea damokidebuli.
 0 – 1,44×10–5 vb
=
raki B aris erTgvarovani da mimarTulia A 25×10–3 wm
farTobisadmi perpendikularulad, naka
= – 5,76×10 –4 vb/wm = – 5,76×10–4 v.
di 30.2 formuliT (ФB = BA) moicema.
Cven gvainteresebs mxolod sidideebi, amitom
5. magnituri velis B sidide solenoidis
ignorirebas vukeTebT minus niSnebs da zemoT
SigniT solenoidis i densa da sigrZis
moyvanil da 30.5 formulaSi da vwerT:
erTeulze misi xviebis n raodenobaze
dФB
29.23. formulis (B = μ0in) Tanaxmad aris E = –N = (130 xvia)(5,76×10–4 v)
dt
damokidebuli.
= 7,5×10–2 v = 75 mv (pasuxi)
30.3 suraTze naCvenebi SemTxvevisaTvis A
30.4 lencis kanoni

mas Semdeg rac faradeim induqciis kanoni aRmoaCina, hainrix fridrix lencma aRmoaCina kanoni,
dResdReobiT lencis kanoni saxeliT cnobili, romlis mixedviTac konturSi inducirebuli
denis mimarTulebas vadgenT:
inducirebul dens aqvs iseTi mimarTuleba, rom deniT gamowveuli magnituri veli
magnituri nakadis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba, romelic mocemul dens warmoSobs.
garda amisa, inducirebuli emZ-is mimarTuleba inducirebuli denis mimarTulebas emTxveva.

lencis kanonis Sesamowmeblad ori gansaxvavebuli, magram eqvivalenturi gziT mivusadagoT igi
30.4 suraTs, sadac magnitis CrdiloeT polusi gamtari
konturisken gadaadgildeba.
1. winaaRmdegoba polusis gadaadgilebis
mimarT. magnitis CrdiloeT polusis konturTan
miaxloeba 30.4 suraTze konturSi gamaval
magnitur nakads zrdis da amgvarad konturSi
deni warmoqmneba. 29.22 suraTidan Cven viciT, rom sur. 30.4. lencis kanoni moqmedebaSi.
rodesac magnits konturisken gadaadgi
konturi orpulusiani magnitis saxiT moqmedebs
leben, deni inducirdeba. konturSi deni
da misi magnituri dipolis impulsi mimarTulia sakuTar magnitur vels magnituri
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken. imisaTvis, rom dipolis impulsiT warmoqmnis, romelic
winaaRmdegoba gauwios magnitis miaxloebiT magnitis gadaadgilebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
amrigad, inducirebuli deni unda iyos
gamowveuli magnituri nakadis zrdas, konturis saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
CrdiloeTi polusi (da, maSasadame, ) pirispir mimarTulebis, rogorc es naCvenebia.
(a)
(b) (g) (d)

sur.
 30.5. koWaSi warmoqmnili i denis mimarTuleba aris iseTi, rom denis magnituri Bi veli im magnituri


B velis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba, romelic i dens warmoqmnis.
 Bi veli mudam mimarTulia zrdadi B velis
winaaRmdeg (a,c) da imave mimarTulebiT, romliTac klebadi B veli (b, α). marjvena xelis wesi inducirebuli
denis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs.
unda iyos mimarTuli moaxloebul CrdiloeT polusis mimarT, raTa ganizidos is (sur. 30.4).
maSin µ-sTvis marjvena xelis wesis (29.22) Tanaxmad, konturSi inducirebuli deni unda iyos
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisa 30.4 suraTSi. Tu Cven gamovwevT magnits
konturisagan, deni kvlav inducirdeba konturSi, Tumca amjerad konturis samxreT polusi
iqneba magnitis ukan daxeuli CrdiloeT polusisken mimarTuli, raTa winaaRmdegoba gauwios
ukan daxevas. amrigad, inducirebuli deni iqneba saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebis.
2. winaaRmdegoba nakadis cvlilebisadmi. Tavdapirvelad magniti daSorebulia
konturisagan da konturSi magnituri nakadi ar gadis. rodesac magnitis CrdiloeT polusi

konturs Tavisi B magnituri veliT uaxlovdeba (sur. 30.4), romelic mimarTulia marcxniv,
konturSi gamavali nakadi izrdeba. imisaTvis, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios nakadis zrdas,

i inducirebulma denma sakuTari Bi veli unda warmoqmnas, romelic konturis marjvniv

iqneba mimarTuli, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.5a suraTze; maSin Bi velis marjvniv mimarTuli

nakadi winaaRmdegobas uwevs B velis marcxniv mimarTuli nakadis zrdas. 29.22 suraTze
gamosaxuli marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad, i unda iyos saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
momarTulebisa 30.5a suraTze.
 
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Bi -is nakadi mudam winaaRmdegobas uwevs B -is nakadis cvlilebas,
 
magram es yovelTvis ar niSnavs, rom Bi mimarTuli B -s sapirispirod. magaliTad Tu 30.4
suraTze magnits konturisagan moSorebiT gamovwevT, magnitidan momavali F B nakadi konturSi

isev marcxniv miemarTeba, magram axla is mcirdeba. Bi -is nakadi axla marcxena konturSi unda
arsebobdes, raTa F B -is Semcirebas daupirispirdes, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.5b suraTze.
 
amrigad Bi -isa da B -s axla erTnairi mimarTuleba aqvT.
30.5g da d suraTebi gviCveneben SemTxvevebs, romlebSic magnitis samxreT polusi uaxlovdeba
konturs da ukan ixevs misgan.
eleqtrogitarebi
30.6 suraTze naCvenebia Fender Stratocaster eleqtrogitaris erT-erTi saxeoba. akustikuri
gitaris JReradoba akustikur rezonanszea damokidebuli, romelic instrumentis sxeulSi
simebis rxeviT warmoiqmneba. eleqtrogitara myari masalisgan aris damzadebuli, amitom mis
sxeulSi araviTari rezonansi ar warmoiqmneba. nacvlad amisa, liTonis simebis rxevas gitaris
adapteri grZnobs da signalebs gamaZlierebelsa da dinamikebis kompleqts ugzavnis.
adapteris agebuleba naCvenebia 30.7 suraTze. mavTuli, romelic akavSirebs instruments
gamaZliereblTan, patara magnitis irgvlivaa daxveuli. magnitis magnituri veli magnitis
30.4 lencis kanoni 1021
sur. 30.6. AFender Stratocaster gitaras adapterebis sami jgufi aqvs, romelTagan
TiToeuli eqvs eleqtroadapters Seicavs. gadamrTveli (gitaris qveda nawilSi)
saSualebas aZlevs musikoss gansazRvros, adapterebis romeli jgufiT gaugzavnos
signalebi gamaZlierebels da, maSasadame, dinamikebis sistemas.
zemoT CrdiloeT da samxreT polusebs warmoqmnis, maSasadame, simis

ganyofilebas aqvs sakuTari magnituri veli. rodesac sims Searxeven,
koWas mimarT misi moZraoba koWaSi gamavali magnituri velis nakads
cvlis da koWaSi deni warmoiqmneba. rodesac rxevisas simi koWasken
gadaadgildeba da Sordeba mas, inducirebuli deni mimarTulebas imave
sixSiriT icvlis, ra sixSiriTac simi irxeva da ase gadascems igi rxevis
sixSires gamaZlierebelsa da dinamiks.
`stratokasterze~ simebis daboloe
basTan axlos (sxeulis ganier nawilze)
ganlagebulia adapterebis sami jgufi.
daboloebasTan yvelaze ufro axlos
ganlagebuli adapteri simebis dabali
sixSiris rxevas yvelaze ukeTesad grZnobs. gadamrTvelis
gamoyenebis Sedegad musikoss SeuZlia SearCios jgufi an
jgufTa wyvili, romelic signalebs gamaZlierebelsa da
sur. 30.7 eleqtrogitaris
dinamikebs gaugzavnis.
adapteris gverdiTi xedi. rodesac
musikaze meti kontrolis misaRwevad legendaruli jimi liTonis sims (romelic magnitis
hendriqsi zogjer xelaxla gadaaxvevda xolme mavTuls msgavsad moqmedebs) Searxeven, is
magnitur nakadis cvlilebas iwvevs
gitaris adapteris koWebze, raTa xviebis raodenoba Seecvala.
da koWaSi deni warmoiqmneba.
am gziT is koWaSi inducirebuli emZ-is sidides da, maSasadame,
simTa rxevisadmi fardobiT mgrZnobelobas cvlida.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia sami SemTxveva, romlebSic erTnairi wriuli

gamtari konturebi eErTgvarovan magnitur velebSi aris moTavsebuli. magnituri velebi
erTnairi tempiT da erTnairi sididiT izrdeba an mcirdeba. TiToeulSi wyvetili xazi
diametrs Seesabameba. daalage SemTxvevebi konturebSi warmoqmnili denis sididis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
izrdeba izrdeba mcirdeba
izrdeba mcirdeba izrdeba

30.8 suraTze naCvenebia gamtari konturi, ZRvanelos gverdis perpendikularad da ga
romelic Sedgeba r = 0,20 m radiusis mqone reT. velis sidide mocemulia B=4t2 +2t+3-iT,
naxevarwrewirisa da sami swori monakveTisgan. sadac B aris teslebSi, t – wamebSi. Eb = 2V

naxevarwrewiri mdebareobs eErTgvarovan B emZ-is idealuri batarea dakavSirebulia
magnitur velSi, romelic mimarTulia saxelm konturTan, romlis winaRobaa 2 Ω.

a) rogoria konturSi B velis mier indu
cirebuli E sidide da mimarTuleba, rodesac
t = 10 wm?
amoxsna:
1. faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad, E-is sidide
tolia dФB/dt tempisa, romliTac konturSi
gamavali magnituri nakadi icvleba. sur. 30.8 batarea dakavSirebulia gamtar konturTan,
2. konturSi gamavali nakadi damokidebulia romelic r radiusis naxevarwrewirs Seicavs. naxevar
wrewiri Tanabar magnitur velSi mdebareobs. veli
konturis A farTobsa da mis mimar
  mimarTulia saxelmZRvanelos gverdis marTobulad
Tulebaze B magnitur velSi. raki B aris da gamodis gareT. misi sidide icvleba.
erTgvarovani da konturis sibrtyisadmi
perpendikularuli, nakadi mocemulia gamodis da izrdeba. Bi
inducirebulma
30.2 formuliT (ФB = BA). am formulis velma (inducirebuli deniT gamowveulma)
gamoyenebiT da imis gacnobierebiT, winaaRmdegoba unda gauwios am zrdas da,

rom mxolod B velis sidide icvleba maSasadame, saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken unda
droSi (da ara A farTobi), Cven SegviZlia iyos mimarTuli. marjvena xelis wesis (sur.
faradeis kanoni (30.4 formula) xelaxla 29.8g) gamoyenebiT vadgenT, rom inducirebuli
gadavweroT: deni konturis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis
dФB d(BA) dB mimarTulebis mqonea da, maSasadame, asevea
E= = =A
dt dt dt inducirebuli E emZ.
3. vinaidan konturSi nakadi SeaRwevs mxolod
b) rogoria deni konturSi, rodesac t = 10 wm?
A naxevarwreSi, farTobi A am formulaSi
amoxsna: ori emZ konturis garSemo muxtebis
aris 1 �r 2 , amis da mocemuli gamosaxulebis
2
amoZravebisken iswrafvis. inducirebuli
Casma B-s nacvlad gvaZlevs:
dB �r 2 d E emZ konturSi saaTis isris moZraobis
E=A = (4t2 + 2t + 3) mimarTulebis mqone dens aRZravs. batareis Eb
dt 2 dt
�r 2 emZ dens saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
= (8t + 2).
2 mimarTulebiT aRZravs. radgan E ufro metia
rodesac t = 10 wm, maSin: vidre Eb, jamuri Ej emZ aris saaTis isris
�(0,2 m)2 moZraobis mimarTulebis mqone da, maSasadame,
E= [8(10) + 2]
2 asea denic. imisaTvis, rom vipovoT deni,
= 5,152 v ≈ 5,2 v (pasuxi) rodesac t = 10 wm, 27.2. formulas (i = E/R)
imisaTvis, rom E-is mimarTuleba davad viyenebT:
ginoT, pirvel rigSi yuradReba unda Ej E – Eb
i  = =
mivaqcioT imas, rom 30.8 suraTze konturSi R R
gamavali nakadi saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan 5,152 v – 2 v
= = 1,58 a ≈ 1,6 a (pasuxi)
2 om

30.9 suraTze naCvenebi mavTulis marTkuTxa aqvs konturSi inducirebul emZ-s, rodesac

konturi araerTgvarovan da cvlad B magni t = 0,1 wm?
tur velSia moTavsebuli, romelic konturis amoxsna: vinaidan magnituri velis sidide
sibrtyis perpendikularulia da mimarTulia droSi icvleba, konturSi gamavali magnituri
saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken. velis sididea ФB nakadi aseve icvleba. cvladi nakadi
B = 4t x , sadac B aris teslebSi, t – wamebSi
2  2
konturSi E emZ-s warmoqmnis. faradeis kanonis
da x – metrebSi. konturis siganea w = 3 m, Tanaxmad E = dФB/dt.
simaRle ki H = 2 m. ra sidide da mimarTuleba vinaidan B araerTgvarovania konturiT
30.5 induqcia da energiis gadacema 1023
SemosazRvrul farTobze, Cven ar SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT 30.2 formula (ФB = BA). amis
nacvlad 30.1 formula (ФB =   · d ) unda
gamoviyenoT.

30.9 suraTze B konturis sibrtyis perpen
dikularulia (maSasadame paraleluria

diferencialuri farTobis dA veqtorisa).
amrigad, skalaruli namravli 30.1 formulaSi
sur. 30.9 w siganisa da H simaRlis mqone
gvaZlevs B dA-s; vinaidan magnituri veli Caketili gamtari konturi mdebareobs araTanabar
x koordinatTan erTad icvleba da ara cvlad magnitur velSi, romelic mimarTulia
yYkoordinatTan erTad, Cven SegviZlia dA saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken. faradeis kanonis
misadagebisTvis H simaRlis, dx siganis da dA
diferencialuri farTobi H simaRlisa farTobis mqone vertikalur zols viyenebT.
da dx siganis mqone vertikaluri zolis
farTobad miviCnioT. (rogorc es naCvenebia
30.9 suraTze). am SemTxvevaSi dA = H dx da sadac E aris voltebSi. rodesac t = 0,1 wm:
konturSi gamavali nakadia: E = (144 v/wm)(0,1 wm) ≈ 14 v, (pasuxi)

30.9 suraTze, konturSi gamavali B-s nakadi
ФB =  ·d  =  B dA =  BH dx =  4t2x2H dx.
saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken aris mimarTuli
t-s viRebT, rogorc mudmivas, integrebis da zrdadia, radgan B-s sididec droSi izrdeba.
zRvrebia x = 0 da x = 3 m, da miviRebT: lencis wesis mixedviT, inducirebuli denis
[]
ФB = 4t2H   x2 dx = 4t2H 
x3
3
 = 72t2,
Bi veli ewinaaRmdegeba zrdas da, amrigad,
mimarTulia saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan
sadac Cven CavsviT H = 2 m da F B veberebSi. gareT. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad,
axla Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT faradeis inducirebuli deni konturis garSemo saaTis
kanoni, raTa E-is sidide raime t droSi isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis
vipovoT: mqonea da, maSasadame, igive mimarTulebisaa
dФ d(72t2) inducirebuli E emZ.
E= B= = 144t,
dt dt
30.5 induqcia da energiis gadacema

lencis wesis Tanaxmad, 30.1 suraTze magnits konturisken
miswev Tu daaSoreb, magnituri Zala moZraobas ewi
naaRmdegeba da Tqvengan modebuli Zalisgan dadebiTi
muSaobis Sesrulebas moiTxovs. amave dros moZraobis
Sedegad denisadmi magnitis eleqtruli winaRobis
gamo siTburi energia konturis masalaSi warmoiqmneba.
energia, romelsac Caketili konturi + magnitis sistemas
modebuli ZaliT gadascem, am siTburi energiiT mTavrdeba
(Cven ugulebelvyofT energias, romelic konturidan
gamosxivdeba, rogorc eleqtromagnituri talRebi
induqciis dros). rac ufro swrafad gadaadgilebT magnits
sur. 30.10. Tqven Caketil gamtar
konturSi, miT ufro swrafad asrulebs muSaobas Tqvens
konturs magnituri velidan mudmivi
mier modebuli Zala da ufro didia tempi, romliTac siCqariT gamoswevT. rodesac konturi
Tqveni energia siTbur energiaSi gadadis. moZraobs, masSi inducirdeba saaTis
isris moZraobis mimarTulebis mqone i
imis miuxedavad Tu rogor inducirdeba deni konturSi,  
deni da konturis segmentebze F1 , F2 ,
energia yovelTvis gadadis siTbur energiaSi konturis 
F3 Zala moqmedebs.
eleqtruli winaRobis gamo (Tu konturi supergamtari

ar aris). magaliTad 30.2 suraTze, rodesac S amomrTveli
iketeba da deni xanmokled inducirdeba marcxena kon
turSi, energia batareidan konturis siTbur energiaSi
gadadis.
30.10 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi mdgomareoba,
romelic inducirebul dens Seexeba. L siganis mqone
sur. 30.11. wredis gamosaxuleba 30.10
suraTze gamosaxuli konturisaTvis, mavTulis marTkuTxa konturis erTi bolo erTgvarovan
rodesac konturi moZraobs. gare magnitur velSia moTavsebuli, romelic konturis
sibrtyis perpendikularulia. es veli SeiZleba war
moiqmnas, magaliTad, didi eleqtromagnitiT. 30.10. suraTze wyvetili xazebi uCvenebs magnituri
velis savaraudo sazRvrebs. uaryofilia velis SemosazRvra mis napirebTan.
30.10 suraTze gamosaxuli mdgomareoba arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba 30.1 suraTze naCvenebi
mdgomareobisgan. orive SemTxvevaSi magnituri veli da gamtari konturi erTmaneTis mimarT
moZraobs da konturSi gamavali velis nakadi droSi icvleba. 30.1 suraTze nakadi icvleba,

vinaidan icvleba B . 30.10 suraTze ki nakadis cvlilebis mizezi magnitur velSi mdebare
konturis farTobis cvlilebaa. amgvari gansxvaveba mniSvnelovani ar aris. mniSvnelovani aris is,
rom 30.10 suraTze gamosaxuli mowyobiloba gamoTvlebs amartivebs. modiT axla gamovTvaloT
tempi, romliTac meqanikur muSaobas asrulebT.

konturis mudmivi siCqariT gamowevisTvis konturis mimarT F mudmivi Zala unda gamoiyenoT,
radgan konturze igive sididis, magram sapirispiro mimarTulebis F1 magnituri Zala moqmedebs.
7.48 formulis Tanaxmad, muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi anu simZlavrea:
P = Fv , (30.6)
sadac F aris Tqveni Zalis sidide. Cven gvsurs vipovoT F-is gamosaxuleba magnituri velis
B sididisa da konturis maxasiaTeblebis, kerZod, denisadmi misi R winaRobis da L sididis
saSualebiT.
rodesac 30.10 suraTze konturs marjvniv gadaaadgilebT, magnitur velSi ganlagebuli
konturis farTobi mcirdeba. amrigad, konturSi gamavali nakadi mcirdeba da faradeis kanonis
mixedviT konturSi deni warmoiqmneba. denis arseboba Tqvens mier modebuli Zalis sapirispiro
Zalis arsebobas iwvevs. denis gamoTvlisTvis pirvel rigSi faradeis kanons unda mivmarToT.
rodesac x aris magnitur velSi arsebuli konturis sigrZe, konturis farTobi velSi aris Lx.
30.2 formulis Tanaxmad, konturSi gamavali nakadis sididea:
ФB = BA = BLx (30.7)
rodesac x mcirdeba, nakadic mcirdeba. faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad, nakadis Semcirebis Sedegad
konturSi emZ inducirdeba. 30.4 formulidan minus niSnis amogdebiT da 30.7 formulis
gamoyenebiT am emZ-is sidide amgvarad SegviZlia CavweroT:
dФB d dx
E = = BLx = BL = BLv , (30.8)
dt dt dt
sadac dx/dt v-iT SevcvaleT. 30.11 suraTze gamosaxulia konturi, rogorc wredi: inducirebuli E
emZ gamosaxulia marcxniv, konturis R winaRoba ki – marjvniv. inducirebuli i denis mimarTuleba
miiReba marjvena xelis wesiT, rogorc 30.5b suraTzea naCvenebi. wesis Tanaxmad deni saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebisaa da E-s mimarTuleba igivea.
inducirebuli denis sididis dasadgenad wredis potencialTa sxvaobebisTvis konturis wess
ver gamoviyenebT, vinaidan rogorc 30.6 paragrafSi naxavT, Cven ar SegviZlia inducirebuli emZ-
isaTvis potencialTa sxvaobis gansazRvra. samagierod SegviZlia gamoviyenoT i=E/R formula,
rogorc gavakeTeT 30.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi. 30.8 formulis saSualebiT es formula Semdeg
30.5 induqcia da energiis gadacema 1025
saxes iRebs:
BLv
i= . (30.9)
R
vinaidan 30.10 suraTze gamosaxuli konturis sam segments es deni magnitur velSi gadaaqvs, am
segmentebze gadamxreli Zalebi moqmedeben. 28.26 formulidan viciT, rom gadamxreli Zalis
zogadi Canaweria:
  
F d = i L × B . (30. 10)

  
30.10 suraTze konturis segmentebze moqmedi gadamxreli Zalebi F1 , F2 , F3 -iT aRiniSneba,
 
Tumca yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom simetriidan gamomdinare F2 da F3 Zalebi toli sididisaa

da erTmaneTs abaTileben. rCeba mxolod F1 Zala, romelic Tqveni F Zalis winaaRmdeg aris
 
mimarTuli. amrigad, F = - F1 .
  
F1 sididis misaRebad 30.10 formulas viyenebT da viTvaliswinebT, rom kuTxe B -sa da L sigrZis
veqtors Soris marcxena segementisaTvis 90°-ia. maSasadame:
F = F1 = iLB sin90° = iLB (30.11)
30.11 formulaSi i-s nacvlad 30.9 formulis CasmiT viRebT:

B2L2v
F= (30.12)
R
vinaidan B, L da R mudmivebia, konturis gadaadgilebis ν siCqare mudmivia, Tu Tqvens mier
konturze modebuli Zalis F sidide aseve mudmivia.
30.12 formulis 30.6 formulaSi CasmiT vadgenT temps, romliTac konturze muSaobas asrulebT,
rodesac mas magnituri velidan gamoswevT:
B 2L 2v 2
P = Fv = (muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi) (30.13)
R
Cveni analizis dasasruls davadginoT tempi, romliTac konturSi siTburi energia Cndeba,
rodesac konturi mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. es tempi 26.27 formulidan gamoiTvleba:
P = i2R (30.14)
Tu CavsvamT 30.9 formulis saSualebiT i-s, miviRebT:
( BLvR ) R = B LR v
2 2 2 2
P= (siTburi energiis tempi) (30.15)
rac zustad konturze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempis (formula 30.13) tolia. maSasadame,
magnitur velSi konturis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba konturSi siTburi energiis
saxiT Cndeba.
damwvrobebi magnitur-rezonansuli tomografiisas

pacienti, romelsac magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia utardeba, aparatSia moTavsebuli.
aparati ori magnituri velisagan Sedgeba, esenia: didi mudmivi veli da mcire sinusoidaluri
(t) cvladi veli. tomografiisas pacienti didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gaunZrevlad unda iwves.
yvela pacients ki ar SeuZlia gaunZrevlad gaCereba. aseT pacientebs damamSvidebel saSualebebs
aZleven. vinaidan zogadi anesTezia SesaZloa saxifaTo aRmoCndes, pacients yuradRebiT
akvirdebian. Cveulebriv es xdeba pulsis oqsimetris xelsawyoTi, romelic zomavs Jangbadis
dones pacientis sisxlSi. es xelsawyo Seicavs zonds, romelic mimagrebulia pacientis TiTze
da zonars, romelic zondidan magnitur-rezonansuli tomografiis aparatis gareT mdebare
monitorisken miemarTeba.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia wesiT savsebiT uvnebeli unda iyos pacientisaTvis, Tumca
sur. 30.12. magnitur-rezonansuli tomografiisas

pacientis TiTze
 mimagrebuli zondi, romelSic
vertikaluri B (t ) magnituri veli sinusoidalurad
icvleba. zondis zonari pacientis kans mklavze
exeba da zonari da mklavis qveda nawili Caketil
konturs qmnis.
ramdenime SemTxvevaSi faradeis induqciis kanonis mimarT ugulisyurobam gamoiwvia is, rom
daZinebulma pacientma Zlieri damwvroba miiRo. am SemTxvevebSi oqsimetris zonari pacientis
mklavs exeboda (sur. 30.12). zonarma da mklavis qveda nawilma Seqmna Caketili konturi, romlis
gavliT (t) cvladma magniturma velma cvladi nakadi warmoqmna. Sedegad konturis garSemo
emZ gaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom zonaris saizolacio masalas da kansac maRali eleqtruli
winaRoba hqondaT, inducirebulma emZ konturis garSemo deni aRZra. rogorc winaRobis Semcvel
nebismier wredSi, denma siTburi energia winaRobis wertilebSi gadasca. amgvarad, TiTi da kani,
sadac zonari mklavis qveda nawils Seexo, daiwva. dResdReobiT samedicino personali amgvar
safrTxes iTvaliswinebs.
grigaluri denebi
davuSvaT, 30.10 suraTze gamosaxuli gamtari konturi
myari gamtari firfitiT SevcvaleT. Tu Cven firfitas
magnituri velidan gamovwevT, rogorc es gavakeTeT
konturis SemTxvevaSi (sur.30.13a), velis da gamtaris
fardobiTi moZraoba kvlav warmoSobs dens gamtarSi.
amrigad Cven isev vexebiT mowinaaRmdege Zalas da
inducirebuli denis gamo muSaoba unda SevasruloT. (a)
firfitis SemTxvevaSi, inducirebuli denis Semqmneli

gamtarobis eleqtronebi erT traeqtorias ar mihyveba,
rogorc es xdeboda konturis SemTxvevaSi. nacvlad amisa
eleqtronebi firfitaSi ise trialeben, TiTqos wylis
morevSi moxvdnen. aseT dens grigaluri deni ewodeba.
igi SeiZleba gamoisaxos ise, rogorc es 30.13a suraTzea,
TiTqos erTaderT traeqtorias mihyvebodes.
30.10 suraTze naCvenebi gamtari konturis msgavsad,
(b)
firfitaSi inducirebuli denis Sedegad meqanikuri
sur. 30.13. a) roca myar gamtar firfitas
energia siTbur energiaSi ixarjeba. es xarjva 30.13b
magnituri velidan gadaaadgileb,
suraTze naTlad Cans. gamtari firfita sayrdeni firfitaSi grigaluri denebi Cndeba.
wertilis garSemo qanqaras msgavsad Tavisuflad qanaobs. naCvenebia grigaluri denis tipuri
konturi. b) gamtar firfitas saSualeba
yoveli gaqanebisas firfita velSi Sedis da gamodis. misi
eZleva qanqaras msgavsad sayrdeni
meqanikuri energiis nawili siTbur energiad gardaiqmneba. wertilis garSemo iqanaos. rodesac
ramdenime gaqanebis Semdeg araviTari meqanikuri energia firfita velSi Sedis da gamodis, masSi
grigaluri denebi Cndeba.
aRar rCeba da sayrden wertilze Camokidebuli firfita
xurdeba.
30.6 inducirebuli eleqtruli velebi 1027
sakontrolo wertili 3. suraTze naCvenebia mavTulis oTxi konturi, romelTa gverdebis

sigrZea L an 2L. oTxive konturi saxelmZRvanelos gverdis marTobul, gareT mimarTul
erTgvarovan B magnituri velSi erTi da imave mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. daalage konturebi
velSi moZraobisas warmoqmnili inducirebuli emZ-is maqsimaluri sididis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.
30.6 inducirebuli eleqtruli velebi

r radiusis mqone spilenZis rgoli erTgvarovan gare magnitur
velSi movaTavsoT, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.14 suraTze. veli
R radiusis cilindris moculobas avsebs. davuSvaT, Cven am
velis sidides stabiluri tempiT vzrdiT (eleqtromagnitis
xviebSi velis warmomqmneli denis gazrdis Sedegad). am
SemTxvevaSi xviaSi gamavali magnituri nakadi (rgolis gam
Woli magnituri nakadi) stabiluri tempiT Seicvleba da
a)
faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad rgolSi inducirebuli emZ da,
maSasadame, induqciuri deni, gaCndeba. lencis kanonis meSveo
biT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom 30.14a suraTze induqciuri
deni mimarTulia saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod.
Tu spilenZis rgolSi deni arsebobs, eleqtruli veli rgolis
gaswvriv unda iyos, vinaidan eleqtruli veli gamtarobis
eleqtronebis asamoZraveblad Sesrulebuli muSaobisTvis
saWiroa. garda amisa, eleqtruli veli cvladma magniturma

nakadma unda warmoqmnas. E inducirebuli eleqtruli b)
veli iseve realuria, rogorc uZravi, statikuri muxtebiT

warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli. rogorc erTi, ise meore veli q0

muxtis nawilakze q 0 E ZaliT imoqmedebs. amgvari msjelobiT
Cven mivediT faradeis induqciis kanonis sasargeblo da
yuradsaReb xelaxal mtkicebamde:
cvladi magnituri veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
g)
sur. 30.14 a) Tu magnituri veli stabiluri tempiT izrdeba, mudmivi
inducirebuli deni Cndeba, rogorc Nes naCvenebia r radiusis mqone
spilenZis rgolSi. b) induqciuri eleqtruli veli arsebobs maSinac,
roca rgoli moSorebulia; eleqtruli veli naCvenebia oTx wertilSi.
g) Zalwirebis saSualebiT gamosaxuli inducirebuli eleqtruli
velis sruli suraTi d) oTxi msgavsi Caketili traeqtoria, romlebic
erTnair farTobebs SemosazRvraven. cvladi magnituri velis
regionebSi mdebare 1 da 2 traeqtoriebis garSemo Tanabari emZ Zalebi
warmoiqmneba. ufro patara emZ mxolod me-3 traeqtoriis garSemo
inducirdeba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv mdebareobs am regionSi.
araviTari emZ ar inducirdeba me-4 traeqtoriis garSemo, romelic
mTlianad magnituri velis gareT mdebareobs. d)
am mtkicebulebis gasaocari Tavisebureba is aris, rom eleqtruli veli inducirdeba maSinac ki,
rodesac aranairi spilenZis rgoli ar arsebobs.
am mosazrebis gasamyareblad sur. 30.14b ganixile, romelic sur. 30.14a hgavs im gansxvavebiT,
rom spilenZis rgolis nacvlad am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs patara r radiusiani hipoTezuri wriuli

traeqtoria. winaswar vuSvebT, rom B magnituri veli dB/dt stabiluri tempiT izrdeba
wriuli traeqtoriis irgvliv sxvadasxva wertilSi. simetriidan gamomdinare, warmoqmnili
eleqtruli veli, unda iyos wrewiris mxebi, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.14b suraTze. maSasadame
wriuli traeqtoria eleqtruli velis Zalwiria. r radiusian wrewirTan dakavSirebiT araferi
gansakuTrebuli ar xdeba, amrigad cvladi magnituri velis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
Zalwirebi unda iyos koncentrul wrewirTa kompleqti, rogorc es 30.14 suraTzea naCvenebi.
ramdenadac magnituri veli droSi izrdeba, 30.14g suraTze wriuli ZalwirebiT gamosaxuli
eleqtruli veli iqneba warmodgenili. Tu magnituri veli droSi ucvlelia, maSin ar iqneba
araviTari inducirebuli eleqtruli veli da, maSasadame, eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi ar
iarsebebs. Tu magnituri veli droSi mcirdeba (stabiluri tempiT), eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi
kvlav koncentruli wrewirebi iqneba, rogorc es 30.14g suraTzea naCvenebi, magram amjerad
maT sapirispiro mimarTuleba eqnebaT. yovelive es gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vambobT, rom
`cvladi magnituri veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis ~.
faradeis kanonis axlidan Camoyalibeba

ganvixiloT q0 muxtis nawilaki, romelic 30.14b suraTze wriuli traeqtoriis gaswvriv
moZraobs. inducirebuli velis mier muxtis erTi brunvisas masze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa
W =  E q 0 , sadac E aris inducirebuli emZ anu muxtis erTeulze Sesrulebuli muSaoba sacdeli
muxtis traeqtoris irgvliv gadaadgilebisas. sxva TvalsazrisiT muSaoba aris:
W =    · d = (q 0 E)(2πr).   (30.16)
sadac q0E im Zalis sididea, romelic sacdel muxtze moqmedebs, 2πr ki manZilia, romelzec es Zala
moqmedebs. W-s nacvlad erTmaneTisadmi toli am ori gamosaxulebis CasmiTa da q0-s gabaTilebis
Sedegad miviRebT:
E  = 2πrE . (30.17)
30.16 formulia xelaxla gadavweroT, raTa nebismieri daxuruli wredis gaswvriv moZravi q0
muxtis nawilakze Sesrulebuli muSaobis ufro zogadi gamosaxuleba miviRoT:
W =   ·d = q0   ·d . (30.18)
(integralis niSanze gakeTebuli rgoli mianiSnebs, rom integreba Caketili traeqtoriis

gaswvriv xdeba). W-s nacvlad E q0-is CasmiT miviRebT:
E =   ·d . (30.19)
es integrali maSinve daiyvaneba 30.17 formulamde, rodesac mas 30.14b suraTis kerZo
SemTxvevisTvis gamovsaxavT.
30.19 formulis meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia induqciuri emZ-is mniSvneloba ganvazogadoT. aqamde
inducirebuli emZ muxtis erTeulze Sesrulebul muSaobas niSnavda cvladi magnituri nakadiT
gamowveuli denis SenarCunebisas. sxva SemTxvevaSi niSnavda cvlad velSi Caketil traeqtoriaze
moZrav damutul nawilakze Sesrulebul muSaobas muxtis erTeulze. 30.14b suraTisa da 30.19
formulis mixedviT, inducirebul emZs denis an nawilakis saWiroebis gareSec SeuZlia arseboba:
30.6 inducirebuli eleqtruli velebi 1029

inducirebuli emZ aris ·d sidideebis jami Caketili traeqtoriis garSemo, sadac E aris
cvladi magnituri nakadiT warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli, d – diferencialuri sigrZis veqtori
traeqtoriis gaswvriv.
Tu 30.19 formulas faradeis kanonTan (30.4) (E = – dФB /dt) gavaerTianebT, maSin Cven SegviZlia es
kanoni Semdegnairad davweroT:
dФB
  ·d = – (faradeis kanoni) (30.20)
dt
es formula gviCvenebs, rom cvladi magnituri veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. cvladi
magnituri veli formulis marjvena mxaresaa, eleqtruli – marcxena mxares.
30.20 formulis saxiT mocemuli faradeis kanoni SegviZlia gamoviyenoT nebismieri Caketili
traeqtoriis mimarT, romelic SeiZleba Sediodes cvlad magnitur velSi. magaliTad, 30.14d
suraTze naCvenebia oTxi aseTi traeqtoria. maTgan yvelas aqvs erTnairi sivrce da forma, magram
isini mdebareoben cvladi velis sxvadasxva mdebareobaze. inducirebuli E (=   ·d ) pirveli da
meore traeqtoriisTvis erTi da igivea, radgan es traeqtoriebi mTlianad magnitur velSia da,
amdenad, dФB /dt erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, eleqtruli velis veqtorebi
am traeqtoriebis gaswvriv wertilebze sxvadasxvaa, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze eleqtruli
velis Zalwirebis saxiT. mesame traeqtoriis inducirebuli emZ ufro naklebia, radgan
SemosazRvruli ФB nakadi ufro mcirea. meoTxe traeqtoriis inducirebuli emZ nulis tolia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtruli veli traeqtoriis arc erT wertilze ar aris nulis tolia.
eleqtruli potencialis axleburi gaazreba

induqciur eleqtrul vels uZravi (statikuri) muxtebi ki ara, aramed cvladi magnituri nakadi
warmoqmnis. rogorc erTi, ise meore gziT warmoqmnili veli damuxtul nawilakebze moqmedebs,
Tumca maT Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. gansxvavebis umartivesi magaliTi aris is,
rom induqciuri velis Zalwirebi Caketil konturebs qmnian, rogorc es aris 30.14g suraTze.
uZravi muxtebiT warmoqmnili velis Zalwirebi ki amas arasdros akeTeben. isini dadebiTi
muxtebidan iwyeba da uaryofiT muxtebze mTavrdeba.
induqciiT warmoqmnil eleqtrul velsa da statikuri muxtiT warmoqmnil velebs Soris Semdegi
gansxvavebaa:
eleqtrul potencials mxolod uZravi muxtebiT warmoqmnili eleqtruli velebisTvis

aqvs mniSvneloba. induqciiT warmoqmnili eleqtruli velisTvis eleqtrul
potencials mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
am yvelafers ufro kargad gaiazrebT, Tu 30.14b suraTze damuxtul nawilaks daakvirdebiT,

romelic wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs. traeqtoria garkveul wertilSi iwyeba da rodesac
nawilaki imave wertils ubrundeba, masze garkveulma E emZ-m, magaliTad, 5v-ma imoqmeda da
nawilakze 5j/k muSaoba Sesrulda anu nawilaki 5v-iT meti potencialis wertilzea ganlagebuli.
Tumca es SeuZlebelia, vinaidan nawilaki dabrunda imave wertilSi, romelsac ar SeiZleba
hqondes potencialis sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. amrigad magnituri velebiT warmoqmnili
eleqtruli velebisTvis potencials araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

gavixsenoT 24.18 formula, romelic E eleqtrul velSi i wertilsa da f wertils Soris
potencialTa sxvaobas gansazRvravs:
Vf – Vi = – ·d . (30.21)
24-e TavSi faradeis induqciis kanons ar vicnobdiT, amitom 24.18 formulaSi Sesuli veli
uZravi muxtebiT iyo gamowveuli. Tu 30.21 formulaSi i da f wertilebi erTi da igivea, maSin
maTi damakavSirebeli traeqtoria Caketilia konturia, Vi da Vf ErTgvarovania da 30.21 formula
Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
  ·d = 0. (30.22)
rodesac cvladi magnituri nakadi gvaqvs warmodgenili, es integrali 0-is toli ki ar aris,
aramed –dφB /dt, rogorc amas 30.20 formula moiTxovs. amgvarad inducirebuli eleqtruli
velisadmi potencialis miniWebas winaaRmdegobamde mivyavarT. maSasadame, induqciiT gamowveuli
eleqtruli velebisTvis eleqtrul potencials mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze gamosaxulia xuTi

regioni, romlebSic eErTgvarovani magnituri veli saxel
mZRvanelos gverdisgan moSorebiT an gverdis SigniT
aris mimarTuli. mimarTuleba mxolod a regionisTvis
aris naCvenebi. xuTive regionSi velis sidide Tanabari
tempiT izrdeba. regionebis farTobebic erTi da igivea.
garda amisa, gamosaxulia cifrebiT aRniSnuli oTxi traeqtoria, romelTa gaswvriv
·d -s „mag“-is saxiT gansazRvruli sidideebi aqvs. gansazRvreT am regionebSi magnituri
veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis gareT aris mimarTuli Tu gverdis SigniT.
traeqtoria 1 2 3 4
·d mag 2 mag 3 mag 0

30.14b suraTze R = 8,5 m da dB/dt = 0,13 t/wm.
a) ipoveT inducirebuli eleqtruli velis

gamosaxuleba magnituri velis centridan r
radiusze. gamosaxuleba r = 5,2 sm-sTvis gamo
TvaleT.
amoxsna: faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad eleq
truli veli cvladi magnituri veliT indu
cirdeba. E velis sididis gamoTvlisTvis
sur. 30.15 inducirebuli E(r) eleqtruli velis
30.20 formulis saxiT mocemuli faradeis grafiki 30.4 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSisTvis.
kanoni gamoviyenoT. Cven gvWirdeba inte
grebis wriuli traeqtoria r ≤ R radiu
siT, vinaidan E veli magnituri velis wer erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi
tilebisTvis gvainteresebs. simetriidan 30.20 formulis marcxena mxare Semdeg saxes
gamomdinare vuSvebT, rom 30.14b suraTze miiRebs:
yvela wertilSi veli wriuli traeqtoriis
  ·d =  E·ds = E    ds = E(2πr) (30.23)
mxebia. traeqtoriis d veqtori aseve wriuli
traeqtoriis mxebia, amitom 30.20 formulis ( ds integrali aris wriuli traeqtoriis 2πr
·d skalaruli namravlis sidide traeq sigrZis wiri).
toriis yvela wertilze Eds-ia. simetriidan Cven 30.20 formulis marjvena mxare unda
agreTve SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom E-s gamovTvaloT. vinaidan veqtori A far
wriuli traeqtoriis gaswvriv yvela wertilze Tobze, romelic integrebis traeqtoriTaa
30.7 induqtorebi da induqciuroba 1031
SemosazRvruli, erTgvarovania da am farTobis SemTxvevaSi kvlav 30.23 formulas miviRebT da
mimarT perpendikularulia, magnituri nakadi ara 30.24 formulas, radgan integrebis axali
30.2 formuliT moicema: traeqtoria magnituri velis gareTaa. axali
ФB = BA = B(πr2). (30.24) traeqtoriiT SemosazRvruli magnituri naka
di aris mxolod magnituri veli, romelic
CavsvaT es da 30.23 formula 30.20 formulaSi
regionis πR2 farTobSi gadis. amitom:
da minus niSani amovagdoT. Sedegad miviRebT:
dB ФB = BA = B(πR2). (30.26)
E(2πr) = (πr2) 
dt Tu CavsvamT am da 30.23 formulas 30.20
r dB formulaSi (minus niSnis gareSe), E-sTvis
an E =   (pasuxi) (30.25)
2 dt amoxsna gvaZlevs
30.25 formula eleqtruli velis sidides
R2 dB
nebismier wertilSi, sadac r ≤ R gvaZlevs. E=   (pasuxi) (30.27)
2r dt
rodesac r = 5,2 sm: raki E aq ar aris nuli, Cven viciT, rom
5,2×10–2 m eleqtruli veli inducirdeba im wertilebSic
E= (0,13 t/wm)
2 ki, romlebic cvladi magnituri velis gareT
= 0,0034 v/m = 3,4 mv/m (pasuxi)
aris ganlagebuli. mocemuli monacemebis

b) daadgineT inducirebuli E velis sididis mixedviT 30.27 formula gvaZlevs E sidides,
gamosaxuleba wertilebSi, romlebic mag rodesac r = 12,5 sm
nituri velis gareT r radiusze aris ganla (8,5×10–2 m)2
gebuli. gamoTvaleT E-s sidide r = 12,5 sm E= (0,13 t/wm)
(2)(12,5×10–2 m)
radiusisTvis.
= 3,8×10–3 v/m = 3,8 mv/m (pasuxi)
amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSic amocanis a) nawilis
30.25 da 30.27 formulebi iZleva erTsa da imave
logika gamoiyeneba im gansxvavebiT, rom
Sedegs, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, roca r = R.
amjerad r≥R radiusis wriul traeqtorias
viyenebT, vinaidan E magnituri velis gareT 30.15 suraTi gviCvenebs am or formulaze
mdebare wertilebisTvis unda gamovsaxoT. am dafuZnebul grafiks.
30.7 induqtorebi da induqciuroba

25-e TavSi aRmovaCineT, rom kondensatori sasurveli
eleqtruli velis SeqmnisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
Cven ganvixileT paraleluri firfitebisgan Seqmnili
mowyobiloba, rogorc kondensatoris ZiriTadi saxeoba.
zustad aseve SeiZleba induqtori (simbolo ) gamo
viyenoT sasurveli magnituri velis Sesaqmnelad. Cven
ganvixilavT grZel solenoids, rogorc induqtoris
ZiriTad tips.
Tu Cven i dens solenoidis xviebSi warmovqmniT, romelsac
miviCnevT induqtorad, deni ФB magnitur nakads
induqtoris centralur regionSi aCens. induqtoris
uxeSi induqtorebi, romelTa saSua
induqciuroba am SemTxvevaSi aris
lebiT faradeim induqciis kanoni
NФB aRmoaCina. im droisTvis izolirebuli
L =  (induqciuroba), (30.28)
i mavTuli ar iyo finansurad xel
sadac N aris xviaTa raodenoba. induqtoris gragnilebi misawvdomi. amboben, rom faradeim
erTmaneTs saerTo nakadiT ukavSirdebian da NФB Tavisi mavTulebis izolireba maTze
viwro zolebis gadaxveviT moaxerxa,
namravls saerTo magnitur nakads uwodeben. amrigad,
romlebic Tavisi colis kabas moaWra.
L induqciuroba aris sazomi sruli nakadisa, romelic
induqtoris mier denis erTeulze warmoiqmneba.
vinaidan magnituri nakadis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris t⋅m2, induqciurobis erTeulia t⋅m2/a. am
erTeuls henri ewodeba amerikeli fizikosis, induqciis kanonis TanaaRmomCenisa da faradeis
Tanamedrovis jozef henris pativsacemad. amrigad:
1 henri = 1 h = 1 t⋅m2/a (30.29)
am Tavis danarCen nawilSi vuSvebT, rom yvela induqtors, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria maTi
geometriuli zoma, ar aqvs magnituri masalebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rkina maT siaxloves.
aseTi masalebi induqtoris magnitur vels daamaxinjebda.
solenoidis induqciuroba
ganvixiloT ganivi kveTis A farTobis mqone grZeli solenoidi. rogoria induqciuroba sigrZis
erTeulSi mis Sua nawilTan axlos? imisaTvis, rom induqciurobisaTvis gansazRvruli formula
gamoviyenoT (30.28), unda gamovTvaloT sruli nakadi, romelic aRZrulia mocemuli deniT so-
lenoidis xviebSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom solenoidis Sua nawilTan (l sigrZis) axlos sruli
nakadia:
NФB = (nl)(BA),
sadac n aris solenoidis xviaTa raodenoba sigrZis erTeulze, B ki solenoidSi arsebuli

magnituri velis sidide. B sidide 29.23 formuliT gamoiTvleba:
B = µ0in.

NФB (nl)(BA) (nl)(µ0in)(A)
L =  =  =  = µ 0n 2lA (30.30)
i i i
maSasadame induqciuroba sigrZis erTeulze grZeli solenoidis centrTan axlos aris
L
= µ0n2A (solenoidi) (30.31)
l
simZlavris msgavsad, induqciuroba damokidebulia mxolod mowyobilobis geometriaze.
sigrZis erTeulze xviaTa raodenobis kvadratze damokidebuleba mosalodnelia. Tu Tqven
n-s asammagebT, maSin ara mxolod xviebis raodenoba (N) sammagdeba, aramed TiToeul xviaSi
gamaval nakadi (ФB = BA = µ0inA). aqedan gamomdinare, NФB sruli nakadi da L induqciuroba 9-jer
izrdeba.
Tu solenoidi sakuTar radiusTan SedarebiT bevrad grZelia, maSin 30.30 formula karg
miaxloebas iZleva. es miaxloeba ugulebelyofs solenoidis boloebis axlos magnituri
velis Zalwirebis gavrcelebas swored iseve, rogorc paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari
kondensatoris formula (C = ε0A/d) ugulebelyofs eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis SemosazRvras
kondensatoris firfitebis napirebTan axlos. 30.30 formulis mixedviT da imis gaxsenebiT,
rom n aris xviebis raodenoba sigrZis erTeulze, Cven SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom induqciuroba
SeRwevadobis mudmivis da sigrZis ganzomilebis sididis namravlis saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros. es
imas niSnavs, rom µ0 SeiZleba gamoisaxos h/m-ebSi:
µ0= 4 �×10–7 t⋅m/a
= 4 �×10–7 h/m (30.32)

30.8 TviTinduqciuroba 1033
30.8 TviTinduqciuroba
Tu ori koWa, romelTac Cven induqtorebs vuwodebT,
erTmaneTTan axlosaa, maSin erT koWaSi gamavali deni
ФB magnitur nakads meore koWaSi warmoqmnis. Tu es
nakadi denis Secvlis Sedegad Seicvleba, meore koWaSi
inducirebuli emZ aRiZvreba. faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad
sur. 30.16 Tu koWaSi gamavali deni
inducirebuli emZ pirvel koWaSic Cndeba. inducirebuli cvlad rezistorze kontaqtis mdebare-
E emZ Cndeba nebismier koWaSi, romelSic deni icvleba. am obis cvlilebis Sedegad icvleba, denis
cvlilebisas koWaSi TviTinducirebuli
process (ix. sur. 30.16) TviTinduqcia ewodeba, gaCenil
EL emZ gaCndeba.
emZ-s ki TviTinducirebuli emZ-a. is emorCileba faradeis
induqciis kanons iseve, rogorc sxva inducirebuli emZ. nebismieri induqtorisaTvis 30.28
formulis Tanaxmad:
NФB = Li (30.33)
faradeis kanonis mixedviT:

d(NФB)
EL = – . (30.34)
dt
30.33 da 30.34 formulebis gaerTianebiT miviRebT:

di
EL = –L dt (TviTinducirebuli emZ) (30.35)
maSasadame, nebismier induqtorSi (rogoricaa koWa, solenoidi an toroidi) TviTinducirebuli

emZ Cndeba, Tu deni icvleba droSi. denis mniSvnelobas araviTari zegavlena ar aqvs inducirebuli
emZ-is sidideze. mniSvneloba mxolod cvlilebis temps aqvs.
TviTinducirebuli emZ-is mimarTuleba lencis kanonis
meSveobiT SegiZliaT daadginoT. 30.35 formulaSi minus
niSani aCvenebs, TviTinducirebul emZ-s mimarTuleba i
denis cvlilebas upirispirdeba. Cven SegviZlia minus
niSani amovagdoT, rodesac mxolod EL-is sididis gageba
gvsurs.
davuSvaT, rogorc es 30.17a suraTSi, koWaSi i deni gadis
(a)
da deni droSi di/dt tempiT izrdeba. lencis kanonis
Tanaxmad denis amgvar `cvlilebas~ TviTinduqciurobam
unda gauwios winaaRmdegoba. aseTi winaaRmdegobisTvis,
koWaSi unda gaCndes TviTinducirebuli emZ, romelic
denis zrdas daupirispirdeba. Tu deni droSi mcirdeba,
rogorc es 30.17b suraTzea, TviTinducirebuli emZ iseTi
mimarTulebis unda iyos, raTa denis klebas winaaRmdegoba
gauwios.
(b)
30.6 paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom cvladi magnituri nakadiT
inducirebuli eleqtruli velis eleqtruli potencialis sur. 30.17 a) i deni izrdeba da TviTin-
ducirebuli EL emZ koWas gaswvriv iseTi
(maSasadame, emZ-is) gansazRvra ar SegviZlia. mimarTulebiT Cndeba, rom winaaRmdego-
es niSnavs imas, rom rodesac TviTinducirebuli emZ 30.16 bas uwevs denis zrdas. isari, romelic
suraTze gamosaxul induqtorSi warmoiqmneba, Cven ar gamosaxavs EL-s, SeiZleba gaivlos koWas
xviis gaswvriv an koWas gaswvriv. orive
SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT eleqtruli potenciali TviTon maTgani naCvenebia b) i deni mcirdeba da
induqtorSi, sadac nakadi icvleba. potenciali SeiZleba TviTinducirebuli emZ iseTi mimar-
ganisazRvros wredis wertilebSi, romlebic ar arian TulebiT Cndeba, rom is Semcirebas wi-
naaRmdegobas uwevs.
induqtorSi anu iseT wertilebSi, sadac eleqtruli velebi
muxtis gavrcelebiTa da maTTan dakavSirebuli eleqtruli potencialebiTaa gamowveuli.

garda amisa, Cven SegviZlia TviTinducirebul potencialTa VL sxvaoba induqtorze ganvsazRvroT
(mis momWerebs Soris, romelTa arsebobasac cvladi nakadis regionis gareT vvaraudobT).
idealuri induqtorisaTvis (misi mavTulis winaRoba umniSvneloa) VLsidide TviTinducirebuli
EL emZ-s sididis tolia.
Tu mavTuls induqtorSi r winaRoba aqvs, warmosaxviT ganvacalkevebT induqtors (romlis
arsebobasac vvaraudobT cvladi nakadis regionis gareT) r winaRobad da TviTinducirebul EL
emZ-s mqone idealur induqtorad. rogorc E emZ-s da r Sida winaRobis mqone realuri batareis
SemTxvevaSi, aqac momWerebze potencialTa sxvaoba gansxvavdeba E emZ-sagan. Tu aRniSnuli ara
ris, vuSvebT, rom inuqtori idealuria.
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze gamosaxulia koWaSi inducirebuli

EL emZ. CamoTvlilTagan romeli aRwers koWaSi gamaval dens:
a) ucvleli da marjvnisken mimarTuli, b) ucvleli da marcxnisken
mimarTuli, g) zrdadi da marjvnisken mimarTuli, d) klebadi da marcxnisken mimarTuli,
e) zrdadi da marcxnisken mimarTuli, v) klebadi da marcxnisken mimarTuli?
30.9. RL wredebi
27.9 paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom Tu R rezistorisa da C kondensatoris Semcvel erTkonturian
wredSi E emZ-s Lswrafad SeviyvanT, kondensatoris muxti maSinve Tavis saboloo wonasworul
mniSvnelobas ki ar iZens, aramed mas eqsponencialurad uaxlovdeba:
q = C E (1  –  e –t/τc). (30.36)
muxtis gaCenis temps τC tevadobiTi dros mudmiva gansazRvravs. formulaSi 27.36 rogorc
τc = RC. (30.37)
Tu Cven uecrad gaviyvaniT emZ-s amave wredidan, muxti uecrad ki ar daecema nulamde, aramed
miuaxlovdeba nuls xarisxis maCveneblis saxiT
q = q0e–t/τc (30.38)
τc drois mudmiva aRwers rogorc muxtis Semcirebas, aseve mis aRZvras.

Tu E emZ-s erTkonturian wredSi SemovitanT (an gavitanT), analogiur dayovnebas gazrdisas
(Semcirebas) adgili aqvs wredSi, romelic R rezistors da L induqtors Seicavs. roca S
amomrTveli 30.18 suraTze a-ze iketeba, deni rezistorSi zrdas iwyebs. induqtori rom ar
arsebobdes, deni swrafad miaRwevda E/R wonasworul mniSvnelobas. induqtoris gamo wredSi
TviTinducirebuli EL emZ Cndeba. lencis wesis mixedviT es E emZ winaaRmdegobas uwevs denis
zrdas, rac imas niSnavs, rom batareis E emZ-s ewinaaR
mdegeba. amrigad deni rezistorSi or emZ-s Soris arsebul
sxvaobaze reagirebs – batareiT gamowveul mudmiv E-sa da
TviTinduqciiT gamowveul cvlad EL emZ (= –Ldi/dt) Soris.
vidre EL arsebobs, deni E/R-ze naklebi iqneba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi denis zrdis tempi klebulobs,
TviTinducirebuli emZ-s sidide, romelic di/dt-s pro
sur. 30.18. RL wredi. roca S amomrTveli
a-ze iketeba, deni izrdeba da uaxlov porciulia, mcirdeba. amrigad, deni wredSi uaxlovdeba
deba E/R zRvrul mniSvnelobas. E/R asimptotas.
30.9. RL wredebi 1035
es Sedegi Semdegnairad ganvazogadod:
Tavdapirvelad induqtori winaaRmdegobas uwevs masSi gamavali denis cvlilebebs.

didi xnis Semdeg induqtori Cveulebrivi gamtari mavTulis msgavsad moqmedebs.
axla gavaanalizoT mdgomareoba. rodesac 30.18 suraTze

gamosaxuli S a-zea CarTuli, wredi
amomrTveli
eqvivalenturia 30.19 suraTze gamosaxuli wredisa.
gamoviyenoT konturis wesi, suraTis x mdebareobidan
daviwyoT da konturis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT i-s gavyveT:
sur. 30.19 30.18 suraTze gamosaxuli
1. rezistori. radgan rezistorSi denis mimarTulebiT wredi a-ze Caketili amomrTveliT. kon
vmoZraobT, eleqtruli potenciali mcirdeba iR-iT. turis wess x wertilidan saaTis isris
maSasadame, rodesac x wertilidan y wertilisken gada moZraobis mimarTulebiT viyenebT.
vaadgilebdiT, –iR potencialis cvlilebas vxvdebiT.

2. induqtori. vinaidan i deni icvleba, induqtorSi EL TviTinducirebuli emZ arsebobs. EL-is
mniSvneloba 30.35 formuliT moicema, rogorc Ldi/dt. EL-is mimarTuleba aRmavalia 30.19 suraTze,
radgan induqtorSi i deni qvemoTaa mimarTuli da zrdadia. amrigad, radgan Cven y wertilidan
z wertilisaken EL mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod gadavaadgildebiT, – Ldi/dt potencialis
cvlilebas vxvdebiT.
3. batarea. rodesac z wertilidan sawyis x wertilisken gadavaadgildebiT, batareis emZ-iT
gamowveul +E potencialis cvlilebas vxvdebiT.
amrigad, konturi wesi gvaZlevs
di
–iR – L +E = 0
dt
di
an L + iR = E (RL wredi) (30.39)
dt
30.39 formula aris diferencialuri gantoleba, romelic cvlad i-s da mis pirvel warmoebuls
di/dt-s Seicavs. gantolebis amoxsnisTvis veZebT iseT
i(t) funqcias, rom roca i(t)-s da mis pirvel warmoebuls
SevitanT 30.39 formulaSi, gantoleba kmayofildeba da
i(0) = 0 sawyisi pirobac sruldeba.
30.39 formula da mis Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba aris
zustad RC wredis 27.32 formulis saxisa, oRond i cvlis
q-s, L cvlis R-s da R cvlis 1/C-s. 30.39 formulis amoxsna
unda iyos zustad 27.33 formulis saxis. am formulis
amonaxsnia:
E
i= (1 – e–Rt/L) (30.40)
R
romelic SegviZlia aseTi saxiT CavweroT:
E
i= (1 – e–t/τ ) (denis gazrda)
L
(30.41)
R
τL induqciuri drois mudmivaa: sur. 30.20 a) 30.19 wredSi gamosaxuli
rezistoris VR potencialTa sxvaobis
L
τL = (drois mudmiva) (30.42) droSi cvlileba. b) induqtoris VL
R potencialTa sxvaobis droSi cvlileba.
SevamowmoT 30.41 formula im drosaTvis, rodesac patara samkuTxedebi τL = L/R induqciuri
drois mudmivis mimdebare intervalebs
amomrTveli iketeba (t = 0 dros) da amomrTvelis
asaxavs. grafiki agebulia R = 2000 Ω,
daketvidan didi xnis Semdeg (t → ∞). Tu 30.41 formulaSi L = 4h da E = 10v mniSvnelobebisTvis.
t = 0 mniSvnelobas CavsvamT, maSin e–t/τ xdeba е–0 =1. 30.41 formulis Tanaxmad Tavdapirvelad i = 0,
L
rogorc mosalodneli iyo. Tu davuSvebT, rom t → ∞, maSin eqsponenciali xdeba е–∞ = 0. amrigad,
deni Tavis wonasworul E/R mniSvnelobas iZens.
Cven SegviZlia aseve SevamowmoT potencialTa sxvaobebi wredSi. magaliTad, 30.20 suraTze
naCvenebia, Tu rogor icvleba droSi potencialTa sxvaobebi VR (= iR) rezistorze da
VL (= L di/dt) induqtorze E-is, L-is da R-is mniSvnelobebis cvlilebasTan erTad. es suraTi RC
wredis suraTebs SeadareT. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom τL (= L/R) sidides drois ganzomileba aqvs,
Semdeg gardaqmnebs vasrulebT:

h
1 om = 1 om
h
( 1 v·wm
1 h·a
)( 1 om·a
1v ) = 1 wm.
frCxilebSi arsebuli pirveli sidide 30.35 formulaze dafuZnebuli gadayvanis koeficientia,

xolo meore sidide V = iR formulaze dafuZnebuli gadayvanis koeficientia. drois mudmivis
fizikuri mniSvneloba 30.41 formulidan gamomdinareobs. Tu am formulaSi t = τL = L/R CavsvamT,
is Semdeg saxe miiRebs:
E E
i= (1 – e–1) = 0,63  (30.43)
R R
τL drois mudmiva aris dro, romelic saWiroa, raTa denma saboloo wonasworuli mniSvnelobis
daaxloebiT 63%-s miaRwios. raki rezistorze VR potencialTa sxvaoba i denis proporciulia,
denis matebis droze damokidebulebis funqcia 30.20a suraTze gamosaxul funqcias waagavs.
Tu 30.18 suraTze S amomrTveli a-ze sakmarisad didxans iketeba, raTa denma wonasworul
mniSvnelobas miaRwios da Semdeg amomrTveli b-ze gadadis, Sedegi batareis wredidan moxsnis
eqvivalenturi iqneba. rodesac batarea gamorTulia, rezistorSi gamavali deni mcirdeba.
Tumca denis mniSvneloba nulamde erTbaSad ar mcirdeba da droSi TandaTanobiT iklebs. denis
mniSvnelobis klebis diferencialuri formula ganisazRvreba, Tu 30.39 formulaSi E = 0
mniSvnelobas CavsvamT:
di
L + iR = 0. (30.44)
dt
27.38 da 27.39 formulebis analogiurobidan gamomdinare i(0) = i0 = E/R sawyisi pirobis
damakmayofilebeli diferencialuri gantolebis amonaxsnia:
E –t/τ
i= e = i0e–t/τ
L L
(denis Semcireba) (30.45)
R
RL wredSi denis zrdas da Semcirebas erTi da igive τL induqciuri drois mudmiva gansazRvravs.
30.45 formulaSi i0 gamoviyeneT, raTa deni t = 0 dros warmogvedgina. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es E/R iyo,
Tumca SesaZlebelia is sxva mniSvnelobis yofiliyo.

30.21a suraTze naCvenebia R = 9Ω winaRobis 3 vamde TiToeul induqtorSi gamavali deni
identuri rezistoris, L = 2 mh induqciurobis nulis tolia, amomrTvelis daketvis Sem
ori identuri induqtoris da E = 18 v emZ-s degac deni nulis toli iqneba. maSasadame
mqone idealuri batareis Semcveli wredi. amomrTvelis daketvisTanave induqtorebi
a) ra i deni gadis batareaSi amomrTvelis gawyvetili mavTulebis saxiT moqmedeben da
daketvis Semdeg? es 30.21b suraTzea naCvenebi. am SemTxvevaSi
amoxsna: amomrTvelis daketvis Semdeg, erT konturiani wredi gvaqvs, romlisTvisac
induqtori masSi gamavali denis cvlilebas konturis wesi gvaZlevs:
ewinaaRmdegeba. vinaidan amomrTvelis daket E – iR = 0
30.9. RL wredebi 1037
(a) (b)
sur. 30.21 a) Ria amomrTvelis mqone mraval

konturiani RLL wredi. b) eqvivalenturi wredi
amomrTvelis daketvis Semdeg. g) eqvivalenturi
wredi didi xnis Semdeg. d) g)-s eqvivalenturi
erTkonturiani wredi.
(g) (d)
mocemuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems: moqmedeben, rogorc es 30.21g suraTze Cans.

E 18 v am SemTxvevaSi wredSi sami identuri rezis
i= = = 2 a. (pasuxi)
R 9 om tori paraleluradaa SeerTebuli, 27.23 for
b) ra i deni gadis batareaSi amomrTvelis mulidan gamomdinare, maTi eqvivalenturi
daketvidan didi xnis Semdeg? winaRobaa Reqv = R/3 = (9.0 Ω)/3 = 3.0 Ω. 21.21d
suraTze gamosaxulia eqvivalenturi wredi
amoxsna: amomrTvelis daketvidan didi
da misgan Semdeg formulas viRebT:
xnis Semdeg, wredSi gamavali denebi wona
E 18 v
sworul mniSvnelobebs iZenen da induq i= = = 6 a. (pasuxi)
Reqv 3 om
torebi SemaerTebeli mavTulebis saxiT

Cvenebia identuri batareebis, induqto
rebis da rezistorebis Semcveli 3 wredi,
daalageT wredebi batareaSi gamavali
denis mixedviT a) amomrTvelis daketvis
Semdeg da b) dididan mcireze.

solenoidis induqciurobaa 53 mh da wina eqsponencialurad izrdeba da E/R saboloo
Robaa 0,37Ω. solenoidi batareasTan aris wonasworul mniSvnelobas iZens. Tu t0 droSi
mierTebuli, ra dro dasWirdeba dens sabo i deni wonasworuli mniSvnelobis naxevars
loo wonasworuli mniSvnelobis naxevris iZens, maSin 30.41 formula gvaZlevs:
miRwevamde? 1 E E
= (1 – e –t0/tL)
amoxsna: solenoidi winaRobad da induq 2 R R
ciurobad SegviZlia davyoT, romlebic t0-isTvis amoxsna, E/R-is gamoricxva, eqspo

batareasTan 30.19 suraTis msgavsad mimdev nencialis izolireba da formulis orive
robiT aris SeerTebuli. am SemTxvevaSi mxridan naturaluri logariTmis amoReba
konturis wesis gamoyeneba 30.39 formulas mogvcems:

L 53×10–3 h
t0 = τL ln 2 = ln 2 = ln 2
mogvcems, romlis amonaxsni wredSi gamavali R 0,37 om
i denia. amonaxsnis mixedviT i deni nulidan = 0,1 wm (pasuxi)
30.10 magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia

rodesac sawinaaRmdego niSnis ori damuxtuli nawilaki erTmaneTs Sordeba, Sedegad miRebuli
eleqtruli potenciuri energia nawilakebis eleqtrul velSi inaxeba. rodesac nawilakebi
erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba, energia velidan ukan brundeba. aseTive principiT vambobT, rom
energia magnitur velSi inaxeba. Senaxuli energiis gamosaxulebis misaRebad kvlav 30.19 suraTi
ganvixiloT, romelzec R rezistorTan da L induqtorTan mierTebuli E emZ-s wyaroa naCvenebi.
30.39 formula am SemTxvevaSi ase Caiwereba:
di
E = L dt + iR. (30.46)
es diferencialuri gantoleba wredSi denis zrdas asaxavs, gaixseneT, rom es formula konturis
wesidan miiReba, xolo konturis wesi erTkonturiani wredebisTvis energiis Senaxvis kanonidan
gamomdinareobs. Tu 30.46 formulis TiToeul mxares i-ze gavamravlebT, miviRebT:
di
E i = Li dt + i2R. (30.47)
am formulas muSaobisa da energiis saSualebiT, Semdegi fizikuri interpretacia SegviZlia

mivceT:
1. Tu 30.19 suraTze gamosaxul E emZ-s mqone batareaSi dt drois ganmavlobaSi dq diferencialuri

muxti gadis, batarea muxtze Edq muSaobas asrulebs. batareis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis
tempia (Edq)/dt an Ei.
2. 30.47 formulaSi marjvena nawili gamosaxavs temps, romliTac energia siTburi energiis
saxiT rezistorSi Cndeba.
3. energia, romelic gadaeca wreds, magram ar Cndeba, rogorc siTburi energia. energiis Senaxvis
kanonis mixedviT es energia induqtoris magnitur velSi inaxeba. 30.47 formula gamoxatavs
energiis Senaxvis kanons RL wredebisTvis. misi Sua nawili dUB/dt temps asaxavs, romliTac UB
potenciuri energia magnitur velSi inaxeba.
maSasadame:
dUB di
= Li . (30.48)
dt dt
es asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
dUB = Li di .
integreba gvaZlevs:
dUB = Li di .
1
an UB = 2 Li2. (30.49)
romelic gamoxatavs i denis gamtari L induqtoris mier dagrovebul jamur energias. yuradReba
miaqcieT am gamosaxulebasa da C tevadobisa da q muxtis kondensatoris mier Senaxuli energiis
gamosaxulebas Soris msgavsebas:
q2
UE = (30.50)
2C
(cvladi i2 Sesabameba q2-s da L mudmiva Seesabameba 1/C-s).
30.11 magnituri velis energiis simkvrive 1039

koWas induqciurobaa 53 mh, winaRoba ki 0,35Ω. 1
dakmayofildeba UB= 2 UB w Tanafardoba?
a) ra energia inaxeba magnitur velSi mas 30.49 formula saSualebas gvaZlevs energiis
Semdeg rac deni miaRwevs Tavis wonasworul amgvari piroba orgvarad CavweroT:
mniSvnelobas, Tu koWaze 12v emZ-a modebuli?
1 1 1
2 Li2 = ( 2 ) 2 Liw2
amoxsna: 30.49 formulis Tanaxmad, koWas
magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia nebismier
dros damokidebulia koWaSi gamaval denze.
an i= ( ) iw . (30.52)
i 30.41 formuliT gamoiTvleba, iw (ix. formula

maSasadame, wonasworuli mdgomareobis dros
30.51) aris E/R. amitom 30.52 formula iqneba:
Senaxuli UB energiis gamoTvlisTvis, pirvel
rigSi, iw Ywonasworuli deni unda gamovTvaloT. E
 (1 – e–t/τL) = .
30.41 formulis Tanaxmad wonasworuli deni R
aris:
E/R-is gamoricxviT da gardaqmnebis Sedegad
E 12 v miviRebT
iw = = = 34,3 a. (30.51)
R 0,35 om e–t/τL = 1 – = 0,293.
Casma gvaZlevs:
romelic gvaZlevs:
1 1
UB = 2 Li 2 = ( 2 )(53×10–3 h)(34,3 a)2 t
= – ln 0,293 = 1,23.
τL
= 31 j. (pasuxi)
anu t = 1,2 τL (pasuxi)
b) ra sididis drois mudmivas Semdeg
amrigad, koWas magnitur velSi Senaxuli
dagrovdeba magnitur velSi wonasworuli
energia wonasworuli mniSvnelobis naxevars
energiis naxevari 2 UB,w ? (1 ) emZ-s gamoyenebidan 1,2 drois mudmivis Semdeg
amoxsna: axla Cven gvekiTxebian ra t dros SeiZens.
30.11 magnituri velis energiis simkvrive

ganixiloT A farTobis ganivi kveTis mqone grZeli solenoidis Sua nawilTan axlos l sigrZe.
solenoidSi i deni gadis. aRniSnul sigrZesTan dakavSirebuli moculoba aris Al. solenoidis l
sigrZis mier dagrovili UB energia koncentrirebuli unda iyos mTlianad am moculobis SigniT,
radgan magnituri veli solenoidis gareT aris TiTqmis nuli. garda amisa, dagrovili energia
Tanabrad unda iyos ganawilebuli solenoidSi, radgan masSi moqmedi magnituri veli TiTqmis
erTgvarovania. maSasadame, velis moculobis erTeulSi dagrovili energia aris:
UB
uB =
Al
an, radgan gvaqvs:
1
UB = 2 Li2.
Li2 L i2
miviRebT: uB = = ,
2Al l 2A
sadac L aris solenoidis l sigrZis induqciuroba.
L/l-is nacvlad 30.31 formula CavsvaT da miviRebT:

1
uB = 2 μ0n2i2 (30.53)
sadac n aris sigrZis erTeulSi xviaTa raodenoba. 29.23 formulis meSveobiT (B = μ0in) energiis
simkvrive amgvarad SegviZlia davweroT:

B2
uB = (magnituri energiis simkvrive) (30.54)
2μ0
es formula gvaZlevs dagrovili energiis simkvrives nebismier wertilSi, sadac magnituri
velis sidide aris B. miuxedavad imisa, rom formula solenoidisTvis miviReT, is ZalaSia yvela
magnituri velisaTvis ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogor warmoiSoba veli. 30.54 formula 25.15
formulasTan SevadaroT:
1
uB = 2 ε0E2 (30.55)
es formula gviCvenebs energiis simkvrives vakuumSi eleqtruli velis nebismier wertilSi.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rogorc uB , aseve uE saTanado velis mniSvnelobis kvadratisa
proporciulia.
sakontrolo wertili 7. cxrilSi CamoTvlilia sami solenoidis xviebis raodenoba sigrZis

erTeulze, deni da ganivi kveTis farTobi. daalage solenoidebi magnituri energiis
simkvrivis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
xveulebi sigrZis
solenoidi deni farTobi
erTeulze
a 2n1 i1 2A1
b n1 2i1 A1
c n1 i1 6A1

grZeli koaqsialuri kabeli (sur. 30.22) a da
b radiusebis or Txelkedlian, koncentrul
gamtar cilindrs Seicavs. Siga cilindrSi i
mudmivi deni gadis, xolo gareTa cilindri am
denisTvis ukana traeqtorias warmoqmnis. deni
am or cilindrs Soris magnitur vels aCens.
a) gamoTvale magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia
kabelis l sigrZisaTvis.
amoxsna:
1. Cven SegviZlia magnitur velSi Senaxuli
sur. 30.22. grZeli koaqsialuri kabelis ganivi kveTi.
UB energia velis uB energiis simkvrividan kabeli ori Txelkedlebiani, gamtari cilindrisgan
gamovTvaloT. Sedgeba. Sida cilindris radiusia a, xolo gare
2. 30.54 formulis Tanaxmad (uB = B2/2μ0), cilindris radiusia b.
energiis simkvrive magnituri velis B

sididezea damokidebuli. a < r < b (or cilindrs Soris, rogorc es
3. kabelis wriuli simetriis gamo Cven naCvenebia wyvetili xaziT 30.22 suraTze).
SegviZlia B-s povna amperis kanonis erTaderTi deni, romelic am traeqtoriiTaa
gamoyenebiT mocemul i denTan erTad. SemosazRvruli, aris i deni Sida cilindrze.
B-s gamoTvla: Tavdapirvelad amperis kano amrigad Cven SegviZlia davweroT:
niT viwyebT da integrebis r radiusis wri
  ·d = µ 0 i (30.56)
ul traeqtorias imgvarad viyenebT, rom
30.12 urTierTinduqcia 1041
garda amisa, Cven vamartivebT integrals: namravlia. amrigad garsis dV moculoba aris
wriuli simetriis gamo wriuli traeqtoriis (2πr)(dr)(l); anu dV = 2πrldr .
gaswvriv yvela wertilSi aris traeqtoriis vinaidan wertilebi am garsSi aris TiTqmis
mxebi da aqvs igive B sidide. modiT, inte erTsa da imave r manZilze, maT yvelas erTnairi
grirebis mimarTulebas traeqtorias gas uB energiis simkvrive aqvs. maSasadame, dUB
wvriv mivyveT, rogorc magnituri velis jamuri energia, romelic dV moculobis
mimarTulebas traeqtoriis garSemo. maSin Cven garsSi Sedis, ase gamoiTvleba:

( )

SegviZlia B ⋅ ds SevcvaloT B ds cos0 = Bds-iT energia moculobis
energia = erTeulze (moculoba)
da B sidide integralis gareT gavitanoT.
an dUB = uBdV.
darCenili integrali aris ds, romelic gvi
Cvenebs traeqtoriis wrewiris 2πr sigrZes. uB-is nacvlad 30.58 formulis CasmiT da dV-s
amrigad, 30.56 formula martivdeba: nacvlad 2πrldr-is CasmiT miviRebT:
B(2πr) = µ 0 i µ i2 µ i2ℓ dr
dUB = 02 2 (2πrℓ) dr = 0 .
µi 8π r 4π r
anu B= 0 (30.57)
2πr or cilindrs Soris miqceuli jamuri energiis
uB-s gamoTvla: energiis simkvrivis misaRebad gamoTvlisTvis am formulas or cilindrs
B-s gamosaxuleba 30.57 formulidan SevitanoT Soris moculobiT vaintegrebTL
30.54 formulaSi: µ0i2ℓ dr
UB = dUB = r
B2 µ i2 4π
uB = = 02 2 (30.58) µiℓ
2
b
2μ0 8π r = 0 ln a (pasuxi) (30.59)
UB-s gamoTvla: yuradReba miaqcieT, rom uB 4π
or cilindrs Soris moculobaSi erTi da gare cilindrs gareT an Siga cilindrs SigniT
igive ar aris da is r radialur manZilzea energia ar inaxeba, vinaidan amperis kanonis
damokidebuli. amrigad, cilindrebs Soris Tanaxmad orive adgilze magnituri veli
Senaxuli jamuri energiis dasadgenad uB am nulis tolia.
moculobaze unda vaintegroT. b) ra energia inaxeba kabelis sigrZis erTeulze

vinaidan cilindrebs Soris moculobaSi Tu a = 1,2 mm, b = 3,5 mm, xolo i = 2,7a?
kabels centraluri RerZis garSemo wriuli amoxsna: 30.59 formulidan gvaqvs:
simetria gaaCnia, cilindrebs Soris moqceul UB µ0i2ℓ b
dV moculobis cilindrul garss ganvixilavT, = ln a
ℓ 4π
romlis Sida radiusia r, gareTa radiusia r+dr (4π×10–7 h/m)(2,7 a)2 3,5 mm
= ln
(sur. 30.22) da sigrZea l. garsis ganivi kveTis 4π 1,2 mm
farTobi wrewiris 2πr sigrZis da misi dr sisqis = 7,8×10–7 j/m = 780 nj/m. (pasuxi)
30.12 urTierTinduqcia
am paragrafSi kvlav vubrundebiT or urTierTmoqmed koWas, romlebic pirvelad 30.2 paragrafSi
ganvixileT. ufro adre gamoCnda, rom Tu ori koWa erTmaneTTan axlos aris ganlagebuli, rogorc
es aris 30.2 suraTze, erT koWaSi arsebuli mudmivi ucvleli deni meore koWaSi φ magnitur
nakads aRZravs. Tu i droSi icvleba, maSin faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad E emZ meore koWaSi Cndeba. am
process induqcia vuwodeT, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda misTvis urTierTinduqcia gvewodebina,
raTa koWebis urTierTqmedeba gamogveyo da TviTinduqciurobisgan gangvesxvavebina, romelSic
mxolod erTi koWaa CarTuli.
modiT cota ufro raodenobrivad ganvixiloT urTierTinduqcia. 30.23 suraTze naCvenebia
erTmaneTTan axlos myofi da saerTo centraluri RerZis mqone ori wriuli mWidrod Sekruli
koWa. cvalebadi rezistoris R winaRobaze dayenebisas, batarea pirvel koWaSi ucvlel i

dens warmoqmnis. es deni B1 velis ZalwirebiT naCveneb magnitur vels warmoqmnis. meore koWa
dakavSirebulia mgrZnobiare galvanometrTan, magram

batareas ar Seicavs. Ф21 magnituri nakadi (meore
koWaSi gamavali nakadi, romelic dakavSirebulia
pirvel koWaSi arsebul denTan) meore koWas N2 xvias
ganWolavs.
pirvel da meore koWas Soris M21 urTierTinduqcias
ase gamovsaxavT:
N2Ф21
M21 = (30.60)
i1
romelsac aqvs igive forma, rac induqciurobis
gansazRvrebis 30.28 formulas. SegviZlia 30.60 for
mula amgvarad gadavakeToT:
M21 i1 = N2Ф21 .
Tu cvladi R-is saSualebiT i1 droSi icvleba:

di Ф
M21 = N2  21 .
(a) dt dt
am formulis marjvena mxare, faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad,
aris E2 emZ-s sidide, romelic Cndeba meore koWaSi da
romelsac iwvevs pirvel koWaSi arsebuli deni. amrigad,
mimarTulebas minus niSniT aRvniSnavT da viRebT:
di
E2 = –M21 dt1 . (30.61)
romelic Tqven unda SeadaroT TviTinduqciis 30.35

formulas (E = Ldi/dt).
amjerad pirveli da meore koWebis rolebi SevcvaloT.
es niSnavs imas imas, rom meore koWaSi i2 deni batareis
saSualebiT warmoiqmneba. es deni Ф12 magnitur nakads
warmoqmnis, romelic pirvel koWas ukavSirdeba. Tu
Cven i2-s droSi cvalebadi R-is saSualebiT SevcvliT,
maSin zemoT moyvanili argumentis mixedviT:
di
E1 = –M12 dt2 . (30.62)
(b)
amrigad, rogorc erT, ise meore koWaSi inducirebuli
sur. 30.23. urTierTinduqcia. a) pirvel  emZ meore koWaSi arsebuli denis cvlilebis tempis
koWaSi gamavali i1 denis mier warmoqmnili B1 proporciulia. proporciulobis mudmivebi M21 da M12
magnituri veli meore koWaze vrceldeba. Tu
formalurad sxvadasxvaa. mtkicebis gareSe vacxadebT,
i1 icvleba (R-is cvlilebis Sedegad), meore
koWaSi emZ inducirdeba da meore koWasTan rom isini faqtobrivad erTi da igivea da indeqsebi
mierTebul galvanometrze deni Cans. aucilebeli ar aris. amrigad viRebT:
b) koWebis rolebi Secvlilia.
M21 = M12 = M. (30.63)
30.61 da 30.62 formulebi amgvarad SegviZlia CavweroT:

di
E2 = –M 1 (30.64)
dt
di2
da E1 = –M . (30.65)
dt
induqcia marTlac ormxrivia. SI sistemaSi M-is erTeuli henria.


30.24 suraTze naCvenebia ori wriuli, saerTo
RerZis mqone mWidrod Sekruli koWa. R2
radiusis mqone ufro patara koWa N2 xvias
Seicavs, xolo R1 radiusis ufro didi koWa
N1 xvias Seicavs isini erTi da igive sibrtyeSi
mdebareoben.
a) miiReT M urTierTinduqciis gamosaxuleba

am ori koWasTvis. dauSviT, rom R1 >> R2
amoxsna: am koWebis M urTierTinduqcia
aris erT koWaSi arsebuli induqciis sruli
nakadis (NФ) meore koWaSi arsebul am nakadis
warmomqmnel i denTan Sefardeba. maSasadame,
saWiroa davuSvaT, rom koWebSi deni gadis. am
SemTxvevaSi induqciis sruli nakadi erT-erT
koWaSi gamovTvaloT.
ufro did koWaSi moqmedi magnituri veli,
romelic patara koWas mieraa gamowveuli,
μ0iR2
araErTgvarovani sididisa da mimarTulebisaa. B(z) =
2(R2 + z2)3/2
amitom ufro patara koWas mier gamowveuli
nakadi, romelic gadis ufro did koWaSi, radgan, patara koWa aris didi koWas sibrtyeSi,
araErTgvarovani da Zneli gamosaTvlelia. z = 0. am formulis Tanaxmad, didi koWas
amitom, radgan mcire radiusis (R2) koWa TiToeuli xvia μ0i1/2R1 sididis magnitur vels
sakmaod pataraa, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom ufro patara koWas wertilebSi warmoqmnis.
didi koWaTi masSi gamowveuli magnituri maSasadame, didi koWa Tavisi N1 xviiT Semdegi
veli TiTqmis erTgvarovania. maSasadame, sididis jamur magnitur vels warmoqmnis:

μ0i1
masSi gamavali nakadic, romelic didma koWam B1 = N1 . (30.68)
2R1
gamoiwvia, TiTqmis erTgvarovania. aqedan
amgvari veli patara koWas wertilebze
gamomdinare, M-is gamoTvlisTvis, did koWaSi
moqmedebs.
gamaval i1 dens davuSvebT da gamovTvliT N2Ф21
B1-is nacvlad 30.68 formulisa da 30.67
induqciis srul nakads patara koWaSi:L
N2Ф21 formulaSi A2-is nacvlad πR22-is Casma
M= (30.66) mogvcems:
i1
πμ0N1N2R22 i1
ufro patara koWas TiToeul xviaSi gamavali N2Ф21 =
2R1
Ф21 nakadi 30.2 formulis Tanaxmad aris
es Sedegi 30.66 formulaSi CavsvaT da
Ф21 = B1A2 ,
miviRebT:
sadac B1 aris didi koWas mier patara koWaSi
N2Ф21 πμ0N1N2R22
gamowveuli magnituri velis sidide da A2 M= = (pasuxi) (30.69)
i1 2R1
(= πR22) ki patara koWas xviebiT SemosazRvruli
farTobia. amrigad, induqciis sruli nakadi b) ra mniSvneloba aqvs M-s, rodesac N1 = N2 =
patara koWaSi aris: 1200 xvia, R2 = 1,1sm, R1 = 15 sm?

amoxsna: 30.69 formula gvaZlevs
N2Ф21 = N2B1A2 (30.67)
(π)(4π×10–7 h/m)(1200)(1200)(0,011 m)2
M=
imisaTvis, rom vipovoT B1, is patara koWaSi (2)(0,15 m)
mdebare wertilebSi gamovTvaloT, 29.26 = 2,29×10 h ≈ 2,3 mh
–3
(pasuxi)
formula gamoviyenoT: ganixileT mdgomareoba, rodesac koWebis
rolebi icvleba. Tu ufro patara koWaSi Ф12-is gamoTvla martivi ar aris. kompiuteriT
warmovqmniT i2 dens da SevecdebiTi gamo gamoTvlis Sedegad aRmoCndeboda, rom M
TvaloT 30.60 formulis saSualebiT M-is isev aris 2,3 mh. es xazs usvams imas, rom 30.63
gamoTvlas, miviRebT: formula (M21 = M12 = M) ar aris naTeli.
N1Ф12
M=
i2

magnituri nakadi. Â magnitur velis A
E =   ·d . (30.19)
farTobSi gamavali magnituri nakadi ase
ganisazRvreba: sadac integreba konturis garSemo xdeba.
  30.19 formulis Tanaxmad faradeis kanoni

∫
F B = B ⋅ dA , (30.1)
zogadi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
sadac integreba farTobze xdeba. SI sis dФB
  ·d = – (faradeis kanoni) (30.20)
temaSi magnituri nakadis erTeulia veberi,
 dt
sadac 1vb = 1t·m . Tu B zedapiris perpen
2
am kanonis arsi aris is, rom cvladi magnituri
dikularulia da erTgvarovania masze, 30.1 veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
 
ФB = B⊥A ( B⊥ farTobi A, B erTgvarovania) (30.2) induqtori. induqtori aris mowyobiloba,
romelic garkveul regionSi magnituri velis
faradeis induqciis kanoni. Tu Caketili
SeqmnisTvis gamoiyeneba. Tu i deni induqtoris
gamtari konturis mier SemosazRvrul far
yvela N gragnilSi warmoiqmneba, maSin ФB
TobSi gamavali ФB magnituri nakadi droSi
magnituri nakadi am gragnilebs akavSirebs.
icvleba, konturSi deni da emZ warmoiqmneba.
induqtoris L induqciuroba aris:
am process induqcia ewodeba. inducirebuli NФB
L =  (induqciuroba). (30.28)
emZ aris: i
dФB SI sistemaSi induqciurobis erTeulia
E=– (faradeis kanoni) (30.4)
t·m2
henri
dt (h), sadac 1 henri = 1 h = 1 . A farTobis
Tu konturs N xviis mqone mWidrod Sekruli a
ganivi kveTis mqone grZeli solenoidis
koWaTi SevcvliT, inducirebuli emZ-a:
Sua nawilTan axlos induqciuroba sigrZis
dФB
E = –N (30.5) erTeulze ( L ), Tu sigrZis erTeulze xviebis
dt l
raodenoba aris n:
lencis kanoni. inducirebul dens aqvs L
= µ0n2A (solenoidi) (30.31)
iseTi mimarTuleba, rom deniT gamowveuli l
magnituri veli denis gamomwvevi magnitur TviTinduqcia. Tu i deni koWaSi droSi
nakadis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba. indu icvleba, masSi emZ inducirdeba. TviTinduq
cirebul emZ-is mimarTuleba inducirebuli ciuri emZ-a:
denis mimarTulebas emTxveva. di
EL = –L dt . (30.35)
emZ da inducirebuli eleqtruli veli.
EL-is mimarTuleba lencis kanonis mixedviT
cvladi magnituri nakadi emZ-s im SemTxvevaSic
dgindeba. TviTinducirebuli emZ sakuTari
ki warmoqmnis, Tu konturi, romelSic nakadi
Tavis warmomqnel cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
icvleba, aris ara gamtari, aramed warmosaxviTi
Zalwiri. cvladi magnituri veli aseTi mimdevrobiTi RL wredebi. Tu ucvleli
konturis yovel wertilSi eleqtrul vels E emZ R winaRobisa da L induqciurobis
warmoqmnis. inducirebuli emZ -s amgvarad mqone erTkonturian wredSi arsebobs, deni
ukavSirdeba: E/R wonasworul mniSvnelobamde Semdegi
formulis mixedviT gaizrdeba: wertilSi, Senaxuli magnituri energiis
E simkvrive im wertilSi aris:
i= (1 – e–t/τ ) (denis gazrda) (30.41)
L
R B2
uB = (magnituri energiis simkvrive) (30.54)
aq τL (= L/R) denis zrdis temps gansazRvravs 2μ0
da mas wredis induqciuri drois mudmiva
urTierTinduqcia. Tu pirveli da meore
ewodeba. rodesac mudmivi emZ-is wyaro aRar
koWa erTmaneTTan axlos aris ganlagebuli,
arsebobs, deni i0 mniSvnelobidan Semdegi
maSin erT-erT koWaSi gamaval cvlad dens
formulis Tanaxmad mcirdeba:
meore koWaSi emZ-is warmoqmna SeuZlia.
i = i 0e –t/τL
(denis Semcireba) (30.45) urTierTinduqcia Semdegi formuliT gamoi
saxeba:
di
magnituri energia. L induqtorSi i denis E2 = –M dt1 (30.64)
gavlisas, induqtoris magnituri velSi
di
Semdegi energia inaxeba: da E1 = –M dt2 , (30.65)
1
UB = 2 Li2. (magnituri energia) (30.49) sadac M aris koWebis ganlagebis urTierT
induqcia.
Tu B aris magnituri velis sidide nebismier
SekiTxvebi
1. Tu 30.25 suraTze magnitur velSi
gamosaxuli wriuli gam U-formis mavTulis
tari ganicdis siTbur gaswvriv moZraobs.
gafarToebas erTgva mavTulis paralelur
rovan magnitur velSi sur. 30.25. SekiTxva 1. sigrZeebs Soris pirvel
da deni masSi saaTis wredSi 2L manZilia,
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobs. xolo meore wredSi
magnituri veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis _ L manZili. pirvel
SigniT aris mimarTuli Tu saxelmZRvanelos wredSi warmoqmnili
gverdidan gareT? deni aris saaTis isris
2. 30.26 suraTze gamosaxuli grZeli swori moZraobis mimarTulebis. a) magnituri veli
mavTuli i dens atarebs da sam marTkuTxa saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT aris Tu
konturSi gadis, romelTa gverdebis sigrZeebia misgan gareT? b) pirvel wredSi inducirebuli
L, 1,5L da 2L. konturebi erTmaneTisgan emZ meore wredSi warmoqmnil emZ-ze metia,
moSorebiT aris ganlagebuli, raTa erTma naklebia Tu igivea?
neTze gavlena ar moaxdinon. pirveli, meore 4. 30.28 suraTze gamo

da mesame konturebi simetriulia grZeli saxuli mavTuli isea
mavTulis mimarT. daalageT konturebi maTSi gadaRunuli, rom aqvs 3
inducirebuli denis mixedviT, Tu i deni aris segmenti: bc (meoTxedi
mudmivi da zrdadi, dididan mcireze. wrewiri), ac (marTi
kuTxe) da ab (wrfe). sam
konturSi gamavali sami
magnituri velia:
1) 1 = 3  + 7 – 5t
2) 2 = 5t  – 4 – 15
3) 3 = 2  – 5t – 12 ,
3. 30.27 suraTze gamosaxulia ori wredi,
sadac aris militeslebSi, t ki wamebSi.
romlebSic gamtari Rero erTi da igive
gamoTvlis gareSe daalageT velebi a) induq
ν siCqariT erTsa da imave erTgvarovan
ciuri denis aRZvrisas muxtis erTeulze 8. 30.32 suraTze gamosaxulia sami wredi
Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT da b) indu erTnairi batareebiT, induqtorebiTa da
cirebuli denis mixedviT dididan mcireze. rezistorebiT. daalageT wredebi dididan
g) TiToeuli velisTvis ra mimarTuleba aqvs mcireze R-iT aRniSnul rezistorSi gamavali
inducirebul dens suraTze? denis mixedviT a) amomrTvelis daketvidan
5. 30.29a suraTze gamosaxul mavTulis didi xnis Semdeg, b) amomrTvelis xelaxla
konturze eqvsi erTgvarovani magnituri veli gaxsnisas da g) amomrTvelis gaxsnidan didi
rig-rigobiT moqmedebs. velebi mimarTulia xnis Semdeg.
z RerZis paralelurad. 30.29b suraTze
naCvenebia velebis Bz komponentebis t droze
damokidebulebis grafikebi (pirveli da
mesame grafiki, aseve meeqvse da meoTxe
grafiki paralelurebia). daalageT grafikebi
konturSi inducirebuli emZ-is mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
9. 30.33 suraTze
naCvenebia wredi
ori erTnairi re
zistoriTa da idea
luri induqtoriT.
centralur re
(a) (b)
zistorSi gama sur. 30.33. SekiTxva 9.
sur. 30.29. SekiTxva 5. vali deni meore
6. 30.30 suraTze rezistorSi gamaval denze metia, nak
gamosaxulia wriu lebia Tu igivea a) S amomrTvelis Ca
li regioni, romelSic ketvisas, b) Caketvidan didi xnis Semdeg,
klebadi erTgvarovani g) S-is xelaxali CarTvisas da d) CarTvidan
magnituri veli mimar didi xnis Semdeg?
Tulia saxelmZRvane sur. 30.30. SekiTxva 6. 10. 30.18 suraTze gamosaxul wredSi gamom
los gverdidan ga rTveli didi xania Caketilia a-ze da Semdeg
reT da asevea oTxi koncentruli wriuli b-ze gadadis. induqtorSi gamavali denis
traeqtoria. daalageT traeqtoriebi   ·d cvlileba naCvenebia 30.34 suraTze R winaRobisa
sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze. da L induqtiurobis Semdegi wyvilebisTvis:
1) R0 da L0, 2) 2R0 da L0, 3) R0 da 2L0, 4) 2R0 da
7. 30.31 suraTze
2L0. romeli grafiki R da L-is romel wyvils
naCvenebia rezis
Seesabameba?
toris VR poten
cialTa sxvaobis
cvlileba droSi
mavTuliT dakav sur. 30.31. SekiTxva 7.
Sirebul sam wred
Si, rogorc es gamosaxulia 30.19 suraTze.
wredebs aqvT erTi da igive R winaRoba da E
emZ, magram erTmaneTisgan L induqciurobiT
gansxvavdebian. daalageT wredebi L-is mniS
vnelobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
1047
amocanebi •5. 30.37 suraTze
120 xviis mqone,
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions 1,8sm radiusis da
Manual-Si.
5,3Ω winaRobis
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday koWas da 220 xvia/
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- sm-isa da 3,2 sm sur. 30.37. amocana 5.
diametris mqone
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs solenoids saerTo RerZi aqvT. ∆t = 25 mwm
• – •••
amocanis sirTules drois SualedSi solenoidis deni 1,5 a-dan
nulamde ecema. ra deni inducirdeba koWaSi
paragrafi 30.4 lencis kanoni ∆t-s dros?
•1. 6,8mm2 farTobis mqone patara konturi •6. drekadi gamtari nivTiereba isea gadaWimuli,
moTavsebulia grZel solenoidSi, romelsac rom 12 sm radiusis wriul konturs qmnis.
aqvs 854 xvia/sm da gadaaqvs 1,28 a amplitudis misi sibrtye erTgvarovani 0,800 t magnituri
da 212 radiani/wm sixSiris cvladi deni. velisadmi perpendikularulia. drekadobis
konturisa da solenoidis centraluri gamo konturis radiusi iwyebs 75 sm/wm tempiT
RerZebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. risi tolia Semcirebas iwyebs. ra emZ inducirdeba am
konturSi inducirebuli emZ-is amplituda? momentSi?
•2. 30.35
suraTze •7. 30.38 suraTze 10 sm
gamosaxul konturSi diametris mqone mrgvali
gamavali magnituri mavTulis konturi 0,50 t
nakadi ФB = 6,0t +7,0t
2 sididis erTgvarovan
formulis mixedviT velSia moTavsebuli

izrdeba, sadac ФB da N normalis veqtori
aris miliveberebSi, velisadmi θ = 30° kuTxes sur. 30.38. amocana 7.

t ki wamebSi. a) ro adgens. Semdeg konturi ise brunavs, rom N
goria konturSi sur. 30.35. amocana 2 konusSi 100 br/wT tempiT trialebs, xolo
inducirebuli emZ-is θ kuTxe ucvlelia. ra emZ inducirdeba
sidide, roca t = 2 w? b) R-Si gamavali deni konturSi?
marjvniskenaa mimarTuli Tu marcxnisken?
•8. 30.39 suraTze
•3. 12sm radiusisa da gamosaxuli mav
8,5Ω winaRobis mqone Tuli R = 2 m ra
mavTulis konturi diusisa da 4,0Ω
moTavsebulia erT winaRobis mqone sur. 30.39. amocana 8
gvarovan magnitur daxurul wriul
sur.30.36. amocana 3.
velSi, romlis si konturs qmnis. wrewiri centrirebulia
didis cvlileba 30.36 suraTzea gamosa grZeli mavTulis garSemo. rodesac t = 0, grZel
xuli. konturis sibrtye -sadmi perpen swor mavTulSi 5,0 a deni marjvnisken gadis.
dikularulia. ra emZ inducirdeba konturSi Semdeg deni i = 5,0 a – (2 a/wm2)t2-is Tanaxmad
drois Semdeg SualedebSi: a) 0-dan 2 w-mde, icvleba (swori mavTuli izolirebulia,
b) 2 w-dan 4 w-mde, g) 4-dan 6 w-mde? amitom eleqtruli kontaqti mavTulsa da
•4. erTgvarovani magnituri veli 10 sm konturs Soris ar arsebobs). ra sididis deni
diametris mqone mavTulis wriuli konturis inducirdeba konturSi, rodesac t > 0?
sibrtyisadmi perpendikularulia. mavTulis
••9. 2 m gverdis sigrZis oTxkuTxa mavTulis
diametria 2,5 mm, xolo kuTri winaRobaa konturi erTgvarovani magnituri velisadmi
1,69×108 Ω·m. ra tempiT unda Seicvalos perpendikularulia. konturis farTobis
sidide, raTa konturSi 10 a deni gavides?
naxevari velSia, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.40
suraTze. konturi konturi 0,5 t sididis erTgvarovan magnitur

Seicavs E =20v emZ-s velSi 60 br/wm-iT brunavs?
mqone idealur ba ••12. 30.43a suraTze naCvenebia mavTuli,
tareas. Tu velis
romelic marTkuTxeds (W = 20 sm, H  = 30 sm)
sidide droSi
qmnis da romelsac 5 mΩ winaRoba aqvs. mavTulis
B = 0 , 0 4 2 – 0 , 8 7 t -s SigTavsi erTi da igive farTobis sam tol
T a n a x m a d
nawilad iyofa da maTSi 1, 2 da 3 magnituri
icvleba, sadac B
velebi moqmedebs. velebi erTgvarovania
teslebSia da i – sur. 30.40. amocana 9.
da saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan gareT aris
wamebSi, risi tolia a) jamuri emZ wredSi da mimarTuli. 30.43b suraTze mocemulia samive
b) ra mimarTuleba aqvs konturis garSemo velis Bz komponentis t droze damokidebulebis
moZrav jamur dens? SSM sami grafiki. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebis
••10. 30.41a suraTze gamosaxuli erTgvarovani deni inducirdeba mavTulSi?
magnituri veli t droSi 30.41b suraTis
mixedviT izrdeba. 8,0×10–4 m2 farTobis
wriuli gamtari konturi velSi mdebareobs.
konturis A wertilze gamavali muxtis q
raodenobis t droze damokidebulebis funqcia
30.41g suraTzea naCvenebi. ra winaRoba aqvs
konturs?
••13. spilenZis mavTulis asi xviaa 1,2×10–3 m2

farTobis ganivi kveTis mqone xis cilin

druli gularis garSemo. mavTulis ori
bolo dakavSirebulia rezistorTan. jamuri
••11. N xviis mqone, a sigrZisa da b siganis
winaRoba wredSi aris 13 Ω. Tu erTgvarovani
koWa magnitur velSi f sixSiriT brunavs,
grZivi magnituri veli gularSi icvleba
rogorc es naCvenebia 30.42 suraze. koWa erTi mimarTulebiT 1,6 t-dan sapirispiro
dakavSirebulia mbrunav cilindrebTan, mimarTulebiT 1,6 t-mde, ramdeni muxti
romelbzec liTonis musebi srialebs da
gadadis wredis wertilSi amgvari cvlilebis
qmnis kontaqts. a) daamtkiceT, rom koWaSi dros?
inducirebuli emZ:
••14. gansazRvrul adgilas dedamiwis mag
E  = 2πfNabB sin (2πft) = E0 sin (2πft) nitur velis sididea B = 0,59 gausi da
es formula komerciuli cvladi denis horizontalisadmi 70° kuTxiT qveviT aris
generatoris safuZvelia. b) Nab-s ra mniS daxrili. mavTulis brtyeli, horizontaluri,
vneloba gvaZlevs E0 = 150 v emZ-s, rodesac wriuli koWas radiusia 10 sm, 1000 xviisagan
Sedgeba da sruli winaRobaa 85 Ω. koWa
140 Ω winaRobis mqone gamzom xelsawyosTan
mimdevrobiT aris SeerTebuli. koWa diametris
garSemo naxevrad brundeba da Semdeg kvlav
horizontaluri xdeba. ramdeni muxti gadis
xelsawyoSi Sebrunebis dros?
••15. 30.44 suraTze gamosaxuli daWimuli mav
Tuli a = 2 sm radiusis naxevarwrewirs qmnis
1049
da 20 mt sididis erTgvarovani magnituri veli x RerZis
erTgvarovan dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa, rogoria mavTulSi
magnitur velSi
gaCenili emZ-is sidide, rodesac B 3 mt/wm
40 br/wT kuTxuri
tempiT izrdeba? b) ra mimarTuleba aqvs dens
siCqariT brunavs.
bc segmentSi?
risi tolia kon
turSi indu ••19 30.47 suraTze
cirebuli emZ- sur. 30.44. amocana 15. gamosaxulia ori pa
is a) sixSire da raleluri mavTu
lis konturi,
b) amplituda?
romelTac saerTo
••16. 30.45 suraTze RerZi aqvT. ufro
gamosaxulia magnitur patara konturi sur. 30.47. amocana 19.
velSi mdebare L = 40 sm sur. 30.45. amocana 16.
(r radiusis) didi
da W = 25 sm zomebis mavTulis konturi. ra konturis (R radiusis) zemoT x >> R manZilzea
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi ganlagebuli. Sesabamisad, did konturSi
inducirebul E emZ-s Tu  = (4×10 t/m)y ?
–2  saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod
ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi moZravi i deniT warmoqmnili magnituri veli
patara konturSi TiTqmis erTgvarovania.
inducirebul E emZ-s, Tu  = (6×10–2 t/wm)t ?
davuSvaT, x izrdeba dx/dt = ν mudmivi tempiT.
ra e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi
a) ipoveT patara konturis farTobSi gamavali
inducirebul E emZ-s, Tu  = (8×10–2 t/m·wm) yt
magnituri nakadis gamosaxuleba, rogorc x-is
? ra z) sidide da T) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi
funqcia. (miniSneba: ix. formula 29.27). ufro
inducirebul E emZ-s, Tu  = (3×10–2 t/m·wm) yt
patara konturSi ipoveT b) inducirebuli emZ-
? ra i) sidide da k) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi
is gamosaxuleba da g) inducirebuli denis
inducirebul E emZ-s, Tu  = (5×10–2 t/m·wm) yt mimarTuleba. SSM
?
••20 marTkuTxa konturi (0,15 m2 farTobis)
••17. eleqtruli generatori Seicavs mav erTgvarovan magnitur velSi brunavs,
Tulis koWas 100 xviiT. TiToeuli xvia sadac B = 0,2 t. rodesac velsa da konturis
50 sm × 30 sm marTkuTxa konturs qmnis. sibrtyis perpendikulars Soris kuTxea π/2
koWa mTlianad mdebareobs B = 3,50 t radiani da 0,6 rad/wm tempiT izrdeba, ra emZ
sididis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi da inducirdeba konturSi?
Tavdapirvelad koWas sibrtye -s perpen
••21. 2,00 sm2 farTobis patara wriuli
dikularulia. rogoria inducirebuli emZ-
konturi moTavsebulia 1 m radiusis did
is maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, roca koWa -is
wriul konturSi. did konturSi deni 1 wm-
perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo 1000 br/
is ganmavlobaSi 200a-dan –200a-mde mudmivi
wT-iT trialebs? ILW tempiT icvleba. rogoria patara konturis
••18 mavTuli moRunulia da r = 10 sm radiusis centrSi magnituri velis sidide, romelic
sam wriul segments qmnis, rogorc es naCvenebia did konturSi gamavalma denma gamoiwvia,
30.46 suraTze. rodesac a) t = 0, b) t = 0,5 wm, da g) t = 1 wm?
TiToeuli seg d) t = 0-dan t = 1 wm-mde aris Tu ara
menti wrewiris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis? radgan Siga
meoTxedia. ab mde- konturi pataraa, davuSvaT, rom mis
bareobs xy sib farTobze erTgvarovania. ra emZ inducirdeba
rtyeSi, bc mdeba patara konturSi, rodesac t = 0,5 wm?
reobs yz sibrtyeSi, •••22. 30.48 suraTze gamosaxuli mavTulTa
ca mdebareobs zx ganlagebisTvis a = 12 sm da b = 16 sm. deni
sibrtyeSi. a) Tu sur. 30.46. amocana 18.
paragrafi 30.5. induqcia da energiis

gadacema
•26 2 sm2 farTobisa da 5,21 mkΩ winaRobis
konturisagan damzadebuli antena 17 mkt
sididis erTgvarovani magnituri velis per
pendikularulia. 2,96 mwm-Si velis sidide
swor grZel mavTulSi i = 4,5 t2 – 10,0t funqciT nulamde mcirdeba. ra raodenobis siTburi
energia warmoiqmneba konturSi velis cvli
aris mocemuli. i amperebSia, xolo t - wamebSi.
lebis Sedegad?
a) gamoTvaleT emZ oTxkuTxa konturSi,
rodesac t = 3 wm. b) ra mimarTuleba •27 Tu 50 sm sigrZis spilenZis mavTulisgan
aqvs konturSi (diametri = 1 mm) Seqmnil wriul konturs
inducirebul dens? erTgvarovani magnituri velis perpendi
kularulad aTavseben, veli 10 mt/wm mudmivi
•••23. 30.49 suraTze
tempiT izrdeba. ra tempiT warmoiqmneba
gamosaxulia 2 sm si
siTburi energia konturSi?
grZis gverdebis mav
Tulis kvadratuli •28. 30.51a suraTze gamosaxuli mavTulis
konturi. magni wriuli konturi solenoidis centraluri
turi veli saxel RerZis perpendikularul sibrtyeSi mde
mZRvanelos gver bareobs. konturis radiusia 6 sm, solenoidis
didan gareT aris mimarTuli. misi sididea – 2 sm. solenoidi Seicavs 8000 xvia/m da masSi
B = 4t y, sadac B aris teslebSi, t wamebSi, y ki
2
t droSi cvladi isol deni gadis, rogorc es
– metrebSi. rodesac t  = 2,5 w, ra a) sidide da naCvenebia 30.51b suraTze. 30.51g suraTze
b) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi arsebul emZ-s? gamosaxulia konturis siTbur energiaSi
•••24. 30.50 suraTze gadasuli EsiT energiis droze damokidebu-

gamosaxuli mav lebis grafiki. ra winaRoba aqvs konturs?
Tulis marTkuTxa
konturis sigr
Zea a = 2,2 sm, si
gane b = 0,8 sm
da winaRobaa (a) (b) (g)
R = 0,4 mΩ. es konturi usasrulod grZel
mavTulTan axlos aris moTavsebuli,
romelSic i = 4,7a deni gadis. Semdeg konturi •29. 30.52 suraTze
mavTuls Sordeba ν = 3,2 mm/wm mudmivi gamosaxul liTo
siCqariT. rodesac mavTulisagan konturis nis RerZs mudmivi
siCqariT liTonis
centri r = 1,5b manZilzea, risi tolia
ori paraleluri
a) konturSi gamavali magnituri nakadi da sur. 30.52. amocana 29
Zelis gaswvriv da 31
b) konturSi inducirebuli deni?
amoZraveben. Zele
•••25. 2,5 mm diametris or grZel, paralelur bi marjvena boloebiT erTmaneTTan liTonis
spilenZis mavTulSi 10 a deni sawinaaRmdego zoliT arian dakavSirebuli. B = 0,35 t
mimarTulebiT gadis. a) davuSvaT mavTYulebis sididis magnituri veli saxelmZRvanelos
centralur RerZebs Soris manZilia 20 mm, gverdidan gareT aris mimarTuli. a) Tu Zelebs
risi tolia RerZebs Soris sivrceSi arsebuli Soris manZilia 25sm da Rero 55sm/wm siCqariT
magnituri nakadi mavTulis metr sigrZeze? moZraobs, ra emZ warmoiqmneba? b) ra deni gadis
b) nakadis ra procentuli nawilia mavTulebis ReroSi, Tu misi winaRobaa 18 Ω, Zelebisa da
SigniT? g) igive gamoTvlebi paraleluri damakavSireblis winaRoba ki umniSvneloa?
denebisTvis SeasruleT. SSM WWW
1051
g) ra tempiT gardaiqmneba energia siTbur kuTxedis garSemo arsebuli emZ amave dros.
energiad? g) Tu E = at n, sadac a da n mudmivebia, ra iqneba
••30. 30.53 suraTze n-is mniSvneloba?
gamosaxuli L sig
••33 30.55 suraTze
rZis, R winaRobisa
naCvenebia L = 10 sm
da m masis grZeli
sigrZis Rero, rome
marTkuTxa gamtari
lic mudmivi ν = 5 m/wm
konturi horizon-
siCqariT horizon
talur erTgvaro-
taluri Zelakebis
van magnitur vel-
gaswvriv moZraobs.
Sia moTavsebuli. Zelakebi, Rero da
veli aa wrfis zeda sur. 30.53. amocana 30.
damakavSirebeli zo sur. 30.55. amocana 33.
areSia da saxel li gamtar konturs
mZRvanelos gverdis SigniT aris mimarTuli. qmnian. Reros winaRobaa 0,4 Ω. konturis dan-
Semdeg konturi Zirs vardnas iwyeba. vard- arCeni nawilis winaRoba umniSvneloa. kontu-
nis dros konturi Cqardeba, vidre miaRwevs
ridan a = 10 mm manZilze ganlagebul grZel,
garkveul zRvrul νt siCqares. haeris weva ug-
swor mavTulSi gamavali i = 100 a deni kon-
ulvebelyaviT da νt-s gamosaxuleba ipoveT.
turSi araerTgvarovan magnitur vels qmnis.
••31. 30.52 suraTze gamosaxul l sigrZis gamtar gamoTvaleT konturSi inducirebuli a) emZ
Reros xaxunis armqone, horizontaluri, da b) konturSi gamavali deni. g) ra tempiT
gamtari Zelebis gaswvriv mudmivi siCqariT
warmoiqmneba ReroSi siTburi energia? d) ra
amoZraveben. Zelebi erT boloSi liTonis
Zala unda movdoT Reros, raTa is mudmivi siC-
zoliT aris dakavSirebuli. Rero saxel
qariT amoZravdes? e) ra tempiT asrulebs es
mZRvanelos gverdidan gareT mimarTuli
Zala muSaobas Reroze? SSM WWW
velis moqmedebis regionSi gadaadgildeba.
davuSvaT L = 10 sm, ν = 5 m/wm, B = 1,2 t. ra paragrafi 30.6. inducirebuli eleq
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs ReroSi truli velebi
inducirebul emZs? ra a) sidide da b) mimar •34 30.56 suraTze
gamosaxulia ori 3
Tuleba aqvs gamtar konturSi gamaval dens?
davuSvaT Reros winaRobaa 0,4 Ω, Zelebisa da wriuli regioni
zolis winaRoba ki umniSvnelod mcirea e) ra R1 da R2, romelTa
tempiT warmoiSoba siTburi energia ReroSi? radiusebia r1 = 20 sm
v) ra gare Zalaa saWiro, raTa Rerom siCqare da r2 = 30 sm. R1-Si 1
2
SeinarCunos? z) ra tempiT asrulebs es Zala B1 = 50 mt saxelmZR-
muSaobas Reroze? vanelos gverdis
••32. 30.54 suraTze SigniT mimarTuli
gamosaxuli ori erTgvarovani veli moqmedebs, xolo R2-Si –
swori gamtari Ze B2 = 75 mt saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan ga
laki marT kuTxes reT mimarTuli erTgvarovani veli. orive
adgens. ZelakebTan veli 8,5mt/wm tempiT mcirdeba. gamoTvale
kontaqtSi myofi sur. 30.54. amocana 32.   ·d a) pirveli traeqtoriisTvis, b) meo-
gamtari Rero kuTxis
re traeqtoriisTvis da g) mesame traeq
wverze t = 0 dros moZraobas iwyebs da 5,2 m/wm
toriisTvis.
mudmivi siCqariT Zelakebis gaswvriv moZraobs.
B = 0,35 t sididis veli saxelmZRvanelos •35. grZeli solenoidis diametria 12 sm.
gverdidan gareT aris mimarTuli. gamoTvaleT rodesac mis gragnilebSi i deni gadis, B = 30 mt
ZelakebiT da ReroTi Seqmnil samkuTxedSi sididis erTgvarovani magnituri veli so
gamavali nakadi, rodesac t = 3 wm da b) sam lenoidis SigniT moqmedebs. i-s Semcirebis
Sedegad veli 6,5 mt/wm tempiT mcirdeba. mili erTxviaani solenoidia. davuSvaT,

gamoTvale inducirebuli eleqtruli velis milis gareT moqmedi magnituri veli
sidide solenoidis RerZidan a) 2,2 sm da umniSvneloa da milis SigniT moqmedi
b) 8,2 sm manZilze. eleqtruli veli erTgvarovania. a) ra sidi
dis magnituri veli moqmedebs milSi da
••36. xysibrtyis wriul monakveTs z
RerZis dadebiTi b) risi tolia milis induqciuroba?
mimarTulebiT moq ··41 a = 1,53 mm radiusis or identur, pa
medi erTgvarovani ralelur mavTulSi deni gadis. denebis
magnituri veli sidideebi erTmaneTis tolia, magram mimar
msWvalavs. velis B Tuleba sapirispiroa. mavTulebis centrebs
sidide (teslebSi) Soris manZilia d = 14,2 sm. mavTulebSi
B = at formulis gamavali nakadi ugulebelyaviT da mavTulebs
Tanaxmad droSi izrdeba, sadac a aris mudmiva. Soris regionSi gamavali nakadi ganixileT.
magnituri velis zrdis Sedegad gaCenili risi tolia mavTulebis induqciuroba sigrZis
erTeulze? SSM
eleqtruli velis E sididis r radialur
manZilze damokidebulebis grafiki 30.57 paragrafi 30.8. TviTinduqcia
suraTzea mocemuli. gamoTvaleT a. ·42 mocemul momen
••37. 3,3 sm diametris cilindruli magnitis tSi induqtorSi ga
maval dens da TviT
magnituri veli 15 hc sixSiriT 29,6 t-dan sur. 30.59. amocana 42.
induqciur emZ-s 30.59
30 t-mde sinusoidalurad icvleba. rogoria
cvlilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli suraTze naCvenebi mimarTuleba aqvs. a) deni
velis amplituda 1,6 sm radialur manZilze? izrdeba Tu mcirdeba? b) inducirebuli emZ

17 v-ia da denis cvlilebis tempia 25 ka/wm.
paragrafi 30.7. induqtorebi da induq gamoTvaleT induqciuroba.
ciuroba
·43 12 h-is mqone induqtorSi 2 a deni gadis. ra
•38 wriuli koWas radiusia 10 sm da Seicavs tempiT unda Seicvalos deni, raTa induqtorSi
mavTulis 30 mWidrod gadaxveul xvias. garedan 60 v emZ gaCndes?
Seqmnili 2,6 mt sididis magnituri veli koWas
··44 4,6 h induq
perpendikularulia. a) Tu koWaSi deni ar ciurobis induq
aris, maSin ra magnituri nakadi akavSirebs mis
torSi gamavali i
xviebs? b) rodesac koWaSi 3,8 a deni garkveuli
deni t droSi icvleba
mimarTulebiT gadis, koWas jamuri nakadi
da es cvlileba 30.60
qreba. risi tolia koWas induqciuroba?
suraTze gamosaxul
•39 mWidrod Sekruli 400 xviaani koWas induq sur. 30.60. amocana 44.
grafikzea naCvenebi.
tiuroba aris 8 mh. gamoTvale koWaSi gamavali induqtoris winaRobaa 12 Ω. gamoTvaleT
magnituri nakadi, rodesac deni 5 ma-ia. inducirebuli E emZ-is sidide drois Semdeg
•40 30.58 suraTze gamosaxulia W = 16 sm SualedebSi: a) 0-dan 2 mwm-mde, b) 2 mwm-dan
siganis spilenZis 5 mwm-mde, g) 5 mwm-dan 6 mwm-mde.
Txeli firfita. spi
··45. mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli induqtorebi.
lenZi gadaRunulia da
L1 da L2 induqciurobis mqone ori induqtori
R = 1,8 smradiusis mi
mimdevrobiT aris SeerTebuli da maT Soris
lisa da ori sibrtyisgan
manZili imdenad didia, rom erTis magnituri
Sedgeba. spilenZze i=35ma
veli meoreze gavlenas ver axdens. a) daam
deni Tanabrad aris
tkiceT, rom eqvivalenturi induqcia (Leq):
ganawilebuli da
Leq = L1 + L2
sur. 30.58. amocana 40. b) mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli N raodenobis

1053
induqtorebisTvis zogadi formula miiReT. mniSvnelobebi aqvT, xolo sapirispiro
··46. paralelurad SeerTebuli induqtorebi. mimarTulebiT – uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi).
L1 da L2 induqciurobis mqone ori induqtori ra sididisaa g) i1 da d) i2 amomrTvelis
paralelurad aris CarTuli da maT Soris daketvidan didi xnis Semdeg? amomrTveli
manZili imdenad didia, rom erTis magnituri kvlav gaaRes. ra sididisaa am dros e) i1 da v i2?
veli meoreze zegavlenas ver axdens. didi xnis Semdeg risi tolia z) i1 da T) i2?
a) daamtkiceT, rom eqvivalenturi induq ·53. 6,3 mkh induqciurobis solenoidi 1,2kΩ
ciuroba (Leq): rezistorTan mimdevrobiT aris SeerTebuli.
1 1 1 a) Tu am wyvilTan 14 v-iani batareaa mier
= +
Leq L 1
L 2 Tebuli, ra droa saWiro, rom rezistorSi
b) paralelurad CarTuli N raodenobis
gamavalma denma saboloo mniSvnelobis
induqtorebisTvis zogadi formula miiReT.
80%-s miaRwios? b) ra deni gadis rezistorSi,
··47. 30.61 suraTze rodesac t = 1τL ?
gamosaxulia
i n d u q t o r e b i s
·54. 30.63 suraTze
gamosaxul induqtors
ganlageba, sadac
L1 = 30 mh, L2 = 50 mh, 25 xvia aqvs. idealuri
L3 = 20 mh da L4 batareis emZ 16 v.
=15mh. ganlageba 30.64 suraTze naCve
nebia TiToeul xvia
cvladi denis wyarosTan unda SeerTdes. 54, 74, 78, 90, 102 da 107
risi tolia mowyobilobis eqvivalenturi Si gamavali Ф magni
tur nakadis induqtorSi gamaval denze
induqciuroba? (ix. amocanebi 45 da 46)
damokidebulebis grafiki. Tu S amomrTveli
paragrafi 30.9. RL wreebi
ixureba, rodesac t = 0, ra di/dt tempiT icvleba
·48. RL wredSi gamavali deni stabilur deni, rodesac t = 1,5τL.
mniSvnelobis erT mesameds 5.00 wamSi iZens.
··55. davuSvaT, 30.19 suraTze gamosaxul
gamoTvaleT induqciuri drois mudmiva.
wredSi batareis emZ t droSi ise icvleba, rom
·49. t = 0 dros batarea mimdevrobiT SeuerTes deni mocemulia i(t) = 3,0 + 5,0t formuliT,
RL wreds. τL-is ra jeradze iqneba deni wona sadac i aris
sworuli mniSvnelobis 0,1%? SSM
amperebSi, t ki
·50. 30.19 suraTze gamosaxuli amomrTveli wamebSi. CaTva
a-ze iketeba, rodesac t = 0. risi tolia induq leT, romR =
toris TviTinducirebuli emZ-is batareis 4,0Ω da L = 6,0 h
emZsTan EL/E Sefardeba a) t = 0 drois Semdeg, da batareis emZ
b) rodesac t = 2,00τL? g) τL-is ra jeradze iqneba t-s funqciis
EL/E = 0,5? saxiT gamoTvaleT. (miniSneba: konturis wesi
gamoiyeneT).
·51. wredidan batareis gatanis 1 wamis Semdeg
deni RL wredSi 1 a-dan 10 ma-mde mcirdeba. Tu ···56. kvadratuli ganivi kveTis mqone xis
L = 10 h, ras udris R winaRoba wredSi? toroiduli gularis Sida radiusi 10 sm-
is tolia, gareTa radiusi ki 12 sm-ia. gu
·52. 30.62 suraTze E = 100 v, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω,
larze gadaxviaa mavTulis erTi fena, rom
R3 = 30 Ω, L = 2 h. ra
lis diametria 1 mm, winaRoba ki 0,02 Ω/m-ia.
sididisaa a) i1 da
risi tolia a) Sedegad miRebuli toro
b) i2 im dros, rodesac
idis induqciuroba da b) induqciuri
S amomrTveli dai
drois mudmiva? mavTulis izolaciis sisqe
keteba? (denebs ugulebelyaviT.
naCvenebi mimarTu
···57. 30.65 suraTze S amomrTvelis Caketvisas
lebiT dadebiTi
(rodesac t = 0), ·63. 85 sm sigrZis solenoidis ganivi kveTis

wyaros emZ avto farTobia 17 sm2. mavTulis 950 xviaSi 6,6 a
maturad reguli deni gadis. a) gamoTvaleT magnituri velis
rdeba da i mudmiv energiis simkvrive solenoidSi. b) gamoTvaleT
dens inarCunebs. magnitur velSi Senaxuli jamuri energia. SSM
a) gamoTvaleT in sur. 30.65. amocana 57. ·64. 90 mh induqciurobis toroiduli
duqtorSi gamavali induqtori 0,02 m 2
moculobas ikavebs. Tu
deni, rogorc drois funqcia. b) ra dros toroidSi energiis saSualo simkvrive 70 j/m3,
iqneba rezistorSi gamavali deni induqtorSi ra deni gadis induqtorSi?
gamavali denis toli? ·65. ra sididis unda iyos eErTgvarovani
eleqtruli veli, raTa misi energiis simkvrive
paragrafi 30.10. magnitur velSi Sena
0,5 t magnituri velis energiis simkvrivis
xuli energia
toli iyos? ILW
·58. rodesac t = 0, batarea SeerTebulia
·66. 50 mm radiusis mavTulis wriul konturSi
rezistorisa da induqtoris mimdevrobiT
100 a deni gadis. gamoTvaleT a) magnituri veli
mowyobilobasTan. induqtiuri drois mud
da b) energiis simkvrive konturis centrze.
mivas ra jeradze iqneba induqtoris mag
nitur velSi Senaxuli energia stabiluri
··67. spilenZis mavTulSi 10 a deni gadis da
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli mavTulis ganiv
mniSvnelobis 0,5?
kveTze. gamoTvaleT a) magnituri velis
·59. rodesac t = 0, batarea SeerTebulia
da b) eleqtruli velis energiis simkvrive
rezistorisa da induqtoris mimdevrobiT
mavTulis zedapirze. mavTulis diametria
mwyobilobasTan. Tu induqciuri drois
2,5 mm, xolo misi winaRoba sigrZis erTeulze
mudmivaa 37 mwm, ra dros aris rezistorSi aris 3,3 Ω/km. SSM
energiis xarjvis tempi induqtoris magnitur
paragrafi 30.12. urTierTinduqcia
velSi energiis Senaxvis tempis toli?
·68. ori solenoidi avtomobilis sainduqcio
·60. 2 h induqciurobis da 10Ω winaRobis
koWas nawilebia. rodesac erT solenoidSi
koWa E=100v emZ-s mqone idealur batareas
deni 6 a-dan nulamde 2,5 mwm-Si ecema, meore
uerTdeba. SeerTebis Semdeg a) ra tempiT
solenoidSi 30kv emZ inducirdeba. risi tolia
inaxeba energia magnitur velSi, b) ra tempiT
solenoidebis M urTierTinduqcia?
Cndeba winaRobaSi siTburi energia da g) ra
·69. ori koWa uZravad aris ganlagebuli.
tempiT gascems batarea energias?
rodesac pirvel koWaSi deni ar gadis da meore
··61. koWa mimdevrobiT SeerTebulia 10,0kΩ
koWaSi deni 15 a/wm tempiT izrdeba, pirvel
winaRobis rezistorTan. idealuri 50,0v-iani
koWaSi 25 mv emZ Cndeba. a) risi tolia koWebis
batareis CarTvis Semdeg deni 2a mniSvnelobas
urTierTinduqcia? b) risi tolia meore
5 mwm-Si aRwevs. a) ipove koWas induqciuroba. koWaSi gamavali induqciis sruli nakadi,
b) ra raodenobiT energia grovdeba am momentSi rodesac meore koWaSi deni ar gadis, xolo
koWaSi? SSM pirvel koWaSi aris 3,6 a denia? SSM
··62. 30.19 suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis ·70. pirveli koWas L1 = 25mh da N1 =100 xvia.
dauSviT, rom E = 10 v, R = 6,7Ω da L = 5,5 h. meore koWas L2 = 40 mh, N = 200 xvia, koWebi
idealuri batarea t = 0 dros erTdeba. a) ra uZravad aris ganlagebuli da maTi urTierT
raodenobis energia grovdeba induqtoris induqciaa M = 3 mh. pirvel koWaSi gamavali 6 ma
magnitur velSi? b) am energiis ra raodenoba deni 4 a/wm tempiT icvleba. a) ra Ф12 magnituri
ixarjeba rezistorSi? nakadi akavSirebs pirvel koWas da b) ra emZ
Cndeba am koWaSi? g) ra Ф21 nakadi akavSirebs
paragrafi 30.11. magnituri velis ener
meore koWas da d) ra urTierTinduqciuri emZ
giis simkvrive
Cndeba am koWaSi?
1055
·71. 30.66 suraTze swrafad? e) risi tolia umciresi dro?
gamosaxuli erT (miniSneba: 30.39 formula axlidan gaiazreT).
maneTTan dakav 
75. B erTgvarovani magnituri veli r
Sirebuli koWebis
radiusis mavTulis wriuli konturis
induqciurobebia
sibrtyis perpendikularulia. velis sidide
L1 da L2. maTi ur
droSi B = B0e – t / τ formulis mixedviT icvleba,
T i e r T i n d u q c i a a
sadac B0 da τ mudmivebia. daadgineT konturSi
M. a) daamtkiceT,
sur. 30.66. amocana 71. arsebuli emZ-s gamosaxuleba drois funqciis
rom mocemuli
saxiT.
ganlageba erTi koWaTi SeiZleba Seicvalos,
romlis eqvivalenturi induqciaa: 76. 30.69a suraTze naCvenebia E = 6 mkv emZ-
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M. s idealuri batareis, R winaRobis da 5 sm2
farTobis mcire mavTulis konturis Semcveli
b) rogor unda SeerTdnen 30.66 suraTze
wredi. t = 10-dan t = 20 wm-mde drois SualedSi
gamosaxuli koWebi, raTa maTi eqvivalenturi
konturSi gare magnituri veli moqmedebs.
induqciuroba iyos Leq = L1 + L2 – 2M? SSM
veli erTgvarovania da 30.69a suraTze saxel
··72. N xviis mqone C mZRvanelos gverdis SigniT aris mimarTuli.
koWa R radiusis da velis sididea B = at, sadac B teslebSia, a
sigrZis erTeulze
mudmivaa, xolo t wamebSia. 30.69b suraTze
n xviis mqone grZel
naCvenebia wredSi gamavali i deni gare
S solenoidTan magnituri velis moqmedebamde, moqmedebisas
axlos aris ganla sur. 30.67. amocana 72 da moqmedebis Semdeg. gamoTvaleT a.
gebuli (sur. 30.67.).
a) daamtkiceT, rom koWa-solenoidis kom
binaciis urTierTinduqciaa M = μ0πR2nN.
b) axseniT, ratom ar aris M damokidebuli
koWas formaze, zomaze an koWas gadaxvevisas
daSvebuli raime uzustobaze.
··73. N raodenobis sur. 30.69. amocana 76.
mWidro xviis mqone 77. 30.70a suraTze R = 0,02Ω
naCvenebia
marTkuTxa konturi winaRobis, H = 1,5 sm simaRlis da D = 2,5 sm
30.68 suraTis msga sigrZis marTkuTxa gamtari konturi. konturi
vsad grZel, swor mav erTgvarovan magnitur velSi ν = 40 m/wm
TulTan axlos aris
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. 30.70b suraTze
ganlagebuli. risi sur. 30.68. amocana 73.
naCvenebia konturSi inducirebuli i denis
tolia konturi-mav
konturis marjvena mxaris x mdebareobaze
Tulis kombinaciis M urTierTinduqcia, Tu
damokidebulebis grafiki. rodesac konturi
N = 100, a = 1 sm, b = 8 sm da l = 30 sm? ILW
pirvel regionSi
damatebiTi amocanebi Sedis, masSi 3 mka
deni saaTis is
74. rodesac 30.63 suraTze S amomrTveli
ris moZraobis
iketeba, denis raime mniSvnelobamde misvli (a)
mimarTulebiT
sTvis saWiro dro R winaRobazea damokide
Cndeba. ra a) sidi-
buli. davuSvaT, idealuri batareis emZ-a 12v
dis da b) mimar-
da idealuri induqtoris induqciurobaa 18mh.
Tulebisaa pir-
ra dro dasWirdeba dens 2a-mde miRwevisTvis,
vel regionSi
Tu R aris a) 1Ω, b) 5Ω da g) 6Ω? d) R-is ra moqmedi magni
(b)
mniSvnelobis dros miaRwevs deni 2a-s yvelaze turi veli? ra
g) sididis da d) mimarTulebisaa meore xolo meore mavTuli x RerZis dadebiTi

regionSi moqmedi magnituri veli? mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba da aTvlis
78. 30.63 suraTze 12v-iani idealuri batarea, saTaveze ori denis mier warmoqmnili uB
20Ω winaRobis rezistori da induqtori magnituri energiis simkvrive icvleba. 30.72b
amomrTveliT arian SeerTebulni, rodesac suraTze mocemulia uB magnituri energiis
t = 0. ra tempiT gadaicema energia batareidan simkvrivis meore mavTulis x mdebareobaze
induqtoris velSi, rodesac t = 1,61τL? damokidebulebis grafiki. grafikis asim
ptotaa uB=1,96nj/m3, rodesac x→∞. risi
79. 30.71 suraTze
tolia a) i1 da b) i2?
R=15Ω, L=5h, idea
luri batareis 83. 30.73 suraTze
emZ-a E = 10 v da naCveneb wredSi ba
zeda ganStoebaSi tarea idealuria,
3a denis idealuri E = 12 v, L = 10 mh, R1 = 

damcvelia ganla 10Ω da R2 = 20 Ω. ga-
gebuli. vidre dam omrTveli didi xnis
m
cvelSi 3a-ze naklebi deni gadis, misi winaRoba ganmavlobaSi Riaa 
nulis tolia. rodesac deni 3a-s miaRwevs, da rodesac t = 0, iketeba. ra tempiT icvleba
damcvelis winaRoba usasrulo xdeba. rodesac induqtorSi gamavali deni a) amomrTvelis
t = 0, S amomrTveli daketilia. a) rodis xdeba daketvisas da b) rodesac batareaSi gamavali
damcvelis winaRoba usasrulo? (miniSneba: denia 0,5a? g) ra deni gadis batareaSi, rodesac
30.41 formula ar gamodgeba. gaixseneT 30.39 wredi stabilur mdgomareobaSi gadava?
formula). b) induqtorSi gamavali i denis 84. mWidro xveuliani koWas induqciuroba
droze damokidebulebis grafiki aageT. imgvaria, rom 5a/wm tempiT denis cvlilebis
aRniSneT dro, rodesac damcvelis winaRoba dros 3mv emZ inducirdeba. 8a deni TiToeul
usasrulo xdeba.
xviaSi 40 mkvb magnitur nakads warmoqmnis.
80. mavTulis kvadratuli konturi misi a) gamoTvaleT koWas induqciuroba. b) ramdeni
sibrtyis perpendikularul da 0,24 t sididis xviaa koWaSi?
magnitur velSia moTavsebuli. kvadratis
85. 20 sm sigrZis gverdis da 20 mΩ winaRobis
TiToeuli gverdis sigrZe 5 sm/wm mudmivi kvadratuli mavTuli konturis sibrtye
tempiT mcirdeba. ra emZ inducirdeba
B = 2 t sididis erTgvarovani magnituri velis
konturSi, rodesac gverdebis sigrZe 12 sm sibrtyis perpendikularulia. konturis ori
xdeba? sawinaaRmdego gverdis erTmaneTisgan daSo
81. batareis gamorTvidan ra droSi Semcirdeba rebisas danarCeni ori gverdi erTmaneTs
RL wredis rezistoris potencialTa sxvaoba uaxlovdeba da konturis farTobi mcirdeba.
sawyisi mniSvnelobis 10%-iT? (L=2h da R=3Ω). Tu Δt = 0,2 wm droSi farTobi nulamde
mcirdeba, risi tolia a) saSualo emZ da b) Δt
82. 30.72a suraTze
drois SualedSi konturSi inducirebuli
naCvenebia swori,
deni?
paraleluri da Za
lian grZeli ori 86. 30.74a suraTze naCvenebia ori koncen
mavTulis ganivi truli wriuli regioni. r1 = 1 sm radiusis

kveTi. pirvel regionSi gareT mimarTuli B1 magnituri veli
mavTulSi gamavali moqmedebs da misi sidide izrdeba. r2 = 2 sm
denis meore mav radiusis regionSi aseve gareT mimarTuli
TulSi gamaval

B2 magnituri veli moqmedebs da misi sidide
denTan Sefardebaa
icvleba. warmoidgineT R radiusis gamtari
i1/i2=1/3.
pirveli koncentruli rgoli am regionebis garSemo.
mavTuli uZravia,
sur. 30.72. amocana 82. rgolis irgvliv gazomes E emZ. 30.74b suraT
1057
ze naCvenebia E dros iqneba induqtorebSi gamavali nakadebi
emZ-s rgolis R 2 erTmaneTs toli?
radiusze damo 89. 30.77 suraTze
kidebulebis gra batarea idealuria,
fiki meore re E = 10 v, R1=5Ω,
gionis gare ki
R2=10Ω da L = 5 h.
disTvis. risi
rodesac t = 0, S
tolia a) dB1/dt da
 amomrTveli dake
b) dB2/dt? g) B2 -is tilia. risi tolia
sidide izrdeba, sur. 30.77. amocana 89.
am dros a) i1, b) i2, g)
mcirdeba Tu
amomrTvelSi gama
ucvlelia?
vali is deni, d) meore rezistorze V2 poten
87. 30.75 suraTze cialTa sxvaoba, e) induqtorze VL poten
naCvenebia R radi cialTa sxvaoba da v) di2/dt cvlilebis tempi?
usis cilindrul
sur. 30.74. amocana 86. didi xnis Semdeg risi tolia z) i1, T) i2, i) is,
moculobaSi moq
k) V2, l) VL da m) di2/dt?
medi erTgvarovani
 90. 30.63 suraTze t = 0 S amomrTveli dake-
B magnituri veli.
 tilia da 15 mh induqtorSi da 20Ω winaRobis
B velis sidide rezistorSi deni gadis. ra dros iqneba
10mt/wm mudmivi induqtoris emZ rezistorze potencialTa
tempiT mcirdeba. sxvaobis toli?
erTeulovan-
91. rodesac t = 0, 23 mh induqciurobis
v e q t o r u l
da garkveuli R winaRobis koWaze 12 v
CanawerSi risi
potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. rodesac
tolia a) a wer
t = 0,15 mwm, induqtorSi gamavali deni 280 a/wm
tilidan (radia sur. 30.75. amocana 87.
tempiT icvleba. gamoTvaleT R.
luri manZiliT r = 5 sm), b) b wertilidan
92. 30.78 suraTze
(r = 0) da g) c wertilidan (r = 5 sm) daZruli
eleqtronis sawyisi aCqareba? naCvenebia N2
xviis koWa, ro
88. 30.76a suraTze S amomrTveli A-ze didi
melic N1 xviis
xnis ganmavlobaSi daketilia da L1 = 5 mh
mqone toroidzea
induqciurobasa da R1 = 25Ω winaRobis daxveuli. toroi
rezistorSi stabiluri deni gadis. 30.76b dis Sida radiusia
suraTze S amomrTveli A-ze kvlav didi a, gare radiusia
xnis ganmavlobaSi daketilia da L2 = 3 mh b da simaRlea h.
induqciurobasa da R2=30Ω winaRobis daamtkiceT, rom sur. 30.78. amocana 92.
rezistorSi stabiluri deni gadis. meore toroidsa da koWas
induqtorSi gamavali magnituri nakadis Soris M urTierTinduqciaa:
pirvel induqtorSi gamaval magnitur
µ0N1N2h b
nakadTan Sefardebaa Ф02/Ф01 = 1,5. rodesac M= ln  a .
2�
t = 0, orive amomrTveli B-ze iketeba. ra t
93. mavTulis wriuli konturi (radiusi = 14 sm)
moTavsebulia magnitur velSi, romelic
konturis sibrtyis normalisadmi 30° kuTxes
adgens. 15 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi, magnituri
velis sidide mudmivi tempiT 30 mt-dan 60 mt-
mde izrdeba. Tu konturis winaRobaa 5Ω, risi
tolia konturSi inducirebuli deni, rodesac deni da L2-Si gamavali i2 deni erTmaneTs Tav-
velis sididea 50 mt? dapirvelad gauTanabrdeba, risi tolia maTi
94. rodesac t = 0, 45 v potencialTa sxvaoba mniSvneloba? (rezistorebis winaRoba erT-
L = 50 mh induqciurobis da R = 180 Ω winaRo- maneTis tolia).

bis koWaze moqmedebs. ra tempiT izrdeba 99. 30.81 sura-
koWaSi gamavali deni, rodesac t = 1,2 mwm? Tze gamosaxul
95. a) risi tolia dedamiwis magnituri velis wredSi R1 = 20 kΩ,

energiis simkvrive, Tu misi sididea 50 mkt? R2 = 20 Ω, L = 50 mh
da idealuri bata-
b) davuSvaT, dedamiwis radiusze mcire
manZilze simkvrive mudmivia da magnitur reis emZ E = 40 v. S
polusebTan axlos ar icvleba. ra raodenobis amomrTveli, ro
energia Seinaxeba dedamiwis zedapirsa da melic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Riaa, t = 0
zedapirs zemoT ganlagebul 16 km-ian sferul dros iketeba. amomrTvelis daketvis Semdeg
garss Soris? risi tolia a) batareaSi gamavali i deni da
96. 150 xviis mqone koWas TiToeul xviaSi b) di/dt tempi? rodesac t = 3 mkwm, risi tolia
50 nt·m2 magnituri nakadi gadis, rodesac deni g) i da d) di/dt ? didi xnis Semdeg risi tolia
2 ma-ia. a) risi tolia koWas induqciuroba? e) i da v) di/dt ?
risi tolia b) koWas induqciuroba da g) Ti 100. 2 h induqciurobis da 10Ω winaRobis koWa
Toeul xviaSi gamavali nakadi, Tu deni 4ma-mde E = 100 v emZ-s mqone batareasTan miaerTes.
gaizarda? d) risi tolia koWas maqsimaluri E a) risi tolia wonasworuli deni? b) ra
emZ, Tu koWaSi gamavali denia i = (3 ma)cos(377t), raodenobis energia inaxeba magnitur velSi,
sadac t wamebSia? rodesac koWaSi amgvari deni gadis?
97. 30.79a suraTze naCvenebia 3m2 farTobis 101. 30.82 suraTze

naCvenebia mavTu
wriuli mavTuli. mavTulis winaRobaa 9Ω da
lis Caketili kon
moTavsebulia saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan
turi. konturi
gareT mimarTul erTgvarovan magnitur velSi.
u r T i e r T p e r
t ≥ 0 droSi velis sidide 30.79b suraTzea
pendikularul
naCvenebia. ra a) i sidide da b) mimarTuleba
s i b r t y e e b S i
aqvs mavTulSi inducirebul dens, rodesac
ganlagebuli 3,7sm
t = 0,5 wm? ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba aqvs
radiusis naxevar
dens, rodesac t = 1,5 wm? ra e) sidide da v) mi wreebisgan Se
marTuleba aqvs dens, rodesac t = 3 wm? dgeba. Tavdapir
velad brtyeli wriuli konturi diametris
gaswvriv gadaRunes, vidre misi ori naxevari
erTmaneTis perpendikularuli gaxda da
swored ase miiRes suraTze gamosaxuli
konturi. 76 mt sididis erTgvarovani

B magnituri veli konturis diametris
perpendikularulia da naxevarwreebTan
45° kuTxeebs adgens. 4,5 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi
98. 30.80 suraTze magnituri veli Tanabari tempiT nulamde
t < 0 dros S amom mcirdeba. drois am SualedSi ra a) sidide da
rTveli daketilia, b) mimarTuleba aqvs konturSi inducirebul
xolo t = 0 dros emZ-s?
iReba. rodesac
102. 30.63 suraTze R = 4kΩ, L = 8 mkh
L1-Si gamavali i1
da idealuri batareis emZ-a E = 20 v. S
1059
amomrTvelis daketvidan ra drois Semdeg 106. 100 xvia/sm-s mqone grZeli, cilindruli
aris deni 2 ma? solenoidis radiusia 1,6 sm. davuSvaT
103. 50 xviis da 4Ω winaRobis wriuli koWa solenoidis mier warmoqmnili magnituri
veli solenoidis RerZis paraleluria da
(radiusi = 15 sm) moaTavses erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi, romelic koWas sibrtyis mis SigniT erTgvarovania. a) risi tolia
perpendikularulia. velis sidide droSi induqciuroba yovel metr sigrZeze? b) Tu
B = A sin(ωt) formulis Tanaxmad icvleba, deni 13 a/wm tempiT icvleba, risi tolia
sadac A = 80 mkt da ω = 50 π rad/wm. risi metrze inducirebuli emZ?
tolia koWaSi inducirebuli denis sidide, 107. 30.63 suraTze R = 2Ω da idealuri
rodesac t = 20 mwm? batarea 10v-iania. rodesac t=0, S amomrTveli
104. 0,75Ω winaRobis koWaSi gamavali sruli iketeba da t = 1 wm-is Semdeg deni 1a-ia. risi
magnituri nakadi 26 mvb iqneba, Tu koWaSi 5,5a tolia L induqciuroba?
deni gadis. a) gamoTvaleT koWas induqciuroba. 108. 30.83 suraTze R1=8Ω, R2=10Ω, L1=0,3h,
b) Tu koWasTan 6v-iani idealuri batarea L2 = 0,2 h da idealuri batareis emZ-a E = 6v.
miaerTes, ra dro dasWirdeba dens 0-dan 2,5a- a) S amomrTveli daketvis Semdeg ra tempiT
mde gazrdisTvis? icvleba induq
105. rodesac induqtorSi 60 ma deni gadis, torSi gamavali
masSi Senaxuli magnituri potenciuri deni? b) rodesac
energiaa 25 mj. a) gamoTvaleT induqciuroba. wredi stabilur
b) ra denia saWiro, raTa Senaxuli energia mdgomareobaSi, ra
deni gadis pirvel
100 mj iyos?
induqtorSi? sur. 30.83. amocana 108.
31 difraqcia
1989 wlis 13 marts, Ramis 2:45-ze, kanadis provincia kvebekSi
energetikuli sistema gamoirTo da civ Rames milionobiT adamiani
eleqtroenergiis gareSe darGa. im Ramis ganmavlobaSi, GrdiloeT
naxevarsferoSi mdebare mravali energetikuli sistema muSaobda cudad
da inJinrebisTvis marTlac koSmaruli mdgomareoba Seiqmna. dazianebebis
mizezi ar yofila simZlavreze moTxovnis uecari zrda an moZvelebuli
aRWurviloba. energetikuli sistemebi sami dRiT adre mzis zedapirze
momxdarma afeTqebam daaziana.
rogor SeiZleba mzeze momxdarma afeTqebam energetikuli sistema gamorTos?

Cven ukve ganvixileT eleqtruli da magnituri velebis buneba da kondensatorebsa da
induqtorebSi energiis Senaxvis movlenebi. amis Semdeg SevecdebiT erT adgilze Senaxuli
energiis meore adgilze gadacemiT misi gamoyeneba SevZloT. magaliTad, eleqtrosadgurSi
warmoqmnili energiis Sedegad Tqveni kompiuteri muSaobs. gamoyenebiTi fizikis roli imdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom mis gareSe Tanamedrove civilizacia arc iarsebebda.
qveynebis umetesobaSi eleqtruli energiis gadacema mudmivi denis nacvlad sinusoidalurad
merxevi denis (cvladi denis) saSualebiT xdeba. fizikosebis da inJinrebis gamowvevaa energiis
gadamcemi cvladi denis efeqturi sistemebi da iseTi mowyobilobebi Seqmna, romelTa
saSualebiTac SeZleben energiis gamoyenebas.
eleqtruli merxevi sistemebis Seswavlas L induqciurobis da C tevadobis Semcvel martiv
wredSi momxdari rxevebis ganxilviT viwyebT
31.2. LC rxevebi xarisxobrivad

wredis R winaRobis, C tevadobis da L induqciurobis sami SesaZlo elementidan mimdevrobiTi
RC (27.9 paragrafi) da mimdevrobiTi RL (30.9 paragrafi) kombinaciebi ganvixileT. amgvar
wredebSi muxti, deni da potencialTa sxvaoba eqsponencialurad izrdeba da mcirdeba. zrdis
an Semcirebis drois skala τ drois mudmivas saSualebiT moicema, romelic tevadobiTi an
induqciuria.
1060
31.2. LC rxevebi xarisxobrivad 1061
sur. 31.1. winaRobis armqone LC wredis rxevis ciklis rva etapi. suraTebis Tavze arsebuli gamosaxulebebi
Senaxul magnitur da eleqtrul energiebs asaxavs. naCvenebia induqtoris magnituri velis Zalwirebi da
kondensatoris eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi. a) maqsimaluri muxtis mqone kondensatori. deni ar arsebobs.
b) kondensatori ganimuxta da deni izrdeba. g) kondensatori srulad ganimuxteba da deni maqsimaluria.
d) kondensatori imuxteba, magram a) suraTis polarobis sapirispirod. deni mcirdeba. e) kondensatori
maqsimalurad damuxtulia, magram misi polaroba a) suraTis polarobis sapirispiroa da deni ar gvaqvs. v)
kondensatori ganimuxteba da deni b) suraTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT izrdeba. z) kondensatori srulad
ganmuxtulia da deni maqsimaluria. T) kondensatori imuxteba, deni mcirdeba
dagvrCa mxolod LC kombinacia, rasac mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT. am SemTxvevaSi muxti, deni
da potencialTa sxvaoba eqsponencialurad ki ar mcirdeba, aramed droSi sinusoidalurad
icvleba (T periodiT da ω kuTxuri sixSiriT). kodensatoris eleqtruli velis da induqtoris
magnituri velis Sedegad miRebul rxevas eleqtromagnituri rxeva ewodeba. amgvar wreds ki
merxevi ewodeba.
31.1a)-T) suraTze naCvenebia martivi LC wredis rxevis etapebi. 25.21 formulidan gamomdinare,
kondensatoris eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia nebismier dros aris:
q2
UE = , (31.1)
2C
sadac q aris kondensatoris muxti am dros. 30.49 formulidan gamomdinare, induqtoris magnitur
velSi Senaxuli energia nebismier dros aris:
Li2
UB = , (31.2)
2
sadac i aris induqtorSi gamavali deni am dros.
sinusoidalurad merxevi wredis eleqtruli sidideebis myis mniSvnelobebs patara asoebiT
aRvniSnavT (magaliTad, q), xolo sidideebis amplitudis aRniSvnisTvis did asoebs viyenebT
(magaliTad, Q). amgvari SeTanxmebis Semdeg davuSvaT, rom 31.1 suraTze kondensatoris sawyisi
muxtia q, muxtis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa Q da induqtorSi gamavali i deni nulis tolia. 31.1a
suraTze naCvenebia wredis sawyisi mdgomareoba. energiis diagramebidan Cans, rom rodesac
induqtorSi gamavali deni nulis tolia da kondensatoris muxti maqsimaluria, magnituri velis
UB energia nulis tolia, xolo eleqtruli velis UE energia maqsimaluria.
1062 Tavi 31 difraqcia
amjerad kondensatori induqtoris gavliT ganmuxtvas

iwyebs da dadebiTi muxtis matareblebi saaTis isris
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraoben (sur.
31.1b). es niSnavs, rom induqtorSi qvemoT mimarTuli
i=dq/dt deni Cndeba. kondensatoris muxtis SemcirebasTan
erTad, kondensatorSi moqmed eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli
energiac mcirdeba. es energia induqtoris garSemo
gaCenil magnitur vels gadaecema, vinaidan am adgilas i sur. 31.2. a) 31.1 suraTze gamosaxuli
deni gadis. aqedan gamomdinare, eleqtruli veli mcirdeba wredis kondensatoris potencialTa
sxvaobis droze damokidebulebis gra
da magnituri veli izrdeba.
fiki. es sidide kondensatoris muxtis
saboloo jamSi kondensatori srulad ganimuxteba (sur. proporciulia. b) potenciali 31.1
31.1g) da eleqtrul velsa da masSi Senaxul energias suraTze gamosaxul wredSi gamavali
denis proporciulia. asoebi 31.1
kargavs. es energia mTlianad induqtoris magnitur
suraTze gamosaxuli rxevis etapebs
vels gadaecema. am SemTxvevaSi magnituri velis sidide Seesabameba.
maqsimaluria da induqtorSi gamavali denic I maqsimalur
mniSvnelobas iZens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kondensatoris muxti nulis tolia, denis saaTis isris moZraobis
sawinaaRmdego moZraoba grZeldeba, vinaidan induqtori mas nulze swrafad dacemis
saSualebas ar aZlevs. deni wredis gavliT zeda firfitidan qveda firfitaze dadebiTi muxtis
gadatanas agrZelebs (sur. 31.1d). amjerad energia induqtoridan kondensatorSi brundeba da
kondensatorSi kvlav eleqtruli veli Cndeba. energiis gadacemis dros deni TandaTanobiT
mcirdeba. rodesac mTeli energia kvlav kondensators daubrundeba (sur. 31.1e), deni nulis
tolia. 31.1e mdgomareoba sawyis mdgomareobas waagavs, oRond amjerad kondensatori
sawinaaRmdegodaa damuxtuli.
Semdeg kondensatori kvlav ganmuxtvas iwyebs, oRond amjerad saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT moZravi denis saSualebiT (sur. 31.1v). uwindeburad deni maqsimalur mniSvnelobas
aRwevs (sur. 31.1z) da Semdeg mcirdeba (sur. 31.1T), vidre wredi sawyis mdgomareobas daubrundeba
(sur. 31.1a). Semdeg procesi raime f sixSiriT da ω=2πf kuTxuri sixSiriT meordeba. winaRobis
armqone idealur LC wredSi energiis gadacema ar xdeba, garda kondensatoris eleqtrul velsa
da induqtoris magnitur vels Soris. vinaidan energia inaxeba, rxeva usasrulod grZeldeba.
ar aris aucilebeli rxeva eleqtrul velSi energiis Tavmoyris pirobebSi daiwyos, sawyisi
mdgomareoba rxevis nebismier etaps SeiZleba daemTxves.
kondensatoris q muxtis drois funqciis saxiT gansazRvrebisTvis voltmetri gamoviyenoT da
C kondensatorze arsebuli droSi cvladi νC potencialTa sxvaoba gavzomoT. 25.1 formulidan
gamomdinare gveqneba:
vC = ( )1
C
q ,
romliTac q-s gamovTvliT. denis gazomvisTvis kondensatorsa da induqtorTan R mcire

winaRoba mimdevrobiT CavrToT da masze droSi cvladi νR potencialTa sxvaoba gavzomoT. νR
potencialTa sxvaoba i-s proporciulia:
ν R  = iR.
am SemTxvevaSi vuSvebT, rom R Zalian mcirea da wredze gavlenas ar axdens. 31.2 suraTze
gamosaxulia νC-is da νR-is anu q-s da i-s droSi cvlileba. oTxive sidide sinusoidalurad
icvleba.
realur LC wredSi rxeva usasrulod ver gagrZeldeba, vinaidan yovelTvis iarsebebs raime
winaRoba, romelic eleqtruli da magnituri velebidan energias miiRebs da siTbur energiaSi
gadaiyvans (wredi ufro Tbili gaxdeba). dawyebuli rxeva, 31.3 suraTis msgavsad, miileva. es
31.2. LC rxevebi xarisxobrivad 1063
sur. 31.3. osciloskopze Cans rogor miileva

RLC wredSi rxeva, vinaidan rezistorSi energia
siTbur energiad gardaiqmneba.
suraTi 15.16 suraTs SeadareT, romelzec bloki-zambaris sistemis xaxunis Sedegad meqanikuri
rxevebis milevaa naCvenebi.
sakontrolo wertili 1. t=0 droSi damuxtuli kondensatori da induqtori mimdevrobiT

aris CarTuli. Sedegad miRebuli rxevebis T periodis saSualebiT gansazRvreT ramden
xanSi miaRwevs maqsimalur mniSvnelobas a) kondensatoris muxti, b) sawyisi polarobis
kondensatoris Zabva, g) eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia da d) deni.

1,5 mkf tevadobis kondensatori 57v-mde rodesac energiis mTliani nawili
imuxteba. Semdeg dammuxtavi batarea gamorTes eleqtruli energiis saxiT inaxeba, muxtis
da kondensatorTan 12 mh koWa mimdevrobiT mniSvneloba maqsimaluria da energiaa
SeaerTes. Sedegad LC rxeva xdeba. ra UE,max = Q2/2C.
maqsimaluri deni gadis koWaSi? dauSviT, rom energiis Senaxvis kanoni ase SeiZleba
wredi winaRobas ar Seicavs. Caiweros:
UB,max = UE,max
amoxsna:
1. vinaidan wredi winaRobas ar Seicavs, misi LI 2 Q2
anu =
2 2C
eleqtromagnituri energia inaxeba da
kondensatoris eleqtruli velidan koWas I-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
(induqtoris) magnitur velSi gadadis da
piriqiT. I  =  .
2. nebismier t droSi, magnituri velis amjerad L da C viciT, Tumca Q ucnobia.
UB(t) energia koWaSi gamaval i(t) dens 25.1 formulis (q = CV) saSualebiT Q muxti
31.2 formuliT (UB=Li2/2) ukavSirdeba. kondensatorze maqsimalur V potencialTa
rodesac energiis mTliani nawili mag
sxvaobas davukavSiroT. kondensatoris
nituri energiis saxiT inaxeba, denis I
sawyisi potencialTa sxvaobaa 57v. maSasadame,
mniSvneloba maqsimaluria da energiaa
CavsvaT Q = CV da miviRebT:
/
UB,max=LI 2 2 .
3. nebismier t droSi, eleqtruli velis I = V  = (57 V)
UE(t) energia kondensatoris q(t) muxts
31.1 formuliT (UE=q2/2C) ukavSirdeba. = 0,637 a ≈ 640 ma.  (pasuxi)
31.3. eleqtrul-meqanikuri analogia

modiT 31.1 suraTze gamosaxul merxev LC sistemasa da merxevi bloki-zambaris sistemas Soris
analogias davukvirdeT. bloki-zambaris sistemis SemTxvevaSi ori saxis energia gvaqvs. erTi
maTgani gaWimuli an SekumSuli zambaris potenciuri energiaa, xolo meore maTgani – moZravi
blokis kinetikuri energia. 31.1 cxrilis marcxena grafaSi am ori energiis gamosaTvleli
formula mocemulia.
cxrilis marjvena grafaSi naCvenebia LC rxevebis dros arsebuli ori saxis energia. cxrilze
dakvirvebis Sedegad energiis or wyvils Soris anu bloki-zambaris sistemis meqanikur energiebsa
da LC oscilatoris eleqtromagnitur energiebs Soris analogia Cans. analogia ufro kargad
ν-s da i-s gamosaTvlel formulebSi gamoixateba. formulebis Tanaxmad q Seesabameba x-s, xolo i
– ν-s. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom 1/C Seesabameba k-s, xolo L – m-s.
Sesabamisobebidan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom LC oscilatorSi ganlagebuli kondensatori
bloki-zambaris sistemis zambaras waagavs, xolo induqtori – bloks.
bloki-zambaris sistemis rxevis kuTxuri sixSirea:
ω= (bloki-zambaris sistema) (31.3)
idealuri LC wredis rxevis kuTxuri sixSiris gamoTvlisTvis k unda SevcvaloT 1/C-iT, xolo m
– L-iT:
ω= (LC wredi) (31.4)
Semdeg paragrafSi am formulas gamoviyvanT.
cxrili 31.1 ori merxevis sistemis energiebis Sedareba
bloki-zambaris sistema LC oscilatori

elementi energia elementi energia
zambara potenciuri, 1  kx2 kondensatori eleqtruli, 1 (1/C)q2

2 2
bloki kinetikuri, 1  mν2 induqtori magnituri, 1 Li2
2 2
ν = dx/dt i = dq/dt
31.4. LC rxevebi raodenobrivad

Cven gvsurs davamtkicoT, rom LC rxevebis kuTxuri sixSiris 31.4 formula namdvilad sworia.
amave dros kidev ufro dawvrilebiT gamovikvlevT LC rxevebsa da bloki-zambaris rxevebs Soris
msgavsebas. Tavdapirvelad meqanikur bloki-zambaris oscilators vakvirdebiT.
bloki-zambaris oscilatori
me-15 paragrafSi bloki-zambaris rxevebi energiis gadacemis kuTxiT gavaanalizeT da am rxevebis
Sesatyvisi fundamenturi diferencialuri gantoleba ar migviRia.
bloki-zambaris oscilatoris U mTliani energia nebismier momentSi aris:
U = Ub + Uz = 1  mν2 + 1  kx2 (31.5)

2 2
31.4. LC rxevebi raodenobrivad 1065
sadac Ub aris moZravi blokis kinetikuri energia, xolo Uz – daWimuli an SekumSuli zambaris
potenciuri energia. xaxunis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (rac davuSviT kidec) ν da x sidideebi
icvleba, Tumca U mTliani energia droSi mudmivia anu dU/dt = 0. amis Semdeg viRebT:
dU = d ( 1  mν2 + 1  kx2) = mν  dv + kx  dx = 0. (31.6)

dt dt 2 2 dt dt
ν = dx/dt da dν/dt = d2x/dt2. amgvari Casmebis Semdeg 31.6 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
m  d x2 + kx  dx = 0. (bloki-zambaris rxevebi)

2
(31.7)
dt dt
31.7 formula xaxunisgan Tavisufali bloki-zambaris rxevebis fundamenturi diferencialuri
gantolebaa.
31.7 gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni anu bloki-zambaris rxevis aRmweri x(t) funqciaa:
x = X cos(ωt + φ) (gadaadgileba) (31.8)
sadac X (me-15 TavSi xm) aris meqanikuri rxevebis amplituda, ω - rxevebis kuTxuri sixSire, xolo
φ - fazuri mudmiva.
LC oscilatori
amjerad winaRobisgan Tavisufali LC wredis rxeva bloki-zambaris oscilatoris msgavsad
gavaanalizoT. merxevi LC wredis mTliani energia nebismier momentSi aris:
Li2 q 2
U = UB + UE = + . (31.9)
2 2C
sadac UB aris induqtoris magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia, xolo UE - kondensatoris eleqtrul
velSi Senaxuli energia. vinaidan davuSviT, rom wredis winaRoba nulis tolia, energiis siTbur
energiaSi gadasvla ar xdeba da mTliani energia U droSi mudmivia anu dU/dt=0. amrigad:
=
dt dt 2 (
dU d Li2 q 2
+
2C )
di q dq
= Li  +   = 0.
dt C dt
(31.10)
i=dq/dt da di/dt=d2q/dt2. amgvari Casmebis Semdeg 31.10 formula mogvcems:

1
L  d q2 +  q = 0. (LC rxevebi)
2
(31.11)
dt C
es formula winaRobisgan Tavisufali LC wredis rxevebis diferencialuri gantolebaa. 31.11 da
31.7 formulebi msgavsi maTematikuri formisaa.
muxtis da denis rxeva

vinaidan orive diferencialuri gantoleba maTematikurad msgavsia, maTi amonaxsnebic
erTmaneTis msgavsi unda iyos. q Seesabameba x-s, amitom 31.11 formulis zogadi amonaxsni 31.8
formulis analogiurad SeiZleba Caiweros:
q = Q cos (ωt + φ) (muxti) (31.12)
sadac Q aris muxtis rxevis amplituda, ω - eleqtromagnituri rxevis kuTxuri sixSire, xolo φ
- fazuri mudmiva.
31.12 formulis droiT gawarmoeba LC oscilatorSi gamaval dens gvaZlevs:
dq
i= = – ωQ sin (ωt + φ) (deni) (31.13)
dt
sinusoidalurad cvladi denis I amplitudaa:
I = ωQ , (31.14)

i = –I sin(ωt + φ) (31.15)
kuTxuri sixSireebi
modiT SevamowmoT, aris Tu ara 31.12 formula 31.11 formulis amonaxsni. amisTvis 31.12 formula
da misi meore rigis warmoebuli droiT 31.11 formulaSi CavsvaT. 31.12 formulis pirveli rigis
warmoebuli 31.13 formulaa. am SemTxvevaSi meore rigis warmoebulia:
d 2 q = – ω2Q cos(ωt + φ).
dt 2
31.11 formulaSi q da d 2q/dt 2 SevcvaloT da miviRebT:
1
– L ω2Q cos(ωt + φ) +  Q cos(ωt + φ) = 0.
C
Q cos(ωt + φ)-s gabaTilebis da gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT:
ω=
maSasadame, 31.12 formula marTlac 31.11 formulis amonaxsnia, Tu ω = 1/ . yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom es ukanaskneli gamosaxuleba zustad 31.4 formulaa, romelic Sesabamisobebis
gamokvlevis Sedegad miviReT.
31.12 formulaSi φ fazur mudmivas nebismier t = 0 droSi arsebuli pirobebi gansazRvravs. Tu
t = 0 droSi φ = 0, maSin 31.12 formulaSi q = Q da 31.13 formulaSi i = 0. amgvari sawyisi pirobebi
31.1a suraTzea gamosaxuli.
eleqtruli da magnituri energiis cvalebadoba

nebismier t droSi LC wredSi Senaxuli eleqtruli energia
31.1 da 31.12 formulebidan gamomdinareobs:
q2 Q 2
UE = = cos2(ωt + φ). (31.16)
2C 2C
magnituri energia 31.2 da 31.13 formulebidan miiReba:
UB = 1  Li2 = 1  Lω2Q2 sin2(ωt + φ).
2 2
31.4 formulidan ω-s Casma gvaZlevs:
Q2
UB = sin2(ωt + φ). (31.17) sur. 31.4. 31.1 suraTze gamosaxul
2C
wredSi Senaxuli magnituri da eleq
31.4 suraTze gamosaxulia UE(t) da UB(t) grafikebi, rodesac truli energiebis droze damokide
φ = 0. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom: bulebis grafikebi. energiebis jami
mudmivia. T rxevis periodia.
1. UE-s da UB-s maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebia Q /2C
2
2. nebismier momentSi UE-s da UB-s jami aris Q2/2C da mudmivia

3. rodesac UE maqsimaluria, UB nulis tolia da piriqiT.
sakontrolo wertili 2. LC oscilatoris kondensatoris maqsimaluri potencialTa

sxvaobaa 17v, xolo maqsimaluri energiaa 160mkj. rodesac kondensatoris potencialTa
sxvaobaa 5v da energiaa 10mkj, risi tolia a) induqtoris emZ da b) magnitur velSi Senaxuli
energia?
31.5. milevadi rxevebi RLC wredSi 1067

31.1 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi aRweril sxvaobis cvlilebis amplituda.
situaciaSi koWa (induqtori) t = 0 droSi Semdeg 31.18 formulidan νC = νL CavsvaT da
damuxtul kondensatorTanaa mierTebuli. miviRebT:
Sedegad 31.1 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsi C
L νL= VC cos ωt (31.21)
wredi miiReba.
formulis marjvena mxares gamovTvliT,
a) gamoTvaleT induqtoris νL(t) potencialTa
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom VC amplituda
sxvaoba drois funqciis saxiT.
kondensatoris sawyisi (maqsimaluri) 57v
amoxsna: wreSi deni da potencialTa sxvaoba potencialTa sxvaobis tolia. Semdeg 31.1
sinusoidalurad icvlebian. cvlad dens amocanis amoxsnis nimuSidan L-is da C-s
konturis kanoni 27-e TavSi aRwerili mudmivi mniSvnelobebi gamoviyenoT da 31.4 formulis
denis msgavsad SegviZlia mivusadagoT. saSualebiT ω gamovTvaloT:
nebismier t droSi konturis wesi da 31.1 1
ω= = 
formula gvaZlevs: [(0,012 h)(1,5×10–6 f)]0,5
νL(t) = νC(t) (31.18) = 7454 radiani/wm ≈ 7500 radiani/wm.
es niSnavs, rom induqtoris νL potencialTa 31.21 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
sxvaoba yovelTvis kondensatoris νC poten
νL = (57 v) cos(7500 radiani/wm)t (pasuxi)
cialTa sxvaobis tolia da wredis garSemo
jamuri potencialTa sxvaoba nulia. aqedan b) ra maqsimaluri (di/dt)max tempiT icvleba i
gamomdinare, νC(t)-is gamoTvlis SemTxvevaSi deni wredSi?
νL(t)-s davadgenT, xolo νC(t)-s gamoTvla 25.1 amoxsna: kondensatoris muxtis 31.12 for
formulis (q = CV) saSualebiT SeiZleba. mulis msgavsad rxevisas deni 31.13 formuliT
t = 0 droSi anu rxevis dawyebisas νC(t) Caiwereba. vinaidan φ = 0, es formula gvaZ
potencialTa sxvaoba maqsimaluria da, levs:
maSasadame, kondensatoris q muxtic maqsima i = –ωQ sin ωt.
luria. aqedan gamomdinare, φ fazuri mudmiva amis Semdeg:
nulis tolia da 31.12 formula gvaZlevs: di d
= (–ω sin ωt) = – ω2Q cos ωt.
dt   dt
q = Q cos ωt (31.19)
formula gamartivdeba Tu Q-s nacvlad CVC-
νC(t) potencialTa sxvaobis misaRebad 31.19 s CavsvamT (vinaidan C da VC viciT, xolo Q
formulis orive mxare C-ze gavyoT da – ara) da 31.4 formulis Tanaxmad ω-s 1/
miviRebT: -iT SevcvliT:
q Q di 1 V
=  cos ωt. =–  CVC cos ωt = – C  cos ωt.
C  C dt   LC L
Semdeg 25.1 formula gamoviyenoT: maSasadame, deni cvladi (sinusoidaluri)
tempiT irxeva da rxevis maqsimaluria tempia:
νC = VC cos ωt . (31.20)
VC 57 v
aq VC aris kondensatoris νC potencialTa
= = 4750 a/wm ≈ 4800 a/wm. (pasuxi)
L 0,012 h
31.5. milevadi rxevebi RLC wredSi

winaRobis, induqciurobis da tevadobis Semcvel wreds RLC wredi ewodeba. mocemul paragrafSi
mxolod mimdevrobiT RLC wredebs ganvixilavT, romlis msgavsi 31.5 suraTzea gamosaxuli.
rodesac R winaRoba arsebobs, wredis U mTliani eleqtromagnituri energia (eleqtruli da
magnituri energiis jami) mudmivi ar aris. mTliani energia droSi mcirdeba, vinaidan winaRobaSi
energia siTbur energiaSi gadadis. energiis danakargis Sedegad muxtis, denis da potencialTa
sxvaobis cvlilebis amplituda mudmivad mcirdeba da rxevas

milevadi ewodeba. SemdgomSi naxavT, rom amgvari mileva
15.8 paragrafSi ganxiluli bloki-zambaris oscilatoris
milevis analogiuria.
wredSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizisTvis nebismier
momentSi wredis mTliani U eleqtromagnituri energiis sur. 31.5. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi.
formula davweroT. vinaidan winaRobaSi eleqtromagnituri wredSi gamavali muxti winaRobis
gavliT irxeva da eleqtromagnituri
energia ar inaxeba, 31.9 formula SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:
energia siTbur energiaSi gadadis.
Li2 q 2 Sedegad rxeva milevadia.
U = U B + UE = + . (31.22)
2 2C
Termul energiaSi gadasvlis gamo mTliani energia mcirdeba. energiis gadacemis tempi 26.27
formulidan gamomdinareobs:
dU
 = –i 2 R, (31.23)
dt
minus niSani energiis Semcirebas asaxavs. 31.22 formulis droiT diferencireba da miRebuli
Sedegis 31.23 formulaSi Casma mogvcems:
dU di q dq
 = Li  +   = –i 2 R.
dt dt C dt
i-s nacvlad dq/dt CavsvaT, xolo di/dt-s nacvlad - d2q/dt2:
d 2q dq 1
L  + R  + q = 0 (RLC wredi) (31.24)
dt 2
dt C
es formula RLC wredis milevadi rxevebis diferencialuri gantolebaa.
31.24 formulis amonaxsnia:
q = Qe –Rt/2L cos(ω´t + φ), (31.25)
sadac ω´ = (31.26)
milevadi oscilatoris msgavsad ω = 1/ . 31.25 formula gvauwyebs rogorc icvleba

kondensatoris muxti milevad RLC wredSi. es formula 15.42 formulis analogiuria, romelic
milevadi bloki-zambaris oscilatoris gadaadgilebas gvaZlevs.
31.25 formula sinusoidalur cvlilebas (kosinusis funqcias) Qe–Rt/2L eqponencialurad
milevad amplitudasTan erTad aRwers. milevadi rxevebis ω´ kuTxuri sixSire yovelTvis
miulevadi rxevebis ω sixSireze naklebia. miuxedavad amisa, Cvens mxolod imgvar mdgomareobebs
ganvixilavT, rodesac R sakmarisad mcirea da ω´ SegviZlia ω-iT SevcvaloT.
modiT, wredis mTliani U eleqtromagnituri energiis droze damokidebulebis funqciis
gamosaxuleba davadginoT. amisTvis kondensatorSi moqmedi eleqtruli velis energias
davakvirdeT, romelic 31.1 formuliT (UE = q2/2C) gamoiTvleba. 31.25 formula 31.1 formulaSi
CavsvaT da miviRebT:
q2 [Qe–Rt/2L cos(ω´ + φ)]2 Q 2 –Rt/L
UE = =  = e cos2(ω´t + φ). (31.27)
2C 2C 2C
maSasadame, eleqtruli velis energia kosinus kvadratis Sesabamisad icvleba, xolo cvlilebis
amplituda droSi eqsponencialurad mcirdeba.

RLC wredi L= 12 mh induqciurobas, C = 1,6 mkf amoxsna: muxtis rxevis amplituda t droSi
tevadobas da R = 1,5Ω winaRobas Seicavs. eqsponencialurad mcirdeba. 31.25 formulis
Tanaxmad nebismier t droSi muxtis amplitudaa
a) ra t dros iqneba muxtis rxevis amplituda
Qe–Rt/2L, sadac Q aris amplituda t = 0 droSi.
sawyisi mniSvnelobis 50%?
31.6. cvladi deni 1069
Cven gvsurs drois gageba, rodesac muxtis b) ramdeni rxeva sruldeba am drois
amplituda 0,5Q-mde Semcirda anu: ganmavlobaSi?
Qe–Rt/2L = 0,5Q. amoxsna: erTi sruli rxevis periodia

T = 2π/ω, sadac LC rxevis kuTxuri sixSire
Q-s gabaTileba da formulis orive mxridan
31.4 formuliT gamoiTvleba. maSasadame,
naturaluri logariTmis amoReba mogvcems:
Δt = 0,0111 wm droSi Semdegi raodenobis rxeva
Rt
–  = ln 0,5. xdeba:
2L
∆t ∆t
t-sTvis amoxsnis da mocemuli monacemebis =
T 2π
Casmis Sedegad miviRebT: 0,0111 wm
= ≈ 13. (pasuxi)
2π[(12×10–3 h)(1,6×10–6 f)]1/2
2L (2)(12×10–3 h)(ln 0,5)
t=– ln 0,5 = – aqedan gamomdinare, 13 sruli rxevis ganmav
R 1,5 Ω
lobaSi amplituda 50%-iT mcirdeba. amgvari
= 0,0111 wm ≈ 11 mwm. (pasuxi)
mileva 31.3 suraTze naCvenebze sustia, sadac
erTi sruli rxevis ganmavlobaSi amplituda
50%-ze metiT mcirdeba.
31.6. cvladi deni

RLC wredSi momxdari rxevebi ar miileva, Tu gare emZ mowyobiloba R winaRobaSi siTbur energiaSi
gadasul energias anazRaurebs. saxlebSi, ofisebsa da qarxnebSi uricxvi raodenobis RLC
wredebia da isini adgilobrivi energetikuli kompaniebisgan sakmaris energias iReben. qveynebis
umetesobaSi energiis miwodeba merxevi emZ-ebis da denis saSualebiT xdeba. dens cvlad dens an
mudmiv dens uwodeben (batareadan momaval aramerxev dens mudmivi deni ewodeba). merxevi emZ
da deni droSi sinusoidalurad icvleba, mimarTulebas wamSi 120-jer icvlis da, maSasadame,
f = 60 hc sixSire aqvT.
erTi SexedviT, es yvelaferi sakmaod ucnauria. ukve vnaxeT, rom gamtarobis eleqtronebi
1
saxlis eleqtrosadenebSi 4×10–5 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Tu isini mimarTulebas yovel 120  wm-Si
erTxel icvlian, maT naxevarciklSi mxolod 3×10–7 m manZilis gavla SeuZliaT. amgvari tempiT
tipiuri eleqtroni mimarTulebis Secvlamde 10 atomze mets ver gascdeba. am SemTxvevaSi rogor
SeiZleba eleqtroni saerTod sadme moxvdes?
es SekiTxva TiTqos sakmaod problematuria, magram
sinamdvileSi ase sulac ar aris. eleqtronebs saerTod
ar sWirdebaT `sadme moxvedra~. mavTulSi erTi amperi
deni gadis niSnavs, rom mavTulis nebismier ganivkveTSi
wamSi erTi kuloni muxti gadis. ganivkveTis gadakveTis
siCqares mniSvneloba ar aqvs. erTi amperi SeiZleba
Zalian nela moZrav mravali muxtis matarebels an Zalian
sur. 31.6. cvladi denis generatorSi swrafad moZrav mcire raodenobis muxtis matarebels
gamtari konturi gare magnitur velSi Seesabamebodes. garda amisa, eleqtronebs mimarTulebis
brunavs. mavTulis mravali xviisgan
Secvlis signali gamtaris gaswvriv TiTqmis sinaTlis
damzadebul koWaSi cvladi emZ mbrunav
konturTan mimagrebuli rgolebis sa siCqariT gadaecemaT. miuxedavad mdebareobisa, yvela
SualebiT warmoiqmneba. TiToeuli rgo eleqtroni mimarTulebis Secvlis instruqcias erT
li mavTulis konturis erT bolozea
droulad iRebs. saboloo jamSi unda aRiniSnos, rom,
mimagrebuli da generatoris wredis
danarCen nawils musis (liTonis funjis) magaliTad, naTurebsa da tosterebSi eleqtronebis
saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. konturis moZraobis mimarTulebas mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vidre
brunvis dros rgoli musis gavliT
eleqtronebi atomebTan Sejaxebis Sedegad energias
moZraobs.
gadascemen.
cvladi denis upiratesoba SemdegSia: denis cvlilebasTan erTad gamtaris garSemo magnituri
velic icvleba. amis Semdeg faradeis induqciurobis kanoni SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. es niSnavs,
rom cvladi potencialTa sxvaobis sidide survilis mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos. amisTvis
transformatori gamoiyeneba, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. ufro metic, cvladi deni
generatorebs da Zravebs ufro kargad miesadageba, vidre mudmivi deni.

31.6 suraTze naCvenebia cvladi denis generatoris martivi modeli. gamtari konturi B gare
magnitur velSi brunavs da konturSi sinusoidalurad merxevi E emZ warmoiqmneba:
E = Em sin ωd t (31.28)
emZ-s ωd kuTxuri sixSire magnitur velSi konturis brunvis kuTxuri siCqaris tolia. emZ-s fazaa
ωdt, xolo emZ-s amplitudaa Em. rodesac mbrunavi konturi Caketili gamtari traeqtoriis nawilia,
emZ traeqtoriis gaswvriv sinusoidalur (cvlad) dens igive ωd kuTxuri sixSiriT warmoqmnis da
am sixSires agznebis kuTxuri sixSire ewodeba. deni Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
i = I sin (ωd t – φ) (31.29)
sadac I aris denis amplituda (denis ωd t – φ faza tradiciulad minus niSniT iwereba). 31.29
formulaSi φ fazuri mudmiva imitom SevitaneT, rom i deni SeiZleba E emZ-sadmi arafazuri iyos
(mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, rom fazuri mudmiva generatorTan mierTebul wredzea damokidebuli).
i deni emZ-s fd agznebis sixSiris saSualebiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos, Tu 31.29 formulaSi ωd-s
nacvlad 2πfd-s CavsvamT.
31.7. iZulebiTi rxevebi

miulevad LC wredebSi da milevad RLC wredebSi (mcire R-is pirobebSi) muxti, potencialTa
sxvaoba da deni ω = 1/ kuTxuri sixSiriT irxeva. msgavs rxevebs Tavisufali rxevebi (gare
emZ-sgan Tavisufali) ewodeba da ω kuTxuri sixSire wredis bunebrivi kuTxuri sixSirea.
rodesac 31.28 formuliT aRwerili gare cvladi emZ RLC wredTan aris mierTebuli, muxtis,
potencialTa sxvaobis da denis rxevas marTuli rxeva anu iZulebiTi rxeva ewodeba. amgvari
rxeva yovelTvis ωd agznebis kuTxuri sixSiriT xdeba:
miuxedavad wredis ω bunebrivi kuTxuri sixSirisa, muxtis, denis da potencialTa

sxvaobis iZulebiTi rxeva yovelTvis ωd agznebis kuTxuri sixSiriT xdeba.
31.9 paragrafSi gamoCndeba, rom rxevis sixSire ωd-sa da ω-s Soris siaxlovezea damokidebuli.
rodesac orive kuTxuri sixSire erTmaneTis tolia (rezonansis mdgomareoba), wredSi gamavali
denis I amplituda maqsimaluria.
31.8. sami martivi wredi

am paragrafSi gare cvlad emZ mowyobilobas mimdevrobiT RLC wredTan 31.7 suraTis msgavsad
davakavSirebT. Semdeg sinusoidalurad cvladi denis I amplitudis da φ fazuri mudmivis
gamosaxulebas gare emZ-s Em amplitudis da ωd kuTxuri sixSiris saSualebiT miviRebT.
Tavdapirvelad sami martivi wredi ganvixiloT, romlebic gare emZ-s da wredis R, L an C elements
Seicavs. daviwyoT rezistuli elementiT.
31.8. sami martivi wredi 1071
rezistuli datvirTva
31.8a suraTze naCvenebia R mniSvnelobis rezistuli
elementis da cvladi denis generatoris Semcveli wredi.
konturis wesis Tanaxmad:
E – νR = 0.
31.28 formula gvaZlevs: sur. 31.7. erTkonturiani wredi
νR = Em sin ωd t rezistors, kondensators da induq
tors Seicavs. generatori, romelic
vinaidan winaRobis cvladi potencialTa sxvaobis VR sidide wreSi moqceuli sinusoidaluri tal
cvladi emZ-s Em amplitudis tolia, formula ase SeiZleba RiT aris gamosaxuli, cvladi denis
warmomqmnel cvlad emZ-s aCens. emZ-s
Caiweros:
da denis mimarTuleba suraTze erT
νR = VR sin ωd t (31.30) momentSia naCvenebia.
R-is gansazRvrebidan (R = V/i), SegviZlia CavweroT iR ase:

v V
iR = RR = RR sin ωd t . (31.31)
31.29 formulidan gamomdinare, deni asec SeiZleba

Caiweros:
iR = IR sin (ωd t – φ) (31.32)
sadac IR aris winaRobaSi gamavali iR denis amplituda.
31.31 da 31.32 formulebis Sedareba aCvenebs, rom wminda
rezistuli datvirTvisTvis φ = 0. garda amisa, Zabvis da
denis amplitudebs Soris Semdegi urTierTkavSiria:
VR = IRR (rezistori) (31.33)
es formula 31.8a suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis

miviReT, Tumca is nebismieri cvladi denis wredis
winaRobas Seesabameba.
31.30 da 31.31 formulebis Sedarebidan Cans, rom νR da iR
droSi cvalebadi sidideebi sin ωd t-s funqciebia, rodesac
φ = 0°. maSasadame, es ori sidide fazuria da maTi Sesabamisi
maqsimumebi (da minimumebi) erTdroulad xdeba. 31.8b
suraTze gamosaxulia νR(t) da iR(t) grafikebi da es faqti
kargad Cans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom νR da iR ar mcirdeba,
vinaidan generatori rezistorSi daxarjul energias
anazRaurebs.
νR da iR droSi cvalebadi sidideebi geometriulad
veqtorebis saxiT SegviZlia warmovadginoT. 16.11
paragrafidan gavixsenoT, rom veqtorebi aTvlis saTavis
garSemo brunavs. 31.8g suraTze mocemulia t droSi
rezistoris Zabvis da denis amsaxveli veqtorebi. amgvar
veqtorebs Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvT:
sur. 31.8. a) rezistori cvladi denis
kuTxuri siCqare: orive veqtori aTvlis saTavis garSemo generatorTan aris mierTebuli. b) re
νR da iR sidideebis ωd kuTxuri sixSiriT saaTis isris zistoris iR denis da νR potencialTa
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. sxvaobis t droze damokidebulebis
grafikebi. deni da Zabva fazurebia da
sigrZe: TiToeuli veqtoris sigrZe cvladi sididis erT cikls erTi T periodis ganmavlobaSi
amplitudaa. ZabvisTvis es aris VR , xolo denisTvis – asruleben. g) igive mdgomareobis veq
toruli gamosaxuleba.
IR.
gegmili: vertikalur RerZze TiToeuli veqtoris gegmili t droSi cvladi sididis mniSvnelobaa.
ZabvisTvis es aris νR, xolo denisTvis aris iR .
brunvis kuTxe: TiToeuli veqtoris brunvis kuTxe t droSi cvladi sididis fazis tolia. 31.8g
suraTze Zabva da deni fazuria. aqedan gamomdinare, maT veqtorebs Tanabari ωdt faza da
Tanabari brunvis kuTxe aqvT.
rodesac veqtorebi Semobrundebian da ωd t = 90° (vertikalurad maRla arian mimarTulni), νR=VR
da iR = IR. 31.30 da 31.32 formulebi igive Sedegebs gvaZlevs.

wminda rezistuli datvirTva. 31.8a suraTze b) ra iR(t) deni gadis winaRobaSi da risi tolia
R = 200 Ω da sinusoidalurad cvladi emZ iR(t)-s IR amplituda?
mowyobiloba Em = 36 v amplitudaze da fd amoxsna: winaRobrivi datvirTvis Semcvel
= 60 hc sixSireze muSaobs. cvladi denis wredSi, winaRobaSi gamavali
a) gamoTvaleT winaRobis νR(t) potencialTa iR(t) cvladi deni winaRobis νR(t) cvladi
sxvaobis t droze damokidebulebis funqcia potencialTa sxvaobisadmi fazuria. es
da νR(t)-s VR amplituda. niSnavs, rom φ fazuri mudmiva denisTvis
nulis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, 31.29
amoxsna: 31.8a suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis
formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
konturis wesis misadagebis Semdeg dadginda,
rom winaRobis νR(t) potencialTa sxvaoba iR = IR sin(ωdt – φ) = IR sin ωd t (31.35)
yovelTvis emZ mowyobilobis E(t) potencialTa
31.33 formulidan gamomdinare, IR amplitudaa:
sxvaobis tolia. maSasadame, νR(t)=E(t) da VR=Em.
VR 36 v
Em viciT: IR = = = 0,18 a. (pasuxi)
R 200 Ω
VR = Em = 36 v (pasuxi) 31.35 formulaSi es Sedegi da ωd = 2πfd = 120π
νR(t) gamoTvlisTvis 31.28 formulis gamoye CavsvaT:
nebiT CavweroT: iR = (0,18 a) sin(120πt) (pasuxi)
νR(t) = E(t) = Em sin ωd t (31.34)
Semdeg CavsvaT Em = 36 v da sakontrolo wertili 3. Tu wminda
ωd = 2πfd = 2π (60 hc) = 120π rezistuli datvirTvis Semcvel wredSi
Sedegad miviRebT: agznebis sixSires gavzrdiT a) VR

νR = (36 v) sin(120 πt) (pasuxi) amplituda da b) IR amplituda gaizrdeba,
sinusis argumenti (377radiani/wm)t an (377wm–1)t Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba?
saxiT SegviZlia CavweroT.
tevadobiTi datvirTva
31.9a suraTze naCvenebia tevadobis da cvladi emZ-s mqone generatoris Semcveli wredi. konturis
wesis da 31.30 formulis miRebis proceduridan gamomdinare kondensatoris potencialTa
sxvaobaa:
νC = VC sin ωd t (31.36)
sadac VC aris kondensatoris cvladi Zabvis amplituda. tevadobis gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare:

qC = CνC = CVC sin ωd t (31.37)
vinaidan Cven dens ufro vexebiT, vidre muxts, 31.37 formulis diferencireba gvaZlevs:
dqC
iC = = ωd CVC cos ωd t . (31.38)
dt
Semdeg 31.38 formulas ori meTodiT gardavqmniT.
Tavdapirvelad Canaweris simetriulobis gamo
kondensatoris tevadobiT winaRobad wodebuli XC sidide
Semogvaqvs:
1
XC = ω C (tevadobiTi winaRoba) (31.39)
d 
misi mniSvneloba ara mxolod tevadobazea damokidebuli,
aramed ωd agznebis kuTxur sixSireze. tevadobiTi drois
mudmivis (τ = RC) gansazRvrebidan viciT, rom SI sistemaSi
C-s erTeuli wami/omebSi saxiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos. 31.39
formulisTvis am erTeulis misadageba aCvenebs, rom R
winaRobis msgavsad XC-s erTeulic omia.
Semdeg 31.38 formulaSi ωd t fazuri Zvris mqone sinusiT
SevcvaloT:
cos ωd t = sin (ωd t + 90°)
am tolobas martivad SeamowmebT, Tu sinusis grafiks
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 90° kuTxiT daZravT.
zemoT moyvanili ori gardaqmnis Semdeg 31.38 formula aseT
saxes iRebs:
iC = ( ) 
VC
XC
sin (ωd t + 90°) (31.40)
31.29 formulidan gamomdinare, 31.9a suraTze gamosaxul

sur. 31.9. a) kondensatori cvladi
kondensatorSi gamavali iC denia:
denis generatorzea mierTebuli.
b) kondensatorSi gamavali deni iC = IC sin (ωd t – φ), (31.41)
Zabvas 90°-iT uswrebs. g) veqtorTa
diagramaze igive mdgomareobaa sadac IC aris iC-s amplituda. 31.40 da 31.41 formulebis
gamosaxuli. Sedareba aCvenebs, rom wminda tevadobiTi datvirTvisTvis
denis φ fazuri mudmivaa –90°. denis da Zabvis amplitudebs Soris Semdegi urTierTkavSiria:
VC = ICX C (kondensatori) (31.42)

formula 31.9a suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis miviReT, magram is nebismieri cvladi denis
wredis tevadobisTvis gamosadegia.
31.36 da 31.40 formulebis Sedarebidan an 31.9b suraTze dakvirvebis Sedegad Cans, rom νC da iC
sidideebi erTmaneTisadmi 90°-iT, π/2 radianiT anu meoTxedi cikliT arafazuria. garda amisa,
iC win uswrebs νC-s, vinaidan, Tu 31.9a suraTze gamosaxul wredze iC dens da νC potencialTa
sxvaobis daakvirdebiT, dainaxavT, rom iC maqsimalur mniSvnelobas νC-ze erTi meoTxedi cikliT
adre iZens.
31.9g suraTze gamosaxul veqtorTa diagramaze iC-sa da νC-s Soris damokidebuleba kargad Cans.
am ori sididis veqtorebi saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs da IC
veqtori VC veqtors 90° kuTxiT uswrebs anu IC veqtori vertikalur RerZs VC veqtorze erTi
meoTxedi cikliT adre emTxveva.
sakontrolo wertili 4. a) suraTze

naCvenebia S(t) = sin(ωd t)-is grafiki da A(t),
B(t), C(t) sami sxva sinusoidaluri grafiki,
romelTac sin (ωd t – φ) saxe aqvT. a) daalageT
es grafikebi φ-s mniSvnelobebis mixedviT
dididan mcireze. b) romeli grafiki romel
veqtors Seesabameba b) suraTze? g) romeli
grafiki uswrebs win sxvebs?

wminda tevadobiTi winaRoba. 31.9a suraTze deni cvlad νC(t) potencialTa sxvaobas 90°-
C = 15 mkf da sinusoidaluri cvladi emZ iT uswrebs da denisTvis  φ fazuri mudmivaa
mowyobiloba Em =36 v amplitudaze da fd = 60 hc (–90°) anu –π/2 radiani. aqedan gamomdinare,
sixSiriT muSaobs. 31.29 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba
Caiweros:
a) risi tolia kondensatoris νC(t) potencialTa
sxvaoba da νC(t)-s VC amplituda? iC = IC sin(ωd t – φ) = IC sin(ωd t + π/2) (31.44)
amoxsna: 31.9a suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis IC amplitudas 31.42 formulis (VC = ICXC)
konturis wesis gamoyenebis Semdeg dgindeba, saSualebiT gamovTvliT, Tu Tavdapirvelad
rom wminda tevadobiTi datvirTvis Semcvel XC tevadobiT winaRobas davadgenT. 31.39
wredSi kondensatoris νC(t) potencialTa formulidan (XC=1/ωdC) da ωd = 2πfd tolobi
sxvaoba emZ mowyobilobis E(t) potencialTa dan gamomdinare:
sxvaobis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare νC(t) = E(t)
1 1
da VC = Em. vinaidan Em viciT: XC = =
2πfd C (2π)(60 hc)(15×10–6 f)
VC= Em = 30 v (pasuxi) Semdeg 31.42 formula gvauwyebs, rom denis
νC(t)-s gamoTvlisTvis 31.28 formulas viye amplitudaa:
V 36 v
nebT: IC = XC = 177 Ω = 0,203 a. (pasuxi)
C
νC(t) = E(t) = Em sinωd t (31.43)
CavsvaT es Sedegi da ωd = 2πfd = 120π 31.44 for
Semdeg 31.43 formulaSi Em = 36 v da
mulaSi da miviRebT:
ωd = 2πfd = 120π CavsvaT da miviRebT:
iC = (0,203 a) sin(120πt + π/2) (pasuxi)
νC = (36 v) sin(120πt) (pasuxi)
b) rogoria wredSi iC(t) denis

gamavali sakontrolo wertili 5. Tu wminda
droze damokidebulebis funqcia da iC(t)-s IC tevadobiTi datvirTvis wredSi amgzneb
amplituda. sixSires gavzrdiT a) VC amplituda da

b) IC amplituda gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu
amoxsna: wminda tevadobiTi datvirTvis mqone
igive darCeba?
wredis kondensatorSi gamavali iC(t) cvladi
induqciuri datvirTva
31.10a suraTze naCvenebia induqciurobis da cvladi emZ-s mqone generatoris Semcveli wredi.
konturis wesisa da 31.30 formulis miRebis proceduridan gamomdinare induqciurobis
potencialTa sxvaobaa:
νL = VL sin ωd t, (31.45)
sadac VL aris νL-is amplituda. 30.35 formulidan (EL = –Ldi/dt) gamomdinare, potencialTa sxvaoba
L induqciurobaze, sadac deni di L / dt tempiT icvleba, aris:
diL
νL = L .  (31.46)
dt
31.45 da 31.46 formulebis gaerTianebiT miviRebT:
diL VL
= sin ωd t. (31.47)
dt L
Cven muxtTan gvaqvs Sexeba da ara mis droiT warmoebulTan. aqedan gamomdinare, 31.47 formulas
vaintegrebT:
iL = diL =
VL
L
sin ωd t dt = – ( )
VL
ωd L
cos ωd t. (31.48)
miRebuli formula ori meTodiT unda gardaiqmnas.

Tavdapirvelad, Canaweris simetriulobidan gamomdinare,
induqtoris XL induqciur winaRobad wodebuli sidide
Semogvaqvs:
XL = ωd L (induqciuri winaRoba) (31.49)
XL-is mniSvneloba ωd amgzneb kuTxur sixSirezea damoki

debuli. τL induqciuri drois mudmivas erTeulidan gamomdi-
nare SI sistemaSi XL-is erTeuli omia.
Semdeg 31.48 formulaSi –cos ωd t fazuri Zvris mqone sinusiT
SevcvaloT:
–cosωd t = sin(ωd t – 90°).
es toloba iolad Semowmdeba, Tu sinusis grafiks dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT 90° kuTxiT daZravT.
zemoT aRwerili ori gardaqmnis Semdeg 31.48 formula Semdeg
saxes miiRebs:
iL = ( )
VL
XL
sin(ωd t – 90°). (31.50)
31.29 formulidan gamomdinare, induqciurobaSi gamavali

denia:
iL = IL sin(ωd t – φ) (31.51)
sur. 31.10. a) induqtori cvladi sadac IL aris iL denis amplituda. 31.50 da 31.51 formulebis
denis generatorzea mierTebuli.
Sedareba aCvenebs, rom wminda induqciuri datvirTvis denis
b) induqtorSi gamavali deni Zab
vas 90°-iT CamorCeba. g) igive φ fazuri mudmivaa +90°. Zabvis da denis amplitudebs Soris
mdgomareobis veqtoruli gamosa Semdegi urTierTkavSiria:
xuleba.
VL = IL XL (induqtori) (31.52)
formula 31.10a suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis miviReT, Tumca is nebismieri cvladi denis
wredis induqciurobas Seesabameba.
31.45 da 31.50 formulebis Sedarebidan da 31.10b suraTze dakvirvebis Sedegad Cans, rom iL da νL
sidideebi 90°-iT arafazurebia. am SemTxvevaSi, iL CamorCeba νL-s anu Tu 31.10a suraTze gamosaxul
wredSi iL dens da νL potencialTa sxvaobas daukvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom iL deni maqsimalur
mniSvnelobas νL-is Semdeg erTi meoTxedi cikliT gvian iZens.
31.10g suraTze gamosaxul veqtorul diagramaze igive informacia Cans. rodesac veqtorebi
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, IL veqtori VL veqtors 90° kuTxiT
CamorCeba.
taqtika 1: gaswreba da ukan CamorCena

AC wredebSi cvladi Zabva am elementSi cvlad dens
31.2 cxrilSi erTad Tavmoyrilia i densa da warmoSobs. rezistorSi Zabva denisadmi
ν Zabvas Soris damokidebulebebi, rodesac fazuria, kondensatorSi deni Zabvas uswrebs,
wredi sami elementidan erT-erTs Seicavs. xolo induqtorSi deni Zabvas CamorCeba.
c x r i l i 31.2 fazebisa da amplitudebis damokidebuleba cvladi denebisa da

ZabvebisTvis
winaRoba an
wredis amplitudebs
simbolo reaqtiuli denis faza φ fazuri mudmiva
elementi Soris kavSiri
winaRoba
fazuria
rezistori R R 0° (= 0 rad) VR = IRR
νR-isadmi
νC-s 90°-iT
kondensatori C XC = 1/ωdC –90° (= – π/2 rad) VC = ICXC
uswrebs win
νL-s 90°-iT
induqtori L XL = ωd L +90° (= + π/2 rad) VL = ILXL
CamorCeba

wminda induqciuri datvirTva. 31.10a suraTze gamavali iL(t) deni νL(t) potencialTa sxvaobas
L = 230 mh da sinusoidalurad cvladi emZ 90°-iT CamorCeba. maSasadame, denisTvis
mowyobiloba Em = 36 v amplitudaze da fazuri mudmivaa +90° anu +π/2 radiani. 31.29
fd = 60 hc sixSiriT muSaobs. formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
a) risi tolia induqciurobis νL(t) potencial- iL=ILsin(ωd t – φ) = IL sin(ωd t – π/2) (31.54)

Ta sxvaoba da νL(t)-s VL amplituda?
IL amplituda 31.52 formulis (VL = ILXL)
amoxsna: Tu 31.10a suraTisTvis konturis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba Tu Tavdapirvelad
wess gamoviyenebT, miviRebT, rom srulad XL induqciur winaRobas davadgenT. 31.49
induqciuri datvirTvis mqone wredSi formulidan (XL=ωdL) da ωd=2πfd tolobidan
induqciurobis νL(t) potencialTa sxvaoba gamomdinare:
emZ mowyobilobis E(t) potencialTa sxvaobis XL = 2πfdL = (2π)(60 hc)(230×10–3 h) 
tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, νL(t) = E(t) da = 86,7Ω.
VL = Em. vinaidan Em mocemulia: Semdeg 31.52 formulis Tanaxmad denis
VL = Em = 36 v (pasuxi) amplitudaa:
νL(t)-s gamoTvlisTvis 31.28 formulas
VL 36 v
viyenebT: IL = = = 0,415 a.  (pasuxi)
XL   86,7 Ω  
νL(t) = E(t) = Em sin ωd t (31.53) am Sedegis da ωd = 2πfd = 120π tolobis 31.54
Semdeg 31.53 formulaSi Em = 36 v da formulaSi Casma gvaZlevs:
ωd = 2πfd = 120π CavsvaT da miviRebT: iL = (0,415 a) sin(120πt – π/2) (pasuxi)
νL = (36 v) sin(120πt) (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 6. Tu wminda in-
b) rogoria wredSi iL(t) denis
gamavali
duqciuri datvirTvis mqone wredSi am-
droze damokidebulebis funqcia da iL(t)-s IL
gzneb sixSires gavzrdiT, a) VL amplituda
amplituda.
da b) IL amplituda gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba
amoxsna: wminda induqciuri datvirTvis
Tu igive darCeba?
mqone cvladi denis wredis induqciurobaSi
31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi 1077
31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi

amjerad mzad varT 31.28 formuliT mocemuli cvladi emZ 31.7 suraTze gamosaxuli RLC
wredisTvis gamoviyenoT:
E = Em sin ωd t (modebuli emZ) (31.55)
vinaidan R, L da C mimdevrobiT aris SeerTebuli, samive maTganSi Semdegi deni gadis:
i = Isin(ωd t – φ). (31.56)
Cven I denis amplituda da φ fazuri mudmiva unda davadginoT. veqtorTa diagramis gamoyenebis
Sedegad amocana bevrad martivdeba.
denis amplituda
daviwyoT 31.11a suraTiT, romelzec naCvenebia denis amsaxveli veqtori. deni t droSi 31.56
formuliT gamoiTvleba. veqtoris sigrZe denis I amplitudaa, vertikalur RerZze veqtoris
gegmili t droSi i denia, xolo veqtoris brunvis kuTxe t droSi denis ωd t – φ fazaa.
31.11b suraTze naCvenebia t droSi R, L da C elementebis Zabvebis amsaxveli veqtorebi.
TiToeuli veqtori 31.11a suraTze gamosaxuli I denis veqtoris brunvis kuTxis mimarT Semdegi
mimarTulebisaa:
rezistori: deni da Zabva fazuria, amitom VR Zabvis veqtoris brunvis kuTxe I veqtoris brunvis
kuTxis tolia.
kondensatori: deni Zabvas 90°-iT uswrebs, amitom VC Zabvis veqtoris brunvis kuTxe I veqtorisaze
90°-iT naklebia.
induqtori: deni Zabvas 90°-iT CamorCeba, amitom νL Zabvis veqtoris brunvis kuTxe I veqtorisaze
90°-iT metia.
31.11b suraTze naCvenebia t droSi R, C da L elementebis myisi νR, νC da νL Zabvebi. isini Sesabamisi
veqtorebis vertikalur RerZebze gegmilebia.
31.11g suraTze naCvenebia 31.55 formuliT gamoTvlili emZ-s amsaxveli veqtori. veqtoris sigrZe
emZ-s Em amplitudaa, vertikalur RerZze veqtoris gegmili t droSi E emZ-a, xolo veqtoris
brunvis kuTxe t droSi emZ-s ωd t fazaa.
konturis wesidan viciT, rom nebismier momentSi νR, νC da νL Zabvebis jami modebuli E emZ-s
tolia:
sur. 31.11. a) 31.7 suraTze gamosaxuli RLC wredSi gamavali cvladi denis amsaxveli veqtori t droSi. naCvenebia
I amplituda, i myisi mniSvneloba da (ωd t – φ) faza. b) denis veqtorisadmi gavlebuli veqtorebi, romlebic
induqtoris, rezistoris da kondensatoris Zabvebs asaxaven. g) denis warmomqmneli cvladi emZ-s amsaxveli
veqtori. d) emZ veqtori b) suraTze gamosaxuli Zabvebis veqtorebis veqtoruli jamia. am SemTxvevaSi VL da VC
Zabvis veqtorebi veqtorulad Seikriba da jamuri VL – VC veqtori miviReT.
E = νR + νC + νL . (31.57)
maSasadame, t droSi 31.11g suraTze gamosaxuli E gegmili 31.11b suraTze νR, νC da νL gegmilebis
algebruli jamia. marTlac, veqtorebis erTdroulad brunvisas zemoT moyvanili toloba
yovelTvis sworia. es niSnavs, rom 31.11g suraTze gamosaxuli Em veqtori 31.11b suraTze
gamosaxuli Zabvebis VR, VC da VL veqtorebis veqtoruli jamis toli unda iyos.
31.11d suraTze Em veqtori VR, VC da VL veqtorebis jamis saxiTaa gamosaxuli. vinaidan VL da
VC veqtorebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebi aqvT, Tavdapirvelad VL da VC veqtorebs
vaerTianebT da VL – VC veqtors viRebT. Semdeg am veqtors da VR veqtors vaerTianebT da jamur
veqtors viRebT. jamuri veqtori Em veqtors emTxveva.
31.11d suraTze gamosaxuli samkuTxedebi marTkuTxaa. nebismieri maTganisTvis piTagoras
Teoremis gamoyeneba gvaZlevs:
Em2 = VR2 + (VL – VC)2. L (31.58)
31.2 cxrilSi amplitudis Sesaxeb moyvanili informaciis gamoyenebiT es formula Semdeg saxes
Rebs:
Em2 = (IR)2 + (IXL – IXC)2. (31.59)
da ase gardaiqmneba:
Em
I =  
(31.60)
31.60 formulis mniSvnels ωd agznebis kuTxuri sixSiris pirobebSi wredis Z sruli winaRoba
ewodeba:
Z= (sruli winaRobis gansazRvreba) (31.61)
31.60 formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:

Em
I =
. (31.62)
Z
Tu XC-s da XL-is nacvlad 31.39 da 31.49 formulebs CavsvamT, 31.60 formula ufro cxad saxes
miiRebs:
Em
I =  
(denis amplituda) (31.63)
Cveni miznis naxevari miRweulia: I denis amplitudis gamosaxuleba sinusoidaluri aRmgznebi

emZ-is da mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi CarTuli elementebis saSualebiT miviReT.
I-s mniSvneloba 31.63 formulaSi ωd L-sa da 1/ωdC Soris sxvaobazea damokidebuli, xolo 31.60
formulaSi - XL-sa da XC-s Soris sxvaobaze. arc erT SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar aqvs romeli
sididea ufro meti, vinaidan sxvaoba yovelTvis kvadratSi adis.
mocemul paragrafSi aRwerili deni statikuria da igi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi cvladi
emZ-is moqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. rodesac emZ Tavdapirvelad moqmedebs wredze, droebiTi deni
Cndeba. mis xangrZlivobas τL =L/R da τC=RC drois mudmivebi gansazRvraven, rodesac induqciuri
da tevadobiTi elementebi `CarTulia~. magaliTad, droebiT dens Zravis gafuWeba SeuZlia, Tu
Zravas wredSi amgvari denis arseboba gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.
fazuri mudmiva
31.11d suraTze marjvniv gamosaxuli veqtorTa samkuTxedidan da 31.2 cxrilidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba daiweros:
31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi 1079
VL – VC IXL – IXC
tg φ = = (31.64)
VR IR
rac gvaZlevs:
XL – XC
tg φ = (fazuri mudmiva) (31.65)
R
Cveni miznis meore naxevarsac mivaRwieT, vinaidan sinusoidalurad marTul mimdevrobiT RLC
wredSi φ fazuri mudmiva miviReT. es formula XL-is da XC-s sxvadasxva TanafardobebisTvis
gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZlevs:
XL > XC : wredi ufro induqciuria, vidre tevadobiTi. 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad, amgvari
wredisTvis φ dadebiTia da I veqtori Em veqtoris ukan brunavs (sur. 31.12a). E-s da i-s droze
damokidebulebis funqciebi 31.12b suraTis msgavsia (31.11g da d suraTebSi davuSviT, rom
XL>XC).
XC > XL : amgvari wredi ufro tevadobiTia, vidre induqciuri. 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad, amgvari
wredisTvis φ uaryofiTia da I veqtori E veqtoris win brunavs (sur. 31.12g). E-s da i-s droze
damokidebulebis funqciebi 31.12d suraTs waagavs.
XC = XL: amgvar wreds rezonansuli ewodeba da am mdgomareobas SedgomSi ganvixilavT. 31.65
formulis Tanaxmad, aseTi wredisTvis φ = 0 da I veqtori da Em veqtori erTad brunavs (sur.
31.12e). E-s da i-s droze damokidebulebis funqciebi 31.12v suraTs waagavs.
31.10a suraTze gamosaxul wminda induqciur wredSi, sadac XL nulis toli ar aris da XC = R = 0,
31.65 formulis Tanaxmad φ = +90° (udidesi SesaZlo mniSvneloba). es mdgomareoba 31.10g suraTis
Sesabamisia. 31.9a suraTze gamosaxul wminda tevadobiT wredSi, sadac XC nulis toli ar aris da
XL=R=0, 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad φ = –90° (umciresi SesaZlo mniSvneloba). es mdgomareoba 31.9g
suraTis Sesabamisia.
rezonansi
31.63 formulaSi, RLC wredSi gamavali denis I amplituda gare cvladi emZ-s ωd agznebis kuTxuri
sixSiris funqciis saxiT aris mocemuli. R winaRobis pirobebSi amplituda maqsimaluria,
rodesac wiladis mniSvnelSi ωdL — 1/ωdC sidide nulis tolia anu:
1
ωdL =
ωdC
1
an ωd = (maqsimaluri I). (31.66)
vinaidan RLC wredis bunebrivi ω kuTxuri sixSire agreTve 1/ -s tolia, I maqsimalur

mniSvnelobas maSin iRebs, rodesac agmznebi kuTxuri sixSire bunebriv kuTxur sixSires
Seesabameba anu rezonansuli mdgomareobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, RLC wredSi rezonansi da
maqsimaluri I denis amplituda maSin xdeba, rodesac:
1
ωd = ω = (rezonansi) (31.67)
31.13 suraTze gamosaxulia mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi sinusoidaluri marTuli rxevebis sami
rezonansis grafiki. gansxvaveba mxolod R-Sia. TiToeulis grafiki piks maqsimalur I amplitudaze
aRwevs da am dros ωd /ω = 1.  R-is gazrdasTan erTad I-s maqsimaluri mniSvneloba mcirdeba (I
yovelTvis Em/R Sefardebis tolia. amis gasagebad 31.61 da 31.62 formulebi gaaerTianeT). garda
amisa, R-is zrdasTan erTad grafikebi siganeSi izrdeba.
31.13 suraTis gaazrebisTvis ganvixiloT rogor icvleba XL da XC reaqtiuli winaRobebi ωd
sur. 31.12. 31.7 suraTze gamosaxuli marTuli

RLC wredis E cvladi emZ-s da i denis veqtorebi da
grafikebi. a)-sa da b)-ze i deni E amgzneb emZ-s ukan
misdevs da misi φ fazuri mudmiva dadebiTia. g)-sa
da d)-ze i deni E amgzneb emZ-s win uswrebs da misi φ
fazuri mudmiva uaryofiTia. e)-sa da v)-ze i deni E
amgzneb emZ-sadmi fazuria da misi φ fazuri mudmiva
nulis tolia.
amgznebi kuTxuri sixSiris zrdasTan erTad. daviwyoT ω bunebriv kuTxur sixSireze bevrad
naklebi mniSvnelobiT. mcire ωd-s SemTxvevaSi XL(=ωdL) mcirea, xolo XC(=1/ωdC) didia. aqedan
gamomdinare, wredi ZiriTadad tevadobiTia da srul winaRobaSi XC dominirebs, romelic dens
amcirebs.
ωd-s zrdasTan erTad XC reaqtiuli winaRoba dominanturi rCeba, magram XL reaqtiuli winaRoba
izrdeba. XC-s Semcirebis Sedegad sruli winaRoba mcirdeba da deni izrdeba, rac 31.13
suraTze gamosaxuli grafikebis marcxena mxareebze Cans. rodesac XL-is da XC-s mniSvnelobebi
gaTanabrdeba, deni udidesia da wredi rezonansulia (ωd = ω).
ωd-s kidev ufro zrdasTan erTad XL reaqtiuli winaRoba izrdeba da XC-s Semcirebis paralelurad
dominanturi xdeba. sruli winaRoba izrdeba da deni mcirdeba da es yvelaferi 31.13 suraTis
rezonansis grafikebis marjvena mxareebze kargad Cans. maSasadame, rezonansis grafikis dabali
kuTxuri sixSiris mxareze kondensatoris reaqtiuli winaRoba dominirebs, xolo maRali
kuTxuri sixSiris mxareze - induqtoris reaqtiuli winaRoba. rezonansi SuaSi xdeba.
sakontrolo wertili 7. sinusoidalurad marTuli mimdevrobiTi RLC wredebis tevadobiTi

winaRoba da induqciuri winaRobaa: 1) 50Ω, 100Ω; 2) 100Ω, 50Ω; 3) 50Ω, 50Ω. a) TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi deni emZ-s win uswrebs, ukan CamorCeba da es ori sidide fazuria? b) romeli denia
rezonansuli?
sur. 31.13. 31.7 suraTze gamosaxuli marTuli RLC

I
wredis rezonansis grafikebi. L = 100 mkh, C = 100 pf da

denis amplituda
R-is mniSvneloba samgvaria. cvladi denis I amplituda

ωd agznebis kuTxuri sixSirisa da ω bunebrivi kuTxuri
sixSiris siaxlovezea damokidebuli. TiToeul grafikze
arsebuli horizontaluri isari grafikis naxevarsiganes
zomavs. isari grafikebis Sua donezea gavlebuli da
rezonasis simkveTres asaxavs. ωd /ω = 1 niSnulisgan
marcxniv wredi srulad tevadobiTia da XC>XL. igive
niSnulisgan marjvniv wredi srulad induqciuria da
XL>XC.
31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis wredebSi 1081

31.7 suraTze R=200Ω, C=15 mkf, L = 230 mh,
Z=
fd=60 hc da Em=36 v. (monacemebi 31.4, 31.5 da
31.6 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebisas emTxveva) Z=
= 219 Ω.
a) risi tolia denis I amplituda?
Semdeg gamovTvliT:
amoxsna: 31.62 formulis Tanaxmad denis I
Em 36 v
amplituda emZ-s Em amplitudaze da wredis Z I =  = = 0,164 a. (pasuxi)
Z 219 Ω
srul winaRobazea damokidebuli. maSasadame,
b) risi tolia wredSi gamavali denis φ fazuri
Cven Z unda gamovTvaloT, romelic Tavis
mudmiva emZ-sadmi?
mxriv R winaRobaze, XC tevadobiT reaqtiul
winaRobaze da XL induqciur reaqtiul amoxsna: 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad fazuri
winaRobazea damokidebuli. mudmiva induqciur winaRobaze, tevadobiT
wredSi erTaderTi rezistoria da misi winaRobaze da wredis winaRobazea damoki
winaRobaa R. wredSi erTaderTi kondesatoria debuli. am formulis φ-sTvis amoxsna
da misi tevadobiTi winaRoba kondensatoris mogvcems:
tevadobiTaa gamowveuli da 31.5 amocanis XL – XC 86,7 Ω – 177 Ω
φ = tg–1 = tg–1
amoxsnis nimuSidan gavixsenoT, rom XC = 177Ω. R 200 Ω
wredis erTaderTi induqciuri winaRoba = –24,3° = – 0,424 rad. (pasuxi)
mocemuli induqciurobiTaa gamowveuli da
uaryofiTi fazuri mudmiva Seesabameba
31.6 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSidan XL = 86,7Ω.
mdgomareobas, roca datvirTva ZiriTadad
maSasadame, wredis sruli winaRobaa:
tevadobiTia da XC>XL.
31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis wredebSi

31.7 suraTze gamosaxul RLC wredSi energiis wyaro
cvladi denis generatoria. generatoris energiis
nawili kondensatoris eleqtrul velSi inaxeba, nawili
induqtoris magnitur velSi, xolo danarCeni rezistorSi
siTbur energiaze ixarjeba. statikuri moqmedebisas
(rasac Cven vuSvebT), kondensatorsa da induqtorSi
Senaxuli saSualo energia ucvlelia. maSasadame, energiis
jamuri gadacema generatoridan rezistorze xdeba da
eleqtromagnituri energia siTbur energiaSi gadadis.
rezistorSi energiis xarjvis myisi tempi 26.27 da 31.29
formulebis saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
P = i 2 R = [I sin(ωd t –φ)2R = I 2 R sin2(ωd t – φ) (31.68)
rezistorSi energiis xarjvis saSualo tempi 31.68

formulis saSualoa. erTi sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi
sin θ-s saSualo mniSvneloba, sadac θ cvladia, nulis sur. 31.14. a) sin θ-s θ-ze damoki
debulebis grafiki. erTi ciklis gan
tolia (sur. 31.14a). sin2 θ-is saSualo mniSvneloba ki 12 -ia mavlobaSi saSualo mniSvneloba nulia.
(sur. 31.14b). 31.68 formulidan gamomdinare miviRebT: b) sin2 θ-s θ-ze damokidebulebis grafiki.
( )
erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi saSualo
I 2R I 2
PsaS =   = R. (31.69) mniSvneloba 1 -ia.
2
2 2
I/ 2 sidides i denis saSualo kvadratuli mniSvneloba ewodeba:

I
IsaS. kv. = (saSualo kvadratuli deni). (31.70)
2
31.69 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
PsaS = I 2saS. kv.R (saSualo simZlavre). (31.71)
31.71 formula 26.27 formulas (P=i2R) waagavs. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saSualo kvadratul
denze gadaverTvebiT, cvladi denis wredebSi energiis xarjvis saSualo temps mudmivi denis
wredebis msgavsad gamovTvliT.
cvladi denis wredebSi emZ-ebis da Zabvebis saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobebia:
V Em
VsaS. kv. = da EsaS. kv. = 2 (saSualo kvadratuli Zabva, saSualo kvadratuli emZ) (31.72)
2
cvladi denis xelsawyoebi, rogoricaa ampermetri da voltmetri, IsaS. kv. , VsaS. kv. da EsaS. kv.
mniSvnelobebs aCvenebs. maSasadame Tu cvladi denis voltmetrs Tqveni binis eleqtroqselSi
CarTavT da 120v aCvenebs, es mniSvneloba saSualo kvadratuli Zabvaa. Stefselze potencialTa
sxvaobis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 2 × (120 v) anu 170v-ia.
31.70 da 31.72 formulebSi 1/ 2 proporciulobis koeficienti samive cvladisTvis erTi da
igivea, amitom 31.62 da 31.60 formulebi ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
EsaS. kv. EsaS. kv.
IsaS. kv. =  = ,
Z
(31.73)
swored es formula gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yovelTvis.

IsaS. kv.= EsaS. kv. /Z tolobis saSualebiT 31.61 formula SegviZlia gardavqmnaT:
EsaS. kv. R
PsaS = I R = EsaS. kv. IsaS. kv. . (31.74)
Z saS. kv.  Z
31.11d suraTidan, 31.2 cxrilidan da 31.62 formulidan gamomdinare, R/Z fardoba φ fazuri
mudmivas kosinusia:
VR IR R
cos φ = = = . (31.75)
Em IZ Z
31.74 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
PsaS = EsaS. kv. IsaS. kv. cos φ (saSualo simZlavre) (31.76)
cos φ wevrs simZlavris koeficienti ewodeba. vinaidan cos φ = cos(–φ), 31.76 formula φ fazuri
mudmivis niSanze damokidebuli ar aris.
RLC wredSi rezistuli datvirTvisTvis miwodebuli energiis tempis maqsimizaciisTvis cos φ
simZlavris koeficienti 1-Tan rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos. es igivea, rom 31.29 formulaSi
φ fazuri mudmiva nulTan rac SeiZleba axlos iyos. rodesac wredi Zalian induqciuria, maSin
fazuri mudmiva kidev ufro naklebi SeiZleba iyos, Tu wredSi tevadobebs mimdevrobiT CavrTavT
(gaixseneT, rom damatebiTi tevadobis mimdevrobiT CarTva ekvivalentur Cekv tevadobas
amcirebs). Cekv-s Semcireba fazuri mudmivis Semcirebas da 31.76 formuliT mocemuli simZlavris
koeficientis gazrdas iwvevs. energetikuli kompaniebi mimdevrobiT CarTul kondensatorebs
gadamcem sistemebSi iyeneben, raTa amgvari Sedegi miiRon.
sakontrolo wertili 8. a) Tu sinusoidalurad marTul mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi gamavali

deni emZ-s win uswrebs, winaRobisTvis energiis miwodebis tempis gazrdisTvis tevadoba unda
gaizardos Tu Semcirdes? b) amgvari cvlileba wredis rezonansul kuTxur sixSires emZ-s
kuTxur sixSiresTan miaaxlovebs Tu piriqiT?
31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis wredebSi 1083

EsaS. kv.  = 120 v-iT da fd = 60 hc sixSireze mar kvadratuli mniSvnelobis da wredis Z mTliani
Tuli mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi R = 200 Ω winaRobis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba (31.73
winaRobas, XL = 80 Ω-is mqone induqciurobas formula):
EsaS. kv. 
da XC = 150 Ω-is mqone tevadobas Seicavs. IsaS. kv.  =  .
Z
a) risi tolia wredis cos φ simZlavris es formula 31.76 formulaSi CavsvaT da
koeficienti da φ fazuri mudmiva? miviRebT:
E 2saS. kv. 
amoxsna: cos φ simZlavris koeficienti PsaS = EsaS. kv.  IsaS. kv. cos φ = cos φ
Z
31.75 formulis saSualebiT (cos φ = R/Z) R (120 v)2
=  (0,9438) = 64,1 vt. (pasuxi)
winaRobidan da Z sruli winaRobidan SeiZleba 211,9 Ω
gamoiTvalos. Z-is gamoTvlisTvis 31.61 am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema sxvagvaradac
formulas viyenebT: SeiZleba. R winaRobaSi energiis xarjvis tempi
Z =  masSi gamavali Irms mniSvnelobis kvadratzea
damokidebuli (formula 31.71):
=  = 211,9 Ω.
E 2saS. kv. 
31.75 formula gvaZlevs: PsaS = I 2saS. kv. R =  R
Z2
R 200 Ω (120 v)2
cos φ =  =  = 0,9438 ≈ 0,944. (pasuxi) =  (200 Ω) = 64,1 vt.  (pasuxi)
Z 211,9 Ω (211,9 Ω)2
Sebrunebuli kosinusis amoReba mogvcems:
g) ra axali Cax tevadobaa saWiro wredis sxva
φ = cos–1 0,944 = ±19,3° parametrebis cvlilebis gareSe, raTa PsaS
+19,3° da –19,3° kuTxeebis kosinusebi 0,944- tempi maqsimaluri gaxdes?
ia. swori niSnis gasarkvevad unda gavigoT amoxsna: energiis miwodebis da xarjvis PsaS
deni emZ-s win uswrebs Tu CamorCeba. vinaidan tempi maqsimaluria, Tu emZ-s saSualebiT
XC>XL, wredi ZiriTadad tevadobiTia da deni wredi rezonansuli xdeba anu XC=XL. Cvens
emZ-s win uswrebs. maSasadame φ uaryofiTia: SemTxvevaSi XC>XL, amitom XC unda SevamciroT.
φ = –19,3°. (pasuxi) 31.39 formulidan (XC=1/ωdC) gamomdinare C

mniSvneloba Cax-mde unda gaizardos.
amis nacvlad φ-s gamoTvla 31.65 formuliT
31.39 formulis saSualebiT XC = XL piroba ase
SegveZlo. kalkulatori minus niSans mogv
Caiwereba:
cemda. 1
 = XL .
b) risi tolia winaRobaSi energiis xarjvis PsaS ωdCax
saSualo tempi? ωd-s nacvlad 2πfd-s Casma da Cax-sTvis amoxsna
mogvcems:
amoxsna: vinaidan wredi statikurad muSaobs, 1 1
winaRobaSi energiis xarjvis tempi wredisTvis Cax =  =  
2πfd XL (2π)(60 hc)(80 Ω)
energiis miwodebis tempis tolia, rac 31.76
formuliT (PsaS=EsaS. kv.  IsaS. kv.cos φ) gamoiTvleba. = 3,32×10–5 f = 33,2 mkf. (pasuxi)
EsaS. kv.  mniSvneloba mocemuli gvaqvs, xolo amocanis b) nawilSi naCveneb proceduras
cos φ amocanis a) nawilidan viciT. saSualo Tu miyvebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom amgvari Cax-s
kvadratuli mniSvnelobis deni emZ-s saSualo SemTxvevaSi PsaS-s maqsimaluri mniSvneloba

72 vt-ia.
31.11. transformatorebi
energiis gadacemis aucilebeli pirobebi
rodesac cvladi denis wredSi mxolod rezistuli datvirTvaa, 31.76 formulaSi simZlavris
koeficientia cos 0° = 1 da emZ-s EsaS. kv.  saSualo kvadratuli mniSvneloba datvirTvis Zabvis VsaS. kv. 
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, saS.kv datvirTvaSi denis I saS.kv
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis gavlisas energiis miwodebis da xarjvis saSualo tempia:
PsaS = EI = IV . (31.77)
(31.77 formulaSi da paragrafis danarCen nawilSi saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis aRmniSvnel

indeqsebs ar viyenebT. inJinrebi da mecnierebi uSveben, rom eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebi droSi
cvlad denis da Zabvis saSualo kvadratul mniSvnelobas aCveneben). 31.77 formulis Tanaxmad
saWiro simZlavris misawodeblad I unda iyos Zalian didi da V Zalian mcire an piriqiT. mTavaria
I·V namravlma saWiro Sedegi mogvces.
usafrTxoebisa da Sesabamisi aRWurvilobis efeqturobis mizniT sasurvelia eleqtroenergiis
gamanawilebeli sistemebis warmomqmnel boloze (eleqtrosadgurze) da mimReb boloze
(saxlze an qarxanaze) SedarebiT dabali Zabva iyos. aravis ar surs magaliTad tosteri an
sabavSvo matarebeli 10kv Zabvaze muSaobdes. meores mxriv, momxmareblisTvis eleqtroenergiis
miwodebisas, deni rac SeiZleba naklebi unda iyos, raTa gadamcem xazSi I2R danakargi (omuri
danakargi) Semcirdes.
magaliTad, kvebekis hidroeleqtrosadgur La Grande 2-dan monrealSi eleqtroenergiis
gadamcemi 1000km sigrZis da 735kv-iani xazi ganvixiloT. davuSvaT deni 500a-ia da simZlavris
faqtori 1-Tan axlosaa. 31.77 formulidan gamomdinare, energiis miwodebis saSualo tempia:
PsaS = EI = (7,35×105 v)(500 a) = 360 mvt
gadamcemi xazis winaRoba daaxloebiT 0,22 omi/km-ia. maSasadame, 1000km sigrZeze daaxloebiT 200
omi winaRoba gvaqvs. winaRobis Sedegad energia Semdegi saSualo tempiT ixarjeba:
PsaS = I 2 R = (500 a)2(220 Ω) = 55 mvt
miRebuli Sedegi miwodebis tempis daaxloebiT 15%-ia.

warmoidgineT ra moxdeba Tu dens gavaormagebT da Zabvas gavanaxevrebT. amjerad energiis
miwodebis tempi kvlav 368 mvt iqneba, magram energia Semdegi tempiT daixarjeba:
PsaS = I2R = (1000 a)2(220Ω) = 220 mvt
es Sedegi ki miwodebuli tempis TiTqmis 60%-ia. aqedan gamomdinare, energiis gadacemis wesia,
rom gadacema rac SeiZleba did Zabvaze da rac SeiZleba mcire denze moxdes.
idealuri transformatori
gadacemis wesi srul winaaRmdegobaSi modis energiis usafrTxo warmoqmnisa da miRebis
moTxovnasTan. maSasadame gvWirdeba mowyobiloba, romelic cvladi denis wredSi Zabvas
gazrdis (gadacemisTvis) da Seamcirebs (moxmarebisTvis), xolo denis da Zabvis namravli ar
Seicvleba. amgvari mowyobiloba transformatoria. transformators moZravi nawilebi ar
gaaCnia, faradeis induqciurobis kanonis Tanaxmad moqmedebs da mudmivi denisTvis gankuTvnili
analogia ar aqvs.
31.15 suraTze gamosaxuli idealuri transformatori sxvadasxva raodenobis xviebis mqone ori
31.11. transformatorebi 1085
koWasgan Sedgeba, romlebic rkinis gularzea damagrebuli
(koWebi gularisagan izolirebulia). Np xviis mqone pirveladi
gragnili cvladi denis generatorTan aris mierTebuli,
romlis E emZ nebismier t droSi aris:
E = Em sin ωt . (31.78)
sur. 31.15. idealuri transfor Ns xviis mqone meoradi gragnili R rezistul datvirTvasTan
matori (rkinis gularze Semoxveuli aris mierTebuli, rodesac S amomrTveli Riaa. maSasadame,
ori koWa) gardaqmnis wredSi.
meore koWaSi deni ar gadis. idealuri transformatoris
cvladi denis generatori marcxena
(pirvelad) koWaSi dens warmoqmnis. SemTxvevaSi vuSvebT, rom pirveladi da meoradi gragnilebis
marjvena (meoradi) koWa R rezistul winaRobebi umniSvneloa. kargad daproeqtebuli, maRali
datvirTvasTan aris mierTebuli, tevadobis mqone transformatorebSi mxolod 1% energia
rodesac S amomrTveli daketilia.
ikargeba, amitom amgvari daSveba dasabuTebulia.
aseT pirobebSi pirveladi gragnili (pirveladi) sruli induqciurobaa, xolo pirveladi
wredi 31.10a suraTze gamosaxul wreds waagavs. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian mcire pirveladi
deni, romelsac damagnitebis deni Imag ewodeba, Vp pirvelad Zabvas 90°-iT CamorCeba. pirveladi
gragnilis simZlavris koeficienti nulis tolia da generatoridan transformatorze
simZlavre ar gadaicema.
sinusoidalurad cvladi Imag pirveladi deni rkinis gularSi sinusoidalurad cvlad φ Bm
B
agnitur
nakads warmoqmnis. gulari nakads aZlierebs da is meorad gragnilSi (meoradSi) gadis. φB icvleba
da meoradi gragnilis TiToeul xviaSi xviis emZ Exv (= dφB/dt) warmoqmnis. xviis Exv emZ pirvelad da
meorad gragnilSi Tanabaria. pirveladi gragnilis Vp Zabva Exv emZ-s da Np xveulebis namravlis
tolia anu Vp=Exv Np. aseve meoradi gragnilis Zabvaa Vs=ExvNs. maSasadame SegviZlia davweroT:
Vp V
Exv = = s ,
Np Ns
Ns
anu Vs = Vp , (Zabvis gardaqmna) (31.79)
Np
Tu Ns>Np, transformators amamaRlebeli ewodeba, vinaidan is Vp Zabvas Vs-mde zrdis. Tu Ns<Np,
maSin transformatori damadablebelia.
rodesac S amomrTveli Riaa, generatoridan wredis danarCen nawils energia ar miewodeba.
modiT, S davketoT da meoradi gragnili R rezistul datvirTvasTan davakavSiroT. amjerad
generatoridan energia gadaicema.
S amomrTvelis daketvisas ramdenime movlena xdeba:
1. meoradi gragnilis wredSi Is cvladi deni Cndeba da rezistul datvirTvaSi energia
Is2 R = (Vs2 /R) tempiT ixarjeba.
2. es deni rkinis gularSi gamaval cvlad magnitur nakads warmoqmnis da nakadi pirvelad
gragnilSi sawinaaRmdego emZ-s aCens (faradeis da lencis kanonebidan gamomdinare).
3. pirveladi gragnilis Vp Zabva ar icvleba, vinaidan is yovelTvis generatoris E emZ-s toli
unda iyos. S amomrTvelis daketva arafers ar cvlis.
4. Vp Zabvis SenarCunebisTvis generatori pirveladi gragnilis wredSi damatebiT Ip cvlad dens
aCens. Ip-s sidide da fazuri mudmiva am denis mier pirveladi gragnilis wredSi warmoqmnili
emZ-sTvis saWiro mniSvnelobebisaa, raTa pirveladi gragnilis wredSi Is-is mier warmoqmnili
emZ gabaTildes. Ip-s fazuri mudmiva Imag-is msgavsad 90° ar aris da Ip-s pirvelad gragnilSi
energia gadaaqvs.
Cven gvsurs Is-sa da Ip-s Soris kavSiris dadgena. rTuli procesis dawvrilebiT ganxilvis nacvlad
modiT energiis Senaxvis principi gamoviyenoT. generatoridan pirvelad gragnilze gadacemuli
energiis tempi IpVp-s tolia. pirveladi gragnilidan meorad gragnilSi energiis gadacemis tempi
IsVs-ia. vinaidan davuSviT, rom gzad energia ar ikargeba, energiis Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad:
IpVp = IsVs
31.79 formulidan Vs-is Casma gvaZlevs:
Np
Is = Ip (denis gardaqmna) (31.80)
Ns
am formulis Tanaxmad meorad gragnilSi gamavali Is deni pirvelad gragnilSi gamavali Ip denisgan
SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes da gansxvaveba Np /Ns xviebis ricxvis Sefardebazea damokidebuli.
pirveladi gragnilis wredSi Ip deni meoradi gragnilis wredSi R rezistuli datvirTvis gamo
gadis. Ip-s gamoTvlisTvis 31.80 formulaSi Is=Vs/R CavsvaT da Semdeg Vs-is nacvlad 31.79 formula
gamoviyenoT:
Ip =
1
R ( ) Ns
Np
2
Vp . (31.81)
es formula Ip=Vp/Rekv formulis msgavsia, sadac Rekv ekvivalenturi winaRobaa:
Rekv = ( )
NP
Ns
2
R. (31.82)
datvirTvis winaRobis Rekv mniSvnelobas generatori àRiqvams~. generatori Ip densa da Vp Zabvas

ise warmoqmnis, TiTqos Rekv winaRobasTan iyos mierTebuli.
sruli winaRobebis SeTanxmeba

31.82 formula transformatoris kidev erT funqcias asaxavs. emZ mowyobilobidan rezistul
datvirTvaSi maqsimaluri energiis gadacemisTvis emZ mowyobilobis winaRoba datvirTvis
winaRobis toli unda iyos. cvladi denis wredis SemTxvevaSi, generatoris winaRobis nacvlad
sruli winaRoba unda iyos datvirTvis winaRobis toli. amgvari piroba xSirad ar sruldeba.
magaliTad, musikalur sistemebSi gamaZlierebels maRali sruli winaRoba aqvs, xolo dinamikebs
– dabali sruli winaRoba. ori mowyobilobis sruli winaRobebis SeTanxmeba transformatorSi
maTi dawyvilebiT SeiZleba, rodesac tranformators Sesabamisi Np/Ns xviebis Sefardeba aqvs.
mzis aqtiuroba da eleqtroenergetikuli sistemebi

mzis afeTqebisas eleqtronebis da protonebis uzarmazari
konturi mzis zedapiridan gamodis da am movlenis
fotosuraTi Tavis dasawyisSia gamosaxuli. suraTze
naCvenebi damuxtuli nawilakebi kosmosSi gaityorcneba.
1989 wlis 10 marts, dedamiwasTan axlos giganturi
afeTqeba moxda. sami dRis Semdeg nawilakebi dedamiwas
miuaxlovdnen da CrdiloeT naxevarsferos atmosferoSi sur. 31.16. eleqtronakadi (deni)
106a deni warmoqmnes, romelsac eleqtronakadi ewodeba. ionosferoSi Bx magnitur vels aCens,
eleqtronakadi sakuTari Tavis garSemo da dedamiwis romelic gadamcemis xazis, miwis da
 transformatorebis damamiwebeli ma
zedapirze B magnitur vels aCens. 29.4 suraTis vTulebisgan Seqmnil vertikalur kon
marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad 31.16 suraTze gamosaxuli turSi gadis. transformatorebi gada
eleqtronakadi dedamiwis zedapiris gaswvriv magnituri mcemi xazebis boloebze ganlagebul
cilindrebSia moTavsebuli. Bx-is cvli
velis Bx komponents qmnis, romelic grZeli gadamcemi
leba konturis garSemo geomagnitur
xazis perpendikularuli mimarTulebisaa. gadamcemi xazis dens warmoSobs.
TiToeul boloze damiwebuli amamaRlebeli an damadablebeli transformatoria mierTebuli.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gadamcemi xazi, miwa da transformatorebis damamiwebeli mavTulebi
gamtar konturs qmnian. Bx komponentiT gamowveuli Φ magnituri nakadi konturSi aRwevs.
eleqtronakadi sidides da mimarTulebas icvlis, Sedegad Φ-c icvleba da konturSi emZ da deni
warmoiqmneba. geomagniturad warmoqmnili deni (gmd) gadamcemi xazis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da
transformatorebSi gadis.
eleqtroenergetikuli sistemebis mier simZlavris gadacema sistemaSi denis da Zabvis
sinusoidalur cvalebadobazea damokidebuli. transformatorSi igmd denis arsebobis Sedegad
transformatoris gulari pirvelad da meorad gragnils sinusoidalur cvalebadobas ver
gadascems, vinaidan gmd gularSi gamaval nakads zrdis da gulari gadaivseba. aqedan gamomdinare,
gulari pirvelad gragnilSi momxdar sinusoidalur cvlilebebze veRar reagirebs. amis Sedegad
meoradi gragnilis deni da Zabva maxinjdeba da sinusoidaluri aRar aris.
1989 wlis 13 marts, swored amgvarma movlenam gamoiwvia kvebekis eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis
gaTiSva. dResdReobiT, mzis afeTqebis dros astronomebi inJinrebs afrTxileben, raTa maT
sistemis gaTiSva Tavidan aicilon.
sakontrolo wertili 9. garkveuli wredis cvladi emZ mowyobilobis winaRoba wredis

rezistuli datvirTvis winaRobaze naklebia. mowyobilobidan datvirTvaze energiis
gadacemis gazrdisTvis transformators aerTeben. a) Ns ufro meti unda iyos Tu Np ?
b) amamaRlebeli transformatori miiReba Tu damadablebeli?

transformatoris pirveladi gragnilis matoris pirvelad da meorad gragnilSi
boloebze Vp = 8,5 kv Zabvaa modebuli da gamavali saSualo kvadratuli denebi?
axlomdebare saxlebs Vs = 120 v eleqtrul amoxsna: srulad rezistuli datvirTvis
energias awvdis. Zabvis orive mniSvneloba SemTxvevaSi cos φ simZlavris koeficienti
saSualo kvadratulia. dauSviT, rom erTis tolia. maSasadame, energiis miwodebis
transformatori idealuri damadablebelia, da xarjvis saSualo tempi 31.77 formuliT
datvirTva srulad rezistulia da simZlavris gamoiTvleba (PsaS = E I = IV). pirveladi
koeficienti erTis tolia. gragnilis wredSi Vp = 8,5 kv da 31.77 formula
a) risi tolia transformatoris xviaTa gvaZlevs:
ricxvis Np/Ns Sefardeba? PsaS 78×103 vt
Ip =  =  = 9,176 a ≈ 9,2 a. (pasuxi)
amoxsna: xviaTa ricxvis Np/Ns Sefardeba Vp   8,5×103 v  
pirveladi da meoradi gragnilebis Zabvebis meoradi gragnilis wredSi:
saSualo kvadratul mniSvnelobebs 31.79
PsaS 78×103 vt
formuliT ukavSirdeba: Is =  =  = 650 a. (pasuxi)
Vs   120 v  
Vs N
= s. SeamowmeT, rom 31.80 formulis Tanaxmad
Vp Np
Is=Ip(Np/Ns) toloba sworia.
(yuradReba miaqcieT, rom formulis mar
jvena mxares xviaTa ricxvis Sefardeba Sebru g) risi tolia meoradi gragnilis wredSi Rs
nebulia). formulis orive mxris Sebruneba rezistuli datvirTva? risi tolia pirveladi
gvaZlevs: gragnilis wredSi Sesabamisi Rp rezistuli
Np V 8,5×103 v datvirTva?
= p = = 70,83 ≈ 71. (pasuxi)
Ns Vs 120 v amoxsna: orive wredisTvis V = IR tolobas
viyenebT, raTa rezistuli datvirTva Zabvis
b) saxlebSi energiis moxmarebis (xarjvis)
da denis saSualo kvadratul mniSvnelobebTan
saSualo tempia 78 kvt. risi tolia transfor
davakavSiroT. meoradi gragnilis wredisTvis gavixsenoT, rom Rp aris transformatoris

gveqneba: pirveladi gragnilis mxridan àRqmuli~
Vs 120 v ekvivalenturi rezistuli datvirTva da is
Rs = = = 0,1846 Ω ≈ 0,18 Ω. (pasuxi)
Is 650 a 31.82 formuliT (Rekv=(Np /N )2R) gamoiTvleba.
s
pirveladi gragnilis wredisTvis miviRebT: Tu Rekv-is nacvlad Rp-s CavsvamT, xolo R-is
Vp nacvlad Rs-s, formula mogvcems:

8,5×103 v
( )
Rp = = = 926 Ω ≈ 930 Ω. (pasuxi) NP
Ip 9,176 a 2
Rp = Rs = (70,83)2(0,1846 Ω)
Rp-s gamoTvlisTvis agreTve SegviZlia Ns
= 926 Ω ≈ 930 Ω. (pasuxi)
LC energiis gadacema. merxev LC wredSi Cvens mier ganxilul mdgomareobabSi R mcirea

energia kondensatoris eleqtrul velsa da da mileva sustia. am dros ω´ ≈ ω.
induqtoris magnitur vels Soris gadadis.
cvladi deni. iZulebiTi rxevebi.
energiis am ori formis myisi mniSvnelobebia:
mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi iZulebiTi rxevis
q2 Li2
UE = da UB =  , (31.1, 31.2) reJimSi gadadis, rodesac gare cvladi emZ ωd
2C 2
amgznebi kuTxuri sixSiriT moqmedebs:
sadac q aris kondensatoris myisi muxti, xolo
i - induqtorSi gamavali myisi deni. mTliani E = Em sin ωd t (31.28)
U(=UE+UB) energia ucvlelia. emZ-s mier wredSi warmoqmnili deni:
LC muxtisa da denis rxevebi. energiis i = I sin (ωd t – φ), (31.29)
Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad: sadac φ aris denis fazuri mudmiva.
1
L  d q2 +  q = 0.
2
(LC rxevebi) (31.11) rezonansi. mimdevrobiT CarTul RLC wredSi
dt C
31.11 formulis amonaxsnia: sinusoidaluri gare emZ-s mier warmoqmnili
denis I amplituda maqsimaluria (I = Em/R),
q = Q cos (ωt + φ) (muxti) (31.12)
rodesac ωd agznebis kuTxuri sixSire wredis
sadac Q aris muxtis amplituda (kondensa- ω bunebriv kuTxur sixSires uTanabrdeba. am
toris maqsimaluri muxti), xolo rxevebis ω dros XC = XL, φ = 0 da deni emZ-sadmi fazuria.
kuTxuri sixSirea:
wredis erTi elementi. rezistoris
ω= (31.4)
potencialTa sxvaobis amplitudaa VR = IR.
31.12 formulaSi φ fazur mudmivas sistemis deni potencialTa sxvaobisadmi fazuria.
sawyisi pirobebi (rodesac t = 0) gansazRvravs: kondensatorisTvis VC=IXC, sadac XC=1/ωdC
nebismier t droSi sistemaSi gamavali i denia: tevadobiTi winaRobaa. deni potencialTa
dq 90°-iT (φ = –90°= –π/2 radiani)
i= = – ωQ sin (ωt + φ) (deni), (31.13) sxvaobas
dt
uswrebs win.
sadac ωQ aris denis amplituda I.
induqtorisTvis VL = IXLL , sadac XL = ωd L
milevadi rxevebi. LC wredSi rxevebi
induqciuri winaRobaa. deni potencialTa
milevadia, rodesac wredSi R elementi
sxvaobas 90°-iT (φ = +90° = +π/2 radiani)
arsebobs:
CamorCeba.
d 2q dq 1
L  2 + R  + q = 0 (RLC wredi) (31.24)
dt dt C mimdevrobiTi RLC wredebi. 31.28
am diferencialuri gantolebis amonaxsnia: formuliT mocemuli gare emZ-s da
q = Qe –Rt/2L cos(ω´t + φ), (31.25) 31.29 formuliT mocemuli denis mqone
mimdevrobiTi RLC wredisTvis:
sadac ω´ = (31.26)
Em
I = da EsaS.kv. = Em/ 2. cos φ-s wredis simZlavris
koeficienti ewodeba.
Em
I =  
(denis amplituda)(31.60, 31.63) transformatorebi. transformatori rki
nis gularisgan Sedgeba, romelzec Np xviebis
XL – XC mqone pirveladi koWa da Ns xviebis mqone
da tg φ = (fazuri mudmiva) (31.65)
R meoradi koWaa damagrebuli. Tu pirveladi
wredis Z sruli winaRobaa: koWa cvladi denis generatorTanaa
mierTebuli, pirveladi da meoradi grag
Z= (sruli winaRoba) (31.61)
nilebis Zabvebs Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
31.60 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba: Ns
Vs = Vp (Zabvis gardaqmna) (31.79)
I = Em/Z. Np
koWebSi gamaval denebs Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
simZlavre. mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi ge Np
Is = Ip (denebis gardaqmna) (31.80)
neratoris PsaS saSualo simZlavre rezis Ns
torSi siTburi energiis warmoqmnis tempis meoradi gragnilis wredis ekvivalenturi
tolia: winaRobaa:
PsaS=I2saS.kv.R = EsaS.kv.IsaS.kv. cos φ  (31.71, 31.76) Rekv = ( )

NP
Ns
2
R, (31.82)
JsaS.kv denis saSualo kvadratul mniSvne- sadac R aris meoradi gragnilis wredSi rezis-
lobas niSnavs. saSualo kvadratul mniSvne /
tuli datvirTva. Np Ns Sefardebas transfor-
lobebsa da maqsimalur mniSvnelobebs Soris matoris xviebis ricxvTa fardoba ewodeba.
Semdegi kavSiria: IsaS.kv.=I/ 2 , VsaS.kv.=Vm/ 2
1. 31.12 formulaSi φ fazuri mudmivis ra
SekiTxvebi
mniSvnelobebis dros Seiqmneba t = 0 droSi wredis a) L induqciuroba da b) I deni meore

31.1 suraTze gamosaxuli a), g), e) da z) wredis induqciurobasa da denze metia,
mdgomareobebi? naklebia Tu igivea?
2. t = 0 droSi damuxtuli kondensatori da 4. 31.18 suraTze naCvenebia identuri
induqtori erTmaneTTan SeaerTes. Sedegad induqtorebis da kondensatorebis mqone sami
miRebuli rxevis T periodis saSualebiT merxevi LC wredi. daalageT wredebi rxevis
CawereT a) UB-s, b) induqtorSi gamavali ganmavlobaSi kondensatorebis srulad
magnituri nakadis, g) di/dt-s da d) induqtoris ganmuxtvisTvis saWiro drois mixedviT
emZ-s maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis miRebis dididan mcireze.
pirveli dro. sur. 31.18. SekiTxva 4.
3. 31.17 suraTze naCvenebia identuri
tevadobebis da Tanabari Q maqsimaluri
muxtis mqone pirveli da meore LC wredebis
kondensatoris νC Zabvebis grafikebi. pirvel
5. sam merxev LC wredSi kondensatoris

muxti Semdegi formulis mixedviT icvleba:
1) q = 2 cos 4t, 2) q = 4 cos t, 3) q = 3 cos 4t.
daalageT wredebi a) denis amplitudis da
b) periodis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
sur. 31.17. SekiTxva 3. 6. 31.19 suraTze a grafiki RC wredis Z
sruli winaRobis robiTi RLC wredis φ fazuri mudmivis

ωd agmzneb kuTxur mniSvnelobebia: 1) -15°, 2) +35°, 3) π/3 radiani da
sixSireze damo 4) -π/6 radiani. a) romel maTganSia datvirTva
kidebulebas asa ZiriTadad tevadobiTi? b) romel maTganSi
xavs. danarCeni CamorCeba deni cvlad emZ-s?
ori grafiki a 10. 31.22 suraTze naCvenebia 31.12 sura-
grafikis msgavsia, Tze gamosaxulis msgavsi sami mdgomareoba.
magram R winaRobis sur. 31.19. SekiTxva 6.
a) pirvel mdgomareobaSi, b) meore mdgomare-
da C tevadobis obaSi da g) mesame mdgomareobaSi wredis re-
mniSvnelobebi gansxvavebulia. daalageT zonansuli kuTxuri sixSire amgzneb kuTxur
grafikebi R-is mniSvnelobis mixedviT sixSireze metia, naklebia Tu tolia?
dididan mcireze.
7. garkveuli ampli
tudis cvladi emZ-s
wyaro jer rezistor
Tan, Semdeg kondensa
torTan da bolos _ sur. 31.22. SekiTxva 10.
induqtorTan miarTes. sur. 31.20. SekiTxva 7.
11. 31.21 suraTze naCvenebia mimdevrobiTi RLC
mowyobilobasTan mier
wredis i denis da E amgznebi emZ-s grafikebi.
Tebis dros fd agznebis sixSire icvleba da
a) L-is, b) C-s da g) ωd-s odnav gazrdis Sem
mowyobilobaSi amis Sedegad miRebuli denis
TxvevaSi denis grafiki emZ-s grafikisadmi
I amplituda izomeba. 31.20 suraTis romeli
marcxniv daiZvreba Tu marjvniv? denis grafi-
grafiki romel mowyobilobas Seesabameba?
kis amplituda gaizrdeba Tu Semcirdeba?
8. 31.21 suraTze
12. 31.23 suraTze
naCvenebia mimdev
naCvenebia mimdev
robiTi RLC wredis
robiTi RLC wredis
i denis da E amgznebi
i denis da E amgznebi
emZ-s grafikebi.
sur. 31.21. SekiTxvebi 8 emZ-s grafikebi.
a) deni win uswrebs sur. 31.23. SekiTxva 12.
da 11. a) fazuri mudmiva
emZ-s Tu CamorCeba?
dadebiTia Tu
b) wredis datvirTva ZiriTadad tevadobiTia
uaryofiTia? b) rezistul datvirTvaze
Tu ZiriTadad induqciuri? g) emZ-s ωd kuTxuri
energiis miwodebis tempis gazrdisTvis L unda
sixSire ω bunebriv kuTxur sixSireze metia,
gaizardos Tu Semcirdes? g) igive miznisTvis
naklebia Tu tolia?
C unda gaizardos Tu Semcirdes?
9. sinusoidalurad marTuli oTxi mimdev
amocanebi
paragrafi 31.2. LC rxevebi, Tvisebrivad

Manual-Si. •1. merxevi LC wredi 75 mh induqtorisgan
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze da 3,6 mkf kondensatorisgan Sedgeba. Tu
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxtia 2,9 mkk,
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. risi tolia a) wredis mTliani energia da
b) maqsimaluri deni?
• – •••
amocanis sirTules •2. merxev LC wredSi L = 1,1 mh da C = 4 mkf.
kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxtia 3 mkk.
gamoTvaleT maqsimaluri deni.
1091
•3. risi tolia merxevi LC wredis tevadoba, •9. L = 50 mh da C = 4 mkf-s Semcvel merxev LC
Tu kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxtia 1,6 mk wredSi deni Tavdapirvelad maqsimaluria.
da mTliani energiaa 140 mkj? ramdeni dro dasWirdeba kondensatoris
sawyis srulad damuxtvas? ILW
•4. merxev LC wredSi mTliani energia
kondensatoris eleqtruli energiidan •10. LC oscilatorebi dinamikebTan dakav
Sirebul wredebSi gamoiyeneboda, raTa
induqtoris magnitur energiaSi 1,5 mk.wm-
eleqtronuli musikis bgerebi Seqmniliyo.
Si gadadis. risi tolia a) rxevis periodi da
ra induqciuroba unda gamoviyenoT 6,7 mkf
b) rxevis sixSire? g) ramden xanSi erTxel
xdeba magnituri energia maqsimaluri? tevadobasTan erTad, raTa 10 khc sixSire
warmoiqmnas?
•5. LC wredis rxevis sixSirea 200 khc. rodesac
••11. merxevi LC wredi 1 nf kondensatorisa da
t = 0, kondensatoris A firfitas maqsimaluri
3 mh koWasgan Sedgeba da misi maqsimaluri Zabvaa
dadebiTi muxti aqvs. ra t > 0 dros eqneba
3 v. risi tolia a) kondensatoris maqsimaluri
a) A firfitas kvlav maqsimaluri dadebiTi
muxti, b) wredSi gamavali maqsimaluri deni da
muxti, b) kondensatoris meore firfitas
b) koWas magnitur velSi Senaxuli maqsimaluri
maqsimaluri dadebiTi muxti da g) induqtors
energia? ILW
maqsimaluri magnituri veli?
paragrafi 31.3. eleqtrul-meqanikuri ana ••12. merxevi LC sistemis asagebad 10 mh
logia induqtori, 5 mkf kondensatori da 2 mkf
kondensatori SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT. risi
•6. 0,5kg masis sxeuli zambaraze harmoniulad
tolia am elementebis sxvadasxva kombinaciis
irxeva. 2mm daWimvis dros zambaraze 8n
dros warmoqmnili rxevis sixSiris a) umciresi,
aRmdgeni Zala moqmedebs. risi tolia a) rxevis
b) meore umciresi, g) meore udidesi da
kuTxuri sixSire, b) rxevis periodi da g) LC
d) udidesi mniSvneloba?
wredis tevadoba, Tu L = 5h?
••13. 31.25 suraT
••7. 1,25 h induqtoris Semcveli merxevi
ze R = 14 Ω, C =
LC wredis energiaa 5,7 mkj. kondensatoris
6,2 mkf, L = 54 mh
maqsimaluri muxtia 175 mk. igive periodis
da idealuri bata
meqanikuri sistemisTvis risi tolia a) masa,
reis emZ-a E = 34 v.
b) zambaris sixiste, g) maqsimaluri
amomrTveli a mde
gadaadgileba da d) maqsimaluri siCqare? SSM bareobaze didi
paragrafi 31.4. LC rxevebi, raodenobrivad xnis ganmavlobaSia CarTuli da Semdeg b

mdebareobaze gadarTes. risi tolia Sedegad
•8. konturi mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli (L1,L2...)
miRebuli rxevis a) sixSire da b) denis
induqtorebisgan, (C1,C2...) tevadobebisgan da
amplituda?
(R1,R2...) rezistorebisgan Sedgeba, rogorc es
••14. mimdevrobiTi wredi L1 induqciurobas
31.24a suraTzea naCvenebia. daamtkiceT, rom
miuxedavad konturSi wredis elementebis da C1 tevadobs Seicavs. wredi ω kuTxuri
mimdevrobisa, amgvari wredi 31.24b suraTze sixSiriT irxeva. meore mimdevrobiTi wredi
gamosaxuli martivi LC wredis msgavsad L2 induqciurobas da C2 tevadobas Seicavs da

igive kuTxuri sixSiriT irxeva. risi tolia
moqmedebs (miniSneba: gaiTvaliswineT kontu
oTxive zemoT CamoTvlili elementis Semcveli
ris wesi da ixileT 30-e Tavis 45-e amocana).
mimdevrobiTi wredis rxevis kuTxuri sixSire
ω-s TermebSi? winaRoba ugulebelyaviT
(miniSneba: ekvivalenturi tevadobis da
ekvivalenturi induqciurobis formulebi
gamoiyeneT. ixileT 25.4 paragrafi da 30-e
Tavis 45-e amocana).
••15. 10-dan 356 pf-mde arealis cvladi induqciuroba da b) rxevebis sixSire? g) ra

kondensatori koWasTan erTad gamoiyeneba da dro sWirdeba kondensatoris muxts nulidan
cvladi sixSiris LC wreds qmnis. a) risi tolia maqsimumamde misaRwevad?
amgvari kondensatoris pirobebSi maqsimaluri ••21. merxev LC wredSi C = 64 mkf da i = (1,6)sin
sixSiris minimalur sixSiresTan Sefardeba? (2500t + 0,68) deni gadis, sadac t wamebSia, i -
Tu wredma 0,54 mhc-dan 1,6 mhc-mde sixSire amperebSi, xolo fazuri mudmiva - radianebSi.
unda SeinarCunos, maSin a)-s pasuxi metismetad a) t = 0 drois Semdeg ramden xanSi miaRwevs
didia. cvlad kondensatorTan damatebiTi deni maqsimalur mniSvnelobas? risi tolia
kondensatoris paraleluri mierTebis b) L induqciuroba da g) mTliani energia? ILW
Sedegad amgvari areali miiRweva. sixSiris
••22. merxevi LC wredis denis amplitudaa
sasurveli arealis misaRwevad b) ra tevadoba
7,5 ma, potencialis amplitudaa 250 mv, xo
unda davamatoT da g) ra induqciuroba unda
lo tevadobaa 220 nf. risi tolia a) rxevis
hqondes koWas? SSM WWW
periodi, b) kondensatorSi Senaxuli maqsima
••16. induqtori kondensatorzea mierTebuli,
luri energia, g) induqtorSi Senaxuli ma
romlis tevadoba gadamrTvelis saSualebiT
qsimaluri energia, d) denis cvlilebis
regulirdeba. LC wredis rxevis sixSire
maqsimaluri tempi da e) induqtoris mier
gadamrTveli brunvis kuTxeze wrfivad unda
energiis SeZenis maqsimaluri tempi?
iyos damokidebuli. gadamrTvelis 180°-iT
mobrunebisas sixSire 2×105 hc-dan 4×105hc- ••23. konturis wesis gamoyenebiT LC wredis
mde icvleba. Tu L=1mh, aageT saWiro C diferencialuri gantoleba (31.11 formula)
tevadobis gadamrTveli brunvis kuTxeze gamoiyvaneT.
damokidebulebis grafiki. paragrafi 31.5. milevadi rxevebi RLC
••17. merxev LC wredSi L=25mh da C=7,8 mkf. t = 0 wredSi
droSi deni 9,2 ma-ia, kondensatoris muxtia ••24. erTkonturiani wredi 7,2 omi rezis
3,8 mkk da kondensatori imuxteba. risi tolia torisgan, 12 h induqtorisgan da 3,2 mkf
a) wredis mTliani energia, b) kondensatoris kondensatorisgan Sedgeba. Tavdapirvelad
maqsimaluri muxti da g) maqsimaluri deni? d) kondensatoris muxtia 6,2 mkk da deni nulis
kondensatoris muxtia q = Q cos(ωt + φ), risi tolia. gamoTvaleT kondensatoris muxti N
tolia φ fazuri kuTxe? e) igive monacemebisa sruli ciklis Semdeg Tu a) N = 5, b) N = 10 da
da t = 0 dros kondensatori ganimuxteba. risi g) N=100.
tolia am SemTxvevaSi φ? ••25. ra R winaRoba unda mierTdes mimdev
••18. merxev LC wredSi sruli energiis robiT L=220 mh induqciurobasTan da
75% induqtoris magnitur velSi inaxeba. C = 12 mkf tevadobasTan, raTa kondensatoris
a) maqsimaluri muxtis ra jeradi aqvs maqsimaluri muxti 50 ciklis ganmavlobaSi
kondensators am dros da b) maqsimaluri denis sawyisi mniSvnelobis 99%-iT Semcirdes?
ra jeradi gadis induqtorSi? (dauSviT, rom ω´ ≈ ω). ILW
••19. merxev LC wredSi L = 3 mh da C = 2,7 mkf. ••26. merxev mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi kon-
rodesac t = 0, kondensatoris muxti nulis densatorSi arsebuli maqsimaluri energiis
tolia da deni 2a-ia. a) ra iqneba kondensatoris ganaxevrebisTvis saWiro dro gamoTvaleT.
maqsimaluri muxti? b) ra t > 0 dros iqneba t = 0 dros q = Q.
kondensatorSi energiis Senaxvis tempi •••27. merxev mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi
udidesi da g) risi tolia es tempi? SSM daamtkiceT, rom rxevis ciklis ganmavloba-
••20. merxev LC sistemaSi C = 4 mkf, Si /
ΔUU U dakarguli energia daaxloebiT
kondensatoris maqsimaluri potencialTa 2πR/ωL-ia. ωL/R sidides xSirad wredis Q-s
sxvaobaa 1,5 v da induqtorSi gamavali cikli (xarisxi) ewodeba. maRali xarisxis
maqsimaluri denia 50 ma. risi tolia a) L wreds mcire winaRoba aqvs da ciklis ganmav-
lobaSi mcire energias kargavs. SSM
1093
paragrafi 31.8. sami martivi wredi generatori 4,15 mkf tevadobis kondensa
•28. 1,5 mkf tevadobis kondensatori E = 30 v torTanaa mierTebuli. a) risi tolia denis
emZ-s mqone cvladi denis generatorTan maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? b) rodesac deni
31.9a suraTis msgavsad aris mierTebuli. maqsimaluria, risi tolia generatoris emZ?
risi tolia Sedegad miRebuli cvladi denis g) rodesac generatoris emZ -12,5 v-ia da
amplituda, Tu emZ-s sixSirea a) 1khc da b) izrdeba, risi tolia deni?
8khc? paragrafi 31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi

•29. 50mh induqtori E = 30 v emZ-s mqone •35. 31.7 suraTis wredidan kondensatori
cvladi denis generatorTan 31.10a suraTis moxseniT da R = 200 omi, L = 230 mh, fd = 60 hc
msgavsad aris mierTebuli. risi tolia da Em = 36 v mniSvnelobebi aiReT. risi tolia
Sedegad miRebuli cvladi denis amplitude,
a) Z, b) φ da g) I? d) aageT veqtoruli diagrama.
Tu emZ-s sixSirea a) 1 khc da b) 8 khc?
•36. 31.26 suraTze
•30. 50 omi winaRobis rezistori E = 30 v naCvenebia marTul
emZ-s mqone cvladi denis generatorTan 31.8a RLC wredSi gama
suraTis msgavsad aris mierTebuli. risi tolia vali denis I ampli
Sedegad miRebuli cvladi denis amplituda, tudis amgzneb ωd
Tu emZ-s sixSirea a) 1 khc da b) 8 khc? kuTxur sixSireze
•31. a) ra sixSireze eqneba 6 mh induqtors da damokidebulebis sur. 31.26. amocana 36.
10 mkf tevadobis kondensators erTi da igive grafiki. induqciu
reaqtiuli winaRoba? b) risi toli iqneba robaa 200 mkh da emZ-s amplitudaa 8 v. risi
reaqtiuli winaRoba? g) daamtkiceT, rom es tolia a) C da b) R?
sixSire igive L-is da C-s Semcveli merxevi •37. 31.7 suraTze gamosaxuli wredidan
wredis bunebrivi sixSirea. induqtori moxseniT da R = 200 Ω, C = 15 mkf,
••32. cvladi denis generatoris emZ-a fd = 60 hc da Em = 36 v sidideebi aiReT. risi
E = Emsinωd t, sadac Em = 25 v da ωd = 377 ra tolia a) Z, b) φ da g) I? d) aageT veqtoruli
diani/wm. generatori 12,7 h induqtorTanaa diagrama.
mierTebuli. a) risi tolia denis maqsimaluri •38. cvladi sixSiris cvladi denis wyaro,
mniSvneloba? b) maqsimaluri denis dros C tevadobis kondensatori da R winaRobis
risi tolia generatoris emZ? g) rodesac rezistori mimdevrobiT aris SeerTebuli.
generatoris emZ-a –12,5 v da izrdeba, risi 31.27 suraTze mocemulia wredis Z sruli
tolia deni? winaRobis amgzneb ωd kuTxur sixSireze
••33. cvladi denis generatoris emZ-a damokidebulebis grafiki. mrudi asimptots
aRwevs 500omze. suraTze aseve mocemulia
E = Em sin(ωd t – π/4), sadac Em = 30 v da
kondensatoris XC reaqtiuli winaRobis ωd-ze
ωd = 350 radiani/wm. wredSi gamavali denia
damokidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia a) R da
i(t) = I sin(ωd t – 3π/4), sadac I = 620 ma. ra drois
b) C ?
Semdeg a) miaRwevs pirvelad generatori emZ
maqsimums da b) ra drois Semdeg gaxdeba deni
maqsimaluri? g) wredi generatoris garda erT
elements Seicavs. es elementi kondensatoria,
induqtoria Tu rezistori? Tqveni pasuxi
daasabuTeT. d) risi tolia tevadobis,
induqciurobis an winaRobis mniSvneloba?
SSM
••34. cvladi denis generatoris emZ-a

= 377 (rad/wm)
E = Emsinωd t, sadac Em = 25 v da ωd = 377rad/wm. sur. 31.27. amocana 38.

•39. 31.7 suraTze R = 200 omi, C = 70 mkf, amomrTveli Riaa, emZ dens 15°-iT uswrebs.
L = 230 mh, fd = 60 hc da Em = 36 v. risi tolia rodesac orive amomrTveli Riaa, denis
a) Z, b) φ da g) I? d) aageT veqtoruli diagrama. amplitudaa 447 ma. risi tolia a) R, b) C da

SSM g) L?
•40. cvalebadi si ••45. 31.7 suraTze gamosaxul RLC wredSi

xSiris cvladi de R = 5omi, C = 20 mkf, L = 1 h da Em = 30 v. a) ra
nis wyaro, L induq ωd kuTxur sixSireze iqneba denis amplituda
ciurobis induqto maqsimaluri, rogorc es aris 31.13 suraTis
ri da R winaRobis rezonansul grafikebze? b) risi tolia
rezistori mimdev maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? g) ra dabal ωd
1
robiT aris Seer kuTxur sixSireze da d) maRal ωd kuTxur
sur. 31.28. amocana 40. 2
Tebuli. 31.28 su sixSireze iqneba denis amplituda maqsimaluri
raTze naCvenebia wredis Z sruli winaRobis mniSvnelobis naxevari? e) risi tolia am
amgzneb ωd kuTxur sixSireze damokidebulebis
1 2
/
wredisTvis (ωd  – ωd ) ω? SSM WWW
grafiki. suraTze aseve naCvenebia in
••46. Em = 220 v emZ-s mqone da 400 hc sixSireze
duqtoris XL reaqtiuli winaRobis ωd -ze
momuSave cvladi denis genetori R = 220 omi,
damokidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia a) R da
L = 150 mh da C = 24 mkf elementis mqone
b) L?
mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi rxevas iwvevs.
•41. 88 mh induqciurobisa da ucnobi winaRo gamoTvaleT a) XC tevadobiTi winaRoba, b) Z
bis koWa da 0,94 mkf kondensatori 930 hc sruli winaRoba da g) denis I amplituda. igive
sixSiris cvlad emZ-sTan mimdevrobiT aris tevadobis mqone meore kondensatori sxva
SeerTebuli. Tu Zabvas da dens Soris fazuri komponentebTan mimdevrobiT SeaerTes. d) XC ,
mudmivaa 75°, risi tolia koWas winaRoba? ILW e) Z da v) I mniSvnelobebi gaizarda, Semcirda
•42. cvladi denis wyaro 6v amplitudis emZ-s Tu igive darCa?
mqone RLC wreds 30° fazuri kuTxiT marTavs. ••47. rezonasis grafikis naxevarsiganis
rodesac kondensatoris potencialTa sxvaoba Δωd nawili I-s maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis
maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis (+5v) xdeba, risi naxevarze grafikis siganea. daamtkiceT, rom
tolia induqtoris potencialTa sxvaoba? Δωd /ω = R(3C/L)1/2, sadac ω aris kuTxuri
••43. a) SesaZlebelia Tu ara RLC wredSi sixSire rezonansis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT,
induqtoris Zabvis amplituda emZ genera rom Δωd /ω Sefardeba R-Tan erTad izrdeba.
toris amplitudaze meti iyos? b) RLC wredSi SSM
Em = 10 v, R = 10 omi, L = 1 h da C = 1 mkf. ••48. cvladi fd sixSiris cvladi emZ-s wyaro
gamoTvaleT induqtoris Zabvis amplituda 80 omi winaRobis rezistorTan da 40 mh in
rezonasis dros. duqtorTan mimdevrobiT aris mierTebuli.
••44. 31.29 suraTze naCvenebia RLC wredi, emZ-s amplitudaa 6 v. a) aageT veqtoruli
romelic or identur kondensators da or diagrama VR veqtorisTvis (rezistoris po
amomrTvels Seicavs. emZ-s amplitudaa 12v, tenciali) da VL veqtorisTvis (induqtoris
xolo sixSirea 60 hc. orive amomrTvelis potenciali). b) ra amgzneb fd sixSireze iqneba
gaRebis dros, deni emZ-s 30,9°-iT uswrebs. orive veqtoris sigrZe Tanabari? am dros
rodesac S1 amomrTveli daketilia da S2 risi tolia g) fazuri kuTxe gradusebSi,
d) veqtorebis brunvis kuTxuri siCqare da
e) denis amplituda?
••49. 31.30 suraTze gamosaxulia rxevis
regulirebadi sixSiris mqone generatori,
romelic R = 100Ω winaRobasTan, L1 = 1,7 mh
da L2 = 2,3 mh induqciurobebTan, C1 = 4 mkf,
1095
C2 = 2,5 mkf da Tebuli cvladi denis generatori. yuTi
C3 = 3,5 mkf te RLC wreds Seicavs, romlis elementebi
vadobebTan da kavSirebi ar viciT. yuTis gare nawilSi
aris mierTe gakeTebuli gazomvebis Sedegad dadginda:
buli. a) risi E(t) = (75 v) sin ωd t
tolia wredis
da i(t) = (1,2 a) sin(ωd t + 42°)
rezonansuli sixSire? (miniSneba: ix. 30-e Tavis
45-e amocana). ra mosdis rezonansul sixSires a) risi tolia simZlavris koeficienti?
b) R-is gazrdisas, g) L1-is gazrdisas da b) deni emZ-s win uswrebs Tu CamorCeba? g) yuTSi
moTavsebuli wredi ZiriTadad induqciuria
d) C3-is wredidan amoRebisas?
Tu ZiriTadad tevadobiTia? d) aris Tu ara
paragrafi 31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis
wredi rezonansul mdgomareobaSi? e) unda iyos
wredebSi
Tu ara yuTSi kondensatori? v) induqtori?
•50. maRali sruli winaRobis mqone cvladi
z) rezistori? T) ra tempiT miewodeba energia
denis voltmetrs wredSi TanmimdevrobiT
yuTs generatoridan? i) ratom ar aris saWiro
aerTeben induqtorTan, kondensatorTan
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisTvis ωd-s codna?
da rezistorTan. cvladi emZ 100 v-s tolia
SSM WWW
(saSualo kvadratuli sidide). samive
SemTxvevaSi voltmetris Cveneba erTi da ••56. Teatris sce
igivea. risi tolia es Cveneba? naze ganaTebis ti
puri gamomrTveli
•51. ra mudmivi deni warmoqmnis rezistorSi
B naTurasTan
siTburi energiis igive raodenobas, rasac
mimdevrobiT Car
2,6 a maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis cvladi deni? sur. 31.33. amocana 56.
Tuli cvla
•52. risi tolia cvladi Zabvis maqsimaluri di L induqtorisgan Sedgeba (sur. 31.33).
mniSvneloba, romlis saSualo kvadratuli
eleqtrodeni 120 v-ia da 60 hc sixSirisaa.
mniSvneloba 100 v-ia?
naTura 120 v-iani da 1000 vt-iania. a) ra Lmax
•53. sahaero kondicioneri 120v saSualo mniSvnelobaa saWiro, raTa naTuraSi energiis
kvadratuli mniSvnelobis cvlad xazTan aris xarjvis tempi 1000 vt zeda zRvridan 5-is
mierTebuli. es ganlageba 12Ω winaRobis da koeficientiT icvlebodes? davuSvaT naTuris
1,3Ω induqciuri winaRobis mimdevrobiT winaRoba temperaturaze damokidebuli ar
SeerTebis ekvivalenturia. gamoTvaleT a) aris. b) SesaZlebelia Tu ara induqtoris
sahaero kondicioneris sruli winaRoba da nacvlad cvladi rezistoris gamoyeneba?
b) mowyobilobisTvis energiis miwodebis g) Tu SesaZlebelia, risi tolia saWiro
saSualo tempi. SSM Rmax? d) ratom ar aris suraTze rezistori
••54. 31.31 suraTze gamoyenebuli?
daamtkiceT, rom ••57. 31.7 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavs RLC
R winaRobaSi ener wredSi R=5Ω, L=60 mh, fd=60 hc da Em=30v.
giis xarjvis sa tevadobis ra mniSvnelobebisTvis iqneba
Sualo tempi maqsi winaRobaSi energiis xarjvis saSualo tempi
maluria, rodesac a) maqsimaluri da b) minimaluri? risi tolia
R winaRoba cvladi g) xarjvis maqsimaluri tempi da Sesabamisi d)
da 64.
denis generatoris fazuri kuTxe da e) simZlavris koeficienti?
r Sida winaRobis tolia. risi tolia v) xarjvis minimaluri tempi da
••55. 31.32 suraT Sesabamisi z) fazuri kuTxe da T) simZlavris
ze naCvenebia mom koeficienti? SSM
Werebis wyvilis
••58. merxev mimdevrobiT wredSi R = 16 omi,
saSualebiT `Sav
C = 31,2 mkf, L = 9,2 mh da E = Em sin ωd t, sadac
yuTTan~ mier sur. 31.32. amocana 55
Em = 45 v da ωd=3000 radiani/wm. rodesac formatoris SemTxvevaSi risi tolia Vs/Vp

t = 0,442 mwm, risi tolia a) generatoridan Sefardebis d) umciresi, e) meore umciresi da
energiis miwodebis PPg tempi, b) kondensatorSi v) udidesi mniSvnelobebi?
energiis cvlilebis PC tempi, g) induqtorSi ••63. cvladi denis generatori orkabeliani
energiis cvlilebis PL tempi da d) rezistorSi gadamcemi xazis saSualebiT qarxnis
energiis xarjvis PR tempi? e) PC , PL da PR rezistul datvirTvas emZ-s awvdis.
mniSvnelobebis jami Pg-ze metia, naklebia Tu qarxanaSi ganlagebuli damadablebeli
tolia? transformatori Zabvis Vt mniSvnelobas
usafrTxoebisa da mosaxerxebeli gamoyenebis
••59. 31.7 suraTze R = 15 omi, C = 4,7 mkf da
mizniT amcirebs. gadamcemi xazis winaRobaa
L = 2,5 mh. generatori 75 v saSualo kvad-
0,3 omi/kabeli da generatoris simZlavrea
ratuli Zabvis da 550 hc sixSiris emZ-s
250kvt. Tu Vt = 80kv, risi tolia a) gadamcem
warmoqmnis. a) risi tolia saSualo kvad
xazze Zabvis ΔV Semcireba da b) xazze siTburi
ratuli deni? risi tolia saSualo kvad
energiis saxiT energiis xarjvis Pd tempi? Tu
ratuli Zabva b) R-ze, g) C-ze, d) L-ze, e) C-ze
Vt=8kv, risi tolia g) ΔV da d) Pd? Tu Vt=0,8kv,
da L-ze erTdroulad da v) R-ze, C-ze da L-ze
risi tolia e) ΔV da v) Pd?
erTdroulad? ra saSualo tempiT ixarjeba
energia z) R-Si, T) C-Si da i) L-Si? ILW damatebiTi amocanebi
paragrafi 31.11. transformatorebi 64. 31.31 suraTze marcxniv ganlagebuli

marTkuTxa yuTi audio gamaZlierebelis
•60. generatori transformatoris 50 xviis
gamosavalia, sadac r = 1000 omi. davuSvaT,
mqone pirvelad koWas 100v-s awvdis. Tu meorad
R = 10 omi iyos dinamikis dabali sruli
koWas 500 xvia aqvs, risi tolia meoradi
winaRobis koWa. energiis maqsimaluri rao
gragnilis deni?
denobiT gadacemisTvis R = r, Tumca am Sem
•61. transformatoris pirveladi gragnilis TxvevaSi es marTali ar aris. miuxedavad
xviebis ricxvia 500, xolo meoradi gragnilis amisa, transformators SeuZlia winaRobebi
xviebis ricxvia 10. a) Tu Vp=120v, risi tolia `gardaqmnas~ da isini imgvarad aamoqmedos,
Ria wredisTvis Vs? Tu meoradi gragnilis TiTqos maTi winaRobebi namdvil mniSvnelo
rezistuli datvirTvaa 15omi, risi tolia baze metia an naklebia. a) 31.31 suraTze
b) pirvelad gragnilSi naCveneb gamaZlierebelsa da dinamiks Soris
da g) meorad gragnilSi pirveladi da meore koWebi gamosaxeT, raTa
gamavali deni? SSM ILW isini srul winaRobebs Seesabamebodnen.
b) risi toli unda iyos xviaTa ricxvebis
•62. 31.34 suraTze
Sefardeba?
naCvenebia àvtotra
nsformatori~. es 65. 31.35 suraTze
mowyobiloba rkinis samfaziani G generato
gularis mqone koWasgan ri eleqtroenergias sur. 31.35. amocana 65.
Sedgeba. suraTze sur. 31.34. amocana 62. warmoqmnis, romelic
gamosaxulia sami sami mavTulis saSualebiT gadaicema.
momWeri. T1 da T2 momWerebs Soris 200 xviaa, eleqtruli potencialebia V1=Asinωd t (I
xolo T2 da T3 momWerebs Soris – 800 xvia. mavTuli), V2=Asin(ωd t–120°) (II mavTuli) da
pirveladi gragnilis momWerebad nebismieri V3=Ssin(ωd t–240°) (III mavTuli). mZime sawarmoo
ori SegviZlia avirCioT da igivea meoradi mowyobilobebs (magaliTad, Zravebs) sami
gragnilis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac arCevanis momWeri aqvs da maTze sami mavTuli pirdapir
Sedegad amamaRlebeli transformatori erTdeba. Cveulebrivi ormomWeriani mowyo
warmoiqmneba, risi tolia Vs/Vp Sefardebis bilobis (magaliTad, naTuris) SemTxvevaSi,
a) umciresi, b) meore umciresi da g) udi mowyobiloba samidan nebismier or mavTulze
desi mniSvnelobebi? damadablebeli trans erTdeba. daamtkiceT, rom nebismier or
1097
mavTuls Soris potencialTa sxvaoba a) ωd (erTi sruli ciklis) ganmavlobaSi a) kon
kuTxuri sixSiriT sinusoidalurad irxeva da densatorSi Senaxuli energia ar icvleba,
b) misi amplitudaa A/ 3 . b) induqtorSi Senaxuli energia ar icvleba,
66. a) daamtkiceT, rom 31.7 suraTze g) emZ mowyobilobidan miwodebuli energiaa

gamosaxuli wredisTvis energiis miwodebis ( 12 T)Em I cos φ da d) rezistorSi daxarjuli
1
saSualo tempia PsaS = E 2 saS.kv. R/Z 2 .
Semdeg energiaa ( 2 T)RI 2 . e) daamtkiceT, rom g)-sa da
daamtkiceT, rom saSualo simZlavris es d)-s pasuxebi Tanabaria.
formula gamosadegia b) wminda rezistuli 72. 1,5 mkf tevadobis kondensatoris teva
wredisTvis, g) rezonansuli RLC wredisTvis, dobiTi winaRobaa 12 omia. a) risi toli unda
d) wminda tevadobiTi wredisTvis da e) wminda iyos misi moqmedebis sixSire? b) ra iqneba
induqciuri wredisTvis. tevadobiTi winaRoba sixSiris gaormagebis
67. 120v Zabvis da 60hc sixSiris StefselSi SemTxvevaSi?
SeerTebuli eleqtroZrava meqanikur muSa 73. mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi, generatoris
obas 0,1 cxenis Zalis tempiT asrulebs maqsimaluri emZ-a 125 v da maqsimaluri denia
(1 cxenis Zala = 746 vt). a) Tu Zrava 0,65a 3,2a. Tu deni generatoris emZ-s 0,982 radianiT
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis dens uswrebs, risi tolia wredis a) sruli
iRebs, risi tolia misi èfeqturi~ winaRoba
winaRoba da b) winaRoba? g) wredi upiratesad
simZlavris gadacemis mimarT? b) aris Tu ara tevadobiTia Tu induqciuria?
es winaRoba Zravis koWebis winaRobis toli,
74. merxevi LC wredi 3mh induqciurobas da
romelic Zravis gamoerTebis Semdeg ommetris
saSualebiT izomeba? 10 mkf tevadobas Seicavs. gamoTvaleT rxevis
a) kuTxuri sixSire da b) periodi. g) t = 0 dros
68. rxevis regulirebadi sixSiris mqone
kondensatori 200 mkk-mdea damuxtuli da
generatori L = 2,5 mh induqtorTan da
deni nulis tolia. gamosaxeT kondensatoris
C = 3 mkf kondensatorTan mimdevrobiT
muxtis droze damokidebulebis grafiki.
aris SeerTebuli. ra sixSiriT warmoqmnis
generatori denis udides SesaZlo amplitudas 75. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi 60 hc sixSiriT
wredSi? imarTeba da induqtorze maqsimaluri Zabva
rezistorze da kondensatorze maqsimalur
69. datvirTvis pirobebSi momuSave eleq
Zabvebze orjer metia. a) ra kuTxiT CamorCeba
troZravis efeqturi winaRobaa 32omi, xolo
deni generatoris emZ-s? b) Tu generatoris
induqciuri winaRobaa 45omi. cvladi wyaros
maqsimaluri emZ-a 30 v, ra unda iyos wredis
Zabvis saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobaa
winaRoba, raTa maqsimaluri deni 300 ma
420v. gamoTvaleT denis saSualo kvadratuli
gaxdes?
mniSvneloba.
76. ra tevadoba unda SeaerToT 1,3 mh
70. fd cvladi sixSiris mqone cvladi emZ-is
induqtorTan, raTa miRebuli oscilatori
wyaro 50 omi winaRobis rezistorTan da 20 mkf
3,5khc-iT rezonirdes?
tevadobis kondensatorTan mimdevrobiT
aris SeerTebuli. emZ-s amplitudaa 12 v. 77. LC wredi 10,4 khc sixSiriT irxeva.
a) aageT veqtoruli diagrama VR veqtorisTvis a) Tu tevadoba aris 340 mkf, risi tolia
(rezistoris potenciali) da VC veqtorisTvis induqciuroba? b) Tu maqsimaluri denia 7,2 ma,
(kondensatoris potenciali). b) ra fd amgzneb risi tolia wredis sruli energia? g) risi

sixSireze iqneba ori veqtoris sigrZe tolia kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxti?
Tanabari? am dros risi tolia g) fazuri kuTxe 78. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredis rezonansuli
gradusebSi, d) veqtorebis brunvis kuTxuri sixSirea 6 khc. 8 khc-ze muSaobis dros wredis
siCqare da e) denis amplituda? sruli winaRobaa 1 komi da fazuri mudmivaa
71. sinusoidalurad marTuli, mimdevrobiTi 45°. risi tolia a) R, b) L da g) C am wredSi?

RLC wredisTvis daamtkice, rom T periodis 79. cvladi denis generatori E  = Em sin(ωd t – π/4),
sadac Em = 30 v da ωd = 350 radiani/wm. gene 84. RLC wreds 80v amplitudis emZ-s da 1,25
ratorTan mierTebul wredSi gamavali denia amplitudis denis generatori marTavs. deni
i(t) =Isin(ωd t + π/4), sadac I = 620 ma. a) ra drois emZ-s 0,65 radianiT uswrebs win. risi tolia
Semdeg gaxdeba generatoris emZ pirvelad wredis a) sruli winaRoba da b) winaRoba?
maqsimaluri? b) ra drois Semdeg gaxdeba deni g) wredi induqciuria, tevadobiTia Tu
pirvelad maqsimaluri? g) generatoris garda rezonansuli?
wredi kidev erT elements Seicavs. es elementi 85. 45 mh induqtoris sruli reaqtiuli
kondensatoria, induqtoria Tu rezistori?
winaRobaa 1,3 komi. a) risi tolia misi sixSire?
pasuxi daasabuTeT. d) risi tolia tevadoba,
b) risi tolia igive reaqtiuli winaRobis mqone
induqciuroba an winaRoba?
kondensatoris tevadoba igive sixSireze?
80. R1, L1, C1 kombinaciis mimdevrobiTi wredis sixSiris gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi risi
rezonansuli sixSire R2, L2, C2 gansxvavebuli tolia g) induqtoris da d) kondensatoris
kombinaciis wredis rezonansuli sixSiris reaqtiuli winaRoba?
tolia. Semdeg orive kombinacia mimdevrobiT
86. 3000 hc sixSiris generatori 120 v
SeaerTes. daamtkiceT, rom axali wredis
amplitudis emZ-iT mimdevrobiT RLC wreds
rezonansuli sixSire ar Seicvleba.
marTavs. winaRobaa 40 omi, tevadobaa 1,6 mkf da
81. 158mkf tevadobis kondensatori da induqciurobaa 850mkh. risi tolia a) fazuri
induqtori 8,15khc sixSiriT merxev LC wreds
mudmiva radianebSi da b) denis amplituda?
qmnis, sadac denis amplitudaa 4,21ma. risi
g) wredi tevadobiTia, induqciuria Tu
tolia a) induqciuroba, b) wredis sruli rezonansuli?
energia da g) kondensatoris maqsimaluri
87. 31.37 suraTze
muxti?
gamosaxuli
82. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredis induqtoris cvladi denis
maqsimaluri Zabva kondensatoris maqsimalur generatori 120 v
Zabvaze 1,5-jer metia da rezistoris Zabvas 60 hc six
maqsimalur Zabvaze 2-jer metia. a) risi tolia Sireze awvdis.
wredis φ? b) wredi induqciuria, tevadobiTia rodesac amom sur. 31.37. amocana 87.
Tu rezonansulia? winaRobaa 49 omi da rTveli Riaa, deni generatoris emZ-s 20°-

denis amplitudaa 200 ma. g) risi tolia emZ-s iT uswrebs. rodesac amomrTveli pirvel
amplituda? mdebareobazea, deni generatoris emZ-s 10°-
83. ganvixiloT 31.36 suraTze naCvenebi wredi. iT CamorCeba. rodesac amomrTveli meore
rodesac S1 amomrTveli daketilia da ori mdebareobazea, denis amplitudaa 2a. risi
sxva amomrTveli Riaa, wredis drois mudmivaa tolia a) R, b) L da g) C ?
τC. rodesac S2 amomrTveli daketilia da 88. merxevi LC wredis 1,5 mh induqtori 10 mkj
danarCeni ori amomrTveli Riaa, wredis maqsimalur energias inaxavs. risi tolia
drois mudmivaa τL. rodesac S3 amomrTveli maqsimaluri deni?
daketilia da danarCeni ori amomrTveli Riaa, 89. a) merxev LC wredSi risi tolia
wredi T periodiT irxeva. daamtkiceT, rom T =  kondensatoris muxti, rodesac eleqtrul
2π/ τ C τ L . velSi Senaxuli energia magnitur velSi
Senaxuli energiis 50%-ia? b) kondensatoris
srulad damuxtvis Semdeg ra periodi unda
gavides amgvari kondiciis misaRwevad?
90. mimdevrobiT RLC wreds cvladi denis
wyaro 400 hc sixSiriT da 90 v amplitudis
emZ-iT marTavs. winaRobaa 20 omi, tevadoba
sur. 31.36. amocana 83. 12,1 mkf da induqciurobaa 24,2 mh. risi
1099
tolia a) rezistorSi, b) kondensatorze da g)
induqtorze potencialTa sxvaobis saSualo
kvadratuli mniSvneloba? d) risi tolia
energiis xarjvis saSualo tempi?
91. merxev LC wredSi L = 8 mh da C = 1,4 mkf.
rodesac t = 0, deni maqsimaluria da 12 a-
ia. a) risi tolia rxevis ganmavlobaSi
kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxti? b) ra t>0
umcires droSi iqneba kondensatorSi energiis
cvlilebis tempi maqsimaluri? g) risi tolia sur. 31.38. amocana 97.
cvlilebis maqsimaluri tempi?
Robis rezistorisgan, L induqciurobis
92. mimdevrobiT RLC wreds generatori
induqtorisgan da C tevadobis kondensa
1050 hc sixSiriT marTavs. induqciurobaa
torisgan Sedgeba. amgznebi sixSire bunebriv
90mh, tevadoba 0,5mkf da fazuri mudmiva 60°
sixSires Seesabameba. Semdeg S1, S2, S3 da S4
(kuTxis swori niSani Tqven unda SearCioT).
amomrTvelebi igive mimdevrobiT daiketa.
a) risi tolia winaRoba? wredSi gamavali
daketvis Semdeg kondensatorebi pirveli
denis amplitudis gazrdisTvis b) amgznebi
kondensatoris identuri da rezistorebi
sixSire, g) induqciuroba da d) tevadoba unda pirveli rezistoris identuri xdeba.
gaizardos Tu Semcirdes?
davuSvaT Em=12v, C=2mkf, L=2mh da R=12Ω.
93. mimdevrobiT RLC wreds generatori
a) qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis pirveli
2000 hc sixSiriT da 170 v amplitudis emZ-
sveti wredis Cekv ekvivalenturi tevadobis
iT marTavs. induqciurobaa 60 mh, tevadobaa
mniSvnelobebiT SeavseT, rodesac amomrTveli
0,4 mkf da winaRobaa 200 omi. a) risi tolia
rig-rigobiT iketeba. aseve SeavseT b) f re
fazuri mudmiva radianebSi? b) risi tolia
zonansuli sixSiris, g) Rekv ekvivalenturi
denis amplituda?
winaRobis, d) Z sruli winaRobis da
94. datvirTvis qveS myofi da 220 v saSualo e) denis I amplitudis svetebi (gamoTvlebis
kvadratuli mniSvnelobis Zabvaze momuSave dasrulebamde ricxvebis damrgvaleba sasur
eleqtroZrava 3 a saSualo kvadratul dens veli ar aris).
aCens. Zravis winaRobaa 24 omi da tevadobiTi
winaRoba ar gaaCnia. risi tolia Zravis daketva Cekv f Rekv Z I
induqciuri winaRoba? S1
95. 7 mkf tevadobis kondensatoris sawyisi S2
potencialia 12 v, rodesac kondensatori S3
induqtorTan aris mierTebuli. Semdeg S4
kombinacia 715 hc sixSiriT irxeva. risi tolia
98. rodesac 31.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
induqtoris induqciuroba?
generatoris emZ maqsimaluria, risi tolia
96. LC oscilatori 2 nf tevadobis a) generatoris, b) winaRobis, g) tevadobis
kondensatorisgan da 2 mh induqtorisgan da d) induqciurobis Zabva? e) miRebuli
Sedgeba. maqsimaluri Zabvaa 4 v. risi tolia mniSvnelobebi SekribeT da SeamowmeT, srul
a) rxevis sixSire, b) maqsimaluri deni, deba Tu ara konturis wesi.
g) induqtorSi Senaxuli maqsimaluri energia 99. ganvixiloT milevadi LC wredi. a) daam
da d) denis cvlilebis maqsimaluri di/dt tkiceT, rom milevis wevri e–Rt/2L (romelic
tempi? L-s Seicavs da ara C-s) ufro simetriulad,
97. 31.38 suraTze naCvenebia fiqsirebuli e–πR( C / L )t/T saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros, sadac T aris
Em amplitudis emZ-s wyaroTi marTuli rxevis periodi (winaRoba ugulebelyofilia).
RLC wredi. Tavdapirvelad wredi R wina b) a)-s gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom
fd sixSire 0-dan 1000 hc-mde icvleba. a) aageT

L / C -s erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris omi.
XC tevadobiTi winaRobis da XL induqciuri
g) a)-s gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom ciklis
winaobis fd -ze damokidebulebis grafikebi,
ganmavlobaSi energiis mcire nawilis
rodesac 0 < fd < 200 hc. b) gansazRvreT
dakargvis pirobaa R<< L / C .
fd , rodesac XC = XL. aageT wredis Z sruli
100. 150 mh induqtori, 45 mkf tevadobis
winaRobis fd-ze damokidebulebis grafiki,
kondensatori da 90 omi winaRobis rezistori
rodesac 0 < fd < 188 hc da gansazRvreT g) Z-is
cvladi denis wyarosTan mimdevrobiT aris
minimaluri mniSvneloba da d) fd-s mniSvneloba,
mierTebuli. emZ-s Em amplitudaa 100 v. wyaros
rodesac Z minimaluria.
maqsvelis gantolebebi;
materiis magnetizmi
32
vinaidan dedamiwis magnituri veli TandaTanobiT, magram ganuwyvetliv
icvleba, kompasis mier naGvenebi GrdiloeTis mimarTulebac cvlilebas
ganicdis. mraval mizezTa gamo, mkvlevarebs ainteresebT GrdiloeTis
mimarTuleba warsulis garkveul dros, magram kompasis istoriuli
Ganawerebis povna iSviaTia, Tumca zogierTi suraTi SeiZleba dagvexmaros.
magaliTad, vatikanis darbazis freskebma sarwmunod Semoinaxa GrdiloeTis
mimarTuleba 1740 wels, misi daxatvis dros.
rogor SeuZlia naxats dedamiwis magnituri velis mimarTulebis Semonaxva?

es Tavi warmoaCens, Tu raoden farToa fizika, radgan
is moicavs yvelafers eleqtruli da magnituri velebis
ZiriTadi kanonebidan gamoyenebiT mecnierebaTa da magnituri
masalebis Seqmnamde. Tavidan, Cven vasrulebT eleqtruli
da magnituri velebis ganxilvas da vxvdebiT, rom bolo
TerTmeti Tavis fizikuri principebi SeiZleba Sejamdes
mxolod oTxi gantolebiT, romelsac maqsvelis gantolebebs
uwodeben.
Semdeg, Cven ganvixilavT magnituri masalebis mecnierul
Seswavlasa da maT damzadebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
araerTi mecnieri da inJineri cdilobs Seityos, ratomaa
zogi masala magnituri, zogi ki ara da ra gziT SeiZleba ukve
arsebul magnitur masalaTa gaumjobeseba. am mkvlevarebs
ainteresebT, Tu ratom aqvs dedamiwas magnituri veli da
Tqven ki ara. isini eZeben iaf magnitur masalebs, raTa SeZlon
maTi gamoyeneba manqanebSi, samzareuloebSi, ofisebsa Tu sur. 32.1. tatuirebisTvis gamo
yenebuli zogierTi melani magnitur
saavadmyofoebSi da es masalebi xSirad moulodnelad nawilakebs Seicavs,
gamoCndeba xolme. magaliTad, Tu sxeulze gakeTebuli gaqvT
1101
1102 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
tatu da MRI (magnitur-rezonansul) gamokvlevas CaitarebT, gamokvlevisas gamoyenebulma didma

magniturma velma SeiZleba sagrZnoblad moqaCos Tqveni tatuirebuli kani, radgan zogierTi
tatus melani magnitur nawilakebs Seicavs. sxva magaliTSi, zogierTi sakvebi marcvleuli
reklamirebulia, rogorc “rkiniT gamdidrebuli”, radgan Seicaves misaRebad dasaSveb mcire
raodenobiT rkinas. vinaidan rkinis nawilakebi magnituria, Tqven, wyalTan Sereul marcvleulze
magnitis gatarebisas, maTi Segroveba SegiZliaT.
Cveni pirveli nabijiT gausis kanons davubrundebiT, magram amjerad magnituri velebisaTvis.
32.2. gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis

nax. 32-2-ze naCvenebia magnitis Reroze moTavsebuli qaRaldis gamWvirvale furcelze
mimobneuli rkinis fxvnili. fxvnilis namcecebi, cdiloben ra ganawildnen magnitis magnituri
velis mixedviT, warmogviCenen vels. magnitis erTi bolo velis “saTavea” (velis Zalwirebi
misgan gamodian), meore bilo ki velis “Semkrebi niJaraa” (Zalwirebi iq Caedinebian). Cveulebriv,
saTaves uwodeben magnitis CrdiloeT poluss, Semkreb niJaras ki samxreT poluss. amboben, rom
magniti, Tavisi ori polusiT, warmoadgnes magnituri dipolis magaliTs.
warmovidginoT, rom magnitis Rero carciviT orad gadavtexeT. (nax. 32.3). amiT, erTi SexedviT,
mxolod erT poluss davtovebT, anu SevZlebT magnituri monopolis (erTpolusiani magnitis)
miRebas. magram, es ase rodia. amas verasdros SevZlebT, Tundac magniti atomebad, metic,
eleqtronebad da birTvebadac rom davanawevroT. yovel natexs Tavisi Crdilo da samxreT
polusi eqneba. ase, rom:
umartivesi magnituri struqtura gaxlavT magnituri dipoli. magnituri monopolebi

ar arsebobs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis isini ucnobia).
swored magnituri monopolis ararsebobas adasturebs gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis.

am kanonis mixedviT, nebismieri Caketili gausis zedapiris gamWoli sufTa magnituri nakadi ФВ
nulis tolia:
ФВ = ·d = 0 (gausis kanoni magnituri velisTvis) (32.1)
SevadaroT es kanoni gausis kanons eleqtruli velisTvis:

qmoc
ФВ = ·d = ε (gausis kanioni elqtruli velisTvis).
0
sur. 32.2 Rerovani magniti magnituri dipolia. rkinis sur. 32.3. Tu magnits gatexT, TiToeuli naWeri
naqlibi magnituri velis Zalwirebze miuTiTebs magniti gaxdeba da sakuTari CrdiloeT da samxreT
(suraTis fonze Seferadebuli sinaTlea). polusebi eqneba
32.2. gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis 1103
orive kanonSi integrali aRebulia gausis Caketili
zedapiridan. gausis kanoni eleqtruli velebisaTvis
amtkicebs, rom es integrali (zedapiris gamWoli sufTa
eleqtruli nakadi) proporciulia zedapiris mier moculi
qmoc sufTa eleqtruli muxtisa. gausis kanoni magnituri
velebisaTvis ambobs, rom zedapiri ar SeiZleba ganWolos
sufTa magniturma nakadma, radgan es zedapiri ar SeiZleba
moicavdes sufTa “magnitur muxts” (calkeul magnitur
polusebs). umartivesi magnituri struqtura, romelic
SeiZleba arsebobdes da, maSasadame, mocul iqnas gausis
zedapiris mier, aris dipoli, romelic Sedgeba rogorc
ZalwirTa saTavis, aseve maTi Semkrebi niJarisagan. ase, rom
zedapiris SigniTac imdenive magnituri nakadi unda iyos,
ramdenic mis gareT da sufTa magnituri nakadi yovelTvis
nulis toli unda iyos.
gausis kanoni magnituri velisaTvis samarTliania
magnitur dipolze ufro rTuli struqturebisTvisac nax. 32.4. magnitis mokle Reros
magnituri velis Zalwirebi. wiTeli
maSinac ki, roca gausis zedapiri mTel struqturas ar
mrude xazebi aRniSnaven Caketili,
moicavs. 32-4 naxazze naCvenebi magnituri Reros siaxloves samganzomilebiani gausis zedapiris
arsebuli gausis zedapiri II ar moicavs polusebs da ganivkveTs.
SegviZlia iolad davaskvnaT, rom misi gamWoli sufTa
magnituri nakadi nulis tolia. gausuri zedapiri I ki ufro rTulia. SeiZleba mogveCvenos,
rom igi mxolod magnitis CrdiloeT poluss moicavs, radgan igi moicavs aRniSvna N-s da ara
S-s. magram, samxreTi polusi zedapiris qvemo sazRvars unda davukavSiroiT, radgan magnituri
Zalwirebi zedapirSi iqidan Sedian. (zedapiris mier moculi nawilebi erTi mTlianiviT aris,
rogorc es gatexili magnitis Reros SemTxvevaSi gvqonda nax. 32-3-ze). ase, rom gausis zedapiri I
moicavs magnitur dipols da zedapiris gamWoli sufTa nakadi nulis tolia.
sakontrolo wertili 1. qvemoTmoyvanil naxazze naCvenebia oTxi Caketili zedapiri

brtyeli zeda-qveda fuZeebiT da mrude gverdebiT. cxrilSi mocemulia fuZeTa A farTobebi
da am fuZeTa gamWoli erTgvarovani da perpendikularuli magnituri velebis B sidideebi.
A da B-s erTeulebi nebismieri, magram mudmivia. daalageT zedapirebi maTi mrude gverdebis
gamWoli magnituri nakadis sidideebis mixedviT (pirvelad - yvelaze didi).
zedapiri A zeda B zeda A qveda B qveda

a 2 6, gareT 4 3, SigniT
b 2 1, SigniT 4 2, SigniT
g 2 6, SigniT 2 8, gareT
d 2 6, gareT 3 2, gareT
(a) (b) (g) (d)

32.3. aRZruli magnituri velebi

30-e TavSi vnaxeT, rom cvalebadi magnituri nakadi aRZravs eleqtrul vels da gamoviyvaneT
faradeis induqciis kanoni:
dФВ
·d = (faradeis induqciis kanoni), (32.2)
dt
sadac EE aris Caketili xviiT garSemortymuli ФВ cvalebadi magnituri nakadis mier am xviis
gaswvriv aRZruli eleqtruli veli. vinaidan simetria fizikaSi xSirad gvxvdeba, SeiZleba
gagviCndes kiTxva: amgvari aRZvra uku mimarTulebiTac xom ar xdeba? anu, cvalebad eleqtrul
nakadsac xom ar SeuZlia magnituri velis aRZvra?
diax, SeuZlia! metic, magnituri velis aRZvris aRmweri
gantoleba TiTqmis simetriulia 32-2 gantolebisa. mas xSirad
maqsvelis induqciis kanons uwodeben (jeims klerk maqsvelis
pativsacemad) da Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
dФE
· d = μ0ε0 (maqsvelis induqciis kanoni), (32.3)
dt
sadac aris Caketili xviiT garSemortymul areSi ФE
cvalebadi eleqtruli nakadis mier am xviis gaswvriv aRZruli
magnituri veli.
amgvari aRZvris magaliTia wriulfirfitebiani brtyeli
kondensatoris damuxtva (nax. 32.5a) (Cven mxolod am
mowyobilobas ganvixilavT, Tumca cvalebadi eleqtruli
(a)
nakadi yovelTvis aRZravs magnitur vels). davuSvaT, rom
kondensatorze moqmedi muxti mudmivi siCqariT izrdeba
SeerTebul sadenebSi gamavali i mudmivi deniT. maSin
firfitebs Soris eleqtruli velis sididec mudmivi siCqariT
unda gaizardos.
32.5b-ze naCvenebia 32.5a-ze gamosaxuli marjvena firfitis
xedi firfitebs Soris sivrcidan. eleqtruli veli mimarTulia
furclis SigniT (indeqsi X). warmovidginoT wertilSi (1)
gamavali wriuli xvia (nax. 32.5a da b), romelic kondensatoris
firfitebis koncentrulia da radiusi firfitisaze
mcire aqvs. vinaidan xviaSi eleqtruli veli icvleba, e.i
(b) xviaSi gamavali eleqtruli nakadic unda Seicvalos. 32.3
gantolebis Tanaxmad, es cvalebadi eleqtruli nakadi xviis
sur. 32.5. a) wriuli, paralelur garSemo aRZravs magnitur vels.
firfitebiani kondensatoris
gverdxedi. kondensatori mudmivi eqsperimentiT mtkicdeba, rom magnituri veli
i deniT aris damuxtuli; b) marTlac aRZrulia aseTi xviis garSemo, zemoT moyvanili
kondensatori Signidan,
 marjvena mimarTulebiT. is magnituri veli xviis garSemo nebismier
firfitis xedi. E eleqtruli veli
erTgvarovania da wignis gverdisken
wertilSi erTidaigive sididisaa da amgvarad kondensatoris
(firfitisken) aris mimarTuli. misi firfitebis centraluri RerZis (RerZi erTi firfitis
sidide kondensatoris  muxtTan centridan meoremde) garSemo wriuli simetria gaaCnia.
erTad izrdeba. B magnituri
veli cvalebadi eleqtruli velis
gamoisobiT Cndeba da r radiusis
mqone wris oTx wertilzea
naCvenebia. am wris radiusi firfitis
R radiusze naklebia
32.3. aRZruli magnituri velebi 1105

sur. 32.6. erTgvarovania B magnituri veli
 wriul regionSi. veli wignis
gverdisken aris mimarTuli da izrdeba. E eleqtruli veli cvalebadi
magnituri velis gamoisobiT aris Seqmnili da wriuli regionisadmi
koncentruli wris oTx wertilzea naCvenebi. aRwerili mdgomareoba 32.5b
suraTs SeadareT.
amper-maqsvelis kanoni
gavixsenoT, rom 32.3 gantolebis marcxena mxare · d -is integrali Caketili xviis garSemo,
Cndeba sxva gantolebaSi – konkretulad, amperis kanonSi:
· d = μ0ienc (amperis kanoni) , (32.4)
sadac Ienc aris deni, romelic garSemortymulia Caketili xviiT. amrigad, es ori gantoleba,
romelic gansazRvravs magnituri masalis gareSe warmoqmnil magnitur vels (anu, deniTa da
cvalebadi eleqtruli veliT) vels zustad erTsadaimave formas aniWebs. Cven SegviZlia es ori
gantoleba erTSi gavaerTianoT
dФE
· d = μ0ε0 + μ0ienc (amper-maqsvelis kanoni). (32.5)
dt
rodesac arsebobs deni, magram eleqtruli veli ar icvleba (mag. mudmivi denis gamtar sadenebSi),
marjvena mxaris pirveli wevri nulis tolia da gantoleba 32-5 daiyvaneba gantoleba 32-4-mde.
rodesac eleqtruli veli icvleba, magram ar arsebobs deni (rogoricaa mag. kondensatoris
“RriWos” SigniT Tu gareT), maSin gantolebis marjvena mxaris meore wevri udris nuls, amrigad
gantoleba 32-5 daiyvaneba maqsvelis induqciis kanonamde (gantoleba 32.3).

paralelurfirfitebiani kondensatori R nebia nax. 32.5-ze, vinaidan Cveni mizania
radiusiani wriuli firfitebiT, damuxtulia gamovTvaloT magnituri veli r ≤ R SemTxve
iseve, rogorc nax. 23-5-Si. visaTvis, anu kondensatoris SigniT. xviis
gaswvriv mdebare yovel wertilSi magnituri
a) gamoiyvaneT gamosaxuleba magnituri veli
veli warmoadgens xviis mxebs, iseve
saTvis, rodesac radiusia r, Tu r ≤ R.
rogorc gzis d elementi. amgvarad, xviis
amoxsna: aq amocanis gasaRebia is, rom
yovel wertilSi da d an paraleluria an
magnituri veli SeiZleba gamowveul
antiparaleluri. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT,
iqnas deniT da induqciiT eleqtruli
rom isini paraleluria (es gavlenas ar
nakadis cvlilebis Sedegad; orive efeqti
iqoniebs saboloo Sedegze). maSin:
warmodgenilia gantoleba 32-5-Si. nax. 32-5-Si
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris deni ar aris, ·d = B ds cos 0° = B ds.
magram eleqtruli nakadi icvleba. amrigad,
firfitebis wriuli simetriis gamo, SegviZlia
gantoleba 32-5 daiyvaneba 32-6-mde
dФE davuSvaT, xviis irgvliv, yovel wertilSi,
· d = μ0ε0 . (32.6)
dt -s erTidaigive mniSvneloba aqvs. amdenad,
axla am gantolebis marcxena da marjvena zemoT moyvanili gantolebis marjvena mxares,
mxareebs cal-calke SevafasebT. B SeiZleba integrals gareT gamovitanoT.
gantoleba 32-6-is marcxena mxare: aviRoT dagvrCeba integrali  ds, romelic ubra
amperis xvia r ≤ R radiusiT, rogorc naCve lod, xviis sigrZis 2πr-is tolia. maSin, 32.6
gantolebis marcxena mxare toli iqneba mxareebis gamoTvliT isev gantoleba 32.7-
(B)(2πr). s miviRebT. amosaxsnelad erTi gasaRebis
gantoleba 32-6-is marjvena mxare: vuSvebT, rom mignebaa saWiro: eleqturuli veli arsebobs
eleqtruli veli kondensatoris firfitebs mxolod firfitebs Soris da ara maT gareT.
Soris erTgvarovania da firfitebis mimarT amrigad, eleqtrul velSi amperuli xviiT
perpendikularuladaa mimarTuli. maSin, SemosazRvruli farTobi A aris ara xviis
eleqtruli nakadi ФE amperis xviis gaswvriv mTliani πr 2 farTobi. aramed mxolod
EA-s toli iqneba, sadac A aris eleqtrul firfitis πR 2 farTobia.
velSi xviis mier SemosazRvruli farTobi. gantoleba 32-7-Si A-s πR2-iT SecvliT
amdenad, 32-6 gantolebis marjvena mxare miviRebT B-s mniSvnelobas, rodesac r ≥ R
iqneba μ0ε0d(EA)/dt. μ ε R2 dE
B = 0 0  . (pasuxi) (32-9)
Tu miRebul Sedegebs 32-6 gantolebis marjvena 2r dt
da marcxena mxareebSi CavsvamT, miviRebT: es gantoleba gveubneba, rom kondensatoris
d(EA) gareT, B Tavisi udidesi mniSvnelobidan
(B)(2�r) = μ0ε0  .
dt firfitis kideze (sadac r = R), radialuri
vinaidan A mudmivi sididea, d(EA)-s nacvlad manZilis gazrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. ganto
vwerT A dE; anu, miviRebT: leba 32.8-sa da 32.9-Si r = R-is SecvliT, Cven
dE vaCvenebT, rom es gantolebebi mudmivia,
(B)(2�r) = μ0 ε0 A  . (32-7)
dt anu isini gvaZleven B-s ucvlel maqsimalur
Semdeg, gamoviyenebT im garemoebas, rom amperis mniSvnelobas firfitis gasazRvrul radi
xviis mier eleqtrul velSi SemosazRvruli usze.
farTobi A warmoadgens xviis srul farTobs (b)-Si gamoTvlili aRZruli magnituri
πr2, radgan xviis r radiusi firfitis R velis sidide imdenad mcirea, rom is martivi
radiusze naklebia (an misi tolia). Tu 32-7 xelsawyoTi Znelad Tu gaizomeba. es mkveTrad
gantolebaSi A-s πr2-iT SevcvliT, miviRebT kontrastirebs aRZruli eleqtruli velis
(roca r ≤ R): sidideebTan (faradeis kanoni), romelTa
μ ε r dE
B = 0 0  . (pasuxi) (32.8) gazomvac advilad SeiZleba. es eqsperimentuli
2 dt
gansxvaveba arsebobs nawilobriv imitom,
am gantolebidan Cans, rom kondensatoris
rom aRZruli eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalebi
SigniT, radialuri r manZilis gazrdiT B
SeiZleba advilad gamravldes mravalxviiani
wrfivad izrdeba, 0-dan (centralur Rer
gragnilis saSualebiT. magnituri velebis
ZTan) maqsimalur sididemde (firfitis R
gamravlebisaTvis aseTi martivi meTodi
radiusze).
ar arsebobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am nimuSiT
b) gamoTvaleT velis sidide B, roca r = R/5 = nakarnaxevi eqxperimenti Catarebula da
11 mm da dE/dt = 1,5 × 1012 v/m ·wm. aRZruli magnituri velebis arseboba
amoxsna: (a)-s pasuxidan Cven gvaqvs: raodenobrivad Semowmda.
dE
B = 1 μ0ε0 r sakontrolo wertili 2. am naxazze
2 dt
1 moyvanilia eleqtruli velis E sididis
=  (4�×10–7 t·m/a)(8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2)
2 t droze damokidebulebis grafiki. oTxi
× (11×10–3 m)(1,5×1012 v/m·wm) erTgvarovani, identur wriul ubanSi
= 9,18×10–8 t (pasuxi) warmoqmnili (rogorc nax. 32-5-ze) eleq
truli velisaTvis. daaxarisxeT velebi
g) gamoiyvaneT gantoleba aRZruli magnituri maT mier ubnis ki
velisaTvis, rodesac r ≥ R. deze gamowveuli
amoxsna: amoxsnis xerxi iseTivea, rogoric (a)- magnituri velebis
Si, im gansxvavebiT, rom aq, firfitebis gareT sididis mixedviT,
B-s gamosaTvlelad, amperis xvias viyenebT, udidesidan umcire
romlis r radiusi firfitis R radiusze sisaken.
metia. gantoleba 32-6-is marcxena da marjvena
32.4. wanacvlebis deni 1107
32.4. wanacvlebis deni

Tu SeadarebT gantoleba 32-5-is marjvena mxaris or wevrs, dainaxavT rom warmoebuli ε0(dΦE/dt)-
s unda hqondes denis ganzomileba. sinamdvileSi, es warmoebuli iTvleba, rogorc warmosaxviTi
deni, romelsac wanacvlebis deni Id ewodeba.
dФE
Id = ε0 (wanacvlebis deni). (32.10)
dt
sityva “wanacvleba” arasworadaa SerCeuli, radgan aq arafris wanacvlebas aqvs adgili. ubralod,
am termins SeveCvieT. rac ar unda iyos, axla, gantoleba 32-5 SeiZleba daiweros rogorc
· d = μ0 id,enc + μ0 ienc (amper-maqsvelis kanoni), (32.11)
sadac id,enc aris integrebis wiriT SemosazRvruli wanacvlebis deni.

axla ganvixiloT damuxtuli wriulfirfitiani kondensatori, rogoric naCvenebia nax. 32-7-
Si. namdvili deni i, romelic muxtavs firfitebs, cvlis eleqtrul vels firfitebs Soris.
warmosaxviTi deni id firfitebs Soris, dakavSirebulia am magnituri velis cvlilebasTan.
modiT davakavSiroT es ori deni.
firfitis q muxti nebismier dros dakavSirebulia im momentSi firfitebs Soris arsebuli velis
E sididesTan gantoleba 25.4-iT:
q = ε0 AE , (32-12)
sadac A firfitis farTobia. namdvili i denis gamosaTvlelad davweroT 32.12 gantolebis

warmoebuli droiT da miviRebT
dq dE
= i = ε0 A  . (32.13)
dt dt
gadanacvlebis denis (id) misaRebad, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
gantoleba 32-10. davuSvaT, rom eleqtruli veli or
firfitas Soris erTgvarovania (kideebs yuradRebas
ar vaqcevT), maSin am gantolebaSi eleqtruli nakadi
ΦE SeiZleba EA-Ti SevcvaloT. maSin gantoleba 32.10
(a)
gadaiqceva 32.14-ad:
dФE d(EA) dE
id = ε0  = ε0  = ε0 A  . (32-14)
dt dt dt
gantoleba 32-13-sa da 32-14-s Tu SevadarebT, davinaxavT,
rom namdvili deni i, romelic muxtavs kondensators da
warmosaxviTi wanacvlebis deni id erTidaigive sididisaa. (b)
id = i (wanacvlebis deni kondensatorSi) (32-16)
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia warmovidginoT warmosaxviTi

gadanacvlebis deni id , rogorc namdvili i denis gagrZeleba
erTi firfitidan kondensatoris “RriWos” gavliT meore nax. 32.7. (a) wanacvlebis deni Id
firfitamde. vinaidan eleqtruli veli firfitebze kondensatoris firfitebs Soris,
erTgvarovnadaa gabneuli, igive SeiZleba iTqvas id-zec, romelic imuxteba i deniT. (b) marjvena
xelis wesi realuri deniani sadenis
rogorc naCvenebia nax. 32-7-Si denis isrebis gabneviT. garSemo magnituri velis dasadgenad
Tumca realurad firfitebs Soris araviTari muxti (rogorc marcxena naxatSi) aseve
ar moZraobs, warmosaxviTi id denis idea dagvexmareba gvaZlevs wanacvlebis denis garSemo
magnituri velis mimarTulebas (rogorc
aRZruli magnituri velis sididisa da mimarTulebis centralur naxatSi).
swrafad povnaSi, rogorc es qvemoTaa moyvanili.
aRZruli magnituri velis povna

29-e TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT realuri i denis mimarTuleba nax. 29-4–ze gamosaxuli marjvena
xelis wesis mixedviT. igive wesi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT warmosaxviTi wanacvlebis id denis mier
aRZruli magnituri velis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvisac, rogorc es naCvenebia nax. 32-7b-is
Sua suraTze kondensatorisaTvis.
id–is gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia damuxtvis procesSi myofi R radiusiani wriuli paralelur
firfitebiani kondensatoris mier aRZruli magnituri velis sididis gansazRvrisaTvis.
ubralod vuSvebT, rom firfitebs Soris manZili warmoadgens R radiusian warmosaxviT wriul
sadens, romelic atarebs warmosaxviT id dens. maSin, 29-20 gantolebidan gamomdinare, magnituri
velis sidide kondensatoris SigniT, centridan r radiusiT daSorebul wertilSi toli iqneba:
B= ( μ0 id
2�R2 ) r (wriuli kondensatoris SigniT). (32.16)
analogiurad, 29-17 gantolebidan, magnituri velis sidide kondensatoris gareT, r radiusiT

daSorebul wertilSi iqneba:
μ0 id
B= (wriuli kondensatoris gareT) (32.17)
2�r

wriuli paralelurfirfitebiani kondensa es gvaZlevs: id, enc = id πr2/πR2 -s.
tori (nimuSi 32-1) damuxtulia i deniT. gantoleba 32.18-Si amis CanacvlebiT, viRebT
gantoleba 32.19-s.
a) ras udris · d -is sidide (μ0-iTa da id-Ti
πr2
gamosaxuli) firfitebs Soris maTi centridan    · d = μ0 id  
. (32.19)
πR2
r = R/5 radiusze?
Semdeg, id = i-sa (gantoleba 32.15-dan) da
amoxsna: 32-1a amocanis amoxsnis gasaRebi aqac r = R/5-is gantoleba 32-19-Si gaTvaliswinebas
gamogvadgeba, Tumca aq SegviZlia warmoebuli mivyavarT pasuxamde.
ε0 dΦE/dt (gantoleba 32.5) warmosaxviTi wana
(R/5)2 μ0 i
cvlebis deniT, id-Ti SevcvaloT. integrali    · d = μ0 id   = . (pasuxi)
R2 25
   · d mocemulia gantoleba 32-11-Si, magram
ras udris r = R/5-ze kondensatoris SigniT
radganac aq, kondensatoris firfirtebs
aRZruli magnituri veli, Tu gamovsaxavT
Soris, namdvili i deni ar arsebobs, gantoleba
maqsimaluri magnituri veliT?
miiRebs saxes
amoxsna: aq gasaRebia is, rom, vinaidan
   · d = μ0 id,enc . (32-18). kondensators wriuli firfitebi aqvs, Cven
vinaidan Cven gvinda · d -is gamoTvla r = R/5 SeiZleba firfitebs Soris sivrce CavTvaloT,
radiusze (kondensatoris SigniT), integrebis rogorc warmosaxviTi, R radiusiani sadeni,
wiri wanacvlebis denis id mxolod id,enc nawils romelsac warmosaxviTi deni id gadaaqvs.
SemosazRvravs. meore gasaRebi: davuSvaT, Semdeg, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT gantoleba
rom id Tanabradaa modebuli firfitis 32-16 kondensatoris nebismier wertilSi
mTlian zedapirze. maSin wanacvlebis denis aRZruli magnituri velis B sididis gasagebad.
wrediT SemosazRvruli nawili wrediT r = R/5-ze, gantoleba gvaZlevs:
SemosazRvruli
iqneba:
farTobis proporciuli
B= ( )
μ0id
2�R 2
μ i (R/5)
r= 0d 2 =
2�R
μ0id
10�R
(32-20)
( SemosazRvruli
wanacvlebis deni id,enc ) SemosazRvruli farTobi πr2
gantoleba 32-16-idan velis maqsimaluri
sidide Bmax kondensatoris SigniT miiReba
=
( mTliani
wanacvlebis deni id ) mTliani farTobi πR2
rodesac r = R esaa:
32.5. maqsvelis gantolebebi 1109
B= ( )
μ0id
2�R2
μi
R= 0d
2�R
(32-21) sakontrolo wertili 3. naxazze gamo
saxulia parlelurfirfitebiani konden
gantoleba 32-20-s 32-21-ze gayofiT da Sedegis satoris erT-erTi firfitis xedi
gadanacvlebiT vpoulobT pasuxs. kondensatoris Signidan. wyvetili xazebi
Bmax aCvenebs integrebis (wirebs) (wiri b
B= . (pasuxi) firfitis kides miyveba). daaxarisxeT es
5
kargi iqneba, Tu SevZlebT am Sedegis miRebas gzebi udidesidan
meti msjelobiTa da ufro naklebi Tavis umciresisaken,
mtvreviT. gantoleba 32-16 gveubneba, rom k o n d e n s a t o r i s
kondensatoris SigniT, r-Tan erTad B wrfivad ganmuxtvisas maT
izrdeba. amitom B veli im manZilis 1  -ze, sadac gaswvriv arse

5
Bmax-i miiReba, aris 1  B . buli · d -is
5 max
sididis mixedviT.
32.5. maqsvelis gantolebebi

gantoleba 32-5, bolo gantolebaa maqsvelis gantolebebad wodebuli eleqtromagnetizmis
oTxi ZiriTadi formulidan (isini 32-1 cxrilSia mocemuli). es oTxi gantoleba xsnis bevr
gansxvavebul movlenas: mag., ratomaa miqceuli kompasis isari CrdiloeTisaken an ratom
iZvris manqana, rodesac Cven Zravis anTebis gasaRebs vatrialebT. es gantolebebi bazisia iseTi
eleqtromagnituri xelsawyoebis muSaobisa, rogoricaa eleqtroZrava, satelevizio gadamcemi
da mimRebi, telefoni, faqsis manqana, radari da mikrotalRuri Rumeli.
Tqvens mier nanaxi (21-e Tavis Semdeg) bevri gantoleba, maqsvelis gantolebebzea dafuZnebuli.
isini agreTve mravali optikuri gantolebis safuZvels warmoadgens. maT Tqven 33-dan 63-e Tavis
CaTvliT ixilavT.
cxrili 31.1 maqsvelis gantolebebi*
saxeli gantoleba
gausis kanoni akavSirebs jamur eleqtrul nakads

eleqtrobisaTvis ·d = qenc/ε0 jamur Caketil eleqtrul muxtTan
gausis kanoni akavSirebs jamur magnitur nakads

magnetizmisaTvis ·d = 0 jamur Caketil magnitur muxtTan
dФВ akavSirebs aRZrul eleqtrul vels

faradeis kanoni ·d = –
dt cvalebad magnitur velTan
akavSirebs aRZrul magnitur vels

amper-maqsvelis kanoni dФE cvalebad eleqtrul nakadTan da
· d = μ0ε0 + μ0ienc
dt denTan
* im daSvebiT, rom dieleqtrikuli da magnituri masalebi ar aris.

32.6. magnitebi
pirveli cnobili magnitebi magnituri rkinaqvebi (qvebi, romelebic bunebrivadaa damagnitebuli)
iyo. rodesac Zvelma berZnebma da Cinelebma es iSviaTi qvebi aRmoaCines, maT ukvirdaT qvis
“jadosnuri” unari miezida liToni axlo manZilidan. maT mxolod didi xnis Semdeg iswavles am
qvebis (da xelovnurad damagnitebuli rkinis) gamoyeneba kompasebSi gzis gasagnebad.
dRes magnitebi da magnituri masalebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli. maTi magnituri maxasiaTeblebi
ukavSirdeba maT atomebs da eleqtronebs. marTlac, iafi magniti, romelic Tqven SeiZleba
macivarze qaRaldis dasakaveblad gamoiyenoT, pirdapiri Sedegia kvanturi fizikisa, romelsac
magnitis atomur da subatomur masalaSi aqvs adgili. sanam am fizikas gamovikvlevdeT, modiT,
mokled ganvixiloT udidesi magniti, romelsac Cveulebriv viyenebT: dedamiwa.
dedamiwis magnetizmi
dedamiwa uzarmazari magnitia; mis zedapirTan axlo
mdebare wertilebisaTvis misi magnituri veli SeiZleba
gamoisaxos rogorc uzarmazari Rerovani magnitis –
magnituri dipolis – veli, romelic kveTs dedamiwis
centrs. nax. 32-8 aris dipolis velis idealurad simet
riuli aRwera mzidan momavali damuxtuli nawilakebiT
gamowveuli damaxinjebis gareSe.
vinaidan dedamiwis magnituri veli dipolis magnituri
velia, magnituri dipolis momenti dakavSirebulia am
velTan. idealizebuli velisaTvis (nax. 32-8) -s sidide nax. 32.8. dedamiwis magnituri veli
tolia 8,0×1022 j/t da mimarTuleba dedamiwis brunvis warmodgenilia rogorc dipolis veli.
dipolis RerZi MM dedamiwis brunviT
RR RerZTan 11,5°-ian kuTxes qmnis. dipolis RerZi (MM
RR RerZTan 11,5˚-ian kuTxes warmoqmnis.
nax. 32-8-Si) -s gaswvriv mdebareobs da dedamiwis dipolis samxreTi polusi dedamiwis
zedapirs CrdiloeTis (CrdilodasavleTi grenlandia) CrdiloeTi naxavarsferoa.
da samxreTis (antarqtida) geomagnitur polusebSi kveTs.
magnituri velis Zalwirebi ZiriTadad samxreT naxevarsferoSi warmoiqmneba da CrdiloeT
naxevarsferoSi isev dedamiwaSi Cadis. amgvarad, dedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mdebare
magnituri polusi, romelsac “CrdiloeTis magnitur poluss” uwodeben, sinamdvileSi dedamiwis
magnituri dipolis samxreT polusia.
magnituri velis mimarTuleba dedamiwis zedapiris nebismier wertilSi Cveulebriv ori kuTxiT
gamoisaxeba. velis daxriloba aris kuTxe (marjvena an marcxena) geografiul CrdiloeTsa
(romelic 90° ganedze mdebareobs) da velis horizontalur komponents Soris. velis gadaxra
ewodeba kuTxes (zemoT an qvemoT) horizontalur sibrtyesa da velis mimarTulebas Soris.
magnetometrebi didi sizustiT zomaven am kuTxeebs da adgenen vels, Tumca am saqmes kompasi da
daxrilobis gamzomic kargad arTmeves Tavs. kompasi ubralo, nemsis formis magnitia, romelic
isea damagrebuli, rom mas Tavisi vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad moZraoba SeuZlia.
rodesac is horizontalur sibrtyeSia, kompasis isris CrdiloeT polusis bolo Cveulebriv
CrdiloeT geomagnituri polusisakenaa Sebrunebuli (gaxsovdeT, es sinamdvileSi samxreTi
magnituri polusia!). kuTxe nemssa da geografiul CrdiloeTs Soris velis daxrilobaa.
daxrilobis gamzomi xelsawyo kompasis msgavsi magnitia, romelsac Tavisi horizontaluri
RerZis garSemo SeuZlia Tavisuflad brunva. rodesac misi brunvis vertikaluri sibrtye
32.7. magnetizmi da eleqtronebi 1111
sur. 32.9. zRvis fskeris magnituri profili

Sua atlantikis wyalgamyofis orive mxares.
wyalgamyofidan gamodevnili zRvis fskeri
moZravi teqtonuri sistemis nawilia da dedmiwis
birTvis warsul magnitur istorias asaxavs.
birTvis mier warmoqmnili magnituri velis
mimarTuleba daaxloebiT milion weliwadSi
erTxel icvleba
Sewyobilia kompasis mimarTulebasTan, kuTxe xelsawyos nemssa da horizontals Soris velis

gadaxraa.
dedamiwis zedapiris nebismier wertilSi aRwerili veli, sididiTac da mimarTulebiTac, SeiZleba
sakmaod gansxvavdebodes nax. 32.8-Si mocemuli idealizebuli dipolis velisagan. marTlac,
wertili, sadac veli realuradaa dedamiwis zedapiris mimarT marTobuli, mdebareobs ara
CrdiloeTis geomagnitur polusze, rogorc SegveZlo gvevarauda, aramed dedofal elizabetis
kunZulebze, kanadaSi, grenlandiisagan Sors.
amas garda, dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi dafiqsirebuli veli droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
is SesamCnevad icvleba ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. didi xnis (vTqvaT, saukunis ganmavlobaSi)
cvlileba didia. magaliTad, londonSi, 1580 dan 1820 wlamde, kompasis mier miTiTebuli
mimarTuleba 35°-iT Seicvala.
am lokaluri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, velis dipolis saSualo mniSvneloba mxolod mcired
icvleba drois aseTi, SedarebiT mcire, monakveTebis ganmavlobaSi. drois ufro xangrZliv
monakveTebSi velis cvlilebebis Seswavla SesaZlebelia Sua atlantikuri qedis orive mxares,
okeanis fskerze susti magnetizmis gazomviT (sur.32.9). es fskeri warmoqmnilia gamdnari
magmisagan, romelic CaiRvara dedamiwis Signidan qedSi, gamyarda da qeds moSorda ramdenime
sm/weli siCqariT teqtonuri firfitebis moSorebis Sedegad. magma rom gamyarda, igi sustad
damagnitda. gamyarebis momentSi, magmis magnituri velis mimarTuleba dedamiwisas emTxveoda.
okeanis fskeris gaswvriv gamyarebuli magmis Seswavla cxadhyofs, rom dedamiwis magnituri
velis polarobis (CrdiloeT da samxreT polusebis mimarTulebebis) Sebruneba daaxloebiT
milion weliwadSi erTxel xdeba. am Sebrunebis mizezi ucnobia. marTlac, dedamiwis magnituri
velis warmomSobi meqanizmic mxolod miaxloebiTaa cnobili.
32.7. magnetizmi da eleqtronebi

magnituri rkinaqvidan dawyebuli videofiriT damTavrebuli, nivTiereba magnituri masSi
arsebuli eleqtronebis gamoa. Cven ukve vixileT, rogor qmnis eleqtronebi magnitur vels -
mavTulSi eleqtruli denis saxiT gasuli eleqtronebis moZraoba mavTulis garSemo magnitur
vels qmnis. magnituri veli kidev ori gziT SeiZleba Seiqmnas da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi magnituri
dipolis momenti garSemortymul sivrceSi magnitur vels warmoqmnis. es movlenebi kvanturi
fizikis sferoa da amitom Cvens wignSi mxolod movlenebis Sedegebze visaubrebT.
spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti

eleqtrons gaaCnia Sinagani kuTxuri momenti, romelsac brunvis kuTxuri momenti (an ubralod
spini) ewodeba. spinTan dakavSirebulia Sinagani spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti
 . (“SinaganSi” igulisxmeba, rom da eleqtronis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia, rogorc masa da
muxti). veqtorebi da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia gantolebiT
e
= – m . (32.22)
sadac e aris elementuri muxti (1,60 × 10–19 k), m ki eleqtronis masa (9,11 × 10–31 kg). minus niSani
niSnavs, rom da sapirispirodaa mimarTuli.
spini 11-e TavSi ganxiluli kuTxuri momentebisagan ori ramiT gansxvavdeba:
1. TviTon spinis gazomva SeuZlebelia, magram nebismieri RerZis mimarT misi komponentisa
– SesaZlebeli.
2. -is gazomili komponenti dakvantulia, rac Cveulebriv niSnavs, rom is SezRudulia
ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. -is gamoTvlil komponents mxolod ori mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes, romlebic mxolod erTmaneTisagan mxolod niSniT gasxvavdeba.
davuSvaT, rom -is komponenti gazomilia koordinatTa sistemis z RerZis gaswvriv. maSin Sz
gazomil komponents eqneba ori mniSvneloba, romlebic mocemulia Semdegi gantolebiT
h
Sz = ms 2� , ms = ±  12 , (32.23)
sadac ms spinis magnituri kvanturi ricxvia da h (= 6,63 × 10–34 j·wm) ki – kvantur fizikaSi

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli plankis mudmiva. 32-23 gantolebaSi mocemuli niSnebi miuTiTebs
Sz-is mimarTulebas z RerZis gaswvriv. rodesac Sz z RerZis paraleluria, ms = +  12 da amboben, rom
eleqtroni zemoTaa mobrunebuli, xolo rodesac Sz z antiparaleluria Z RerZisa, ms = –  1 da
2
amboben, rom eleqtroni qvemoTaa mobrunebuli.
eleqtronis brunvis magnituri dipoluri momentis -is gazomvac SeuZlebelia; mxolod misi
komponentis gazomvaa nebismieri RerZis gaswvriv SesaZlebeli da es komponentic dakvantulia,
ori SesaZlebeli sapirispironiSniani mniSvnelobiT. Cven SegviZlia Sz davukavSiroT z RerZze
gazomil μs,z komponents, gantoleba 32-22-is z RerZisaTvis komponentur formaSi gadaweriT:
e
μs,z = – m Sz .
Sz-is Canacvleba 32-23-idan gvaZlevs 32-24-s,

eh
μs,z = ±  4�m , (32.24)
sadac plus da minus niSnebi Seesabameba μs,z-s z RerZisadmi paralelurobasa da antiparale
lurobas.
gantoleba 32-24-is marjvena mxaris odenobas boris magnetoni μB ewodeba.
eh
μB = 4�m = 9,27×10–24 j/t , (32.25)
eleqtronebis da sxva elementuri nawilakebis brunvis

magnituri dipoluri momenti SeiZleba μB-iT gamoixatos.
eleqtronisTvis, -is gazomili z komponentis sidide
aris
| μs,.z | = 1 μB . (32.26)
(eleqtronTa kvanturi fizika, romelsac kvanturi
nax. 32.10. mikroskopuli sferos saxiT
eleqtrodinamika ewodeba, cxadhyofs, rom μs,.z sinam warmodgenili eleqtronis spini,
dvileSi 1 μB-s cotaTi aRemateba, magram Cven amas spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti da
yuradRebas ar mivaqcevT.) magnituri dipolis veli .
rodesac eleqtroni moTavsebulia gare magnitur velSi g

-Si, misi potenciuri energia U
SeiZleba daukavSiro spinis magnitur dipolur moments iseve, rogorc potenciuri energia
ukavSirdeba g
-Si moTavsebuli denis xviis magnituri dipolis momentis orientacias. gantoleba
28.8-dan gamomdinare, eleqtronis potenciuri energia aris
U = –  ·  g
= –μs,z · Bg , (32.27)
sadac z RerZi aRebulia g-is mimarTulebiT.
Tu warmovidgenT, rom eleqtroni mikroskopuli sferoa (rac araa marTali), Cven SegviZlia
gamovsaxoT spini, spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti da masTan dakavSirebuli magnituri
veli ise, rogorc nax. 32.10-Si. Tumca Cven aq sityva “spins” viyenebT, eleqtroni bzrialasaviT
ar brunavs. maSin, rogor SeiZleba raimes, brunvis gareSe, kuTxuri momenti hqondes? pasuxis
misaRebad, kidev erTxel gvWirdeba kvanturi fizika.
protonebs da neitronebs aseve gaaCniaT brunvis kuTxuri momenti (spini) da Sinagani
spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti. protonisaTvis am veqtorebs erTi mimarTuleba aqvT,
neitronebisaTvis ki – sapirispiro. Cven ar ganvixilavT am dipolis momentebis gavlenas atomis
magnitur velze, vinaidan is eleqtronisaze 1000-jer naklebia.
sakontrolo wertili 4. am naxazze naCvenebia gareSe magnitur velSi
g
– ori nawilakis spinebis orientacia. a) romeli spinis orientacias
gaaCnia naklebi potenciuri energia, Tu es nawilakebi eleqtronebia?
(b) romeli spinis orientacias gaaCnia naklebi potenciuri energia,
Tu nawilakebi protonebia?
orbitaluri magnituri dipoluri momenti

atomSi yofnisas eleqtrons gaaCnia damatebiTi kuTxuri momenti, romelsac orbitaluri
kuTxuri momenti ewodeba orb
. orb
– masTan dakavSirebulia orbitaluri magnituri dipoluri
momenti μorb . es ori erTmaneTTan Semdegnairadaa dakavSirebuli:
e
orb
= –  2m orb
. (32.28)
minus niSani niSnavs, rom orb

-s da orb
-s sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebi aqvT.
orb
orbitaluri kuTxuri momentis gazomva SeuZlebelia. SeiZleba mxolod romelime RerZis
mimarT misi mdgenelis gazomva da es mdgeneli dakvantulia. magaliTad, z RerZis gaswvriv
mdgenels SeiZleba hqondes mxolod Semdegi gamosaxulebiT gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebi:
h
Lorb, z = mℓ 2π , sadac mℓ = 0, ± 1, ± 2, . . ., ± (zRvari), (32-29)
sadac mℓ-s ewodeba orbitaluri magnituri kvanturi ricxvi, xolo “zRvari” aRniSnavs mℓ-is
garkveul udides dasaSveb mTel mniSvnelobas. + Tu – niSani 32.29 gantolebaSi miuTiTebs Lorb,z
-is mimarTulebs z RerZis gaswvriv.
eleqtronis orbituli magnituri momenti orb
aseve ver gaizomeba; SesaZlebelia mxolod
romelime RerZze misi mdgenelis gazomva da es mdgeneli dakvantulia. Tu, zemoT moyvanilis
analogiurad, igive z RerZis gaswvrivi mdgenelisaTvis davwerT 32-28 gantolebas da masSi 32-29
gantolebidan SevitanT Lorb, z-is mniSvnelobas, maSin orbitaluri magnituri dipolis momentis z
komponenti μorb, z ase Caiwereba:
eh
orb
= – mℓ 4πm (32.30)
boris magnetonis mixedviT ki ase:

orb
= – mℓ  μB (32.31)
roca atomi moTavsebulia gareSe magnitur velSi ext

potenciuri energia UU SeiZleba
davukavSiroT atomis TiToeuli eleqtronis orbitaluri magnituri dipoluri momentis
orientacias. misi sidide tolia:
U=– orb
 ·  g = –μorb,z Bg , (32.32)
sadac z RerZi aRebulia g-is mimarTulebiT.

marTalia, Cven gamoviyeneT terminebi “orbita” da “orbitaluri”, magram es imas ar niSnavs,
rom eleqtronebi iseve uvlian gars atomis birTvs, rogorc planetebi mzes. rogor SeuZlia
eleqtrons hqondes orbitaluri kuTxuri momenti Tu igi orbitaze ar moZraobs, am sityvis
Cveulebrivi gagebiT? amis axsna, isev da isev, mxolod kvantur fizikas ZaluZs.
xviis modeli eleqtronis orbitisaTvis

SegviZlia miviRoT 32.28 gantoleba ise, rom ar gaviTvaliswinoT misi kvanturi buneba, Tu
davuSvebT, rom eleqtroni moZraobs wriul traeqtoriaze, romlis radiusic bevrad aRemateba
atomis radiuss (aqedan warmodgeba saxelwodeba “xviis modeli”). Tumca, es daSveba ar gamodgeba
atomis SigniT myof eleqtronze (romlisTvisac saWiroa kvanturi fizika).
warmovidginoT eleqtroni, romelic mudmivi v siCqariT, saaTis isris moZraobis sapirispiro
mimarTulebiT moZraobs r radiusis wrewirze (nax. 32.11). eleqtronis uaryofiTi muxtis moZraoba
eqvivalenturia saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT i warmosaxviTi denis (dadebiTi muxtis)
arsebobisa, romelic aseve naCvenebia nax. 32.11-ze. aseTi denis xviis orbitaluri magnituri
dipoluri momentis sidide miiReba 28.35 gantolebidan, roca N = 1:
μorb = iA, (32.33)
sadac A aris xviiT SemosazRvruli farTobi. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad (nax 29.22) magnituri
dipoluri momenti mimarTulia qvemoT (nax. 32.11).
32-33 gantolebis Sesafaseblad gvWirdeba i deni. zogadad, deni aris ama Tu im wertilSi muxtis
moZraobis siCqare. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, e sididis muxts, wrewiris nebismieri wertilis gavlisas
isev am wertilSi dasabruneblad sWirdeba T = 2πr/v dro. amitom,
muxti e
i= = 2πr/v . (32.34)
dro
Tu am gamosaxulebas da xviis farTobis sidides A = πr2 SevitanT 32.33 gantolebaSi, miviRebT
e evr
μorb = 2πr/v πr2 = 2 . (32.35)
eleqtronis orbitaluri kuTxuri orb

momentis sapovnelad viyenebT 11.18 gantolebas,  = 
m ( ×  ). vinaidan da perpendikularulia, orb
-is sidide:
Lorb = mrv sin 90° = mrv . (32.36)
sur. 32.11. Tanabari ν siCqariT moZravi eleqtroni r radiusis wriuli

traeqtoriiT moZraobs. traeqtoria A farTobis wres Semowers. eleqtronis
orbitaluri kuTxuri impulsia orb
, xolo masTan dakavSirebuli
orbitaluri magnituri dipolis momentia orb . saaTis isris mimarTulebis
i deni (dadebiTi muxtis) uaryofiTad damuxtuli eleqtronis saaTis isris
sawinaaRmdegod brunvis eqvivalenturia.
nax. 32.11-Si orb

veqtori zeviTaa mimarTuli (ix. nax.
11.12). Tu 32.35 da 32.36 gantolebebs gavaerTianebT,
veqtorul saxes mivcemT da veqtorebis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebebs minus niSniT mivuTiTebT, miviRebT:
e
orb
= – 2m orb
,
romelic igivea, rac gantoleba 32.28. amgvarad,

“klasikuri” (arakvanturi) analiziT igive Sedegi
miviReT, rac kvanturi fizikiT, rogorc sididis, ise (a)
mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT,
Tu es gamosaxuleba atomSi myofi eleqtronisaTvis
swor Sedegs iZleva, ratom ver gamodgeba igi am
situaciisaTvis. pasuxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
msjelobis es mimarTuleba iZleva Sedegebs, romlebic
cdebiT ar dasturdeba.
(b)
xviis modeli araerTgvarovan velSi

eleqtronis orbita kvlavac denis xviad CavTvaloT, (g)
rogorc nax. 32.11-Si, Tumca axla es xvia SevitanoT gare

araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi, rogorc naCvenebia
nax. 32.12a-Si. (es veli SeiZleba iyos ganSladi veli
nax. 32.4-Si naCvenebi magnitis CrdiloeTi polusis
axlos.) am cvlilebas mivmarTavT am Tavis Semdegi
nawilebisaTvis mosamzadeblad, sadac Cven ganvixilavT
Zalebs, romlebic moqmedebs araerTgvarovan magnitur (d)
velSi moTavsebul masalaze. am Zalebs ganvixilavT im

daSvebiT, rom eleqtronebis orbitebi am masalebSi
denis mcire wredebs warmoadgens iseve, rogorc
nax. 32.12-Si.
(e)
davuSvaT, rom magnituri velis veqtorebi eleqtronis
wriuli gzis garSemo erTi sididisaa da vertikalTan
nax. 32.12. a) atomSi eleqtronis
tol kuTxes warmoqmnis, rogorc 32.12b-sa da 32.12d
orbitaze moZraobis xviuri modeli
suraTzea naCvenebi. aseve davuSvaT, rom atomis gare araerTgvarovan magnitur
ext
yvela eleqtroni moZraobs saaTis isris moZraobis velSi. b) –e muxti moZraobs saaTis
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod; masTan
sawinaaRmdegod (nax. 32.12b) an misi mimarTulebiT
asocirebuli pirobiTi deni i – saaTis isris
(nax. 32.12d). asocirebuli pirobiTi deni i denis xviis mimarTulebiT. g) d magnituri Zala xviis
garSemo da i deniT warmoqmnili dipoluri momenti μorb marjvena da marcxena mxares, danaxuli
xviis sibrtyidan. xviaze moqmedi jamuri
naCvenebia am moZraobis TiToeuli mimarTulebisaTvis.
Zala zemoTaa mimarTuli. d) –e muxti
nax. 32.12g da e-ze naCvenebia diametralurad sapiris axla moZraobs saaTis isris moZraobis
piro xedebi d xviis grZivi elementisa, romelsac, mimarTulebiT. e) xviaze moqmedi jamuri
Zala axla qvemoTaa mimarTuli.
orbitis sibrtyidan dakvirvebisas, igive mimarTuleba
aqvs rac i-s. agreTve naCvenebia veli g da misgan
gamomdinare d -ze moqmedi d Zala. gaixseneT, rom deni d -elementis gaswvriv g velSi
ganicdis d magnituri Zalis moqmedebas, romelic es mocemulia 28.28 gantolebiT
d = i d ×  g (32.37)
nax. 32.12g-s marcxena mxares, gantoleba 32.37 gviCvenebs, rom d Zala mimarTulia zemoT da
marjvniv. nax. 32.12g-s marjvena mxares, d Zala imave sididisaa da mimarTulia zemoT da marcxniv.
vinaidan maTi kuTxeebi tolia, am ori Zalis horizontaluri komponentebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs,
vertikaluri ki ikribeba. es WeSmaritia xviis nebismieri ori simetriuli wertilisaTvis.
amrigad, 32.12-ze gamosaxuli xviis jamuri Zala zemoT unda iyos mimarTuli. aseTive msjelobiT,
nax. 32.12d-ze gamosaxuli xviis jamuri Zala qvemoTaa mimarTuli. Cven male gamoviyenebT am or
Sedegs, rodesac ganvixilavT magnituri masalebis qcevas araerTgvarovan magnitur velebSi.
32.8. magnituri masalebi

atomSi yoveli eleqtrons aqvs orbitaluri magnituri dipoluri momenti da spinuri magnituri
dipoluri momenti, romlebic veqtorulad ikribeba. am ori veqtoruli sididis jami ki
veqtorulad ikribeba atomis yvela sxva eleqtronis analogiur jamebTan. TiToeuli atomis
jamuri veqtori ki ikribeba masalis nimuSis sxva atomebis jamur veqtorebTan. Tu yvela am
magnituri dipoluri momentebis jami magnitur vels qmnis, maSin masala magnituria. arsebobs
magnetizmis sami zogadi tipi: diamagnetizmi, paramagnetizmi da feromagnetizmi.
1. diamagnetizmi gaaCnia yvela Cveulebriv masalas, magram is imdenad sustia, rom iniRbeba (ar
igrZnoba), Tu masalas magnetizmis kidev romelime tipi aqvs. diamagnetizmSi, susti magnituri
dipoluri momentebi warmoiqmneba masalis atomSi, rodesac is g gareSe magnitur velSia
moTavsebuli. am aRZruli dipoluri momentebis Sekreba masalas mTlianobaSi mxolod sust
jamur magnitur vels sZens. g-is mocilebisas, dipoluri momentebi da, amrigad, jamuri
veli, qreba.
2. paramagnetizmi gaaCnia gardamavali elementebis, iSviaTmiwa elementebisa da aqtinoiduri
elementebis Semcvel masalebs (ix. damateba G). aseTi masalis yovel atoms aqvs mudmivi
dipoluri momenti, magram es momentebi qaosuradaa orientirebuli da masalas, mTlianobaSi,
aklia jamuri magnituri veli, magram g gareSe magnitur vels SeuZlia am magnituri
dipoluri momentebis nawilobriv erTi mimarTulebiT Camwkriveba, rac masalas jamur
magnitur vels aZlevs. es mwyobri da, Sesabamisad, misi veli, qreba g -is mocilebisas. termini
`paramagnituri masala~ Cveulebriv aRniSnavs pirveladi paramagnetizmis mqone masalas.
3. feromagnetizmi rkinis, nikelisa da kidev ramdenime sxva elementis (agreTve maTi
naerTebisa da Senadnobebis) maxasiaTebelia. am masalebis zogierT ubanSi mezobeli atomebis
eleqtronebs aqvT jamuri magnituri dipoluri momenti, rac Zlieri magnituri dipoluri
momentebis mqone ubnebs warmoSobs. g gare magnitur vels Semdeg kidev SeuZlia am ubnebSi
magnituri momentebis erTi mimarTulebiT gamwkriveba, rac Zlier magnitur vels warmoSobs
masalis nimuSisaTvis; veli nawilobriv rCeba g – velis mocilebis Semdeg. Cven, terminebs
`feromagnituri masala~ da `magnituri masala” Cveulebriv, pirveladi feromagnetizmis
mqone masalebis aRsaniSnad viyenebT.
Semdegi sami nawili magnetizmis am sam tips ganixilavs.
32.9. diamagnetizmi
Cven jer ar SegviZlia diamagnetizmis kvanturi fizikiT axsnis ganxilva, magram SegviZlia
moviyvanoT klasikuri axsna nax.32.11-sa da 32.12-Si naCvenebi xviis modeliT. dasawyisisTvis
davuSvaT, rom diamagnituri masalis yovel atomis eleqtrons orbitaze moZraoba SeuZlia an
mxolod saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT (rogorc nax. 32.12d-Si), an sawinaaRmdegod (nax.
32.9. diamagnetizmi 1117
32.12b). g gare magnituri velis gareSe magnetizmis

ararsebobis asaxsnelad, davuSvaT rom atoms jamuri
magnituri dipoluri momenti ar gaaCnia. es imas niSnavs,
rom g-is moqmedebamde, erTi mimarTulebiT moZravi
eleqtronebis ricxvi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
moZravi eleqtronebis ricxvis tolia, ris gamoc
atomis zemoT mimarTuli magnituri dipoluri momenti
qvemoT mimarTulis tolia.
axla ki davubrundeT nax. 32.12-ze gamosaxul
araerTgvarovan g vels, romelic zemoTaa mimarTuli
da magram ganSladia. (magnituri velis Zalwirebi
nax. 32.13. bayayis zedxedi, romelic
erTmaneTs scildeba) amis gakeTeba SegveZlo
vertikalur solenoidSi gamavali denis
eleqtromagnitSi denis gazrdiT an Rerovani magnitis mier warmoqmnil magnitur velSi levitaciis
Crdilo polusis gadaadgilebiT orbitebis axlos, mdgomareobaSia. (bayayi usiamovnebas
ar grZnobs; SegrZneba wyalSi tivtivis
maT qvemoT. roca g nulidan maqsimumamde (myar,
magvaria, rac bayayebs Zalian moswonT.)
fiqsirebul mniSvnelobamde) izrdeba, faradeisa da
lencis kanonebis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli eleqtronis orbituli xviis garSemo aRiZvreba saaTis
isris moZraobis mimarTulebis eleqtruli veli. exla vnaxoT, rogor moqmedebs es eleqtruli
veli orbitaze moZrav eleqtronebze (nax. 31.12b da d.)
nax. 32.12b-ze, saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZrav eleqtrons aCqarebs
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT moZravi eleqtruli veli. ase, rom roca g magnituri veli Tavis
maqsimalur sididemde izrdeba, eleqtronis siCqare Tavis maqsimumamde izrdeba. es niSnavs,
rom asocirebuli pirobiTi deni i izrdeba da amis gamo izrdeba qvemoT mimarTuli magnituri
dipoluri momentic.
nax. 32.12d-ze, saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZravi elqtronis siCqares amcirebs
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebis eleqtruli veli. amitom, mcirdeba eleqtronis siCqarec,
asocirebuli i deni da, am denis gamo, zemoTmimarTuli magnituri dipolis momentic. g velis
moqmedebiT atoms mieniWa jamuri magnituri dipoluri momenti, romelic qvemoTaa mimarTuli.
igive moxdeboda, magnituri veli erTgvarovani rom yofiliyo.
atomze moqmedebs g velis araeTgvarovnebac. vinaidan i deni (nax. 32.12b) izrdeba,
zemoTmimarTuli dF magnituri Zalebi (nax. 32-12g) aseve izrdeba, iseve rogorc zemoTmimarTuli
jamuri Zala denis xviaze. amgvarad, g araerTgvarovani velis amoqmedebiT atomze vimoqmedeT
jamuri ZaliT; amasTan, es Zala ufro didi magnituri velis aridan gareTaa mimarTuli.
Cveni msjeloba eleqtronis warmosaxviT orbitas Seexeboda (denis xvia), magram igi davamTavreT
swored imiT, rac diamagnitur masalas emarTeba: magnituri velis Seqmnisas (nax. 32.12), amgvari
masala warmoqmnis qvemoTmimarTul magnitur dipolur moments da ganicdis zemoTmimarTuli
Zalis zemoqmedebas. veli mocilebisas, qreba dipoluri momentic da Zalac. aucilebeli araa, rom
gareSe veli moTavsebuli iyos iseve, rogorc nax. 32.12-zea; analogiuri msjeloba samarTliania
g-s sxva orientaciebisTvisac.
gare magnitur g velSi moTavsebuli diamagnituri masala iZens g-s sawinaaRmdegod

mimarTul magnitur dipolur moments. rodesac veli araerTgvarovania, diamagnituri
masala ganizideba ufro didi magnituri velis mqone aredan ufro mcire velis ari-
saken.
nax. 32.13-Si aRbeWdili bayayi, rogorc yvela cxoveli, diamagnetikia. rodesac bayayi Caayenes
ganSlad magnitur velSi, vertikaluri denis gamtari solenoidis zeda bolosTan axlos, bayayis
yvela atomi solenoidis zemoT, ufro didi magnituri velidan ufro mcirisaken, ganizida. bayayi
moZraobda ufro da ufro susti magnituri velisaken manam, sanam zemoT mimarTulma magniturma
Zalam ar gaawonaswora masze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala, da Semdeg bayayi haerSi Camoekida.
sakmarisad didi solenoidi rom agvego, aseve SevZlebdiT adamianis haerSi levitaciasac
adamianis diamagnetizmis gamo.
sakontrolo wertili 5. am naxatze naCvenebia

Rerovani magnitis samxreT polusTan moTavsebuli ori
diamagnituri sfero. rogor aris a) sferoebis magnituri Zalebi da b) magnituri dipoluri
momentebi mimarTuli: Rerovani magnitisken Tu mis sawinaaRmdegod? g) pirvel sferoze
moqmedi magnituri Zala metia, toli Tu naklebi meore sferoze moqmed magnitur Zalaze?
32.10. paramagnetizmi
paramagnitur masalebSi yovel atomSi eleqtronebis spini da orbitalur magnituri dipoluri
momentebi erTmaneTs ki ar abaTilebs, aramed veqtorulad ikribeba da atoms jamur (da mudmiv)
magnitur dipolur moments sZens. gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis dros, es atomuri
dipoluri momentebi SemTxveviTaa orientirebuli da masalis jamuri magnituri dipoluri
momenti nulis tolia. rodesac masala Tavsdeba gare magnitur B velSi, magnituri dipoluri
momentebi velTan `mwyobrSi~ dgeba (iRebs velis mimarTulebis), rac masalas jamur magnitur
dipolur moments sZens. gareSe velTan aseTi Sewyoba sapirispiroa imisa, rac diamagnitebTan
vnaxeT.
gareSe magnitur g velSi moTavsebuli paramagnituri masala iZens vels, romelsac

g-s mimarTuleba aqvs. rodesac veli araerTgvarovania, paramagnituri masala miizideba
ufro mcire magnituri velis mqone aredan ufro didi magnituri velis mqone arisaken.
N raodenobis atomebian paramagnitur masalas, atomuri dipolebis sruli mowesrigebis

pirobebSi, Nμ sididis magnituri dipoluri momenti eqneboda, magram atomebis erTmaneTTan
SemTxveviT Sejaxebebs maTi qaosuri siTburi moZraobis gamo Tan sdevs energiis gadacema, rac
magnituri dipoluri momentebis mwyobr ganlagebas Slis
da, amrigad, amcirebs masalis jamur magnitur dipolur
moments.
qaosuri siTburi moZraobis roli da mniSvneloba ori
energiis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT SeiZleba gaizomos. erTi,
romelic gantoleba 19.4-Sia mocemuli, atomis gadataniTi
moZraobis saSualo kinetikuri energia T temperaturaze
3
aris K (= 2 kT ) sadac k bolcmanis mudmivaa (1,38×10–23 j/k),
xolo T ki gamosaxulia kelvinebSi (da ara celsiusebSi).
meore, romelic gamoyvanilia gantoleba 28.38-dan,
aris atomis magnituri dipoluri momentisa da gareSe
velis paraleluri da antiparaleluri mimarTulebebis
SemTxvevaSi magnituri dipolis Sewyobis energiebs Soris
Txevadi Jangbadi gaCerebulia magnitis sxvaoba ΔUB (= 2μBg) rogorc qvemoT vaCvenebT, saSualo
ori poluss Soris, vinaidan siTxe
temperaturisa da sididis magnituri velis pirobebSi.
paramagnituria da is magnitisaken
magniturad miizideba.
32.10. paramagnetizmi 1119
nax. 32.14. kaliumis qromosulfatis paramag
nituri marilis magnetizaciis mrudi. grafikze
gamosaxulia marilis magnetizaciis (M) ma
rilis maqsimalur SesaZlo magnetizaciasTan
(Mmax) Sefardebis damokidebuleba modebul Bg
magnituri velis sididis T temperaturasTan
fardobaze. kiuris kanoni akmayofilebs mar
cxniv mocemul monacemebs; kvanturi Teoria akma
yofilebs yvela monacems. (v. e. henris mixedviT)
amgvarad, atomebs Soris Sejaxebebis dros energiis gadacemas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad moSalos
atomuri dipoluri momentebis mwyobri, rac masalis magnitur dipolur moments Nμ-ze
gacilebiT naklebs gaxdis.
Cven SegviZlia gamovsaxoT mocemuli masalis damagnitebis sidide masalis magnitur dipolur
momentsa da mis V moculobas Soris Sefardebis monaxviT. es veqtoruli sidide _ magnituri
dipoluri momenti moculobis erTeulze aris masalis magnetizacia ( damagnitebis
veqtori) da misi sididea
gazomili magnituri momenti
M= (32.38)
V
-is erTeulia amperi·m2/m3 anu a/m. atomuri dipoluri momentebis sruli Sewyoba, romelsac
masalis gajereba ewodeba, Seesabameba maqsimalur mniSvnelobas Mmax = Nμ / V.
1895 wels, pier kiurim cdebis saSualebiT aRmoaCina, rom paramagnituri masalis damagnitebis
veqtoris sidide pirdapirproporciulia gare magnituri velis g sididisa da uku
proporciulia T temperaturisa kelvinebSi:
g
M = C  (32.39)
T
gantoleba 32-39 cnobilia, rogorc kiuris kanoni da C-s kiuris mudmiva ewodeba. kiuris kanoni
marTldeba imiT, rom mzardi g veli masalaSi atomebis magnitur dipolur momentebs gare
velis mimarTulebiT alagebs da amrigad zrdis M-s, xolo T-s zrda Slis am mwyobrs siTburi
moZraobisas energiis danakargis gamo da M-s amcirebs. sinamdvileSi ki es kanoni mxolod
miaxloebiTia, romelic moqmedebs maSin, rodesac Bg/T Sefardeba ar aris Zalian didi.
nax.32-14-ze naCvenebia M/Mmax-is fardoba, rogorc Bg/T-s funqcia kaliumis qromosulfatis
marilis nimuSisaTvis, sadac qromis ionebi paramagnituri nivTierebebia. am grafiks
magnetizaciis mrudi ewodeba. kiuris kanonis swori xazi Seesabameba marcxniv mocemul
eqsperimentul monacemebs, rodesac Bg /T naklebia 0,5 T/K-ze. mrudi, romelic monacemTa
yvela wertils esadageba, kvantur fizikas efuZneba. marjvena mxares mocemuli monacemebi,
najerobasTan axlos myofi, Zneli misaRebia, vinaidan Zalian dabal temperaturebzec ki Zalian
Zlieri magnituri velebia saWiro (dedamiwis velze daaxloebiT 100 000-jer meti).
sakontrolo wertili 6. am naxatze naCvenebia

Rerovani magnitis samxreT polusTan moTavsebuli ori
paramagnituri sfero. (a) sferoebze moqmedi magnituri Zalebi da (b) sferoebis magnituri
dipoluri momentebi mimarTulia Rerovani magnitisaken Tu magnitis sawinaaRmdegod?

paramagnituri airi oTaxis temperaturaze (T energia damokidebulia -sa da -s
= 300K) moTavsebulia gareSe B = 1,5 T sididis mimarTulebebs Soris θ kuTxis sidideze.
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi; airis atomebs μ gantoleba 28.38-dan (UB = – · ) SegviZlia
= 1,0 μB sididis magnituri dipoluri momenti davweroT sxvaoba ΔUB paralelur (θ = 0°)
gaaCniaT. gamoTvaleT atomis qaosuri mo da antiparalelur (θ = 180°) wyobebs Soris
Zraobis saSualo kinetikuri energia K da rogorc
atomis magnituri dipoluri momentebis gare ΔUB = – μB cos 180° – (– μB cos 0°) = 2 μB
Se velTan paraleluri da antiparaleluri
= 2 μ BB = 2(9,27×10–24 j/t)(1,5 t)
wyobebis dros magnituri dipolis energiaTa
= 2,8×10–23 j = 0,000 17 ev. (pasuxi)
Soris sxvaoba ΔUB.
amoxsna: amocanis pirveli gasaRebi isaa, rom aq K daaxloebiT 230-jer metia UB-ze; ase
airSi atomis qaosuri moZraobis saSualo rom, erTmaneTTan Sejaxebebisas, atomebs
kinetikuri energia K, damokidebulia airis Soris energiis mimocvlam advilad SeuZlia
temperaturaze. gantoleba 19-24-dan viRebT: orientacia Seucvalos gareSe magnitur
3 3 velTan Sewyobil nebismier magnitur
K = 2 kT = 2 (1,38×10–23 j/k)(300 k)
dipolur moments. magnituri dipoluri
= 6,2×10–21 j = 0,039 ev. (pasuxi) momenti, romelic paramagnitur airs gaaCnia,
gamowveulia atomuri dipoluri momentebis
meore gasaRebia is, rom gareSe magnitur
mcirexniani nawilobrivi SewyvilebiT.
velSi magnituri dipolis UB potenciuri
32.11. feromagnetizmi
rodesac Cven, yoveldRiur saubarSi, magnetizmze vlaparakobT, Tvalwin, TiTqmis yovelTvis,
Rerovani an mrgvali magnitis (romelic, albaT, macivris korpuszea mimagrebuli) suraTi
warmogvidgeba, anu Cven warmovidgenT feromagnitur
masalas, romelsac Zlieri da mudmivi magnetizmi aqvs
da ara diamagnitur an paramagnitur masalas, romelsac
susti da droebiTi magnetizmi gaaCnia.
rkina, kobalti, nikeli, gadoliniumi, disproziumi
da am elementebis Semcveli Senadnobebi amJRavneben
feromagnitizms kvanturi fizikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
erTi efeqtis gamo, romelsac gacvlis dawyvileba ewodeba
da romlis drosac erTi atomis eleqtronis spinebi
mezobeli atomebis eleqtronis spinebis paralelurad
aris mimarTuli. Sedegad xdeba atomebis magnituri
dipoluri momentebis gamwkriveba, miuxedavad atomebis
siTburi SereviT gamowveuli Sejaxebebis Sedegad nax. 32.15. roulandis wiri. pirvelad
warmoqmnili alalbeduri tendenciisa. swored es myari P koWas Sesaswavli feromagnituri
masalisagan (aq: rkinisagan) Semdgari
gamwkriveba aniWebs feromagnitur masalebs mudmiv gulari aqvs. gulari damagnitebulia
magnetizms. P koWaSi gamavali ip deniT. (koWas xviebi
Tu feromagnituri masalebis temperatura garkveul wertilebiTaa warmodgenili) gularis
magnetizaciis done gansazRvravs P
kritikul sidideze (romelsac kiuris temperatura koWaSi arsebul mTlian magnitur
ewodeba) maRla avida, maSin gacvlis dawyvileba efeqturi vels. velis gazomva SesaZlebelia
aRaraa. aseTi masalebis umravlesoba Semdeg, ubralod, meoradi S koWas saSualebiT.
32.11. feromagnetizmi 1121
paramagnitad gadaiqceva anu, dipolebs jer kidev aqvT
gare velis mimarTulebiT gamwkrivebis midrekileba,
magram bevrad susti da siTbur moZraobas ufro
advilad SeuZlia am mwyobris daSla. rkinisaTvis, kiuris
temperatura 1043 K-s (= 770° C) udris.
feromagnituri masalis (mag. rkinis) magnetizaciis
Seswavla SeiZleba mowyobilobiT, romelsac roulandis
wiri ewodeba (nax. 32-15). masala gularis saxiT
ganlagebulia wriuli kveTis SuagulSi. pirveladi
koWa P, romelsac sigrZis erT erTeulze n xvia gaaCnia, nax. 32.16. nax. 32.15-Si, roulandis
Semoxveulia gularis garSemo da ip dens atarebs. (koWa wirSi moTavsebuli feromagnituri
sinamdvileSi grZeli solenoidia, romelic toroidis gularis magnetizaciis mrudi. verti
kalur RerZze, 1,0 Seesabameba masalaSi
msgavsad wriuladaa moxrili.) rkinis gulari rom ara, atomuri dipoluri momentebis maqsi
koWis SigniT magnituri velis sidide 29-23 gantolebidan malur mowesrigebas.
gamomdinare, iqneboda:
B0 = μ0 ip n (32.40)
magram, rkinis gularis arsebobisas, koWis SigniT magnituri veli, Cveulebriv, 0

-s didad
aRemateba. am velis sididis dawera SegviZlia rogorc
B = B0 + BM , (32.41)
sadac BM aris rkinis gularis damagnitebiT aRZruli magnituri veli. es veli gamowveulia
gacvlis dawyvilebis gamo gare magnituri velis mimarTulebiT atomuri dipoluri momentebis
ganlagebiT, emateba modebul magnitur 0
vels da rkinis M magnetizaciis proporciulia.
anu, BM-is sidide rkinis moculobis erTeulSi magnituri dipoluri momentis sididis pro
porciulia. BM-is dasadgenad jer viyenebT meorad koWas (S) B-s gasazomad, Semdeg gantoleba
32.40-iT gamovTvliT B0-s da 32.41 gantolebidan gamovTvliT BM-s.
nax. 32.16-ze naCvenebia roulandis wirSi moTavsebuli feromagnituri masalis magnetizaciis
mrudi: es aris BM / BM,max Sefardebis damokidebulebis mrudi, sadac BM,max BM-is udidesi SesaZlo
mniSvnelobaa, romelic najerobas Seesabameba. es mrudi nax. 32.14-Si mocemul, paramagnituri
nivTierebis magnetizaciis mruds hgavs: orive mrudi aCvenebs Tu ra donemde SeuZlia modebul
magnitur vels masalis dipoluri momentebis erTi mimarTulebiT Semobruneba.
feromagnituri gularisTvis, rogorc es nax. 32.16-ze Cans, dipoluri momentebis erTi mimar
TulebiT ganlageba maqsimaluris, daaxloebiT, 70%-ia, vinaidan B0 ≈ 1×10–3 T. B0 rom 1 T-mde
gagvezarda, ganlageba TiTqmis sruli iqneboda (magram B0 = 1 t anu TiTqmis sruli gajerebis
miReba Zalian Znelia).
magnituri domenebi
feromagnitur masalebSi, kiuris temperaturis qvemoT, mezobeli atomebis spinebisaTvis
energetikulad xelsayrelia erTmaneTis mimarT paralelurad ganlageba. maSin ratom araa
masala bunebrivad gajerebuli modebul gare velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi? sxvanairad, ratom
araa rkinis yvela nagleji, rogoricaa mag. rkinis lursmani, bunebrivad Zlieri magniti?
amis gasagebad, warmovidginoT rkinisnairi masalis nimuSi, romelsac calkeuli kristalis
forma aqvs; anu, mis Semadgenel atomTa ganlageba – kristaluri meseri, ucvleli siTanabriTaa
gadaWimuli nimuSis mTel moculobaze. aseTi kristali, normalur mdgomareobaSi, Semdgari
iqneba ramdenime magnituri domenisagan. es kristalis is ubnebia, sadac atomuri dipolebis wyoba
srulyofilia. magram domenebis magnituri orientacia

gansxvavebulia. mTlianobaSi, kristalis domenebi isea
ganlagebuli, rom maTi didi nawili erTmaneTs abaTilebs.
nax. 32.17 nikelis calkeuli kristalis domenebis aseTi
krebulis gadidebuli fotoa gamosaxuli. igi miRebulia
kristalis zedapirze wvrilad dafxvnili rkinos oqsidis
koloiduri suspenziis mimobneviT. domenebis sazRvrebi
warmoadgens wvril ubnebs, sadac erT mosazRvre domenSi
arsebuli elementaruli dipolebis wyobis orientacia
meore mosazRvre domenSi arsebuli dipolebis gansxva
vebuli orientaciiT icvleba. aRniSnuli sazRvrebi
warmoadgens intensiuri, magram maRallokalizebuli da
araerTgvarovani magnituri velebis ubnebs. motivtive
koloiduri nawilakebi am sazRvrebisaken miizideba da
TeTri xazebis saxes iRebs (nax. 32.17-Si domenebis yvela
nax. 32.17. nikelis calkeul kristalSi
sazRvari ar Cans). miuxedavad imisa, rom dipolis momentebi
arsebuli domenebis struqturebis
foto; TeTri xazebi gviCvenebs do yvela domenSi sruladaa mowesrigebuli (rogorc isrebi
menebis sazRvrebs. fotoze zedde aCvenebs), kristals mTlianobaSi SeiZleba mxolod Zalian
buli TeTri isrebi aRniSnavs do mcire magnituri momenti hqondes.
menis SigniT magnituri dipolebis
orientacias da, aqedan gamomdinare, sinamdvileSi, rkinis naWeri, romelsac Cveulebriv
domenebis jamuri magnituri dipo vpoulobT, ara erTi kristali, aramed mravali pawa
lebis orientacias. kristali, mTlia wina kristalis krebulia, romlebic alalbedzea ganla
nobaSi, aramagnetizebulia, Tu jamuri
magnituri veli (yvela domenis veqtorTa
gebuli; Cven mas polikristalur myar nivTierebas
jami) nulis tolia. vuwodebT. Tumca, yovel patara kristals gaaCnia bevri
sxvadasxvagvarad orientirebuli domeni, iseve rogorc
rogorc nax. 32.17-Si. Tu aseT nimuSs davamagnitebT TandaTanobiT zrdad magnitur velSi
moTavsebiT, or efeqts gamoviwvevT; erTad isini warmoqmnian magnetizaciis mruds, romelsac
nax. 32.16-Si naCvenebis forma aqvs. pirveli efeqtia gare velis gaswvriv orientirebuli
domenebis zrda gare velis gaswvriv araorientirebuli velebis xarjze. meore efeqtia domenis,
rogorc erTeulis, SigniT dipolebis orientaciis gadaxra, velis mimarTulebasTan ufro
dasaaxloeblad. gacvlis dawyvileba da domenis gadaxra gvaZlevs Semdeg Sedegs:
gare magnitur velSi Bg moTavsebuli feromagnituri masala iZens -ken mimarTul

g
Zlier magnitur dipolur moments. Tu veli araerTgvarovania, magniti ufro dabali
magnituri velis mqone ubnidan ufro maRlis mqonisaken miizideba.
domenis gadaadgilebiT gamowveuli bgeris gagoneba SesaZlebelia, Tu audiomagnitofons

ukasetod (an carieli kasetiT) “fleis” mdgomareobaSi moviyvanT, xmas bolomde avuwevT da
Semdeg mivitanT magnits adapteris TavTan (romelic feromagnituria). magnituri veli iwvevs
TavakSi arsebuli domenebis mkveTr gadaxras, rac masze Semoxveuli mavTulis magnitur vels
mkveTrad cvlis. amis Sedegad mavTulSi ucabedad gamowveuli deni Zlierdeba da dinamiks
gadaecema, rac SiSins gamoscems.
kedlis mxatvroba imaxsovrebs dedamiwis magnitur vels

kedlis mxatvrobaSi gamoyenebuli wiTeli saRebavebi (ix. am Tavis dasawyisSi naCvenebi freskis
fotosuraTi) Seicavs wiTeli rkinaqvis namcecebs. TiToeuli namceci ki, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs
TiTo domens, romelsac gansakuTrebuli magnituri dipoluri momenti gaaCnia. fermweris
saRebavebi warmoadgens Txevad gadamtanebSi gaxsnil
sxvadasxva myar nivTierebebs. kedlis moxatvisas xsnarSi
arsebuli namcecebi trialebs manam, sanam dipoluri
momenti dedamiwis magnitur vels ar gauswordeba.
saRebavis gaSrobis Semdeg, momenti adgilze damagrdeba
da daafiqsirebs im mimarTulebas, romelic dedamiwis
magnitur vels kedlis moxatvis dros hqonda. nax. 32.18
gviCvenebs dipoluri momentis mimarTulebas 1740 wels
Sesrulebul erT-erT freskaSi, roca geomagnituri nax. 32.18. vatikanis freskis saRebavis
Txeli fenis ganivkveTis zedxedi.
CrdiloeTi N1740–iT miTiTebuli mimarTulebiT mde
wiTel saRebavSi arsebuli rkinaqvis
bareobda. namcecebis magnituri momentebi im
swored saRebavSi magnituri momentebis orientacia aZlevs magnituri velis mimarTulebiTaa orien
tirebuli, romelic dedamiwas hqonda
mkvlevars freskisdroindeli dedamiwis magnituri velis
kedlis moxatvis dros, 1740 wels.
mimarTulebis gansazRvris saSualebas. freskis ama Tu im naCvenebia 1740 wlisa da dRevandeli
nawils daefineba webovani lentis mokle segmenti, romlis dRis Sesabamisi geomagnituri Crdilo
eTi (horizontaluri kompasiT gansaz
mimarTulebac zustadaa gansazRvruli horizontalisa da
Rvruli).
dRevandeli geomagnituri CrdiloeTis mimarT (NdRes).
roca lents kedels aaZroben, mas saRebavis Txeli fenac ayveba. laboratoriaSi lentis segments
Sesabamis aparaturaSi aTavseben, raTa gansazRvron dipoluri momentis orientacia saRebavis
aRniSnul fenaSi.
kedlis mxatvroba da kidev sxva mravali wyaro adasturebs, rom geometriuli CrdiloeTis
mimarTuleba TandaTan da ganuxrelad icvleboda istoriis manZilze. amis mizezi ki CvenTvis
ucnobia.
histerezisi
gareSe B0 magnituri velis gazrdisa da Semdeg Semcirebisas, feromagnituri masalebis
magnetizaciis mrudebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. nax. 32-19-ze naCvenebia BM-is B0-ze
damokidebulebis grafiki roulandis wirze Semdegi operaciebis Catarebisas: (1) viwyebT
daumagnitebeli rkiniT (a wertili), vzrdiT dens toroidSi, sanam B0 (= μ0in) ar miaRwevs b
wertilis Sesabamis mniSvnelobas; (2) toroidis gragnilSi dens (da amdenad B0-s) isev vamcirebT
nulamde (c wertili); (3) SevabrunebT toroidis dens da vzrdiT dens, sanam B0-is sidide d
wertilis Sesabamis mniSvnelobas ar miaRwevs; (4) dens isev nulamde vamcirebT (e wertili); (5)
isev SevabrunebT dens, sanam kvlav ar mivaRwevT b wertils.
mrudebis ardamTxvevis movlenas (nax. 32-19) histerezisi
ewodeba, bcdeb mruds ki – histerezisis maryuJi. rogorc
xedavT, c da e wertilebSi rkinis gulari damagnitebulia
miuxedavad imisa, rom toroidis gragnilebSi deni ar aris;
es permanentuli magnetizmis Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
histerezisis movlenis axsnaSi magnituri domenebis cneba
dagvexmareba. cxadia, domenis sazRvrebis moZraobebi da
domenis mimarTulebis reorientacia ar aris Seqcevadi.
roca magnituri veli B0-jer gaizrdeba, Semdeg ki
pirvandel sididemde Semcirdeba, domenebi srulad ki
nax. 32.19. feromagnituri nimuSis
ubrundebian TavianT sawyis konfiguracias, aramed TiTqos magnetizaciis mrude (ab) da Sesabamisi
“imaxsovreben” im orientacias, romelic velis gazrdis histerezisis maryuJi (bcdeb).
Sedegad miiRes. magnituri masalebis mexsierebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis magnituri
SenaxvisaTvis, magaliTad, magnitur lentebze an diskebze.
domenebis mimarTulebis damaxsovreba SeiZleba bunebrivi movlenebis Sedegadac moxdes.
magaliTad, elvis mier dedamiwis kldovan bilikebze aRZruli denebi warmoqmnin intensiur
magnitur velebs, romlebmac SeiZleba uecrad daamagniton axlomaxlo mdebare kldeebis
SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli feromagnituri masalebi. histerezisis Sedegad, amgvari kldovani
masala elvis Semdegac (anu denebis gaqrobis Semdegac) inarCunebs damagnitebis garkveul dones,
misi Camotexvisa Tu bunebrivad CamoSlis Sedegad miRebuli nawilebi ki magnitebs warmoadgens.

kompasis isars, romelic sufTa rkinisaganaa Tu 32.45 gantolebaSi SevitanT m-is am
damzadebuli (simkvrive 7900 kg/m ) aqvs sigrZe 3
mniSvnelobas, xolo M-is magivrad CavsvamT
L = 3 sm, sigane 1,0 mm da sisqe 0,50 mm. rkinis 55,847 g/moli (=0,055 847 kg/moli), NA-s magiv
atomis magnituri dipolis momentis sidide rad ki 6,02×1023, miviRebT
μFe = 2,1×10–23 j/t. (1,185×10–4 kg) (6,02×1023)
N= = 1,2774×1021.
a) Tu isris magnetizacia isris atomebis 0,055 847 kg/moli
gamwkrivebis 10%-is eqvivalenturia, ra SevitanoT es da μFe-s mniSvneloba 32-42
sadidis iqneba isris magnituri dipolis gantolebaSi. miviRebT:
momenti ? N μ = (0,10) (1,2774×1021) (2,1×10–23 j/t)
amoxsna: aq erTi mTavari mosazreba gaxlavT is, = 2,682×10–3 j/t = 2,7×10–3 j/t (pasuxi)
rom isris yvela N atomis erTad gamwkriveba,
b) Tu kompasis nemss odnav SevanjrevT da
isris magnituri dipolis momentisaTvis
mas CrdiloeT-samxreTis (horizontaluri)
mogvcemda NμFe sidides. radgan isars mxolod
wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamoviyvanT,
10% -iani gamwkriveba aqvs (danarCeni atomebis
igi am mdgomareobis irgvliv daiwyebs rxevas.
alalbeduri orientacia -ze mniSvnelovan
ras udris adgilobrivi magnituri velis
gavlenas ver axdens), amitom:
horizontaluri mdgeneli, Tu rxevis periodi
μ = 0,10 NμFeNL (32.42) 2,2 wm-ia?
meore mTavari mosazreba ki isaa, rom isris amoxsna: aq erTi mTavari mosazreba gaxlavT
atomTa sruli raodenoba N SeiZleba vipovoT is, rom kompasis isari warmoadgens magnits
isris masidan: magnituri dipoluri momentiT , romelic
isris masa isris gaswvriv, misi samxreTi polusidan
N= rkinis atomuri masa
. (32.43)
CrdiloeT polusiskenaa mimarTuli.
F danarTSi mocemuli araa rkinis atomuri meore mTavari mosazreba ki isaa, rom roca
masa, magram miTiTebulia moluri masa. amitom, horizontalur mdgomareobaSi myofi
vwerT: isari wonasworobis mdgomareobidan
rkinis moluri masa
rkinis atomuri masa = (32.44) gamodis, dedamiwis magnituri veli
avogadros ricxvi NA
isarze mabrunebeli momentiT zemoqmedebs
maSin, gantoleba 32.43 iRebs saxes:
mNA isris brunvis RerZis garSemo. vinaidan
N= (32.45)
M isars mxolod horizontalurad moZraoba
isris masa tolia misi simkvrivisa da mocu SeuZlia, amitom mxolod dedamiwis velis
lobis namravlisa. moculoba tolia 1,5×10 m –8 3; horizontaluri mdgeneli Bh iwvevs mbrunav
ase, rom efeqts, romelic isars ukan, wonosworobis
isris masa m = (isris simkvrive)(isris moculoba) mdebareobaSi abrunebs. 28-36 gantolebidan
= (7900kg/m )(1,5×10 m ) =
3 –8 3 (τ = μB sin θ), es mabrunebeli momenti SeiZleba
= 1,185×10–4 kg. Semdegnairad CavweroT:
τ = – μBh sin θ,
sadac “minus” niSani migvaniSnebs, rom τ ewinaaR
(32.46)

1
Bh = μ ( )2� 2
T
, (32.48)
mdegeba θ kuTxur gadaadgilebas. radganac sadac I isris brunviTi inerciaa. Tu isars
Semobrunebis kuTxe mcirea, SegviZlia CavTva erTgvarovan wvril Rerod CavTvliT, 10–2e
loT, rom sin θ = θ. amitom, N cxrilis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
τ = – μBh θ. (32.47) mL2 (1.185×10–4 kg) (0,030 m)2

I= =
vinaidan μ da Bh mudmivi sididebia, gantoleba 12 12
32.47 metyvelebs imaze, rom aRmdgeni ma = 8,888×10–9 kg∙m2.
brunebeli momenti proporciulia kuTxuri Tu I-s am mniSvnelobas, μ-sTvis miRebul
gadaadgilebis sididisa Sebrunebuli niSniT. mniSvnelobas da T-s mocemul mniSvnelobas
rogorc 15.5 qveTavSi aRvniSneT, amgvari 32.48 gantolebaSi SevitanT, miviRebT:
damokidebuleba damaxasiaTebelia kuTxuri
martivi harmoniuli moZraobisaTvis. 15.22
Bh =
8,888×10–9 kg∙m2
2,682×10–3 j/t
(
2� 2
2,2 wm )
gantolebidan (τ = – kθ) da 15.23 gantolebidan = 2,7×10–5 T. (pasuxi)
(T = 2π (l/k) ), rxevis periodi udris:
1/2
amgvarad, adgilobrivi magnituri velis
gazomva iafi kompasiTac SesaZlebelia, Tu
T = 2π SevanjRrevT kompasis isars da gavzomavT
misi rxevis dros.
saidanac,
gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis. wanacvlebis deni. cvalebadi magnituri

umartivesi magnituri struqturebi magni velis mier warmoqmnili warmosaxviTi wana
turi dipolebia. magnituri monopolebi ar cvlebis deni ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
arsebobs (ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia). dФE
Id = ε0 . (32.10)
gausi kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis dt
maSin gantoleba 32-5 miiRebs saxes
ФВ = ·d = 0 (32.1)
· d = μ0 id,enc + μ0 ienc (amper-maqsvelis kanoni),
ambobs, rom gausis nebismieri (Caketili)
(32.11)
zedapiris gamWoli sufTa magnituri nakadi
sadac id,enc. aris integrebis wiriT garSemor
nulis tolia. es ki imas, niSnavs, rom magnituri
tymuli wanacvlebis deni. wanacvlebis denis
monopolebi ar arsebobs.
cneba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevinarCunoT
amperis kanonis maqsveliseuli gafar kondensatorSi gamavali denis uwyvetobis
Toeba. cvalebadi eleqtruli nakadi aRZravs cneba. Tumca, wanacvlebis deni muxtis
magnitur vels. maqsvelis kanoni gadatanas ar niSnavs.
dФE maqsvelis gantolebebi. 32.1 cxrilSi
· d = μ0ε0 (maqsvelis induqciis kanoni) (32.3)
dt
mocemuli maqsvelis gantolebebi warmoadgens
amyarebs damokidebulebas Caketili xviis
eleqtromagnetizmis Sejamebas da qmnis mis
gaswvriv aRZrul magnitur velsa da cvalebad
safuZvels.
ΦE , eleqtrul nakads Soris. …amperis kanoni,
dedamiwis magnituri veli. dedamiwis
·d =μ0ienc (gantoleba 32-4), gvaZlevs magni
magnituri veli daaxloebiT SeiZleba
tur vels, romelsac warmoqmnis Caketili
aRiweros, rogorc magnituri dipolis veli,
xviiT SemosazRvruli deni ienc. maqsvelis
romlis dipoluri momenti dedamiwis brunvis
kanoni da amperis kanoni SeiZleba Caiweros
RerZTan 11,5°-ian kuTxes qmnis. am dipolis
erTi da igive gantolebiT
samxreTi polusi CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi
dФE
· d = μ0ε0 + μ0ienc(amper-maqsvelis kanoni) mdebareobs. adgilobrivi magnituri velis
dt
(32-5) mimarTuleba nebismier wertilSi dedamiwis
zedapirze mocemulia velis daxrilobiTa sadac mℓ=0, ±1, ±2, . . ., ±(zRvari), (32.29)
(kuTxe geografiuli CrdiloeTidan marcxniv
amrigad, orbitaluri kuTxuri momentis si
an marjvniv) da velis gadaxriT (kuTxe
dide udris:
horizontalidan zemoT an qvemoT). h
orb,z
= – mℓ 4πm = – mℓ  μB (32.30, 32.31)
spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti.
eleqtrons gaaCnia Sinagani kuTxuri momenti, gare magnitur g velSi orbitalur magni
romelsac brunvis kuTxuri momenti (an spini) tur dipolur momentTan dakavSirebuli
ewodeba da romelTanac dakavSirebulia potenciuri energia U udris:
Sinagani spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti U=– orb
 ·  g = –μorb,z Bg , (32.32)
:
diamagnetizmi. diamagnituri masalebi ar
e
= – m . (32.22) gamoxataven magnetizms, sanam ar moTavsdebian
TviTon spinis gazomva SeuZlebelia, magram gare magnitur g velSi. Semdeg isini iZenen
SesaZlebelia misi nebismieri komponentis -is
g sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul magnitur
gazomva. Tu davuSvebT, rom vzomavT koor dipolur moments. Tu veli araerTgvarovania,
dinatTa sistemis z RerZis gaswvriv, maSin diamagnituri masala ganizideba ufro didi
komponent Sz-s mxolod gantoleba 32-23-iT magnituri velis mqone ubnebidan. am Tvisebas
mocemuli mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba hqondes. diamagnetizmi ewodeba.
h paramagnetizmi. paramagnitur masalaSi
Sz = ms 2� , ms = ±  12 , (32.23)
yvela atoms gaaCnia mudmivi magnituri
sadac h (=6,63×10–34) j·wm plankis mudmivaa. dipoluri momenti , magram dipoluri
amis msgavsad, TviTon eleqtronis spinis momentebis orientacia SemTxveviTia da
magnituri dipoluri momentis gamoTvla masalas, mTlianobaSi, magnituri veli ar
SeuZlebelia, magram misi komponentis gamo aqvs, xolo gareSe magnitur vels SeuZlia
g
Tvla – SesaZlebeli. z RerZis gaswvriv, kompo nawilobriv daamwkrivos atomuri dipoluri
nenti udris: momentebi da masalas Bg-saken mimarTuli
eh
μs,z = ±  4�m = ± μB , (32.24, 32.26) jamuri magnituri dipoluri momenti misces.
sadac μB boris magnetonia: Tu g-i araerTgvarovania, masala ufro didi
magnituri velis mqone ubnebisaken miizideba.
eh
μB = ±  4�m = 9,27×10–24 j/t , (32.25) am Tvisebas paramagnetizmi ewodebaT.
gare velSi spinis magnituri dipoluri atomuri dipoluri momentebis wyoba
g
momentis orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli U izrdeba, g-is gazrdasaTan erTad da

potenciuri energia udris: mcirdeba T temperaturis gazrdasTan erTad.
V moculobis masalis nimuSis magnetizaciis
U=–  ·  = –μs,z · Bg . (32.27)
g done mocemulia magnetizaciiT, romlis
orbitaluri magnituri dipoluri mo sididec udris:
menti. atomSi yofnisas eleqtrons gaaCnia gazomili magnituri momenti
(32.38)
damatebiTi kuTxuri momenti, romelsac misi V
orbitaluri kuTxuri momenti orb
ewodeba N raodenobis atomebiani masalis yvela
da romelTanac dakavSirebulia orbitaluri magnituri dipolis sruli mowesrigeba gare
magnituri dipoluri momenti orb
: magnituri velis mimarTulebiT, romelsac
e masalis gajereba ewodeba, Seesabameba
orb
= –  2m orb
. (32.28)
maqsimaluri magnetizaciis mniSvnelobas
orbitaluri kuTxuri momenti dakvantulia Nμ Bg
Mmax = -s. -s mcire mniSvnelobebisaTvis,
da SeuZlia mxolod gantoleba 32.29-iT V T
samarTliania
mocemuli mniSvnelobebi hqondes.
g
h M = C  T (kiuris kanoni), (32.39)
Lorb, z=mℓ 2π ,
sadac C-s kiuris mudmiva ewodeba.
feromagnetizmi. gareSe magnituri velis da warmoqmnas Zlieri, g-saken mimarTuli
ararsebobisas, feromagnituri masalis zogi jamuri magnituri dipoluri momenti
erT eleqtrons Tavisi magnituri dipoluri mTliani masalisaTvis. es jamuri magnituri
momenti Sewyobili aqvs mezobelTan kvanturi dipoluri veli nawilobriv rCeba g-is
fizikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli efeqtis gamo, mocilebis Semdeg. Tu g araerTgvarovania,
romelsac gacvlis dawyvileba ewodeba, feromagnituri masala ufro didi magnituri
riTac masalaSi Zlieri magnituri dipoluri velis mqone ubnebisaken miizideba. am Tvisebebs
momentebis mqone ubnebs (domenebs) warmoqmnis. feromagnetizmi ewodeba. feromagnetizmi
gare magnitur vels SeuZlia daamwkrivos qreba, rodesac masalis temperatura
am ubnebis magnituri dipoluri momentebi aRemateba kiuris temperaturas.
SekiTxvebi
1. nax. 32-20-ze naCvenebia, or sxvadasxva kondensators.

situaciaSi, eleqtruli velis veqtori da eleqtruli veli a)
aRZruli magnituri velis Zalwiri. TiToeul da Id wanacvlebis deni
maTganSi, -s mniSvneloba izrdeba Tu b) firfitebs Soris mar
mcirdeba? cxnivaa mimarTuli Tu sur. 32.22. SekiTxva 3.
marjvniv? g) P wertilSi
magnituri veli winamdebare furclis SigniT
aris mimarTuli Tu
furclis gareT?
(a) (b) 4. 32.23a-ze naCvenebia

wriulfirfitebiani
kondensatori, rome
2. nax. 32.21 gvi lic imuxteba. a wertili
Cvenebs para (SemaerTebeli sadenis
l e l u r f i r axlos) da b wertili
fitebiani kon (kondensatoris firfi
densatoris ori tebsSorisi sivrcis
kvadratuli fir SigniT) centraluri
fitidan erTerTis xazidan Tanabradaa
winxeds da firfi daSorebuli, iseve, rogorc c wertili (arc
tebs Soris moTavsebul oTx konturs. ise axlos sadenidan) da d wertili (firfitebs
kondensatori ganmuxtvis procesSia. a) Soris sivrceSi, magram maT gareT). nax. 32.23b-
ugulebelyaviT magnituri velis kideebi ze erTi mrudi gviCvenebs magnituri velis
da daalageT ·d
konturebi sididis sididis damokidebulebas r manZilze sadenis
mixedviT (pirvelad -udidesi). b) aris Tu ara SigniT da gareT. meore mrudi ki gviCvenebs
romelime konturis gaswvriv -is da d -is magnituri velis sididis damokidebulebas
mimarTulebebs Soris arsebuli kuTxe mudmivi r manZilze firfitebsSorisi sivrcis SigniT
sidide? (ise, rom maTi skalaruli namravli da gareT. es ori mrudi nawilobriv emTxveva
advili gamosaTvleli iyos)? g) aris Tu ara erTmaneTs. am mrudebis sami wertilidan
romelime xviis gaswvriv B mudmivi sidide? romeli Seesabameba nax. 32.23a-ze naCvenebi 4
(ise, rom 32.3 gantolebaSi B-s gamotana wertilidan?
SeiZlebodes integralis gareT)? 5. gare magnitur velSi myof eleqtrons
g
3. sur. 32.22 naCvenebia paralelurfir aqvs spinuri kuTxuri momenti Sz, romelic
fitebiani kondensatori da SemaerTebel g- s antiparaleluria. Tu eleqtronma spinis
sadenebSi gamavali deni, romelic ganmuxtavs Sebruneba ganicada (Sz g-s paraleluri
gaxda), man unda miiRos Tu dakargos energia? 9. SevcvaloT kiTxva 7-Si da nax. 32.25-Si
6. nax. 32-24a-ze naCvenebia urTierT mocemuli deniani konturebi paramagnituri
sawinaaRmdego spinuri orientaciebis sferoebiT. TiToeul velSi aris Tu ara
wyvili gare magnitur velSi myofi a) sferos magnituri dipoluri momenti da

g
eleqtronisaTvis. nax. 32.24b-ze naCvenebia b) sferoze moqmedi magnituri Zala mimarTuli
am orientaciebTan dakavSirebuli potencia zemoT, qvemoT an nulis toli?
luri energiis grafikis, rogorc g sididis 10. nax. 32.26-ze warmodgenilia sami sworkuTxa
funqciis sami varianti. b) da g) variantebi feromagnituri masalis nimuSi, sadac
urTierTgadamkveT wrfeebs warmoadgens, domenebis magnituri dipolebi furclis
a) varianti paralelur wrfeebs. romeli gareT mimarTul Zalian Zlier B0-velSia
(simbolo ) TiToeul nimuSSi, kunZulovan
domens furclis SigniT mimarTuli magni
turi veli gaaCnia (simbolo ). nimuSi 1
wminda kristalia. danarCeni nimuSebi Seicavs
usufTaobas xazebis garSemo; domenebi
advilad ver vrceldeba aseT xazebze.
(a) (b) modebuli veli Semobrundeba da misi sidide
mokrZalebulia. es cvlileba kunZulovani
variantia swori? domenis gazrdas iwvevs. a) daaxarisxeT es
sur. 32.24. SekiTxva 6. samive nimuSi am zrdaSi warmatebis mixedviT,
7. nax.32.25-ze naCvenebia magnitur vel udidesidan umciresisaken. feromagnitur
Si, orbitaze saaTis isris moZraobis sawi masalebs, romelSic magnituri dipolebi
naaRmdegod moZravi eleqtronis sami modeli. advilad icvleba, magniturad rbili ewodeba:
model 1-sa da 2-Si velebi araerTgvarovania, rodesac cvlilebis gamowveva Znelia da
3-Si – erTgvarovani. TiToeul modelSi, aris amisaTvis Zlieri magnituri velis modebaa
Tu ara a) konturis magnituri dipoluri saWiro, aseT masalebs magniturad mtkice
momenti da b) konturze moqmedi magnituri ewodeba. b) am sami nimuSidan romelia
Zala mimarTuli zemoT, qvemoT an nulis magniturad yvelaze mtkice?
sur. 32.25. SekiTxva 7, 8 da 9.
toli? sur. 32.26. SekiTxva 10.
8. SevcvaloT kiTxva 7-Si da nax. 32.25-Si 11. Semcirdeba, gaizrdeba Tu darCeba igive
mocemuli deniani konturebi diamagnituri nax.32.12 a-sa da b-ze gamosaxuli denian
sferoebiT. TiToeul velSi aris Tu ara konturze moqmedi jamuri Zalis sidide,
a) sferos magnituri dipoluri momenti da Tu gavzrdiT a) g-s sidides da b) g-is
b) sferoze moqmedi magnituri Zala mimarTuli ganSladobas?

zemoT, qvemoT an nulis toli?
1129
amocanebi
radiusiani da L sigrZis wriuli cilindris
Manual-Si.
RerZi z RerZze, or sadens Sua, Tanabar
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze manZilze mdebareobs. gamoiyeneT gausis
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday gantoleba magnetizmisTvis x RerZis zemoT
mdebare cilindruli zedapiris naxevris
com/college/halliday. gamWoli jamuri, gareT mimarTuli magnituri
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs nakadis gamosaxulebis misaRebad. (miniSneba:
amocanis sirTules
ipoveT cilindris SigniT mdebare xz sibrtyis
nawilis gamWoli nakadi)
paragrafi 32-2. gausis kanoni magnituri
velebisaTvis
•1. nax.32-27-ze gamosa
xulia Caketili zeda
piri. zemo brtyeli
zedapiris gaswvriv, ro
mlis radiusi 2 sm-ia,
0,3 t sididis marTo
buli magnituri veli sur. 32.27. amocana 1.
paragrafi 32-3 aRZruli magnituri
mimarTulia gareT. velebi
brtyeli qveda zedapiris gaswvriv, 0,70 mvb •5. wriuli, paralelurfirfitebiani konden
sididis magnituri nakadi mimarTulia gareT. satoris centraluri RerZidan 6 mm radialur
ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa magnituri manZilze daSorebuli aRZruli magnituri
nakadi zedapiris mrud nawilSi? veli 2,0×10–7t sididisaa. firfitebis radiusi
•2. kamaTlis xuTi waxnagis gamWoli magnituri 3 mm-ia. ra d /dt siCqariT icvleba eleqtruli
nakadi mocemulia ΦB = ±N vb gantolebiT, sadac veli firfitebs Soris? SSM
N (=1-dan 5-mde) aris waxnagze wertilebis ••6. paralelurfirfitebiani kondensatori
raodenoba. nakadi dadebiTia (gareT mimar wriuli 40mm radiusiani firfitebiT ganimux
Tuli) N-is luwi mniSvnelobisaTvis da uar teba 6 A sididis deniT. kondensatoris fir
yofiTia (SigniT mimarTuli) N-is kenti mniS fitaTSorisi sivrcis a) SigniT da b) gareT,
vnelobisaTvis. rogoria kamaTlis meeqvse wax ra radiusze aRwevs aRZruli magnituri velis
nagis gamWoli nakadi? sidide Tavisi maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis 75%-
••3. sarqvelebiani marjvena wriuli cilin s? g) ras udris maqsimaluri mniSvneloba?
dris formis gausis zedapiris radiusi 12 sm ••7. davuSvaT, rom paralelurfirfitebian
da sigrZe 80 sm-ia. erT boloSi gadis 25 mkvb kondensators aqvs wriuli firfitebi R = 30mm
sididis SigniT mimarTuli magnituri nakadi. radiusiT da 5mm daSorebiT. aseve davuSvaT,
meore bolosTan arsebobs 1.60 mt zedapiris rom firfitebze modebulia sinusoiduri
mimarT normaluri, gareT mimarTuli, potencialTa sxvaoba 150 v maqsimaluri mniS
erTgvarovani magnituri veli. ra a) sididis da vnelobiT da 60 hc sixSiriT. anu:
b) mimarTulebisaa (SigniT an gareT mimarTuli) V = (150 v) sin{2π(60 hc)t}.
jamuri magnituri nakadi zedapiris mrud (a) ipoveT Bmax(R), maqsimaluri mniSvneloba
nawilSi? aRZruli magnituri velisa, romelic r = R
•••4. z RerZis paraleluri da erTmaneTisagan SemTxvevaSi arsebobs. (b) SeadgineT Bmax (r)-is
4r-Ti daSorebuli ori sadenSi urTierT grafiki 0 < r < 10 sm-saTvis.
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadis Tanabari ••8. erTgvarovani eleqtruli nakadi. nax. 32-
i deni, rogorc nax.32.28-Sia gamosaxuli. r 29-ze naCvenebia R = 3 sm-iani wriuli ubani,
torSi SeiZleba Caiweros rogorc id=C(dV/dt),

sadac V aris firfitebs Soris potencialTa
sxvaoba.
•14. 0,1 m radiusis mqone paralelur
sur. 32.29. amocana 8-11 da 23-26. firfitebiani wriuli kondensatori ganmux

tvis procesSia. 0,2 m radiusis wriuli xvia
sadac erTgvarovani eleqtruli nakadi kondensatoris koncentrulia da firfitebis
mimarTulia saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan SuaSi mdebareobs. xviis gamWoli wanacvlebis
gareT. ubanSi gamavali mTliani eleqtruli deni 2 a-s tolia. ra siCqariT icvleba eleq
nakadi mocemulia ΦE = (3 mv · m/wm)t-Ti, sadac truli veli firfitebs Soris?
t wamebSia gamosaxuli. ras udris: a) 2 sm da
•15. 32.1 amocanis SemTxvevisTvis aCveneT, rom
b) 5 sm radialur manZilebze aRZruli magni
wanacvlebis denis simkvrivis sidide tolia
turi velis sidide?
jd=ε0 (dE/dt), roca r ≤ R.
••9. araerTgvarovani eleqtruli nakadi.
••16. sur. 32.30-ze
nax. 32-29-ze naCvenebia R = 3 sm-iani wriuli
or paralelur wri
ubani, sadac eleqtruli nakadi mimarTulia
ul firfitas So
furclidan gareT. r radiusiani koncentruli
ris eleqtruli ve
wriT garSemortymuli eleqtruli nakadi sur. 32.30. amocana 16.
lis sidide tolia
aRiniSneba ΦE,enc = (3 mv · m/wm)(r/R)t-iT, sadac
E = (4,0×105) – (6×104t), sadac E izomeba v/m-
r ≤ R da t wamebSia gamosaxuli. ras udris
ebiT, xolo t wamebSi. roca t = 0, maSin zeviTaa
a) 2 sm da b) 5 sm radialur manZilebze aRZruli
mimarTuli. firfitis farTobia 4×10–2 m2. Tu
t ≥ 0, ras udris firfitebs Soris wanacvlebis
••10. erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli. nax. denis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba (zemoT an
32-29-Si, erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli qvemoT). g) aRZruli magnituri veli naxazze
mimarTulia furclidan gareT, R = 3 sm-iani saaTis isris moZraobis mxaresaa mimarTuli
wriuli ubnis Signidan. eleqtruli velis Tu mis sawinaaRmdegod?
sidide mocemulia E = (4,5×10–3 v/m·wm)t-Ti,
••17. 20 sm diametriani wriuli firfitebis
sadac t wamebSia gamosaxuli. ras udris a)
mqone paralelurfirfitebiani kondensato
2 sm da b) 5 sm radialur manZilebze aRZruli
ris damuxtvisas, firfitebs Soris wanac
vlebis denis simkvrive erTgvarovania da
••11. araerTgvarovani eleqtruli veli. 20 a/m2-s udris. (a) gamoTvaleT magnituri
nax. 32.29-Si, eleqtruli veli mimarTulia velis B sidide am ubnis simetriis RerZidan
furclidan gareT, R = 3 sm-iani wriuli ubnis r = 50 mm manZilze. ILW
Signidan. eleqtruli velis sidide mocemulia
••18. kondensatori paraleluri, wriuli
E = (0,5 v/m·wm)(1 – r/R)t-Ti, sadac t wamebSia gamo
firfitebiT, romelTa radiusi R = 1.2 sm-
saxuli da r radialuri manZilia. ras udris a)
ia, ganimuxteba 12 a deniT. warmoidgineT
2 sm da b) 5 sm radialur manZilebze aRZruli
R/3 radiusiani xvia, romlis centric moTav
sebulia centralur RerZze firfitebs
paragrafi 32-3 wanacvlebis deni Soris. (a) ra sididis wanacvlebis denia xviiT
•12. ra siCqariT unda Seicvalos poten garSemortymuli? udidesi aRZruli magnituri
cialTa sxvaoba 2 mkf tevadobis parale veli 12 mt sididisaa. kondensatoris firfi
lurfirfitebiani kondensatoris firfi taTSorisi sivrcis (b) SigniT da (g) gareT, ra
tebs Soris 1,5 a wanacvlebis denis warmosaq radiuszea aRZruli magnituri velis sidide
mnelad? 3 mt?
•13. daamtkiceT, rom wanacvlebis deni C te ••19. sur. 32.31-Si, erTgvarovani eleqtruli
vadobis paralelurfirfitebian kondensa veli irRveva. gamoTvaleT wanacvlebis
1131
denis sidide velis
velis i
-s sidide P
marTobul 1.6 m2 wertilSi, aRZruli
farTobze naxat
sadenSi gamavali nam
(a)
ze moyvanili a, b
dvili denis mier,
da c drois inter
rodesac a) t = 20 mwm
valebis ganmavlo
b) t = 40 mwm; g) t
baSi. (intervalebis sur. 32.31. amocana 19.
= 60 mwm. Semdeg
boloebSi velis
dauSviT, rom
cvlilebas yuradRebas nu miaqcevT) SSM WWW
eleqtruli veli,
(b)
••20. sur. 32.32-Si romelmac deni
wredi Sedgeba Camr aRZra, sadeniT
Tvel S-is, 12 v-iani SemoisazRvra. amis mere daadgineT magnituri
idealuri batareis, velis id
sidide P wertilSi, aRZruli sadenSi
20 mgΩ rezistorisa da arsebuli wanacvlebis id denis mier, rodesac
haeriT savse konden d) t = 20 mwm e) t = 40 mwm v) t = 60 mwm. rodesac
satorisagan. kondensators aqvs paraleluri, t = 20 mwm, ra mimarTulebisaa P wertilSi
wriuli 5 sm radiusiani da erTmaneTisagan (furclis SigniT Tu gareT) z) i da (T) id?
3 mm-iT daSorebuli firfitebi. t = 0 dros ••23. wanacvlebis denis erTgvarovani
CamrTveli S Caketilia kondensatoris
simkvrive. nax. 32.29-Si naCvenebia R = 3 sm
dasamuxtad. eleqtruli veli firfitebs
radiusis mqone wriuli ubani, sadac wana
Soris erTgvarovania. ra sididis iqneba
cvlebis deni mimarTulia furclidan ga
magnituri veli kondensatoris SigniT 3 sm
reT. wanacvlebis dens gaaCnia Jd = 6 a/m2 si
radialur manZilze, rodesac t = 250 mkwm-s?
didis erTgvarovani simkvrive. ras udris
••21. sur.32.33-Si paralelurfirfitebian wanacvlebis denis mier gamowveuli magnituri
kondensators aqvs kvad velis sidide a) 2 sm da b) 5 sm radialur
ratuli firfitebi, ro manZilebze?
melTa gverdis sigrZe ••24. erTgvarovani wanacvlebis deni. nax. 32-
L = 1m-s. kondensatori 29-Si naCvenebia R = 3 sm radiusis mqone wriuli
gverdiTi xedi
imuxteba 2 a deniT da ubani, sadac erTgvarovani wanacvlebis deni
firfitebs Soris erT id = 0,5 a mimarTulia furclidan gareT. ras
gvarovan eleqtrul udris wanacvlebis denis mier gamowveuli
vels warmoqmnis. magnituri velis sidide a) 2 sm da b) 5 sm
firfitebis marTo radialur manZilebze?
bulia. a) ras udris ••25. wanacvlebis denis araerTgvarovani
wanacvlebis deni id zeda xedi
simkvrive. nax. 32.29-Si naCvenebia R = 3 sm
firfitebs Soris? sur. 32.33. amocana 21.
radiusis mqone wriuli ubani, sadac
b) ras udris dE/dt am ubanSi? g) ras udris wanacvlebis deni mimarTulia furclidan
mcire zomos kvadratiT (wyvetili, sur. 32.33. gareT. wanacvlebis denis simkvrivis sidide
d = 0,5 m) garSemortymuli wanacvlebis deni? mocemulia jd = (4 a/m2)(1 – r/R) gantolebiT,
d) ras udris ·d am kvadratis garSemo? sadac r radialuri manZilia r ≤ R. ras udris
wanacvlebis denis mier gamowveuli magnituri
••22. nax. 32.34a-Si naCvenebia deni, romelic
velis sidide a) 2 sm da b) 5 sm radialur
1,62×10–8 omi·m kuTri winaRobis mqone saden
manZilebze?
Si warmoiqmneba. denis sidide drosTan damo
••26. araerTgvarovani wanacvlebis deni. nax. 32-
kidebulebaSi naCvenebia nax.32-24b-Si. P
29-Si naCvenebia R = 3 sm radiusis mqone wriuli
wertili mdebareobs sadenis centridan 9 mm
ubani, sadac wanacvlebis deni id mimarTulia
radialur manZilze. daadgineT magnituri
furclidan gareT. wanacvlebis denis sidide •33. nax. 32.35a erT

mocemulia id = (3 a)(r/R) gantolebiT, sadac r RerZiani grafikia,
radialuri manZilia r ≤ R. ras udris id-s mier romlis gaswvrivac
gamowveuli magnituri velis sidide a) 2 sm da atomis energiis ori
b) 5 sm radialur manZilebze? dasaSvebi mniSvne
lobis (donis) ur
paragrafi 32-6 magnitebi
Tie rTdamokideb u (a) (b)
•27. niu hemfSirSi, 1912 wels, dedamiwis
lebaa gamosaxuli. sur. 32.35. amocana 33.
magnituri velis saSualo horizontaluri
rodesac atomi mo
komponenti 16 mkt iyo, xolo saSualo gadaxra
Tavsebulia 0,500 t sididis velSi, es grafiki
- 73°. ras udrida magnituri velis Sesabamisi
gardaiqmneba nax. 32.35 b-Si naCveneb grafikad
sidide? SSM
orb · - dakavSirebuli energiis gamo (
•28. davuSvaT, rom mTels arizonaSi, romlis
ugulebelvyoT). done E2 ucvlelia, magram
farTobi 2,95 × 105 km2-ia, dedamiwis magnituri
E1 iSleba doneTa (axlo-axlo moTavsebul)
velis vertikaluri komponentis mniSvnelobaa
tripletad. ras udris (a) energiis E1 donesTan
43 mkt (qvemoT). ra a) sididis da b) mimar
da (b) energiis E2-donesTan dakavSirebuli
Tulebisaa (gareT Tu SigniT mimarTuli)
mℓ-s dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi? joulebSi,
dedamiwis danarCeni zedapiris gamWoli
energiis ra sididea warmodgenili tripletis
jamuri magnituri nakadi (anu dedamiwis
doneebs Soris intervaliT?
mTliani zedapiri arizonis gamoklebiT)?
paragrafi 32-9 diamagnetizmi
paragrafi 32-7 magnetizmi da eleqtro
34. nax. 32.36-ze
nebi
naCvenebia xviuri
•29. ra sididisaa orbituli magnituri
modeli (xvia L)
dipoluri momentis gazomili komponenti, im sur. 32.36. amocana 34
diamagnituri masa da 65.
eleqtronisa, romlis (a) me = –1 da (b) me = –2?
lisaTvis. a) daxa
•30. ras udris energiaTa sxvaoba eleqtronis zeT Rerovani magnitis mier warmoqmnili
spinis magnituri dopoluri momentis z kompo magnituri velis wirebi masalis SigniT da mis
nentis, 0,25 T sididis, z RerZis paralelurad garSemo. ra mimarTuleba aqvs b) xviis jamur
mimarTuli gareSe velis mimarT paralelur magnitur dipolur moment -s, g) pirobiTs
da antiparalelur ganlagebas Soris? dens xviaSi (naxazze, saaTis isris moZraobis
•31. ras udris (a) Lorb da (b) Lorb,z, Tu atomis mimarTulebiT Tu sawinaaRmdegod) da d) xvia
eleqtrons gaaCnia orbituli kuTxuri momenti, ze moqmed magnitur Zalas?
romlis mℓ = 0? Tu atomi moTavsebulia z •35. davuSvaT, rom m masis da e muxtis mqone
RerZis gaswvriv mimarTul 35 mt sididis eleqtroni moZraobs r radiusian orbitaze
gareSe magnitur B velSi, ras udris birTvis garSemo. amis Semdeg, orbitis sibrtyis
g) orb
-Tan dakavSirebuli potenciuri energia marTobulad, erTgvarovari magnituri veli
Uorb da d) -Tan dakavSirebuli potenciuri iqna modebuli. ipoveT magnituri velis gamo
energia Uspin? amis magivrad, Tu eleqtronis magnituri dipoluri momentis cvlilebis
mℓ = –3, ras udris e) Lorb.z, v) μorb.z, z) Uorb da gamosaxuleba im daSvebiT, rom orbitis
T) Uspin? SSM WWW radiusi ar icvleba da Ti gamowveuli
•32. eleqtroni moTavsebulia z RerZis gas eleqtronis siCqaris cvlileba mcirea. SSM
wvriv mimarTul gareSe magnitur velSi
paragrafi 32.10 paramagnetizmi
. eleqtronis spinis magnituri momentis
•36. 0,50 t sididis magnituri veli modebulia
z komponentis -s mimarT paralelur da
paramagnitur airze, romlis atomebis Sinagani
antiparalelur ganlagebebs Soris energiaTa
magnituri dipoluri momenti aris 1,0×10–23 
sxvaoba aris 6×10–25 j.-a. ras udris -s
j/t-s. ra temperaturaze iqneba atomebis
sidide?
1133
saSualo kinetikuri energia aseTi dipolis -s sapirispirod. ra b) sididis da g)
Semosabruneblad saWiro energiis toli am
mimarTulebisaa Ke kinetikuri energiis mqone
magnitur velSi?
dadebiTi ionis magnituri dipoluri momenti
•37. cilindruli Reros formis magnitis igive pirobebSi? d) ionizebuli airi Seicavs
sigrZe 5 sm da diametri 1 sm-ia. mas 5,30×103 a/m 5,3×1021 eleqtrons /m3 da amave simkvrivis
sididis magnetizacia gaaCnia. ras udris misi ionebs. CaTvaleT, rom eleqtronis saSualo
magnituri dipoluri momenti. SSM ILW kinetikuri energia udris 6,2×10–20 j-s da ionis
•38. paramagnituri marilis nimuSi, romelsac saSualo kinetikuri energia udris 7,6×10–21 j-
nax. 32.14-Si moyvanili magnetizaciis s. gamoTvaleT gazis magnetizacia, rodesac is
mrudi Seesabameba, moTavsebulia oTaxis moTavsebulia 1,2 t sididis velSi.
temperaturaze (300 K). ra sididis magnitur paragrafi 32-11 feromagnetizmi
velSi iqneba magnituri gajerebis donis a) 50%
•42. maRaroebsa da WebSi Catarebuli gazomvebi
da b) 90%? g) SesaZlebelia Tu ara am velebis
aCvenebs, rom dedamiwis Sida temperatura
miReba laboratoriaSi?
izrdeba siRrmesTan erTad saSualod 30°C-
•39. paramagnituri marilis nimuSze, romelsac iT kilometrze. im daSvebiT, rom zedapiris
nax. 32.14-Si moyvanili magnetizaciis mrudi temperatura 10°C-ia, ra siRrmeze aRaraa rkina
Seesabameba, atareben cdas imis dasadgenad, feromagnituri? (rkinis kiuris temperatura
eqvemdebareba Tu ara igi kiuris kanons. wnevis cvlilebiT Zalze mcired icvleba)
nimuSi moTavsebulia erTgvarovan 0,50 t •43. paragraf 32.11-Si naxsenebi gacvlis
sididis magnitur velSi, romelic mudmivi Sewyvileba, rogorc feromagnetizmisTvis
rCeba cdis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg, 10-dan 300 pasuxismgebeli, araa or elementur magnitur
K-mde temperaturis farglebSi izomeba M dipols Soris ormxrivi urTierTkavSiri.
magnetizacia. dadgindeba Tu ara, rom kiuris amis saCveneblad, gamoTvaleT a) 1,5×10–23 j
kanoni gamosadegia am pirobebSi? sididis magnituri dipoluri momentis
••40. nax. 32.37-ze mqone atomisagan (kobalti). dipolis RerZis
mocemulia paramagni gaswvriv, 10 nm-Ti daSorebuli magnituri
turi masalis magne velis sidide da b) am magnitur velSi meore
tizaciis mrudi. μ identuri dipolis Semosabruneblad saWiro
iyos masalis nimuSis umciresi energia. g) am amocanis da amocanis
gazomili jamuri mag amoxsnis nimuS 32.3-is erTmaneTTan SedarebiT,
nituri momenti, xo sur. 32.37. amocana 40. ra daskvna SegiZliaT gamoitanoT? SSM
lo μmax ki am nimuSis •44. rknis ReroSi arsebul rkinis atomTan
udidesi SesaZlebeli magnituri momenti. dakavSirebuli dipoluri momentis sidide
kiuris kanonis Tanaxmad, risi toli iqne aris 2,1×10–23 j/t. davuSvaT, rom yvela atoms
boda μ / μmax Sefardeba, nimuSi rom 2 K tem ReroSi, romlis sigrZe 5 sm, xolo ganivkveTis
peraturaze 0,8 t sididis magnitur velSi mo farTobi 1 sm2-ia, Tavisi dipoli mowesrigebuli
gveTavsebina? aqvs. a) ras udris am Reros dipoluri
momenti? b) ra Zalis momenti unda iyos
••41. Ke kinetikuri energiis mqone
modebuli am magnitis 1,5 t sididis magnituri
eleqtroni moZraobs wrewirze, romlis
velis marTobulad SesanarCuneblad? (rkinis
sibrtye z RerZisadmi dadebiTad mimarTuli
simkvrive 7,9 g/sm3-ia)
erTgvarovani magnituri velis marTobulia.
eleqtronis moZraobaze mxolod velis mier •45. feromagnituri nikelis gajerebuli
warmoqmnili Zala moqmedebs. a) aCveneT, magnetizacia Mmax = 4,70×105 a/m- ia. gamoTvaleT
rom eleqtronis orbituli moZraobis mier nikelis calkeuli atomis magnituri dipo
gamowveuli magnituri dipoluri momentis luri momenti. (nikelis simkvrive 8,9 g/sm3,
sidide μ = Ke / B da rom is mimarTulia xolo moluri masa 58,71 g/molia.)

••46. 6 sm sigrZis, 3 mm radiusisa da (erT miwis magnetizmis wyaro, gamoiricxa ramde
gvarovani) 2,70×103 a/m magnetizaciis nime mizezis gamo. magaliTad, iq temperatura
mqone magnitur Reros SeuZlia Tavisi kiuris temperaturas aSkarad aRemateba.)
centris garSemo kompasis isariviT mo
Zraoba. igi moTavsebulia 35 mt sididis
50. L gverdis sigrZis
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi ise, rom
mqone kvadratulfir
misi dipolis mimarTuleba magnituri velis
fitebiani kondensato
mimarTulebasTan 68°-ian kuTxes qmnis. (a) ras
ri ganimuxteba0,75 a
udris -s gamo warmoqmnili, Reroze moqmedi
sididis deniT. nax. 32-
Zalis momenti? risi toli iqneba Reros
38-ze naCvenebia erT-
magnituri potenciuri energiis cvlileba, sur. 32.38. amocana 50.
erT firfitis xedi
Tu kuTxe 34°-ad Seicvleba?
kondensatoris Signidan. naCvenebia wyvetili
••47. roulandis wiri warmoqmnilia fero
marTkuTxa wiri. Tu L = 12 sm-s, W = 4 sm-s, da
magnituri masaliT. ganivkveTSi igi wriulia,
H = 2 sm-s, ras udris ·d wyvetili wiris
misi Sida radiusi 5 sm-s, xolo gareTa radiusi
garSemo?
6 sm-s udris da Semoxveulia sadenze 400
xviiT. (a) ra sididis denma unda gaiaros am
51. ori firfita (iseve, rogorc nax.32.7-
Si) ganimuxteba mudmivi deniT. TiToeuli
xviebSi, rom miviRoT B0 = 0,20 mt toroiduli
firfitis radiusi 4 sm-ia. ganmuxtvis dros,
veli? (toroidis garSemo Semoxveul meorad
koWas aqvs 50 xvia da 8 omi winaRoba. Tuki B0- firfitebs Soris wertilSi, centraluri
s am mniSvnelobisTvis gvaqvs Bmax = 800 B0, ra RerZidan 2 sm radialur manZilze, magnituri
sididis muxti gadis meorad koWaSi, rodesac veli 12,5 nt sididisaa. a) ras udris magnituri
toroidis xveiebSi deni CarTulia? veli 6 sm radialur manZilze? b) risi tolia

firfitebze mimagrebul sadenebSi gamavali
••48. Tqven aTavsebT magnitur kompass hori
deni?
zontalur zedapirze, nemss nebas aZlevT, rom
wonasworobis mdgobareobaSi Cadges da Semdeg 52. q muxti r radiusiani wvrili rgolis
nela anjRrevT, rom nemsma rxeva daiwyos garSemo Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. rgo
winasworobis mdgomareobis axlos. rxevis li ω kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobs RerZis
sixSire 0,312 hc-ia. dedamiwis magnitur vels garSemo, romelic mis centrSi gadis da mis
kompasis mdebareobis adgilas gaaCnia 18 mkt marTobuladaa moTavsebuli. a) aCveneT, rom
sididis vertikaluri komponenti. nemss muxtis brunvis gamo warmoqmnili magnituri
aqvs 0,680 mj/t sididis magnituri momenti. momenti μ = 1qωr2. b) ra mimarTuleba eqneba am
2
ras udris isris brunviTi inercia Tavisi magnitur moments, Tu muxti dadebiTia?
(vertikaluri) RerZis garSemo? 53. R = 16 mm radiusisa da d = 5,0 mm firfi
••49. dedamiwis magnituri dipoluri momentis tTSorisi manZilis mqone paralelurfirfi
sidide aris 8×1022 j/t-ia. a) am magnetizmis tebiani wriuli kondensatoris firfitebs
saTave dedamiwis centrSi moTavsebuli Soris Seqmnilia erTgvarovani eleqtruli
rkina rom yofiliyo, risi toli iqneboda veli. t = 0 droidan dawyebuli, firfitebs
misi radiusi? b) dedamiwis moculobis ra Soris potencialTa sxvaoba V = (100 v)e–t/τ,
nawils daikavebda aseTi sfero? dauSviT, sadac τ = 12 mwm. centraluri RerZidan r =
rom dipolebi srulad mowesrigebulia. de 0,8 R radialur manZilze, rogori iqneba
damiwis birTvis simkvrive 14 g/sm3-ia. rkinis magnituri velis sidide: a) rogorc drois
atomis magnituri dipoluri momentis sidide funqcia t ≥ 0 mniSvnelobisaTvis da b) t = 3τ
2,1×10–23 j/t-ia. (SeniSvna: iTvleba, rom sinam mniSvnelobisaTvis?
dvileSi dedamiwis birTvi myar da Txevad
54. nax. 32.7-ze naCvenebi kondensatori
mdgomareobaSia da nawilobriv rkinasac Sei
imuxteba 2,5 a sididis deniT. sadenis radiusi
cavs, magram mudmivi magniti, rogorc deda
1,5 mm-ia, firfitis radiusi ki 2 sm. davuSvaT,
1135
rom sadenSi gamavali i deni da kondensatoris 58. ras udris eleqtronis orbituli mag
firfitebs Soris sivrceSi wanacvlebis deni nituri dipoluri momentis gazomili kom
id Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. ra sididisaa ponenti, Tu a) mℓ = 3 da (b) mℓ = –4?
i deniT aRZruli magnituri veli sadenis 59. wriuli R radiusiani paraleluri fir
centridan Semdeg radialur manZilebze: fitebis mqone kondensatori ganimuxteba.
a) 1 mm (sadenis SigniT), b) 3 mm (sadenis gareT), firfitebis paralelur centralur wriul,
da g) 2,2 sm (sadenis gareT)? ra sididisaa i R/2 radiusian ubanSi gamavali wanacvlebis
deniT aRZruli magnituri veli firfitebs deni 2 a-s udris. risi tolia ganmmuxtavi
Soris centraluri RerZidan Semdeg radialur deni?
manZilebze: d) 1 mm (firfitTSorisi sivrcis
60. magnitur kompass aqvs 0,05 kg masisa da
SigniT), e) 3 mm (sivrcis SigniT), da v) 2,2 sm
4 sm sigrZis isari, romelic Sewyobilia
(sivrcis gareT)? z) axseniT, ratomaa, rom or dedamiwis magnituri velis horizontalur
ufro mcire manZilze sadenisa da firfitebs komponentTan im adgilas, radac am kompo
Soris sivrcis magnituri velebis sidideebi nentis mniSvneloba aris Bh = 16 mkt. kompasis
Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, yvelaze msubuqi SenjRrevis Semdeg isari irxeva ω =
did manZilze ki _ ara.
45 rad/wm kuTxuri sixSiriT. im daSvebiT, rom
55. paramagnituri marilis nimuSi, romelsac isari erTgvarovani, centriT damagrebuli
nax. 32.14-ze moyvanili magnetizaciis mrudi wvrili Reroa, ipoveT misi magnituri
Seesabameba, moTavsebulia 2 t sididis erTgva dipoluri momentis sidide.
rovan magnitur velSi. ra temperaturaze 61. nax. 32.39-Si, R
iqneba nimuSis magnituri gajerebis done = 18 sm radiusiani
a) 50% da b) 90%? wriuli firfitebis
56. davuSvaT, rom ±4 aris m-is mniSvnelobaTa mqone kondensatori
sazRvrebi atomSi myofi eleqtronisaTvis. mierTebulia
emZ-s wyarosTan
a) eleqtronis orbitaluri magnituri dipo
luri momentis z komponentis (μorb,z) ramdeni
E = Emsin ωt, sadac sur. 32.39. amocana 61.
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobaa SesaZlebeli? b) am Em = 220 v-s da ω =
SesaZlo mniSvnelobebSi romelia udidesi? 130 rad/wm. wanacvlebis denis maqsimaluri
Semdeg, davuSvaT, rom atomi imyofeba 0,25 t mniSvnelobaa id = 7,6 mka. ugulebelyaviT
sididis magnitur velSi, romelic z RerZis firfitebis kideebze eleqtruli velis
dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. ras udris μorb,z-is cvlileba. a) ras udris wredSi i denis
am SesaZlo miniSvnelobebTan dakavSirebuli maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? b) risi tolia

(g) maqsimaluri potenciuri energia da dΦE/dt-s maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, sadac
d) minimaluri potenciuri energia? ΦE aris firfitebs Soris ubanSi gamavali
eleqtruli nakadi? g) ra d manZilzea daSo
57. vercxlis sadens gaaCnia ρ = 1,62×10–8 omi.m
rebuli erTmaneTisagan firfitebi? d) ipoveT
kuTri winaRoba da 5 mm2 ganivkveTis farTobi.
sadenSi gamavali deni erTgvarovania da firfitebs Soris, centridan r = 11 sm manZilze
rodesac misi sidide 100 a-ia, is 2000 a/wm B sididis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba.
siCqariT icvleba. (a) ras udris sadenis 62. wriuli firfitebis mqone paralelur
SigniT (erTgvarovani) magnituri velis firfitebiani kondensatori imuxteba. war
sidide, rodesac sadenSi gamavali deni 100 a- moidgineT xvia, romelic firfitebs Sorisaa
s tolia? (b) ras udris am dros wanacvlebis moTavsebuli da misi centri centralur
deni sadenSi? (g) ras udris Sefardeba RerZzea moTavsebuli. Tu xviis 3 sm radiusi
wanacvlebis denis gamo warmoqmnil magnitur aRemateba firfitis radiuss, risi tolia
firfitebSi gamavali wanacvlebis deni,
velsa da sadenidan r manZilze gamavali denis
rodesac xviis gaswvriv arsebuli magnituri
gamo warmoqmnil vels Soris?
veli 2 mkt sididisaa?
63. Tu atomSi arsebul eleqtrons gaaCnia Tu ara amgvari mowyobilobis gamoyeneba

kuTxuri momenti da misi mℓ-s mniSvneloba dedamiwis magnetizmis mosaspobad b) sivrceSi,
±3-iTaa mosazRvruli, maSin a) Lorb,z-sa da miwis zemoT arsebul wertilebSi an g) miwis
b) μorb,z-s ramdeni mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes zedapirze?
eleqtrons? ras udris h-iT, m-iTa da s-iT 68. nax. 32.41-ze paralelurfirfitebiani
gamosaxuli g) Lorb,z-isa da d) μorb,z-s udidesi kondensatori ganimuxteba i = 5,0 a deniT.
dasaSvebi sidide? e) risi tolia eleqtronis firfitebi kvadratulia, gverdis sigrZea
jamuri kuTxuri momentis (orbitalurs + L = 8 mm. a) ra siCqariT icvleba eleqtruli
spini) z komponentis udidesi dasaSvebi sidide? veli firfitebs Soris? b) ras udris d
ramdeni mniSvnelobaa dasaSvebi jamuri wyvetili xaziT naCvenebi bilikis irgvliv, Tu
kuTxuri momentis z komponentisaTvis? H = 2 mm da W = 3 mm?
64. nax. 32.40-ze
naCvenebia 2 m2 far
Tobis mqone wriuli
ubnis marTobuli
eleqtruli velis
cvlileba. naCvenebi sur. 32.40. amocana 64.
drois monakveTSi ras udris udidesi wana

cvlebis deni ubanSi?
65. nax. 32.36-ze naCvenebia xviuri modeli
(xvia L) paramagnituri masalisaTvis. a) daxa 69. vTqvaT, myari nivTierebis erTeuli
zeT magnitis mier warmoqmnili magnituri moculoba Seicavs N raodenobis atoms da
velis wirebi masalis SigniT da mis garSemo. TiToeul atoms aqvs magnituri dipoluri
ra mimarTuleba aqvs b) xviis jamur magnitur momenti . davuSvaT, -is mimarTuleba
dipolur moment -s, g) pirobiT i dens SeiZleba mxolod garedan modebuli
xviaSi (naxazze, saaTis isris moZraobis magnituri velis paraleluri an anti
mimarTulebiT Tu sawinaaRmdegod) da d) xvia paraleluri iyos. (es maSin moxdeba, Tu
ze moqmed magnitur Zalas? erTi calkeuli eleqtronis spinis Sedegadaa
66. wyalbadis atomis umcires energetikul warmoqmnili). statistikuri meqanikis Tana
mdgomareobaSi, centraluri protonidan xmad, U energiis mdgomareobaSi atomis yofnis
(birTvidan) calkeuli eleqtronis yvelaze albaToba proporciulia e–U/kT sididisa, sadac
metad mosalodneli daSoreba 5,2×10–11 m-is T temperaturaa, k ki bolcmanis mudmiva.

tolia. a) gamoTvaleT protonis eleqtruli radganac U energia aris · , atomebis
velis sidide am manZilze. z RerZze gazomili fraqcia, romlis dipoluri momenti -is
protonis spinis magnituri dipoluro mo paraleluria, proporciulia e  μB/kT
sididisa,
mentis μs,z komponenti 1,4×10–26 j/t-ia. b) ga xolo fraqcia, romlis dipoluri momenti
moTvaleT protonis magnituri velis sidide -is antiparaleluria, proporciulia e–μB/kT

5,2×10–11 m manZilze z RerZze. (miniSneba: sididisa. a) aCveneT, rom am myari nivTierebis
gamoiyeneT gantoleba 29.27) g) ras udris magnetizaciis sidide tolia M = Nμ tgh (μB/kT).
eleqtronisa da protonis spinis magnitur aq tgh aris hiperboluri tangensuri funqcia:
dipoluri momentebis Sefardeba? tgh (x) = (ex – e–x)/( ex + e–x). b) aCveneT, rom (a)-Si

miRebuli Sedegi dadis Semdeg gantolebamde
67. dedamiwas gaaCnia 8,0×1022 j/t sididis
M = Nμ2B/kT, roca μB<< kT. g) aCveneT, rom (a)-
magnituri dipoluri momenti. a) ra sidi
s Sedegi dadis M = Nμ-mde, roca μB >> kT. d)
dis deni unda gagvetarebina dedamiwis
aCveneT, rom (b) da (g) Tvisebrivad eTanxmeba
geomagnitur ekvatorze erTxel Semoxveul
nax. 32.14-s.
sadenSi aseTi dipolis Sesaqmnelad? SeiZleba
1137
70. 7,0 mvb magnituri geomagnitur ekvatorze, g) sidide da
nakadi mimarTulia d) gadaxra 60° geomagnitur ganedze da
gareT da kveTs nax. e) sidide da v) gadaxra CrdiloeT geomagni
32.42-Si naCvenebi Ca tur polusze.
ketili zedapiris qve 73. amocana 71-Si mocemul miaxloebaTa
da fuZes. brtyeli sur. 32.42. amocana 70.
gamoyenebiT ipoveT a) simaRle dedamiwis
zeda zedapiris gaswvriv arsebobs 0,40 t zedapiridan da magnituri velis sidide
sididis magnituri veli, romelic zedapiris imave ganedze, sadac magnituri velis sidide
marTobulad zeviTaa mimarTuli. ra a) sididis dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli velis sididis
da b) mimarTulebisaa magnituri nakadi ze 50%-ia; b) magnituri velis maqsimaluri sidide
dapiris mrud nawilSi? dedamiwis birTvisa da mantiis sazRvarze,
71. dedamiwis magnituri veli SeiZleba zedapiridan 2900 km-iT qvemoT; da dedamiwis
ganvixiloT, rogorc dipolis magnituri veli. magnituri velis g) sidide da d) gadaxra
am velis horizontaluri da vertikaluri CrdiloeT geografiul polusze. e) axseniT,
komponentebi dedamiwis centridan nebismier Tu ratom gansxvavdeba g)-sa da d)-s Tqvens
r manZilze mocemulia mier gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi gazomvis
μ μ μ0 μ Sedegad miRebuli mniSvnelobebisagan.
Bh = 0  3  cos λm , Bv =  sin λm
4�r 2�r 3 74. 55 mm radiusiani wriuli firfitebis mqone
gantolebebiT, sadac λm magnitur ga
paralelurfirfitebiani kondensatori imux
neds aRniSnavs (ganedis es saxe izomeba
teba. firfitebs Soris sivrcis a) SigniT da
geomagnituri ekvatoridan CrdiloeT an
b) gareT, ra radiusze iqneba aRZruli
samxreT geomagnitur polusisaken). davuSvaT,
magnituri velis sidide Tavisi maqsimaluri
rom dedamiwis magnituri dipoluri momentis
mniSvnelobis 50%?
sidide μ = 8×1022 a·m2-s udris. a) aCveneT, rom
75. nax. 32-43-Si, Rerovani magniti moTav
dedamiwis magnituri velis sidide λm ganedze
sebulia qaRaldis cilindris axlos.
mocemulia Semdegi gantolebiT:
a) daxazeT cilindris zedapiris gamWoli
μ0 μ
B= . magnituri velis wirebi. b) ra niSani aqvs
4�r 3
·d -s zedapiris yoveli d ubnisaTvis?
b) aCveneT, rom magnituri velis φi gadaxra
g) ewinaaRmdegeba es Tu ara gausis kanons
λm ganedTan dakavSirebulia tg φi = 2 tg λm
magnetizmisaTvis? axseniT.
tolobiT.
centr. RerZi
72. gamoiyeneT amocana 71-Si miRebuli
Sedegebi da iwinaswarmetyveleT dedamiwis
magnituri velis a) sidide da b) gadaxra
33 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
TiTqmis yvelam icis, rom cisartyelas wvimis wveTebze areklili mzis

sxivebi warmoqmnis, magram cotas Tu esmis, rom: 1) cisartyela yovelTvis
horizontTan axlos (da ara zenitTan axlos) Gndeba, 2) is wriul rkals
qmnis da 3) misi ferebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli. zogjer
gvimarTlebs da ormag cisartyelasac vxedavT (rogoric am suraTzea
naGvenebi), magram TiTqmis aravin icis, rom orze meti cisartyelac
SesaZlebelia.
ratom aris cisartyela iseTi, rogoric aris, da ara sxvanairi?

informaciis epoqa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, TiTqmis mTlianad eleqtromagnituri talRebis
gamoyenebazea dafuZnebuli. mogvwons Tu ara, televizorTan, telefonTan da internetTan
mudmivad varT dakavSirebulebi da maTi gadamcemebis signalebis zemoqmedebas ganvicdiT.
20 wlis win yvelaze meocnebe inJineric ki ver warmoidgenda informaciuli saSualebebis aseT
globalur urTierTkavSirs. Tanamedrove inJinrebis mTavari amocana imis winaswarmetyvelebaa,
Tu rogori globaluri komunikaciis saSualebebi iarsebebs 20 wlis Semdeg. am amocanis
ganxorcielebis saZirkveli eleqtromagnituri talRebis fizikis Seswavlaa. eleqtromagnituri
talRebi imdenad mravalferovania, rom maT poeturad maqsvelis cisartyelas uwodeben.
33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela

jeims klark maqsvelis mTavari miRweva (ix. Tavi 21) imis damtkiceba iyo, rom sinaTlis sxivi
eleqtruli da magnituri velebis moZravi talRa anu eleqtromagnituri talRaa da, aqedan
gamomdinare, optika _ anu xiluli sinaTlis Seswavla _ eleqtromagnetizmis nawilia. am TavSi
eleqtromagnetizmidan optikaze gadavalT, dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT eleqtrul da magnitur
movlenebs da avagebT optikis safuZvlebs.
1138
33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela 1139
maqsvelis epoqaSi (XIX saukune) eleqtromagnituri talRebidan mxolod sinaTlis xiluli,
infrawiTeli da ultraiisferi saxeobebi iyo cnobili. maqsvelis naSromebiT STagonebulma
hainrix hercma radiotalRebi aRmoaCina da daamtkica, rom radiotalRa xiluli sinaTlis
siCqariT moZraobs.
rogorc 33.1 suraTze Cans, dRes CvenTvis cnobilia eleqtromagnituri talRebis anu maqsvelis
cisartyelis farTo speqtri. adamiani mudmivad garSemortymulia am speqtrSi Semavali
sxvadasxva eleqtromagnituri talRebiT. mze, romlis gamosxiveba adamianis evoluciisa
da ganviTarebisTvis saWiro garemos qmnis, talRebis yvelaze Zlieri wyaroa. Cvenze aseve
moqmedebs radio da satelevizio signalebi, radaruli sistemebidan da telefonis sareleo
sistemebidan momavali mikrotalRebi. eleqtromagnituri talRebi naTuridan, avtomobilis
gaxurebuli Zravidan, rentgenis aparatidan, fotoaparatis elva-naTebidan da damarxuli
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebidanac modis. garda amisa, Cvenamde aRwevs Cveni Tu sxva galaqtikebis
varskvlavebidan da sxva ciuri sxeulebidan wamosuli gamosxivebac. eleqtromagnituri
talRebi sapirispiro mimarTulebebiTac moZraobs. 1950 wlidan moyolebuli, dedamiwidan
gadacemuli satelevizio signalebiT Cvens Sesaxeb informacia uaxloesi 400-mde varskvlavis
dasaxlebuli planetebis macxovreblebamde aRwevs, Tu, ra Tqma unda, aseTi planetebi arsebobs
da teqnikuradac sakmarisadaa ganviTarebuli.
33.1 suraTze naCveneb talRis sigrZeebis (da sixSireebis) skalaze TiToeuli danayofi talRis
sigrZisa da sixSiris cvlilebas asaxavs. skala usazRvroa. eleqtromagnituri talRebis sigrZes
zeda an qveda zRvari ara aqvs.
33.1 suraTze eleqtromagnituri speqtris garkveul monakveTebs saxelebi aqvs miniWebuli,
magaliTad, rentgenis sxivebi an radiotalRebi. es saxelebi eleqtromagnituri talRebis
sxvadasxva saxis wyaroebsa da mimRebebSi gamoyenebuli talRebis sigrZeebis diapazonebs
asaxavs. 33.1 suraTis sxva monakveTebi, magaliTad, satelevizio arxebi da AM radio, garkveuli
komerciuli an sxva miznebisTvis kanoniT gamoyofili talRis sigrZeebs Seesabameba.
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi carieli intervalebi ar arsebobs. yvela eleqtromagnituri talRa,
speqtris romel nawilsac ar unda ekuTvnodes, Ria sivrceSi (vakuumSi) erTnairi c siCqariT
moZraobs.
talRis sigrZe (nm)
xiluli speqtri
grZeli talRebi radiotalRebi infrawiTeli ultraiisferi rentgenis sxivebi gama-sxivebi
sixSire (hc)
FM radio satelevizio
arxebi sazRvao, saaviacio,
sazRvao da saaviacio sayofacxovrebo
sazRvao da saaviacio AM aparatura da aparatura da
aparatura radio radiomimRebebi radiomimRebebi
sixSire (hc)
sur. 33.1. eleqtromagnituri speqtri

1140 Tavi 33 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
speqtris xiluli monakveTi, ra Tqma unda, CvenTvis

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. 33.2 suraTi sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRis sinaTlisadmi adamianis Tvalis mgrZnobelobas
mgrZnobeloba
asaxavs. xiluli monakveTis centri daaxloebiT 555 nm-ia
da yviTel-mwvane ferebs Seesabameba.
xiluli speqtris sazRvrebi kargad ar aris gansazRvruli,
vinaidan Tvalis mgrZnobelobis grafiki nulovani
mgrZnobelobis xazs mcire da didi sigrZis talRebis
SemTxvevaSi asimptoturad uaxlovdeba. Tu am sazRvrebad talRis sigrZe (nm)
iseTi sigrZis talRebs miviCnevT, rodesac Tvalis
sur. 33.2. adamianis Tvalis mgrZno
mgrZnobeloba maqsimaluridan 1%-iT mcirdeba, maSin es beloba sxvadasxva sigrZis eleqtro
sazRvrebi iqneba 430 da 690 nm. miuxedavad amisa, Tvals magnituri talRebisadmi. eleqtro
magnituri speqtris nawils, romelzec
am sazRvrebs miRma myofi eleqtromagnituri talRebis
Tvali reagirebs, xiluli sinaTle
aRmoCenac SeuZlia, Tu isini sakmarisad intensiuria. ewodeba.
33.3. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa. Tvisebrivi aRwera

zogierTi eleqtromagnituri talRa, magaliTad, retgenis sxivebi, gama-sxivebi da xiluli
sinaTle, atomis an atomis birTvis zomis wyaroebidan gamosxivdeba, sadac kvanturi fizikis
kanonebi moqmedebs. am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor warmoiqmneba sxva tipis eleqtromagnituri
talRebi. simartivisTvis sakuTar Tavs im speqtrSi movaqcevT (talRis sigrZe λ≈1 m), sadac
gamosxivebis wyaro (da gamosxivebuli talRebic) makroskopuli zomisaa da misi marTva
SegviZlia.
33.3 suraTze aseTi talRebis warmoqmnis procesia naCvenebi. procesis gulia LC oscilatori,
romelic ω = 1/ kuTxur sixSires warmoqmnis. rogorc 31.1 suraTze vnaxeT, am sixSireze
muxti da deni wredSi sinusoidurad icvleba. gare wyaro – vTqvaT, cvladi denis generatori
_ saWiroa, raTa anazRaurdes energiis danakargi, romelic wredis mier siTbos gamoyofisa da
eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamosxivebis Sedegia.
33.3 suraTze gamosaxul LC oscilatorTan transformatori da antenisken gadamcemi xazia
SeerTebuli. antena ori Txeli, myari gamtari Rerosgan Sedgeba. oscilatoris cvladi
deni antenis Reroebis gaswvriv muxtis ω kuTxuri sixSiriT rxevas iwvevs. am moZraobasTan
dakavSirebuli denis sidide da mimarTuleba aseve sinusoidurad icvleba ω sixSiriT. antenas
eleqtruli dipolis efeqti aqvs, romlis eleqtrul-dipoluri momentis sidide da mimarTuleba
antenis gaswvriv sinusoidurad icvleba.
moZravi talRa
transformatori
energiis
wyaro Soreuli
gadamcemi wertili
xazi
LC eleqtruli
oscilatori vibratoruli
antena
sur. 33.3. speqtris mokletalRovan monakveTSi moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRebis warmomqmneli

mowyobiloba: LC oscilatori antenaSi sinusoidis formis dens warmoqmnis, romelic talRis generirebas
axdens. Soreul P wertilSi moTavsebul mimRebs misken momavali talRis aRmoCena SeuZlia.
33.3. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa. Tvisebrivi aRwera 1141
vinaidan dipoluri momenti sididesa da mimarTulebas
icvlis, amitom dipolis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
velic sididesa da mimarTulebas icvlis. amas garda,
vinaidan deni icvleba, denis mier warmoqmnili magnituri
velis sidide da mimarTulebac icvleba. miuxedavad amisa,
eleqtruli da magnituri velebis cvlileba yvelgan
erTdroulad ar xdeba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT,
cvlileba antenidan c sinaTlis siCqariT modis. cvladi
velebi erToblivad qmnis eleqtromagnitur talRas,
romelic antenidan c sinaTlis siCqariT gamosxivdeba.
am talRis kuTxuri sixSire LC oscilatoris ω kuTxuri
sixSiris tolia.

33.4 suraTze naCvenebia, rogor icvleba E eleqtruli

veli da B magnituri veli, rodesac talRa 33.3 suraTis P
Soreul wertils gaivlis. 33.4 suraTis TiToeul nawilSi
talRa wignis gverdidan gamodis (Soreul wertils ise
virCevT, rom talRebis gamrudebebi sakmarisad mcire iyos
da maTi ugulebelyofa SegveZlos. aseT talRas brtyel
talRas uwodeben da misi ganxilvac bevrad martivia).
 gaiTvaliswine 33.4 suraTis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi,
sur. 33.4. a)-z) E eleqtruli velis da

B magnituri velis cvlileba, rodesac romlebic talRis warmoSobis wyarosgan damoukideblad
eleqtromagnituri talRis erTi sigrZe arsebobs:
33.3 suraTis Soreuli P wertilis gavliT  
moZraobs. mocemuli rakursiT talRa 1. E eleqtruli veli da B magnituri veli yovelTvis
wignis gverdidan gareTaa mimarTuli. talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis perpendikularulia.
orive velis sidide da mimarTuleba
maSasadame, talRa mkveTi talRaa, rogorc me-16 TavSi
sinusoidurad icvleba. gaiTvaliswine,
rom velebi yovelTvis erTmaneTis iTqva.
da talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis
2. eleqtruli veli yovelTvis magnituri velis
perpendikularulia.
perpendikularulia.
 
3. E × B veqtoruli namravli yovelTvis talRis moZraobis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs.
4. velebi, me-16 TavSi ganxiluli mkveTi talRebis msgavsad, yovelTvis sinusoidurad icvleba.
ufro metic, velebi erTi da imave sixSiriTa da faziT icvleba.
am maxasiaTeblebis pirobebSi SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom eleqtromagnituri talRa x RerZis
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT P wertilisken moZraobs, 33.4 suraTis eleqtruli veli y RerZis
paralelurad irxeva da magnituri veli z RerZis paralelurad irxeva (ra Tqma unda, marjvena
koordinatTa sistemaSi). am SemTxvevaSi eleqtruli da magnituri velebis gamoxatva SegviZlia x
mdebareobis (talRis traeqtoriis gaswvriv) da t drois sinusoiduri funqciebis saxiT:
E = Em sin(kx – ωt) (33.1)
B = Bm sin(kx – ωt), (33.2)

sadac Em da Bm velebis amplitudebia, xolo ω da k, rogorc me-16 TavSi, talRis kuTxuri sixSire
da talRuri ricxvia. am formulebidan vaskvniT, rom ori veli ara mxolod eleqtromagnitur
talRas, aramed TiToeuli sakuTar talRas qmnis. 33.1 formula eleqtromagnituri talRis
eleqtrul komponents, xolo 33.2 formula magnitur komponents gvaZlevs. rogorc SemdgomSi
vnaxavT, talRis es ori komponenti erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ar arsebobs.
16.13 formulidan viciT, rom talRis siCqarea ω/k. am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs eleqtromagnituri
talRa, amitom misi siCqaris (vakuumSi) simbolo ν-s nacvlad c iqneba. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT,
rom c-s sididea:

1
c= (talRis siCqare) (33.3)
rac daaxloebiT udris 3,0×108 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
yvela eleqtromagnitur talRas, maT Soris xilul sinaTles, vakuumSi Tanabari c

siCqare aqvs.
vnaxavT agreTve imasac, rom c talRis siCqare da eleqtruli da magnituri velebis amplitudebi
erTmaneTs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdebia:
Em
=c (amplitudebis Sefardeba) (33.4)
Bm
Tu 33.1 formulas 33.2 formulaze gavyofT da Semdeg 33.4 formulas CavsvamT, miviRebT,
rom velebis mniSvnelobebi nebismier momentSi da nebismier wertilSi Semdegi formuliT
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs:
E
= c (sidideebis Sefardeba) (33.5)
B
rogorc 33.5a suraTzea naCvenebi, eleqtromagnituri talRis gamoxatva SegviZlia isriT
(talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis amsaxveli xazi), talRis frontiT (warmosaxviTi zedapirebi,
romlebzec talRis eleqtruli velis sidideebi erTnairia) an oriveTi erTad. 33.5a suraTze
naCvenebi ori talRuri fronti erTi talRis sigrZiTaa λ(=2π/k) gancalkevebuli (daaxloebiT
erTi mimarTulebiT moZravi talRebi qmnian sxivs, magaliTad lazerul sxivs).
talRis warmodgena 33.5b suraTis mixedviTac SeiZleba, romelzec naCvenebia talRis eleqtruli
da magnituri velis veqtorebi garkveul momentSi. veqtorebis boloebze gamavali grafikebi 33.1
 
da 33.2 formulebiT warmodgenil sinusoidur rxevebs asaxavs. E da B talRis komponentebi
erT fazaSia da, amasTan, talRis moZraobis mimarTulebisa da erTimeoris perpendikularulia.
33.5b suraTis interpretacia garkveul sifrTxiles moiTxovs. mocemul momentSi eleqtrul
da magnitur velebs x RerZis gaswvriv TiToeul wertilSi garkveuli sidide da mimarTuleba
(yovelTvis x RerZis perpendikularuli) aqvs. am veqtoruli sidideebis warmosadgenad
TiToeuli wertilisTvis isarTa wyvils virCevT da amitom sxvadasxva wertilebisTvis x
RerZidan moSorebiT mimarTuli sxvadasxva sigrZis isrebi ise unda davxazoT, rogorc eklebi
vardis Reroze. es isrebi asaxavs velebis mniSvnelobebs mxolod x RerZis garkveul wertilze.
talRis
fronti sxivi
a)
b)
eleqtruli magnituri
komponenti komponenti
sur. 33.5 a) ori talRuri frontiT da isriT warmodgenili eleqtromagnituri talRa. talRuri frontebi λ
talRis sigrZiTaa gancalkevebuli. b) x RerZis gaswvriv c siCqariT moZravi igive talRa x RerZis wertilebze
 
E eleqtruli veliT da B magnituri veliTaa warmodgenili. rogorc 33.4 suraTzea naCvenebi, P wertilis
gavliT moZraobisas velebi icvleba. talRis eleqtruli komponenti mxolod eleqtruli velebisgan Sedgeba,
xolo magnituri komponenti – mxolod magnituri velebisgan. 33.6 suraTze P wertilis garSemo daStrixuli
marTkuTxedia naCvenebi.
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa. raodenobrivi aRwera 1143
arc isrebi da arc sinusoiduri grafikebi ar asaxavs raime moZraobas, iseve, rogorc x RerZze
mdebare wertilebis sxva wertilebTan damakavSirebeli isrebi.
33.5 suraTi metad CaxlarTuli situaciis danaxvaSi gvexmareba. Tavdapirvelad magnituri
veli ganvixiloT. vinaidan magnituri veli sinusoidurad icvleba, is (faradeis induqciis
kanonis Tanaxmad) aseve sinusoidurad cvlad perpendikularul eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
garda amisa, vinaidan eleqtruli veli sinusoidurad cvladia, isic (maqsvelis induqciis
kanonis Tanaxmad) sinusoidurad cvlad perpendikularul magnitur vels warmoqmnis da a.S.
ori veli induqciis Sedegad mudmivad erTmaneTs warmoqmnis da miRebuli velis sinusoiduri
cvalebadoba eleqtromagnituri talRebis moZraobas iwvevs. am gansacvifrebeli movlenis
gareSe adamiani verafers dainaxavda. ufro metic, vinaidan mzidan momavali eleqtromagnituri
talRebi dedamiwis temperaturis SesanarCuneblad gvWirdeba, amitom am movlenis gareSe verc
ki viarsebebdiT.
yvelaze ucnauri talRa

me-16 da me-17 TavebSi ganxiluli talRebi mediums (raime materias) moiTxovs, romelSic
an romlis gaswvrivac imoZravebs. Cven ganvixileT Zafis gaswvriv, miwaSi da haerSi moZravi
talRebi. Tumca eleqtromagnitur talRas (gamoviyenoT termini sinaTlis talRa an sinaTle)
moZraobisTvis araviTari mediumi ar sWirdeba. mas SeuZlia moZraoba haerSi an minaSi, Tumca
aseTive warmatebiT moZraobs varskvlavebs Soris vakuumur sivrceSi.
rodesac 1905 wels ainStainis mier gamoqveynebuli fardobiTobis Teoria aRiares, sinaTlis
talRebis siCqares gansakuTrebulad miiCnevdnen. amis mizezi isaa, rom nebismieri aTvlis
sistemidan gazomili sinaTlis siCqare erTi da igivea. Tu sinaTlis sxivs RerZis gaswvriv
mimarTav da RerZis gaswvriv sxvadasxva siCqariT da sinaTlis gavrcelebis mimarTulebiT Tu mis
sawinaaRmdegod moZrav ramdenime damkvirvebels misi siCqaris gazomvas sTxov, maTi gazomvebi
sinaTlis erTsa da imave siCqares mogvcems. es Sedegi namdvilad gasaocaria da sruliad
gansxvavdeba sxva tipis talRebis SemTxvevisgan. nebismieri sxva talRis SemTxvevaSi mis mimarT
damkvirveblebis siCqare gazomvebze zegavlenas aucileblad axdens.
dRes sigrZis erTeuli _ metri isea gansazRvruli, rom sinaTlis siCqaris (nebismieri
eleqtromagnituri talRis siCqaris) zusti mniSvneloba vakuumSi udris:
c = 299792458 m/wm,
rac standartad SeiZleba miviCnioT. roca sinaTlis impulsis erTi wertilidan meoremde
gadaadgilebis dros vzomavT, amiT sinaTlis siCqares ki ara, am or wertils Soris manZils
vzomavT.
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa. raodenobrivi aRwera

axla 33.3 da 33.4 formulebs gamoviyvanT da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, sinaTlis momcemi
eleqtruli da magnituri velebis ormag induqcias gamovikvlevT.
33.4 formula da warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli

33.6 suraTze dx da h zomebis daStrixuli marTkuTxedi x RerZis P wertilze da xy sibrtyezea
moTavsebuli (is agreTve naCvenebia 33.5b suraTis marjvena mxares). vinaidan eleqtromagnituri
talRa marTkuTxedis gavliT marjvniv moZraobs, amitom ΦB magnituri nakadi marTkuTxedSi
icvleba da, faradeis induqciis kanonis Tanaxmad,


marTkuTxedis regionSi eleqtruli veli warmoiqmneba. E
 
da E + dE marTkuTxedis gverdebze warmoqmnil velebad
miviCnioT. sinamdvileSi, es warmoqmnili eleqtruli
velebi eleqtromagnituri talRis eleqtruli
komponentebia.
sur. 33.6. vinaidan eleqtromagnituri
33.5b suraTze, y RerZidan moSorebiT, magnituri velis talRa 33.5b suraTis P wertilis gavliT
komponentis grafikze patara wiTeli monakveTia. modiT, marjvniv moZraobs, amitom P centris

warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli im momentSi ganvixiloT, mqone marTkuTxedSi B magnituri velis
sinusoiduri cvlileba marTkuTxedis
rodesac magnituri komponentis wiTeli monakveTi
gaswvriv eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.

marTkuTxedSi gadis. swored am dros marTkuTxedSi suraTze naCveneb momentSi B -s mniS
gamavali magnituri veli z RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas vneloba mcirdeba da, maSasadame, mar
TkuTxedis marjvena mxares eleqtruli
mianiSnebs da misi sidide mcirdeba (wiTeli monakveTis
velis sidide marTkuTxedis marcxena
gamoCenamde misi sidide ufro didi iyo). vinaidan mxares eleqtruli velis sidideze
magnituri veli mcirdeba, amitom marTkuTxedSi gamavali metia.
ΦB magnituri nakadic mcirdeba. faradeis kanonis

Tanaxmad, nakadis cvlilebas warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli ewinaaRmdegeba, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis B magnitur vels warmoqmnis.
lencis kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu marTkuTxedis sazRvrebs gamtar Caketil sistemad ganvixilavT,
maSin masSi saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis deni unda warmoiqmnas. ra Tqma
unda, msgavsi sistema ar arsebobs, magram es analizi aCvenebs, rom warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis
    
E da E + dE veqtorebi marTlac 33.6 suraTze naCvenebi mimarTulebisaa da E + dE -s sidide

E -ze metia. sxva SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli marTkuTxedis garSemo saaTis isris
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ar imoqmedebda.
axla gamoviyenoT faradeis induqciurobis kanoni
dФB
·d = –
, (33.6)
dt
saaTis isris moZraobissawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT 33.6 suraTis marTkuTxedis garSemo.
 
marTkuTxedis wveridan an bolodan integrals araferi emateba, vinaidan E da ds erTmaneTis
perpendikularulia. am SemTxvevaSi integralis mniSvnelobaa:
· d = (E + dE)h – Eh = h dE. (33.7)
marTkuTxedSi ФB magnituri nakadia:
ФB = (B)(h dx), (33.8)


sadac B aris marTkuTxedSi B -s saSualo mniSvneloba, xolo hdx – marTkuTxedis farTobi. 33.8
formulis diferencireba t-Ti mogvcems:
dФB dB
= h dx   . (33.9)
dt dt
Tu 33.7 da 33.9 formulebs 33.6 formulaSi CavsvamT, miviRebT:
dB
h dE = – h dx 
dt
dE dB
anu = – . (33.10)
dx dt
rogorc 33.1 da 33.2 formulebSi Cans, sinamdvileSi B da E ori cvladis – x-is da t-s funqciebia.
miuxedavad amisa, dE/dx-is gamoTvlisas unda davuSvaT, rom t mudmivia, vinaidan 33.6 suraTi
`wamieri fotografiaa~. garda amisa, dB/dt-s gamoTvlisas unda davuSvaT, rom x mudmivia, vinaidan
Cven garkveul adgilze, am SemTxvevaSi 33.5b suraTis P wertilze, B-s cvlilebs ganvixilavT.
aseT mdgomareobaSi kerZo warmoebuli gamoiyeneba da 33.10 formula unda daiweros Semdegi
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa. raodenobrivi aRwera 1145
saxiT:
∂E ∂B
= – . (33.11)
∂x ∂t
formulaSi `minus~ niSani aucilebelia, vinaidan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom 33.6 suraTze marTkuTxedis adgilas
E izrdeba x-Tan erTad, B mcirdeba t-zrdasTan erTad.
sur. 33.7. 33.5b suraTis P wertilze 33.1 formulidan gvaqvs:
ganlagebul marTkuTxedSi eleqtruli ∂E
velis sinusoiduri cvlileba.
 naCvenebia = kEm cos(kx – ωt).
∂x
33.6 suraTis momenti: E -s sidide
mcirdeba da warmoqmnili magnituri 33.2 formulidan gvaqvs:
velis sidide marTkuTxedis marjvena ∂B
= – ωBm cos(kx – ωt).
mxares ufro metia, vidre marcxena ∂t
mxares.
maSin 33.1 formulidan miviRebT:
kEm cos(kx – ωt) = ωBmcos(kx – ωt) (33.12)
ω/k ganayofi moZravi talRis siCqarea, romelsac c-s vuwodebT. 33.12 formula gardaiqmneba
Semdegnairad:
Em
= c (amplitudebis ganayofi) (33.12)
Bm
rac igivea, rac 33.4 formula.
33.3 formula da warmoqmnili magnituri veli

33.7 suraTze naCvenebia 33.5 suraTis P wertilze agebuli kidev erTi daStrixuli marTkuTxedi.
es marTkuTxedi xz sibrtyeSia. vinaidan eleqtromagnituri talRa am axali marTkuTxedis
gavliT marjvniv moZraobs, marTkuTxedSi ΦE eleqtruli nakadi icvleba da, maqsvelis
induqciurobis kanonis Tanaxmad, marTkuTxedis teritoriaze gaCndeba warmoqmnili magnituri
velebi. sinamdvileSi es magnituri velebi eleqtromagnituri talRis magnituri komponentebia.
33.5b suraTidan vxedavT, rom 33.6 suraTze warmodgenil, magnituri komponentis grafikze
wiTlad aRniSnul magnituri velisTvis SerCeul momentSi 33.7 suraTis marTkuTxedSi
eleqtruli veli mimarTulia suraTze naCvenebi mimarTulebiT. gaixsene, rom SerCeul momentSi
33.6 suraTze magnituri veli mcirdeba. vinaidan orive veli erTnair fazaSia, 33.7 suraTze
eleqtruli velic da, maSasadame, marTkuTxedSi ΦE eleqtruli nakadic unda Semcirdes. Tu
33.6 suraTisTvis miRebul daskvnas kidev erTxel gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom ΦE eleqtruli
  
nakadis cvlileba B da B + dB veqtorebis magnitur vels warmoqmnis, romelic mimarTulia 33.7
  
suraTze naCvenebi mimarTulebiT, sadac B + dB metia B -ze.
axla maqsvelis induqciurobis kanoni gamoviyenoT 33.7 suraTze daStrixuli marTkuTxedis
garSemo, saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT:
dФE
· d = μ 0ε 0 , (33.14)
dt
integrals mxolod marTkuTxedis grZeli gverdebi ukavSirdeba. integralis sididea:
· d = –(B + dB)h + Bh = – h dB. (33.15)
marTkuTxedSi ФE eleqtruli nakadia:
ФE = (E)(h dx), (33.16)

sadac E aris marTkuTxedSi E -s saSualo sidide. 33.16 formulis t-Ti diferencireba mogvcems:
dФE dE
= h dx .
dt dt
Tu am da 33.15 formulas 33.14 formulaSi CavsvamT, miviRebT:
–h dB = µ0ε0 h dx ( dE

dt )
an, rogorc 33.11 formulaSi, kerZo warmoebulis CanawerSi gveqneba:
∂B ∂E
–  = µ0ε0 . (33.17)
∂x ∂t
am SemTxvevaSic, formulaSi `minus~ niSani aucilebelia, vinaidan 33.7 suraTis marTkuTxedis P
wertilSi B izrdeba x-Tan erTad, xolo E mcirdeba t-s zrdasTan erTad.
33.17 formulis 33.1 da 33.2 formulebis daxmarebiT gamoTvla gvaZlevs:
–kBm cos(kx – ωt) = –µ0ε0ωEm cos(kx – ωt),
rac SeiZleba ase Caiweros:

Em 1 1
= = .
Bm µ0ε0(ω/k) µ0ε0c
am formulis 33.13 formulasTan SeerTeba gvaZlevs:
1
c= (talRis siCqare) (33.18)
rac zustad 33.3 formulaa.
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTis pirvel


nawilSi, 33.6 suraTis marTkuTxedSi, B
magnituri veli sxva momentSia naCvenebi.

B mimarTulia xz sibrtyeSi, z RerZis
paralelurad, da misi sidide mcirdeba.
a) daasrule pirveli nawili warmoqmnili
eleqtruli velebis daxazviT da aCvene
mimarTulebebi da Sesabamisi sidideebi (rogorc 33.6 suraTze). b) imave momentisTvis
daasrule suraTis meore nawili eleqtromagnituri talRis eleqtruli velis daxazviT.
aseve daxaze warmoqmnili magnituri velebi da aCvene mimarTulebebi da Sesabamisi sidideebi
(rogorc 33.7 suraTze).
33.5 energiis gadatana da pointingis veqtori

mzis abazanebis moyvarulebma ician, rom eleqtromagnitur talRas energiis gadatana da
sxeulisTvis misi gadacema SeuZlia. talRis mier energiis gadatanis tempi farTobis erTeulSi

S veqtoriT aisaxeba, romelsac fizikos jon henri pointingis (1852-1914) pativsacemad
pointingis veqtori ewodeba. pointingma pirvelad Seiswavla talRis es maxasiaTebeli. veqtori
ganisazRvreba, rogorc:
1
= × (pointingis veqtori) (33.19)
µ0
veqtoris S sidide nebismier momentSi farTobis erTeulze talRis mier energiis gadatanis
temps Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
S= (
energia/dro
farTobi ) mocemul momentSi
= ( simZlavre
farTobi ) mocemul momentSi
(33.20)
formulidan Cans, rom SI sistemaSi veqtoris erTeulia vt/m2.
eleqtromagnituri talRis nebismier wertilSi pointingis veqtoris mimarTuleba

am wertilSi talRis moZraobisa da energiis gadatanis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs.
33.5 energiis gadatana da pointingis veqtori 1147
   
vinaidan eleqtromagnitur talRaSi E da B urTierTperpendikularulia, amitom E × B
veqtoruli namravlis sidide EB-s tolia. maSin -is mniSvneloba iqnebaL
1
S= EB, (33.21)
µ0
sadac S, E da B myisi mniSvnelobebia. E-s da B-s mniSvnelobebi imdenad axlosaa erTmaneTTan,
rom CvenTvis mxolod erT-erTi maTganis mniSvnelobac sakmarisia. Cven virCevT E-s, raki
eleqtromagnituri talRebis aRmomCeni mowyobilobebis umetesoba talRis eleqtrul da ara
magnitur komponents zomavs. 33.5 formulidan B=E/c-s gamoyenebiT 33.21 formula Semdegi saxiT
Caiwereba
1 2
S= E, (energiis dinebis myisi tempi) (33.22)
cµ0
33.22 formulaSi E = Em sin(kx – ωt)-s CasmiT energiis gadacemis tempi drois funqciis saxiT
SegveZlo migveRo, Tumca garkveul droSi gadacemuli saSualo energia praqtikaSi ufro
gamosadegia. amisTvis droSi gasaSualoebuli S-is mniSvneloba (SsaS) gvWirdeba, romelsac
talRis intensivoba (I) ewodeba. maSasadame, 33.20 formulidan I intensivoba iqneba:
I = SsaS = ( energia/dro
farTobi ) (
saS
=
simZlavre
farTobi )
saS
(33.23)
33.22 formulidan gamovTvliT:

1 1
I = SsaS = [E2]saS = [E 2 sin2(kx – ωt)]saS . (33.24)
cµ0 cµ0 m
1
sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi sin2θ-is saSualo mniSvneloba nebismieri θ kuTxisaTvis -ia (ix. 31.14
2
formula). garda amisa, Semogvaqvs axali sidide EsaS.kv. – eleqtruli velis saSualo kvadratuli,
romelic tolia:
Em
EsaS.kv. = . (33.25)
Semdeg 33.24 formula SeiZleba gadaiweros, rogorc:

1 2
I= E
(33.26)
cµ0   saS.kv.
vinaidan E = cB, xolo c Zalian didi ricxvia, amitom SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom eleqtrul velTan
dakavSirebuli energia magnitur velTan dakavSirebul energiaze bevrad metia. es daskvna
arasworia. ori energia zustad erTmaneTis tolia. amis damtkiceba 25.25 formulidan daviwyoT,
1
romelic eleqtruli velis SigniT energiis u(=   ε0E2) simkvrives gviCvenebs da E-s nacvlad cB
2
CavsvaT. am SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
uE =  1  ε0E2 =  1  ε0(cB)2.

2 2
Tu 33.3 formulas c-s nacvlad CavsvamT, miviRebT:
1 2 B2
uE =  1  ε0   B  =  .
2 µε 2µ0
0 0

30.54 formula gvauwyebs, rom B2/2µ0 B magnituri velis uB energiis simkvrivea. aqedan
gamomdinare, eleqtromagnituri talRis gaswvriv yvelgan uE = uB.
intensivobis cvlileba manZilTan erTad

eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis realuri wyarodan intensivobis cvlileba manZilTan erTad
sakmaod rTuli movlenaa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac wyaro (rogorc proJeqtori filmis
Cvenebisas) konkretuli mimarTulebiT asxivebs. miuxedavad amisa, zogjer SeiZleba imis
daSveba, rom wyaro wertilovania da sinaTles izotropulad anu yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabari
intensivobiT asxivebs. aseTi S izotropuli wertilovani

wyarodan garkveul momentSi gavrcelebuli sferuli
talRis sigrZeebi 33.8 suraTis ganivkveTzea naCvenebi.
davuSvaT, wyarodan gamosvlisas talRebis energia inaxeba.
garda amisa, rogorc 33.8 suraTzea naCvenebi, wyaros
centrSi r radiusis warmosaxviTi sfero movaTavsoT.
wyarodan gamosxivebuli mTeli energia sferoSi unda
gavides. maSasadame, gamosxivebuli energiis sferoSi
gavlis tempi wyarodan energiis gamosxivebis tempis
tolia, anu wyaros simZlavrea Ps . 33.23 formulidan sur. 33.8. S wertilovani wyaro
eleqtromagnitur talRebs yvela
sferos I intensivoba iqneba:
mimarTulebiT Tanabrad gamoasxivebs.
simZlavre Ps sferuli talRis fronti S centris
I= = , (33.27)
farTobi 4πr2 mqone r radiusis warmosaxviT sferoSi
sadac 4πr2 sferos zedapiris farTobia. 33.27 formula gaivlis.
gvauwyebs, rom izotropuli wertilovani wyaros

eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis intensivoba wyarodan r manZilis kvadratiT mcirdeba.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia eleqtromagnituri talRis

eleqtruli veli garkveul wertilSi da garkveul momentSi. talRa
energias z RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT avrcelebs. saiT aris
mimarTuli talRis magnituri veli am wertilsa da am momentSi?

damkvirvebeli Ps = 250 vt simZlavris iz
otropuli wertilovani sinaTlis wyarodan
=
1,8 m simaRleze imyofeba. gamoTvale wyaros
Sesabamisi eleqtruli da magnituri velebis
= 48,1 v/m ≈ 48 v/m (pasuxi)
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvneloba iq, sadac garda amisa, nebismier momentSi da talRis
damkvirvebelia. nebismier wertilSi eleqtromagnituri
amoxsna: amocanas ori gasaRebi aqvs: talRis eleqtruli da magnituri velebis
1. sinaTleSi eleqtruli velis EsaS.kv. saSualo sidideeebi c sinaTlis siCqaresTan 33.5

formuliTaa (E/B = c) dakavSirebuli. maSa
kvadratuli sinaTlis I intensivobas 33.26
sadame, am velebis saSualo kvadratuli
formuliT (I = E 2saS.kv./cµ0) ukavSirdeba.
mniSvnelobebic 33.5 formuliTaa dakavSi
2. vinaidan wertilovani wyaro sinaTles
rebuli da SegviZlia davweroT:
yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabari I intensi
E saS.kv. 48 v/m
vobiT asxivebs, amitom wyarodan nebismier BsaS.kv. =  = = 1,6×10–7 (pasuxi)
r manZilze I intensivoba wyaros Ps simZlav c 3×108 v/wm
resTan 33.27 formuliTaa (I = Ps/4πr2) gaiTvaliswineT, rom EsaS.kv.(= 48 v/m) labora
dakavSirebuli. toriuli standartebiT gamoTvlas eqvemde
am ori punqtis SeerTeba gvaZlevs: bareba, magram BsaS.kv.(=1,6×10–7t) Zalian mcirea.
Ps E 2
  saS.kv. es gansxvaveba imis gagebaSi gvexmareba,
I= =
4πr2 cμ0 ratom reagirebs eleqtromagnituri tal
ris Sedegadac: Rebis aRmomCeni da gamzomi xelsawyo
talRis eleqtrul komponentze. miuxedavad
EsaS.kv. =
amisa, araswori iqneba imis Tqma, rom
33.6 gamosxivebis wneva 1149
eleqtromagnituri talRis eleqtruli ukve vnaxeT, talRis gavrcelebasTan dakav
komponenti magnitur komponentze `Zlieria~. Sirebuli eleqtruli da magnituri kompo
sxvadasxva erTeulebSi gazomili sidideebis nentebis saSualo energiebi, romelTa Se
erTmaneTTan Sedareba ar SeiZleba. rogorc dareba SeiZleba, Tanabaria.
33.6 gamosxivebis wneva

eleqtromagnitur talRas energiis garda impulsic aqvs. es niSnavs, rom sinaTlis dacemisas
sxeulze gamosxivebis wneva moqmedebs. wneva sakmaod mcire unda iyos, vinaidan, magaliTad,
suraTis gadaRebisas, fotoaparatis moqmedebas ar vgrZnobT (es kargia, vinaidan sxva SemTxvevaSi
TiToeuli suraTis gadaReba muStis dartymasaviT iqneboda).
wnevis gamosaxulebis sapovnelad, eleqtromagnituri gamosxiveba, magaliTad, sinaTle, Δt
drois SualedSi sxeulisken mivmarToT. Semdeg davuSvaT, rom sxeuli Tavisuflad moZraobs
da am gamosxivebas srulad STanTqavs. es niSnavs, rom Δt drois SualedSi sxeuli gamosxivebidan
ΔU energias iRebs. maqsvelma daamtkica, rom sxeuli aseve impulssac iZens. sxeulis impulsis Δp
cvlileba ΔU energiis cvlilebas Semdegnairad ukavSirdeba:
ΔU
Δp = (sruli STanTqma), (33.28)
c
sadac c sinaTlis siCqarea. sxeulis impulsis cvlilebis mimarTuleba sxeulis mier STanTqmuli
dacemuli sxivis mimarTulebas emTxveva.
sxeulma SeiZleba STanTqmis nacvlad aireklos gamosxiveba. es niSnavs, rom gamosxiveba
sxeulidan aisxliteba da axali mimarTulebiT igzavneba. Tu gamosxiveba srulad airekleba
sawyisi traeqtoriiT, maSin sxeulis impulsis cvlileba zemoT mocemul mniSvnelobaze orjer
metia:
2ΔU
Δp = (sruli arekvla sawyisi traeqtoriiT) (33.29)
c
aseTive principiT, sxeuli orjer met impulsis cvlilebas ganicdis, rodesac srulyofilad
elastiuri CogburTis burTi an imave masis da siCqaris mqone srulyofilad araelastiuri
burTi (magaliTad sveli sagozavis grova) misi zedapiridan aisxliteba. Tu dacemuli dasxiveba
nawilobriv STainTqmeba da nawilobriv airekleba, sxeulis impulsis cvlileba ΔU/c-sa da 2ΔU/c-
s Soris iqneba.
niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad, impulsur formaSi (Tavi 9.4) impulsis cvlileba Zalas Semdegi
Δp
F= (33.30)
Δt
I intensivobis saSualebiT dasxivebis Zalis gamosaxulebis misaRebad Tavdapirvelad
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom intensivoba tolia:
simZlavre energia/dro
I= =
farTobi farTobi
Semdeg davuSvaT, rom A farTobis, gamosxivebis traeqtoriis perpendikularul brtyel
zedapirs ecema gamosxiveba. Δt drois SualedSi A farTobis zedapiris mier STanTqmul energia
iqneba:
ΔU = IA Δt (33.31)
Tu energia srulad STainTqmeba, maSin, 33.28 formulis Tanaxmad, ΔP = IA Δt/c da, 33.30 formulidan
gamomdinare, A farTobis zedapirze moqmedi Zala iqneba:
IA
F= (sruli STanTqma) (33.32)
c
aseTive principiT, Tu gamosxiveba srulad airekleba da Tavdapirveli traeqtoriiT brundeba,

maSin, 33.29 formulis Tanaxmad, ΔP = 2IA Δt/c, xolo 33.30 formulidan: (sruli arekvla sawyisi
traeqtoriis gaswvriv sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT)
2IA
F= (sruli arekvla) (33.33)
c
Tu gamosxiveba nawilobriv airekleba da nawilobriv STainTqmeba, maSin A farTobis zedapirze
moqmedi Zalis mniSvneloba IA/c-sa da 2IA/c-s Sorisaa.
gamosxivebis Sedegad sxeulis farTobis erTeulze moqmedi Zala pr gamosxivebis wnevaa. misi
gamoTvla 33.32 da 33.33 formulebis SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli formulis orive mxris A-ze gayofiT
SeiZleba. miviRebT:
I
pr = (sruli STanTqma) (33.34)
c
2I
da pr = c (sruli arekvla) (33.35)
yuradRebiT iyaviT, raTa gamosxivebis wnevis pr simbolo impulsis p simboloSi ar agerioT.

me-14 TavSi ganxiluli siTxis wnevis msgavsad, SI sistemaSi gamosxivebis wnevis erTeulia n/m2,
romelsac paskali (pa) ewodeba.
lazeruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mkvlevarebs saSualeba misca bevrad didi gamosxivebis
wnevebi mieRoT, vidre fotoaparatis SemTxvevaSia. es imitom xdeba, rom, sinaTlis sxivisgan
gansxvavebiT, lazeruli sinaTlis sxivis erT pawawina wertilSi koncentrireba SesaZlebelia
da am wertilze ganlagebul mcire sxeulebze didi raodenobis energia gadaicema.
sakontrolo wertili 3. Tanabari intensivobis sinaTle srulad mSTanTqmel zedapirze

perpendikularulad anaTebs. Tu zedapiris farTobi Semcirda, gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu
igive darCeba a) gamosxivebis wneva da b) gamosxivebis Zala zedapirze?

mzis garSemo kometis brunvis dros,
kometis zedapirze yinuli dneba
da mtvris nawilakebsa da ionebs
gamoyofs. vinaidan ionebi eleqtrulad
damuxtulia, maTze mzis qari ionis
mtvris
kudze wrfivi traeqtoriiT moqmedebs, mze kudi
romelic mzidan radialuradaa
mimarTuli (sur. 33.9). eleqtrulad
kometa
neitralur mtvris nawilakebze mzis
qari ar moqmedebs da isini wesiT kometis kometis ionis kudi
traeqtoriis gaswvriv, kometasTan traeqtoria
erTad unda moZraobdnen. magram, amis
nacvlad, mtvris nawilakebze mzidan
radialurad mzis sinaTlis gamosxivebis sur. 33.9 kometa me-6 mdebareobaze imyofeba.
wina xuT mdebareobaze kometidan gamodevnili
Zala moqmedebs. imis dasanaxad, rogor qmnis
mtveri mzis sinaTlis gamosxivebis wnevam wyvetili
es Zala kometis mtvris kuds, Tavdapirvelad traeqtoriebiT mzisgan moSorebiT gadaaadgila da
davuSvaT, rom mtvris nawilaki R radiusis axla kometis mtvris kudi formirdeba.
sferoa, misi simkvrivea ρ = 3,5×103kg/m3 da
33.6 gamosxivebis wneva 1151
miRebul mzis sinaTles srulad STanTqavs. sadac Ms mzis masaa, xolo m wertilis masa.
am SemTxvevaSi gansazRvreT R-is mniSvneloba, wertilis masa mis ρ simkvrives da V moculobas
rodesac mtvris nawilakze mzidan moqmedi (sferosTvis 43πR3) ukavSirdeba Semdegi for
 
Fg mizidulobis Zala mzis sinaTlis Fr muliT:
gamosxivebis Zalas abalansebs. m m
ρ= V =4 3
3
πR
amoxsna: SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom mze
am formulis m-isTvis amoxsna da Sedegis 33.38
mtvris nawilakze izotropuli wertilovani
formulaSi Casma mogvcems:
sinaTlis wyaros saxiT moqmedebs. amocanis
pirobidan viciT, rom wertilze moqmedi GMS ρ(43πR3)
 Fg = r2 , (33.39)
Fr gamosxivebis Zala mzis centridan
radialuradaa mimarTuli. amave dros, amis Semdeg 33.37 da 33.39 formulebi 33.36

wertilze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zala formulaSi CavsvaT da R-isTvis amovxsnaT:
mzis centriskenaa radialurad mimarTuli.
3PS
maSasadame, am ori Zalis balansi SeiZleba R= .
16πcρGMS
Semdegi saxiT daiweros:
ρ-s, G-s (B damateba) da Ms-is (C damateba)
Fr = Fg (33.36)
mocemuli mniSvnelobebis gamoyenebiT gamov
modiT, es Zalebi cal-calke ganvixiloT. TvliT wiladis mniSvnels:
gamosxivebis Zala: 33.36 formulis marcxena (16π)(3×108 m/wm)(3,5×103 kg/m3)
mxaris gamosaTvlelad sami gasaRebi gvaqvs:
×(6,67×10–11n⋅m2/kg2)(1,99×103°kg) 
1. vinaidan wertili sinaTles srulad
= 7×1033 n/wm
STanTqavs, amitom Fr Zalis mniSvneloba
C damatebidan Ps-is gamoyenebiT gveqneba:
wertilis mdebareobaze da A farTobis
R = (3)(3,9×10 vt) = 1,7×10–7 m.
26
ganivkveTze 33.23 formulidan (F = IA/c) (pasuxi)
SegviZlia gamovTvaloT I mzis sinaTlis
7×1033 n/wm
gaiTvaliswine, rom es pasuxi wertilis mzidan
intensivobis saSualebiT.
r daSorebaze damokidebuli ar aris.
2. vinaidan davuSviT, rom mze sinaTlis R ≈ 1,7×10–7 m radiusis mtvris nawilakebi 33.9
izotropuli wertilovani wyaroa, amitom suraTze daaxloebiT wrfiv b traeqtoriaze
33.27 formulis (I = PS /4πr2) saSualebiT moZraoben. R-is ufro didi mniSvnelobebisTvis
mzis PS simZlavre SegviZlia mzidan gar 33.37 da 33.39 formulebis Sedareba aCvenebs,
kveul r manZilze I mzis sinaTlis inten rom vinaidan Fg R3-Tan erTad icvleba, xolo
sivobas davukavSiroT. Fr – R2-Tan erTad, amitom Fg mizidulobis
3. vinaidan wertili sferos formisaa, amitom Zala Fr gamosxivebis Zalaze metia. maSasadame,
misi A farTobis ganivi kveTia πR2 (da ara R-is ufro didi mniSvnelobebis mqone
misi zedapiris farTobis naxevari). wertilebi 33.39 suraTze mzis mimarTulebiT
am sami punqtis erTad Tavmoyra gvaZlevs: c mrudi traeqtoriiT moZraoben. aseTive
IA PS πR2 PS R2 principiT, R-is ufro mcire mniSvnelobis
Fr = c = 4πr 2
c = 4r2c (33.37)
mqone wertilebisTvis gamosxivebis Zala
mizidulobis Zala: niutonis mizidulobis Zlieria da wertilis mzidan moSorebiT a
kanoniT (formula 13.1), wertilze moqmedi mrudi traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba. mtvris
mizidulobis Zalis mniSvnelobaa: nawilakebis erToblioba kometis mtvris kuds
GM m qmnis.
Fg = r2S , (33.38)
33.7 polarizacia
inglisSi Zalian maRali sixSiris (VHF) satelevizio
antenebi vertikalurad aris orientirebuli, xolo
CrdiloeT amerikaSi _ horizontalurad. amis mizezi
satelevizio signalebis matarebeli eleqtromagnituri
talRebis rxevis mimarTulebebs Soris gansxvavebaa.
(a)
inglisSi gadamcemi saSualebebi vertikalurad
polarizebul talRebs qmnian, anu eleqtruli veli
vertikalurad irxeva. maSasadame, dacemuli satelevizio
talRebis eleqtrulma velma antenaSi rom deni gaataros
(da televizors signali miawodos), antena vertikaluri
unda iyos. CrdiloeT amerikaSi talRebi horizontalurad
polarizebulia.
33.10a suraTze naCvenebia eleqtromagnituri talRa,
romlis eleqtruli veli vertikaluri y RerZis (b)

paralelurad irxeva. E veqtorebis Semcvel sibrtyes sur. 33.10. a) polarizebuli eleqtro
talRis rxevis sibrtye ewodeba (aqedan gamomdinare, magnituri talRis rxevis sibrtye.
talRas y mimarTulebiT brtylad polarizebuli ewodeba). b) polarizaciis asaxvisTvis rxe
vis sibrtyes pirdapiri xediT warmo
talRis polarizaciis (polarizebuli mdgomareobis)
vadgenT da eleqtruli velis rxevis
asaxva rxevis sibrtyeSi eleqtruli velis rxevebis mimarTulebebs ormagi isriT vaCvenebT.
mimarTulebebis pirdapiri xedis CvenebiT SegviZlia,
rogorc es 33.10b suraTzea. aq gamosaxuli vertikaluri ormagi isari aCvenebs, rom talRa
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpendikularulad Cvensken aris mimarTuli da misi eleqtruli veli
vertikalurad irxeva – mudmivad icvlis orientacias y RerZis zeda da qveda mimarTulebebs
Soris.
polarizebuli sinaTle
satelevizio sadguris mier gamosxivebul eleqtromagnitur talRebs erTi da igive mimarTuleba
aqvT, magram sinaTlis zogadi wyaros (magaliTad, mzis) mier gamosxivebuli eleqtromagnituri
talRebi SemTxveviT polarizebuli anu arapolarizebulia (am or termins erTi da igive
mniSvneloba aqvs). es niSnavs, rom nebismier mocemul wertilSi eleqtruli veli talRebis
moZraobis mimarTulebis perpendikularulia, magram mimarTulebas alalbedze icvlis.
maSasadame, Tu raime drois SualedSi rxevebis warmodgenas pirdapiri xediT SevecdebiT, 33.10b
suraTis erTi ormagi isris nacvlad 33.11a suraTis msgavsi areuloba gveqneba.
sur. 33.11. a) arapolarizebuli sinaTle talRebis

alalbedze mimarTuli eleqtruli velebisgan
Sedgeba. talRebi wignis gverdidan gareT
mimarTuli erTi da imave RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs
da Tanabari E sidide aqvs. b) arapolarizebuli
sinaTlis warmodgenis meore meTodi. sinaTle ori
polarizebuli talRis jamia, romelTa rxevis
sibrtyeebi urTierTperpendikularulia.
33.7 polarizacia 1153
dacemuli sinaTlis sxivi am areulobis gamartiveba 33.11a suraTis TiToeuli
eleqtruli velis y da z komponentebad daSliT SeiZleba.
arapolarizebuli Semdeg, talRis saxelmZRvanelos perpendikularulad
sinaTle
Cveni mimarTulebiT moZraobisas, saerTo y komponenti y
mapolarizebeli furceli
RerZis paralelurad irxeva, xolo saerTo z komponenti
vertikalurad polarizebuli
– z RerZis paralelurad. amis Semdeg arapolarizebuli
furceli sinaTlis warmodgena ormagi isrebis wyvilebiTaa
sur. 33.12. arapolarizebuli sinaTle
SesaZlebeli, rogorc es 33.11b suraTzea. y RerZis
mapolarizebeli furclis gavlis dros
polarizdeba. sinaTlis polarizaciis gaswvriv ormagi isari eleqtruli velis saerTo y
mimarTuleba, romelic furclis komponentis rxevas warmoadgens, xolo z RerZis gaswvriv
polarizaciis mimarTulebis para
ormagi isari _ eleqtruli velis saerTo z komponentis
leluria, furcelSi gamavali verti
kaluri xaziTaa warmodgenili. rxevas. am yvelafris Sedegad, arapolarizebuli sinaTle
ori polarizebuli talRis jamiT SevcvaleT, romelTa
rxevis sibrtyeebi erTmaneTis perpendikularulia – erTi sibrtye y RerZs Seicavs, xolo meore
sibrtye _ z RerZs. am cvlilebis Sedegi is aris, rom 33.11b naxazi 33.11a naxazze bevrad martivia.
msgavsi naxazebis ageba SeiZleba nawilobriv polarizebuli sinaTlisTvisac (velis rxevebis
mimarTuleba ar aris srulad SemTxveviTi, rogorc 33.11a suraTze, da arc erTi RerZis
paraleluria, rogorc 33.10b suraTze). am SemTxvevaSi, erT ormag isars sxvaze ufro grZeli
ormagi isrebis perpendikularul wyvilSi vxazavT.
arapolarizebuli xiluli sinaTlis polarizebul sinaTled gardaqmna mapolarizebeli
furclis gavliT SeiZleba, rogorc es 33.12 suraTzea naCvenebi. aseTi furclebi, romelTa ko-
merciuli saxelebia polaroidi an polaroidis filtrebi, 1932 wels jer kidev studentma edvin
lendma gamoigona. mapolarizebeli furceli plastmasaSi moTavsebuli mogrZo molekulebis
gan Sedgeba. furclis damzadebis dros molekulebi moxnuli velis msgavs paralelur rigebad
ganlagdeba. rodesac sinaTle furclis gavliT moZraobs, erTi mimarTulebis eleqtruli ve-
lis komponentebi furcels gaivlian, xolo am mimarTulebis perpendikularul komponentebs
molekulebi STanTqaven.
molekulebze didxans ar SevCerdebiT da furcelSi eleqtruli velis komponentebis gavlis
mimarTulebas mapolarizebel mimarTulebas vuwodebT:
mapolarizebeli mimarTulebis paraleluri eleqtruli velis komponenti mapo

larizebel furcelSi gaivlis, xolo perpendikularuli komponenti _ STainTqmeba.
maSasadame, furclidan gamomavali sinaTlis eleqtruli veli mxolod furclis polarizaciis

mimarTulebis paraleluri komponentebisgan Sedgeba, e.i. sinaTle am mimarTulebiT
polarizdeba. 33.12 suraTze eleqtruli velis vertikaluri komponentebi furcelSi gaivlis,
xolo horizontaluri komponentebi STainTqmeba. am SemTxvevaSi furcelSi gasuli talRebi
vertikalurad polarizdeba.
polarizebuli sinaTlis intensivoba

Cven axla mapolarizebel furcelSi gavlili sinaTlis intensivobas ganvixilavT. viwyebT
arapolarizebuli sinaTliT, romlis eleqtruli velis rxevebi 33.11b suraTis msgavsad
y da z komponentebad SegviZlia davSaloT. y RerZi furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebis
paraleluria da furcelSi sinaTlis eleqtruli velis mxolod y komponentebi gaivlis,
xolo z komponentebi STainTqmeba. rogorc 33.11b suraTi gviCvenebs, Tu sawyisi talRebis
mimarTulebebi SemTxveviTia, maSin y komponentebis jami da z komponentebis jami erTmaneTis
tolia. rodesac z komponentebi STainTqmeba, sawyisi

sinaTlis I0 intensivobis naxevari ikargeba. am SemTxvevaSi,
gamomavali polarizebuli sinaTlis intensivoba iqneba:
I= 12 I0 . (33.40)
modiT am wess naxevrobis wesi davarqvaT, romelic mxolod

maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac mapolarizebel furcelze
dacemuli sinaTle arapolarizebulia.
axla davuSvaT, rom mapolarizebel furcelze dacemuli
sinaTle ukve polarizebulia. 33.13 suraTze am gverdis
sibrtyeze mdebare mapolarizebeli furceli da furclis sur. 33.13. mapolarizebel furcelTan
miaxloebuli polarizebuli sinaT
mimarTulebiT moZravi (STanTqmis win) polarizebuli 
 le. sinaTlis E eleqtruli veli
sinaTlis talRis E eleqtruli velia naCvenebi. SegviZlia Ey (furclis polarizaciis mimarTu

E furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebis mimarT or lebis paraleluri) da Ez (furclis
polarizaciis mimarTulebis perpendi
komponentad davSaloT: Ey paraleluri komponenti
kularuli) komponentebad SeiZleba
furcelSi gaivlis, xolo Ez perpendikularuli daiSalos. Ey komponenti furcelSi

komponenti STainTqmeba. vinaidan θ aris kuTxe E -sa da gaivlis, xolo Ez komponenti STain
furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebas Soris, amitom Tqmeba.
furcelSi gavlili paraleluri komponenti iqneba:

Ey = E cos θ (33.41)
gavixsenoT, rom eleqtromagnituri talRis (rogoricaa Cveni sinaTlis talRa) intensivoba
eleqtruli velis sididis kvadratis proporciulia (33.26 formula, I = E 2saS.kv. /cµ0). Cven
SemTxvevaSi, warmoqmnili talRis I intensivoba E y2 -is proporciulia, xolo sawyisi talRis I0
intensivoba _ E2-is proporciuli.
maSasadame, 33.41 formulidan SegviZlia davweroT I/I0 = cos2 θ, anu
I = I0 cos2 θ (33.42)
modiT, am formulas kosinus _ kvadratis kanoni vuwodoT. misi gamoyeneba mxolod maSin
SeiZleba, rodesac mapolarizebel furcelze dacemuli sinaTle ukve polarizebulia.
am SemTxvevaSi miRebuli I intensivoba maqsimaluria da, rodesac sawyisi talRa furclis
polarizebis mimarTulebis paralelurad polarizdeba (33.42 formulaSi θ aris 0° an 180°),
I0 sawyisi intensivobis tolia. miRebuli intensivoba
nulia, rodesac sawyisi talRa furclis polarizaciis
mimarTulebis perpendikularulad polarizdeba (θ = 90°).
33.14 suraTze naCvenebia ganlageba, sadac Tavdapirvelad
arapolarizebuli sinaTle or P1 da P2 mapolarizirebel
furcelze igzavneba (xSirad pirvel furcels
polarizators, xolo meore furcels analizators
uwodeben). vinaidan P1-is polarizaciis mimarTuleba
vertikaluria, amitom P1-dan P2-Si gadacemuli sinaTle
vertikalurad polarizdeba. Tu P2-is polarizaciis sur. 33.14. P1 mapolarizebel furcelSi
mimarTulebac vertikaluria, maSin P1-dan gamosuli gavlili sinaTle vertikalurad pola
mTeli sinaTle P2-s gadaecema. Tu P2-is polarizaciis rizdeba, rac vertikaluri ormagi
isriTaa naCvenebi. amis Semdeg P2 mapo
mimarTuleba horizontaluria, P1-dan gadacemuli
larizebel furcelSi gavlili sinaT
sinaTle P2-s ar gaivlis. imave daskvnebamde mivalT, lis raodenoba P2-is polarizaciis
rodesac ori furclis mxolod fardobiT mimarTulebebs mimarTulebasa da sinaTles Soris
kuTxezea damokidebuli (am kuTxes
ganvixilavT: Tu maTi polarizaciis mimarTulebebi
furcelSi gavlebuli xazi da wyvetili
paraleluria, maSin pirvel furcelSi gatarebuli xazi asaxavs).
33.7 polarizacia 1155
sinaTle meore furcelSic gaivlis. Tu es mimarTulebebi perpendikularulia (furclebi
gadajvaredinebulia), maSin meore furcelSi sinaTle ar gaivlis. es ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego
SemTxveva 33.15 suraTze polarizebuli mzis saTvalis magaliTzea naCvenebi.
sabolood, Tu 33.14 suraTis polarizaciis or mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe 0°-dan 90°-mdea, P1-Si
gavlili sinaTlis nawili P2-Si gaivlis. am sinaTlis intensivoba 33.42 formuliT gamoiTvleba.
mapolarizebeli furclebis garda, sinaTlis polarizeba arekvlis (romelic 33.10 TavSi
ganixileba) da atomebidan an molekulebidan gabnevis saSualebiTacaa SesaZlebeli. gabnevis
SemTxvevaSi sxeulze, magaliTad, molekulaze dacemuli sinaTle sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT
ganibneva. amis magaliTia atmosferos molekulebidan mzis sinaTlis gabneva, ris gamoc Cveni ca
ganaTebulia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mzis sinaTle ar aris polarizebuli, gabnevis Sedegad misi nawilobrivi
polarizeba mainc xdeba. futkrebi mzis sinaTlis polarizacias skebidan da skebisken frenis
gzamkvlevad iyeneben. vikingebi polarizaciis movlenas CrdiloeTis zRvaSi orientaciisTvis
iyenebdnen, rodesac mze horizonts qvemoT iyo (CrdiloeTis zRvis didi siganis gamo). am Zvelma
mezRvaurebma aRmoaCines garkveuli saxis kristali (amJamad kordieritad wodebuli), romelic
polarizebul sinaTleSi brunvisas fers icvlis. aseTi kristaliT caSi yurebisa da Tvalis win
brunvis saSualebiT vikingebi damaluli mzis mdebareobas adgendnen da samxreTis mimarTulebas
gansazRvravdnen.
sur. 33.15. mapolarizebeli (b)

mzis saTvale furclebisgan
Sedgeba, romelTa polarizaciis
mimarTuleba mzis saTvalis (a)
gakeTebisas vertikaluria.
a) erTmaneTze dadebuli ori
mzis saTvale sinaTles kar
gad atarebs, rodesac maTi
polarizebis mimarTulebebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva. b) saTva
leebis gadajvaredinebis dros
sinaTlis udidesi nawili iblo
keba.

perspeqtivaSi daxazuli 33.16a suraTi
arapolarizebuli sinaTlis traeqtoriaze
sami mapolarizirebeli furclis sistemas
gviCvenebs. pirveli furclis polarizaciis
mimarTuleba y RerZis paraleluria, meore
furclis polarizaciis mimarTuleba
y RerZisadmi saaTis isris moZraobis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT 60°-ia, xolo
mesame furclis polarizaciis mimarTuleba
x RerZis paraleluria. sinaTlis sawyisi I0
intensivobis ra nawili gaivlis sami furclis
sistemaSi da romeli mimarTulebiTaa sur. 33.16. a) Tavdapirvelad arapolarizebuli
I0 intensivobis sinaTle sami mapolarizirebeli
polarizebuli gamosuli sinaTle?
furclis sistemaSi igzavneba. furclebSi gasuli
amoxsna: amocanis gasaRebi SemdegSia: sinaTlis intensivobebia I1, I2 da I3. agreTve naCvenebia
b) sawyisi sinaTlis, g) pirvel furcelSi gasuli,
1. furclebs miyolebiT ganvixilavT, pirve d) meore furcelSi gasuli da e) mesame furcelSi
lidan bolomde. gasuli sinaTleebis polarizaciebi.
2. nebismier furcelSi gatarebuli sinaTlis gamavali sinaTle polarizebulia, I3 inten

intensivobis gamosaTvlelad naxevrobis sivoba kosinus-kvadratis wesiT gamoiTvleba.
an kosinus-kvadratis wess viyenebT, amjerad θ kuTxe Semavali sinaTlis polari
rac damokidebulia imaze, furclisken zaciis mimarTulebasa (sur. 33.16d) da mesame
mimavali sinaTle polarizebulia Tu ara. furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebas (x
3. mapolarizebel furcelSi gamavali RerZis paraleluri) Soris kuTxea da udris
sinaTle yovelTvis furclis polari θ = 30°. am SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
zaciis mimarTulebis paralelurad pola I3 = I2 cos2 30°.
rizdeba. sabolood, furclebSi gasuli sinaTle x
pirveli furceli: 33.16b suraTze sawyisi RerZis paralelurad polarizdeba (sur.
sinaTlis talRa 33.11b suraTze naCvenebi 33.16e). mis intensivobas zemoT mocemul
ormagi isriTaa warmodgenili. vinaidan formulaSi jer I2-is da Semdeg I1-is mniSvne
sinaTle Tavdapirvelad arapolarizebulia, lobebis CasmiT miviRebT:
amitom pirvel furcelSi gasuli sinaTlis I1 I3= I2 cos2 30° = (I1 cos2 60°) cos2 30°
intensivoba naxevrobis wesiT (33.40 formula) = (12I0) cos2 60° cos2 30° = 0,094I0.
gamoiTvleba: maSasadame:
I3
I1 = 12 I0 = 0,094 (pasuxi)
I0
vinaidan pirveli furclis polarizaciis es niSnavs, rom sami furclis sistemidan
mimarTuleba y RerZis paraleluria, amitom sawyisi intensivobis 9,4% gamodis. Tu meore
masSi gasuli sinaTlis polarizacia, rogorc furcels amoviRebT, sawyisi intensivobis ra
es 33.16g suraTzea naCvenebi, aseve y RerZis nawili gamova sistemidan?
paraleluria.
meore furceli: vinaidan meore furcelSi Cvenebia mapolarizebeli furclebis
gamavali sinaTle polarizebulia, I2 inten oTxi wyvili. TiToeuli wyvili sawyisad
sivoba kosinus _ kvadratis (33.42 formula) arapolarizebuli sinaTlis traeqto
wesiT gamoiTvleba. am wesSi mocemuli θ kuTxe riazea ganlagebuli (rogorc 33.16a
Semavali sinaTlis (y RerZis paraleluri) suraTis sami furceli). TiToeuli
furclis polarizaciis mimarTuleba
polarizaciis mimarTulebasa da meore
(wyvetili xazi) horizontalur x RerZs
furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebas (y
an vertikalur y RerZs exeba. daalage
RerZis mimarT 60°, saaTis isris moZraobis wyvilebi maTgan gamomavali sinaTlis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT) Soris kuTxea intensivobis zrdadobis mixedviT.
da udris θ = 60°. Semdeg gveqneba:
I2 = I1 cos2 60°.
gasuli sinaTlis polarizacia furclis
polarizaciis mimarTulebis, anu y RerZis
mimarT saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT 60° kuTxis paraleluria,
rogorc es 33.16d suraTzea naCvenebi.
(a) (b) (g) (d)
mesame furceli: vinaidan mesame furcelSi
33.8 arekvla da gardatexa

miuxedavad imisa, rom wyarodan daSorebisas sinaTlis talRa ganibneva, xSirad SegviZlia
misi moZraobis traeqtoria wrfed miviCnioT. swored ase moviqeciT 33.5a suraTze sinaTlis
talRis SemTxvevaSi. sinaTlis talRis maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlas amgvari daSvebis pirobebSi
33.8 arekvla da gardatexa 1157
geometriuli optika ewodeba. mocemuli Tavis darCenil
nawilSi da mTel 34-e TavSi xiluli sinaTlis geometriul
optikas ganvixilavT.
33.17a suraTze gamosaxuli Sav-TeTri fotosuraTi
daaxloebiT wrfivad moZravi sinaTlis talRis magaliTia.
marcxnidan momavali sinaTlis wvrili, daxrili sxivi
(dacemuli sxivi) minis brtyel zedapirs ejaxeba. sinaTlis
nawili zedapiris mier airekleba da suraTis marjvena
mxares zeviT mimarTul sxivs warmoqmnis, romelic ise
moZraobs, TiTqos sawyisi sxivi zedapirma aisxlita.
(a)
sinaTlis darCenili nawili minis zedapirSi gaivlis
da marjvena mxares qveviT daxril sxivs warmoqmnis.
minas, romelSic sinaTles gavla SeuZlia, gamWvirvales
uwodeben. es niSnavs, rom minis miRma danaxva SegviZlia (am
TavSi mxolod gamWvirvale masalebs ganvixilavT).
ori garemos gamyofi zedapiris gavliT sinaTlis
moZraobas refraqcia anu gardatexa ewodeba, xolo
sinaTles _ gardatexili. Tu sinaTlis dacemuli
sxivi zedapiris perpendikularuli ar aris, gardatexa
sinaTles mimarTulebas ucvlis. amis gamo sxivs
gardatexis Sedegad `daxrils~ uwodeben. daakvirdi, rom
33.17a suraTze gadaxra mxolod zedapirze xdeba, TviTon
(b)
minaSi ki sinaTle wrfivi traeqtoriiT moZraobs.
sur. 33.17. a) Sav-TeTri fotosuraTi
sinaTlis sxivebi, romlebsac am fotosuraTze vxedavT,
minis horizontalur, brtyel zed
pirze dacemuli sinaTlis sxivis are 33.17b suraTze dacemuli sxiviT, areklili sxiviT da
kvlas da gardatexas aCvenebs (minaSi gardatexili sxiviTaa warmodgenili. TiToeuli sxivi
gardatexili sxivis nawili kargad ar
orientirebulia wrfis mimarT, romelsac normali
Cans). qveda, mrude zedapirze sxivi
zedapiris perpendikularulia da ewodeba. normali gardatexisa da arekvlis wertilebSi
amitom gardatexa ar xdeba. b) a)-s sxi zedapiris perpendikularulia. 33.17b suraTze dacemis
vur formaSi warmodgena. dacemis
kuTxea θ1, arekvlis kuTxea θ1´, xolo gardatexis kuTxea
(θ1), gardatexis (θ´1 ) da arekvlis (θ2)
kuTxeebi moniSnulia. θ2. TiToeuli kuTxe normalis mimarT izomeba. dacemuli
sxivis Semcveli sibrtye da normali dacemis sibrtyes
qmnian, romelic 33.17b suraTis SemTxvevaSi am wignis gverdis sibrtyea.
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom arekvla da gardatexa or kanons emorCileba:
arekvlis kanoni: areklili sxivi dacemis sibrtyeSi Zevs, xolo arekvlis kuTxe dacemis kuTxis
tolia. 33.17b suraTis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom:
θ1´ = θ1 (arekvla) (33.43)
gardatexis kanoni: gardatexili sxivi dacemis sibrtyeSi Zevs, xolo gardatexis θ2 kuTxe
dacemis θ1 kuTxes Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
n2 sin θ2 = n1 sin θ1 (gardatexa) (33.44)
aq n1 da n2 ganzomilebis armqone mudmivebia, romelTac gardatexis koeficientebi ewodeba da

gardamtexis garemozea damokidebuli. maT gamosaTvlel formulas, romelsac snelis kanoni
ewodeba, 35-e TavSi gamoviyvanT, sadac vnaxavT, rom garemoSi gardatexis koeficienti tolia
c/ν-is, sadac ν sinaTlis siCqarea am garemoSi, xolo c _ sinaTlis siCqare vakuumSi.
33.1 cxrilSi mocemulia gardatexis koeficientebi vakuumSi da sxva gavrcelebul substanciebSi.
cxrili 31.1 zogierTi gardatexis koeficientia
garemo koeficienti garemo koeficienti

vakuumi zustad 1 Cveulebrivi mina 1,52
haeri (STP)b
1,00029 natriumis qlori 1,54
wyali (20°C) 1,33 polistiroli 1,55
acetoni 1,36 naxSirbadis disulfidi 1,63
eTilis spirti 1,36 mZime optikuri mina 1,65
Saqris xsnari (30%) 1,38 safironi 1,77
gamdnari kvarci 1,46 umZimesi optikuri mina 1,89
Saqris xsnari (80%) 1,49 brilianti 2,42
a
589 nm sigrZis talRisTvis (yviTeli natriumis sinaTle)
b
STP niSnavs `standartuli temperatura (0°C) da wneva (1 atm)~.
vakuumisTvis n zustad erTis tolia. haerisTvis n erTs uaxlovdeba (gamoTvlebSi mas erTis
tolad miviCnevT). 1-ze naklebi gardatexis koeficienti ar arsebobs.
SegviZlia 33.44 formula Semdegnairad gardavqmnaT:
n
sin θ2 = n1 sin θ1 (33.45)
2
raTa θ2 gardatexis kuTxe θ1 dacemis kuTxes SevadaroT.

rogorc vxedavT, rom θ2-is mniSvneloba n2-is da n1-
is mniSvnelobebzea damokidebuli. faqtobrivad sami
ZiriTadi Sedegi miviReT:
1. Tu n2 n1-is tolia, maSin θ2 tolia θ1-is, gardatexa
sinaTlis sxivs ar gaamrudebs da, rogorc 33.18a
suraTze Cans, sxivi ucvleli mimarTulebiT moZraobas (a)
ganagrZobs.
2. Tu n2 metia n1-ze, maSin θ2 naklebia θ1-ze. am SemTxvevaSi (a) (b)
gardatexa sinaTlis sxivs mimarTulebas Seucvlis da,

rogorc 33.18b suraTze Cans, normalisken mimarTavs.
3. Tu n2 naklebia n1-ze, maSin θ2 metia θ1-ze. am SemTxvevaSi
gardatexa sinaTlis sxivs mimarTulebas Seucvlis da,
rogorc 33.18g suraTze Cans, normals daaSorebs.
gardatexas ar SeuZlia sxivis ise gadaxra, rom gardatexili
sxivi normalis imave mxares iyos, romelzec dacemuli
sxivia.
(g)
sur. 33.18. n1 gardatexis koeficientis

qromatuli dispersia mqone garemodan n2 gardatexis koefi
cientis mqone garemoSi moZravi sinaTlis
nebismieri garemos (vakuumis garda) n gardatexis gardatexa. a) rodesac n2 = n1, sxivi
koeficienti sinaTlis talRis sigrZezea damokidebuli. ar gadaixreba. gardatexili sinaTle
pirdapiri mimarTulebiT (wyvetili
n-is talRis sigrZeze damokidebuleba niSnavs, rom xazi) moZraobs, romelic dacemuli
rodesac sinaTlis nakadi sxvadasxva sigrZis talRebisgan sxivis mimarTulebas emTxveva. sxivi
Sedgeba, calkeuli sxivebi zedapirze sxvadasxva kuTxiT gadaixreba b) normalisken, rodesac
n2 > n1 da g) normals daSordeba,
gardatydeba anu gardatexis Sedegad sinaTle ganibneva.
rodesac n2 < n1.
normali
areklili TeTri
dacemuli TeTri sinaTle
sinaTle normali
dacemuli TeTri areklili TeTri
sinaTle sinaTle
haeri n1
mina n2
mina n1 gardatexili
lurji
haeri n2 sinaTle
wiTeli
gardatexili lurji gardatexili
sur. 33.19. gamdnari kvarcis sinaTle wiTeli
sinaTle
gardatexis koeficientis talRis (a) (b)
sigrZeze damokidebulebis funqcia.
grafiki mcire sigrZis talRis sur. 33.20. TeTris sinaTlis qromatuli dispersia. wiTeli
sinaTlis sxivs asaxavs, romlisTvisac komponenti lurj komponentze metad gadaixreba. a) haeridan minaSi
gardatexis koeficienti metia da gadasvlisas lurji komponentis gardatexis kuTxe ufro mcirea. b)
kvarcSi Sesvlisas an kvarcidan minidan haerSi gadasvlisas lurji komponentis gardatexis kuTxe
gamosvlisas amgvari sinaTlis sxivi ufro metia. wyvetili xazebi gviCvenebs mimarTulebas, romliTac
ufro gadaixreba, vidre didi sigrZis sinaTle imoZravebda gardatexis gareSe.
talRis SemTxvevaSi.
sinaTlis gabnevas qromatuli dispersia ewodeba. `qromatuli~ sxvadasxva sigrZis talRebTan

asocirebul ferebs, xolo `dispersia~ talRis sigrZeebis an ferebis Sesabamisad sinaTlis
gabnevas niSnavs. 33.17 da 33.18 suraTebSi qromatuli dispersia ara Cans, vinaidan sxivebi
monoqromatulia (erTi talRis sigrZis an erTi feris mqone).
sazogadod, mocemuli garemos gardatexis koeficienti mcire sigrZis talRebisTvis
(magaliTad, lurji sinaTlisTvis) metia, vidre didi sigrZis talRebisTvis (magaliTad, wiTeli
sinaTlisTvis). 33.19 suraTze naCvenebi mdnari kvarcis gardatexis koeficienti sinaTlis
talRis sigrZezea damokidebuli. aseTi damokidebuleba niSnavs, rom rodesac wiTeli da lurji
sinaTlis talRebisgan Semdgari sinaTle haeridan kvarcSi an kvarcidan haerSi gardamaval
zedapirze gardatydeba, lurji komponenti (lurjis sinaTlis talRis Sesabamisi sxivi) wiTel
komponentze metad gadaixreba.
TeTri sinaTlis sxivi daaxloebiT Tanabari intensivobis mqone, xiluli speqtris TiTqmis
yvela feris komponentebisgan Sedgeba. rodesac aseT sxivs xedav, calkeul ferebze metad TeTr
fers aRiqvam. 33.20a suraTze TeTri sinaTlis sxivi haeridan minis zedapirze ecema (vinaidan
wignis gverdebi TeTri ferisaa, TeTri sinaTlis sxivi nacrisferiTaa warmodgenili. garda
amisa, monoqromatuli sinaTlis sxivi wiTeli feriT gamoisaxeba). 33.20a suraTze gardatexili
sinaTlidan mxolod wiTeli da lurji komponentebia naCvenebi. vinaidan lurji komponenti
TeTri
sinaTle
sur. 33.21. a) TeTri sinaTlis komponentur ferebad

ganmacalkevebeli samkuTxa prizma. b) qromatuli dispersia
pirvel zedapirze xdeba da meore zedapirze izrdeba.
wiTel komponentze metad ixreba, amitom lurji komponentis θ2b gardatexis kuTxe wiTeli
kuTxis θ2r gardatexis kuTxeze naklebia (gaixsene, rom kuTxeebi izomeba normalis mimarT). 33.20b
suraTze TeTri sinaTlis sxivi minidan haeri-minis gamyof zedapirze ecema. lurji komponenti
amjeradac wiTelze metad gadaixreba, magram axla θ2b metia θ2r-ze.
ferTa gancalkevebis gasazrdelad SegviZlia samkuTxa ganivkveTis mqone myari minis prizma
gamoviyenoT, rogorc es 33.21a suraTzea naCveebi. pirvel zedapirze miRebuli dispersia (33.21a
da b suraTebis marcxniv) meore zedapirze kidev ufro izrdeba.
cisartyelebi
qromatuli dispersiis yvelaze lamazi magaliTia cisartyela. rodesac mzis sinaTle (yvela
xiluli ferisgan Semdgari) wvimis wveTs gadakveTs, sinaTlis nawili wveTSi gardatydeba, nawili
wveTis Sida zedapiridan airekleba da nawili wveTidan wylis
gamosvlisas gardatydeba. 33.22a suraTze naCvenebia wveTi
mzis sxivi
mdgomareoba, rodesac mze horizontis marcxena nawilSia,
anu mzis sxivebi horizontaluria. Tu bevri wvimis wveTia
ganaTebuli, maT mier warmoqmnili gancalkevebeli ferebis
danaxva SeiZleba, rodesac wveTebi A mzis sawinaaRmdego
wertilidan 42° kuTxiT arian ganlagebuli.
wveTebis mdebareobis dasadgenad mzes zurgi Seaqcie
da orive xeli mzis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, Seni
Crdilisken gaSale. Semdeg marjvena xeli maRla da
marjvniv awie, sanam xelebs Soris kuTxe 42° ar gaxdeba. Tu
ganaTebuli wveTebi Seni marjvena xelis mimarTulebiTaa, cisartyela
maSin ferebs am mimarTulebiT xedav.
vinaidan A-dan 42° kuTxiT daSorebuli nebismieri wveTi
cisartyelas SeiZleba Seesabamebodes, amitom cisartyela
yovelTvis A-s garSemo 42°-iani wriuli TaRia (sur. 33.22b),
xolo misi wveri arasdros ar aris horizontidan 42°-ze
maRla. rodesac mze horizonts zeviTaa, A-s mimarTuleba cisartyela
horizonts qvemoTaa da SesaZlebelia mxolod mokle da
dabali cisartyelas TaRis arseboba (sur. 33.22g).
vinaidan aseTi gziT Seqmnili cisartyela TiToeuli wveTis
SigniT sinaTlis erT arekvlas gulisxmobs, maT xSirad
pirvelad cisartyelebs uwodeben. meorad cisartyelaSi,
rogoric 33.22d suraTzea naCvenebi, wveTis SigniT ori
wylis
arekvla monawileobs. meorad cisartyelaSi ferebi A-s wveTi
mimarTulebidan 52° kuTxiT Cndeba. meoradi cisartyela
pirvelad cisartyelaze farTo da fermkrTalia, amitom mzis sxivi
sur. 33.22. a) ferebad daSla, roca mzis sxivi irekleba wvimis wveTis
Sida zedapiridan, iwvevs pirvelad cisartyelas. mzis sawinaaRmdego
A wertili horizontis marjvena nawilSia. cisartyelis fere
bis danaxva SesaZlebelia mzis sawinaaRmdego A wertilis mimar
Tulebidan 42° kuTxis daSorebiT; b) A wertilidan nebismieri
mimarTulebiT 42° ganlagebuli wveTebi qmnian cisartyelas;
g) cisartyela, roca mze maRlaa (anu A dablaa); d) ferebad daSla
iwvevs meorad cisartyelas.
misi danaxva sakmaod Znelia. garda amisa, meorad cisartyelaSi ferTa ganlageba pirveladi
cisartyelas ferTa ganlagebis sapirispiroa, rogorc 33.22 suraTis a da d nawilebSi Cans.
sami an oTxi arekvlis Semcveli cisartyelebi mzis mimarTulebiT Cndeba da cis am nawilSi maTi
danaxva mzis naTebis gamo SeuZlebelia. cis sxva nawilebSi kidev ufro meti arekvlis Semcveli
cisartyelebis gamoCena SeiZleba, magram isini metismetad fermkrTalia da maTi danaxva Zalian
Znelia.
am Tavis dasawyisSi naCvenebi fotosuraTi Seicavs miniSnebas, rom cisartyelebis amgvari
ganmarteba sakmaod arasrulia (xvdebi miniSnebas?). cisartyelebs ufro dawvrilebiT 35-e TavSi
ganvixilavT.
sakontrolo wertili 5. mocemuli

naxazebidan romeli aCvenebs fizi
kurad SesaZlebel gardatexas?

a) 33.23a suraTze monoqromatuli sinaTlis
sxivi n1 = 1,33 gardatexis koeficientis
mqone pirveli nivTieri garemos da n2 = 1,77
gardatexis koeficientis mqone meore
nivTieri garemos gamyofi zedapiris A
wertilze airekleba da gardatydeba.
dacemuli sxivis kuTxe zedapiris mimarT
aris 50°. risi tolia arekvlis kuTxe A
wertilSi? risi tolia gardatexis kuTxe
amave wertilSi?
amoxsna: nebismieri arekvlis SemTxvevaSi sur. 33.23. a) pirvel da meore nivTier garemos
arekvlis kuTxe dacemis kuTxis tolia. garda Soris zedapiris A wertilze sinaTle airekleba da
amisa, orive kuTxe Sesabamis sinaTlis sxivsa gardatydeba. b) meore nivTier garemoSi gamavali
sinaTle meore da mesame nivTier garemos (haeri) Soris
da arekvlis wertilze gamaval normals Soris
zedapiris B wertilze airekleba da gardatydeba.
izomeba. 33.23a suraTze normali A wertilze wyvetili xazebi normalebia, wertilebiani xazebi ki
gavlebuli wyvetili xazia. gaiTvaliswine, _ dacemis mimarTulebebi.
rom dacemis θ1 kuTxe aris ara 50°, aramed

90° – 50° = 40°. maSasadame, arekvlis kuTxea: n2 sin θ2 = n1 sin θ1 (33.46)
θ1´ = θ1 = 40°, (pasuxi) kuTxeebs kvlav sinaTlis sxivsa da am
   
SemTxvevaSi gardatexis wertilze gavlebul
pirvelidan meore nivTier materiaSi gamavali
normals Soris vzomavT. maSasadame, 33.23a
sxivi or nivTierebas Soris zedapiris A
suraTze gardatexis kuTxea θ2. 33.46 formulis
wertilze gardatexas ganicdis. dacemis
θ2-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
kuTxe, gardatexis kuTxe da ori materiis
gardatexis koeficientebi
SegviZlia snelis kanonis (formula 33.44)
erTmaneTs (n
2
)
θ2 = sin–1 n1 sin θ1 = sin–1 (
1,33
1,77
sin 40° )
saSualebiT davukavSiroT:
= 28,88° ≈ 29° (pasuxi)
es Sedegi niSnavs, rom sxivi normalisken iyos. am SemTxvevaSi arekvlis kanons viyenebT
gadaixreba (normalis mimarT kuTxe 40°-is da B wertilSi arekvlis kuTxe iqneba:
nacvlad 29° gaxda). amis mizezi is aris, rom
θ2´ = θ2 = 28,88° ≈ 29° (pasuxi)
rodesac sinaTle zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobs,  
is ufro didi gardatexis koeficientis mqone amis Semdeg sinaTle meore materiidan
materiaSi gadadis. haerSi gadadis da B wertilSi θ3 kuTxiT
gardatydeba. maSasadame, gardatexisTvis
b) rogorc 33.23b suraTze vxedavT, meore
kvlav snelis kanons viyenebT, magram amjerad
nivTier garemoSi sinaTle A wertilidan Sedis
33.46 formulas Semdegi saxiT vwerT:
da Semdeg meore da mesame nivTieri garemos
(haeris) gamyofi zedapiris B wertils aRwevs. n3 sin θ3 = n2 sin θ2
zedapirebi erTmaneTis paraleluria. B θ3-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
( ) ( )
wertilze sinaTlis nawili airekleba, xolo n 1,77
meore nawili haerSi gadadis. risi tolia θ3 = sin–1 n2 sin θ2 = sin–1 sin 28,88°
3 1,00
arekvlis kuTxe? risi tolia gardatexis
= 58,75° ≈ 59° (pasuxi)
kuTxe haerSi?
es imas niSnavs, rom sxivi normalis sapi
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad saWiroa B wertilSi
rispirod gadaixreba (normalisadmi kuTxe
cnobili erT-erTi kuTxe A wertilSi cnobil
iyo 29° da gaxda 59°). amis mizezi is aris, rom
kuTxes davukavSiroT. vinaidan zedapirebi
rodesac sinaTle zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobs,
erTmaneTis paraleluria, amitom B wertilSi
is ufro dabali gardatexis koeficientis
dacemis kuTxe, rogorc 33.23b suraTzea
mqone materiaSi (haerSi) gadadis.
naCvenebi, gardatexis θ2 kuTxis toli unda
33.9 sruli Siga arekvla

33.24 suraTze naCvenebia S wertilovani wyarodan minaSi gavrcelebuli monoqromatuli sinaTlis
sxivebi, romlebic minis da haeris gamyof zedapirs ecema. zedapirisadmi perpendikularuli a
sxivisTvis sinaTlis nawili zedapirze airekleba, xolo meore nawili moZraobas mimarTulebis
cvlilebis gareSe ganagrZobs.
b-dan e-mde sxivebi, romelTa dacemis kuTxe progresulad izrdeba, zedapirze airekleba da
gardatydeba. vinaidan dacemis kuTxe izrdeba, amitom gardatexis kuTxec izrdeba. e sxivisTvis
gardatexis kuTxea 90°, rac niSnavs, rom gardatexili sxivebi zustad zedapiris gaswvrivaa
mimarTuli. aseTi mdgomareobis gamomwvev dacemis kuTxes θc kritikuli kuTxe ewodeba. θc-
ze meti dacemis kuTxeebisTvis, magaliTad f da g sxivebis SemTxvevaSi, gardatexili sxivi ar
arsebobs da mTeli sinaTle minis SigniT airekleba. am movlenas sruli Siga arekvla ewodeba.
kritikuli SemTxveva
haeri
mina
sur. 33.24. S wertilovani wyarodan

gamomavali sinaTlis sruli Siga arekvla
minaSi θc kritikul kuTxeze meti nebismieri
kuTxisTvis xdeba. kritikuli kuTxis
SemTxvevaSi gardatexili sxivi mina-haeris
zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobs.
33.9 sruli Siga arekvla 1163
θc-s gamosaTvlelad 33.44 formula gamoiyeneba. 1 indeqss
pirobiTad minas, xolo 2 indeqss pirobiTad haers
mivakuTvnebT. Semdeg θ1-is nacvlad θc-s CavsvamT, xolo θ2-is
nacvlad 90°-s da miviRebT:
n1 sin θc = n2 sin 90°,
rac gvaZlevs:
n
θc = sin–1 n2 (kritikuli kuTxe). (33.47)
1
sur. 33.25. muclis SigTavsis bio vinaidan kuTxis sinusi ar SeiZleba erTs aWarbebdes, am
fsiisTvis gankuTvnili endoskopi. formulaSi n2 ar SeiZleba n1-ze meti iyos. es SezRudva
gvauwyebs, rom sruli Siga arekvla ar xdeba, rodesac
dacemuli sinaTle ufro dabali gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemoSia. 33.24 suraTze
S wyaro haerSi rom yofiliyo, haeri-minis zedapirze dacemuli yvela sxivi (maT Soris f da g)
zedapirze airekleboda da gardatydeboda.
srul Siga arekvlas samedicino teqnologiaSi mravalnairad iyeneben. magaliTad, eqims pacientis
muclis arabunebrivi zrdis gamokvleva pacientis yelSi optikuri boWkoebis ori Txeli kvanZis
CaSvebiT SeuZlia (sur. 33.25). erTi kvanZis boloze dacemuli sinaTle boWkoebSi srul Siga
arekvlas ganicdis da, miuxedavad imisa, rom kvanZis traeqtoria mrudia, sinaTlis umetesoba
erTimeores aqrobs da muclis SigTavss anaTebs. SigTavsidan areklili sinaTlis nawili meore
kvanZs ubrundeba da eqimis dasanaxad monitoris ekranze gadadis.

33.26 suraTze naCvenebia haerSi moTavsebuli
sruli
minis samkuTxa prizma. dacemuli sxivi minaSi Sida
erTi zedapiris perpendikularulad Sedis da arekvla
mina-haeris zedapirze srulad airekleba. Tu

θ1=45°, ra SegiZliaT TqvaT minis n gardatexis
koeficientze?
sur. 33.26. i dacemuli sxivi mina-haeris zedapirze
amoxsna: vinaidan sinaTlis sxivi zedapirze srulad airekleba da r areklili sxivi xdeba.
srulad airekleba, amitom am zedapiris θc

kritikuli kuTxe dacemis 45° kuTxeze naklebi minis gardatexis koeficienti 1,4-ze meti
unda iyos. garda amisa, minis n gardatexis unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevaSi, naxatze naCvenebi
koeficientis θc kuTxesTan dakavSireba gar dacemuli sxivisTvis sruli Siga arekvla ar
datexis kanoniT SeiZleba, romelsac 33.47 moxdeba.
formulamde mivyavarT. am formulaSi n2 = 1
(haerisTvis) da n1 = n (minisTvis) CasmiT mivi
sakontrolo wertili 6. davuSvaT, am
RebT:
amocanaSi prizmis gardatexis koefi
n 1
θc = sin n2 = sin–1 .
–1
cientia n = 1,4. kvlav moxdeba Tu ara
1 n
vinaidan θc kuTxe dacemis 45° kuTxeze naklebi sinaTlis sruli Siga arekvla, Tu dacemuli
unda iyos, gveqneba: sxivis mimarTulebas SevinarCunebT, magram
1 33.26 suraTSi prizmas movatrialebT

sin–1 < 45°, a) 10° saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTu
n
1 lebiT, b) 10° saaTis isris moZraobis
< sin 45°
n sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT?
1
da n > sin 45° = 1,4. (pasuxi)
dacemuli
arapolarizebuli areklili
sxivi sxivi
haeri
mina
sur. 33.27. arapolarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi haeridan minis
zedapirze θB brusteris kuTxiT ecema. am sxivis gaswvriv
eleqtruli velebi wignis gverdis (dacemis, arekvlis da gardatexis
sibrtye) perpendikularul da paralelur komponentebad
gardatexili
iSleba. areklili sinaTle mxolod gverdis perpendikularuli sxivi
komponentebisgan Sedgeba da, maSasadame, am mimarTulebiT
polarizebulia. gardatexili sinaTle gverdis paraleluri
sawyisi komponentebisa da gverdis perpendikularuli ufro susti gverdis perpendikularuli komponenti
komponentebisgan Sedgeba. sinaTle nawilobriv polarizebulia. gverdis paraleluri komponenti
33.10 polarizacia arekvliT

wylidan areklili mzis sinaTlis simkveTris Secvla mapolarizebel furcelSi (magaliTad
mapolarizebel mzis saTvaleSi) gaxedviT da Seni TvalTaxedvis arealis garSemo furclis
polarizaciis RerZis brunviT SeiZleba. es imitom xdeba, rom zedapiridan areklili sinaTle
arekvlis Sedegad srulad an nawilobriv polarizebulia.
33.27 suraTze naCvenebia minis zedapirze dacemuli arapolarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi.
modiT, sinaTlis eleqtruli velis veqtorebi or komponentebad davSaloT. 33.27 suraTze
perpendikularuli komponentebi dacemis sibrtyis anu wignis gverdis perpendikularulia. es
komponentebi wertilebiTaa warmodgenili (TiTqos veqtorebis boloebs vxedavdeT). paraleluri
komponentebi dacemis sibrtyis anu wignis gverdis paralelurebia. isini warmodgenilia
ormagi isrebiT. vinaidan sinaTle arapolarizebulia, amitom am ori komponentebis sidideebi
erTmaneTis tolia.
sazogadod, areklil sinaTlesac ori, magram araTanabari mniSvnelobis komponenti aqvs.
es niSnavs, rom areklili sinaTle nawilobriv polarizebulia – erTi mimarTulebiT
merxevi eleqtruli velebis amplitudebi sxva mimarTulebebiT merxevi eleqtruli velebis
amplitudebze metia. magram rodesac sinaTle e.w. θB brusteris kuTxiT ecema, areklil
sinaTles, rogorc 33.27 suraTze vxedavT, mxolod perpendikularuli komponentebi aqvs. maSin
areklili sinaTle dacemis sibrtyis perpendikularulad srulad polarizebulia. dacemuli
sinaTlis paraleluri komponentebi ar qreba, magram minaSi gardatydeba (perpendikularuli
komponentebis gaswvriv).
25.7 TavSi ganxilul minas, wyals da sxva dieleqtrikul masalebs SeuZliaT arekvliT sinaTlis
sruli an nawilobriv polarizeba. rodesac aseTi zedapiridan areklil sinaTles uyureb, arekvlis
zedapirze naTel laqas (naTebas) xedav. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu, rogorc 33.27 suraTze, zedapiri
horizontaluria, areklili sinaTle horizontalurad srulad an nawilobriv polarizdeba.
horizontaluri zedapirebidan momavali aseTi naTebisgan dasacavad mapolarizebel mzis
saTvaleebSi linzebi vertikaluri polarizaciis mimarTulebiT magrdeba.
brusteris kanoni
θB brusteris kuTxiT dacemuli sinaTlisTvis eqsperimentulad dgindeba, rom areklili da
gardatexili sxivebi erTmaneTis perpendikularulia. vinaidan areklili sxivi 33.27 suraTze θB
kuTxiT airekleba, xolo gardatexili sxivi – θr kuTxiT, amitom gveqneba:
θB + θr = 90° (33.48)
33.10 polarizacia arekvliT 1165
es ori kuTxe 33.44 formulis saSualebiTac SeiZleba davakavSiroT. 33.44 formulaSi 1 indeqss
im nivTier garemos vaniWebT, romelSic dacemuli da areklili sxivebi moZraobs, da viRebT:
n1 sin θB = n2 sin θr .
am ori formulis SeerTeba mogvcems:
n1 sin θB = n2 sin (90° – θB) = n2 cos θB ,

rac gvaZlevs:
n
θB = tg–1 n2 (brusteris kuTxe). (33.49)
1
(gaiTvaliswine, rom 33.49 formulaSi indeqsebi ar aris SemTxveviTi, vinaidan maT mniSvnelobebs
Cven vaniWebT). Tu dacemuli da areklili sxivebi haerSi moZraobs, SegviZlia n1-is mniSvneloba
erTs mivuaxlovoT, xolo 33.49 formulis Semdegi formiT Casawerad n2 iyos n:
θB = tg–1 n (brusteris kanoni) (33.50)
33.49 formulis am gamartivebul versias brusteris kanoni ewodeba. θB kuTxis msgavsad, misi
saxeli ser devid brusteris saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelmac 1812 wels orive formula
eqsperimentalurad daamtkica.
eleqtromagnituri talRebi. eleqtro 

da energiis gadatanis mimarTuleba) E
magnituri talRa merxevi eleqtruli 
da B veqtorebis perpendikularulia.
da magnituri velebisgan Sedgeba.
droSi gasaSualoebuli tempi, romliTac
eleqtromagnituri talRebis yvela SesaZlo
energia gadaicema, aris SsaS.kv. da mas talRis I
sixSiris erTianoba qmnis speqtrs, romlis
intensivoba ewodeba:
mcire nawilicaa xiluli sinaTle. x RerZis
1 2
gaswvriv moZrav eleqtromagnitur talRas I= E , (33.26)
  cµ0   saS.kv.
E eleqtruli veli da B magnituri veli sadac EsaS.kv. = Em/ 2 . eleqtromagnituri
aqvs, romelTa sidideebi x-sa da t-zea talRebis wertilovani wyaro talRebs
damokidebuli: izotropulad anu yvela mimarTulebiT
E = Em sin(kx – ωt) Tanabari intensivobiT gamoasxivebs. Ps
da B = Bm sin(kx – ωt), (33.1, 33.2) simZlavris wertilovani wyarodan r manZilze
 
sadac Em da Bm E -s da B amplituduri daSorebuli talRebis intensivobaa:
mniSvnelobebia. eleqtruli veli magnitur Ps
I= . (33.27)
vels warmoqmnis da piriqiT. vakuumSi eleq 4πr2
tromagnituri talRis siCqarea c, romelic gamosxivebis wneva. rodesac eleqtro
SeiZleba Semdegi formiT Caiweros: magnituri gamosxiveba zedapirs ecema, zeda
1 E pirze Zala da wneva moqmedebs. Tu zedapiri
c= = (33.5, 33.3)
B gamosxivebas srulad STanTqavs, es Zalaa:
sadac E da B velebis sidideebia erTsa da IA
F= (sruli STanTqma), (33.32)
imave dros. c
energiis dineba. eleqtromagnituri talRis sadac I gamosxivebis intensivobaa, xolo A _
saSualebiT farTobis erTeulSi energiis gamosxivebis traeqtoriis perpendikularuli

dinebis tempi pointingis S veqtoriT zedapiris farTobi. Tu gamosxiveba srulad
gamoisaxeba: airekleba da sawyis traeqtorias ubrundeba,
1 maSin es Zalaa:
= × (33.19)
µ0 2IA
 F= (sruli arekvla) . (33.33)
S -is mimarTuleba (anu talRis moZraobisa c
pr gamosxivebis wneva farTobis erTeulze I = I0 cos2 θ (33.42)

moqmedi Zalaa:
I geometriuli optika. geometriuli optika
pr = (sruli STanTqma) (33.34)
c sinaTlis miaxloebiTi ganxilvaa, rodesac
2I sinaTlis talRebi wrfivi sxivebis saxiTaa

da pr = c (sruli arekvla) (33.35) warmodgenili.
polarizacia. eleqtromagnituri tal arekvla da gardatexa. rodesac sinaTlis
Rebi polarizebulia, Tu maTi eleqtruli sxivi or gamWvirvale garemos gamyof
velis veqtorebi erT sibrtyeze Zevs, zedapirs ejaxeba, warmoiqmneba areklili
romelsac rxevis sibrtye ewodeba. Cveu da gardatexili sxivebi. orive sxivi dace
lebrivi wyaroebidan momavali sinaTlis mis sibrtyeSi rCeba. arekvlis kuTxe
talRebi polarizebuli ar aris, isini arapo dacemis kuTxis tolia, xolo gardatexis
larizebuli an SemTxveviT polarizebulia. kuTxe dacemis kuTxesTan snelis kanoniTaa
mapolarizebeli furclebi. rodesac dakavSirebuli:
mapolarizirebeli furceli sinaTlis traeq n2 = sin θ2 = n1 sin θ1 (gardatexa), (33.34)
toriaze mdebareobs, furcelSi mxolod sadac n1 da n2 im nivTieri garemos gardatexis
sinaTlis eleqtruli velis is komponentebi koeficientebia, sadac dacemuli da
gaivlis, romlebic furclis polarizaciis gardatexili sxivi moZraobs.
mimarTulebis paraleluria. polarizaciis sruliD Siga arekvla. rodesac talRa
mimarTulebis perpendikularuli komponen ufro mcire gardatexis koeficientis mqone
tebi STainTqmeba. mapolarizebeli furcli garemos gamyof zedapirs ejaxeba, is srul
dan gamosuli sinaTle furclis polari Siga arekvlas ganicdis, Tu dacemis kuTxe θC
zaciis mimarTulebis paralelurad aris kritikul kuTxeze metia. kritikuli kuTxe
polarizebuli. tolia:
Tu Tavdapirvelad sinaTle arapolari n
θc = sin–1 n2 (kritikuli kuTxe). (33.47)
zebulia, gavlili I intensivoba sawyisi I0 1
intensivobis naxevaria:
polarizacia arekvliT. dacemis sibrtyis

I= 12 I0 (33.40) perpendikularuli E veqtorebis mqone
areklili sxivi srulad polarizdeba, Tu
Tu Tavdapirvelad sinaTle polarizebulia,
zedapirs θB brusteris kuTxiT Seejaxeba,
gavlili sinaTlis intensivoba sinaTlis
sadac:
polarizaciis mimarTulebasa da furclis
n
polarizaciis mimarTulebas Soris θ kuTxezea θB = tg–1 n2 (brusteris kuTxe). (33.49)
1
damokidebuli:
SekiTxvebi
1. 33.28 suraTze na

Cvenebia eleqtromagni eleqtruli veli?
turi talRis eleq 3. 33.29 suraTze sinaTle mimarTulia
truli da magnituri mapolarizebeli furclisken, romlis
velebi garkveul momentSi. ra mimarTulebiT p o l a r i z a c i i s
moZraobs es talRa? mimarTuleba y RerZis
2. Tu sinaTlis talRis magnituri veli y paraleluria. fur
RerZis paralelurad irxeva da moicema celi sinaTlis moZra
formuliT: By = Bm sin(kz – ωt), maSin: a) ra obis aRniSnuli traeq
mimarTulebiT moZraobs talRa da b) rome toriis mimarT saaTis
li RerZis paralelurad irxeva talRis isris moZraobis mimar
1167
TulebiT 40° kuTxiT movabruneT. am mobru 7. 33.32 suraTze
nebis dros furcelSi gamavali sawyisi naCvenebia sam a, b da
sinaTlis nawili gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu c garemoSi gamavali
igive darCeba, rodesac a) sawyisi sinaTle monoqromatuli
arapolarizebulia, b) polarizebulia x sinaTlis sxivebi.
RerZis paralelurad da g) polarizebulia y daalage TiToeuli
RerZis paralelurad? sur. 33.32. SekiTxva 7.
garemo gardatexis
4. 33.16a suraTze, x RerZis paralelurad koeficientis
polarizebuli sinaTlis I3 saboloo intensi k l e b a d o b i s
vobis fardoba I0 sawyis intensivobasTan aris mixedviT.
I3/I0 = A cosn θ. risi tolia A, n da θ, Tu pirveli 8. 33.33 suraTze
furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebas sinaTle gadis
naCvenebidan a) 60°–iT saaTis isris moZraobis minis derefanSi,
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT SemovabrunebT, romlis kedlebi
da b) 90°–iT saaTis isris moZraobis erTmaneTis per
mimarTulebiT pendikularuli an paraleluria, da mra
SemovabrunebT? valjer airekleba. Tu a wertilSi dacemis
5. 33.30 suraTze kuTxea 30°, risi tolia sinaTlis sxivis
arapolarizebuli arekvlis kuTxeebi
sinaTle xuTi mapola b, c, d, e da f
rizebeli furclis wertilebSi?
sistemaSi igzavneba. 9. 33.34 suraTze
maTi polarizaciis sinaTle a garemodan
mimarTulebebi y sur. 33.30. SekiTxva 5. e r T m a n e T i s
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi saaTis paraleluri sami
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva garemos sur. 33.34. SekiTxva 9.
Semdegia: pirveli furceli – 35°; meore fenas gadis da
furceli – 0°; mesame furceli _ 0°; meoTxe Semdeg kvlav a garemoSi brundeba. suraTze
furceli - 110°, mexuTe furceli – 45°. Semdeg naCvenebia zedapirze gardatexili sxivebi
mesame furceli sinaTlis sxivis garSemo (da ara areklili). daalage TiToeuli
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego garemo gardatexis koeficientis klebadobis
mimarTulebiT 180°-iT SemovabruneT. am mixedviT.
Semobrunebis dros ra kuTxeebiT (y RerZisadmi 10. 33.35 suraTis TiToeul nawilSi naCve
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego nebia or garemos gamyof zedapirze
mimarTulebiT) gardatexili sinaTle. dacemuli sxivi
gaivlis sinaTle (naCvenebia nacrisfrad) wiTeli da lurji
sistemaSi? sinaTlisgan Sedgeba. TiToeulis garemos
6. davuSvaT, 33.16a miaxloebiTi gardatexis koeficienti xi
suraTze meore luli sinaTlisTvis mocemulia. suraTis
furcels y RerZisadami gaTanabrebuli pola
rizaciis mimarTulebidan (θ = 0°) x RerZisadmi
gaTanabrebul polarizaciis mimarTulebamde
(θ = 90°) vabrunebT. 33.31 suraTis oTxi
grafikidan romeli asaxavs saukeTesod 90°-
iani Semobrunebisas sami furclis sistemaSi
gamavali sinaTlis intensivobas?
sami nawilidan romeli aCvenebs fizkurad danarCeni blokebi imave mdgomareobas

SesaZlebel gardatexas? asaxavs sxva garemosaTvis. daalage TiToeuli
haeri
11. 33.36 suraTis marcxena kidura bloki garemos gardatexis
sinaTlis srul Siga arekvlas asaxavs garemoSi, koeficientebi
romlis gardatexis koeficienti haeris klebadobis mixedviT.
mimarT n1-ia. marcxena mxares gamuqebuli 12. 33.57 suraTze
teritoriis nebismieri mdebareobidan A naCvenebia sxvadasxva
wertilze moxvedrili sinaTlis sxivi am garemos oTxi haeri
wertilSi srulad airekleba da marjvena horizontaluri
mxares daCrdiluli regionisken miemarTeba. A-D fena, romelTa zemoT da qvemoT haeria.
naCvenebia TiToeuli garemos gardatexis
koeficienti. rogorc suraTze Cans, sinaTlis
sxivebi TiToeuli fenis marcxena kideze
igzavneba. romel fenaSi arsebobs sinaTlis
srulad gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba ise, rom
mravali arekvlis Semdeg mTelma sinaTlem
amocanebi
sigrZe iyo 1×104 dedamiwis radiusis toli, ra

Manual-Si. iqneboda gamosxivebis a) sixSire da b) periodi?
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze Cveulebriv, eleqtromagnituri gamosxiveba
zRvis wylis msgavs gamtarebSi did manZilze
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. ver aRwevs.
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs • 4. helium-neonis lazeri 632,8 nm sigrZis
• – •••
amocanis sirTules wiTeli sinaTlis viwro konas 0,01000 nm
`talRis siganiT~ asxivebs (rogorc 33.1
fenis marjvena kides miaRwios? suraTis skalaze). risi tolia gamosxivebis
qveTavi 33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela Sesabamisi `sixSiris sigane~?
• 1. rogor unda gaSalo xelebi, raTa maTi qveTavi 33.3. moZravi eleqtromagnituri
daSoreba 1 sinaTlis nano-wami iyos (manZili, talRa
romelsac sinaTle 1 nwm-Si gadis)? • 5. ra induqciuroba unda daukavSirdes 550 nm
• 2. 33.2 suraTidan daaxloebiT gamoTvale eleqtromagnituri talRebis oscilatorSi
a) mcire da b) didi talRis sigrZe, romlis myof 17 pkf kondensators? axseni Seni pasuxi.
Tvisac standartuli damkvirveblis Tvalis SSM
mgrZnobeloba adamianis Tvalis maqsimaluri • 6. risi tolia 33.3 suraTze oscilator-
mgrZnobelobis naxevari iqneba. risi tolia antenis sistemis mier gamosxivebuli eleqtro
sinaTlis g) talRis sigrZe, d) sixSire da magnituri talRis sigrZe, Tu L = 0,253 mkh da
e) periodi, romlisTvisac Tvali maqsimalurad C = 26 pkfa?
mgrZnobiarea?
qveTavi 33.5. energiis gadatana da
• 3. proeqti `mezRvauri~ uzarmazari antenis pointingis veqtori
agebas isaxavda miznad, romelic TiTqmis
• 7. brtyeli eleqtromagnituri talRis
10000 km2 farTobis nakveTis qveS iqneboda
eleqtruli velis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa
damarxuli. antenis daniSnuleba did siRrmeze
3,2×10–4 v/m. gamoTvale magnituri velis
Casuli wyalqveSa navebisTvis signalebis
amplituda.
gadacema unda yofiliyo. Tu moqmedi talRis
• 8. brtyeli eleqtromagnituri talRa
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vakuumSi x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT Zebnis proeqtis) mkvlevarma frenk dreikma
moZraobs da misi komponentebia: Ex = Ey = 0, erTxel Tqva, rom (puerto
areCiboSi
Ez = (2 v/m) cos[π×1015 wm–1)(t – xc)]. a) risi tolia riko) mdebare did radioteleskops (sur.
magnituri velis komponentis amplituda? b) 33.38) `dedamiwis zedapirze erTi pikovati
romeli RerZis paralelurad irxeva magnituri simZlavris talRis aRmoCenac SeuZlia~. a) ra
veli? g) rodesac eleqtruli velis komponenti simZlavres miiRebda areCibos antena aseTi
z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT garkveul signalisTvis? antenis diametria 300 m. b) ra
P wertilSi imyofeba, ra mimarTuleba aqvs iqneboda Cveni galaqtikis centrSi mdebare
magnituri velis komponents am wertilze? izotropuli wyaros simZlavre, romelic aseT
• 9. neodimium-minis lazers 0,26 mkm talRis signals warmoSobda? galaqtikis centramde
sigrZis SemTxvevaSi 1 nwm droSi 100 tvt manZilia 2,2×104 sinaTlis weliwadi. sinaTlis
(teravati) simZlavris warmoqmna SeuZlia. ra weliwadi sinaTlis mier erT weliwadSi
energia aqvs erT impulss? ILW ganvlili manZilia.
• 10. dauSvi, rom 1 mgvt simZlavris •• 15. izotropuli wertilovani sinaTlis

satelevizio sadguri izotropuli wyarodan 10 m-iT daSorebuli eleqtruli
wertilovani wyarosaviT moqmedebs. risi velis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa 2 v/m. risi
tolia Cveni mzis sistemidan 4,3 sinaTlis tolia a) magnituri velis maqsimaluri mniS
weliwadiT daSorebul uaxloes planeta vneloba da b) sinaTlis saSualo intensivoba
proqsima centavrTan miRweuli signalis am adgilze? g) risi tolia wyaros simZlavre?
intensivoba? sinaTlis weliwadi aris manZili, ILW
romelsac sinaTle erT weliwadSi gadis. •• 16. izotropuli wertilovani wyaro, romlis
• 11. risi tolia brtyeli, moZravi simZlavrea 200 vt, 500 nm talRis sigrZis
eleqtromagnituri talRis intensivoba, Tu sinaTles asxivebs. sinaTlis deteqtori
Bm=1×10–4 T? wyarodan 400 m manZilze mdebareobs. risi
tolia deteqtoris mdebareobis adgilze
• 12. brtyeli radiotalRis eleqtruli velis
sinaTlis magnituri komponentis droSi
komponentis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa 5 v/m.
cvlilebis maqsimaluri ∂B/∂t tempi?
gamoTvale a) magnituri velis komponentis
maqsimaluri mniSvneloba da b) talRis •• 17. radiogadamcemidan 10 km manZilze
intensivoba. daSorebuli TviTmfrinavi 10 mkvt/m2 inten
sivobis signals iRebs. risi tolia TviT
•• 13. dedamiwis atmosferos gareT mzis
mfrinavSi signalis a) eleqtruli da b) ma
sinaTlis intensivobaa 1,40 kvt/m2. gamoTvale
gnituri komponentis amplituda? g) Tu
mzis sinaTlis a) Em da b) Bm, Tu davuSvebT, rom
gadamcemi yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabrad
talRa brtyelia.
asxivebs, risi tolia gadamcemis simZlavre?
•• 14. SETI-s (aramiwieri civilizaciebis
•• 18. 4×1014 hc sixSiris eleqtromagnituri
talRa x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
vakuumSi vrceldeba. talRis Em amplitudis
eleqtruli veli y RerZis paraleluria.
rodesac t = 0, eleqtruli veli x RerZis
P wertilze imyofeba, aqvs +Em/4-is toli
mniSvneloba da droSi mcirdeba. risi tolia
x RerZis gaswvriv P wertilidan pirvel
wertilamde (sadac E = 0) manZili a) x RerZis
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da b) x RerZis
sur. 33.38. amocana 14. radioteleskopi areCiboSi dadebiTi mimarTulebiT?
qveTavi 33.6 gamosxivebis wneva. •• 24. lazeri sinaTles 5 mvt simZlavreze da

• 19. didi simZlavris lazerebi gamosxivebis 633 nm talRis sigrZiT asxivebs. lazeris sxivi
didi wnevis gamo plazmis (damuxtuli nawi fokusirdeba, vidre misi diametri sxivis
lakebis gazis) SesakumSad gamoiyeneba. traeqtoriaze mdebare sferos 1266nm sigrZis
gamosxivebis wyaro, 1,5×10 mgvt pikuri
3 diametrs gauTanabrdeba. sfero sinaTles
simZlavris lazeri 1 mm2 farTobis mkvriv srulad STanTqavs da misi simkvrivea 5×103
eleqtronul plazmazea mimarTuli. gamo kg/m3. risi tolia a) sxivis intensivoba
Tvale plazmaze moqmedi wneva, Tu plazma sferos mdebareobis wertilSi, b) sferoze
sinaTles srulad aireklavs da sawyis moqmedi gamosxivebis wneva, g) Sesabamisi Zalis
traeqtoriaze abrunebs. SSM mniSvneloba da d) aCqareba, romelsac marto
es Zala mianiWebda sferos?
• 20. A = 2 sm2 farTobis Sav, srulad mSTanT
qmel muyaoze stroboskopuli sinaTlis •• 25. daamtkice, rom swor zedapirze
wyarodan 10 vt/m2 intensivobis sinaTle ecema. dacemuli brtyeli eleqtromagnituri
ra gamosxivebis wneviT moqmedebs sinaTle talRisTvis zedapirze moqmedi gamosxivebis
muyaoze? wneva dacemuli sxivis energiis simkvrivis
tolia (wnevasa da energiis simkvrives Soris
• 21. risi tolia 500 vt simZlavris lampidan
es kavSiri ar aris damokidebuli imaze,
1,5 m manZilze moqmedi gamosxivebis wneva?
dacemuli energiis ra nawili airekleba). SSM
dauSvi, rom zedapiri, romelzec wneva
moqmedebs, lampiskenaa mitrialebuli da •• 26. 33.39 suraTze
sinaTles srulad STanTqavs, xolo lampa 4,6 vt simZlavris da
yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabrad asxivebs. D = 2,6 mm diametris
lazeris sxivi srulad
• 22. mzidan dedamiwamde moRweuli gamos
amreklavi cilindis
xivebis (atmosferos gareT) intensivobaa
erT-erT zedapirzea
1,4 kvt/m2-ia. a) davuSvaT, dedamiwa (da misi
(cilindris diametri
atmosfero) mzis sxivebis perpendikularuli
d < 2,6 mm) mimarTuli.
brtyeli diskoa da dacemul energias srulad sur. 33.39. amocana 26.
cilindri haerSia
STanTqavs. gamoTvale gamosxivebis wneva
gaCerebuli, vinaidan zeviT mimarTuli
dedamiwaze. b) SedarebisTvis, gamoTvale
gamosxivebis Zala qveviT mimarTuli
dedamiwaze moqmedi mzis miziduloba.
mizidulobis Zalis tolia. Tu cilindris
•• 23. 3 m sigrZis brtyeli eleqtromagnituri
simkvrivea 1,2g/sm3, risi tolia misi H simaRle?
talRa x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
•• 27. 1,5×103 kg masis (astronavtTan erTad)
vakuumSi moZraobs. 300 v/m sididis eleqtruli
patara kosmosuri xomaldi gare sivrceSi
veli y RerZis paralelurad irxeva. risi tolia
moZraobs da masze umniSvnelo mizidulobis
talRis a) sixSire, b) kuTxuri sixSire da
Zalebi moqmedebs. Tu astronavti 10 kvt
g) talRuri ricxvi? d) risi tolia magnituri
simZlavris lazeris sxivs CarTavs, ra
velis komponentis amplituda? e) romeli
siCqare eqneba xomalds erT dReSi sxivis mier
RerZis paralelurad irxeva magnituri veli?
waRebuli impulsis Sedegad? SSM
v) risi tolia am talRasTan dakavSirebuli,
droSi gasaSualoebuli energiis dinebis tempi •• 28. varaudoben, rom SesaZlebelia mzis
vt/m2-ebSi? sinaTlis talRa 2 m2 farTobis sistemaSi kosmosuri xomaldis moZraoba
zedapirs Tanabrad anaTebs. Tu zedapiri folgisgan damzadebuli didi ialqniT da mzis
talRas srulad STanTqavs, risi tolia gamosxivebis wnevis gamoyenebiT. ra sididis
z) zedapirze impulsis gadacemis tempi da unda iyos ialqnis zedapiris farTobi, Tu
T) zedapirze moqmedi gamosxivebis wneva? SSM gamosxivebis Zala mzis mizidulobis Zalis
WWW
1171
toli unda iyos? dauSvi, rom kosmosuri mimarTulebebia θ1 = 70° da θ2 = 90°. risi tolia
xomaldis da ialqnis saerTo masaa 1500 kg, sistemaSi gavlili sinaTlis intensivoba?
ialqani srulad ireklavs da mzis sxivebis
perpendikularuladaa mimarTuli. saWiro
monacemebis gasagebad, ixile C damateba
(ufro didi ialqnis SemTxvevaSi xomaldi mzis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadaadgil
deba).
•• 29. izotropuli
wertilovani wya 33 da 34.
rodan gamosxivebuli
sinaTlis I inten • 33. 33.42 suraTze arapolarizebuli
sivoba wyarodan r sinaTle sami mapolarizirebeli furclis
manZilze damoki sistemaSi igzavneba, romelTa polarizaciis
debulebis fun y RerZisadmi mimarTulebebia θ1=40°, θ2=20°
qciis saxiTaa warmodgenili. 33.40 suraTze da θ3=40°. sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis
naCvenebia I intensivobis r-2 manZilze ra procenti gamova sistemidan? (miniSneba:
damokidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia wyaros yuradReba miaqcie kuTxeebs). SSM
simZlavre? • 34. 33.42 suraTze arapolarizebuli
•• 30. patara, srulad mSTanTqmeli sfero sinaTle sami mapolarizirebeli furclis
izotropuli wertilovani sinaTlis wya sistemaSi igzavneba, romelTa polarizaciis
rodan 0,5 m simaRleze unda gauSvan ise, y RerZisadmi mimarTulebebia θ1 = θ2 = θ3 = 50°.
rom sferoze moqmedi zeviT mimarTuli sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra procenti
sinaTlis gamosxivebis Zala qveviT mimarTul gamova sistemidan? (miniSneba: yuradReba
mizidulobis Zalas gautoldes. sferos miaqcie kuTxeebs).
simkvrivea 19 gr/sm3, xolo radiusi _ 2 mm. a) ra •• 35. 10 mvt/m2 intensivobis arapolarizebuli
simZlavris sinaTlis wyaroa saWiro? b) aseTi sinaTle mapolarizirebel furcelSi
wyaros damzadebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ratom igzavneba (sur. 33.12). risi tolia a) gasuli
iqneboda sferos mdgomareoba arastabiluri? sinaTlis eleqtruli velis komponentis
qveTavi 33.7. polarizacia amplituda da b) STanTqmuli sinaTlis Sedegad
• 31. 33.41 suraTze 43 vt/ furcelze moqmedi gamosxivebis wneva?
m intensivobis, y RerZis
2
•• 36. 33.41 suraTze
paraleluri polari arapolarizebuli
zebuli sinaTlis sxivi sinaTle ori mapo
ori mapolarizirebeli larizirebeli fur
furclis sistemaSi ig sur. 33.41. amocanebi clis sistemaSi ig
zavneba, romelTa pola 31, 32 da 36. zavneba. furcle
rizaciis y RerZisadmi mimarTulebebia θ1 = 70° bis polarizaciis sur. 33.43. amocana 36
da θ2 = 90°. ra intensivoba eqneba ori furclis mimarTulebis θ1 da
sistemaSi gasul sinaTles? ILW θ2 kuTxeebi y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT,
• 32. 33.41 suraTze 43 vt/m2 intensivobis saaTis isris sawinaaRmdegod izomeba. θ1
arapolarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi ori mapo fiqsirebulia, xolo θ2 icvleba. 33.43 suraTze
larizirebeli furclis sistemaSi igzav meore furclidan gamomavali sinaTlis
neba, romelTa polarizaciis y RerZisadmi intensivobis θ2-ze damokidebulebis grafikia
naCvenebi (intensivobis RerZis skala naCvenebi
ar aris). sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra sistemaSi igzavneba, romelic sinaTlis sawyisi

procenti gamova ori furclis sistemidan, intensivobis 0,05-s atarebs. pirveli da mesame
rodesac θ2 = 90°? furclebis polarizaciis mimarTulebebia
•• 37. polarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi θ1=0° da θ3=90°. risi tolia meore furclis
ori mapolarizirebeli furclis siste polarizaciis mimarTulebis θ2 kuTxis (θ2<90°)
maSi igzavneba. dacemuli sinaTlis a) minimaluri da b) maqsimaluri SesaZlo
polarizaciis mimarTulebisadmi furclebis mniSvnelobebi?
mapolarizirebuli mimarTulebebia θ kuTxe •• 41. zRvis sanapiroze, qviSasa da wyalze

pirveli furclisTvis da 90° kuTxe meore arekvlis Sedegad, sinaTle nawilobriv
furclisTvis. Tu or furcelSi Tavdapirveli polarizdeba. zogierT sanapiroze mzis
intensivobis 0,1 gaivlis, risi tolia θ? Casvlisas eleqtruli velis horizontaluri
•• 38. 33.44 suraTze arapolarizebuli komponenti vertikalur komponentze 2,3-
sinaTle sami mapolarizirebeli furclis jer metia. fexze mdgomi damsvenebeli
sistemaSi igzavneba. polarizaciis θ1, θ2 mapolarizebel mzis saTvales ikeTebs,
da θ3 mimarTulebebi y RerZis dadebiTi romelic velis horizontalur komponents
mimarTulebiT, saaTis isris moZraobis gamoricxavs. a) saTvalis gakeTebamde sinaTlis
sawinaaRmdegod izomeba (kuTxeebi skalaze intensivobis ra nawili miaRwevs damsveneblis
gamosaxuli ar aris). θ1 da θ3 kuTxeebi Tvalebs? b) damsvenebeli saTvalis moxsnis
fiqsirebulia, xolo θ2 icvleba. 33.45 suraTze gareSe qviSaze wveba. Tavdapirveli sinaTlis
mocemulia mesame furclidan gamomavali intensivobis ra nawili miaRwevs amjerad
sinaTlis intensivobis θ2-ze damokidebulebis damsveneblis Tvalebs?
grafiki (intensivobis RerZis skala naCvenebi •• 42. 33.44 suraTze arapolarizebuli sinaTle
ar aris). sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra sami mapolarizirebeli furclis sistemaSi
procenti gaivlis sami furclis sistemaSi, igzavneba. polarizaciis mimarTulebis
rodesac θ2 = 30°? θ1, θ2 da θ3 kuTxeebi y RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebisadmi, saaTis isris moZraobis
sawinaaRmdegod izomeba (kuTxeebi gamosaxuli
ar aris). θ1 da θ3 kuTxeebi fiqsirebulia,
xolo θ2 icvleba. 33.46 suraTze mocemulia
mesame furclidan gamomavali sinaTlis
intensivobis θ2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki
(intensivobis RerZis skala naCvenebi ar aris).
sur. 33.44. amocanebi sur. 33.45. amocana 38.
sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra nawili
38, 40 da 42.
gaivlis sistemaSi, rodesac θ2 = 90°?
•• 39. nawilobriv polarizebuli sinaTlis
sxivi polarizebuli da arapolarizebuli
sinaTleebis narevia. davuSvaT, aseTi sxivi
mapolarizebel filtrSi igzavneba da
Semdeg filtri 360° kuTxiT brundeba sxivis sur. 33.46. amocana 42.
perpendikularulad. Tu brunvis dros
••43. Cven gvinda polarizebuli sxivis
gadacemuli intensivoba 5-jer izrdeba an
polarizaciis mimarTuleba 90°-iT Sevcva
mcirdeba, sawyisi sxivis intensivobis ra
loT, risTvisac sxivs erTi an meti mapo
nawilia polarizebuli sinaTlis sxivSi?
larizirebeli furclis sistemaSi vgzavniT.
•• 40. 33.44 suraTze arapolarizebuli a) furclebis ra minimaluri raodenobaa
sinaTle sami mapolarizirebeli furclis saWiro? b) furclebis ra minimaluri rao
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denobaa saWiro, Tu gasuli intensivoba rezervuaris zedapiris donezea, mxolod
sawyisi intensivobis 60%-ze meti unda iyos? E kuTxes xedavs. suraTze naCvenebia siTxis
SSM WWW zedapirze O-s mimarTulebiT gardatexili
qveTavi 33.8. arekvla da gardatexa sxivi. Tu D = 85 sm da L = 1,1 m, risi tolia
siTxis gardatexis koeficienti? SSM
• 44. 33.47 suraTze
naCvenebia or A da B • 48. 33.50a suraTze sinaTlis sxivi qvemoT
perpendikularul mdebare garemodan wylis zedapirs θ1 kuTxiT
amreklav zeda ecema da misi erTi nawili wyalSi gardatydeba.
pirebze areklili qvemoT mdebare garemos saxeobis ori arCevani
sinaTle. gamo sur. 33.47. amocana 44. arsebobs. TiToeulisTvis gardatexis θ2
Tvale i Semomaval kuTxis damokidebuleba dacemis θ1 kuTxeze
da r´. gamaval sxivebs Soris kuTxe. 33.50b suraTzea mocemuli. gamoTvlis gareSe
gansazRvre, wylis gardatexis koeficientze
• 45. sinaTle vakuumSi minis zedapirs ecema.
(n = 1,33) metia Tu naklebia a) pirveli
vakuumSi sxivi zedapiris normalisadmi 32°
garemos gardatexis koeficienti da b) meore
kuTxes qmnis, xolo minaSi normalisadmi
garemos gardatexis koeficienti? ras udris
kuTxe 21°-ia. risi tolia minis gardatexis
g) pirveli garemos da d) meore garemos
koeficienti?
gardatexis koeficienti?
• 46. 33.48a suraTze sinaTle wylisa da sxva
masalis gamyof zedapirze θ1 kuTxiT ecema da
nawilobriv gardatydeba. arsebobs am masalis
wyali
ori arCevani. TiToeulisTvis θ2 gardatexis
kuTxis θ1 dacemis kuTxeze damokidebuleba
33.48 b suraTzea naCvenebi. gamoTvlebis gareSe
gansazRvre: a) pirveli garemos da b) meore
garemos gardatexis koeficientebi wylis (a) (b)
koeficientze (n = 1,33) metia Tu naklebia? sur. 33.50. amocana 48.

risi tolia g) pirveli garemos da d) meore
•• 49. 33.51 su
garemos gardatexis koeficienti?
raTze 2 m sigrZis
v e r t i k a l u r i blokirebuli
wyali
boZi sacurao mzis sxivebi
auzis wylidan
50 sm simaRleze
amodis. mzis
Suqi θ = 55° sur. 33.51. amocana 49.
(a) (b)
kuTxiT ecema.
risi tolia boZidan auzis fskerze dacemuli
Crdilis sigrZe? SSM
• 47. rodesac 33.49 siTxis zedapiris
normali •• 50. 33.52a suraTze sinaTlis sxivi gamyof
suraTze gamosa
zedapirze 30° kuTxiT ecema. meore garemoSi
xuli marTkuTxe
sinaTlis gardatexa nawilobriv meore garemos
dis formis rezer
(2) gardatexis koeficientzea damokidebuli.
vuari ucnobi
33.52b suraTze mocemulia gardatexis θ2
siTxiT gaivseba,
kuTxis n2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki n2-is
O damkvirvebeli,
SesaZlo mniSvnelobebisTvis. a) risi tolia
romlis Tvalebi sur. 33.49. amocana 47.
pirveli garemos gardatexis koeficienti? wiTeli (n = 1,331) da lurji (n = 1,343)

b) Tu dacemis kuTxe 60° gaxda da meore garemos sinaTleebis kuTxeebs Soris? (es gansxvaveba,
gardatexis koeficientia n2 = 2,4, risi tolia magaliTad A wertilSi, Sens mier danaxuli
θ2 kuTxe? cisartyelas kuTxuri sigane iqneba)
•• 53. 33.55 suraTze
sxivi haerSi moTav
sebuli samkuTxedis
formis minis priz
mis erT gverdze
ecema. dacemis θ kuT sur. 33.55. amocanebi 53
xe isea SerCeuli, da 62.
(a) (b)
rom gamosuli sxivi
sur. 33.52. amocana 50. meore gverdis normalTan aseve θ kuTxes qmnis.
•• 51. 33.53. suraTze ori gamWvirvale garemos daamtkice, rom minis prizmis n gardatexis
gamyof zedapirze sinaTle θ1 = 40,1° kuTxiT koeficienti moicema formuliT:
ecema. sinaTlis nawili Semdeg sami fenis sin 12 (ψ + φ)
n= ,
gavliT moZraobs, xolo nawili airekleba da sin 12 φ
haerSi ganibneva. Tu n1 = 1,3, n2 = 1,4, n3 = 1,32 sadac φ prizmis wveris kuTxea, xolo ψ -
da n4 = 1,45, risi tolia a) θ5 da b) θ4? daxris kuTxe, anu sruli kuTxe, romelsac
haeri prizmidan gamosuli sxivi adgens sxivis

pirvandel mimarTulebasTan (aseT pirobebSi
ψ daxris kuTxe umciresia da mas minimaluri
daxris kuTxe ewodeba). SSM ILW WWW
Tavi 33.9. sruli Siga arekvla
• 54. benzolis gardatexis koeficientia
1,8. risi tolia benzolidan haeris brtyeli
zedapirisken moZravi sinaTlis sxivis
kritikuli kuTxe?
• 55. sinaTlis wertilovani wyaro wylis
•• 52. cisartyela
zedapiridan 80 sm siRrmeze mdebareobs. gamo
kvadratuli wveTebi
Tvale zedapirze gaCenili im wris diametri,
sgan. davuSvaT, romeli
romlis gavliTac sinaTle wylidan amodis.
Rac ararsebul samya
roSi TiToeuli wvimis •• 56. 33.56 suraTze sinaTle pirveli
wveTis ganivkveTi kva garemodan meore garemoSi gardatydeba,
dratia da erTi wa gadakveTs am garemos da Semdeg meore da me

xnagi yovelTvis hori same garemos gam
zontaluria. 33.54 suraTze naCvenebia aseTi yof zedapirze
wveTi, romelzec mzis TeTri sxivi P wertilSi kritikuli kuTxiT
θ = 70° kuTxiT ecema. sinaTlis nawili ecema. TiToeuli
wveTSi SeaRwevs, nawili haerSi gardatydeba, garemos gardatexis
nawili ki airekleba. es areklili sinaTle B koeficientiebia
wertilisken moZraobs, sadac nawili haerSi n1 = 1,6, n2 = 1,4 da

gardatydeba, meore nawili ki airekleba. ra n3 = 1,2. a) risi
gansxvavebaa a) A wertilSi da b) B wertilSi tolia θ kuTxe? b)

1175
Tu θ kuTxe gaizrdeba, gardatydeba Tu ara ba). risi tolia θ-is maqsimaluri mniSvneloba,
sinaTle mesame garemoSi? romelic A wertilSi sruli Siga arekvlis sa-
•• 57. 33.57 su Sualebas iZleva?
raTze naCveneb sxi •• 60. 33.60 su-
vis diagramaze, raTze sinaTlis
sadac kuTxeebis sxivi haeridan θ1
masStabebi daculi kuTxiT ecema gamW-
ar aris, sxivi meore virvale plastmas-
da mesame garemos is blokze, romlis
gamyof zedapirs gardatexis koefi-
kritikuli kuTxiT φ = 60°, xolo
ecema. cientia 1,56. sura- sur. 33.60. amocana 60.
gardatexis koeficientebia n1=1,7 da n2=1,6. Tze naCvenebi si-
gamoTvale a) n3 gardatexis koeficienti da dideebia H = 2 sm da W = 3 sm. sinaTle blokSi
b) θ kuTxe. g) θ-is Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, misi erTi gverdis gavliT Sedis, blokis Sig-
gardatydeba Tu ara sinaTle mesame garemoSi? niT romeliRac wertilSi nawili airekleba,
•• 58. 33.58 nawili haerSi gardatydeba. es aris pirveli
suraTze, sadac arekvlis wertili. areklili sinaTle blo-
n1 = 1,7, n2 = 1,5 da kis sxva gverdis gavliT moZraobs – es aris
n3 = 1,3, sinaTle meore arekvlis wertili. Tu θ = 40°, romel
pirveli garemodan gverdzea a) pirveli arekvlis da b) meore
meore garemoSi arekvlis wertilebi? Tu g) arekvlis pirvel
gardatydeba. Tu wertilze da d) arekvlis meore wertilze
sinaTle meore da mesame garemos gamyofi gardatexa xdeba, gamoTvale gardatexis
zedapiris A wertilze kritikuli kuTxiT kuTxe. Tu gardatexa ar xdeba, upasuxe àra~.
ecema, risi tolia a) gardatexis kuTxe B Tu θ = 70°, romel gverdzea e) pirveli arekv-
wertilSi da b) θ sawyisi kuTxe? Tu sinaTle lis da v) meore arekvlis wertilebi? Tu z)
meore da mesame garemos gamyofi zedapiris arekvlis pirvel wertilze da T) arekvlis
B wertilze kritikuli kuTxiT ecema, risi meore wertilze gardatexa xdeba, gamoTvale
tolia g) gardatexis kuTxe A wertilSi da d) gardatexis kuTxe. Tu gardatexa ar xdeba,
θ sawyisi kuTxe? Tu sinaTle meore da mesame upasuxe àra~.
materiebis gamyofi zedapiris A wertilze •• 61. 33.61 sura-
brusteris kuTxiT ecema, risi tolia e) Tze sinaTlis sx-
gardatexis kuTxe B wertilSi da v) θ sawyisi ivi minis prizmis
kuTxe? (n = 1,52) ab gver-
•• 59. 33.59 suraTze naCvenebia martivi op- dis perpendiku
tikuri boWko: plastikuri birTvi (n1 = 1,58) larulia. gamoTvale φ kuTxis udidesi
Casmulia plastikur budeSi (n2 = 1,53). sinaT mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac sxivi ab gverdze
lis sxivi boWkos erT boloze θ kuTxiT ecema. srulad airekleba, rodesac prizma CaSvebu-
birTvis da garsac- lia a) haerSi da b) wyalSi. SSM ILW.
mis gamyofi zeda- •• 62. davuSvaT, 33.55 suraTze prizmis wveros
piris A wertilSi kuTxea φ = 60°, xolo gardatexis koeficienti
 
sxivi srul Siga n=1,6. a) risi tolia umciresi θ dacemis kuTxe,
arek-vlas ganic- romliTac sxivi prizmis marcxena gverdSi Seva
dis (anu zedapirze sur. 33.59. amocana 59. da marjvena gverdidan gamova? b) ra dacemis θ
sinaTle ar ikarge- kuTxea saWiro, raTa sxivi prizmidan imave θ
gardatexis kuTxiT gamovides, rogorc 33.55 romelTa polarizaciis mimarTulebebia

suraTze? θ1=40°, θ2=20°, θ3=20° da θ4=30°. risi tolia
•• 63. 33.62 suraT sistemidan gamosuli sinaTlis intensivoba?
ze sxivi marTkuTxa
samkuTxedis for
mis prizmis P wer
tilSi θ dacemis sur. 33.62. amocana 63.
kuTxiT Sedis da
misi garkveuli nawili Q wertilSi 90°-iT
gardatydeba. a) risi tolia gamosaxuli pri
zmis gardatexis koeficienti θ-ebSi? b) ra
maqsimaluri gardatexis koeficienti SeiZleba
hqondes prizmas? gamova Tu ara sinaTle Q
wertilidan, Tu am wertilze dacemis kuTxe
g) odnav gaizarda da d) odnav Semcirda?
Tavi 33.10. polarizacia arekvliT.
• 64. a) dacemis ra kuTxisas iqneba wylidan
areklili sinaTle srulad polarizebuli? 68. 33.65 suraTze sinaTlis ori sxivi haeridan
b) damokidebulia Tu ara es kuTxe sinaTlis xuTi gamWvirvale plastmasis fenis gavliT
talRis sigrZeze? moZraobs da Semdeg isev haerSi brundeba.

fenebi erTmaneTis paraleluria da ucnobi
• 65. 1,33 gardatexis koeficientis mqone
sisqisaa. maTi gardatexis koeficientebia
wyalSi moZravi sinaTle 1,53 gardatexis
n1=1,7, n2=1,6, n3=1,5, n4=1,4 da n5=1,6. b sxivi
koeficientis mqone minaze ecema. dacemis ra
θb=20° kuTxiT ecema. bolo fenis normalisadmi
kuTxiT iqneba areklili sinaTle srulad
ra kuTxiT gamova a) a sxivi da b) b sxivi?
polarizebuli? SSM
(miniSneba: amocanis algebrulad amoxsna dros
•• 66. 33.63 sura-
dazogavs). Tu suraTis marcxena da marjvena
Tze haerSi moZ-
kideebSi haeris nacvlad 1,5 gardatexis
ravi sinaTlis sxi
koeficientis mqone mina gveqneba, ra kuTxiT
vi meore garemos
gamova g) a sxivi da d) b sxivi?
brtyel fe-
naze ecema, rom-
lis gardatexis
koeficientia n2=1,5. meore garemos qvemoT n3
gardatexis koeficientis mqone mesame gare-
moa moTavsebuli. sinaTle haerisa da meore
garemos gamyof zedapirze brusteris kuTx-
iT ecema. mesame garemoSi gardatexili sinaT-
lis sxivi meore da mesame garemos gamyof
69. 33.66 suraTze albatrosi deda
zedapirze brusteris kuTxiT ecema. risi to-
miwis zedapiridan horizontalurad
lia n3?
mimarTuli 15 m/wm
siCqariT mzian
67. 33.64 suraTze 25 vt/m2 intensivobis vertikalur sibr
arapolarizebuli sinaTle oTxi mapolari tyeSi moZraobs.
zirebeli furclis sistemaSi igzavneba, albatrosi h = 2 m
1177
simaRlis kedlisken miemarTeba, romelsac Tevzi kidev ufro Rrmad Cava, gaizrdeba,
Tavze gadaufrens. dRis am momentSi, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba wrewiris
mzis kuTxe dedamiwisadmi aris θ = 30°. ra diametri?
siswrafiT moZraobs albatrosis Crdili a) 72. dispersia fanjris
dedamiwis zedapirze da b) kedelze? davuSvaT, minaSi. 33.68 suraTze
rom mogvianebiT arwivi imave traeqtoriiT TeTri sinaTlis sxivi
da siCqariT moZraobs. Sen xedav, rom misi fanjris minaze (naCve
Crdilis kedelTan miaxloebisas Crdilis nebia ganivkveTi) θ = 50°
siCqare SesamCnevad izrdeba. g) albatrosis kuTxiT ecema. minis sur. 33.68. amocana 72.
frenis drosTan SedarebiT, axla ufro maRlaa mocemuli saxeobis gardatexis koeficienti
Tu dabla mze caSi? d) Tu arwivis Crdilis xiluli sinaTlisTvis speqtris lurji
siCqare kedelze 45 m/wm-ia, risi tolia mzis θ bolodan wiTel bolomde 1,524-sa 1,509-s
kuTxe am dros? Soris meryeobs. minis zedapirebi erTmaneTis
70. 33.67a suraTze sinaTlis sxivi pirveli paraleluria. risi tolia sxivSi Semavali
garemodan θ1 = 40° kuTxiT zedapirze ecema. ferebis kuTxuri gavrceleba, a) rodesac
sinaTlis nawili meore garemoSi moZraobas sinaTle minaSi Sedis da b) rodesac sinaTle
ganagrZobs da mesame garemoSi gadadis. minis meore mxridan gamodis? (miniSneba:
sam garemos Soris ori gamyofi zedapiri rodesac sxeuls fanjris minidan akvirdebi,
erTmaneTis paraleluria. sinaTlis sxivis aris Tu ara sxeulidan momavali sinaTlis
traeqtoria nawilobriv damokidebulia ferebi ise dispersirebuli, rogorc 33.21
mesame garemos n3 gardatexis koeficientze. suraTzea naCvenebi?
33.67b suraTze mocemulia am garemoSi θ3 73. polarizebuli sinaTlis talRis magni
gardatexis kuTxis damokidebuleba n3- turi komponenti mocemulia formuliT:
is SesaZlo mniSvnelobebze. a) risi tolia Bx = (4 mkt) sin[ky + (2×10 wm )t]. a) ra mimarTu
15  –1
pirveli garemos gardatexis koeficienti? lebiT moZraobs talRa? b) romeli RerZis

SesaZlebelia Tu ara mocemuli informaciis paralelurad polarizdeba talRa da
safuZvelze am koeficientis gamoTvla? g) risi tolia misi intensivoba? d) dawere
b) risi tolia meore garemos gardatexis talRis eleqtruli velis gamosaxuleba
koeficienti? SesaZlebelia Tu ara mocemuli da masSi talRuri ricxvic gamoiyene.
informaciis safuZvelze am koeficientis e) risi tolia talRis sigrZe? v) eleq
gamoTvla? g) Tu θ1 kuTxe 70° gaxda, xolo tromagnituri speqtris romel regionSia es
mesame garemos gardatexis koeficientia 2,4, eleqtromagnituri talRa?
risi tolia θ3?
74. 33.69 suraTze
A sxivi pirveli
garemodan (n1 = 1,6)
meore garemos Txel
fenaSi (n2 = 1,8)
gardatydeba, gada
kveTs am fenas da Semdeg meore da mesame
(a) (b) garemos (n3 = 1,3) gamyof zedapirs kritikuli
kuTxiT daecema. a) risi tolia θA dacemis
sur. 33.67. amocana 70. kuTxe? b) Tu θA Semcirdeba, gardatydeba Tu
71. loqo tbis zedapiridan 2 m siRrmezea. risi ara sinaTlis nawili mesame garemoSi?
tolia zedapirze im wris diametri, romliTac B sxivi pirveli garemodan Txel fenaSi
Tevzi wylidan gare samyaros xedavs? b) Tu gardatydeba, gadakveTs am fenas da Semdeg
meore da mesame garemos gamyof zedapirze gardatexis koeficientisTvis.

kritikuli kuTxiT daecema. g) risi tolia wiTeli sinaTlis da lurji sinaTlis
θB dacemis kuTxe? d) Tu θB Semcirdeba, grafikebs sxvadasxva minimumi aqvs, rac
gardatydeba Tu ara sinaTlis nawili mesame niSnavs, rom TiToeuli ferisTvis sxvadasxva
garemoSi? minimaluri daxris kuTxe arsebobs. nebis
75. 33.70 suraTze mieri feris sinaTle, romelic sxividan
dacemuli
sinaTlis sxivi θ1 = sxivi feris minimaluri daxris kuTxiT gamodis,
haeri
45° dacemis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mkveTria, vinaidan sxivebi am
minis A wertilSi kuTxeSi grovdeba. maSasadame, mkveTri wiTeli
Sedis da B wertilSi sinaTle wveTidan erTi kuTxiT gamodis, xolo
mina
srul Siga arekvlas mkveTri lurji sinaTle – meore kuTxiT.
ganicdis. am gansazRvre minimaluri daxris kuTxe g) wi
informaciis Teli sinaTlis da d) lurji sinaTlis θdev
safuZvelze, ra mi sur. 33.70. amocana 75.
grafikidan. e) Tu es ferebi cisartyelas Sida
nimaluri mniSvnelobisa SeiZleba iyos minis da gare kides qmnis (sur. 33.22a), maSin risi
gardatexis koeficienti? tolia cisartyelas kuTxuri sigane?
76. kosmosSi, sadac mizidulobis Zalebis 78. 77-e amocanaSi aRwerili pirveladi
moqmedebis ugulebelyofa SesaZlebelia, cisartyela sakmaod xSirad Cndeba cisar
sfero 6 mvt/m2 intensivobis erTgvarovani tyelis gamoCenis adgilebSi. es cisartyela
sinaTlis sxivis zemoqmedebiT Cqardeba. wveTis SigniT erTxel areklili sinaTlis
sfero srulad mSTanTqmelia, aqvs 2 mkm Sedegad warmoiSoba. 33.8 TavSi aRwerili
radiusi da 5×103 kg/m3 erTgvarovani simkvrive. meoradi cisartyela ufro iSviaTia da mas
risi tolia sinaTliT gamowveuli sferos wveTis SigniT orjer areklili sinaTle
aCqareba? warmoSobs (sur. 33.72a). a) daamtkice, rom
77. cisartyela. sferuli wvimis wveTSi Semavali da Semdeg
33.71 suraTze naC gamomavali sinaTlis kuTxuri daxra aris:
venebia sferuli θdev = (180°)k + 2θi – 2(k + 1)θr ,
formis wvimis
sadac k Sida arekvlebis raodenobaa. 77-e
wveTSi Semavali da
amocanaSi mocemuli proceduriT, meorad
erTi Siga arekv-
cisartyelaSi moZebne b) wiTeli sinaTlis da
lis Semdeg gamoma- sur. 33.71. amocana 77. g) lurji sinaTlis minimaluri daxris kuTxe.
vali sinaTlis sxi-
d) risi tolia am cisartyelas kuTxuri sigane?
vi (ixile 33.22a suraTi). sxivis sawyisi mimar-
(sur. 33.22d)
Tulebis Secvla θdev daxris kuTxuri gadaxraa.
mesame klasis cisartyela damokidebulia
a) daamtkice, rom
sam Sida arekvlaze (sur. 33.72b). is albaT
θdev=180°+2θi – 4θr ,
ise Cndeba, rogorc 33.8 TavSia aRwerili,
sadac θi sxivis wvimis wveTze dacemis kuTxea,
xolo θr wveTis SigniT sxivis gardatexis kuTxe.
biT θr Caanacvle θi-T
b) snelis kanonis daxmare
da wylis n gardatexis koeficientiT. Semdeg
grafikuli kalkulatoris an kompiuteris
daxmarebiT θdev-daxris θi-ze damokidebulebis
grafiki aage θi-is SesaZlo mniSvnelobebisTvis,
wiTeli sinaTlis n = 1,331 gardatexis koe
ficientisTvis da lurji sinaTlis n = 1,333 sur. 33.72. amocana 78.
1179
magram misi danaxva bundovanebis da mzis gamo SeuZlia. Tu mzis mimarTulebis atmosfero
SeuZlebelia. risi tolia am cisartyelaSi eqvskuTxedis formis brtyeli yinulis
e) wiTeli sinaTlis da v) lurjis sinaTlis kristalebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas
minimaluri daxris kuTxe? z) risi tolia Seicavs, mzis marjvniv an marcxniv Cndeba
cisartyelas kuTxuri sigane? naTeli regioni, saxelad mzis ZaRli. mzis
79. rodesac wiTeli sinaTle vakuumSi ZaRli yinulis firfitebSi gamavali mzis
minas brusteris kuTxiT ecema, gardatexis sxivebis Sedegad Cndeba. es sxivebi dedamiwaze
kuTxea 32°. risi tolia a) minis gardatexis Camosvlisas erTmaneTis paraleluria.
koeficienti da b) brusteris kuTxe? yinulis firfitaSi gamavali sxivebi
gardatexis Sedegad mimarTulebas icvlis da
80. daiwye 33.11 da 33.17 formulebiT
is sxivebi, romlebic yinulSi ψ minimaluri
da daamtkice, rom brtyeli, moZravi
daxris kuTxiT (naCvenebia 33.75 suraTze,
eleqtromagnituri talRis eleqtruli da
ixile 53-e amocana) gadis, mzis ZaRls qmnis.
magnituri velis E(x,t) da B(x,t) komponentebi
mzis ZaRlis danaxva mzidan moSorebiT, ψ
talRis gantolebebs unda akmayofilebdes:
kuTxiT SeiZleba. Tu yinulis gardatexis
∂ 2E ∂ 2E ∂ 2B ∂ 2B koeficientia 1,31, risi tolia ψ?
= c2 2 da = c2 2 .
∂t 2
∂x ∂t 2
∂x
81. 33.73 suraTze,
arapolarizebuli
sinaTle sami ma mzidan
momavali
p o l a r i z i r e sxivebi
beli furclis
sistemaSi igzav
damkvirveb
neba. pirveli da lisTvis
mesame furclebis
polarizaciis
mimarTulebebia:
θ1=30° (saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaR 84. Cv.w. daaxloebiT 150 wels klavdius
ptolemeusma haeridan wyalSi gardamavali
mdegod) da θ3=30° (saaTis isris moZraobis
sinaTlis sxivis θ1 dacemis kuTxis da θ2
mimarTulebiT). sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis
gardatexis kuTxis Semdegi mniSvnelobebi
ra nawili gamova sistemidan?
mogvca:
82. 33.74 suraTze
ori perpendikula θ1 θ2 θ1 θ2
ruli sarke wyliT 10° 8° 50° 35°
avsebuli WurWlis 20° 15°30’ 60° 40°30’
gverdebs qmnis. 30° 22°30’ 70° 45°30’
a) sinaTlis sxivi 40° 29° 80° 50°
wylis zedapiris normalis mimarTulebiT monacemebi gardatexis kanonTan Sesaba
zevidan ecema. daamtkice, rom gasuli sxivi misobaSia. gamoiyene isini, raTa wylis
dacemuli sxivis paraleluria. davuSvaT, gardatexis koeficienti gamoTvalo. mona
sarkis zedapirebze ori arekvla xdeba. cemebi sainteresoa, vinaidan fizikuri gamo
b) gaimeore analizi daxrili dacemis Sem Tvlebis uZvelesi Canaweria.
TxvevaSi, rodesac dacemuli sxivi suraTis 85. a) daamtkice, rom t sisqis minis zedapirze
sibrtyeSia. dacemuli sinaTlis sxivi minis meore
83. rodesac atmosfero civia, tenianobas zedapiridan sawyisi mimarTulebis para
sxvadasxva formis yinulis kristalebis Seqmna lelurad, magram gverdze gadaadgilebuli ga
mova, rogorc 33.76 632,8 nm manZilze as

suraTzea naCvenebi. xivebs. sxivi vrcel
b) daamtkice, rom deba θ = 0,17 mrad
mcire θ dacemis kuTxiT (sur. 33.78). a) sur. 33.78. amocana 90.
kuTxeebisTvis risi tolia sxivis intensivoba lazeridan 40 m

g a d a a d g i l e b a manZilze? b) risi tolia wertilovani wyaros
moicema formuliT: simZlavre, romelic aseT daSorebaze aseT
n – 1 intensivobas warmoqmnis?
x = tθ , sur. 33.76. amocana 85.
n
sadac n minis gardatexis koeficientia, xolo 91. 200 vt simZlavris wertilovani sinaTlis
θ radianebSi izomeba. wyaro izotropulad asxivebs. risi tolia 2
sm radiusis da wyarodan 20 m-iT daSorebul
86. vakuumSi eleqtromagnituri talRis
srulad mSTanTqav sferoze moqmedi sinaTliT
magnituri komponentis amplitudaa 85,8 nt,
gamowveuli Zala?
xolo kuTxuri talRis nomeria 4 m–1. risi
tolia a) talRis sixSire, b) eleqtruli kom 92. dedamiwis atmosferos gare zedapirze
ponentis saSualokvadratuli mniSvneloba da dacemuli mzis gamosxivebis saSualo
g) sinaTlis instensivoba? intensivobaa 1,4kvt/m . a) sruli STanTqmis
2
SemTxvevaSi risi tolia zedapirze moqmedi

87. gamoTvale gamdnar kvarcze dacemuli
p gamosxivebis wneva? b) SedarebisTvis
sinaTlis brusteris kuTxis a) zeda da b) qveda
gamoTvale p-is Sefardeba dedamiwis zRvis
zRvari. dauSvi, rom sinaTlis talRis sigrZis
donis atmosferul wnevasTan, romelic 1X105
zRvrebia 400 da 700 nm.
paskalia.
88. 33.77 suraTze arapolarizebuli sinaTle
93. polarizebuli sinaTlis sxivis eleqtruli
sami mapolarizirebuli furclis sistemaSi
komponentia:
igzavneba. pirveli da mesame furclis
polarizaciis mimarTulebebia: θ1 = 20° da Ey = (5 v/m) sin[1×106 m–1)z + ωt].
θ2 = 40°. sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra a) dawere talRis magnituri velis komponentis
nawili gamova sistemidan? gamosaxuleba ω sididis CaTvliT. risi tolia
89. a) ra dro dasWirdeba radiosignals am sinaTlis b) talRis sigrZe, g) periodi da d)
gadamcemidan mimReb antenamde 150 km-is intensivoba? e) romeli RerZis paralelurad
gasavlelad? b) srul mTvares areklili irxeva mignturi veli? v) eleqtromagnituri
mzis sinaTlis Sedegad vxedavT. Cvens TvalSi speqtris romel regionSia es talRa?
moxvedramde ra xniT adre tovebs sinaTle 94. I intensivobis lazeris sxivi airekleba
mzes? dedamiwa-mTvares da dedamiwa-mzes A farTobis brtyeli, srulad amreklavi
Soris manZilebia 3,8×105km da 1,5×108km. g) risi zedapiridan, romlis normali sxivisadmi
tolia dedamiwasa da saturnidan 1,3X10 km 9
θ kuTxes qmnis. dawere zedapirze moqmedi
manZiliT daSorebul, saturnis garSemo pr(θ) gamosxivebis wnevis gamosaxuleba
mbrunav kosmosur xomalds Soris Caketil pr┴ wnevis daxmarebiT, romelic im SemT
wreSi sinaTlis moZraobis dro? d) kirCxibis xvevaSi iarsebebda, Tu sxivi zedapiris per
nisleuli, romelic Cvengan 6500 sinaTlis pendikularuli iqneboda.
weliwadiT aris daSorebuli, savaraudod 95. gamocdis dros 12 ghc sixSiris da 180 kvt
Cineli astronomebis mier Cv.w.-iT 1054 wels simZlavris natos radiolokaciuri sistema
aRniSnuli zeaxali varskvlavis afeTqebis 90 km manZilze TviTmfrinavis aRmoCenas
Sedegad gaCnda. sinamdvileSi daaxloebiT axerxebs. dauSvi, rom radiolokatori mTel
romel wels moxda afeTqeba? naxevarsferos Tanabrad asxivebs. a) risi
90. 3 mvt simZlavris helium-neonis lazeri tolia sxivis intensivoba, rodesac TviT
1181
mfrinavs miaRwevs? TviTmfrinavi sxivebs
aireklavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
ganivkveTis farTobi mxolod 0,22 m2-ia. b) risi
tolia TviTmfrinavis arekvlis simZlavre?
dauSvi, rom sxivi naxevarsferoSi Tanabarad
airekleba. radiolokatoris ganlagebis
adgilze risi tolia g) intensivoba, d) eleq
truli velis veqtoris maqsimaluri mniS
vneloba da e) areklili radiolokatoris
sxivis magnituri velis saSualo kvadratuli
mniSvneloba? erTimeoreze ganlagebuli ori mapola
96. y RerZis paralelurad polarizebuli rizirebeli furclis sistemaSi igzavneba.
sinaTlis talRa z RerZis uaryofiTi ra unda iyos furclebis polarizaciis
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. eleqtruli velis mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxe, Tu gasuli
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobaa 50 v/m, sinaTlis intensivoba sawyisi intensivobis
xolo talRis sigrZea 250 nm. a) dawere talRis erTi mesamedi unda iyos?
magnituri velis komponentis gamosaxuleba. 101. eleqtromagnituri talRa y RerZis

talRis nawils z RerZze agebuli da misi uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. gar
perpendikularuli tolgverda samkuTxedis kveul wertilSi da momentSi eleqtruli veli
formis namsxvrevi srulad aireklavs. z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisa da 100 v/m
samkuTxedis gverdis sigrZea 2 mkm da namsxvrevi sididisaa. risi tolia Sesabamisi magnituri
srulad ganaTebulia sinaTlis wyaros mier. velis a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba?
b) risi tolia namsxvrevze moqmedi sinaTlis 102. kvadratuli formis srulad amreklavi
Zala? zedapiri mzidan momavali mzis sxivebis per-
97. arapolarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi oTxi pendikularuladaa sivrceSi moTavsebuli.
mapolarizirebeli furclis sistemaSi zedapiris gverdis sigrZea 2 m da mzis centri-
igzavneba, romlebic isea orientirebuli, dan 3×1011 m manZiliT aris daSorebuli. risi
rom mimdebare furclebis polarizaciis tolia sinaTlis sxivebidan zedapirze moqme-
mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxea 30°. sawyisi di gamosxivebis Zala?
intensivobis ra nawils gaatarebs sistema? 103. sinaTlis brtyeli talRis intensivobaa
98. 450 nm talRis sigrZis eleqtromagnituri 1×104 vt/m2. risi tolia talRis magnituri
talRa y RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT velis amplituda?
vakuumSi moZraobs da misi eleqtruli 104. garkveuli sinaTlis talRis eleqtruli
komponenti x RerZis paraleluria. eleq velis saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobaa 0,2
truli komponentis saSualo kvadratuli v/m. risi tolia Sesabamisi magnituri velis
mniSvnelobaa 5,31×10-6 v/m. magnituri kompo amplituda?
nentis formula 33.2 formulis saxiT dawere
105. a) daamtkice, rom 33.1 da 33.2 for-
da ricxvebiT Seavse.
mulebi me-80 amocanaSi asaxul talRis gan-
99. 33.79 suraTze arapolarizebuli sinaTle tolebas akmayofileben. b) daamtkice, rom
sami mapolarizirebeli furclis sistemaSi Semdegi formis nebismieri gamosaxuleba:
igzavneba, romelTa polarizaciis mimarTu E = Em f(kx ± ωt) da B = Bm f(kx ± ωt), sadac
lebebia: θ1 = 20°, θ2 = 60° da θ3 = 40°. sinaTlis f(kx ± ωt) SemTxveviT funqcias aRniSnavs da
sawyisi intensivobis ra nawili gamova aseve akmayofilebs talRis gantolebebs.
sistemidan?
106. mzis sistemaSi wertili mzis mizidulobas
100. arapolarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi da mzis sxivebidan gamosxivebis Zalis
moqmedebas ganicdis. dauSvi, rom wertili 110. 10 mm sigrZis gverdis kubis formis da 1,5
1×10 kg/m simkvrivis sferoa da dacemuli
3 3
gardatexis koeficientis mqone myari minis
sinaTle srulad STainTqmeba. a) daamtkice, centrSi patara wveTia. a) kubis TiToeuli
rom Tu sferos radiusi raime R kritikul gverdis ra nawili unda daifaros, raTa
radiusze naklebia, wertili mzis sistemidan xedvis arc erTi mimarTulebidan wveTi ar
gaqreba. b) gamoTvale kritikuli radiusi. gamoCndes? (kubSi areklili da Semdeg haerSi
107. polarizebuli sinaTlis talRis mag gardatexili sinaTle ugulebelyavi). b) kubis
nituri komponentia: zedapiris ra nawili unda daifaros?
Bx = (4×10–6 t) sin [1,57 × 107 m–1)y + ωt]. 111. 1676 wels roemeris dakvirvebebze da-

fuZnebuli sinaTlis siCqaris gazomvis meTo-
a) romeli RerZis paralelurad aris sinaTle
di iupiteris erT-erTi Tanamgzavris brunvis
polarizebuli? risi tolia sinaTlis b) six
moCvenebiT droze iyo damokidebuli. brun-
Sire da g) intensivoba?
vis namdvili periodia 42,5 sT. a) sinaTlis
108. mocemuli gvaqvs sami mapolarizebeli
zRvruli siCqaris mxedvelobaSi miRebiT,
furceli. pirveli da mesame furceli gada
dedamiwis orbitaze x wertilidan y wertil-
jvaredinebulia, xolo maT Soris mdebare
amde brunvisas rogor Seicvleboda brunvis
furclis polarizaciis kuTxe danarCeni
dro? (sur. 33.80). b) ra dakvirvebebi iqneboda
oris polarizaciis mimarTulebebisadmi aris
saWiro sinaTlis siCqaris gamosaTvlelad?
45°. arapolarizebuli sxivis intensivobis ra
iupiteris sakuTar orbitaze moZraoba ug-
nawili gaivlis sistemaSi?
ulebelyavi.
109. gamdnar kvarcSi moZravi TeTri sinaT-
lis sxivi kvarci-haeris zedapirze θ1 kuTxiT
ecema. dauSvi, rom kvarcis gardatexis koe-
ficienti xiluli speqtris wiTel boloze
n = 1,456-ia, xolo lurj boloze n = 1,47.
Tu θ1 kuTxea a) 42°, b) 43,10° da g) 44°, garda-
texili sinaTle TeTria, TeTri dominirebs
xiluli arealis wiTel boloze, TeTri do-
minirebs xiluli arealis lurj boloze Tu
gardatexili sinaTle ara gvaqvs? sur. 33.80. amocana 111.
gamosaxulebebi 34
sarkeebian labirinTSi TiToeuli kedeli iatakidan Weramde sarkeebiTaa
dafaruli. aseT labirinTSi gavlisas, umetesi mimarTulebiT, damabneveli
gamosaxulebebi, xolo zogierTi mimarTulebiT _ koridori moGans,
romelic TiTqos labirinTSi gasvlas gvTavazobs. am koridorSi
gavlisas, xan erT xan meore sarkes Seejaxebi da Zalian male mixvdebi,
rom koridorebi mxolod iluziaa.
rogor iqmneba koridoris iluzia sarkeebian labirinTSi?

fizikis erT-erTi amocana sinaTlis moZraobis ganmsazRvreli kanonebis (magaliTad, gardatexis
kanonis) Seswavlaa. ufro farTo amocana ki am kanonebis gamoyenebaa, rac realizacias gamo
saxulebebis SeqmnaSi hpovebs. 1824 wels damzadebuli pirveli fotografiuli gamosaxuleba
siaxle iyo, magram dResdReobiT Cveni samyaro gamosaxulebebiT cxovrobs. uzarmazari
industria televiziaSi, kompiutersa da Teatris scenebze gamosaxulebis Seqmnazea dafuZnebuli.
Tanamgzavrebidan miRebuli gamosaxulebebi, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis an garemosadmi
zianis miyenebis dros strategebs gegmis SemuSavebaSi exmareba. saTvalTvalo kamerebi saxlis
usafrTxoebas zrdis, magram amave dros moqalaqeebis piradi cxovrebis uflebas arRvevs.
fiziologebi da samedicino inJinrebi jer kidev ver igeben rogor warmoqmnis adamianis Tvali
da tvinis vizualuri birTvi gamosaxulebas, magram vizualuri birTvis eleqtruli stimulaciis
saSualebiT, zogierTi usinaTlo adamianisTvis gonebrivi gamosaxulebis Seqmna moxerxda.
am paragrafs gamosaxulebebis ganmartebiT da klasifikaciiT viwyebT. Semdeg gavarkvevT maTi
warmoqmnis ZiriTad saSualebebs.
34.2. gamosaxulebis ori tipi

magaliTad, pingvinis danaxvisTvis saWiroa, rom Senma Tvalma pingvinidan gavrcelebuli
sinaTlis sxivebis nawili miiRos da Semdeg es sxivebi Tvalis ukana nawilSi mdebare baduraze
gadaamisamarTos. vizualuri sistema, dawyebuli baduridan da damTavrebuli tvinis vizualuri
birTviT, avtomaturad da qvecnobierad gadaamuSavebs sinaTlis mier miwodebul informacias. es
1183
1184 Tavi 34 gamosaxulebebi
sistema gansazRvravs formebs, sazRvrebs, mimarTulebas, Taviseburebas da ferebs, xolo Semdeg

pingvinis gamosaxuleba (sinaTlidan miRebuli reproduqcia) SemecnebaSi swrafad Semoaqvs.
pingvini im mimarTulebiT da iseT manZilze aRiqmeba, saidanac sinaTlis sxivebi movida.
vizualuri sistema amocnobis igive proceduras gadis im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sinaTlis sxivebi
pingvinidan ki ar modis, aramed win mdebare sarkidan airekleba an linzebSi gardatydeba. am
SemTxvevaSi, pingvins im mimarTulebiT xedav, saidanac sinaTlis sxivebi arekvlis an gardatexis
Semdeg movida, xolo pingvinis namdvili dacileba, Sens mier aRqmuli manZilisgan sakmaod
gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos.
magaliTad, Tu sinaTlis sxivebi standartuli brtyeli sarkidan Seni mimarTulebiT airekla,
pingvini sarkis ukan moCans, vinaidan sxivebi am mimarTulebidan movida. ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi
pingvini iq ar aris. gamosaxulebis es tipi, romelsac warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba ewodeba,
sinamdvileSi mxolod gonebaSi arsebobs.
realuri gamosaxuleba warmosaxviTisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is SeiZleba raime zedapirze,
magaliTad kartze an kinos ekranze warmoiqmnas. realuri gamosaxulebis danaxva SesaZlebelia
(sxva SemTxvevaSi kinodarbazebi carieli iqneboda), magram gamosaxulebis arseboba ar aris
damokidebulebi xedvaze da is Sengan damoukideblad arsebobs.
am paragrafSi ganvixilavT arekvlis (sarkidan) da gardatexis (linzebidan) saSualebiT
warmosaxviTi da realuri gamosaxulebebis warmoqmnis ramdenime gzas, agreTve gamosaxulebis or
tips Soris gansxvavebas kidev ufro naTlad gavarkvevT. Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT bunebrivi
warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebis magaliTi.
Cveulebrivi miraJi
warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebis gavrcelebuli magaliTia mziT ganaTebul gzaze, garkveuli
manZiliT daSorebuli wylis gubis gamoCena, romelsac verasdros miaRwev. gube miraJia (iluziis
tipi), romelsac Sens win mdebare cis qveda nawilidan momavali sinaTlis sxivebi qmnis (sur.
34.1a). gzasTan miaxloebisas sxivebi sul ufro Tbil haerSi moZraoben. haeris temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad haeris simkvrive da, maSasadame, haeris gardatexis koeficienti, odnav
mcirdeba. maSasadame, qvemoT Camosvlisas sxivebi sul ufro mcire gardatexis koeficientis
mqone garemoSi xvdeba da TandaTanobiT horizontalur formas iRebs (sur. 34.1b).
mas Semdeg rac gzis zedapiridan odnav daSorebiT sxivi horizontalur formas miiRebs, is kvlav
ganagrZobs daxras, vinaidan sxivis talRuri frontis qveda nawili odnav ufro Tbil haerSi
imyofeba da odnav ufro swrafad moZraobs, vidre talRuri frontis zeda nawili (sur. 34.1g).
talRuri frontebis araTanabari moZraoba sxivs zeda mimarTulebiT gadaxris, xolo maRla
asvlisas sxivi kvlav ganagrZobs gadaxras gardatexis ufro did koeficientebian garemoSi
moxvedris gamo (sur. 34.1d).
sinaTlis sxivi sur. 34.1. a) cis qveda nawilidan momavali

sxivi gzis mier gamTbar haerSi gardatydeba.
damkvirvebeli, romelic am sinaTles miiRebs,
gubis miraJi gza
ise aRiqvams mas, TiTqos sinaTle gzaze
a) mdebare wylis gubidan movida. b) daxrili
(hiperbolizirebuli) sinaTlis sxivi Tbil da
swrafad ufro Tbil haers Soris warmosaxviTi zedapiris
Tbili Tbili gaswvriv Camodis. g) talRuri frontis
gadaadgileba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxivis
ufro Tbili ufro Tbili daxra, rac imis gamo xdeba, rom talRuri
ufro swrafad frontis qveda nawili Tbil haerSi ufro
gza gza swrafad moZraobs. d) sxivi, romelic ufro
b) g) d) Tbili da naklebad Tbili haeris warmosaxviTi
zedapiris gaswvriv adis.
34.3. brtyeli sarkeebi 1185
am sinaTlis aRqmisas Seni vizualuri sistema avtomaturad sarke
askvnis, rom sinaTle saTaves sxivebis ukana nawilidan iRebs

da mis aRsaqmelad uSvebs, rom sinaTle gzis zedapiridan
movida. Tu sinaTle lurji cidan modis, miraJi wyaliviT
lurjia. vinaidan haeri simxurvalis gamo Relavs, miraJi
wylis talRebis iluzias qmnis. lurji Seferiloba da
Relva wylis iluzias amZafrebs, magram sinamdvileSi Sen
cis qveda nawilis warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas xedav.
sur. 34.2. sagnad wodebuli sinaTlis O
me-11 Tavis dasawyisSi Thrust SSC-s fotografiaze swored wertilovani wyaro brtyeli sarkidan p
aseTi gziT warmoqmnili warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebebi manZiliTaa daSorebuli. O-dan sarkeze
Cans. ukana fonidan momavalma sinaTlis sxivebma manqanis dacemuli sxivebi airekleba. Tu Seni
Tvali areklili sxivebis nawils
mier warmoqmnil aqoCril talRebSi gavlisas, haeris miiRebs, maSin I sinaTlis wertilovani
simkvrivis mkveTri cvalebadobis gamo mimarTulebis wyaro sarkis ukan i manZilze aRiqmeba.
mkveTri cvlileba ganicada. Sedegad miRebuli ukana aRqmuli I wyaro O sagnis warmosaxviTi
gamosaxulebaa.
fonis damaxinjebuli gamosaxuleba aqoCrili talRebis
mdebareobas asaxavs.
34.3. brtyeli sarkeebi

sarke aris zedapiri, romelsac sinaTlis arekvla erTi
mimarTulebiT SeuZlia, misi mravali mimarTulebiT
gabnevis an STanTqmis nacvlad. ganaTebuli metalis
zedapiri, betonis kedlisgan gansxvavebiT, sarkis msgavsad
moqmedebs. am paragrafSi Cven ganvixilavT gamosaxulebebs,
romelTa warmoqmna brtyel sarkes (brtyeli amreklavi
zedapiri) SeuZlia.
sarke
34.2 suraTze naCvenebia O sinaTlis wertilovani wyaro,
sur. 34.3. ori sxivi 34.2 suraTidan. Oa
romelsac sagans vuwodebT da brtyeli sarkidan p sxivi sarkis zedapiris normalisadmi
manZiliTaa daSorebuli. sarkeze dacemuli sinaTle θ kuTxes qmnis. Ob sxivi sarkis perpendi
kularulia.
O-dan gamosuli sxivebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo sinaTlis
arekvla - sarkidan gavrcelebuli areklili sxivebiT. Tu
areklil sxivebs sarkis ukana mxares gavagrZelebT, davinaxavT, rom gagrZelebebi sarkidan i
manZiliT daSorebul wertilSi gadaikveTeba.
Tu 34.2 suraTis sarkeSi Caixedav, Seni Tvalebi areklili sinaTlis nawils miiRebs da
gagrZelebebis gadakveTis wertilSi mdebare sinaTlis wertilovan wyaros aRiqvam. es
wertilovani wyaro O sagnis I gamosaxulebaa. mas wertilovani gamosaxuleba ewodeba, vinaidan
wertilia. gamosaxuleba warmosaxviTia, vinaidan sxivebi sinamdvileSi ar gaivlis am wertils
(rogorc SemdgomSi gamoCndeba, realuri gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi, sxivebi gadakveTis wertils
gaivlis).
34.3 suraTze naCvenebia 34.2 suraTis sxivebidan arCeuli ori sxivi. erTi sxivi sarkes b wertilSi,
perpendikularulad gadakveTs. meore sxivi sarkes a wertilSi, θ kuTxiT ecema. suraTze agreTve
naCvenebia ori areklili sxivis gagrZeleba. marTkuTxa samkuTxedebs aOba da aIba saerTo gverdi
da sami Tanabari kuTxe aqvT, maSasadame isini tolebia (zomiT Tanabari). aqedan gamomdinare, am
samkuTxedebis horizontaluri gverdebis sigrZe tolia, anu
Ib = Ob, (34.1)
sarke sadac Ib da Ob Sesabamisad gamosaxulebidan sarkemde da

sagnidan sarkemde manZilebia. 34.1 formulis Tanaxmad,
sarkis ukan ganlagebuli gamosaxuleba da sarkis win
ganlagebuli sagani, sarkidan Tanabari manZiliTaa
daSorebuli. formulebis gamoyenebisTvis sagnis daSoreba
p dadebiT sidided aris miCneuli, xolo i gamosaxulebis
daSoreba warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebisTvis – uaryofiT
sidided. maSasadame, 34.1 formula SeiZleba daiweros,
rogorc |i| = p an
i = –p (brtyeli sarke) . (34.2)
sur. 34.4. O-dan momavali sxivebis sarkidan arekvlis Semdeg mxolod sakmarisad axlos
`fanqari~, sarkidan arekvlis Semdeg ganlagebul sxivebs SeuZliaT TvalSi moxvedra. 34.4
TvalSi xvdeba. arekvlaSi a wertilTan
suraTze mocemuli Tvalis ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi,
ganlagebuli sarkis mxolod mcire
nawili monawileobs. sinaTle STabeWdi gamosaxulebis warmoqmnisTvis a wertilTan axlo mdebare
lebas tovebs, rom is sarkis ukan I sarkis mxolod mcire nawilia (Tvalis gugaze ufro mcire)
wertilSi iRebs saTaves.
gamosadegi. am nawilis mosaZebnad erTi Tvali daxuWe da
sarkeSi rame mcire sagnis, magaliTad fanqris wveris gamosaxulebas Sexede. Semdeg TiTi sarkis
zedapirze amoZrave, vidre gamosaxuleba ar daifareba. mxolod TiTis qveS moxvedrilma sarkis
mcire nawilma warmoqmna gamosaxuleba.
wagrZelebuli sagnebi
34.5 suraTze, zemoT mimarTuli isriT warmodgenili
O wagrZelebuli sagani sarkis win aris ganlagebuli da
misgan p manZiliTaa daSorebuli. sagnis TiToeuli patara
nawili, romelic sarkiskenaa mitrialebuli, 34.2 da 34.3
suraTebis O wertilovani wyaros msgavsad moqmedebs. Tu
sarkidan areklil sinaTles miiReb, aRiqvam I warmosaxviT
gamosaxulebas, romelic sagnis yvela am patara nawilis
warmosaxviTi wertilovani gamosaxulebebisgan Sedgeba. sur. 34.5. O wagrZelebuli sagani
da misi I warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba
warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba TiTqos sarkis ukanaa brtyel sarkeSi.
ganlagebuli da sarkidan i uaryofiTi manZiliTaa
daSorebuli, sadac i da p erTmaneTs 34.2 formulis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba.
wagrZelebuli sagnis gamosaxulebis mdebareobis dadgena iseve SeiZleba, rogorc 34.2
suraTze wertilovani sagnis SemTxvevaSi: jer sagnis wverodan sarkemde miRweul sxivebs
gavavlebT, Semdeg gavavlebT Sesabamis areklil sxivebs da Semdeg areklil sxivebs sarkis
ukana mimarTulebiT gavagrZelebT, vidre isini erTmaneTs ar gadakveTen da sagnis wveros
gamosaxulebas warmoqmnian. amis Semdeg igives vimeorebT sagnis bolodan gamomavali sxivebis
SemTxvevaSi. rogorc 34.5 suraTze Cans, I warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas O sagnis mimarTuleba da
simaRle (sarkis paralelurad gazomili) aqvs.
sarkeebiani labirinTi
34.6a suraTze naCvenebia martivi sarkeebiani labirinTis zedxedi, romelSic sxvadasxvaferad
SeRebili iatakis nawilebi tolgverda samkuTxedebs qmnian, xolo kedlebi vertikaluri
sarkeebiT aris dafaruli. Sen labirinTs Sesasvlelis centrSi ganlagebuli O wertilidan
34.4. sferuli sarkeebi 1187
akvirdebi. umetesi mimarTulebebiT gamosaxulebaTa
damabneveli simravlea, Tumca, 34.6a suraTze naCvenebi
sxivis mimarTulebiT raRac saintereso moCans. sxivi
gamodis B sarkis Suagulidan da Sensken airekleba A
sarkis Suagulze (arekvla Sesabamis kanons emorCileba
da dacemis da arekvlis kuTxeebi 300-ia).
Senamde moRweuli sxivis saTavis aRsaqmelad, tvini
sxivs avtomaturad ukan abrunebs. iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom sxivi saTaves A sarkis ukan ganlagebul
wertilSi iRebs. es niSnavs, rom B-s warmosaxviTi
gamosaxuleba A-s ukan, A-sa da B-s Soris namdvili
dacilebis tol manZilze aRiqmeba (sur. 34.6b).
maSasadame, rodesac labirinTis am mimarTulebiT
gaixedav, oTxi samkuTxedis formis iatakis nawilisgan
Semdgari swori koridoris gaswvriv B-s dainaxav.
yvelaferi amiT ar sruldeba, vinaidan Senamde
moRweuli sxivi B sarkeze ki ar iRebs saTaves, aramed
mxolod airekleba. saTavis mosaZebnad, arekvlis
kanonis gamoyenebas ganvagrZobT da TanTadanobiT ukan
vbrundebiT. 34.6g suraTze naCveneb oTx arekvlaze sur. 34.6. a) sarkeebiani labirinTis zed
xedi. B sarkidan momavali sxivi A sarkeze
muSaobisas, sxivis saTaves sabolood mivaRwevT –
arekvlis Semdeg O wertilSi Senamde moaR
aris! xilul koridorSi gaxedvisas sakuTari Tavis wevs. b) iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom B sarke
warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas xedav, romelic Sengan A-s ukanaa. g) Senamde moRweuli sxivi Sen
gan modis. d) xiluli koridoris bolos sa
9 samkuTxedis formis iatakis nawilis manZiliTaa
kuTari Tavis warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas
daSorebuli (34.6d) (O wertilidan moSorebiT meore xedav.
xiluli koridoria. rogor unda gaixedo masSi?)
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze imyofebi d manZiliT

daSorebul or vertikalur, paralelur A da B sarkeebis
sistemaSi. kbilebdakreWili gargulia O wertilze zis da A
sarkidan 0,2d manZiliTaa daSorebuli. TiToeuli sarke garguliis
pirvel gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis. Semdeg TiToeuli sarke meore
gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis, xolo sawinaaRmdego sarkeSi sxeulis pirveli gamosaxulebaa.
Semdeg TiToeuli sarke mesame gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis, xolo sawinaaRmdego sarkeSi
sxeulis meore gamosaxulebaa da a.S. Sen SegiZlia garguliis aTasobiT gamosaxulebis
danaxva. A sarkis ukan ra siRrmezea pirveli, meore da mesame gamosaxulebebi A sarkeSi?
34.4. sferuli sarkeebi

amjerad brtyeli sarkeebis mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebebidan, mrudi zedapiris mqone
sarkeebis mier warmoqmnil gamosaxulebebze gadaverTvebiT. kerZod, ganvixilavT sferul
sarkeebs, romelTa zedapirebi sferos mcire nawilis formisaa. brtyeli sarke sinamdvileSi
sferuli sarkea usasrulod didi simrudis radiusiT da, maSasadame, daaxloebiT brtyeli
zedapiriT.
sferuli sarkis Seqmna

viwyebT 34.7a suraTze naCvenebi brtyeli sarkiT, romelic
O sagnisadmi da uxilavi damkvirveblisadmi marcxnivaa
mitrialebuli. sarkis zedapirs vamrudebT da vakeTebT
Cazneqil sarkes, rogorc es 34.7b suraTzea naCvenebi.
zedapiris amgvarad Cazneqa sarkis zogierT maxasiaTebels
da sagnis gamosaxulebis warmoqmnis meTods cvlis:
1. C simrudis centri (sferos centri, romelic sarkis
zedapiris nawilia) brtyeli sarkidan usasrulod
(a)
Sors iyo ganlagebuli. amjerad is ufro axlos, magram
Cazneqili sarkis winaa ganlagebuli.
2. xilvadobis areali – gamosaxulebis sivrce, romelic
damkvirveblisken airekleboda, farTo iyo. amjerad
is ufro viwroa
3. sagnis gamosaxuleba brtyeli sarkis ukan im manZilze
iyo daSorebuli, ra manZilzec sagani iyo sarkis win;
Cazneqili sarkis SemTxvevaSi gamosaxuleba sarkis
ukan ufro did manZilzea, anu |i| metia.
4. gamosaxulebis simaRle sagnis simaRlis toli iyo. (b)
amjerad gamosaxulebis simaRle ufro metia. swored
am maxasiaTeblis gamo makiaJis gasakeTebeli da
saparsi sarkeebi Cazneqilia – isini saxis ufro did
gamosaxulebas qmnian.
Cven SegviZlia amozneqili sarkis gakeTeba, Tu brtyeli
sarkis zedapirs amovzniqavT, rogorc es 34.7g suraTzea
naCvenebi. zedapiris amgvarad gamrudeba: 1) C simrudis
centrs sarkis ukan gadaadgilebs da 2) xilvadobis
areals gazrdis. garda amisa 3) sagnis gamosaxulebas
sarkesTan miaaxlovebs da 4) zomaSi Seamcirebs. maRaziebSi
(g)
dakvirvebisTvis gankuTvnili sarkeebi xilvadobis
arealis gazrdis gamo amozneqilia da erTi sarkiT sur. 34.7. a) O sagani brtyel sarkeSi
I warmosaxviT Ygamosaxulebas qmnis.
maRaziis ufro didi nawilis danaxvaa SesaZlebeli. b) Tu sarke Cazneqilia, gamosaxuleba
arasarkul amozneqil zedapirs Sordeba
da izrdeba. g) Tu sarke amozneqilia,
gamosaxuleba axlovdeba da mcirdeba.
sferuli sarkeebis fokusi

brtyeli sarkisTvis i gamosaxulebis daSorebis sidide sagnis p daSorebis manZilis tolia. vidre
ganvsazRvravdeT rogor ukavSirdeba es ori manZili erTmaneTs sferuli sarkis SemTxvevaSi,
unda ganvixiloT sferulis sarkis win ganlagebuli da sarkidan usasrulo manZilze daSorebuli
O sagnidan sarkis centraluri RerZis paraleluri sinaTlis sxivebis arekvla. sagansa da sarkes
Soris didi manZilis gamo, sagnidan gavrcelebuli sinaTlis talRebi centraluri RerZis
gaswvriv sarkemde miRwevisas brtyelia. es niSnavs, rom sinaTlis talRebis yoveli sxivi sarkeze
dacemisas centraluri RerZis paraleluria.
rodesac paraleluri sxivebi Cazneqil sarkes daecema, rogorc es aris 34.8a suraTis SemTxvevaSi,
centralur RerZTan axlos mdebare sxivebi F saerTo wertilis gavliT airekleba. suraTze
34.5. gamosaxuleba sferul sarkeSi 1189
(a) (b)
sur. 34.8. a) Cazneqil sarkeSi, dacemuli paraleluri sinaTlis sxivebi F realur fokusSi moxvdeba,
romelic dacemuli sinaTlis sxivebis mxaresaa ganlagebuli. b) amozneqil sarkeSi, dacemuli paraleluri
sinaTlis sxivebi TiTqos gamodian F warmosaxviTi fokusidan, romelic sarkidan sinaTlis sxivebis
mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego mxaresaa ganlagebuli.
naCvenebia areklili sxivebidan ori. F wertilze rom patara karti dagvedo, usasrulod
daSorebuli O sagnis wertilovani gamosaxuleba kartze gamoCndeboda (es moxdeboda usasrulod
daSorebuli sagnis SemTxvevaSi). F wertils sarkis fokusuri wertili (anu fokusi), xolo
sarkis centridan mis c daSorebas sarkis f fokusuri manZili ewodeba.
Tu Cazneqil sarkes amozneqiliT SevcvliT, aRmoCndeba, rom paraleluri sxivebi saerTo
wertilis gavliT aRar airekleba. amis nacvlad, isini gamodian 34.8b suraTze naCvenebis msgavsad.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu Seni Tvali areklili sinaTlis nawils miiRebs, aRqma iseTi iqneba, TiTqos
sinaTle sarkis ukana wertilovani wyarodan iRebs saTaves. warmosaxviTi wyaro ganlagebulia iq,
sadac areklili sxivebis gagrZelebebi saerTo wertils gaivlian (F 34.8b suraTze). es wertili
amozneqili sarkis F fokusuri wertilia da sarkis zedapiridan misi daSoreba sarkis f fokusuri
manZilia. fokusur wertilze kartis ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, O sagnis gamosaxuleba kartze ar
gamoCndeba. maSasadame, Cazneqili da amozneqili sarkeebis fokusuri wertilebi erTmaneTs ar
gavs.
Cazneqili sarkis namdvili fokusuri wertilis amozneqili sarkis aRqmuli fokusuri
wertilisgan gasarCevad, pirvel maTgans realur fokusur wertils uwodeben, xolo meores
warmosaxviT fokusur wertils. ufro metic, amozneqili sarkis f fokusur manZils dadebiT
sidided miiCneven, xolo Cazneqilis sarkis fokusur manZils uaryofiT sidided. orive tipis
sarkeebisTvis, f fokusuri manZilis sarkis r simrudis radiuss Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
1
f = 2 r (sferuli sarke) (34.3)
sadac fokusuri manZilis niSnis Sesabamisad, Cazneqilis sarkisTvis r dadebiTi sididea, xolo
amozneqili sarkisTvis - uaryofiTi sidide.
34.5. gamosaxuleba sferul sarkeSi

sferuli sarkis fokusuri wertilis gansazRvris Sedegad, Cven SegviZlia Cazneqili da
amozneqili sferuli sarkeebisTvis i (manZili gamosaxulebidan sarkemde) da p-s (manZili
sagnidan sarkemde) Soris kavSiri movZebnoT. Tavdapirvelad, O sagani Cazneqili sarkis fokusuri
wertilis SigniT movaTavsoT, anu sarkesa da mis F fokuss Soris (sur. 34.9a). damkvirvebels
SeuZlia sarkeSi O sagnis warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba dainaxos: gamosaxuleba TiTqos sarkis
ukanaa da igive mimarTuleba aqvs, rac sagans, anu gamosaxuleba pirdapiria.
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 34.9. O sagani Cazneqili sarkis fokusuri wertilis SigniTaa ganlagebuli da misi warmosaxviTi
gamosaxulebaa I. b) sagani F fokusur wertilzea ganlagebuli. g) sagani fokusur wertils gareTaa ganlagebuli
da misi realuri gamosaxulebaa I.
Tu sagans sarkidan moSorebiT, fokusur wertilamde gadavaadgilebT, gamosaxuleba sarkis

ukana mxares daSordeba, xolo rodesac sagani fokusur wertils miaRwevs, gamosaxuleba
usasrulobaSi moxvdeba (sur. 34.9b). am dros gamosaxuleba bundovani da SeumCnevelia, vinaidan
arc sarkidan areklili sxivebi da arc sarkis ukana mxares sxivebis gagrZelebebi ar ikveTeba,
raTa O sagnis gamosaxuleba warmoiqmnas.
Tu amis Semdeg sagans fokusis gareT gadavaadgilebT, anu sarkidan ufro Sors, vidre fokusuri
wertilia – sarkeSi areklili sxivebi erT wertilSi moxvdeba da sarkis win O sagnis Sebrunebuli
gamosaxuleba warmoiqmneba (sur. 34.9g). es gamosaxuleba sagnis F wertilidan moSorebiT
gadaadgilebis Sedegad usasrulobidan gadmodis. Tu gamosaxulebis adgilze karts daiWer,
gamosaxuleba kartze gamoCndeba. am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom gamosaxuleba sarkis meSveobiT
kartze fokusirda (zmna `fokusireba~, romelic am konteqstSi gamosaxulebis warmoqmnas niSnavs,
gansxvavdeba arsebiTi saxeli `fokusisgan~, rac fokusuri wertilis sinonimia). vinaidan am
gamosaxulebas zedapirze gamoCena SeuZlia, is realuri gamosaxulebaa – sxivebi marTlac kveTen
erTmaneTs da gamosaxulebas qmnian, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu damkvirvebeli ar arsebobs. realuri
gamosaxulebis i daSoreba warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebisgan gansxvavebiT dadebiTi sididea.
realuri gamosaxulebebi sarkis im mxares formirdeba, sadac sagania, xolo warmosaxviTi

gamosaxulebebi - sawinaaRmdego mxares.
34.9 paragrafSi davamtkicebT, rom rodesac sagnidan momavali sinaTlis sxivebi sferuli sarkis
centralur RerZTan mxolod mcire kuTxeebs adgenen, p sagnis daSorebas, i gamosaxulebis
daSorebasa da f fokusur manZils Semdegi martivi formula akavSirebs:
1 1 1
+ = (sferuli sarke) (34.4)
p i f
magaliTad, 34.9 suraTis SemTxvevaSi aseTi mcire kuTxeebis arseboba davuSviT, magram
sicxadisTvis sxivebi gavlebuli iyo gazrdili kuTxeebiT. amgvari daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, 34.4
formula nebismier Cazneqil, amozneqil an brtyel sarkes miesadageba. amozneqili da brtyeli
sarkisTvis mxolod warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba SeiZleba Seiqmnas, miuxedavad centralur
RerZze sagnis mdebareobisa. rogorc 34.7g suraTze, amozneqili sarkis magaliTzea naCvenebi,
gamosaxuleba yovelTvis sarkisadmi sagnis mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego mxarezea da igive
mimarTuleba aqvs, rac sagans.
sagnis an gamosaxulebis zomas, romelic sarkis centraluri RerZisadmi perpendikularulad
izomeba, sagnis an gamosaxulebis simaRle ewodeba. modiT h iyos sagnis simaRle, xolo h´ –
gamosaxulebis simaRle. am SemTxvevaSi h´/h Sefardebas sarkis m wrfivi gamadidebloba ewodeba.
wrfiv gamadideblobas plius niSani eniWeba, rodesac gamosaxulebis da sagnis mimarTulebebi
34.5. gamosaxuleba sferul sarkeSi 1191
erTmaneTs emTxveva, xolo rodesac mimarTulebebi sawinaaRmdegoa, wrfivi gamadidebloba
uaryofiTia. amis gamo, m-is formula Semdegi saxisaa:
h´
|m| =  (wrfivi gamadidebloba). (34.5)
h
SemdgomSi davamtkicebT, rom wrfivi gamadidebloba asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
i
m = –  (wrfivi gamadidebloba) (34.6)
p
brtyeli sarkisTvis, romlisTvisac i = –p, gvaqvs m = +1. gamadidebloba 1 niSnavs, rom
gamosaxulebis da sagnis zomebi erTmaneTis tolia. plius niSani niSnavs, rom gamosaxulebasa da
sagans erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvT. 34.9g suraTze naCvenebi Cazneqili sarkisTvis m ≈ –1,5.
formulebi, 34.3-dan 34.6-is CaTvliT, nebismieri brtyeli sarkisTvis, Cazneqili sferuli
sarkisTvis da amozneqili sferuli sarkisTvis gamosadegia. garda am formulebis gaazrebisa,
Sen unda migeRo informacia sarkeebis tipebis Sesaxeb da am informaciis organizeba 34.1
cxrilis SevsebiT unda moxdes. gamosaxulebis mdebareobis grafis Sevsebisas gaiTvaliswine
sarkis romel mxaresaa gamosaxuleba – sagnis mdebareobis mxares Tu piriqiT. gamosaxulebis
tipis grafis Sevsebisas gaiTvaliswine realuria Tu warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba. gamosaxulebis
mimarTulebis grafis Sevsebisas gaiTvaliswine gamosaxulebis mimarTuleba sagnisas emTxveva
Tu sawinaaRmdegoa. niSnis grafis Sevsebisas mniSvnelobis niSani an bundovanebis SemTxvevaSi ±
niSani Cawere.
cxrili 34.1 saorganizacio cxrili sarkeebisTvis
sagnis gamosaxuleba niSani

sarkis tipi
ganlageba mdebareoba tipi mimarTuleba f-is r-is m-is
brtyeli nebismieri
F-is SigniT
Cazneqili
F-is gareT
amozneqili nebismieri
gamosaxulebis mdebareobis dadgena sxivebis gavlebiT

34.10a da 34.10b suraTebze O sagani Cazneqili sarkis winaa ganlagebuli. Cven SegviZlia sagnis
nebismieri RerZgareTa wertilis gamosaxuleba grafikulad ganvalagoT, Tu wertilis gavliT
ori an oTxi specialuri sxivis diagramas avagebT:
1. sxivi, romelic Tavdapirvelad centraluri RerZis paraleluria, F fokusuri wertilis
gavliT airekleba (pirveli sxivi 34.10a suraTze).
2. fokusuri wertilis gavlis Semdeg, sarkidan areklili sxivi centraluri RerZis
paraleluri xdeba (meore sxivi 34.10a suraTze).
3. C simrudis centris gavlis Semdeg, sarkidan areklili sxivi pirvandel traeqtorias
ubrundeba (mesame sxivi 34.10b suraTze).
4. sarkis c wertilSi areklili sxivi am RerZis simetriulad airekleba (meoTxe sxivi 34.10b
suraTze)
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
sur. 34.10 a, b) Cazneqili sarkis mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis sapovnelad gavlebulia oTxi sxivi. sagnis
mocemuli mdebareobis SemTxvevaSi gamosaxuleba realuria, Sebrunebulia da saganze mcirea. g, d) msgavsi
oTxi sxivi amozneqili sarkis SemTxvevaSi. amozneqili sarkisTvis gamosaxuleba yovelTvis warmosaxviTia,
mimarTuleba emTxveva sagnisas da saganze ufro mcirea. [g) suraTze meore sxivi Tavdapirvelad F fokusuri
wertiliskenaa mimarTulia. d) suraTze mesame sxivi Tavdapirvelad C simrudis centriskenaa mimarTuli].
wertilis gamosaxuleba Sens mier arCeuli ori specialuri sxivis gadakveTis wertilze
formirdeba. sagnis gamosaxulebis mdebareobis dadgena ori an meti RerZgareTa wertilis
gamosaxulebebis ganlagebiTaa SesaZlebelia. amozneqili sarkis SemTxvevaSi, sxivebis aRweris
mcireoden Secvla iqneba saWiro, rogorc es aris 34.10g da 34.10d suraTebze.

amjerad Cven sarkeSi areklili sagnis wrfivi gamadideblobis formula (n = –i/p) unda
gamoviyvanoT. ganvixiloT 34.10b suraTze naCvenebi meoTxe sxivi. sxivi c wertilSi airekleba
ise, rom sarkis RerZisadmi am wertilSi dacemis da arekvlis kuTxeebi erTmaneTis tolia.
suraTze gamosaxuli abc da dec marTkuTxa samkuTxedebi msgavsia (aqvT Tanabari kuTxeebi).
maSasadame SeiZleba daiweros:
de cd
= .
ab ca
marcxniv mdebare sidide sarkis m wrfivi gamadideblobaa. vinaidan Sebrunebuli gamosaxulebis
SemTxvevaSi gamadideblobas uaryofiTad miviCnevT, misi simbolo –m iqneba. garda amisa cd = i da
ca = p, maSasadame gveqneba:
i
m = –  (gamadidebloba) (34.7)
p
34.6. sferuli gardamtexi zedapirebi 1193

h simaRlis tarantuli | f | = 40 sm fokusuri h´
|m| =  = 0,2.
manZilis mqone sferuli sarkis win frTxilad h
zis. sarkis mier warmoqmnil tarantulis vinaidan sagani da gamosaxuleba erTi da
gamosaxulebas igive mimarTuleba aqvs, rac igive mimarTulebisaa, m dadebiTi unda iyos:
tarantuls da misi simaRlea h´ = 0,2h. m = +0,2. 34.6 formulaSi am Sedegis Casma da
magaliTad i-sTvis amoxsna gvaZlevs:
a) realuria Tu warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba?
i = – 0,2p.
gamosaxuleba tarantulis mxaresaa Tu piri
rac f-is sapovnelad ar dagvexmareba, magram
qiT?
Tu mas 34.4 formulaSi CavsvamT gveqneba:
amoxsna: vinaidan gamosaxulebas tarantulis
1 1 1 1 1 1
(sagnis) mimarTuleba aqvs, is warmosaxviTi = + = + =  (–5 + 1),
f p i –0,2p p p
unda iyos da sarkis sawinaaRmdego mxares
saidanac vipovniT
ganlagebuli (am Sedegs iolad dainaxav, Tu
34.1 cxrili Seavse). f = –p/4.
b) Cazneqilia Tu amozneqili sarke? risi amjerad saWiro pasuxi miviReT. vinaidan
tolia misi f fokusuri manZili da niSani? p dadebiTia, f uaryofiTi unda iyos da,
amoxsna: Cven ar SegviZlia sarkis tipis maSasadame, sarke amozneqilia:
dasaxeleba gamosaxulebis mixedviT, vinai f = –40 sm (pasuxi)
dan sarkis orive tips warmosaxviTi gamo
saxulebebis Seqmna SeuZlia. sarkis tips sakontrolo wertili 2. centralur-ame
aseve ver gavigebT 34.3 an 34.4 formulidan rikuli sisxlismsmeli Ramura sferuli
gamoyvanili f fokusuri manZilis niSnis sarkis centralur RerZze Tvlems da
mixedviT, vinaidan am formulebis gadidebulia m = –4-jer.
gamoyenebisTvis saWiro informacia ar ga a) realuria Tu warmosaxviTi misi
gvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia gamadi gamosaxuleba? b) gamosaxuleba Sebrune
deblobasTan dakavSirebuli informacia bulia Tu igive mimarTuleba aqvs,

rac Ramuras? g) sarkis igive mxaresaa
gamoviyenoT. Cven viciT, rom gamosaxulebis h´
Ramura, romelzec gamosaxulebaa Tu
simaRlis ganayofi sagnis h simaRlesTan 0,2-is
sawinaaRmdego mxares?
tolia. maSasadame, 34.5 formulidan gveqneba:
34.6. sferuli gardamtexi zedapirebi

amjerad arekvlis Sedegad warmoqmnili gamosaxulebebidan gamWvirvale garemos zedapirze,
magaliTad, minaze gardatexis Sedegad warmoqmnil gamosaxulebebze gadavdivarT. Cven mxolod
sferul zedapirebs ganvixilavT, romelTa simrudis radiusia r, xolo simrudis centri C.
sinaTle O wertilovani sagnidan n1 gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemoSi Semodis, Semdeg ki
sferuli zedapiris gavliT n2 gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemoSi gardatydeba.
Cven gvainteresebs, zedapirze gardatexili sinaTlis sxivebi realur gamosaxulebas
(damkvirvebeli saWiro ar aris) warmoqmnian Tu warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas (daSvebiT, rom
damkvirvebeli sxivebs iRebs). pasuxi n1 da n2 fardobiT sidideebsa da mdgomareobis geometriazea
damokidebuli.
34.11 suraTze eqvsi SesaZlo Sedegia naCvenebi. suraTis TiToeul nawilSi ufro didi gardatexis
koeficientis mqone garemo gamuqebulia, xolo O sagani yovelTvis n1 gardatexis koeficientis
mqone garemoSi, gardamtexi zedapiris marcxniv mdebareobs. suraTis TiToeul nawilSi
(g) (d)
(a) (b) sur. 34.11. r radiusis da C simrudis centris

mqone sferul zedapirze gardatexis Sedegad
gamosaxulebis Seqmnis eqvsi SesaZlo gza. zedapiri
n1 gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemos, n2
gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemosgan yofs. O
wertilovani sagani yovelTvis zedapiris marcxniv,
n1 gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemoSi
(e) (v) mdebareobs. naklebi gardatexis koeficientis mqone
garemo gamuqebuli ar aris (es garemo SeiZleba haeri
iyos, xolo meore garemo – mina). a) da b) SemTxvevaSi
realuri gamosaxuleba warmoiqmneba, xolo danarCen
oTx SemTxvevaSi – warmosaxviTi.
warmodgenili sxivi zedapiris gavliT gardatydeba (warmodgenili sxivi da centraluri

RerZis gaswvriv gamavali sxivi gamosaxulebis mdebareobis gasagebad TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
sakmarisia).
TiToeuli sxivis gardatexis wertilSi, gardamtexi zedapiris normali C simrudis centrSi
gamavali radialuri xazia. gardatexis Sedegad sxivi normalisken gadaixreba, Tu is ufro didi
gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemoSi gadadis, xolo Tu axal garemos naklebi gardatexis
koeficienti aqvs, maSin sxivi normalisgan moSorebiT gadaixreba. Tu gadaxra sxivs centraluri
RerZisken mimarTavs, maSin es da danarCeni sxivebi (romlebic daxazuli ar aris) RerZze realur
gamosaxulebas warmoqmnian. Tu gadaxra sxivs centraluri RerZisgan moSorebiT mimarTavs,
es sxivi realur gamosaxulebas ver warmoqmnis. Tumca, misma ukana gagrZelebebma da sxva
gardatexilma sxivebma, romelTac damkvirvebeli miiRebs (iseve, rogorc sarkis SemTxvevaSi),
SesaZloa warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba warmoqmnas.
34.11 suraTis a da b nawilebSi, sadac gardatexa sxivs centraluri RerZisken mimarTavs,
formirdeba I realuri gamosaxulebebi (i manZilze). g da d nawilebSi, sadac gardatexa sxivs
centraluri RerZisgan moSorebiT mimarTavs - warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba formirdeba.
gaiTvaliswine, rom am oTx nawilSi realuri gamosaxuleba
maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac sagani gardamtexi zedapirisgan
sakmaod Sorsaa, xolo warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba
warmoiqmneba, rodesac sagani gardamtex zedapirTan
SedarebiT axlosaa. 34.11 suraTis e da v nawilebSi, gardatexa
sxivs yovelTvis centraluri RerZisgan moSorebiT
mimarTavs da sagnis daSorebisgan damoukideblad yovelTvis
warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebebi warmoiqmneba.
areklil gamosaxulebebSi Semdegi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba
arsebobs:
mweri gaqvavebul qarvaSi daaxloebiT 25 milioni wlis win Caimarxa.

vinaidan Cven mwers mrudi gardamtexi zedapiris gavliT vuyurebT,
gamosaxulebis mdebareoba ar emTxveva mweris mdebareobas (ixile sur.
34.11d).
34.6. sferuli gardamtexi zedapirebi 1195
realuri gamosaxulebebi gardamtexi zedapirisgan sagnis mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego

mxares warmoiqmneba, xolo warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebebi sagnis mxares.
34.9 paragrafSi gamoCndeba (centralur RerZTan mxolod mcire kuTxis mqone sinaTlis
sxivebisTvis), rom
n1 n2 n2 – n1
p + i = r . (34.8)
iseve, rogorc sarkis SemTxvevaSi, p obieqtis daSoreba dadebiTia, realuri gamosaxulebisTvis

i gamosaxulebis daSoreba dadebiTia, xolo warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebisTvis - uaryofiTi.
miuxedavad amisa, 34.8 formulaSi niSnebis sworad CasmisTvis, r simrudis radiusisTvis Semdegi
wesi unda gamoviyenoT:
rodesac sagani amozneqili gardamtexi zedapiris win aris ganlagebuli, r simrudis

radiusi dadebiTia, xolo rodesac sagani Cazneqili gardamtexi zedapiris win aris
ganlagebuli, r uaryofiTia.
yuradReba miaqcie, rom sarkeebis SemTxvevaSi niSnebi sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa.
sakontrolo wertili 3. futkari minis qandakebis Cazneqili, sferuli gardamtexi zedapiris

win dafrinavs. a) 34.11 suraTis romel mdgomareobas waagavs es movlena? b) realuria Tu
warmosaxviTi zedapiris mier warmoqmnili gamosaxuleba? gamosaxuleba futkris mxaresaa
Tu sawinaaRmdego mxares?

iuris periodis koRo 1,6 gardatexis
koeficientis mqone gaqvavebuli qarvis
naglejSi iqna aRmoCenili. qarvis erTi
zedapiri 3 mm simrudis radiusis mqone
amozneqili sferoa (sur. 34.12.). koRos Tavi
zedapiris centralur RerZzea ganlagebuli
da RerZis gaswvriv Sexedvisas qarvaSi 5mm
siRrmezea Camarxuli. ra siRrmezea koRos
Tavi realurad? sur. 34.12. gaqvavebuli qarvis naglejSi moTavse
buli iuruli periodis koRo, romlis Tavi O
amoxsna: Tavi 5 mm siRrmeze Camarxuli imi wertilSia. marjvena bolos ganlagebuli C simrudis
tom moCans, rom damkvirveblis mier miRe centris mqone sferuli gardamtexi zedapiri,
damkvirveblisTvis, romelic sxivebs O sagnidan
buli sinaTlis sxivebi fisis amozneqil
iRebs, I gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis.
zedapirze gardatexis Sedegad gadaxrilia.
34.8 formulis Sesabamisad, i gamosaxulebis
unda gvqondes n1 = 1,6 da n2 = 1.
daSoreba p sagnis daSorebisgan gansxvavdeba.
sagnis daSorebis gamoTvlis formulis 3. vinaidan sagani Cazneqili gardamtexi
gamosayeneblad viTvaliswinebT, rom: zedapiris win aris ganlagebuli, r si
mrudis radiusi uaryofiTia da r = –3 mm.
1. vinaidan sagani (Tavi) da misi gamosaxuleba
gardamtexi zedapiris erT mxarezea, CavsvaT es ricxvebi 34.8 formulaSi:
n1 n2 n2 – n1
p + i = r ,
gamosaxuleba warmosaxviTi unda iyos da
maSasadame i = –5 mm.
1,6 1 1 –1,6
2. vinaidan sagani yovelTvis n1 gardatexis
miviRebT
p + –5 mm = –3 mm
koeficientis mqone garemoSi imyofeba, da p = 4 mm. (pasuxi)
34.7. Txeli linzebi

linza ori gardamtexi zedapiris mqone gamWvirvale sagania, romelTa centraluri RerZebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva. saerTo centraluri RerZi linzis centraluri RerZia. rodesac linza
haeriTaa garSemortymuli, sinaTle haeridan linzaSi gardatydeba, gadakveTs linzas da Semdeg
ukan haerSi gardatydeba. TiToeul gardatexas sinaTlis moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvla
SeuZlia.
linzas, romelsac Tavdapirvelad centraluri RerZisadmi paraleluri sinaTlis sxivebis
gaerTianeba SeuZlia, Semkrebi linza ewodeba. Tu piriqiT, linza sxivebs fantavs, mas gambnevi
linza ewodeba. rodesac sagani nebismieri tipis linzis win aris ganlagebuli, sagnidan momavali
sinaTlis sxivebi, romlebic jer linzaSi da Semdeg linzidan gardatydeba, sagnis gamosaxulebas
warmoqmnis.
Cven linzis mxolod gansakuTrebul tips – Txel linzas ganvixilavT, romlis sisqe p sagnis
daSorebas, i gamosaxulebis daSorebasa da linzis ori zedapiris r1 da r2 simrudis radiusTan
SedarebiT mcirea. garda amisa, Cven mxolod sinaTlis im sxivebs ganvixilavT, romlebic
centralur RerZTan mcire kuTxeebs adgenen (Tumca suraTebSi kuTxeebi gazrdilia). 34.9
paragrafSi davamtkicebT, rom aseTi sxivebisTvis Txeli linzis fokusuri manZilia f. garda
amisa, i da p Semdegnairad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs:
1 1 1
= + (Txeli linza) (34.9)
f p i
formula sarkeebis analogiuria. Cven agreTve davamtkicebT, rom rodesac n gardatexis
koeficientis mqone Txeli linza haeriTaa garSemortymuli, f fokusuri manZili Semdegi

1
f
= (n – 1)( )
1 1
–
r1 r2
(Txeli linza haerSi) (34.10)
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
sur. 34.13. a) Semkrebi linzis centraluri RerZis paraleluri sxivebi, linzis saSualebiT F2 realur
fokusur wertilSi ikribeba. linza naCvenebze ufro Txelia. Cven centralur xazze sxivebis gadaxras
ganvixilavT. b) a)-Si naCvenebi linzis wveros gadidebuli versia. zedapiris normalebi daStrixuli xazebiTaa
naCvenebi. gaiTvaliswine, rom orive gardatexa sxivs qvemoT, centraluri RerZis mimarTulebiT gadaxris.
g) Tavdapirvelad paraleluri sxivebi gambnevi linzis saSualebiT ganibneva. gabneuli sxivebis gagrZelebebi F2
warmosaxviT fokusur wertils gaivlian. d) g)-Si mocemuli linzis wveros gadidebuli versia. gaiTvaliswine,
rom orive gardatexa sxivs maRla, centraluri RerZidan moSorebiT gadaxris.
34.7. Txeli linzebi 1197
am formulas xSirad linzis ZiriTad formulas
uwodeben. aq r1 saganTan axlos mdebare linzis
zedapiris simrudis radiusia, xolo r2 meore
zedapiris simrudis radiusi. radiusebis niSnebi
34.6 paragrafSi mocemuli sferuli gardamtexi
zedapirebis kanonebis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba.
Tu linza raime sxva garemoTia garSemortymuli
(magaliTad zeTiT), romlis gardatexis koe
ficientia ngaremo, 34.10 formulaSi n-s n/ngaremo Cae
nacvleba. gaxsovdes 34.9 da 34.10 formulebis
safuZveli:
linzas sagnis gamosaxulebis warmoqmna sinaT

sufTa yinulisgan damzadebuli Semkrebi lin
lis sxivebis gadaxris saSualebiT SeuZlia,
zis saSualebiT gazeTze mzis sinaTlis fo
magram linza sinaTlis sxivebs mxolod maSin kusirebisas cecxli Cndeba. linza damzadda
gadaxris, rodesac misi gardatexis koeficienti Txel WurWelSi, sadac yinulis brtyeli na
Weris orive bolo daadnes da amozneqili forma
garemomcveli garemos gardatexis koeficien
misces (WurWels momrgvalebuli Ziri aqvs).
tisgan gansxvavdeba.
34.13a suraTze naCvenebi amozneqili gardamtexi zedapirebis, anu amozneqili mxareebis mqone
Txeli linza. rodesac linzis centraluri RerZis paraleluri sxivebi linzaSi igzavneba, isini
orjer gardatydeba, rogorc es 34.13b suraTzea naCvenebi. ormagi gardatexa sxivebis SeerTebas
da linzis centridan f manZilze daSorebul F2 saerTo wertilSi gavlas iwvevs. maSasadame, es
linza Semkrebia. garda amisa, F2 wertilSi realuri fokusuri wertili (fokusi) arsebobs
(vinaidan sxivebi marTlac gaivlis masSi) da Sesabamisi fokusuri manZilia f. rodesac centraluri
RerZis paraleluri sxivebi linzis gavliT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT igzavneba, linzis
meore mxares kidev erT realur fokusur wertils, F1-s vpoulobT. Txeli linzis SemTxvevaSi, es
ori fokusuri wertili linzidan Tanabar manZilzea daSorebuli.
vinaidan Semkrebi linzis fokusuri wertilebi realuria, Sesabamisi f fokusuri manZilebi
dadebiTia, iseve rogorc Cazneqili sarkis realuri fokusis SemTxvevaSi. asea Tu ise, optikaSi
niSnebi sakmaod damabnevelia. modiT, 34.10 formula SevamowmoT. am formulis marcxena mxare
dadebiTia, Tu f dadebiTia, magram marjvena mxare? saWiroa formulis TiToeuli wevris cal-
calke gamokvleva. vinaidan minis an nebismieri sxva garemos n gardatexis koeficienti 1-ze metia,
(n – 1) dadebiTi unda iyos. vinaidan sinaTlis wyaro (sagani) amozneqili linzis marcxnivaa, am
mxris r1 simrudis radiusi gardamtexi zedapirebis niSnis kanonis Tanaxmad dadebiTi unda iyos.
garda amisa, vinaidan sagani linzis marjvena zedapiris Cazneqil mxaresaa, am kanonis Tanaxmad r2
simrudis radiusi uaryofiTi unda iyos. maSasadame, (1/r1 – 1/r2) wevri da 34.10 formulis mTeli
marjvena mxare dadebiTia da yvela niSani Sesabamisia.
34.13g suraTze naCvenebia Cazneqili gverdebis mqone Txeli linza. rodesac linzis centraluri
RerZis paraleluri sxivebi linzaSi igzavneba, isini orjer gardatydeba, rogorc es 34.13d
suraTzea naCvenebi. sxivebi ganibneva, gabneuli sxivebi ki ar gadaikveTeba da, maSasadame, linza
gambnevia. miuxedavad amisa, sxivebis gagrZelebebi linzis centridan f manZilze daSorebul F2
saerTo wertilSi gaivlian. maSasadame, linzis warmosaxviTi fokusuri wertilia F2 (Tu gabneuli
sxivebis nawili TvalSi moxvdeba, F2 wertilSi naTeli laqa aRiqmeba, TiTqos iq sinaTlis
wyaro iyos). linzis mopirdapire mxares, simetriulad ganlagebul F1 wertilSi kidev erTi
warmosaxviTi fokusi arsebobs, Tu linza Txelia. vinaidan gambnevi linzis fokusuri wertilebi
warmosaxviTia, f fokusur manZils uaryofiT sidided miviCnevT.
gamosaxuleba Txel linzaSi

amjerad gambnevi da Semkrebi linzebis saSualebiT warmoqmnili gamosaxulebebis tipebs
ganvixilavT. 34.14a suraTze naCvenebia Semkrebi linzis F1 fokusur wertils gareT mdebare
O sagani. suraTze gavlebuli ori sxivi aCvenebs, rom linza sagnis mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego
mxares, sagnis realur da Sebrunebul I gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis.
rodesac sagani F1 fokusuri wertilis SigniTaa ganlagebuli, rogorc es aris 34-14b suraTze,
linza sagnis mdebareobis mxares igive mimarTulebis I warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis.
maSasadame, Semkrebi linza realur an warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis, rac damokidebulia
fokusuri wertilisadmi sagnis ganlagebaze.
34-14g suraTze naCvenebia gambnevi linzis win mdebare O sagani. linza sagnis igive mimarTulebis
mqone warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas sagnis mdebareobis mxares warmoqmnis da es damokidebuli ar
aris linzidan sagnis daSorebaze an fokusuri wertilisadmi sagnis mdebareobaze.
iseve, rogorc sarkeebis SemTxvevaSi, realuri gamosaxulebis linzamde i manZili dadebiTia,
xolo warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofiTi. miuxedavad amisa, linzidan
warmoqmnili realuri da warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebebis mdebareoba sarkeebisgan warmoqmnili
gamosaxulebebis Sebrunebulia:
realuri gamosaxuleba linzidan sagnis mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego mxares warmoiqmneba,

xolo warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba _ sagnis mdebareobis mxares.
gambnevi da Semkrebi linzebis m wrfivi gamadidebloba, iseve rogorc sarkeebisTvis, 34.5 da 34.6
formulebiT moicema.
am paragrafSi Sen unda migeRo uamravi informacia da misi organizeba Txeli simetriuli
linzebisTvis (orive mxare amozneqilia an Cazneqilia) gankuTvnili 34.2 cxrilis SevsebiT
unda SeZlo. gamosaxulebis mdebareobis grafis Sevsebisas aRniSne, gamosaxuleba linzis igive
mxaresaa, sadac sagani, Tu sawinaaRmdego mxares. gamosaxulebis tipis grafis Sevsebisas aRniSne,
gamosaxuleba realuria Tu warmosaxviTi. gamosaxulebis mimarTulebis grafis Sevsebisas
aRniSne, gamosaxulebas igive mimarTuleba aqvs rac sagans, Tu Sebrunebuli.
sur. 34.14. a) realuri, Sebrunebuli I gamosaxuleba

Semkrebi linzis mier maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac O sagani
F1 fokusuri wertilis gareT mdebareobs. b) I gamosaxuleba
warmosaxviTia da O sagnis mimarTuleba aqvs, rodesac sagani
fokusuri wertilis SigniT mdebareobs. g) gambnevi linza
O sagnis mimarTulebis I warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas
warmoqmnis da damokidebuli ar aris imaze, O sagani linzis
fokusur wertils SigniT mdebareobs Tu gareT.
(a)
(b) (g)
cxrili 34.2 saorganizacio cxrili Txeli linzebisTvis

linzis sagnis gamosaxuleba niSani
tipi mdebareoba mdebareoba tipi mimarTuleba f-is r-is m-is
F-is SigniT
Semkrebi
F-is gareT
gambnevi nebismieri
taqtika 1: sarkeebis da linzebis niS fokusuri manZili dadebiTi. Cazneqili

zedapiris mqone sarkis f fokusuri manZili
nebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
dadebiTia, xolo Cazneqili zedapirebis mqone
yuradRebiT iyavi: amozneqili zedapiris
linzis fokusuri manZili uaryofiTi. linzis
mqone sarkis f fokusuri manZili uaryofiTia,
da sarkis maxasiaTeblebis erTmaneTSi areva
xolo amozneqili zedapirebis mqone linzis
sakmaod xSiri movlenaa.
wagrZelebuli sagnebis gamosaxulebebis mdebareobis dadgena

sxivebis gavlebis meSveobiT
34.15a suraTze naCvenebia Semkrebi linzis F1 fokusur wertils gareT mdebare O sagani. Cven
SegviZlia aseT saganze (magaliTad, isris wveri 34.15a suraTze) nebismieri RerZgareTa wertilis
gamosaxuleba grafikulad ganvalagoT, Tu avagebT wertilSi gamavali ori an sami specialuri
sxivis sxivur diagramas. linzaSi gamavali sxivebidan virCevT sams:
1. Tavdapirvelad linzis centraluri RerZis paraleluri sxivi F2 fokusur wertilSi gaivlis
(pirveli sxivi 34.15a suraTze).
2. F1 fokusur wertilSi gamavali sxivi linzidan centraluri RerZis paralelurad gamova
(meore sxivi 34.15a suraTze).
3. Tavdapirvelad linzis centrisken mimarTuli sxivi linzidan gamosvlisas mimarTulebas ar
Seicvlis, vinaidan sxivi linzis or TiTqmis paralelurad ganlagebul mxares ejaxeba (mesame
sxivi 34.15a suraTze).
wertilis gamosaxuleba ganlagdeba iq, sadac sxivebi linzis sapirispiro mxares erTmaneTs
gadakveTen. sagnis gamosaxuleba misi ori an meti wertilis gamosaxulebis mdebareobis dadgeniT
SeiZleba vipovoT.
34.15b suraTze naCvenebia, rogor SeiZleba sami specialuri sxivis gagrZelebis gamoyeneba,
Semkrebi linzis F1 fokusuri wertilis SigniT ganlagebuli sagnis gamosaxulebis
adgilmdebareobis dadgenisTvis. gaiTvaliswine, rom meore sxivis aRwera cvlilebas saWiroebs
(am sxivis ukana gagrZeleba amjerad F1 wertilSi gaivlis).
pirveli da meore sxivebis aRwerebis cvlileba agreTve saWiroa, raTa gambnevi linzis win
moTavsebuli gamosaxulebis adgilmdebareoba dadgindes. magaliTad, 34.15g suraTze, mesame
sxivis da pirveli da meore sxivebis ukana gagrZelebebis gadakveTis wertils vpoulobT.
ori linzisgan Semdgari sistemebi

rodesac O sagani ori linzisgan Semdgari sistemis win aris ganlagebuli, romelTa centraluri
RerZebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, sistemis saboloo gamosaxulebis (anu sagnidan moSorebuli linzis
mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis) adgilmdebareobis dadgena nabij-nabij SeiZleba. davuSvaT,
(a) (b)
sur. 34.15. sami specialuri sxivi, romlis saSualebiT

Txeli linzis mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis
adgilmdebareobas vadgenT, rodesac O sagani
mdebareobs Semkrebi linzis a) fokusuri wertilis
gareT, b) fokusuri wertilis SigniT an g) gambnevi
linzis win, nebismier adgilze.
(g)
pirveli linza saganTan axlos aris ganlagebuli, xolo meore linza - sagnidan moSorebiT.
nabiji 1. davuSvaT, rom p1 pirveli linzidan O sagnamde manZilia. Semdeg pirveli linzis mier
warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis i1 daSoreba 34.9 formulis an sxivebis gavlebis saSualebiT
vipovoT.
nabiji 2. amjerad, ugulebelvyoT pirveli linzis arseboba da pirvel nabijSi napovni
gamosaxuleba meore linzis sagnad ganvixiloT. Tu es axali sagani meore linzis miRmaa
ganlagebuli, linzidan p2 daSoreba uaryofiTia (gaiTvaliswine, rom es SemTxveva sagnis
daSorebis dadebiTobis Sesaxeb kanonidan gamonaklisia. amis mizezi is aris, rom sagani
sinaTlis wyaros sawinaaRmdego mxares mdebareobs). winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, p2, rogorc
yovelTvis, dadebiTia. Semdeg meore linzis mier warmoqmnili saboloo gamosaxulebis i2
daSorebas 34.9 formulis an sxivebis gavlebis saSualebiT gamovTvliT.
aseTive safexureobrivi principi, nebismieri raodenobis linzebisTvis da meore linzis sarkiT
Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli.
ori linzisgan Semdgari sistemis mier warmoqmnili saerTo anu jamuri M wrfivi gamadidebloba
ori linzis mier warmoqmnili m1 da m2 wrfivi gamadideblobebis namravlis tolia:
M = m1m2 (34.11)

mweri Txeli simetriuli linzidan 20sm-is amoxsna: m-is mocemuli mniSvnelobidan,
daSorebiT, centraluri RerZis gaswvriv linzisa da gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb mravali
dafrinavs. linzis mier warmoqmnili gama ramis gageba SeiZleba. 34.6 formulidan (m = 
dideblobaa m = –0,25, xolo linzis garda –i/p) Cans, rom
texis koeficientia 1,65. i = –mp = 0,25p.
a) gansazRvre linzis mier warmoqmnili gamoTvlebis dasrulebis gareSec ki
gamosaxulebis tipi, linzis saxeoba. sagani SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia.
(mweri) fokusuri wertilis SigniT imyofeba vinaidan p dadebiTia, i dadebiTi unda iyos.
Tu gareT? linzis romel mxares gamoCndeba es niSnavs, rom gamosaxuleba realuria da
gamosaxuleba da Sebrunebulia Tu ara is? Sesabamisad linza Semkrebia (mxolod aseT
linzas SeuZlia realuri gamosaxulebis da i gamosaxulebis daSorebasTan 34.9
warmoqmna). sagani fokusuri wertilis gareT formulis saSualebiT SeiZleba.
unda iyos (erTaderTi meTodi, romliTac p-s mniSvneloba viciT, Tumca ar viciT i.
realuri gamosaxuleba warmoiqmneba). garda maSasadame a) nawilSi i-s gamoTvlis dasasru
amisa, gamosaxuleba Sebrunebulia da linzidan leblad viRebT
sagnis sawinaaRmdego mxares mdebareobs i = (0,25)(20 sm) = 5 sm
(Semkrebi linza swored ase warmoqmnis realur amjerad, 34.9 formula mogvcems:
gamosaxulebas). 1 1 1 1 1
f = p + i = 20 sm + 5 sm ,
b) risi tolia linzis simrudis ori radiusi?
saidanac gamovTvliT f = 4 sm.
amoxsna: amocanis gasaRebi SemdegSia:
1. vinaidan linza simetriulia, r1 (saganTan
axlos mdebare zedapiris simrudis radiu
1
f
= (n – 1) ( )
1 1
–
r1 r2
= (n – 1)
1
–(1
+r –r )
si) da r2 tolia r-is. Tu cnobil sidideebs CavsvamT:
2. vinaidan linza Semkrebia, sagnis axlos 1 2

= (1,65 – 1) 
4 sm r
mdebare zedapiri amozneqilia da, maSa
miviRebT:
sadame, r1 = +r. aseTive principiT, sagnis
r = (0,65)(2)(4 sm) = 5,2 sm (pasuxi)
moSorebiT mdebare linzis zedapiri
Cazneqilia da maSasadame r2 = –r. sakontrolo wertili 4. Txeli simet
3. simrudis radiusebis da f fokusuri riuli linza fokusur wertilTan Seda
manZilis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba linzis rebiT 1sm-iT ufro metad daSorebul
ZiriTadi formulis (34.10) saSualebiT TiTis gamosaxulebas +0,2 gamadideblobiT
SeiZleba (erTaderTi formula, romelic warmoqmnis. ra saxisaa gamosaxuleba da
linzis simrudis radiuss Seicavs). ra mimarTuleba aqvs mas? rogori saxisaa
linza?
4. f-is dakavSireba p sagnis daSorebasTan

34.16a suraTze O1 sagani pirveli da meore Tvis 34.9 formulis gamoyenebiT davadginoT:
Txeli, simetriuli da koaqsialuri linzebis 1 1 1
win aris moTavsebuli, romelTa fokusuri p 1 + i1 = f 1 .
manZilebia f1 = +24 sm da f2 = +9 sm. linzebs Soris pirveli linzis O1 sagani 6sm-iT aris daSo
manZilia L = 10 sm. sagani pirveli linzidan rebuli da maSasadame CavsvaT p1 = +6 sm. garda
6 sm-iT aris daSorebuli. sad warmoqmnis ori amisa CavsvaT f1-is mocemuli mniSvneloba da
linzis sistema sagnis gamosaxulebas? miviRebT:
1 1 1
amoxsna: linzebis sistemis mier warmoqmnili + = ,
6 sm i1 24 sm
gamosaxulebis adgilmdebareobis dadgena,
sadac gamomdinareobs, rom i1 = – 8 sm.
sagnidan or linzaSi gamavali sinaTlis
miRebuli Sedegis Tanaxmad, I1 gamosaxuleba
sxivebis gavlebiT SegveZlo. Tumca, amis
linzidan 8sm-iT aris daSorebuli da
nacvlad gamosaxulebis mdebareobas nabij-
warmosaxviTia (vinaidan sagani pirveli
nabij, miyolebiT davadgenT. viwyebT saganTan
linzis fokusur wertils SigniT, anu fokussa
ufro axlos mdebare linziT. gamosaxuleba,
da linzas Soris imyofeba, gamosaxuleba
romelsac Cven vxedavT, sabolooa, anu I2
warmosaxviTi iqneboda da amis mixvedra adrec
gamosaxulebas meore linza warmoqmnis.
SegveZlo). vinaidan I1 warmosaxviTia, is O1
pirveli linza. ugulebelvyoT meore linza
sagnis mxares mdebareobs da misi mimarTuleba
da pirveli linzis mier warmoqmnili I1
aqvs, rogorc es 34.16b suraTzea naCvenebi.
gamosaxulebis mdebareoba, pirveli linzis
sur. 34.16. a) O1 sagani L manZiliT daSorebuli ori linzis

sistemidan p1 manZilze mdebareobs. sagnis mimarTulebis
aRsaniSnad isars viyenebT. b) mxolod pirveli linzis mier
warmoqmnili I1 gamosaxuleba. g) I1 gamosaxuleba meore
linzisTvis O2 sagnad gvevlineba, xolo meore linza I2
saboloo gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis.
meore linza. amocanis amoxsnis meore

safexurze I1 gamosaxuleba meore linzis O2
sagnad SegviZlia miviCnioT, xolo pirveli
linza ugulebelvyoT. Tavdapirvelad gavi
TvaliswinoT, rom O2 sagani meore linzis
fokusur wertils gareT mdebareobs. maSa
sadame, meore linzis mier warmoqmnili I2
gamosaxuleba realuri, Sebrunebuli da
O2 sagnis sawinaaRmdego mxares unda mdeba
reobdes. modiT vnaxoT, marTlac asea Tu ara.
34.16g suraTidan meore linzasa da O2 sagans
Soris p2 manZili:
p2 = L + |i2| = 10 sm + 8 sm = 18 sm.
amjerad meore linzisTvis dawerili 34.9
formula mogvcems:
1 1 1
+i = ,
+18 sm 1 +9 sm
maSasadame, i2 = +18 sm (pasuxi)
plius niSani adasturebs Cvens varauds. meore

linzis mier warmoqmnili I2 gamosaxuleba
realuria, Sebrunebulia da O2 sagnis sawi
naaRmdego mxares mdebareobs, rogorc es
34.16g suraTzea naCvenebi.
34.8. optikuri xelsawyoebi

adamianis Tvali sakmaod Zlieri organoa, Tumca misi mxedvelobis areali saTvaleebis, martivi
gamadidebeli linzebis, filmis proeqtorebis, kamerebis (maT Soris, satelevizio kamerebis),
mikroskopebis, teleskopebis da sxva optikuri xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT SesaZloa gaizardos.
bevri aseTi xelsawyo Cveni xilvadobis sazRvrebs xiluli arealis miRma avrcelebs. satelituri
infrawiTeli kamerebi da rentgenis mikroskopebi ori aseTi magaliTia.
sarkis da Txeli linzis formulebi srulyofili optikuri xelsawyoebisTvis mxolod
miaxloebiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. tipur laboratoriul mikroskopebSi gamoyenebuli
linzebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi `Txeli~ ar aris. optikuri xelsawyoebis umetesobaSi,
kombinirebuli linzebi, anu sxvadasxva komponentisgan damzadebuli linzebi gamoiyeneba da
maTi zedapirebi Zalian iSviaTad aris zustad sferosebri. amjerad Cven ganvixilavTY sam optikur
xelsawyos da simartivisTvis davuSvebT, rom Txeli linzis formulebi gamosadegia.
34.8. optikuri xelsawyoebi 1203
sur. 34.17. a) adamianis Tvalis axlo wertilze

ganlagebuli h simaRlis O sagani Tvalis gamosaxulebisken
mxedvelobis arealSi θ kuTxes moicavs. b) kuTxis
gasazrdelad sagani ufro axlos mivitaneT,
magram damkvirvebeli mas fokusSi ver aqcevs.
g) Semkrebi linza ganlagebulia sagansa da
Tvals Soris, xolo sagani moTavsebulia linzis
F1 fokusuri wertilis SigniT. linzis mier
warmoqmnili gamosaxuleba sakmarisad Sors aris,
raTa TvalSi fokusirdes da gamosaxuleba ufro
did θ’ kuTxes ikavebs, vidre O sagani suraTis
a) nawilSi.
martivi gamadidebeli linzebi

adamianis normaluri Tvali sagnis mkveTr gamosaxulebas baduraze afokusirebs (Tvalis ukana
mxares), rodesac sagani usasrulobidan Pn axlo wertilad wodebul garkveul wertilamde
mdebareobs. Tu sagans TvalTan axlo wertilze kidev ufro axlos miitan, gamosaxuleba
bundovani xdeba. asakis cvalebadobasTan erTad axlo wertilis mdebareoba icvleba. Cven albaT
yvelas gagvigia adamianebze, romlebic amtkiceben, rom saTvale ar sWirdebaT, magram gazeTs
mklavis sigrZeze iWeren da ise kiTxuloben. maTi axlo wertilebi normalurisgan daSorebulia.
Tu sakuTari axlo wertilis gageba gainteresebs, moixsene saTvale an kontaqturi linzebi,
daxuWe erTi Tvali da Semdeg am wignis gverdi Ria TvalTan miaaxlove, vidre is bundovani ar
gaxdeba. SemdgomSi, axlo wertilad Tvalidan 25sm-iT daSorebul wertils miviCnevT, rac odnav
ufro metia, vidre daSoreba 20 wlis adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel axlo wertilTan.
34.17a suraTze naCvenebia Tvalis Pn axlo wertilze mdebare O sagani. baduraze warmoqmnili
sagnis gamosaxulebis zoma damokidebulebia θ kuTxeze, romelsac sagani Tvalis mxedvelobis
arealSi moicavs. sagnis TvalTan ufro miaxlovebisas, rogorc es aris 34.17b suraTze, kuTxe da
maSasadame sagnis detalebis garCevis SesaZlebloba izrdeba. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan sagani
axlo wertilze ufro axlosaa, is aRar aris fokusSi, anu gamosaxuleba cxadad aRar Cans.
sagnis cxadad danaxva SesaZlebelia, Tu O sagans Semkrebi linzidan f fokusuri manZiliT
daSorebuli F1 fokusuri wertilis SigniT movaTavsebT da linzaSi gavixedavT (sur. 34.17g).
am SemTxvevaSi linzis mier warmoqmnil O sagnis warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas dainaxav. es
gamosaxuleba axlo wertilze Sors mdebareobs da Tvals misi danaxva naTlad SeuZlia.
garda amisa, warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebis mier dakavebuli θ’ kuTxe ufro metia, vidre udidesi
θ kuTxe, romelic SesaZloa saganma daikavos ise, rom cxadad Candes. danaxulis mθ kuTxuri
gamadidebloba (ar agverios m wrfiv gamadideblobaSi) tolia:
mθ = θ´/θ.
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, martivi gamadidebeli linzis kuTxuri gamadidebloba, linzisgan

warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis mier dakavebuli kuTxis Sefardebaa sagnis mier dakavebul
kuTxesTan, rodesac sagani damkvirveblis axlo wertilisken gadaadgildeba.
34.17 suraTidan davuSvaT, rom O linzis fokusuri wertilia da mcire kuTxeebisTvis tg θ
SevcvaloT θ-Ti, xolo tg θ´-Ti _ θ´-iT.
okulari sur. 34.18. rTuli mikroskopis Txeli

obieqtivi
linzuri varianti. obieqtivi O sagnis I realur
gamosaxulebas okularis F´1 fokusuri wertilis
SigniT warmoqmnis. Semdeg I gamosaxuleba
okularisTvis sagnis funqcias asrulebs, xolo
paraleluri okulari damkvirveblis mier danaxul saboloo
sxivebi
I´ warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis.
Soreuli warmosaxviTi
obieqtivis fokusuri manZilia fob, xolo okularis
_ fok , s _ milis sigrZea.
θ ≈ h/25 sm da θ´ ≈ h/f.
Semdeg gamovTvliT:
25 sm
mθ =  (martivi gamadidebeli) (34.12)
f
rTuli mikroskopi
34.18 suraTze naCvenebia rTuli mikroskopis Txeli linzuri versia. xelsawyo fob fokusuri
manZilis mqone obieqtivisgan (wina linza) da fok fokusuri manZilis mqone okularisgan (TvalTan
axlos mdebare linza) Sedgeba. is gankuTvnilia obieqtivTan Zalian axlos ganlagebul patara
sagnebze dasakvirveblad.
dakvirvebisTvis gankuTvnili O sagani, obieqtivis F1 pirveli fokusuri wertilis gareT, Tumca
masTan axlos aris ganlagebuli, raTa linzidan p daSoreba da fob mniSvnelobebi gaigivdes. linzebs
Soris dacileba isea gaTvlili, rom obieqtivis mier warmoqmnili gadidebuli da Sebrunebuli
I realuri gamosaxuleba, okularis F´1 pirveli fokusuri wertilis SigniT ganlagdes. 34.18
suraTze naCvenebi s milis sigrZe fob-Tan SedarebiT didia, amitom obieqtivsa da I gamosaxulebas
Soris manZilad s sigrZe SegviZlia miviCnioT.
34.6 formuliT da p da i-s mniSvnelobebis damrgvalebiT, obieqtivis wrfivi gamadidebloba
i s
m = –   = –  . (34.13)
p fob
vinaidan I gamosaxuleba okularis F´1 fokusuri wertilis SigniT aris ganlagebuli, okulari
martivi gamadidebeli linzis msgavsad moqmedebs da damkvirvebeli I´ saboloo gamosaxulebas
(warmosaxviTs da Sebrunebuls) misi gavliT xedavs. xelsawyos jamuri gamadidebloba 34.13
okulari
obieqtivi
paraleluri
sxivebi paraleluri
I´ gamosaxulebisken
Soreuli sxivebi
sagnidan
(a) (b)
sur. 34.19. a) gardamtexi teleskopis Txeli linzuri versia. daaxloebiT paraleluri sxivebis obieqtivTan
miaxloebisas, obieqtivi Soreuli sinaTlis wyaros (sagnis) I realur gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis (daSvebulia,
rom sagnis erTi mxare centralur RerZze mdebareobs). F2 da F´1 saerTo fokusur wertilebze warmoqmnili I
gamosaxuleba okularisTvis saganiviT moqmedebs da okulari damkvirveblisgan moSorebiT warmosaxviT
saboloo I´ gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis. obieqtivis fokusuri manZilia fob. okularis fokusuri manZilia fok.
b) h´ simaRlis I gamosaxuleba obieqtivisadmi θob kuTxes, xolo okularisadmi θok kuTxes adgens.
34.8. optikuri xelsawyoebi 1205
formuliT mocemuli obieqtivis m wrfivi gamadideblobis da 34.12 formuliT mocemuli
okularis mθ kuTxuri gamadideblobis namravlia:
s 25 sm
M = mmθ = –    (mikroskopi) (34.14)
fob f
gardamtexi teleskopi
teleskopi sxvadasxva saxisaa. Cven aRvwerT martiv gardamtex teleskops, romelic obieqtivisa da
okularisgan Sedgeba. 34.19 suraTze orive komponenti martivi linzebis saxiTaa warmodgenili,
Tumca praqtikaSi TiToeuli linza Sedgenili sistemaa. asevea mikroskopis SemTxvevaSic.
teleskopebsa da mikroskopebSi linzaTa ganlageba msgavsia. Tumca teleskopi did sagnebze,
magaliTad galaqtikebze, varskvlavebsa da planetebze did manZilze dakvirvebisTvis aris
gankuTvnili, xolo mikroskopi sawinaaRmdego daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom
34.19 suraTze naCveneb teleskopSi, obieqtivis meore F2 fokusuri wertili, okularis pirvel
F´1 fokusur wertils emTxveva, xolo 34.18 suraTze naCveneb mikroskopSi, es wertilebi s milis
sigrZiT aris daSorebuli.
34.19a suraTze Soreuli sagnidan momavali paraleluri sxivebi obieqtivs ejaxeba, teleskopis
RerZTan θob kuTxes adgens da saerTo F2,F´1 fokusur wertilSi realur da Sebrunebul I
gamosaxulebas qmnis. es I gamosaxuleba okularisTvis sagnis saxiT moqmedebs da damkvirvebeli
okularis gavliT Soreul (Sebrunebul) I´ warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas xedavs. sxivebi, romlebic
gamosaxulebas qmnis, teleskopis RerZTan θok kuTxes adgens.
teleskopis mθ kuTxuri gamadideblobaa θok/θob. 34.19b suraTidan, centralur RerZTan axlos
mdebare sxivebisTvis SeiZleba daiweros θob = h´/fob da θok = h´/fok , rac mogvcemsL
f
mθ = –  fob (teleskopi) (34.15)
ok
minus niSani asaxavs, rom I´ Sebrunebulia. sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, teleskopis kuTxuri
gamadidebloba teleskopis mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis mier Sedgenili kuTxis Sefardebaa
teleskopis gareSe danaxuli Soreuli sagnis mier Sedgenil kuTxesTan.
gamadidebloba astronomiuli teleskopis erTaderTi konstruqciuli parametria da is sakmaod
advilad miiRweva. karg teleskops SuqZala sWirdeba, romelic gamosaxulebis simkveTres
gansazRvravs. SuqZala mniSvnelovania bundovani sagnebis, magaliTad, Soreuli galaqtikebis
dasanaxad da is obieqtivis maqsimalurad didi diametris saSualebiT miiRweva. teleskops
agreTve sWirdeba garCevunarianoba, rac mcire kuTxuri daSorebis mqone ori Soreuli sagnis
(magaliTad varskvlavebis) erTmaneTisgan garCevis saSualebas iZleva. mxedvelobis areali kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani teqnikuri parametria. galaqtikebze (romlebic mxedvelobis mcire areals
ikaveben) dakvirvebisTvis Seqmnili teleskopi, meteorebze (romlebic mxedvelobis farTo
arealSi moZraoben) dakvirvebisTvis Seqmnili teleskopisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
teleskopis damproeqtebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos agreTve gansxvaveba Cvens mier ganxilul
idealur Txel linzebsa da realur linzebs Soris. sferuli zedapirebis mqone realuri
linzebi ar qmnian mkveTr gamosaxulebas da am nakls sferuli aberacia ewodeba. garda amisa,
vinaidan realuri linzis or zedapirze gardatexa talRis sigrZezea damokidebuli, aseTi
linza gansxvavebuli talRis sigrZis mqone sinaTles erT wertilSi ar afokusirebs. am nakls
qromatuli aberacia ewodeba.
mokle ganxilva astronomiuli teleskopebis teqnikur parametrebs ver amowuravs, vinaidan
arsebobs sxva mravali parametri. Cven SegveZlo msgavsi parametrebis sia sxva nebismieri
optikuri xelsawyosTvis gagvekeTebina.
34.9. sami mtkicebuleba

sferuli sarkis formula (34.4)
34.20 suraTze naCvenebia Cazneqili sferuli sarkis C simrudis
centris gareT, centralur RerZze ganlagebuli O wertilovani
RerZi
sagani. O sagnidan momavali sxivi, romelic RerZTan α kuTxes adgens
sarkis a wertilSi arekvlis Semdeg RerZs I wertilSi gadakveTs. sarke
RerZis gaswvriv O-dan momavali sxivi c wertilSi ukan airekleba

da agreTve gaivlis I wertils. maSasadame, I aris O-s gamosaxuleba.
gamosaxuleba realuria, vinaidan sinaTle masSi marTlac gaivlis. sur. 34.20. Cazneqili sferuli
modiT gamovTvaloT gamosaxulebis daSoreba i. sarke I realur wertilovan
gamosaxulebas O wertilovani
am SemTxvevaSi saWiro trigonometriuli Teorema gvauwyebs,
sagnidan sinaTlis sxivis are
rom samkuTxedis gare kuTxe ori mopirdapire Sida kuTxis jamis kvliT qmnis.
tolia. 34.20 suraTze OaC da OaI samkuTxedebisTvis am Teoremis
gamoyeneba mogvcems:
β = α + θ da γ = α + 2θ
Tu am formulebidan θ-s gamovricxavT, miviRebT:
α + γ = 2β (34.16)
α, β da γ kuTxeebis radianebSi CaweriT gveqneba:
α ≈  = , β =  = ,
cO p cC r
da γ ≈  = . (34.17)
cI i
sadac `   ~ simbolo `rkals~ niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod β-s formulaa zusti, vinaidan
ac-s simrudis radiusi C wertilSia. α-sa da γ-s formulebi daaxloebiT sworia, Tu es kuTxeebi
sakmarisad mcirea (anu sxivebi centralur RerZTan axlosaa). 34.17 formulis 34.16 formulaSi
Casmas, 34.3 formulis gamoyenebas r-is 2f-iT Sesacvlelad da ac-s gamoricxvas 34.4 formulamde
davyavarT, ris damtkicebasac vcdilobdiT.
gardamtexi zedapiris formula (34.8)

34.21 suraTze, sxivi O sagnidan sferuli gardamtexi zedapiris a wertilze ecema da 33.44
formulis Tanaxmad iq gardatydeba:
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2.
Tu α kuTxe mcirea, θ1 da θ2 kuTxeebic mcire iqneba da

am kuTxeebis sinusebi Tavad am kuTxeebiT SegviZlia
SevcvaloT. maSasadame, zemoT mocemuli formula Semdeg
saxes miiRebs:
n1θ1 ≈ n2θ2. (34.18)
am SemTxvevaSic viyenebT im faqts, rom samkuTxedis gare sur. 34.21. O wertilovani sagnis rea
luri I wertilovani gamosaxuleba ori
kuTxe ori mopirdapire Sida kuTxis jamis tolia. COa da
garemos gamyof sferul amozneqil
ICa samkuTxedebisTvis gveqneba: zedapirze gardatexis Sede

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devid holidei

Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker

წიგნის თარგმანი დაფინანსდა საქართველოს მეცნიერებისა და განათლების სამინისტროს პროგრამით

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა

SekiTxvebi........................................................................111 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................253

rogor anaTebs mze am Rrublebs daisis Semdeg?

pasuxs am TavSi SeityobT

1.1 ra aris fizika?

mecniereba sxvadasxva sidideebis gazomvasa da Sedarebas efuZneba. amisTvis garkveuli

1.2 sidideebis gazomva

1.3 erTeulebis saerTaSoriso sistema

1 vati = 1 vt = 1kg·m2/w3 (1.1)

cxrili 1.1 simboloebis es jgufi ase ikiTxeba:

xSirad gvWirdeba im erTeulis Secvla, romliTac gamoxatulia esa Tu is konkretuli

Tu gadayvanis koeficientis Semotanis Sedegad arasasurveli erTeuli ar gabaTilda, ma-

danarTSi mocemulia gadayvanis koeficientebi SI sistemasa da erTeulTa sxva sistemebs,

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 1.1

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 1.2

amocanis amoxsnis taqtika

Tu 1.1 amocanaSi pasuxi damrgvalebis ga- mxolod minimaluri raodenobaa mocemuli

`metri aris 1/299792458 wamSi sinaTlis mier

amocanis amoxsnis taqtika

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 1.3

Ti davSaloT da ise gavigoT Zafis sigrZe, gamoiTvleba, Tumca, vinaidan π daaxloebiT

nebismieri ganmeorebadi movlena SeiZleba miCneul

dRis xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba ceziumis atomuri saaTis mixedviT. aq naCvenebi cvaleba-

realur xangrZlivobebs Soris (mwm)

sur. 1.2 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi dRis

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 1.4

gamowveulia mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT,

sur. 1.3. mzis ukanaskneli sxivi A wertils ecema. mas Sem-

sur. 1.4. 1 kg masis saerTaSoriso eta­loni – 3,9 sm simaRlisa da diametris

masis meore etaloni

atomebis masebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba ufro zustad Sei-

sidideebi fizikaSi. fizika efuZneba erTeulTa Secvla. erTeulTa Secv-

SSM – amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions Manual-Si.

Tavi 1-5 sigrZe

•1 doRis dros cxenebma 4 farlongi sm-iT gadaadgilda, risi tolia es gadaadg-

inglisuri sigrZis erTeulia da udris dui- •• 6 erTeulebis gadayvana iolad

kahizi fanega kvartila almude medio

•• 7 antarqtika 2000km radiusis mqone es erTeuli 1962 wlis kursdamTavrebulis,

qalaqSi wylis moculoba akr-futebSi. ILW.

Tavi 1-6 dro

•10 leqciis xangrZlivoba (50wT) daax- mikro­saukuneSi? b) ipove procentuli sxva­

saaTi kv. orS. samS. oTx. xuT. par. Sab.

vei Caldroni begi potli gili

1 vei = 1 10/9 40/3 640 120 240

29 turistma manqana inglisSi SeiZina da desertis kovzi raodenobis bulioni. Sem-

Zveli inglisuri erTeulebi amerikuli erTeulebi

xSirad avtrokatastrofis dros erT manqanas meore uknidan ejaxeba.

ra iwvevs sinamdvileSi am dazianebebs?

pasuxs am TavSi SeityobT

2.1 ra aris fizika?

2.3 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba

sagnis mdebareobis gansazRvra niSnavs dadebiTi mimarTuleba

velTvis unda iyos naCvenebi. Tu gadaadgilebis niSans

+1 (da, maSasadame, mimarTulebas) ugulebelvyofT, maSin

qvemoT xedavT sakontrolo wertils, romlis msgavsic am wignSi bevri

sakontrolo wertili 1 . mocemulia x RerZze sawyisi da saboloo mdebareobebis sami

2.4 s aSualo siCqare da saSualo

rom xazi mimarTulia zeviT da marjvniv, ∆x

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 2.1

Zveli satvirTo manqana swor gzaze Si 2 kilometri fexiT iare benzingasamarTi

1 vati = 1 vt = 1kg·m2/w3 (1.1)

sur. 1.4. 1 kg masis saerTaSoriso etaloni – 3,9 sm simaRlisa da diametris

•10 leqciis xangrZlivoba (50wT) daax- mikrosaukuneSi? b) ipove procentuli sxva

2.4 s aSualo siCqare da saSualo

siCqare gamoiTvleba manqaniT mgzavrobisas formula 2.3 gvaZlevs

cxrili 2.1 2.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia Ta

Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad aris a = g = – 9,8 m/wm2,

amoxsna: viciT ν0 , a = –g da gadaadgileba

3) –, +; 4) –, – . CamoTvlilTagan cxisTvis (gra v

Si, xolo x _ santimetrebSi. gamoTvale tolia g) νsaS da d) asaS t = 3 wT-dan t = 9 wT-