Norhashimah Mohd Saad

Definition
 Discerete-time signals x[n] is defined as:
 a function of discrete time instant that is defined by
integer n.
 Sampled signal which used by digital computer is
discrete-time signals.
Continuous = analog
Discrete = digital
 Similarity of both signal
 are expressed mostly by time or space
 t for continuous-time signal
 n for discrete-time signal
 are classified as periodic and aperiodic (non-periodic)
 Comparison
x(t )
t
continuous-time signal

x[n]
n
discrete-time signal
 Discrete-Time Signals
 A discrete-time signal is periodic if
 x[n]  x[n  N ]    n  
N =Arbitrary interval

x[n] /periodic in time

n
discrete-time signal

 Other condition will make the signal becomes nonperiodic

 Discrete-Time Signals
 Ex. Given signal as below
x[ n ]  2 n  2 ,4
1 n  1, 3 , 7
0 elsewhere
 Draw the signal in time….

x[n]

n
discrete-time signal
 Types of Non periodic signal
 Delta function/ impulse function
 A function that exists only when n=0
 Other than n=0, the function will not exist

x[ n ]  1 n0
0 elsewhere
  [n]
x[n ]
1

n
0
 Types of Non periodic signal
 Step function
 A function that exists only when n  0
 Other time the function will not exist
x[ n ]  1 n0
0 n0
 u[ n ]
x[ n ]  u[ n ]
1

n
0
 Types of Non periodic signal
 Pulse/rectangular/unit pulse function
 A function that exists only when no  n  n1
 Other time the function will not exist
x[ n ]  1 no  n  n1
0 n0

x[ n ]  u[ n  n0 ]  u[ n  ( n1  1)]
1

n
n0 n1
 Types of Non periodic signal
 Ramp function
 A function that exists only when n  0
 Other time the function will not exist
x[ n ]  n n0
0 n0
 r[ n ]
x[n ]

t
0
 Types of Non periodic signal
 Pulse Sinusoid function
 A function that exists only when no  n  n1
 Other time the function will not exist

x[ n ]  cos[ 2f1n   ] n0

0 elsewhere
x[n ]

n
n0 n1
 Systems
 A system operates with an input (signal) and output
(signal) as a result.

x[n] y[n]
h[n]
Input signal output signal
system
 Characteristics of system
 Time-invariant
 A system is time-invariant if the output of a system does not
depend explicitly on time, the system is said to be time-
invariant.
 Shift invariant
 A system is shift-invariant if the system shifting do not
change with time.
 Causal
 A system is causal if the output depends on past/current
inputs but not future inputs.
 Stability
 A system is stable if the summation of the function is finite.
 Linearity
 A system is linear if it has the superposition and scaling
properties.
 Discrete-time System
 An operator or transform which maps input x[n] to
y[n]
y[n]  T x[n]
 Delay
y[n]  x[n  nd ]  x[n   ]
 Accumulator

y[n]   x[k ]
k  
 Discrete-time System
 Properties of LTI systems
 Commutative
x[n] * h[n]  h[n] * x[n]
 Cascaded commutative
x[n] * h1[n] * h2 [n]  x[n] * h2 [n] * h1[n]
x[n] h1[n] h2 [n] y[n]  x[n] h2 [n] h1[n] y[n]

 Associative
x[n] * h1[n]  h2 [n]  x[n] * h1[n]  x[n] * h2 [n]
h [ n]
y[n]  x[n]
1
x[n] h [ n]  h [ n ]
1 2
y[n]
h2 [n]
 Discrete-time System
Ex.
 Determine whether the following system is causal or
not when x[n] = delta function.
y[n]  ay[n  1]  x[n] y[1]  c
 Convolution
 convolution is a operation on any two functions f[n]
and g[n], producing a third function (output function)
that is typically viewed as a modified version of one of
the original functions.
 It is defined as

y[n]  h[n]  x[n] 

 h[ ]x[n   ]
 


y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]
 
 Convolution
 LTI system with impulse response as
h[n]  1 0  n  3
0 elsewhere
and input as given
x[n]  1 0  n  1
0 elsewhere
 What is the output of this system?
 Output is

y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]
 
 Convolution
 Convolution can be shown in graphical form as
h[n ] x[n ]

n n
1 0 3 0 1
 Step 1 (n=0)
y[  ]
h[ 0   ] x[ ]

3   
0 0 1 0 1
y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]  1
 
 Convolution
 Step 2 (n=1)
h[1   ] x[ ] y[  ]

  1 0 1 
2 0 1 0 1


y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]  2
 
 Convolution
 Step 3 (n=2)
h[ 2   ] x[ ] y[  ]

2
  
0 0 1 0 1 2


y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]  2
 
 Convolution
 Step 4 (n=3)
h[3   ] x[ ] y[  ]

  3
01 3 0 1 0 1


y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]  2
 
 Convolution
 Step 5 (n=4)
h[ 4   ] x[ ] y[  ]

  4 
0 1 4 0 1 0 1


y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]  1
 
 Convolution
 Step 6 (n=5)
h[5   ] x[ ] y[  ]

0 12 5 0 1  0 1 4 

y[n]  x[n]  h[n] 

 x[ ]h[n   ]  0
 
 Overall the result will be: 2
y [n ]
1

01 2 4 n
 Ex
 Given system impulse response as h(n) and input x(n) as
below
h[n]  1 0n2
0 elsewhere
1
x[n]   [n]   [n  4]
2
 Is this system linear? Please explain the reasons.

 Answer
 System is linear
Thank you