Fb<rsgq<fr<f<gffveffFormula 5.7 General formula for an independent samples T-test.

T represents the T

statistic;

x1 − x2 represents the difference between the mean of the two samples; Sx x 1− 2 represents the

standard error of the difference between the two samples.

xx

Sx x

12

12

What this means is that, if we collected samples from two different populations, we could estimate

the standard error of the difference between the means of those samples through complex calculations

involving their standard deviations, just as we did for a single sample. When the samples are being

compared, this situation is not too complicated, as the standard error of the difference between

samples

turns just to be the sum of the SEMs for the two samples. This is made much more difficult, however,

in the likely event that the sizes of the two samples being compared are different, necessitating the
weighting of the standard error term according to the respective sizes of the samples. However, when

we substitute in this formula for the standard error term in Formula 5.7, we find the horridly complex

complete formula for the independent samples T-test.

Formula 5.8 Complete formula for an independent samples T-test. T represents the T statistic;

x1 − x2 represents the difference between the two means; n1 and n2 are the sizes of the respective

samples; s1Formula 5.7 General formula for an independent samples T-test. T represents the T statistic;

x1 − x2 represents the difference between the mean of the two samples; Sx x 1− 2 represents the

standard error of the difference between the two samples.

xx

Sx x

12

12

What this means is that, if we collected sampleFormula 5.7 General formula for an independent samples

T-test. T represents the T statistic;

x1 − x2 represents the difference between the mean of the two samples; Sx x 1− 2 represents the
standard error of the difference between the two samples.

xx

Sx x

12

12

What this means is that, if we collected samples from two different populations, we could estimate

the standard error of the difference between the means of those samples through complex calculations

involving their standard deviations, just as we did for a single sample. When the samples are being

compared, this situation is not too complicated, as the standard error of the difference between

samples

turns just to be the sum of the SEMs for the two samples. This is made much more difficult, however,

in the likely event that the sizes of the two samples being compared are different, necessitating the

weighting of the standard error term according to the respective sizes of the samples. However, when

we substitute in this formula for the standard error term in Formula 5.7, we find the horridly complex

complete formula for the independent samples T-test.

Formula 5.8 Complete formula for an independent samples T-test. T represents the T statistic;

x1 − x2 represents the difference between the two means; n1 and n2 are the sizes of the respective

samples; s1

2 and s2

2 are the variances of the two respective samples.

xx

nsns

nnnn

( − ) +( − )

+−

s from two different populations, we could estimate

the standard error of the difference between the means of those samples through complex calculations

involving their standard deviations, just as we did for a single sample. When the samples are being

compared, this situation is not too complicated, as the standard error of the difference between

samples
turns just to be the sum of the SEMs for the two samples. This is made much more difficult, however,

in the likely event that the sizes of the two samples being compared are different, necessitating the

weighting of the standard error term according to the respective sizes of the samples. However, when

we substitute in this formula for the standard error term in Formula 5.7, we find the horridly complex

complete formula for the independent samples T-test.

Formula 5.8 Complete formula for an independent samples T-test. T represents the T statistic;

x1 − x2 represents the difference between the two means; n1 and n2 are the sizes of the respective

samples; s1

2 and s2

2 are the variances of the two respective samples.

xx

nsns

nnnn

( − ) +( − )

+−
2 and s2

2 are the variances of the two respective samples.

xx

nsns

nnnn

( − ) +( − )

+−