;

Integration (Review)
MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Mathematics Department
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
MSU-Gensan

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Antidifferentiation
Let F and f be two real-valued functions defined on [a, b]. The function F is
an antiderivative or indefinite integral of f on [a, b] if F0(x) = f (x) for all
x ∈ [a, b].

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Example
Let f (x) = 2x for all x ∈ [−1, 1]. Then the functions F1, F2, and F3 defined by
F1(x) = x2, F2(x) = x2 + 5, and F3(x) = x2 − 1 for all x ∈ [−1, 1] are
antiderivatives of f . In fact, if C is any constant, then the function F defined
by F(x) = x2 + C is an antiderivative of f .

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Integration
Antidifferentiation or integration is the process of finding the set of all
antiderivatives of a given Z
function. The process is usually denoted by the
R
symbol “ ”. The symbol f (x)dx (read as “integral of f (x)dx”) denotes the
set of allZantiderivatives or indefinite integrals of f (x). Here, we call the
symbol as the integral sign and f (x)dx as the integrand.

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Remark Z
If F is an antiderivative of f , then f (x)dx = {F(x) + C : C is a constant}. For
convenience, write
Z
f (x)dx = F(x) + C.

With this new notation, we call the constant C as the constant of integration.

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Integration Formulas
r+1
Z
x
1 xrdx = + C, r , −1
Z r+1 Z
2 a · f (x)dx = a · f (x)dx for any a ∈ R
Z Z Z
f (x) + g(x) dx = f (x)dx +
 
3 g(x)dx
Z Z Z Z
a1f1(x) + a2f2(x) + · · · + anfn(x) dx = a1 f1(x)dx + a2 f2(x)dx + · · · + an
 
4 fn(x)dx
where a1, a2, ..., an ∈ R
Z r+1
[g(x)]
5 (Chain Rule): [g(x)]rg0(x)dx = + C, r , −1
r+1

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Examples
Evaluate
Z the following.
1 (8x3 − 6x2 + 12x − 9)dx
(x2 − 1)3
Z
2 √ dx
Z x
3 (2x4 − 3x)2(8x3 − 3)dx

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Z
1. (8x3 − 6x2 + 12x − 9)dx
Solution:
3+1 2+1 1+1
Z
8x 6x 12x
(8x3 − 6x2 + 12x − 9)dx = − + − 9x + C
3+1 2+1 1+1
8x4 6x3 12x2
= − + − 9x + C
4 3 2
= 2x4 − 2x3 + 6x2 − 9x + C

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

(x2 − 1)3
Z
2. √ dx
x
Solution:
2 3
x −x +x −1
Z Z 6 4 2
Z
(x − 1) 6− 21 4− 21 2− 21 − 21
√ dx = 1
dx = (x − x + x − x )
x x2
11
2 + 1
7
+1 3
+1 − 2 +1
1
Z
11 7 3 1 x x 2 x 2 x
= (x 2 − x 2 + x 2 − x− 2 ) = 11 −7 +3 − 1
2 +1 2+1 2+1 −2 + 1
13 9 5 1 13 9 5
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2x 2x2 2x 12 2
= 13
− 9
+ 5
− 1
+C= − + − 2x 2 + C
2 2 2 2
13 9 5

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Z
3. (2x4 − 3x)2(8x3 − 3)dx
Solution: By chain rule,

4 2+1 4 3
Z
(2x − 3x) (2x − 3x)
(2x4 − 3x)2(8x3 − 3)dx = = +C
2+1 3

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration
Integration of Some Trigonometric Functions
Z
1 sin xdx = − cos x + C
Z Some Formulas Containing Exponential and
2 cos xdx = sin x + C Logarithmic Functions
Z
exdx = ex + C
Z
1
3 sec2 xdx = tan x + C
x
Z
a
axdx = + C, a > 0
Z
2
4 csc xdx = − cot x + C
2
Z lna
1
dx = ln |x| + C
Z
3
5 sec x tan xdx = sec x + C x
Z
6 csc x cot xdx = − csc x + C

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration

Example
Evaluate the following.
Z 
1
√3 
1 x 7 + x2 + sin x dx
Z
2 (sec2 4t + csc2 5t)dt
Z 
2

3 − 4x + ex dx
x

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration
Z 
1
√3 
1. x 7 + x2 + sin x dx
Solution:
Z 
1
√3
 Z 
1 2
 7x
8
7 3x
5
3
x 7 + x2 + sin x dx = x 7 + x 3 + sin x dx = + +C
Z 8 5
2. (sec2 4t + csc2 5t)dt
Solution:
Z
(sec2 t + csc2 t)dt = tan t − cot t + C
Z 
2

3. − 4x + ex dx
x
Solution:
x
Z
2 4
( − 4x + ex)dx = 2ln|x| − + ex + C
x ln4
Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Integration

Integration by Substitution
Z
If f (x)dx is not recognizable we may try changing the variable by a
suitable substitution in terms of another variable, say u. The success in
integration hinges on our ability to spot what part of the integrand should
be changed by another variable in order that one will also have du, so that a
known formula can be applied. Let us have some basic formulas.

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

Formulas
n+1
Z
u
1. u du =
n
+ C, n , 1 2. eudu = eu + C
n+1
au
Z Z
1
3. a du =
u
+ C, a > 0 4. du = ln |u| + C
Z lna Z u
5. sin udu = − cos u + C 6. cos udu = sin u + C
Z Z
7. sec2 udu = tan u + C 8. csc2 udu = − cot u + C
Z Z
9. sec u tan udu = sec u + C 10. csc u cot udu = − csc u + C
Z Z
11. sec udu = ln| sec u + tan u| + C 12. csc udu = −ln| csc u + cot u| + C

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution
Inverse Trigonometric Formulas (a > 0)
Z Z
du u du 1 u
13. √ = arcsin +C 14. = arctan +C
Z a 2 − u2 a a +u
2 2 a a
du 1 u
15. √ = arcsec + C, |u| > a
u u2 − a 2 a a
Example
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
Z Z
1. (3x + 2)7dx 4. ecos 3x(sin 3x)dx
Z Z
1 tdt
2. (x + 1)(x + 2x + 2) 3 dx 5.
2
2
4 − 9t
2 2x + 1
Z  
3. csc dx
3
Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Integration by Substitution

Z
1. (3x + 2)7dx
Solution:
Let u = 3x + 2. Taking the derivative of both sides, we have du = 3dx. Then,
du
= dx.
3
8 + 8
Z Z Z
du 1 1 8u (3x 2)
Now, (3x + 2)7dx = u7 = u7du = · +C= +C
3 3 3 8 3

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution
Z
1
2. (x + 1)(x + 2x + 2) dx
2 3

Solution:
Let u = x2 + 2x + 2. Taking the derivative of both sides, we have
du
du = (2x + 2)dx = 2(x + 1)dx and so = (x + 1)dx. Then,
Z Z 2 Z
1 1 1 du
(x + 1)(x + 2x + 2) dx =
2 3 (x + 2x + 2) (x + 1)dx =
2 3 u 3
2
4 4
3(x + 2x + 2)
2
Z
1 1 3u 3 3
= u du =
3 +C= +C
2 8 8

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

+
Z
2x 1
 
3. csc2 dx
3
Solution:
2x + 1 2
Let u = . Taking the derivative of both sides, we have du = dx and
3 3
3du
so = dx. Then,
2
+ +
Z Z
2x 1 3du 2x 1
   
csc2 dx = csc2 u = − cot u + C = − cot +C
3 2 3

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

Z
4. ecos 3x(sin 3x)dx
Solution:
Let u = cos 3x. Taking the derivative of both sides, we have du = −3 sin 3xdx
du
and so − = sin 3xdx. Then,
3
Z Z ! Z
du 1 1 u 1 cos 3x
ecos 3x
(sin 3x)dx = u
e − =− e du = − e + C = − e
u
+C
3 3 3 3

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

Z
tdt
5.
4 − 9t2
Solution:
Let u = 4 − 9t2. Taking the derivative of both sides, we have du = −18tdt
du
and so − = tdt. Then,
18
Z Z Z
tdt du/18 1 du 1 1
2
= = = ln |u| + C = ln |4 − 9t2
|+C
4 − 9t u 18 u 18 18

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

Exercises
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
Z
cos 3xdx
1

Z 1 + sin 3x
dt
2 √
4 − 9t 2
Z
dx
3
x[9 + 4(lnx)2]

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

Integrals of Algebraic Expressions(in w/c the result may be expressed in

terms of the logarithm function)
Let a >
Z0
du  √ 
16. √ = ln u + u2 + a2 + C
u 2 + a2
Z
du
 √ 
17. √ = ln u + u2 − a2 + C if |u| > a
u2 − a2   
 2a  u−a  + C if |u| > a
Z 1 u+a
du  ln
=

18. 2
a −u 2  1
 2a a+u
ln a−u + C if |u| < a

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Integration by Substitution

 √ 
1  a + a2 − u2 
Z
du
19. √ = − ln   + C for 0 < |u| < a
u a2 − u2 a  u 
 √ 
1  a + a2 + u2 
Z
du
20. √ = − ln   + C for u , 0
u a2 + u2 a  u 

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals

Partition
A partition D of [a, b] is a collection of points {x0, x1, ..., xn} such that
a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b. The norm of D, denoted by kDk, is the largest of
the differences (xi − xi−1), i = 1, 2, ..., n.

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals

Riemann Sum
Let f : [a, b] → R be a bounded function and D = {x0, x1, x2, . . . , xn} a
partition of [a, b]. If ξi ∈ [xi, xi−1] for each i, where i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Xn
The sum of products f (ξi)∆ix = f (ξ1)∆1x + f (ξ2)∆2x + · · · + f (ξn)∆nx is
i=1
called a Riemann sum.

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals
Consider the graph of f in Figure 1
with the partition D. The sum of the The more the elements of partition D
n
areas of the rectangles in region X
bounded by f , x = a, x = b and x = 0 the more the f (ξi)∆ix gets closer
i=1
having the width xi − xi−1 and height and closer to the area of the region.
Xn
f (ξi) is the Riemann sum f (ξi)∆ix.
i=1
The area of this region is
approximately equal to the Riemann
X n
sum f (ξi)∆ix, in symbols,
i=1
n
Figure 1
X
A(R) ≈ f (ξi)∆ix.
i=1
Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Definite Integrals

Riemann Integral
n
X
If lim f (ξi)∆ix exists, then we say that f is Riemann integrable on [a, b].
||D||→0
i=1
Z b n
X
In this case, we write f (x)dx = lim f (ξi)∆ix.
a ||D||→0
i=1
Z b
f (x)dx is called the definite integral of f from a to b, where f (x)dx is the
a
integrand and the numbers a and b are the lower and upper limits of
integration, respectively.

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals

Properties
1 Every continuous function f : [a, b] → R is Riemann integrable on [a, b].
Z a Z b
2 f (x)dx = − f (x)dx
Zb c a

3 f (x)dx = 0
Zc b Z c Z b
4 f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx, for every c ∈ (a, b)
Za b a
Z b c

5 kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx
Za b a
Z b Z b
f (x) + g(x) dx = f (x)dx +
 
6 g(x)dx
a a a

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, first form

Let F be a continuous and let f be integrable on the interval [a, b]. Then
Z b b
f (x)dx = F(x) = F(b) − F(a).

a a

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals
Example
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z 2
1 (2 − 3x2 + x5)dx
Z−12 √
2 2x 1 + 3x2dx
Z0 3
3 |x|dx
Z−23
4 |3 − 2x|dx
Z−1π
2
5 cos xdx
Z0 π
4
6 (cos 2x) sin 2xdx
0

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals
Z 2
1. (2 − 3x2 + x5)dx
−1
3 6
Z
3x x
Solution: Note that (2 − 3x2 + x5)dx = 2x − + +C
3 6
Then, by Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Z 2 ! 2
3 6 
3x x
(2 − 3x2 + x5)dx = 2x − + 
−1 3 6 −1
6 6
" # " #
(2) (−1)
= 2(2) − (2) +
3
− 2(−1) − (−1) +
3
6 6
64 1 32 1
   
= 4−8+ − −2 + 1 + = −4 + +1−
6 6 3 6
−24 + 64 + 6 − 1 45 15
= = or .
6 6 2
Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Definite Integrals
Z 2 √
2. 2x 1 + 3x2dx
0 Z √
Solution: First, find 2x 1 + 3x2dx
du
By substitution, let u = 1 + 3x . Then, du = 6xdx and so
2
= 2xdx.
3
Now,
Z √ Z √ Z
√ du
2x 1 + 3x dx =
2 1 + 3x 2xdx =
2 u
 33 
1  2u 2 
=  
3 3
3
2(1 + 3x )
2 2
= .
9
Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Definite Integrals
Z 2 √
2. 2x 1 + 3x2dx
0
Solution: (Continuation)
3 2
Z 2 √ 
2(1 + 3x 2 2
)
2x 1 + 3x dx =
2
9

0 0
3 3
2[1 + 3(2) ] 2[1 + 3(0) ]
2 2 2 2
= −
9
√ 9
2(13) 13 2
= −
9 9
2 √
= (13 13 − 1) .
9

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals
Z 3
3. |x|dx
−2
Solution:
( Note that in the interval [-2,3]
x, if x ≥ 0 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 3;
|x| =
− x, if x ≤ 0 or − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0.
Applying property 3, we get
Z 3 Z 3 3 0
0
x2  −x2 
Z
|x|dx = xdx + −xdx =  +
2 0 2 −2

−2 0 −2 
32 02 −02 −(−2)2 9 13
= − + − = +2= .
2 2 2 2 2 2

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals
Z 3
4. |3 − 2x|dx
−1
Solution:( Note that in the interval [-1,3]
3 − 2x, if 3 − 2x ≥ 0 or x ≤ 32 or − 1 ≤ x ≤ 32 ;
|3 − 2x| =
− (3 − 2x), if 3 − 2x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 32 or 32 ≤ x ≤ 3.
Applying property 3, we get
Z 3 Z 3 3 !  3 ! 3
2x2  2x2 
Z 2
2
|3 − 2x|dx = (3 − 2x)dx + −(3 − 2x)dx = 3x − + −3x +
2 2
3
 
−1 −1 2

−1 3

   2 h "    2 # 2
3 3 i 3 3
=3 − − 3(−1) − (−1) + (−3)(3) + (3) − −3
2 2
+
2 2 2 2
17
= .
2
Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II
Definite Integrals

Z π
2
5. cos xdx
0
Solution:
Z π
2 π π
cos xdx = − sin x|0 = sin − sin 0 = 1 .
2

0 2

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals

Z π
4
6. (cos 2x) sin 2xdx
0
du
Solution: Let u = cos 2x. Then, du = −2 sin xdx and so = sin xdx.
−2
du u2 (cos 2x)2
Z Z
It follows that (cos 2x) sin 2xdx = u = +C= + C.
−2 −4 −4
 π h i2
Z π π
4 2 4
(cos 2x)  cos 2( 4) [cos 2(0)]2 1
Therefore, (cos 2x) sin 2xdx =  = − = .
0 −4 0
−4 −4 4

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II

Definite Integrals

Exercises
Evaluate the following.
Z 4
x3
1
3
dx
0 (x2 + 9) 2
Z 2 √
2 (3x − 1) 3x2 − 2x + 3dx
Z1 4
3 |x + 2|dx
Z−4π
2
4 cos 2xdx
0

Marchelle D. Matulac MAT 061 CALCULUS II