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Differential vs. Difference Equations

The document discusses discrete-time systems and difference equations. It explains that discrete-time systems can be represented using difference equations in the time domain. Difference equations are divided into two types: finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR). FIR equations do not use past output values for current output calculation, while IIR equations do use past output values with feedback. Signal flow graphs can be used to represent digital signal processing routines with basic components like delay, summation, and multiplication. Examples of FIR and IIR difference equations and their corresponding signal flow graphs are provided.

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206 views15 pages

Differential vs. Difference Equations

The document discusses discrete-time systems and difference equations. It explains that discrete-time systems can be represented using difference equations in the time domain. Difference equations are divided into two types: finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR). FIR equations do not use past output values for current output calculation, while IIR equations do use past output values with feedback. Signal flow graphs can be used to represent digital signal processing routines with basic components like delay, summation, and multiplication. Examples of FIR and IIR difference equations and their corresponding signal flow graphs are provided.

Uploaded by

farina ilyana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Norhashimah Mohd Saad

Differential and Difference Equation


 Continuous-time system can be represented by using
differential equations
 Discrete-time system can be represented by using
difference equations;
 is a formula for computing an output sample at time
based on past and present input samples and past
output samples in the time domain (which is n domain)
 Finite-impulse response (FIR)
 Infinite-impulse response (IIR)
Difference Equation
 We may write the general, causal, LTI difference equation
as follows:
y[ n ]  b0 x[ n  0 ]  b1 x[ n  1]  .......  bn x[ n  N ]
 a 0 y[ n  1]  a1 y[ n  2 ]  .......  a n y[ n  N ]
N N
 

b x[ n   ]
0
  a  y[ n   ]
 0
N N
 

b[  ] x[ n   ]
0
  a[  ] y [ n   ]
 0

 where x[n]is the input signal, y[n] is the output signal, and
the constants , are a[ ],b[ ],   0 ,1, 2 ..... N called the
coefficients
Difference Equation
 Difference equations are divided to 2 types:

 Finite-impulse response (FIR)


 Also known as non recursive equation
 “past” output will not use in the calculation of “present”
output
 No use of the “past” output called feedback
 Having one coefficient that used in FIR which b, as the feed
forward coefficient
N
y[n ]  
0
b [  ]x [ n   ]
Difference Equation
 Infinite-impulse response (IIR)
 Also known as recursive equation
 “past” output will be used in the calculation of “present”
output
 The use of the “past” output is called feedback
 Having two coefficients that used in IIR which a, as the
feedback coefficient and b, as the feed forward
coefficient
N N
y[n ]  
1
a[ ]y[ n   ]  

0
b [  ]x [ n   ]
Example of FIR
 Write a second order of FIR..

 Answer
y[n]  b[0]x[n]  b[1]x[n 1]  b[2]x[n  2]
Example of IIR
 Write a second order of IIR..

 Answer

y[n]  a[1]x[n 1]  a[2]x[n  2]  b[0]x[n]  b[1]x[n 1]  b[2]x[n  2]


Signal Flow Graph
 Signal flow graph (SFG) represents digital system
signal processing routine in the illustration/graphical
form.
 There are basic components generally used to illustrate
the SFG which are
1
 Delay z
 Summation 
 Multiplication 
Signal Flow Graph-FIR
 A 2nd order of FIR as
2
y[n ]  

0
b [  ]x [ n   ]

 b [ 0 ] x [ n ]  b [1 ] x [ n  1 ]  b [ 2 ] x [ n  2 ]

 Draw the Signal flow graph that describing


z 1 z 1
x[n]

b[0] b[1] b[2]

y[n]
Signal Flow Graph-IIR
 A 2nd order of IIR as
2 2
y[n ]  

1
a[ ]y[ n   ]  

0
b [  ]x [ n   ]

y[n]  a[1]y[n 1]  a[2]y[n  2]  b[0]x[n]  b[1]y[n 1]  b[2]y[n  2]


 Draw the Type I Signal flow graph that describing


x[n] z 1 b[0] z 1 y[n]

z 1 b[1]  a[1] z 1
b[2]  a[2]
Lecture 4
(Discrete-Time Signals and Systems) pg14
 Properties of LTI systems
 Commutative
x[n] * h[n]  h[n] * x[n]
 Cascaded commutative
x[n] * h1[n] * h2 [n]  x[n] * h2 [n] * h1[n]
x[n] h1[n] h2 [n] y[n]  x[n] h2 [n] h1[n] y[n]

 Associative
x[n] * h1[n]  h2 [n]  x[n] * h1[n]  x[n] * h2 [n]
h [ n]
y[n]  x[n]
1
x[n] h [ n]  h [ n ]
1 2
y[n]
h2 [n]
Signal Flow Graph-IIR
 A 2nd order of FIR as
2 2
y[n ]  

1
a[ ]y[ n   ]  

0
b [  ]x [ n   ]

y[n]  a[1]y[n 1]  a[2]y[n  2]  b[0]x[n]  b[1]y[n 1]  b[2]y[n  2]


 Draw the Type II Signal flow graph that describing

x[n] 1 b[0] y[n]


z
 a[1] z 1 b[1]

 a[2] b[2]
FIR calculation
 2nd order FIR is defined as

y[n]  0.5 x[n]  1x[n  1]  0.5 x[n  2]


 With the impulse function as the input of the system
as x[n].
 Calculate the output of the system by using the FIR
equations

 Answer
output is zero for n  3
IIR calculation
 1st order IIR is defined as

y[n]  0.5 y[n  1]  x[n]


 With the impulse function as the input of the system
as x[n].
 Calculate the output of the system by using the IIR
equations

 Answer
output does not reach zero but approaches a small value when n become larger
Thank you

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