English (Step Ahead)

Let’s have fun !

 Index
§ Unit 1 : Folktales and Legends
§ Unit 2 : Diaries
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§ Unit 3 : Ballads : Stories in verse
Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level
Unit 1

Folktales and legends

 Folktales
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Folktales and Second level
legends are both ● Third level

● Fourth level

narratives. A ● Fifth level

narrative is a text
that tells a story
with a beginning, a
middle, and an end
 Narratives has these features :

An introduction that presents the

characters and setting
A clear sequence of events
A climax or high point in the narrative
A resolution or ending to the narrative
Frequent use of the past tense
 Folktales
A folktale is a narrative
with a simple moral or
d it M as te r te x t sty le s
lesson. Click to e
Second level
In fact, the word ‘folktale’ ● Third level
● Fourth level
come from ‘folk’ and tale’, ● Fifth level

which means ‘people’s

stories’.
Folktales tell stories about
how people should behave
and treat one another.
 Legends
A legend is a narrative
usually based on fact, but
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which has been made more Second level
exciting and memorable Third level
●

Fourth level
●

through numerous retellings. Fifth level

●

Legends are often about the

history of a group of people,
and they tell us about the
actions of great leaders,
warriors and poets
Folktales and legends are
 Proverb

Proverb are wise sayings that tell

simple truths
Proverb often use simple, everyday
images that ordinary people are
familiar with
 Proverbs meaning
Proverb Meaning
Look a gift horse in the Criticize something that you have been given
mouth
Don’t count your chickens Don’t too confident that something will be successful
before they hatch because something may gone wrong
Once bitten, twice shy After an unpleasant experience, people are careful
to avoid something similar
Courtesy costs nothing You don’t spend anything to be polite and it only
benefits its everybody including yourself
Deeds, not words Do it, not say you would do it
History repeats itself The same kinds of events seem to happen over and
over
If a thing is worth doing, it’s If you decide to do something, do as well as you
worth doing well possibly can
Never say die Don’t give up
The pen is mightier than the Words and communication have greater effect than
knife war and fighting
 Proverbs meaning (II)
Proverbs
Action speak louder than
words
Silence is golden
All that glitters isn’t gold
Looks are everything
Slowly but surely wins the
race
Meaning
What you do is more significant than what you say
It’s desirable or perhaps more effective not to say
anything
Just because something looks attractive doesn’t mean it is
genuine or valuable
Most of people around the world judge people by his / her
appearance
If you work slowly but constantly, you will succeed better
than if you work fast for a short while and don’t continue

To win, you have to take theTo success we have to know the weakness
bull by the horns
Anything for a quiet life Before we do anything to be a peaceful life
Knowledge is power The more you know, the more you can control this world
There is no pleasure For every pleasure you enjoy, you must suffer some pain
without pain
 Proverb meanings (III)
Proverbs
Do as I say, not as I do
Lend your money and lose your
money and lose a friend
It’s better to be born lucky than
rich
Beauty is only skin deep
The first step is the hardest
Treat others as you like to be
treated
It’s easier to ask for forgiveness
than permission
Easy come, easy go
Sticks and stones may break my
bones but names will never hurt me
Meanings
Take my devise, even though I am acting contract on it
You shouldn’t lend money to your friend ; if you do, either
you will have to bother your friend to repay the loan, your
friend will not repay the loan, which will make you resent
your friend
If you’re born rich, you may lose your money, but if you’re
born lucky, you will always get what you need or want just by
chance
Something that you say which mean character is more
important than appearance
Starting a new endeavour is the hardest part of it
Don’t treat others in way you wouldn’t like to be treated
Others will follow your footsteps easier than your advice
To explain the less of something that required only a small
amount to effort to acquire in the first place
Physical attacks may harm me, but cruel words will not
 Comma
Comma is used to divide sentences into smaller part in order to clarify their
meanings. There are three main places in a sentence where a comma can be
inserted.

1. After introductory words and phrases

However nevertheless otherwise

Consequently for example of course
Moreover thus yet
1. Around phrases that provide further information about a noun always
has commas arouund it
A phrase that provides more information about a noun always has commas around it

2. Around the direct address

The direct address always has commas before and after it
 Similes
The simile is an expression that compares
two things with each other by using the
words ‘as’ or ‘like’
Example : “Those children! They are like
monkeys!”
Similes are commonly found in poems and
stories. They are used to make sentences
more vivid, interesting and memorable
 Simple past tense

The past tense indicates that an action

was completed in the past
past future

now
Happened in
Past and end in past
 Metaphor
A metaphor is similar to a simile in that
it is also an expression that compares
two things with one another. However,
unlike a simile, a metaphore doesn’t use
the world ‘as’ or ‘like’
Like similes, metaphor are used to
make sentences more vivid, interesting
and memorable
 Present Perfect Tense

We use present
perfect in :
1. For an action which
took place in the
past with no definite
Unit 2

Diaries
 Introduction
A diary is a daily record of a person’s thoughts and
experiences

The word ‘diary’ comes from the Latin word ‘dies’,

which means ‘day’.
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Diary are a from of personal recount Second level
● Third level
A recount is a description of events in the order ● Fourth level
they occurred ● Fifth level

The differences of narrative and recount is

narrative is not based in facet. But recount based
in fact

Diaries are a very special form of writing because

they allow us to express our deepest feelings.

Many people begin keeping diaries as teenagers

It’s fascinating to be able to read our old diaries

and to recall what we were like at different
 Diaries has these features

Dates to indicate when Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
each diary entry was made Third level
●

● Fourth level
Recount of personal ● Fifth level

feelings and experiences

Use of the first person i.e.
‘I’
Frequent use of the simple
past tense
 Apostrophe
The apostrophe is used in contractions
to replace certain letters
q
Example : I am going home -> I’m going home
•
The apostrophe is also used in
sentences to show ownership
q
For singular nouns, add the apostrophe ‘s’ to
the end of the noun. Example : Aaron’s book
q
For noun ending in ‘s’, add the apostrophe
after the ‘s’. Example : Charles’ book
q
For irregular plural noun (i.e. plural nouns that
 Register
Register refers to the range of ways
we have of speadking to an audience. If
we want to communicate our ideas
clearly to our audience, it is very
important that we learn to adapt the
way we speak and write to suit
different people
We use an informal register during
informal occasions, or when we are with
 Personal Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that is used in
place of a noun or noun phrase
The most common form of pronoun is
the personal pronoun. A personal
pronoun is a pronoun that takes the
place of a person’s name
 Slang
Slang refers to informal words and
expressions that are only used and
understood by a certain group of
people
Slang belongs to the informal register
of speech. It’s frequently used among
family and friends, and we often don’t
think about how much slang we use in
our daily lives
 Reflexive pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that

refers back to the subject of a
sentence
We also use reflexive pronoun when we
want to emphasise who committed the
action in a sentence
Pronoun that refers to only one person
(i.e. singular) ends with ‘-self’. A
Unit 3

Ballads : Stories in verse

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A verse is a separate group of lines in a
poem
A rhyme is a word that ends with the
same sound as another word
Rhythm refers to an orderly repeating
of beats in a sentence
A poem is a form of writing that is
arranged in a pattern of lines and
sounds. Poems often have a strong
 Features of Ballad

A simple narrative
A few major characters
A strong rhythm and rhyme
A repeated section called a refrain
Division into verses
Nouns to identify characters and
settings
 Titles

The titles of poems, short stories and

songs are usually written in invented
commas (‘) or italics. Example : ‘Knight’
or Ginger Cat
The titles of books and movies are
usually written in a different style,
such as bold or underlined. Example :
Gnomeo and Juliet or Monster Inc.
 Rules to punctuating the titles
of poems, books, and movies

1. The first letter of the first word in

a title is always a capital letter
2. Other words in the title always begin
with a capital letter, unless they are
less significant words such as
prepositions or articles
 Words that Rhyme

A word that rhymes with another word

shares the same ending-sound.
Rhymes are what make poems so much
fun to read
 Adjectives

Adjectives is a word that tells us more

about a noun (such as a person or
thing).
Adjective are important because they
tell us more about look, colour, smell,
or feel of a thing.
If there were no adjectives in a
sentence, it would not be very
 Alliteration

Alliteration occurs when a group of

words have the same consonant sound
Alliteration is often found in nursery
rhymes and tongue-twisters
Examples :
She sells seashells by the seashore
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
The order of Adjectives

Order : Opinion (Explain what we think

about something), Size, Age, Shape,
Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose
Hint !! To remember this all remember
OSASCOMP (the beginning of all word)