Norhashimah Mohd Saad

norhashimah@utem.edu.my
 Idea from the Difference Equation
 Both the FIR and IIR difference equations can be
utilized to implement digital filters.
 This is achieved by choosing the appropriate
coefficients.
 From implementation perspective, the IIR filter is
more appropriate since the filter size is smaller
compared to the FIR filter to achieve similar
frequency response.
 Unlike the IIR, the FIR has linear phase that is
necessary to prevent phase distortion.
Basic idea of a filter
 The purpose of a filter is to accept certain type
of signals and reject others.
 A filter can be characterized by its frequency
response :
 low pass,
 high pass,
 band stop,
 band pass.
Detail frequency response for a
Low pass Filter
Other Types of Filter
Other Types of Filter
Other Types of Filter
 Analogue Filter Prototype
 Examples of the basic analogue filter models are:
 Butterworth,
 Chebyshev, and
 Elliptical.

 These models are important because they will be

utilized in the design of IIR filters.
Analog Butterworth Filter
 Analog Chebyshev Filter

Given the same filter order, the Chebyshev filter has a sharper
transition characteristics compared
to the Butterworth filter.
 Digital Filter Design
 Both the FIR and IIR difference equations can be
utilized to implement digital filters.
 IIR Filter Design
 An IIR filter can be designed based on analogue filter
prototypes by using the bilinear transformation as
conversion from analogue filter to digital filter.

 The design procedure for low pass filter is as follows

1) Defined the filter specifications :
 cutoff frequency fc,
 sampling frequency fsamp,
 passband characteristics ,
 transition characteristics,
 stop band characteristics, and
 filter order.
2) Choose the analogue filter prototype H(s).
3) Calculate the cut-off frequency of the equivalent
analogue filter  c where f c , norm is the normalized
cut-off frequency of the desired digital filter where

 c ,norm 
 c  2 tan   2 tan f c ,norm 
 2 
fc
f c ,norm 
f samp
4) Apply frequency scaling H (s)  H ( s) s s
c

5) Derive the transfer function for the digital filterH (z )

by making the substitution H ( z )  H ( s ) z 1
s 2
z 1

[Note : this is valid if cut-off frequency is normalized

to the sampling frequency]
6) Verify the resulting frequency response of the digital
filter by replacing z  e j 2f in the transfer function H (z )
 All this procedure also applicable to the design of high
pass, band pass and band stop filters with the
following modifications in step 4
1
s
s  02   c ,h  c ,l ,    c ,h   c ,l

s 
2 2
s 0
 c ,h
 c ,h ,norm 
 2 tan   2 tan f c ,h ,norm 
s  2 
1 s  2 2
 c ,l ,norm 
s  ,s  0
 c ,l  2 tan   2 tan f c ,l ,norm 
s s  2 
 IIR Filter Design Example
 The procedure described is used to design a low pass
filter. Given the specification of a 2nd order
Butterworth filter as;
f c  1000 Hz
f s  10,000 Hz
 The Butterworth low pass analogue filter prototype is

1
H (s)  2
s  1.4142s  1
 IIR Filter Design Example
 The cut-off frequency for an analogue filter is

2
 c  tan f cTs 
Ts

 If fc is normalized to the sampling frequency then Ts=1

and
 c  2 tan f c ,norm 

 2 tan( )
10
 0.65
 s s
 Frequency scaling is performed, therefore s  
 c 0.65

 Bilinear transformation is used in order to calculate its

frequency response.
1
H (s) 
s 2  1.4142s  1
1
 2
 s   s 
   1.4142   1
 0.65   0.65 
 (1  z 1 )
 Substitute s  2 1
into H(s) to calculate
H(z), therefore (1  z )
0.4225
H ( z)  2
 (1  z ) 
1
 (1  z 1 ) 
2 (1  z 1 )   0.9192 2 (1  z 1 )   0.4225
   

0.4225  0.845 z 1  0.4225 z 2

H ( z) 
6.261  7.155 z 1  2.584 z  2
 By normalizing it, it will result as

0.0675  0.1349 z 1  0.0675 z 2

H ( z) 
1  1.1428 z 1  0.4127 z  2
Thank you