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Sampling theorem
Great practical importance in signal processing where
the discrete-time signal is obtained from the samples
of continuous-time signal.
Sampling rate/ sampling frequency gives a good
condition of information which will be no loss in the
processing.
Nyquist Theorom
Sampling theorem
The sampling process can be considered as multiplication
of a continuous-time signal x(t ) with a periodic train x (t ) of
unit impulses with Ts as the sampling period.
x (t ) (t nT )
n
s
Ts 1
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Sampling theorem
Frequency spectrum of a time domain signal is
representation of the signal in the frequency domain.
DT signal
Sampling Fourier
x(t) x(n) X(?)
CT signal Transform
x(n) x(t ) x (t ) x(t ) (t nTs )
n
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Obtaining the analysis function of Fourier Transform
j 2ft
X(f ) x (t ) e dt
The new DTFT’s analysis function (frequency
spectrum)will be derived
as
j 2ft
X (?) x (t ) (t nTs )e dt
n
X (e j 2f
) x (
n
n ) e j 2fnTs
fs fs
n2 n0 n 1
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Aliasing Effect
fs fs
fs fs
fs fs fm
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Nyquist Theorom
Sampling frequency must be equal or larger than twice
of frequency maximum
fs 2 fm
fs fs fm
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Ex 1.
A continuous-time signal is defined as
x(t ) cos 2f1t 0 t T
Step 1: x(n)?
Step2:apply Euler Identity
Step3: Find the analysis function of DTFT
Step4:if needed, sketch the spectrum of DTFT
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
The analysis function will be
e
1 j 2f1nTs
X (e j 2f
) (cos 2f1nTs )e
n
j 2fnTs
n 2
e e j 2f1nTs
j 2fnTs
e
1 j 2f1nTs
n 2
e e j 2f1nTs
j 2fnTs
1 1
X ( f nf s ) X 1 ( f ( f1 nf s )) X 2 ( f ( f1 nf s ))
n 2 n 2 n
fs fs
f s f1 f s f1 f1 f1 f s f1 f s f1
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Characteristic of Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Time domain
Discrete in time represented by n
Non periodic
Frequency domain
Continuous in frequency represented by f e j 2f
Periodic
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Ex 2.
A discrete-time signal is a unit step function defined as
x[n] 1 n0
0 elsewhere
u[n]
Calculate the magnitude and phase for this analysis
function.
X e j 2f
1
1
2 sin fTs
e j 2f fTs
2
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Ex 3.
A discrete-time signal is a pulse function defined as
x ( n) 1 0 n N 1
0 elsewhere
u ( n) u ( n N )
Calculate the magnitude and phase for this analysis
function.
sin fNTs
X e j 2f
sin fTs
e j 2f fTs fNTs
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
Discrete-time Fourier Transform and Convolution
The relation is time domain convolution is equal to the
multiplication frequency domain and vice versa.
y ( n) h( ) x ( n )
n