Mathematics HL Exploration

Name:

Muhammad Fadhali bin Mohamad Normishan

Title:

TO DETERMIND THE TYPE OF ICE CREAM CONE SHAPE AND

ICE CREAM FLAVOUR THAT MAXIMIZES PROFIT AS WELL AS
THE ONES THAT REDUCES WASTAGE.
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In IB we have Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS) project which is Project Based Class (PBC), I actually
want to help my groupmates in fund raising. CAS is one of the three essential elements that every student
must complete as part of the Diploma Programme (DP). Studied throughout the Diploma Programme,
CAS involves students in a range of activities alongside their academic studies(“Creativity, activity,
service | International Baccalaureate® - International Baccalaureate®,” n.d.). It is not formally assessed.
However, students reflect on their CAS experiences as part of the DP, and provide evidence of achieving
the seven learning outcomes for CAS. We do this project in Semester 2 and Semester 3 which my group
planned do it in Vietnam. For this project, our advisor has encouraged us to find personal fund raising
before we go there. I actually have an idea about selling ice cream as I love to buy an ice cream from the
motorcycle after school. I realized something about it, that are differences about the shape of the cone at
different prices. This had intrigued me to do an exploration on does the difference shape (size and
volume) of this cone can help me get the profit from selling it and which type of shape of cone that
costumer like. This triggered me because there were so many types of shape of the cone with different
volume. (“Different Types of Ice Cream Cones | Choosing the Best Ice Cream Cone,” n.d.). I want to use
my knowledge in mathematics and statistics to find out what is the best ice cream cone shape and flavour
that my customer like to buy. There are three types of cone but different price based on its quality and
volume. From my observation, the sugar cone has a crunchiest texture and more delicious rather than the
two cones. All of the cones can put 2 scoop of ice cream in it and I want to make the number of scoops as
my constant variable in this investigation. Based on my hypothesis, people like to buy double cone ice
cream because of its size and the volume is big rather than the other threes.

(Diagram 1) (Diagram 2) (Diagram 3)

Single Cone Double Cone Sugar Cone

1
Variables

Constant variable the scoop ice cream given in each cone

Manipulated variable the size of each ice cream and the diameter of the
ice cream

Responding variable the number of ice cream cone was sold.

(Diagram 4) sugar (Diagram 5) double (Diagram 6) single cone

cone with two cone with 2 scoop ice with 2 scoop ice cream
scoop ice cream cream

2.0 OBJECTIVE

The objectives that I wanted to accomplish from this exploration is that I wanted to find the best shape of
cone that gives more profit on the selling so I will help my PBC group to increase their fund raising based
on the profit. I also want to apply my statistical knowledge, mainly probability, to estimate which cone
and flavour of ice cream that my customers prefer. Next, my objective also includes finding the number of
ice cream beaker that I need to buy based on the number of cone that I wanted to sell to decrease the
wasted leftovers of my ice cream.

3.0 SCOPE

Based on my exploration, the scope of my target selling is the student of (Kolej Mara Banting) because
my target place selling is at there. Most of the students like to go to stall to buy ice cream everyday in the
afternoon.

2
 Then my next scope of my exploration is the type of cone in my selling which is double cone,
single cone and sugar cone, ice cream beaker and the scoop of ice cream. This is because my exploration
is to find of which cone and what flavour does give the most profit.

4.0 METHODOLOGY

From my exploration, I will use the piecewise function and integration of that function to find the volume
of ice cream cone that I will sell which is by inserting the image of the of my ice cream cone into the
student software (GDC). I also want to find the exact number of beakers that I need to buy for my next
targeted number of ice cream cone used in order to reduce the leftovers from my selling. I have also
collected and recorded the data of the number of people buying each of the number of cones and what
type of flavour that they were buying. From that I created tree diagram and use Bayes theorem probability
to find the highest probability of what ice cream cone and what flavour ice cream that people like to buy
in my first selling to use it to buy on what favourite ice cream flavour and cone that my customer like. In
my selling The number of my ice cream cone sold is constant which is 30 per one type of cone.

Table 1.0 shows the numerator which refers to the number of ice cream cone sold and its denominator
referring to the constant value of number of cones selling which is 30.

TYPE OF CONE NUMBER OF SELLING CONE

SUGAR CONE 10
SINGLE CONE 12
DOUBLE CONE 27
Table 1.0: Table regarding the number of ice cream cone sold for each type of cone.

5.4
5.4cm
cm 15 cm
15cm 5.0 cm

12cm

12 .5cm
23 cm

Sugar cone Double cone Single cone

3
 DIAMETER :5.4cm
HEIGHT: 12cm
PRICE FROM SUPPLIER
for each cone: RM 0.25
PRICE FOR SELL: 1.50
DIAMETER: 15cm
HEIGHT: 23cm
PRICE FROM SUPPLIER for
each cone: RM 0.30
PRICE FOR SELL:2.00
DIAMETER: 5.0 cm
HEIGHT: 12.5 cm
PRICE FROM SUPPLIER
FOR EACH CONE: 0.15
PRICE FOR SELL: 1.00

Table 2.0: Shows the diagram of all the characteristics of the ice cream cones which includes its height
and diameter.

Ice cream beaker Ice cream scoop

VOLUME: 5 L Diameter 5 cm
PRICE For Each beaker: RM5.00 Height 2.5cm
Volume: 25 L 1 scope= RM 0.25
Price for 5litre= RM 25.00

Table 3.0: Shows the diagram of the properties of ice cream scoop and the ice cream beakers that I sell.

Ice cream flavour Number of people

Chocolate 9
Vanilla 3
Rainbow 4
Chocolate and vanilla 20
Chocolate and rainbow 7
Vanilla and rainbow 6
Table 4.0: The number of people and the flavour that they chose for their ice cream

4
5.0 CALCULATION

5.1 Calculating Volume of The Cone

Double Cone

(Diagram 7): Double cone ice cream with the function of each part
Based on Diagram 7, to get the volume of the cone, I take the picture of the cone and insert it into the
GDC software to find the function to form out the shape. From the GDC software I can get the function of
the shape that I had inserted with its corresponding boundaries. From these boundaries I can get the
volume of each part using the function that had been formed. From the GDC there three function can be
form for each part of the cone.

{
2.33 ( x−0.078 )2+ 0.58 0.58 ,≤ x <2.67
f(x)= 0.24 ( x−3.85 )2 +15.8 2.67 ,≤ x <6.57
0.99( x−4.97)2+ 15.16.57 , ≤ x<7.7

Based on the function that had been obtained, if I want to calculate the volume the most suitable part is by
integration with respect to y-axis but before that I need to inverse all the function that I had been obtained
to calculate the volume for each part of the cone.

From the function that I had obtained, I used Wolfram Alpha software to inverse the function that I had
obtained. For the boundaries I referred diagram 7.

5
 { √
y−0.58
¿ 0.078 ± , 0 .58 ≤ y <16.2
2.33

√
f ( y ) = 3.85 ± y−15.8 ,16.2 ≤ y <17.6
0.24
4.97 ±
√
y −15.1
0.99
, 17.6 ≤ y ≤ 22.5

Volume for part A, Double cone

Integrate with respect to y-axis to find the volume by using formula (“Volumes of Revolution -
Mathematics A-Level Revision,” n.d.):

upper limit
volume through y axis=π ∫ 2
( f ( y ) ) dy
lower limit

Volume for part A, Double cone

Integrate with respect to y-axis because the image that appeared in the diagram is suitable to do
integration to y-axis instead of x-axis

By using integration formula with respect to y-axis in calculating the volume, it forms

From this equation, we have ' ± ' sign it

√
16.2 2
y−0.58
V A =π ∫ (0.078 ± ) dy means that the graph has two values can
0.58 2.33
been obtained. Since our graph, is above
x and y axis so we need to choose ‘+’.

√
16.2 2
y−0.58
V A =π ∫ (0.078+ ) dy
0.58 2.33

The equation above is simplified into We ignore the limit first and do
integration first which
5
11
V A=
203875000
∫ 2
(125. 2 2 √ 50 y−29+39 √ 233) dy Upper limit=16.2

Lower limit=0.58
5
Solve ∫ (125.2 2
√ 50 y −29+39 √233) dy from the equation above
2

By using non-standard integration which using ’u’ substitution we make u=50y-29

Substitute ‘u’ into the equation du

=50
dy
5
V A =∫ (125. 2 2 √ u+39 √ 233) dy
2
du
Dy=
50
du We cannot perform integration if the
substitute dy with . Therefore
50 variable is not corresponding with its
disrespect. So, we need to change it’s ‘dy’
6 to ‘du’ because based on the variable so we
can proceed the calculation. ( Volumes of
Revolution - Mathematics A-Level
Revision. (n.d.).
 5
1
V A = ∫ (125. 2 2 √ u+39 √ 233) du
2

50

5
Now I will solve ∫ (125.2 2 √ u+39 √ 233)2du

By using non-standard integration, we use ‘v’ substitution to solve V a

3
3 V=125. 5 2 √ u+39 √ 233
Substitute 125. 5 2
√ u+39 √ 233 for v in the equation
3
dv −125.2 2
V A =∫ v du
2
=
du √u
−√ u −√ u
Substitute du with 5
dv du= 5
dv
2
125.2 2
125.2

−√ u
V A =∫ v 2 ( 5
) dv 3
125.2 2 VR=125. 5 2 √ u+39 √ 233

v−39 √ 233 v−39 √ 233

√ u= 5
Substitute √ u for 5 in the equation above
125. 2 2 125.2 2

−1
V A=
25000
∫ v 2 (v−¿ 39 √ 233) dv ¿

Integration by parts means we

I will now solve V a =∫ v ( v−¿ 39 √233)dv ¿ integrate ∫ v dv and ∫ v dv
2 3 2

individually
V A =∫ v dv−¿ 39 √ 233 .∫ v dv ¿
3 2
∫ v 3dv ∫ v 2dv
4 3
v4 v3 v v
Substitute ∫ v dv for and ∫ v dv for so we can get ¿
3 2

4 3 4 3

v4
V A= −13 √ 233 v3
4

−1
Refer back to this equation
25000 ∫ v ( v−¿ 39 √ 233)¿dv and substitute the answer based on the non-
2

standard integration that had been performed to get

∫ v 2 (v −¿ 39 √233)¿ dv=
13 √ 233 v v4
3 4
v −13 √ 233
V A= −
25000 1000000 4

3
Recall that V =125. 5 2 √u+39 √ 233 and we get
R

7
 ( ) ( )
5 3 5 4

13 √ 233 125.2 √ u+39 √ 233

2
1 25.2 √ u+39 √ 233 2
V A= −
25000 1000000
5
1
Then refer back to this equation V A =
50
∫ 2
(125. 5 2 √ u+39 √ 233) du and substitute the answer based on

non-standard integration that we had performed in the previous method so we get

5 5
3 4
13 √ 233(125. 2 2 √ u+39 √233) (1 25.2 2 √ u+39 √ 233)
3

∫
2
(125.5 √ 2
u+39 √ 233) du= −
25000 1000000

13 √ 233(125. 2 √ u+39 √233) ( 125. 2 )

5 5 4
3
3 2 2
√u+39 √ 233
∫ (125.5
2
2
√ u+39 √233) du= −
250000000 12500000
We substitute
Substitute u = 50y - 29 into equation above back ‘u’ into ‘y’

[ ]
3 because4the16.2

( ) ( )
5 5
3
13 √ 233 125.2 √ 50−2 y +39 √ 233
2 value on
1 25.2 √50−2 y +39 √ 233
2 the
∫ (125.5 2 √ u+39 √233) du=
2
− graph is y value
250000000 12500000 0.58
not u value.
After calculation of integration is complete, we need to substitute the upper and lower boundaries to find
the volume of part A, VA, the double cone shape.

√
16.2 2
y−0.58
V A =π ∫ (0.078 ± ) dy
0.58 2.33

3
V A =178.06886 ͌ 178 cm

Volume for part B

To calculate the volume for part B, the double cone part, Vb. We also use the same formula to calculate the
volume in part A.

√
17.6 2
y−15.8
VB= π ∫ (3.85 ± ) dy
16.2 0.24

VB= 156.584 ͌ 156 cm3

Volume for part C

To calculate the volume for part C for double cone part, Vc, we also use the same method and formula as
we calculated in part A.

22.5

VC = π ∫ ¿ ¿
17.6

VC = 253.276 ͌ 253 cm3

8
Total volume for double cone ice cream is

Vtotal =VA+VB+VC

Vtotal = 587.929 ͌ 588 cm3

Single cone

(Diagram 8): Single cone diagram with the function of each part
Based on the diagram 8, I inserted single cone the diagram into GDC software and adjusted the axis in the
GDC software to get the function and follow the size of the cone shape based on table 2.0 and get this
function with its boundaries to calculate the volume of the cone.

F ( x )=¿

Inverse the function using inverse function alpha software and the boundaries for the new function
produce is based on the point diagram 8 to integrate disrespect to y axis.

{ √ y
± , 0 ≤ y< 8.48
f ( y )= 5.37

√
0.86 ±
y −8.28
1.25
,8.48 ≤ y ≤ 12.1

I calculate the volume of the cone by separating its part based on its function that had been produced in
the diagram 8.

By using the same formula of calculating volume disrespect to y axis

upper limit
volume through y axis=π ∫ 2
( f ( y ) ) dy
lower limit

9
Volume in part A
To calculate the volume for both part we use the same method as we calculate the volume for double cone
ice cream in part A
8.48

VA= π ∫ ¿ ¿
0

VA = 31.653 ͌ 32 cm3
Volume in part B
12.1

VB= π ∫ ¿ ¿
8.48

= 50.487 ͌ 51 cm3
Total volume of single cone = V,single cone = VA + VB = 31.653 + 50.487
V,single cone = 82.1398 cm3 ͌ 82 cm3
Sugar cone

(Diagram 9): Sugar cone diagram with the function.

F(x)=4.59x -0.08 ,0≤ x ≤ 2.7
We need to inverse the function using alfa software because I want to calculate the volume by using
integration disrespect to y axis.

y+ 0.08
F(y)= 0≤ y ≤ 12.3
4.59

By using formula ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿ , I can calculate the

volume of the sugar cone.

12.3 2
y+ 0.08
Vsugar cone,¿ ∫ π ( ) dy
0 4.59

10
 2
y+ 0.08
Simplify the equation of π ( )
4.59

Vsugar cone =220000 ¿ ¿

12.3
y+ 0.08
2
y +0.08 2
Substitute 2200 ¿ ¿ with π (
4.59
) into this equation ∫ π(
4.59
) dy
0
2
U= y +
12.3 25
Vsugar cone = ∫ 220000 ¿ ¿ ¿
0 du
=1
dy
2
Makes u= y + , differentiate it and then substitute dy with du
25
Solve ∫ u du
2
220000
Vsugar cone =
1474767
∫ u2 du
u3
=

[ ]
3 12.3 3
220000 u
Vsugar cone =
4424301 0 3
220000u
=
4424301
2
Substitute back u with y +
25

[ ]
3 12.3

Vsugar cone =
220000 y+ (2
25 )
1474767 0

Substitute upper and lower limit into equation and you will get the volume of sugar cone.

V,sugar cone = 94.350 ͌ 94cm3

Volume of 1 scope ice cream

5.0 cm

2.5 cm

(Diagram 10): The diagram of one scoop ice (Diagram 11): The diagram of the scoop
cream with the function ice cream with its radius and diameter
11
From diagram 10, I take the radius of the ice cream is 2.5 cm as it follows the size of the scoop ice cream
in diagram 11.

Based on the diagram 10, the function that can been form by inserting the image into the GDC software is

F(x)= 0.34 (x−2.4)2 +2.34 ,−0.223 ≤ x ≤5.02

Calculate the volume by integration to x axis by using formula

upper limit

Volume through x axis = π ∫ 2

( f ( x ) ) dx
lower limit

5.02

Volume of one scoop ice cream= ∫ 2

π (0.34( x−2.4) +2.34) dx
2

−0.223

Simplify this function ∫ π ( 0.34( x−2.4) +2.34) dx

2 2

11
Vone scoop ice cream=
5468750
∫ 2 2
(17 (5 x−12) +2925) dx

Solve by using ‘u ‘substitution ∫ (17(5 x−12) + 2925) dx

2 2
U=5x-12

Then, substitute u =5x-12 into the equation du

=5
dx
Vone scoop ice cream¿ ∫ (17 (u) +2925) dx
2 2
1
dx= du
5
Substitute dx with du
Solve ∫ u du
4
1
Vone scoop ice cream¿ ∫ (17 (u) +2925) du
2 2
5 u5
=
5
Expand this equation ∫ (17(u) +2925) du
2 2

Solve ∫ u du
2

Vone scoop ice cream =289∫ u du+¿ 99450 ∫ u du+8555625∫ 1 du ¿

4 2
3
u
=
3
Solve 289∫ u du+¿ 99450 ∫ u du+8555625∫ 1 du ¿
4 2

Solve ∫ 1 du
5 3
289(u) 99450(u)
Vone scoop ice cream = + + 8555625u
5 3
Upper limit=5.02
Substitute back u =5x-12 lower limit=-0.223

[ ]
5 3 5.02
289 ( 5 x−12 ) 99450 (5 x−12 )
Vone scoop ice cream¿ + +8555625 (5 x−12 )
5 3 − 0.223

By substitute upper and lower limit into the equation and solve it to get the volume of one scoop

12
ice cream;

Vone scoop ice cream =168.28 ͌ 168 cm3

Relationship between the number of cone and the volume of ice cream that had been used

Based on my selling the total number of cone selling is 49. In each one of the selling cones there were two
scoop of ice cream that I had put in it as my constant variable. In each on if the scoop ice cream there
were 168.283 cm3 and if two scope there will be 336.566 cm 3 of ice cream in the cone. From that I form a
graph to number of ice cream cone that I want to sell against the volume of ice cream that I used.

(Graph 1.0): graph number of cone against the volume of ice cream that had been used.

Based on the equation that had obtained in the (Graph 1.0)

y=0.336 x

Where;

x= number of cones sell

y=volume of ice cream that had been used (litre)

Based on my selling, I succeed in selling 49 cones in my first selling I substitute the number into the
equation to get the total volume of ice cream that I had been sold in that day.

13
Y=0.336(49)

volume of ice cream that had been used =16.464 litre

From that for 49 cones in that day selling, the volume of ice cream that I had been used is 16.464 litre.
Based on my objective also, I want to find the type of flavour ice cream to see which flavour that most of
people buy in my next selling so I will use it for my next selling to get more profit for my fund rising in
PBC. The result of my selling there were 49 cone that are sell, therefore the total ice cream that had been
sale is 16464 cm3 which is there were still ice cream remain in the beaker which is 8536 cm 3 from my
calculation. But after my selling, the volume of ice cream in the beaker is totally used up due to some
limitation. I’m thinking the way in my next selling, I want to reduce the leftover ice cream that contained
in the ice cream beaker and want to buy the correct volume of ice cream if I want to sell certain number of
cones.

In my next selling I’m thinking of selling 100 cones so I substitute the number of cones into the equation

Y=0.336(100)

volume of ice cream that had been used =33.6 litre

33.6
So, if I want to sell 100 cones on that day which contribute me to use 33.6 litre so from that = 6.72
5
because one beaker contains 5 litres. Based on the result of 100 cone of selling the number of beakers is
approximate to≈ 7 beaker that I need to buy. From the equation, it helps me to determine number of
beakers that I need to buy for number of cones that I want to sell. I also can determine the volume of my
selling ice cream so I can buy the right number of beakers to reduce the leftover in my ice cream.

5.2 Calculation of probability

Double cone

Table 5.0 below shown probability of the type of flavour that customers buy from type of double cone ice
cream. The denominator is 27 because of based on number of people buy of double cone ice cream.

Vanilla 1
27
Rainbow 1
27
Chocolate and vanilla 10
27
Chocolate and rainbow 2
27

14
 Vanilla and rainbow 5
27
Chocolate 8
27
Table 5.0: Show the type of flavour that customers buy from double cone ice cream.

Single cone

Table 6.0 below shown the probability of the type of flavour that customers buy from type of single cone
ice cream. The denominator is 12 because of based on number of people buy of single cone ice cream.

Vanilla 1
12
Rainbow 3
12
Chocolate and vanilla 5
12
Chocolate and rainbow 3
12
Vanilla and rainbow 0
12
Chocolate 0
12
Table 6.0: Show the type of flavour that customers buy from single cone ice cream.

Sugar cone

Figure 7.0 below shown probability of the type of flavour that customers buy from type of sugar cone ice
cream. The denominator is 10 because of based on number of people buy of sugar cone ice cream.

Vanilla 1
10
Rainbow 0
10
Chocolate and vanilla 5
10

15
 Chocolate and rainbow 2
10
Vanilla and rainbow 1
10
Chocolate 1
10
Table 7.0: Show the type of flavour that customers buy from type of sugar cone ice cream.

Based from table 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 we can draw tree diagram and use concept of Bayes Theorem
probability to calculate the probability of which flavour ice cream and which type of cone that come
together to increase of my profit in my selling. To calculate the probability, I construct the tree diagram
based on data in table 5.0,6.0 and 7.0 in (diagram 13). I make

S1= double cone

S2= single cone

S3= sugar cone

as symbol for my type of cone in tree diagram in (diagram 13)

By using formula Bayes’ theorem, (ADVANCE LEVEL STATSTICS)

P( A ᴖB)
( P( A)|P(B) )=
P(B)

I can find the probability event (A) which refers to the flavour of the ice cream while event (B) refers to
the type of cone used. Since the event of flavour of ice cream is independence with the event of ice
cream cone it means that we can use the Bayes theorem based on the tree diagram that had been
constructed in diagram 13 to find its probability.

P(chocolate ᴖ double cone)

P ( chocolate|doublecone )=
p (double cone)

9 8
×
P (choclolate ᴖ double cone) 49 27
=
p (double cone) 4
(
×
1
49 27
+
9
)(
×
49 27
8
+
3
×
1
49 27 )(
+
20 10
×
49 27
+
7
)(
×
49 27
2 6
+( × ))(
5
49 27 )
72
=
323

The same method is same is used to calculate the probability of the others flavour ice cream and type of
cone. Based on the diagram 13 it shows all the probability of flavour ice cream and type of cone that one
people will by using Bayes Theorem method.
16
 8 S1= Double cone
S1
Chocolate 27
S2= Single cone
9 1
S3=
49 10 S3= Sugar cone

1
S1=
Vanilla 27
3 1
S2=
49 12

1
S3=
10
Rainbow 1
S1=
27
4
3
49 S2=
12
1
S3=
10
Chocolate 10
S1=
and vanilla 27
20 5
S2=
49 12
5
S3=
10
Chocolate 2
and S1=
27
rainbow 3
S2=
7 12
49 2
S3=
10
Vanilla
and 5
S1=
rainbow 27
6 1
49 S3=
10

(Diagram 13): Tree Diagram of the flavour and type of

cone ice cream

17
6.0 Result analysis
Type of cone Volume of cone (cm3)
Double cone 588
Single cone 82
Sugar cone 94
Table 8.0: The volume of each cone based on the calculation that had been made
From the calculation also, I get the volume of one scope ice cream scoop is 168.28 cm3 while for 2 scope
the volume is 336.56 cm3. From the calculation of the volume of ice cream, I can calculate number of
beakers that I need to buy if I have the target selling of how many numbers of cones that I wanted to sell
on that day. Based on my calculation that show the probability using Bayes’ Theorem based on the tree
diagram in diagram 11.0. From this calculation of probability, I can decide on what type of ice cream
flavour and what type of ice cream cone that most people like in KMB student like for my next selling as
my fund rising in PBC.
Type of Cone and ice cream flavour Probability Probability (decimal
places)
(2 significance number)
P ( chocolate|double cone ) 72 0.22
323
P ( chocolate|sugar cone ) 261 0.065
4024
P ( vanilla|double cone ) 3 0.011
265
P ( vanilla|single cone ) 783 0.024
33148
P ( vanilla|sugar cone ) 87 0.022
4024
P ( rainbow|double cone ) 4 0.015
265
P ( raibow|single cone ) 783 0.094
8287
P ( rainbow|sugar cone ) 29 0.029
1006
P ( chocolate∧vanilla|double cone ) 40 0.75
53
P ( chocolate∧vanilla|single cone ) 6525 0.79
8287
P ( chocolate∧vanilla|sugar cone ) 725 0.72
1006
P ( chocolate∧rainbow|double cone ) 14 0.052
265
P ( chocolate∧rainbow|single cone ) 5481 0.16
33148

18
 P ( chocolate∧rainbow|sugar cone ) 203 0.10
2012
P ( vanilla∧rainbow|double cone ) 6 0.11
53
P ( vanilla∧rainbow|sugar cone ) 87 0.043
2012
Table 9.0: The result of the probability of event flavour and type of cone ice cream using Bayes Theorem.

7.0 Limitation

During conducting this exploration, there were some limitation that occur during my selling of ice
cream. Firstly, some of the ice cream cone pieces break up and cannot be sold so it will affect my target
selling on that day. Then, as in my calculation the value of height and diameter of the cone that I measure
using ruler is not same as it appears in the GDC software graph. For example, based on the diagram 14 for
height of my double cone ice cream is 23 cm but during input my image into the GDC software is not
same as my measurement as I adjust the image in the software which it cannot set until 23 cm and it only
can set for 22.5 cm. It also happens on the diameter of the cone which I measure is 15 cm its diameter but
in the software the diameter of the cone is 15.4cm. Due to this limitation, it will affect the value of
volume of it.

Diagram 14: diagram of double cone with Diagram 15: diagram of one scoop ice
the function of each part cream with the function.
Thirdly from the diagram 14, we can see that the red line and black line of the graph is not
follow the shape perfectly because the graph cannot be adjusted smoothly as it follows the shape in the
graph. This lis also will affect the value of the volume of that part during process of integration. This
problem also occurs at my image of single scoop of ice cream at blue line in diagram 15 after put it in
GDC software. The size of the scoop ice cream is not following the size of the scoop ice cream and every
picture I took to put it in the GDC software, it will have different value of height and diameter after adjust
it. Finally, I find the suitable picture of scoop that I take that approximately follow the shape of the scoop
in diagram 15 but the graph cannot be form and follow the shape of the ice cream. Due to this, it will
affect the calculation of the volume of ice cream. Fourthly, the volume of ice cream that I put in my cone

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is not same every time I put on the cone. It is because some factors such as melting of ice cream along the
sales and customer’s demand on having an extra scoop might disrupt the accuracy on the estimated
volume of ice cream needed. Fifthly, even though, I have calculated how many beakers I want to sell as it
depends on how many numbers of cone that I want to sell, there were still some leftover in the beaker
even I had calculated it. It is because I cannot get the exact value of volume that I want to sell and
sometime during put my scoop of ice cream into the cone have different inconsistent volume during take
it. Lastly, since flavour and cone are depending on customer preference, therefore customer can change
their interest and not follow my prediction of what my customer like based on my calculation on previous
selling.

8.0 Conclusion
In the conclusion from my result and analysis, I can conclude that the best shape of cone that my
customer like is double cone shape of ice cream. It is because based on my constant value which is, I sell
30 for each type of the cone, double cone ice cream is the greatest number of selling which is 27 among
the others. After calculate the probability, to find which type of ice cream cone and flavour that have the
highest probability that customer will buy is single cone ice cream and chocolate and vanilla flavour that
people will choose. From this result the highest probability is referring to the most favourite flavour and
type of cone more like to buy. Based on the result the highest probability is
6525
P ( chocolate∧vanilla|single cone ) = = 0.787 which has the highest probability
8287

chocolate and vanilla flavour while the type of cone is single cone ice cream. So, my hypothesis about
more people like to buy double cone is not truth through this exploration. Since I get the highest
probability of what people will buy of which flavour and what type of ice cream cone therefore the
conclusion of my calculation cannot be totally accepted. It was because customer tend to change their
interest based on their preference. Even though, the number of selling of double cone is bigger which has
the highest volume of ice cream cone than the number of selling of single cone but the ice cream flavour
gives the limitation towards it during calculation of probability. Therefore, in the next selling I want to
prove that sell of double cone ice cream can get more profit rather than single cone because based on my
interview with some customer they actually like to buy double cone ice cream because the volume and
size of the ice cream is bigger than the other threes and can enjoy more.

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9.0 Reference
Creativity, activity, service | International Baccalaureate® - International Baccalaureate®. (n.d.).
Retrieved October 30, 2019, from
https://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/creativity-activity-and-service/
Different Types of Ice Cream Cones | Choosing the Best Ice Cream Cone. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30,
2019, from https://www.webstaurantstore.com/guide/678/types-of-ice-cream-cones.html
Volumes of Revolution - Mathematics A-Level Revision. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2019, from
https://revisionmaths.com/advanced-level-maths-revision/pure-maths/calculus/volumes-revolution
Student software GDC.
Buckle, N., & Dunbar, I. (2007). MATHEMATICS HIGHER LEVEL (CORE). Retrieved from
www.ibid.com.au.
Harcet, J. (2012). Mathematics Higher Level (Course companion) Oxford.
J.CRAWSHAW and JCHAMBERS(2001) fourth edition,ADVANCE LEVEL STATSTICS. Retrieved
www.nelsonthornes.com

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